Notes on the Halictus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Transkript

F. DİKMEN, A. M. AYTEKİN
Research Article
Turk J Zool
2011; 35(4) 537-550
© TÜBİTAK
doi:10.3906/zoo-0910-66
Notes on the Halictus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
fauna of Turkey
Fatih DİKMEN*, Ahmet Murat AYTEKİN
Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara - TURKEY
Received: 19.10.2009
Abstract: The Halictidae collections of the Natural History Museum of Vienna (Austria), the Oberösterreichisches
Landesmuseum of Linz (Austria), and the Université de Mons-Hainaut (Belgium) were inspected in order to review
the Halictus Latreille (Halictidae: Hymenoptera) fauna of Turkey. Added to this were data from the literature as well as
data collected during our personal field studies in the central Anatolian and Mediterranean regions of Turkey between
the years 2000 and 2009. Distribution maps are presented of 34 species from Turkey. In addition, information on world
distributions and foraged flowers is given. This study reviews the status of the genus in Turkey and provides a base for
future taxonomic studies.
Key words: Halictidae, Halictus, fauna, distribution, Turkey
Türkiye Halictus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) faunası üzerine notlar
Özet: Türkiye’deki Halictus Latreille (Halictidae: Hymenoptera) faunasının gözden geçirilmesi için Viyana Doğa Tarihi
Müzesi, Linz Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum ve Mons-Hainaut Üniversitesi’ndeki Halictidae koleksiyonları ele
alınmıştır. Literatürden ve Türkiye’nin İç Anadolu ve Akdeniz Bölgeleri’nde 2000-2009 yılları boyunca yapılan kişisel
arazi çalışmalarından elde edilmiş veriler de eklenmiştir. Türkiye’de tespit edilen 34 türün yayılış haritaları sunulmuştur.
Buna ek olarak, Dünya yayılışları ve ziyaret edilen bitkilere yönelik bilgiler verilmiştir. Bu çalışma, cinsin Türkiye’deki
durumunu derlemekte ve ileride yapılacak olan taksonomik çalışmalara zemin hazırlamaktadır
Anahtar sözcükler: Halictidae, Halictus, fauna, yayılış, Türkiye
Introduction
Halictidae (Apiformes: Apoidea: Hymenoptera)
is one of the greatest families of all bees (Michener,
2000; Pesenko et al., 2000). As it is known that
bees play an important role in the pollination of
angiosperms, members of Halictidae also have great
influence in this service. Çalmaşur and Özbek (1999)
reported Halictus quadricinctus (Fabricius, 1776) to
be one of the most abundant pollinators of sunflowers
(Helianthus annuus L.). According to Goubara and
Takashi (2004), the only pollinator that leads to
successful F1 hybrid seed production in Lactuca
sativa L. is Lasioglossum villosulum trichopse (Strand,
1914). Al-Ghazwi et al. (2006) reported Halictidae as
the most abundant of the pollinator bee families in
the orchards of Jordan. Özbek (2008a) indicated that
* E-mail: [email protected]
537
Notes on the Halictus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) fauna of Turkey
the Halictidae species are some of the most abundant
bees found in fruit gardens. In addition, Özbek
(2008b) remarked that Rophites canus Eversmann,
1852 is one of the significant pollinators of Medicago
sativa L. (alfalfa). Other pollination studies (Nabhan,
1998; Shelly, 2000; Kremen, 2001; Klein et al.,
2003) have also indicated that Halictidae includes
important pollinators.
The family Halictidae includes 72 genera and
nearly 3500 species (Pesenko, 2007a) throughout
the world. Of these genera, Halictus Latreille, 1804
is among the largest, containing nearly 90 species
in the Palaearctic region; most of these species are
Mediterranean and central Asian in occurrence
(Pesenko, 2005a). Studies on the establishment of
Halictus fauna in Turkey are limited, however, and
information on the issue is surprisingly deficient.
Current data remain insufficient on both the
number of Halictus species found in Turkey and the
distributions of these species. The main studies on
the subject were conducted by Warncke (1975 and
1984) and Özbek (1979a).
Another problem regarding the systematics of
Halictus is the presence of different opinions on its
generic status. Michener (2000) reported that the first
attempt to unite all Halictinae members in one genus
of Halictus was made by Vachal in 1911. Ebmer (1969,
1988) and Warncke (1973, 1975, 1984) supported
this application and classified all the nonparasitic
Halictini members under the 2 genera of Lasioglossum
Curtis and Halictus. However, Michener (2000)
emphasized that such application of simplifications
or unifications on a group as large as Halictidae is
useless. In addition, Pesenko et al. (2000) and Pesenko
(2004, 2007b) found these approaches impractical
and claimed that these classifications were not able
to accurately reflect the phylogenetic relationships
(Pesenko, 2007b). Even today, members of Halictinae
or Halictini (with the exception of the kleptoparasitic
genus Sphecodes Latreille) are discussed either under
the name of Halictus or Lasioglossum and Halictus
(Polaszek, 2004; TÜBİTAK, 2005; Pauly and Pesenko,
2007; Ascher et al., 2009). It might be useful for a
database to unite such groups, but these approaches
hide the subgeneric relations that can be very useful
for taxonomy.
Because of these problems, data on the number
538
of species and their distribution in Turkey need to
be updated. With this goal in mind, this study aims
to review the status of the genus in Turkey. Here
we report a total number of 34 species belong to 8
subgenera found in Turkey. Regional distribution
of these species is presented in 7 maps. Global and
regional distributions are discussed and synonyms
and foraging flower information are also given.
