Print this article - Geological Society of India

SHORT COMMUNICATION
SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY OF TERTIARY DEPOSITS IN A RECYCLED
OROGENIC AREA, KALE-DENIZLI, WESTERN TURKEY
E. BAYHAN
and S. HASDIGEN
Hacettepc University, Department of Geological Engineering. 06532 Beytepc, Ankara, Turkey
Email: [email protected]
Sedimentary petrology of Tertiary deposits of KaleDenizli area of southwestern Turkey is presented in this
short communication.Coupled with heavy mineral studies,
the results obtained permit one to conclude that these
sediments are products of a recycled orogen.
Introduction
The study area is located at the southwest of DenizliKale, Western Turkey (Fig.1). There are large number of
previous studies which deal with geology of the area.
l ~954),
General geological studies were carried out by A l t ~ n(1
(SW Denizli); $im$ek (1 982), (Denizli-Sarayktry-Buldan);
Gl)kw et al. (1 989), (Civril<ardak); Okay (1989), (SW Denizli,
Menderes Massif); stratigraphical studies were carried out
by Becker and Platen (1970) (SW Anatolia); Bilgin and
Kaseoglu (1985), (Denizli -Babadag); Sozbilir et al. (2000)
(~enizli-fmir);Hakyemez (1 987,1989), (Kale- Kurbal~k,SW
Denizli); sedimentological studies were performed by
Hakyemez and OrCen (1982), (Mugla- Denizli, S W
Anatolia); Gdk~enand GUndogdu ( 1 984), (Denizli-Mugla);
j!
g
9
2
a.Sekko
:gzz ;:.,I
I
Miocen
Milet F r n
o"
Yataban Fm
---
Kale Fm. - Kunar
Yenldere Fm.
Mortuma Fm.
Kcrrodere Fm.
Me*zo'cvm
Paleozoic
~osernentRocks
Fig.1. Location and geological map of the study area (aJ!er Ilakyc~ncr,,Y., 1989).
JOUR GEOL.SOC INDIA, VOL 6 5 , APRIL 2005
SHORT COMMWlCATlON
Algigek et al. (2000), (Cameli-Actpayam-Benizli);
paleontological studies were carried out by Taner (1974,
1975), (Denizlj); GOk~en(1982))(Denizli-Mugla); Kaya (1993),
(Sazak-Kale, DenizIi); Akglln and Stizbilir (200 I), (KaleTavas); Taner (200 I), (Denizli); Dumsnt et al, (1979), (SW
Anatolia) and Ercan et al. (1983); (Denizli) have studied
tectonics ofthe region. There are no detailed sedimentary
petrological studies on this areas. The purpose of this study
is to determine sedimentary petrological parameters and to
interpret the provenance of the study area .in the global
tectonic perspective.
4 83
measured (Fig.I) and samples taken firom these sections were
utilised for sedimentary petrographical studies. Sections of
selected samples were prepared to investigatemineralogical,
petrographical and textural properties of these Tertiary
deposits. These samples were also examined by using
polarizing microscope. Grain size analysis of sandstone
samples were evaluated in order to find their statistical
parameters according to F o k (1 968). Petrographical modal.
analysis of samples was carried out in order to determine
the quantitativemineralogical aspects of sandstone samples,
In addition to this, heavy mineral assemblages were also
determined.
-
Stratigriphy
In the study area, there are Paleozoic and Mesozoic
basement rocks and sedimentary rocks which range in age
between Oligocene and Quaternary, The sequence taken
into consideration in the present study is of Tertiary age and
is composed of Oligocene to Lower Miocene Akqay Group
(Karadere Formation, Morturna Formation, Yenidere
Formation, Kale Formation with lateral transition to KUnar
Forrnation) as defined by Hakyemez (1 989). These deposits
represent continental and partly lagoonal-marine clastics and
carbonate rocks. Mugla Group (Sekkdy Formation, Yatagan
Formation, Milet Formation) unconformably overlying the
Akgay Group constitutes the Middle Miocene-Pliocene
lacustrine continental sediments (Fig.1). Quaternary deposits
overlie unconformably on all of these units (Hakyemez,
1989). .
