Akib Aktüel Sayı 45 - Akdeniz İhracatçı Birlikleri

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2013
2014
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2013
2014
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1.927.049
1.827.067
-5,2
16,9
21.568.166
22.391.144
3,8
14,3
1.356.104
1.335.155
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12,4
15.032.172
15.674.951
4,3
10,0
+XEXEDW%DNOL\DW<D÷O×7RKXPODUYH0DPXOOHUL
614.050
568.196
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5,3
6.698.330
6.671.970
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4,3
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219.373
219.327
0,0
2,0
2.347.206
2.395.363
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111.499
93.323
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0,9
1.346.574
1.398.484
3,9
0,9
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116.018
98.158
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1.447.415
1.442.712
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153.796
248.367
61,5
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1.745.363
2.413.265
38,3
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24.434
16.866
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0,2
419.160
220.470
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109.576
84.587
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1.050.669
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7.359
6.330
-14,0
0,1
79.092
82.018
3,7
0,1
209.571
172.946
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1,6
2.026.529
2.239.888
10,5
1,4
209.571
172.946
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1,6
2.026.529
2.239.888
10,5
1,4
361.375
318.966
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4.509.465
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113.145
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