Materials and methods
The synonyms, distribution, and foraging flower
information were reviewed according to the works of
Adolph (1934), Aerts (1960), Knerer (1968), Warncke
(1973, 1975, 1984), Ebmer (1975, 1988), Özbek
(1979a), Pesenko et al. (2000), Polaszek (2004),
Dikmen and Çağatay (2007), Pauly and Pesenko
(2007), and Ascher et al. (2009).
Some of the distribution data were taken from
label data of museum materials belonging to the
collections of the Natural History Museum of
Vienna, Austria (NHMW); the Oberösterreichisches
Landesmuseum/Biologiezentrum of Linz, Austria
(OLML); and the Université de Mons-Hainaut,
Laboratoire de Zoologie, Mons, Belgium (UMH).
Other data on distribution were generated from our
personal field studies between the years 2000 and
2009. Some materials used by Dikmen and Çağatay
(2007) were also included. As the field studies were
generally performed around the central Anatolia
and Mediterranean regions of Turkey, this part of
the data mainly reflects the fauna of these regions.
All captured materials were properly prepared for
collection and deposited in the Apoidea collection
of the Morphometry Laboratory of Hacettepe
University’s Department of Biology in Ankara,
Turkey. GPS coordinates were taken using the
Garmin Etrex H®. Specimens were examined with
stereoscopic microscopes for diagnosis. Identification
of the species was made according to the works of
Ebmer (1969), Pesenko (1978, 1984, 1985, 1986),
Pesenko et al. (2000), and Amiet et al. (2001) and by
comparing the specimens with the aforementioned
museum collections. Distribution maps were
prepared with CFF 2.0 (Carto Fauna-Flora; Barbier
& Rasmont, 2000) and modified with the software
Paint.NET v3.36 for better visualization. Since the
coordinate data for maps were absent on the labels of
the museum materials and in the literature, indicator
points on the maps were arranged according to city
centers. Examples from Pesenko (1984, 2004, 2005a)
and Pesenko et al. (2000) were followed for the genera
and subgenera ranks and names. The species are
listed below in alphabetical order within subgenera.
Hakkari (Pesenko, 2005a) (Figure 1).
Results
Turkey Distribution: Urfa (Ebmer, 1975); Sivas
(NHMW; 1♀) (Figure 1).
1. Halictus (Acalcaripes) falcinellus Warncke,
1982
World Distribution: Iran, Turkey (Warncke,
1984).
Turkey Distribution: Bitlis (OLML; 1♀); Şırnak
(formerly part of Hakkari), Hakkari (Warncke, 1984)
(Figure 1).
2. Halictus (Acalcaripes) patellatus Morawitz,
1874
Halictus wagneri Blüthgen,
ifranicola Cockerell, 1937
1937;
Halictus
World Distribution: Mainly Mediterranean.
This species is represented by 2 subspecies in the
Palaearctic: H. patellatus taorminicus Strand, 1921
is the western subspecies and H. patellatus patellatus
Morawitz, 1874 is the eastern subspecies (Pesenko,
2005a). Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Caucasia,
France, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Macedonia, Russia,
Slovakia, Slovenia (Polaszek, 2004), Morocco,
northern Iran, Syria, Turkey, and southwestern
Turkmenistan (Pesenko, 2005a).
Turkey Distribution: Karaman (formerly part
of Konya), Erzurum, Kütahya (Warncke, 1975);
Erzurum (Özbek, 1979a); Ardahan, Hakkari, Niğde
(Pesenko, 2005a); Ankara (1♀, 1♂) (Dikmen and
Çağatay, 2007); Konya (2♀♀), Kahramanmaraş
(37°38ʹ56ʺN, 36°55ʹ97ʺE; 1♀) (Figure 1).
Flowers Visited: Alyssum sp., Anthericum sp.,
Globularia sp., Jurinea sp., Thymus sp., Veronica sp.
(Knerer, 1968); Anchusa sp., Carduus sp., Prunus sp.,
Ranunculus sp., Salix sp., Salvia sp, Taraxacum sp.
(Özbek, 1979a); Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng.,
1826.
3. Halictus (Argalictus) dschulfensis Blüthgen,
1936
World Distribution: Eastern Mediterranean;
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey (Pesenko, 2005a).
Turkey Distribution:
Southeastern
Turkey;
Flowers Visited: Tamarix sp. (Pesenko, 2005a).
4. Halictus (Argalictus) fatsensis Blüthgen, 1936
World Distribution: Eastern Mediterranean;
Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Turkey (Pesenko, 2005a).
5. Halictus (Argalictus) luganicus Blüthgen,
1936
World Distribution: Ukraine (Ebmer, 1975);
mainly distributed around the Black Sea region,
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey (Pesenko, 2005a).
Turkey Distribution: Çanakkale, Mersin
(Ebmer, 1975); Kayseri (Radchenko, 2007; personal
communication); Ankara (1♂) (Dikmen and Çağatay,
2007); Afyon (4♂♂, 6♀♀), Denizli (37°48ʹ83ʺN,
29°17ʹ35ʺE; 2♀♀) (Figure 1).
Flowers Visited: Pisum sativum L. (Pesenko,
2005a); Onopordum sp., Peganum harmala L.