Methodology
In the study area, five stratigraphic sections were
Sedimentary Petrography
Sandstone samples were examined horder to determine
the location of source area, to find out the composition and
to classify the sandstones. Results of modal analysis of the
sandstone samples are given in Table 1. McBride's (1963)
classification was applied to sandstone petrography (Fig.2),
According to McBride9s(1 963), two feldspathic litharenite
samples and 15 litharenite samples are found. On these
sandstone samples textural studies were performed by using
polarizing microscope. Grain size distribution curves were
drawn and formulae suggested by Folk (1968) were applied
with the help of these c w e s and by this way, statistical
parameters of grain size distribution were determined
(Table 1). Graphical skewness (SkJ values are between
fmely skewed and near symmetrical. Graphical kurtosis (KG)
values are between leptokurtic and mesokurtic. Sandstones
are generally moderately sorted and the average grain size
is between very fine and medium sand size. In addition
Tablc 1. Percentages of the main components -of sandstones and statistical grain size parameter values of sanstones in Denizli-Kale
region
-
Sample
No.
Quartz
Feldspar Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic Uftramafic
MonoPolvRock
Rock
Rock
Rock
fragments fragments fragments
fragments
'quartz quartz
Binding
Material
M,
Statistical parameters
Si
Ski
KG
-
SHORT COMMUNICATION
484
Table 2. Heavy minerals of sandstones in Denizli-Kale region and their percentage abundance
Sample No. Amphibole Pyroxene
%
%
Epidote
%
Biotite/
Garnet
chlorite (%)
%
%
%
YO
Zircon
YO
Opaque
YO
Interpretation
heavy minerah were examined to find the source rocks of
this Tertiary sedimentary sequence. The abundances of
heavy minerals in samples are presented in Table 2. It is
supposed that heavy minerals such as pyroxenes, epidote,
chlorite, garnet and glaucophane indicate a metamorphic
source whiIe zircon, rutile, apatite and tourmaline show an
acid-intermediate magmatic source (Pettijohn et aI. 1972;
Tucker, 1992).
I
Quartz arenite
Apatite Rutile Glaucophane
and Chert)
Statistical analysis of thin sections revealed that
sandstones are fine-grained in size and semi-rounded in
shape. Moreover; they are also platykurtic and leptokuirtic.
Sandstone grains are generally cemented with carbonate
cement and are moderately well sorted. In the study area,
sandstones Ski-SI coordinate relations (Bjorlykke, 1989)
show (Fig.3) the sandstones are characteristic of river
sediment.
Litharenites (Fig.2) are not only deposited in marine
envirorrnent in frontal basins but also in proximal alluvial
fans or in 7ther fluvial environments (Boggs, 1995). In the
source area, 5edimentar-yand metamorphic rocks are more
abundant as evidenced by the percentage of rock fragments.
With the help of minerals, obtained from heavy mineral
study, it can be suggested that the source area consists of
magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rock units. These
rock units might have supplied the material to the basin
during Tertiary.
Petrotectonic Facies
(Feldspar]
.
-
(~ockfra~ments)
Fig.2. Classificationof Tertiary sandstones in Denizli-Kale region
according to McBride (1963).
According to Dickinson et al. (1983) plate tectonics
controls the relation between provenance and basin and its
determined by the dispersion of sandstones having different
compositions. Therefore sandstone composition is directly
related to sedimentaryprocesses, and provenance attributes.
As per Q, F, L and Qm, F, L diagrams Dickinson et. al.
(1 983) Fig.4, sandstone composition indicates undissected
arc and recycled orogen provenance. Dickinson et al. (1 983)
defined three main provenances recycled orogen, magmatic
arc and continental block. Furthermore, recycled orogens
are zones of plate convergence, where collision of major
plates creates upliftid source areas along the collision suture
belt (Boggs, 1995).
Conciusions
Fig.3. Plot of skewness versus sorting values of the sandstones in
the study area in Bjorlykke (1989) diagram.
The results of the study can be summarized as follows:
1- Based on modal analysis result of samples, it is
observed that sandstonesare litharenite in composition.
JUUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA,
VOL.65, APRIL 2005
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Craton
Interior
Craton
Transitional
Continental
Transitional
Continental
/
Transitional
AT'
0
4
'
Felds~ar
Quarhose
Recycled
@
Arc
13./&-
7~.-l \
.
-
..
\
:
;',- \
/-
, lJndlsse%&
/-
Arc
Arc
#
Total unstable
lithic fragments
50
-\.: \
Transitional
Felds~ar
23
45
13
Unstable lithfc
fragments plus
polycrystalline quartz
Fig.4. QFL and QlnFLt triangle diagram according to Dickinson et al. (1983) of the Tertiary sandstones in the study area.
Q - Monoquartz+polyquartz; F Feldspar; L - volcanic+sedimentary+metamorphic rock fragments; Qm - Monoquartz;
-
Lt - Voicanic+sedimentary+rnetarnorphic+po~yquartz.
Based on the heavy mineral sfudies, clastic rocks were
derived from magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary
source areas and the sedimentation basin was fed by
these rock units during Tertiary:
2. Source area of the basin was sedimentaw rocks and
ophioljtic rocks of id^ - id^ lid^ platform, and
metamorphic rocks belonging to Menderes Massif.
3' Based On the sorting and
diagrams it is
concluded that the sediments were transported to the
basin by rivers.
4. Based on diagrams of Dickinson et al. (1 983) it is
concluded that they derived the material fiom cIastics
fed kom undissected arc and recycled orogenic area.
Acknowledgements: This study was accomplished under a
project "stratigraphic tectonic and sedirnentological examination
of Tertiary aged sequence in Outer Taurid Belt (Denizli-Burdur)"
which was supported by the Hacettepe University Research
Foundation. Authors thank the Hacettepe University for their
suppod, and Prof. Dr. Abdurrahim Sahbaz (Mugla University),
Sezai Gdrm(iS and Dr. Cemal Tunoglu, Dr. Kagan Tekin
(Hacettepe University) for their help, and authors would like to
thank the reviewers for their vafuablecomments.
References
AKGON,F. and SOZBILIR
H. (200 1) A palynostratigraphic approach
BJORLYKKE,
K. (1989) Sedirnentology and Petroleum Geology.
to the SW Anatolian molasse basin: Kale-Tavas molasse and
Denizli molasse. Geodinamica Acta, v. 14, pp.71-93.
ALCICEK,
M., K A Z A N CN.
~ ,and OZKUL, M. (2000) CameliAclpayam (Denizli, GB Tiirkiye) Neojen havzas~ve tortul
dolgusu. 53. Tiirkiye Jeoloji Kurultayi Bildiri ozleri,Ankara,
pp.20 1-203.
A~T~N
I. L
E.~(1954)
,
Denizli guneyinin jeolojik incelenmesi.
M.T.A. Enst. rapor no:2794, Ankara, 110p.
BECKER-PLATEN,
J.D. ( I 970) LithostratigraphischeUnterschungen
in Kanozoikum Siidwest-Anatoliens (Kanozoikum und
Braunkohlen der Turkei. 2)-Beih. Geol. Jb., Hannover, v.97,
244 p.
BILGIN,
A. and KOSEOCLU,
M. (1985) Denizli - Babadag dolayln~n
stratigrafisi. Akdenii universitesi Isparta Mlihendislik
Fakiiltesi Dergisi, Isparta, v.1, pp. 29-65.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 363p.
BOGGS,
Jr. S. (1 995) Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 774p.
DICKMSON,
W.R., BEARD,
S.L., BRAKENRIDGE,
R.G, ERJAVEC,
J.L.,
FERGUSON,
R.C., INMAN,K.F., KNEPP,
R.A., LTNDBERG,
F.A. and
RYBERG,
P.T. (1983) Provenance of North American Pharozic
sandstones in relation to tectonic setting. Geol. Soc. Amer.
Bull., v.94, pp.222-235.
DUMONT,
J. F., UYSAL,
$., SIMSEK,
$. and KARAMANDEwsI, I.H. (1979)
Giineybatl Anadolu'daki grabenlerin olugumu. M.T.A. Dergisi,
Ankara, v.92, pp. 1 17.
ERCAN,T., G ~ A YE.
