Draft Conference Paper - Inter
Transkript
Draft Conference Paper - Inter
Modern Turkey, a traumatized society ─ The repressed experience of torture and killing after the putsch in 1980 Georg Friedrich Simet Abstract After the military seized power in Turkey on 12 September 1980, about 600,000 people were arrested, 150 died under torture, 50 were executed, and many disappeared. Only recently, the day of the 30th anniversary of this last, third putsch, constitutional changes were approved in order to reshape the judiciary and curb military powers. Among the 26 amendments was a measure annulling an article blocking legal action against the leaders of the coup. Even the next day, on 13 September, Turkish rights groups launched petitions to try Kenan Evren, a former general who became president in the wake of the putsch. The paper will reflect on three exemplary cases. At first, the poet Enver Karagöz, well known in Turkey but unknown outside the Turkish communities, will be introduced, as he represents a politically less engaged intellectual who was arrested, tortured and been exiled. (He met his torturer again many years later.) At second, Doğan Akhanlı stands for an intellectual who addresses unwelcome truths (e.g. the Armenian genocide). He was arrested for membership in an illegal leftist political group. Recently, on 10 August 2010, he was again taken into custody for a murder committed 21 years ago. Last but not least, the paper will focus on Yılmaz Güney, a Kurdish film director, scenarist, novelist and actor of Kurdish descent. He escaped from prison in 1981 and took the negatives of his film Yol (Road) with him. The film was banned until 1999, as it is one of only a few documents that looked at the society of the early 80s. Key Words: Enver Karagöz, Doğan Akhanlı, Yılmaz Güney, Yol, coup d'état, ***** 1. Militarism and nation building in modern Turkey It is important to note that the Republic of Turkey emerged from war. According to the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 16 May 1916, the governments of Britain and France intended to disintegrate the country by dividing the Otoman Empire between several states. Subsequently, the Greek Modern Turkey, a traumatized society 2 ______________________________________________________________ as well saw their chance to realise their μεγάλη ιδέα (“great idea”) of taking over the government of Turkey. In order to defeat this purpose(s), generals, first of all the hero of Gallipoli, Mustafa Kemal, organised the national resistance and defeated the invading troops. Remembering its War for Independence, since 1923 the whole country celebrates its Victory Day (Zafer Bayramı) on 30 August. The army sees itself and is seen by the most Turks as the guarantor of both independence and unity. The parliamentary system was introduced by the military. Whenever its elite saw the state in danger later on, it reserved the right to intervene and to govern the country temporarily. Up to now this happed three times, at last in 1980, when, again, “the polity dissolved, the public administration began to collapse and the terrorist militancy on the left and the right escalated.”1 The intention to re-establish internal security was executed radically and with brute force. From the perspective of the generals, everyone who seemed more “right” or, in particular, more “left” than normal was suspected and pursued.2 According to official figures, “230,000 people were prosecuted in military courts.”3 The most of the imprisoned were tortured; 299 of them died.4 Violence was countered with violence, but the violence of the executive authorities was and is not punished. All constitutions of Turkey were and are still influenced by its military (regimes). In particular the fourth constitution ratified on 7 November 1982 is seen by Turkish intellectuals as “a product of the 12 September (1980) military coup”. 