6. Halictus (Argalictus) senilis (Eversmann,
1852)
Hylaeus senilis Eversmann, 1852; Halictus fucosus
Morawitz, 1876; Halictus albarius Pérez, 1895;
Halictus bivinctus Vachal, 1902
World Distribution: Afghanistan, northern
Africa, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Pakistan, southern Spain,
Turkestan (Ebmer, 1975).
Turkey Distribution: Ağrı, Urfa (Warncke, 1984);
Afyon (1♀), Konya (2♀♀) (Figure 1).
7. Halictus (Argalictus) submodernus Blüthgen,
1936
World Distribution: Iran, Turkey (Pesenko,
2005a).
Turkey Distribution: Hakkari (Warncke, 1984);
Şırnak (formerly part of Hakkari) (Pesenko, 2005a)
(Figure 1).
8. Halictus (Halictus) brunnescens (Eversmann,
1852)
Hylaeus brunnescens Eversmann, 1852; Halictus
quadricinctus var. maximus Friese, 1916; H.
quadricinctus var. aegyptiacus Friese, 1916
World
Distribution:
Southern
Palaearctic;
539
H. dschulfensis
H. luganicus
H. falcinellus
H. patellatus
H. fatsensis
H. senilis
H. submodernus
Figure 1. Distribution of the members of the subgenera Acalcaripes and Argalictus (H. dschulfensis, H. fatsensis, H. falcinellus,
H. luganicus, H. patellatus, H. senilis, and H. submodernus) in Turkey.
Afghanistan, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, northern
China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Georgia, northern
India, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco,
Pakistan, Spain, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
(Pesenko, 2005a).
Turkey Distribution: Hakkari, Kahramanmaraş,
H. brunescens
Sivas (OLML, 5♀♀); Bayburt, Muğla (OLML, 2♀♀);
Afyon, Ankara, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskişehir,
Hatay, İstanbul, Konya (as H. quadricinctus subsp.
aegyptiacus, NHMW; 10♀♀); Ankara (39°51ʹ89ʺN,
32°43ʹ42ʺE; 2♂♂), Denizli (37°48’83”N, 29°17ʹ35ʺE;
1♂) (Figure 2).
H. quadricinctus
Figure 2. Distribution of the members of the subgenus Halictus (H. brunnescens and H. quadricinctus) in Turkey.
540
Flowers Visited: Onopordum sp.
9. Halictus (Halictus) quadricinctus (Fabricius,
1776)
Apis quadricincta Fabricius, 1776; Apis hortensis
Geoffroy, 1785; Halictus quadristrigatus Latreille,
1805; Hylaeus grandis Illiger, 1896
World Distribution: Palaearctic, from Finland to
northern China (Pesenko, 2005a).
Turkey Distribution: Afyon, Ankara, Artvin,
Denizli, Erzurum, Erzincan, Hatay, İstanbul,
Karaman, Kars, Konya, Nevşehir, Samsun, Trabzon
(Warncke, 1975); Ağrı, Gümüşhane (Özbek, 1979a);
Niğde, Antalya, Bitlis, Konya (OLML; 6♀♀); Ankara
(25♀♀, 8♂♂); Kastamonu (2♀♀) (Figure 2).
Flowers Visited: Taraxacum spp. (Adolph, 1934);
Centaurea scabiosa L., Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.,
1835 (Aerts, 1960); Anchusa sp., Tragopogon sp.
(Knerer, 1968); Medicago sativa L., Oryza sativa L.,
Rosa sp., Salvia sp., Trifolium spp., Vicia sp. (Özbek,
1979a); Carduus spp., Centaurea spp., Cirsium spp.,
Onopordum spp. (Pesenko et al., 2000); Glacium sp.
Turkey Distribution: Mersin, Adana (Warncke,
1975; as H. cochlearitarsis subsp. berlandi) (Figure 3).
11. Halictus
(Dours, 1872)
(Hexataenites)
cochlearitarsis
Lucasius cochlearitarsis Dours, 1872; Halictus
anomalipes Lebedev, 1910
World Distribution: Western Palaearctic
(Polaszek, 2004) and Mediterranean; Austria,
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia,
Romania, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine (Pesenko, 2005a).
Turkey Distribution: Ankara, Antalya, Çankırı,
Edirne, Konya, İstanbul (Warncke, 1975); Erzurum
(Özbek, 1979a); Ankara (2♀♀) (Dikmen and Çağatay,
2007); Adana, Ağrı, Erzincan, Hakkari, Kars (OLML;
3♂♂, 8♀♀); Mersin (36°39ʹ00ʺN, 33°06ʹ27ʺE; 2♂♂,
1♀), Kastamonu (4♀♀) (Figure 3).
Flowers Visited: Malus sp., Salix sp. (Özbek,
1979a); Onopordum sp. (Dikmen and Çağatay, 2007);
Echinops ritro L.
10. Halictus (Hexataenites) berlandi Pérez, 1903
12. Halictus (Hexataenites) resurgens Nurse,
1903
World Distribution: Mediterranean (Pauly and
Pesenko, 2007).
Halictus turkomannus Perez, 1903; H. holtzi
Schulz, 1906; H. asiaeminoris Strand, 1921
H. berlandi
H. scabiosae
H. cochlearitarsis
H. sexcinctus
H. resurgens
H. squamosus
Figure 3. Distribution of the members of the subgenus Hexataenites (H. berlandi, H. cochlearitarsis, H. resurgens, H. scabiosae,
H. sexcinctus, and H. squamosus) in Turkey.
541
World Distribution: Northeastern Africa to
central Asia (Pesenko, 2005a).