, and BA$,H. (1983) Denizli volkanitlerinin
petrolojisi ve plaka tektonigi a~isindanb6lgesel yorumu.
Ttlrkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Blilteni, Ankara, v.26, pp.153160.
-
486
SHORT COMMUNICATION
MCBRIDE,
E. F. (1963) A classification of common sand-stones.
FOLK,R.L.(1968) Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill's,
Jour. Sed. Petrology, v.33, pp.664-669.
Austin-Texas, 170p.
OKAY,A.I., (1989) Denizli'nin guneyinde Menderes Masifi ve
GOKCEN,N. (1982) Denizli ve Mugla qevresi neojen istifinin
Likya napiarin~njeolojisi. MTA Derg., Ankara, v. 109, pp.45Ostrakod Biyostratigrafisi. H.U. Yerbilimleri Enstitiisu Biilteni,
Ankara, v.9, pp.111-131.
58.
PETTIJOHN,
F. J., POTTER,
P.E. and SIEVER,
R. (1972) Sand and
GOKCEN,N. and GCmoGou, M.N. (1984) Denizli-Mugla oeojeninin
Sandstones. Springer-Verlag.,Heideberg, 6 I 8p.
kil mineralojisi. 1.Ulusal Kil SempozyumuBildirileri, Cukurova
SOZBILIR,
H., AKGUN,
F. and AKKIRAZ,
S. (2000) Uyumsuzluklarla
University, pp.243-254.
s~nlrlandlrllrnl~
Tersiyer yavl~tortul istiflerin Denizli ve
GOKTAS,
F., CAKMAKOGLU, A., TAR^, E., SiJ~qu,Y.F. and SARWAYA,
H. (1989) Civril Cardak araslnln jeolojisi. MTA Enst. rapor
Izmir aras~ndakistratigrafisi. 53. Tiirkiye Jeoloji Kurultayl
Bildiri ~ z l e r iAnkara,
,
pp. 179-182.
no: 870 1, fmir, 109p.
HAKYEMEZ,
Y. (1987) Kale-Kurballk (GB Denizli) bljlgesindeki
SIMSEK,
$. (1982) Denizl i-Saraykiiy Buldan alanlnln jeoloj isi vc
Senozoyik y a ~ hqokel kayalar~njeolojisi ve stratigrafisi.
jeotermal enerji olanaklar~.Istanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi
fstanbul ~niversitesi,Ph.D. Thesis, ~stanbul,84p.
Yaylnlar~,~stanbul,v. 1, pp. 145-162.
HAKYEMEZ,
Y. (1989) Kale-Kurbal~k(GB Denizli) bolgesindeki
TANER,
G. (1974) Denizli blilgesi Neajen'inin paleontoloj ik ve
Senozoyik y q l l qokel kayalar~njeolojisi ve stratigrafisi.MTA
stratigrafik etiidu. M.T.A. Derg., Ankara, v.83, pp. 145-178.
TANER,
G. (1975) Denizli bolgesi Neojen'inin paleontolojik ve
Derg., v.109, pp.9-21.
HAKYEMEZ,
Y. and ORCEN,S. (1982) Mugla-Denizli araslndaki
stratigrafik etiidii. M.T.A. Derg., Ankara, v.85, pp.45-67.
(Giineybati Anadolu) Senozoyik y a ~ l lqokel kayalarin
TANER,G. (200 1) Denizli Bolgesi Neojenine ait katlarln stratigrafik
sedimantolojik ve biyostratigrafik incelenmesi.MTARaporu,
konumlarinda yeni duzenleme. Tiirkiye Jeoloji Kurultayl,
No.73 11, 236p.
Bildiri ~ z l e r iAnkara,
,
11-54?pp.21.
KAYA,T. (1993) Sazak (Kale - Denizli) Geq Miyosen
TUCKER,
M.E. (1992) Sedimentary Petrology. Blackwell, Qxford,
Perissodactyla' si. M.T.A. Dergisi, Ankara, v.115, pp.35-43.
260p.
(Received: 19December 2003; Revised form accepted: 1 7 December 2004)
JOUR.GEOL.SOC.MDIA, VOL.65, APRIL 2005