5 It guaranteed impunity for the putschists. Only on the 30th anniversary of the last coup d'état, the ruling AKP gave the people the opportunity to put an end to impunity. The voters approved a reform package including the repeal of the Provisional Article 15 “barring prosecution of members of the National Security Council and technocrats who had legislative and executive power” following the coup.6 Even one day later, human rights groups leaped into action filing petitions calling for former President Ahmet Kenan Evren and other coup leaders to be tried.7 Enver Karagöz – Extermination of “the Rose of Resistance”8 The Turkish-German Human Rights Association (TÜDAY), Köln – founded by Enver and Işılay Karagöz – also stated a petition to try the putschists. Enver Karagöz was born on 2 May 1948 in the uttermost northeast province of Turkey, Artvin. He graduated from the University of Erzurum. At this time he tended to the leftist movement; he read a lot and recited poems for the masses during protest meetings. On 30 April 1970 Karagöz was assigned to the Senior High School of Artvin to teach Turkish literature. He joined the Turkish Teachers’ Union 2. Georg Friedrich Simet 3 ______________________________________________________________ (Tüm Öğretmenler Birleşme ve Dayanışma Derneği) and took part in all of their activities. The principal of the school was not very pleased that he had to work with this young and progressive teacher. So, during the turbulent years about the 2nd coup, the principal reported the Ministry of Education of Karagöz’ misdemeanour which included the reciting of Nazım Hikmet – the world renowned but in Turkey as communist disliked poet who was stripped of his nationality twenty years before9 – whilst protest meetings. In reaction on it, the Ministry dismissed Karagöz. He served in the Turkish Armed Forces for his compulsory period of 18 months. Afterwards he was lucky enough to return to his beloved profession with the assistance of his previous inspector of education who happened to work at the ministry. His future wife, Işılay Kaya, was at this time a student at his school. Once she requested to visit his lesson. She was amazed by his method of teaching – antiauthoritarian and humanitarian. She fell in love with him; on 5 November 1977 they got married. The military intervention on 12 September 1980 interrupted the private happiness. In order to identify all supporters of left parties and movements, Karagöz – together with almost all colleagues, students and intellectuals of Artvin who were suspected of being progressive (teenagers and retired people included) – was placed in the Teachers’ Education Institute which was transformed into a torture and interrogation camp. They all had to undergo systematic and ruthless torture from beatings to electroshocks. His wife remembers that the feet’s flesh of her husband was torn to bone and his body was burnt at the places where the electrodes were applied.10 His wife was tortured in the cell next to him so that he could hear her cries. She was released after more than a month, 11 but her husband’s times of pain continued. One day his torturers forced his jaws open and poured boiling water through his mouth. They told him “from now on you will not be able to talk anymore; [...] we do not give you more than six months to live”.12 Karagöz’ vocal cords were so terribly burnt that he instantly lost his voice. His situation deteriorated every day and he was transferred to the specialized army hospital in Ankara to cure the throat cancer he suffered from. One of his older colleagues, Kazım Köroğlu, reports why Karagöz’ nick name “The Rose of Resistance” (Direnç Gülü) is so well befitting for his character: he withstood the torture. In his file there were only details of his identity; he hadn’t revealed any information at all.13 In 1984 Karagöz was released of confinement without any punishment, but the same day the newspaper Hürriyet commentated: “The principal defendant of Artvin’s Revolutionary Way is released”.14 – Three of the Artvin activists of the Revolutionary Way (Devrimci Yol) movement lost their lives in the fight against the military regime. 