Kayseri (OLML; 1♀); Kahramanmaraş (37°38ʹ56ʺN,
36°55ʹ97ʺE; 2♀♀), Denizli (37°48ʹ83ʺN, 29°17ʹ35ʺE,
2♂♂, 4♀♀), Tokat (1♀), Afyon (1♂, 3♀♀) (Figure
3).
Turkey Distribution: Adana, Adıyaman, Ankara,
Antalya, Balıkesir, Bilecik, Gaziantep, Hakkari,
Hatay, İstanbul, Konya, Mardin, Siirt, Şırnak, Urfa,
Van (OLML; 3♂♂, 12♀♀); Şırnak (NHMW; 1♀);
Ankara (12♂♂, 15♀♀), Afyon (2♂♂, 5♀♀), Burdur
(37°33ʹ46ʺN, 30°42ʹ25ʺE; 3♀♀), Hatay (36°34ʹ81ʺN,
36°15ʹ72ʺE; 1♂, 2♀♀), Denizli (37°48ʹ83ʺN,
29°17ʹ35ʺE; 1♂, 2♀♀) (Figure 3).
15. Halictus (Hexataenites) squamosus Lebedev,
1911
Flowers Visited: Echinops pungens Trautv., 1833;
Onopordum sp.
World
Distribution:
Iran,
Lebanon,
Turkmenistan, Turkey (Pauly and Pesenko, 2007).
13. Halictus (Hexataenites) scabiosae (Rossi,
1790)
Turkey Distribution: Ankara, Kahramanmaraş,
Konya (Warncke, 1975); Urfa (Warncke, 1984);
Malatya, Niğde (38°00ʹ24ʺN, 38°45ʹ38ʺE) (UMH; 1♂,
1♀), Erzincan (39°49ʹ38ʺN, 39°31ʹ26ʺE; 1♂), Afyon
(1♂), Kahramanmaraş (37°38ʹ56ʺN, 36°55ʹ97ʺE; 1♂,
1♀) (Figure 3).
Apis scabiosae Rossi, 1790; Hylaeus alternans
Fabricius, 1793; Halictus zebrus Walckenaer, 1817;
H. griseozonatus Dours, 1872; H. scabiosae subsp.
powelli Cockerell, 1931
World Distribution: All Europe and northern
Africa (Polaszek, 2004).
Turkey Distribution: Bursa, İstanbul (Warncke,
1975); Erzurum, Kars, Iğdır (Özbek, 1979a); Ankara
(31♀♀) (Dikmen and Çağatay, 2007) (Figure 3).
Flowers Visited: Centaurea sp., Cichorium sp.,
Jurinea sp. (Knerer, 1968); Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae,
Leguminosae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae (Özbek,
1979a); Onopordum sp., Cirsium sp. (Dikmen and
Çağatay, 2007).
14.
Halictus
(Fabricius, 1775)
(Hexataenites)
sexcinctus
Apis sexcincta Fabricius, 1775; Apis ichneumonea
Christ, 1791; Hylaeus sexcinctus Fabricius, 1793;
Hylaeus arbustorum Panzer, 1797; Andrena rufipes
Spinola, 1806
Flowers Visited: Carduus sp., Centaurea sp.,
Cichorium sp., Cirsium sp., Jurinea sp., Onopordum
sp., Tragopogon sp. (Knerer, 1968); Centaurea iberica
Trevir. ex Sprengel, 1826; Onopordum sp.
Flowers Visited: Centaurea kotschyi Boiss. et
Heldr. (UMH); Centaurea virgata Lam., Centaurea
iberica Trevir. ex Sprengel, 1826.
16. Halictus (Monilapis) adjikenticus Blüthgen,
1923
Halictus scardicus Blüthgen 1936
World Distribution: Armenia (as H. scardicus)
(Ebmer, 1975); Azerbaijan, Yugoslavia/Macedonia
(as H. scardicus) (Ebmer, 1988); Caucasia, France
(Pauly and Pesenko, 2007).
Turkey Distribution: Artvin, Ardahan, Kars (as
H. scardicus) (Warncke, 1975); Hakkari (OLML; as
H. scardicus, 1♀); Hatay (36°30ʹ08ʺN, 36°12ʹ04ʺE;
2♀♀) (Figure 4).
Flowers Visited: Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex
Sprengel, 1826.
World Distribution: This species is represented
by 2 subspecies: H. sexcinctus sexcinctus (Fabricius,
1775) is the European subspecies and H. sexcinctus
albohispidus Blüthgen, 1923 is the southernsoutheastern (Armenia, Israel, Iran, and Turkey)
subspecies. Georgia and Dagestan are reported as
the transgression zone of these subspecies (Pesenko,
2005a).
17. Halictus (Monilapis) aegypticola Strand,
1909
Turkey Distribution: Afyon, Ankara, Antalya,
Bursa, Balıkesir, Erzurum, Karaman, Kars, Kayseri,
Kahramanmaraş, İstanbul, Samsun (Warncke, 1975);
18. Halictus (Monilapis) beytueschebapensis
Warncke, 1984
542
World Distribution: East Mediterranean (Pauly
and Pesenko, 2007).
