Bu haftanın ders notlarına ulaşmak için tıklayınız.

I have just written a letter.
After they had left school they went home.
They'll have finished the bridge by next year.
He might have been blind.
b)
be ve do gibi asıl eylem olarak da kullanılır, bu durumda 'sahip olmak' anla­
mına gelir.
He has two brothers.
,
N
I haven't any money. (I dorı't have any money.)
Asıl eylem olarak kullanıldığında soru ve olumsuzluklarını do ile yapmak
yaygındır, Do you have any brothers? I don't have any brothers.
2)
Modals / Kiplikler : can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, vvould, must,
ought to, used to, need, dare.
, Genel özellikleri :
'
\
a)
Soru yapılırken tümce başına alınırlar:
You can swim. Can you swim?
He ought to conie earlier. Ought he to come earlier?
b)
Olumsuzlukları not eklenerek yapılır:
She will see you. She will not (won't) see you.
You must smoke at school. You mustn't smoke at school.
You may come in. You may not come in.
c)
Eylemin yalın kök biçimi ile kullanılırlar:
She can speak English. He used to play football.
You ought to comb your hair.
d)
be, do ve have'den ayrı olarak 3. tekil şahısta değişmezler.
He can swim well. She will come tomorrow.
e)
have ile kullanıldıklarında have'den önce gelirler, soru ve olumsuzluklar
kipliklerle yapılır:
He should have finished this assignment.
Should he have finished his assignment?
We could have vvritten the letter.
Could we have written the letter?
Kipliklerin kullanımıile ilgili örnekler:
Kiplik
anlamı
örnek
can
yetenek/yeterlik
He can swim well.
olasılık
Anyone can make mistakes.
izin
Can I smoke in this room?
; 9. ■ '
İngilizce Dilbilgisi Özeli
could
geçmişte yeterlik
My frierid could speak three languages.
olasılık
She could be very unhappy at times.
izin
Could I ask you something?
öneri
Could we meet tomorrow?
A
am, is are
able to
yetenek / yeterlik ■
She is able to type very fast.
was/were
able to
may
' geçmişte başarılmış iş
'
He was able to pass his class.
olasılık
İt may rain this afternoon.
izin
May I öpen the window?
You may öpen the window.
might
zayıf olasılık
must
He might come this evening.
izin isteme
Might I use your phone?
gerçekleşmemiş olasılık
You might have missed the bus.
; konuşmacıdan gelen
zorunluluk /yükümlülük
must be
You must be here at 9 o'clock
çıkarım
He must be ili.
çıkarım (geçmiş)
He must have been ili.
must not
yasak
You mustn't smoke in school.
haveto
dışardan yüklenen zorunluluk We have to workfrom 9 to 5.
don't/doesn't
haveto
gerekmezlik
W edon’t have to'get up early on Sunday
shall
I, we ile gelecek anlatır
I shall ring you up at 5 o'clock
öneri, rica vb.
Shall I öpen the window?
*
w ill
Shall we go out for dinner?
■■■;. geleceklik eki, karar, öngörü
■
isteklilik, niyet
l"ll certainly help you.
rica, buyruk, çağrı
karşı çıkma’
vvould
.
will'in geçmiş biçimi
rica
geçmişte alışkanlık
shoüid
,
We will se hım tomorrow.
shall'in geçmiş biçimi
öğüt, görev, yükümlülük
'
Will you öpen the window, please?
I yvill not do what you say.
He said he would come soon.
Would you turn down the radio?
He vvould go for long vvalks.
I said I should be there at 6.
You should study more.
should
geçmişte yapılması gerekip
have
yapılmayan
ought to
You should have locked the door.
. (kapıyı kilitlemeiiydiniz)
_
' '
"should"ile aynı anlamda
(öğüt vb.) :
' had better
■'
v"
- We ought tö vote in the elections.
daha nesnel olguları anlatır
I ought to see her tomorrow.
öğüt, salık verme
You’d better drink milk.
('d better)
—se iyi olur. , ,
Had we better buy that car? ,
used to
geçmişteki alışkanlık
My.father used to play basketball.
Did you use to smoke?
need
gerekirlik
‘
Şhe need study hard
needn't (must'ın olumsuzu) gerekmezlik ı ' We needn't get .up early on Sunday.
Dare
..
cesaret, yeğ tutma
He daren't go into that building
Dare you interrupt the teacher?
vvould
rather Çd rather)
tercih, yeğ tutma
We'd rather learn English than German.
They'd rather not drink tea at night.
Kipliklerle Edilgen Çatı (Passive Voice)
I
can post the letter.
.
’
could
■may
might
■'
The letter can be posted. '
could •
v
may .
.
will
will
would
vvould
shall
shall
should
should
must
must
have to
:
'''ought to
had better
:
. might .
■
.
.
haveto.
\ ought to '
had better
Not : Örneklerde görüldüğü gibi nesne (the letter) özne yerine alınır, .kipliklerden
sonra be eklenir ve bütün edilğen çatılarda olduğu gibi eylemin 3. biçimi kullanılır.
(kiplikler hiçbir değişikliğe uğramaz.)