15 – Karagöz decided to Modern Turkey, a traumatized society 4 ______________________________________________________________ leave the country. On 9 March 1984 he and his wife took different planes to Germany. He asked for political asylum; his request was granted. Till his death, he lived in Köln. Until his death he continued to be active for the just cause of human rights in Turkey. After being granted German passport he visited Turkey in 2004. At the Atatürk Airport in Istanbul during passport control the policeman on duty told him to follow to the Police Department, the Bureau of Terrorist Activities. Approximately an hour later an officer came into the room and asked Karagöz whether he recognized him. Yes, he did. It was one of his torturers. Karagöz died of throat cancer on 27 March 2007 in a hospital room. He left behind a loving wife and two children as well as a collection of poems. Though Hürriyet addressed Karagöz in 1984 as one of the main bad revolutionists, on 19 June 2008 it published an article nicely formulated: “Remembering the country’s ‘Rose of Resistance’ that lost its voice”.16 Doğan Akhanlı – The ongoing persecution17 The case of Doğan Akhanlı, we will look at now, shows that “the judiciary as the wing of the military armed with paragraphs is unpredictable and fights full of hatred against dissenters”.18 Akhanlı and Karagöz were born near the same town, Şavşat, in the Artvin province, but Akhanlı, born on 18 March 1957, 19 is about nine years younger. In opposite to Karagöz he left the remote place and moved to Istanbul at the age of twelve.20 Six years later, he was imprisoned for the first time. His crime was that he bought the “left-wing” newspaper Halkın Sesi (Voice of the People) – that today, supports racist positions21 – at a kiosk. He was “questioned” eleven days,22 arrested and held in custody for five months.23 Although he was acquitted in the process that followed, his bad experience had a lasting influence on him: “Since then my confidence in the Turkish state was completely undermined.”24 His stay in prison made him a communist.25 During the 1980 coup d’etat Akhanlı was enrolled at the Karadeniz Technical University.26 At this time he became “a member of the Albania orientated TDKP” (Türkiye Devrimci Komünist Partisi).27 As he knew that he was still in danger of being arrested, he went underground. Nevertheless, in 1985, he was detected and detained again.28 He and his wife “were tortured in the presence of their child.”29 One year after his wife and son were released, but he had to stay on for two more years. The experiences left all of them “feeling as small as breadcrumbs"30 (unufak olmuştuk).31 In September 1987, when his prison stay was temporarily suspended, he used the chance to go underground again. The next most important events will be summarized very brief: 3. Georg Friedrich Simet 5 ______________________________________________________________ In 1991, he [his wife and son] fled to Germany, where he was granted political refugee status. In 1998, Turkey stripped him of his Turkish citizenship. He became a German citizen in 2001. Since the mid-1990s, he has been living in Cologne.32 The very well documented present phase of Akhanlı’s life started with his travel to Turkey on 10 August 2010. Although he knew that it will be not harmless, his wish to see his 87 years old sick father once again before his death prevailed all concerns. At the Sabiha Gökçen airport of Istanbul Akhanlı was detained and taken to the same cellblock, called Siberia, in the Metris Prison where he was held in detention 24 years ago.33 Based on this event Akhanlı wrote a short story called Siberia.34 Akhanlı was and still is blamed for i) a robbery attack against an exchange office in the Eminönü district of Istanbul on 20 October 1989, ii) the killing of the owner İbrahim Yaşar Tutum during the escape, and