Turkey Distribution: Southern Turkey; Hatay
(Warncke, 1975), Kahramanmaraş (Warncke, 1984)
(Figure 4).
Halictus senex beytueschebapensis Warncke, 1984.
H. adjikenticus
H. aegypticola
H. beytueschebapensis
H. gordius
H. grossellus
H. pentheri
H. quadricinctoides
Figure 4. Distribution of some members (H. adjikenticus, H. aegypticola, H. beytueschebapensis, H. gordius, H. grossellus, H.
pentheri, and H. quadricinctoides) of the subgenus Monilapis in Turkey.
World Distribution: Iran, Turkey (Warncke,
1984), Turkey (Pesenko, 2005a).
Turkey Distribution: Adıyaman, Gaziantep,
Hakkari (Warncke, 1984; as H. senex subsp.
beytueschebapensis); mainly southeastern Turkey,
Şırnak (formerly part of Hakkari) (Pesenko, 2005a)
(Figure 4).
19.
Halictus
(Walckenaer, 1802)
(Monilapis)
compressus
Apis flavipes Panzer, 1798; Hylaeus tomentosus
Herrich-Schäffer, 1840; Halictus senex Förster, 1860;
H. eurygnathus Blüthgen, 1931; H. eurygnathopsis
Blüthgen, 1936; H. veneticus Ebmer, 1969
World Distribution: Widely distributed
throughout the Palaearctic, especially from the
Atlantic to Baikal (Pesenko et al., 2000). It is
represented with 4 subspecies: H. compressus
compressus, found from Europe to the Near East,
except in Ireland, Norway, and Finland; H. compressus
transvolgensis Pesenko, 1985, found in more eastern
regions; H. compressus lunatus Warncke, 1975, found
in eastern Turkey and northwestern Iran; and H.
compressus gissaricus Pesenko, 1985 from Tajikistan
(Pesenko, 2005a).
Turkey Distribution: H. compressus lunatus is
the eastern subspecies and H. compressus compressus
is the western subspecies (Pesenko, 2005a). Hakkari
(Warncke, 1984; as H. senex subsp. lunatus);
Erzurum, Kars, Samsun (OLML; as H. senex subsp.
eurygnathosis, 3♀♀); Ankara (1♂) (Dikmen and
Çağatay, 2007) (Figure 5).
Flowers Visited: Centaurea jacea L., Geranium
sp., Hieracium pilosella (L.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.,
Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Taraxacum sp., Thymus
serpyllum L. (Adolph, 1934); Ballota sp., Centaurea
sp., Lythrum sp., Reseda sp. (Knerer, 1968); Asteraceae
spp., Carduus spp. (Pesenko et al., 2000).
20. Halictus (Monilapis) gordius Warncke, 1975
World Distribution: Turkey (Ascher et al., 2009).
It is probably endemic to Turkey.
Turkey Distribution: Hakkari (Warncke, 1975)
(Figure 4).
21. Halictus (Monilapis) grossellus Ebmer, 1978
World Distribution: Turkey (Warncke, 1984);
Greece (Pauly and Pesenko, 2007).
Turkey Distribution: Karaman (formerly part of
Konya), Hakkari (Warncke, 1984) (Figure 4).
543
H. compressus
H. tetrazonius
H. sajoi
H. xanthoprymnus
H. simplex
H. tetrazonianellus
Figure 5. Distribution of some members (H. compressus, H. sajoi, H. simplex, H. tetrazonius, H. tetrazonianellus, and H.
xanthoprymnus) of the subgenus Monilapis in Turkey.
22. Halictus (Monilapis) pentheri Blüthgen,
1923
World Distribution: Turkey (Warncke, 1975). It
is probably endemic to Turkey.
Turkey Distribution: Ağrı, Ankara, İzmir,
Kayseri, Konya, Nevşehir, Samsun, Sivas, Erzurum
(Warncke, 1975; as H. tetrazonius subsp. pentheri);
Ağrı, Ardahan, Bayburt, Erzincan, Erzurum, Muş,
Sinop (Özbek, 1979a; as H. tetrazonius subsp.
pentheri); Kayseri (NMHW; 1♂); Kars (OLML; as H.
tetrazonius subsp. pentheri; 1♀) (Figure 4).
23. Halictus
Blüthgen, 1909
(Monilapis)
quadricinctoides
World Distribution: Caucasia and Turkey
(Ascher et al., 2009).
Turkey Distribution: Mersin (Warncke, 1975),
Adana (Warncke, 1984) (Figure 4).
24. Halictus (Monilapis) sajoi Blüthgen, 1923
Halictus veneticus Moczar, 1967; H. bifidus
Warncke, 1975 (Ebmer, 1988)
World Distribution: Austria, Germany, Hungary,
Italy, northwestern Russia, Slovenia, eastern
Palaearctic (Polaszek, 2004).
544
Turkey Distribution: Adana, Ağrı, Ankara,
Ardahan, Erzurum, Konya, Giresun (Warncke, 1975);
Erzurum (Özbek, 1979a); Antalya, Hakkari, Şırnak,
Van (Warncke, 1984); Ankara (1♀♀) (Dikmen and
Çağatay, 2007); Bitlis, Kars, Niğde (OLML, as H.
bifidus; 18♀♀, 15♂♂), Erzincan (OLML; 1♀) (Figure
5).