iii) being the leader of the TKP-YKB-HKB (Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş PartisiYeniden Kuruluş Birliği- Halk Kurtuluş Güçleri) terrorist gang35 which raided – as it is claimed – in order to raise funds for sustaining terroristic acts in future,36 whereas Akhanlı doesn’t know of and disbelieves in the existence of such an organization.37 Although it turned out after a few days that the testimonies of the witnesses were obtained through the use of force and torture and renounced later on,38 the accusations against Akhanlı were not withdrawn. The news of his father’s death reached him in prison.39 Only after nearly four months in jail and after the first hearing on 8 December 2010, he was released.40 Since 6 January 2011 Akhanlı is back in his exile – defined by Akhanlı as a place free of torture.41 Although the next hearing is scheduled for March 2011, it is not clear yet, if Turkey would be interested in the follow-up of this, for the state embarrassing story and allow Akhanlı’s entry. 4. Yılmaz Güney and his film Yol – A Way out? Last but not least we will focus on the impact of the coup on Turkey’s largest ethnic minority, the Kurds. This minority still suffers the most, as all Kurds were and are seen in principle as separatists. We exemplarily look at Yılmaz Güney and his film Yol (The Way). Although all his films reflect on social conflicts in Turkey – mainly from the perspective of the Kurds, Yol is unique. As Karzan Kardozi rightly puts it: Yol is the gem of the Kurdish cinema, it is perhaps the best Kurdish film […] and still is the most honored of all the Kurdish films, winning Best Picture the Palm’Dor and International Critics’ Prize at at Cannes Film Festival in 1982.42 Modern Turkey, a traumatized society 6 ______________________________________________________________ Yılmaz Pütün alias Yılmaz Güney is of Kurdish descent. He was born as a son of a farmhand in Yenice, a village close to Adana, on1 April 1937. At the age of 14 he moved to Adana, as he did not wish to live in dependence from the large landowners like his parents. In 1953 he discovered his passion for movies. Even a few years earlier he started to write short stories. His literary talent and personality impressed Atıf Yılmaz, one of the most renowned Turkish film directors 43 and Yaşar Kemal, one of the most important Kurdish-Turkish novelists. Both invited Güney to co-write on their screenplay.44 In addition, in 1958, Güney was asked to play the main part in Bu Vatanın Çocukları (The Children of this Country). Yet his just started acting career was interrupted quite soon. In 1961, he was imprisoned for 18 months for having disseminated communistic propaganda. Nevertheless, even this event could not hinder his career. Güney became ‘The Ugly King’ (Çirkin Kral) of Turkish Cinema due to his “rude and upright tough-guy image”45 and the fact that he mostly played underprivileged social crooks.46 His popularity reached its climax in 1965, when he took part in not less than twenty two films.47 Finally, in 1968, Güney became a filmmaker and produced his first own film, Seyyit Han. Four years later Güney was arrested again, as he harbored anarchist students.48 Due to the proclamation of a general amnesty in 1974, Güney was released, but even that same year he was re-arrested again. He was accused for shooting Sefa Mutlu, the public prosecutor of the Yumurtalık district in the Adana Province on 13 September that year. 49 Güney was found guilty and given a prison sentence of 19 years. Although there is much evidence that he shot Mutlu,50 until today it is not absolutely clear,51 respectively as some his colleagues and friends claimed that they did it.52 In October 1981, Güney used a prison holiday to escape. 53 He fled to Europe – as one of some 29,500 people.54 Prior to his flight to France he finalized the screenplay of Yol and asked Şerif Gören to direct the film. In anticipation of his own escape, Yol tells the way of five Kurdish prisoners who took their long-awaited leave from prison, but in opposite to Güney they do not leave the country. The most of the stories told in the film are “truthfully recounted”.55 As the prison can also be seen as a metaphor to describe Turkey itself,56 the film “provides an evocative glimpse of what life was like for the ordinary people during this period”. 57 Violence dominates the life. The only way out is empathy and compassion, but even that does not serve as an option in normality. In the film these attitudes are introduced shortly before the death of the other is inevitable. Having realized some more important films in exile, Güney died of gastric cancer at the age of just 47, in Paris on 9 September 1984. Georg Friedrich Simet 7 ______________________________________________________________ Güney and his films are still famous in Turkey, as he further developed the new, socially critical type of film.58 After Güney other filmmakers also tried and sentenced the last military coup.59 In particular the film Gülün Bittiği Yer (Where the Rose Withers) by İsmail Güneş narrates very drastically “how violence continued.”60 5. Conclusion It is important to remember repeatedly that the Turkish republic is built by the military in a War of Independence based on heroic principles and having caused heavy losses. The importance of the military as the guarantee of the state is still visible even in the expression of non-military associations.61 This view is the main reason that state violence was and still is tolerated. The clash within the Turkish society can be described as “a collision between those who are state-oriented and those who are civilsociety oriented”.62 The development of a civil society in Turkey depends not least on the extent to which it succeeds to name and to overcome the culture of violence in daily life – by individuals 63 and movements like Genç Siviller (The Young Civilians), people that “have no connection to violence at all”, “being ‘noone’s man’” and “non-uniformed”.64 Notes 1 U Steinbach, Die Türkei im 20. Jahrhundert, Schwieriger Partner Europas, Gustav Lübbe Verlag, Bergisch Gladbach, 1996, p. 197 2 Experts like Udo Steinbach believe that people from the left and the right wing were pursued equally (U Steinbach, ‘Die Türkei…’, op. cit., p. 198), but other experts like Başak Çalı argue: “The 1980 coup involved an unprecedented degree of state violence, especially toward the political activity of all left-wing groups”. (B Çalı, ‘Human Rights Discourse and Domestic Human Rights NGOs’, in Z F K Arat, Human Rights in Turkey, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2007, p. 221) 3 Associated Press, ‘Turkish exhibit displays coup-era torture instruments ahead of constitutional referendum’, in foxnews.com, 7 September 2010, viewed on 10 January 2011, <http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/09/07/turkish-exhibitdisplays-coup-era-torture-instruments-ahead-constitutional> A very detailed list titled “Results of the putsch” (Dabenin Sonuçları) was published by NTV-MSNBC, ‘12 Eylül’ün bilançosu’, in ntvmsnbc.com, 12 September 2007, viewed on 9 January 2011, <http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/419690.asp> 4 Hürriyet Daily News, ‘Exorcising Sept 12 coup’, in hurriyetdailynews.com, 11 September 2009, viewed on 10 January 2011, <http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=exorcising-sept-12-coup-2009-09-11> 5 A Ağaoğlu et al., ‘Citizens Declaration‘, in esiweb.org, 27 April 2007, viewed on 13 January 2011, <http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/turkey_citizens_declaration_pre_July2007_elections.pdf> 6 A J Yackley, A Sarioglu and K Liffey, ‘Factbox: Turkey’s constitutional amendments’, in reuters.com, 12 September 2010, viewed on 06 January 2011, <http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE68B28B20100912?pageNumber=3> 7 Aljazeera, ‘Call to try Turkish coup leaders’, in aljazeera.net, 13 September 2010, viewed on 7 