Cirsium sp., Crataegus sp., Cynoglossum sp., Euphorbia
sp., Geranium sp., Lepidium sp., Lycium sp., Melilotus
sp., Onopordum sp., Reseda sp., Rhamnus sp., Salvia
sp., Senecio sp., Tragopogon sp. (Knerer, 1968); Salix
sp. (Özbek, 1979a); Taraxacum sp. (Dikmen and
Çağatay, 2007).
25. Halictus (Monilapis) simplex Blüthgen, 1923
Halictus ibex Warncke, 1973; H. marchali sensu
Warncke, 1982
World Distribution: Western Palaearctic, from
Spain to eastern Kazakhstan (Pesenko et al., 2000).
Turkey Distribution: Erzurum (Özbek, 1979a);
Hakkari (as H. marchali) (Warncke, 1984); Ankara
(Dikmen and Çağatay, 2007) (Figure 5).
Cornus sp., Crataegus sp., Daucus sp., Dictamnus
sp., Dorycium sp., Eryngium sp., Geranium sp.,
Helianthemum sp., Hieracium sp., Ligustrum sp.,
Lithospermum sp., Lycium sp., Medicago sp., Melilotus
sp., Onobrychis sp., Papaver sp., Reseda sp., Rhamnus
sp., Salvia sp., Senecio sp., Sisymbrium sp., Thymus sp.,
Veronica sp., Vicia sp. (Knerer, 1968); Oryza sativa L.,
Salix sp. (Özbek, 1979a); Cirsium sp., Onopordum sp.
(Dikmen and Çağatay, 2007).
26. Halictus
Strand, 1909
(Monilapis)
tetrazonianellus
Halictus gusenleitneri Ebmer, 1975
World Distribution: Azerbaijan, Caucasia,
Lebanon, northern Russia, Turkey (Polaszek, 2004).
Turkey Distribution: Adana, Denizli, Hatay,
İstanbul, İzmir, Karaman (Warncke, 1975); Erzurum
(Özbek, 1979a); Urfa (Warncke, 1984); Ankara
(1♀) (Dikmen and Çağatay, 2007); Kayseri, Şırnak
(OLML; 1♀, 1♂); Mersin (36°55ʹ74ʺN, 34°47ʹ59ʺE;
2♂♂), Muğla (36°48ʹ31ʺN, 27°53ʹ65ʺE; 2♂♂),
Denizli (37°48ʹ83ʺN, 29°17ʹ35ʺE; 2♂♂) (Figure 5).
Flowers Visited: Carduus sp., Medicago sativa
L., Oryza sativa L., Salvia sp., Trifolium pratense L.
(Özbek, 1979a).
27. Halictus (Monilapis) tetrazonius (Klug,
1817)
Hylaeus tetrazonius Klug, 1817; Halictus furcatus
Blüthgen, 1925; H. galileus Blüthgen, 1955; H.
pannonicus Ebmer, 1969
World Distribution: Eastern Austria, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, northwestern
Italy, Iran, Israel, Macedonia, Moldova, Romania,
Slovenia, southeastern Turkey, Ukraine (Pesenko,
2005a).
Turkey Distribution: Ankara, Antalya, Erzurum,
Hakkari, Kahramanmaraş, Kars, Kayseri, Konya,
Nevşehir (OLML; 6♂♂, 10♀♀); Mersin (36°55ʹ74ʺN,
34°47ʹ59ʺE; 1♂) (Figure 5).
28. Halictus
Warncke, 1984
(Monilapis)
World Distribution: Greece, Iran, Italy,
Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan (Pauly and
Pesenko, 2007).
Turkey Distribution: Ankara, Konya, Kütahya,
Mersin (Warncke, 1975); Konya (OLML; 1♂) (Figure
6).
30. Halictus (Platyhalictus) graecus Blüthgen,
1933
World Distribution: Croatia, Greece, Turkey
(Pauly and Pesenko, 2007).
Turkey Distribution: Karaman, Kayseri, Mersin,
Nevşehir (Warncke, 1975) (Figure 6).
31. Halictus (Protohalictus) georgicus Blüthgen,
1936
World Distribution: Caucasia and Turkey (Pauly
and Pesenko, 2007).
Turkey Distribution: Sivas (Warncke, 1975)
(Figure 6).
32. Halictus (Protohalictus) rubicundus (Christ,
1791)
Apis rubicunda Christ, 1791; Halictus nidulans
Walckenaer, 1817; H. lerouxii Lepeletier, 1841; H.
quadrifasciatus Smith, 1870; H. lupinelli Cockerell,
1939
World Distribution: Holoarctic.
Turkey Distribution: Giresun, İstanbul (Warncke,
1975); Artvin, Bolu, Kars (OLML; 1♂, 2♀♀) (Figure
6).
Flowers Visited: Berteroa sp., Capsella sp.,
Carduus sp., Centaurea sp., Euphorbia sp., Gagea sp.,
Hypericum sp., Lepidium sp., Melilotus sp., Ononis
sp., Potentilla sp., Prunus sp., Reseda sp., Salix sp.,
Taraxacum sp., Trifolium sp., Tussilago sp. (Knerer,
1968).
33. Halictus (Tytthalictus) asperulus Pérez, 1895
xanthoprymnus
Hylaeus rugosulus Schenck, 1853; Halictus
rugosulus Perez, 1895
World Distribution: Turkey (Warncke, 1984). It
is probably endemic to Turkey.