January 2011, <http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/09/2010913172313425174.html> 8 The text about Karagöz is discussed with Karagöz’ wife Işılay and based on a draft provided by Yavuz Kürkçü who gives colorful presentations of Karagöz’ life and his poems. (Doğan Haber Ajansı, ‘Şair Enver Karagöz Şiirleriyle Anıldı’, in haberler.com, viewed on 31 January 2011, <http://www.haberler.com/sair-enver-karagoz-siirleriyle-anildi-haberi>) 9 A Flood, ‘Turkish poet Nazim Hikmet regains citizenship’, in guardian.co.uk, 07 January 2009, viewed on 16 January 2011, <http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/jan/07/turkey-nazim-hikmet> 10 Karagöz, I, ‘Esi Karagöz’ün Kalbinden‘, in Öztürk, A (ed.), Direnç Gülü, Enver Karagoz’ün anısına, Penta Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2008, p. 40 11 ibid, p. 43 12 ibid, p. 46 13 Köroğlu, K, ‘Öğretmenin ardından‘, in Öztürk, A (ed.), Direnç Gülü…, op. cit., p. 354 14 Karagöz, I, op. cit., p. 53 15 Devrimci Yol, ‘Buradaki isim listesi "Unutulmasınlar Diye" isimli albümden alındı’, in devrimciyol.org, viewed on 16 January 2011, <http://www.devrimciyol.org/Devrimci%20Yol/kitaplar/kitap8_a16.htm> 16 Hürriyet, ‘Sesini kaybeden ülkenin ’direnç gülü’ anıldı’, in hurriyet.com.tr, 19 June 2008, viewed on 16 January 2011, <http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ankara/9226935_p.asp> 17 This part of the paper is written in discussion with Doğan Akhanlı. 18 A Kieser, ’Doğan Akhanlı ist frei‘, in Stadtrevue, Das Kölnmagazin, January 2011, p. 19 19 S Gannott, ‘Ein Mann mit zu viel Geschichte‘, in taz.de, 3 December 2010, viewed on 19 January 2011, <http://www.taz.de/1/politik/europa/artikel/1/ein-mann-mit-zu-viel-geschichte> 20 Recherche International, ‘Biograhie | Biografi | Biograhy’, in justice for doğan akhanlı, viewed on 9 January 2011, <http://gerechtigkeit-fuer-dogan-akhanli.de/blog/?page_id=24> 21 D Akhanlı, ‘Die Fremde und eine Reise im Herbst‘, in hagalil.com, March 2008, viewed on 19 January 2011, <http://www.hagalil.com/archiv/2010/09/20/akhanli-4> 22 ibid. 23 S Gannot, ‘Ein Dutzend Romane‘, in freitag.de, 17 August 2007, viewed on 11 January 2011, <http://www.freitag.de/2007/33/07331401.php> 24 ibid. 25 U Kux, ‘Gefangen in der Gewalt – Eine Flaschenpost um Doğan Akhanlı (24.8.2010)‘, in gerechtigkeit-fuer-doganakhanli.de, viewed on 22 January 2011, <http://gerechtigkeit-fuer-dogan-akhanli.de/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2010/11/Gefangen-in-derGewalt_UllaKux.pdf> 26 Turkuvaz Kitap, ‘Doğan Akhanlı’, in turkuvazkitap.com, 26 May 2009, viewed on 13 January 2011, <http://www.turkuvazkitap.com/index.php?news=440> 27 The Human Rights Foundation of Turkey (HRFT), ‘Writer Dogan Akhanli jailed in Turkey’, in tuerkeiforum.net, viewed on 20 January 2011, <http://www.tuerkeiforum.net/enw/index.php/Writer_Dogan_Akhanli_jailed_in_Turkey> 28 J Gottschlich, ‘Dürftige Indizien’, in taz.de, 26 August 2010, viewed on 20 January 2011, <http://www.taz.de/1/politik/europa/artikel/1/duerftige-indizien> 29 K Strittmatter, ‘Without Mercy’, translated by J Bergeron, in qantara.de, 10 December 2010, viewed on 20 January 2011, <http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-1428/i.html> 30 ibid. – Quotation from ‘Die Fremde und eine Reise im Herbst‘, op. cit. 31 D Akhanlı, ‘Gurbet ve Sonbahar Yolculuğu‘, March 2008, in gerechtigkeit-fuer-dogan-akhanli.de, viewed on 23 January 2011, <http://gerechtigkeit-fuer-dogan-akhanli.de/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2010/11/GurbetveSonbaharYolculugu_DoganAkhanli.pdf>, p. 4 32 Gerechtigkeit für Doğan Akhanlı, ‘Biography’, in gerechtigkeit-fuer-dogan-akhanli.de, viewed on 20 January 2011, <http://gerechtigkeit-fuer-dogan-akhanli.de/blog/?page_id=24> 33 K Strittmatter, ‘Without Mercy’, op. cit. 34 D Akhanlı, ‘Siberia’, translated by J Bergeron, in K Strittmatter, ‘Without Mercy’, op. cit. 35 S Günday, ‘21 yıl sonra yakalanan Yazar Akhanlı'nın müebbet hapsi istendi’, in milliyet.com.tr, 7 September 2010, viewed on 22 January 2011, <http://www.milliyet.com.tr/21-yil-sonra-yakalanan-yazar-akhanli-nin-muebbet-hapsiistendi/turkiye/sondakika/07.09.2010/1286354/default.htm> 36 V Ziflioğlu, ‘German writer comes to Istanbul to support Akhanlı in murder case’, in hurriyetdailynews.com, 8 December 2010, viewed on 22 January 2011, <http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=german-writer-in-istanbul-in-support-offriend-2010-12-08> 37 All parts of the article related to Akhanlı were discussed with him on 24 January 2011. We found out that not all information provided on the internet is true and corrected these data discreetly. 38 M Z Özkartal, ‘“Oğlum hapisteyken ölmem” diyen babasına yetişemedi’, in milliyet.com.tr, 4 December 2010, <http://www.milliyet.com.tr/Pazar/HaberDetay.aspx? aType=HaberDetay&ArticleID=1322258&Date=16.01.2011&Kategori=pazar&b=%E2%80%9COglum%20hapisteyken %20olmem%E2%80%9D%20diyen%20babasina%20yetisemedi> 39 D Akhanlı, ‘“Sie haben meinen Vater getötet“‘, Interview with K Strittmatter, in sueddeutsche.de, 13 December 2010, viewed on 23 January 2011, <http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/im-gespraech-dogan-akhanli-ich-konnte-auf-tuerkischnicht-weinen-1.1035443> 40 Human Rights Foundation of Turkey (HRFT), ‘Writer Dogan Akhanli jailed in Turkey’, op. cit. 41 M Oehlen, ‘Kein Visum für die Haft im Gefängnis‘, in ksta.de (Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger), 6 January 2011, viewed on 23 January 2011, <http://www.ksta.de/html/artikel/1294060147674.shtml> 42 K Kardozi, ‘YOL: The Road of Yilmaz Guney’, in themovingsilent.wordpress.com, 15 December 2010, viewed on 21 January 2011, <http://themovingsilent.wordpress.com/2010/12/15/kurdish-cinema-yol-yilmaz-guney-1982> 43 Only in 1999, Yılmaz made his own film on the last coup, Eylül Fırtınası (The September Storm). 44 M Ciment, ‘Eine Unterhaltung mit Yılmaz Güney‘, in in J Heijs (ed.), Yılmaz Güney. Sein Leben – Seine Filme, translated from French by B Mantilleri and from Turkish by Ü Güney, Buntbuch-Verlag, Hamburg, 1983, p. 31 45 A Suner, New Turkish Cinema; Belonging, Identity and Memory, I. B. Tauris, New York, 2010, p. 5 46 K Kardozi, op. cit. 47 J Heijs, ‘Yılmaz Güney: Filmemacher des türkischen Volkes’, in J Heijs (ed.), op. cit., p. 7 48 D Yates, ‘Biography for Yilmaz Güney‘, in imdb.com, viewed on 31 January 2011, <http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0351566/bio> 49 E Kazan, ’Besuch bei Yılmaz Güney oder die Vision eines türkischen Gefängnisses’, in J Heijs (ed.), op. cit., p. 55 50 A Dorsay, ‘Yılmaz Güney ve Sefa Mutlu cinayeti‘, in sinemareyting.blogspot.com, viewed on 26 January 2011, <http://sinemareyting.blogspot.com/2009/09/ylmaz-guney-ve-sefa-mutlu-cinayeti.html> 51 E Işık, ‘Yılmaz Güney katil mi, yoksa kurban mı?‘, in blog.milliyet.com.tr, 30 July 2007, viewed on 26 January 2011, <http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/Blog.aspx?BlogNo=54852> 52 E Kazan, ’Besuch bei Yılmaz Güney oder die Vision eines türkischen Gefängnisses’, in J Heijs (ed.), op. cit., p. 56 53 M Ciment, ‘Eine Unterhaltung mit Yılmaz Güney‘, in J Heijs (ed.), op. cit., p. 26 54 E Yavuz, ‘[Nation set to confront coup legacy] Turkey to decide today on trying coup generals’, in todayszaman.com, 12 September 2010, viewed on 30 January 2011, < http://www.todayszaman.com/news-221402-nation-set-to-confront-couplegacy-turkey-to-decide-today-on-trying-coup-generals.html> 55 M Ciment, ‘Eine Unterhaltung mit Yılmaz Güney‘, in J Heijs (ed.), op. cit., p. 36 56 ibid., p. 37 57 A Kenny, ‘Coming to terms with Turkey through films: ‘Yol’ - by Yılmaz Güney’, in todayszaman.com, 20 September 2010, viewed on 18 January 2011, <http://www.todayszaman.com/news-222104-coming-to-terms-with-turkey-throughfilms-yol-by-yilmaz-guney.html> 58 A Suner, op. cit., 4 ff. 59 B S Yalçın, ‘Turkish cinema’s rise up against military coups’, in todayszaman.com, 19 September 2010, viewed on 30 January 