World Distribution:
Armenia,
Austria,
Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, Iran, Israel, Syria,
Spain, Turkey, Ukraine (Pesenko, 2005a).
Turkey Distribution: Hakkari (Warncke, 1984)
(Figure 5).
29. Halictus (Platyhalictus) alfkenellus Strand,
1909
Turkey Distribution: Ağrı, Ankara, Antalya,
Balıkesir, Bitlis, Erzincan, Gümüşhane, Hatay,
Konya, Niğde, Karaman (OLML; 7♂♂, 15♀♀);
545
H. alfkenellus
H. georgicus
H. graecus
H. rubicundus
Figure 6. Distribution of the members of the subgenera Platyhalictus (H. alfkenellus and H. graecus) and Protohalictus (H.
georgicus and H. rubicundus) in Turkey.
Adana (NHMW; 3♂♂, 2♀♀); Adana (37°11ʹ43ʺN,
34°48ʹ27ʺE; 2♀♀), Afyon (3♀♀) (Figure 7).
Flowers Visited:
Bornm. & Beauverd.
Onopordum
carduchorum
34. Halictus (Tytthalictus) maculatus Smith,
1848
Halictus interruptus Lepeletier, 1841
H. asperulus
World Distribution: Widely distributed
throughout the western Palaearctic from Spain to
eastern Kazakhstan (Pesenko et al., 2000).
Turkey Distribution: Adana, Afyon, Ağrı,
Ankara, Bursa, Edirne, Erzurum, Karaman, Konya,
Kütahya, İstanbul, Trabzon, Tunceli (Warncke, 1975);
Balıkesir, Bitlis, Eskişehir, Hakkari, Isparta, Kars,
H. maculatus
Figure 7. Distribution of the members of the subgenus Tytthalictus (H. asperulus and H. maculatus) in Turkey.
546
Kayseri, Mersin, Samsun, Sivas, Siirt, Van (OLML;
15♂♂ 10♀♀); Bartın (3♀♀), Niğde (2♀♀) (Figure
7).
Flowers Visited: Achillea sp., Alyssum sp.,
Anthemis sp., Berteroa sp., Bryonia sp., Campanula
sp., Capsella sp., Carduus sp., Centaurea sp.,
Cerastium sp., Cichorium sp., Convolvulus sp.,
Cornus sp., Crataegus sp., Daucus sp., Dorycnium
sp., Euonymus sp., Euphorbia sp., Geranium sp.,
Heracleum sp., Hieracium sp., Lepidium sp., Liguster
sp., Matricaria sp., Melilotus sp., Papaver sp., Potentilla
sp., Ranunculus sp., Raphanus sp., Rapistrum sp.,
Reseda sp., Rhamnus sp., Salix sp., Sedum sp., Senecio
sp., Sisymbrium sp., Stachys sp., Taraxacum sp.,
Thymus sp., Tussilago sp., Veronica sp. (Knerer, 1968);
Convolvulus arvensis L., Oryza sativa L. (Özbek,
1979a); Onopordum sp. (Dikmen and Çağatay, 2007).
Discussion
Faunistic studies on the genus Halictus of Turkey
are limited. First, Warncke (1975) reported 28 taxa
from this genus. Soon after, Özbek (1979a) cited
20 taxa from eastern Anatolia. Özbek (1979b) also
reported 3 Halictus species (H. quadricinctus, H.
simplex, and H. tetrazonianellus) that are related to
the pollination of Medicago sativa L. and Onobrychis
sativa L. in Erzurum Province. Following this,
Warncke (1984) published the latest checklist on this
issue and contributed 6 more species (1 of which, H.
xanthoprymnus, was new) to the list. In recent years,
Pesenko (2005a) noted some additional data on the
distribution of Palaearctic Halictus members and
reported 20 species from Turkey.
As for the Palaearctic distribution of Halictus,
there are approximately 90 species found in the
region (Pesenko, 2005a). Unfortunately, an updated
checklist of Halictus species of the western Palaearctic
that also includes information on Turkey does not
exist. One of the main databases of Europe, Fauna
Europaea (Polaszek, 2004), also fails to provide
sufficient data on the European distribution of the
genus. Pesenko (2005b) reported that members
of Halictus are mostly distributed throughout the
Mediterranean basin and in fore and middle Asia
and are represented in the eastern Palaearctic region
by only 10 species. Therefore, we can suppose that
there are nearly 80 species found in the western
Palaearctic region, a region whose borders (in the
broad sense) have been described well by Patiny et
al. (2009). Of the 80 anticipated species in the region,
34 belong to 8 subgenera that are found in Turkey.
According to the presence data of these 34 species,
the Halictus fauna of Turkey shares 23 species with
Middle East, 20 species with Europe, 8 species with
North Africa, and 23 species with Caucasia (Table).