2011, <http://www.todayszaman.com/news-222030-turkish-cinemas-rise-up-against-military-coups.html> [the translation of the film titles is not always adequate] 60 J Leicht, ‘Zeichen der Hoffnung - und viele Fragen, Teil 1‘, in wsws.org, 11 May 2000, viewed on 30 January 2011, <http://www.wsws.org/de/2000/mai2000/turf-m11.shtml> 61 Just one example: A poster of the Aydın Chess District Representative in 2009 shows Atatürk in front of marching soldiers saying “The Turkish nation loves its armed forces; and regards it as the preserver of its ideals.” (Aydın Satranç İl Temsilciliği, ‘30 Ağustos Zafer Bayrami Turnuvasi’, in aydinsatranciltemsilciligi.com, 30 August 2009, viewed on 26 January 2010, <http://www.aydinsatranciltemsilciligi.com> 62 E Shafak, ‘There Is No Clash of Civilizations’, in qantara.de, 2005, viewed on 26 January 2010, <http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-459/i.html> 63 Just two examples: i) Akhanlı processed his torture experiences in Fasıl. The novel tells two stories. One starts from the first, the other one from the last page of the book. One explains torture from the side of the torturer and the other from the perspective of the tortured. Both parts form a single whole and end in the middle – both separated and bridged by a transparent page. ii) The experience of emigration is topic of some films in which affected children speak for themselves like in Eylül Çocukları (Children of September) by Hülya Karcı and Meltem Öztürk, produced in 2009. 64 Genç Siviller Rahatsız!, ‘Who are Young Civilians?’, in gencsiviller.net, 6 April 2008, viewed on 30 January 2011, <http://www.gencsiviller.net/haber.php?haber_id=40> Bibliography Ağaoğlu, A, et al., ‘Citizens Declaration‘, in esiweb.org, 27 April 2007, viewed on 13 January 2011, <http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/turkey_citizens_declaration_pre_July2007_elections.pdf> Akhanlı, D, ‘Die Fremde und eine Reise im Herbst‘, in hagalil.com, March 2008, viewed on 19 January 2011, <http://www.hagalil.com/archiv/2010/09/20/akhanli-4> –––, Fasıl, Telos Yayıncılık, Istanbul, 2010 –––, ‘Gurbet ve Sonbahar Yolculuğu‘, March 2008, in gerechtigkeit-fuer-dogan-akhanli.de, viewed on 23 January 2011, 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Tauris, New York, 2010 Turkuvaz Kitap, ‘Doğan Akhanlı’, in turkuvazkitap.com, 26 May 2009, viewed on 13 January 2011, <http://www.turkuvazkitap.com/index.php?news=440> Yackley, A J, Sarioglu, A and Liffey, K, ‘Factbox: Turkey’s constitutional amendments’, in reuters.com, 12 September 2010, viewed on 06 January 2011, <http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE68B28B20100912?pageNumber=3> Yalçın, B, S, ‘Turkish cinema’s rise up against military coups’, in todayszaman.com, 19 September 2010, viewed on 30 January 2011, <http://www.todayszaman.com/news-222030-turkish-cinemas-rise-up-against-military-coups.html> Yates, D, ‘Biography for Yilmaz Güney‘, in imdb.com, viewed on 31 January 2011, <http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0351566/bio> Yavuz, E, ‘[Nation set to confront coup legacy] Turkey to decide today on trying coup generals’, in todayszaman.com, 12 September 2010, viewed on 30 January 2011, < http://www.todayszaman.com/news-221402-nation-set-to-confront-couplegacy-turkey-to-decide-today-on-trying-coup-generals.html> Ziflioğlu, V, ‘German writer comes to Istanbul to support Akhanlı in murder case’, in hurriyetdailynews.com, 8 December 2010, viewed on 22 January 2011, <http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=german-writer-in-istanbul-in-support-offriend-2010-12-08> Georg Friedrich Simet is co-founder and Vice President of the Neuss University for International Business, Germany, where he teaches Theory and Propaedeutics of Science. While also interested in Practical Philosophy, he is involved in the Society of Intercultural Philosophy. His main research area in this respect is the development of the EU with a particular focus on Turkey.