Furthermore, 3 species (H. gordius, H. pentheri, and
H. xanthoprymnus) are probably endemic to Turkey.
In an evaluation of all of the presented data,
H. maculatus can be seen as the most frequently
encountered species, with 27 records. It is also one
of the most widely distributed species and can be
found throughout Turkey. Similarly, H. asperulus,
H. brunnescens, H. cochlearitarsis, H. compressus, H.
patellatus, H. pentheri, H. quadricinctus, H. resurgens,
H. sajoi, H. sexcinctus, H. simplex, H. tetrazonius,
and H. tetrazonianellus can be found in various parts
of Turkey and do not show specific distribution
patterns. On the other hand, the rest of the species
display very restricted distributions within Turkey
and are collected only occasionally. Of these, H.
beytueschebapensis, H. dschulfensis, H. falcinellus, H.
fatsensis, H. gordius, H. grossellus, H. submodernus,
and H. xanthoprymnus were distributed in
southeastern Turkey; H. adjikenticus, H. aegypticola,
and H. quadricinctoides in the eastern Mediterranean
part of Turkey; H. scabiosae and H. rubicundus in the
northern part of Turkey; and H. alfkenellus and H.
luganicus in the western part of Turkey. In addition,
H. graecus and H. georgicus were recorded only from
the province of Sivas.
The information taken from the distribution
data allows us to conclude that Halictus species
were recorded mostly in the Ankara and Hakkari
provinces, with 18 and 14 records, respectively.
However, there were many provinces from which
records were unavailable, including Aksaray, Amasya,
Aydın, Batman, Bilecik, Bingöl, Çorum, Diyarbakır,
Düzce, Elazığ, Karabük, Kırıkkale, Kırklareli,
Kırşehir, Kilis, Kocaeli, Manisa, Ordu, Osmaniye,
Rize, Sakarya, Tekirdağ, Uşak, Yalova, Yozgat, and
Zonguldak. Exposing the faunistic compositions of
these provinces is a crucial step in understanding and
clarifying the status and distribution of the members
of Halictus in Turkey.
547
Table.
Western Palaearctic distribution of Halictus species that are found in Turkey (TR). “+” indicates the presence and “-” indicates
the absence of relevant species. All data mentioned here were discussed according to our study, Pauly and Pesenko (2007), and
Ascher et al. (2009).
TR
Middle East
Europe
North Africa
Caucasia
H. adjikenticus
+
-
+
-
+
H. aegypticola
+
+ (Eastern
Mediterranean)
-
-
-
H. alfkenellus
+
+
+
-
+
H. asperulus
+
+
+
+
+
H. berlandi
+
+
-
-
-
H. beytueschebapensis
+
+
-
-
-
H. brunnescens
+
+
+
+
+
H. cochlearitarsis
+
-
+
-
+
H. compressus
+
+
+
-
+
H. dschulfensis
+
+
-
-
+
H. falcinellus
+
+
-
-
-
H. fatsensis
+
+
-
-
-
H. georgicus
+
-
-
-
+
H. gordius
+
-
-
-
-
H. graecus
+
-
+
-
+
H. grossellus
+
-
+ (Greece)
-
-
H. luganicus
+
-
-
-
+
H. maculatus
+
+
+
-
+
H. patellatus
+
+
+
+
+
H. pentheri
+
-
-
-
-
H. quadricinctoides
+
-
-
-
+
H. quadricinctus
+
+
+
+
+
H. resurgens
+
+
+
+ (Northeastern
Africa)
+
H. rubicundus
+
-
+
+
+
H. sajoi
+
+ (Iran)
+
H. scabiosae
+
+
+
+
-
H. senilis
+
+
? (Southern Spain)
+
+
H. sexcinctus
+
+
+
-
+
H. simplex
+
+ (Iran)
+
-
+
H. squamosus
+
+
-
-
+
H. submodernus
+
+
-
-
-
H. tetrazonianellus
+
+ (Eastern
Mediterranean)
+ (Eastern
Europe)
-
+
H. tetrazonius
+
+
+
-
+
H. xanthoprymnus
+
-
-
-
-
Total number of species
34
23
20
8
23
548
+
Evaluation of the flower-visit records for
Halictus revealed that Centaurea sp., Carduus
sp., and Onopordum sp. were the most frequently
visited plants with 11, 9, and 9 records, respectively.
Members of subgenera Halictus s. str. Latreille,
Hexataenites Pesenko (except H. berlandi), and
Monilapis Cockerell generally forage on Asteraceae
members and especially on Centaurea sp., Carduus
sp., Onopordum sp., and Echinops sp. In addition,
H. luganicus seems to forage more commonly on
Onopordum sp. and Peganum harmala L. On the
other hand, H. simplex and H. rubicundus show a
wide range of plant taxa preference. Moreover, the
highest records belong to H. maculatus, which prefers
to forage on 43 different plant taxa.
The authors are hopeful that the information and
suggestions offered here will be helpful and provide
a base for further research that will revise our
knowledge of the whole genus. The species richness
(N: 34/90) represents about one-half of the whole
genus and reflects a high diversity in the region.
The reasons for this regional diversity are worth
considering in future studies. Improvements in the
understanding of bee biogeography and taxonomy
and the continued exploration of the bee fauna of
Turkey may be very helpful in this respect.
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Dr. Fritz Gusenleitner (Linz) and
Dominique Zimmermann (Vienna) for their great help
in accessing the collections and to Dr. Pierre Rasmont
for his hospitality in Mons and his great advice
about this paper. This study was partly supported by
Hacettepe University Research Foundation Project No:
0701601016(10-10-2007/10-10-2010).
Fatih Dikmen received financial support for
his visit to NHMW from the SYNTHESYS Project
(http://www.synthesys.info/), which is financed
by European Community Research Infrastructure
Action under the FP6 “Structuring the European
Research Area” program, and from the European
Commission’s Erasmus scholarship program for his
visit to UMH.
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Notes on the Halictus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

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Original Article HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND HYPOGLYCEMIC