Import Dependency in Turkey - Ege Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari

Ege University
Working Papers in Economics 2015
http://www.iibf.ege.edu.tr/
IMPORT DEPENDENCY IN TURKEY: AN INPUT-OUTPUT
ANALYSIS
Osman Aydoğuş
Çağaçan Değer
Elif Tunalı Çalışkan
Gülçin Gürel Günal
Working Paper No: 15 / 02
May 2015
Department of Economics
Ege University
IMPORT DEPENDENCY IN TURKEY: AN INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS
Osman Aydogus
Department of Economics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Address: Ege Universitesi, Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi, Bornova, 35100 Izmir,
TURKEY
Telephone: +90 232 311 5286
Fax: +90 232 373 41 94
Email: osman/[email protected]
Cagacan Deger
Department of Economics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Address: Ege Universitesi, Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi, Bornova, 35100 Izmir,
TURKEY
Telephone: +90 232 311 2267
Fax: +90 232 373 41 94
Email: [email protected] [email protected]
Elif Tunali Caliskan (Corresponding Author)
Department of Economics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Address: Ege Universitesi, Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi, Bornova, 35100 Izmir,
TURKEY
Telephone: +90 232 311 3164
Fax: +90 232 373 41 94
Email: [email protected]
Gulcin Gurel Gunal
Department of Economics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Address: Ege Universitesi, Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi, Bornova, 35100 Izmir,
TURKEY
Telephone: +90 232 311 3164
Fax: +90 232 373 41 94
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Import dependency is important for the development process. High import dependency implies,
among many items, a vulnerability to foreign exchange shocks. This study examines the
intermediate inputs import dependency of Turkish economy. Main contribution is the
construction of an import matrix for year 2008, whereas the most recent official one is from year
2002. The analysis reveals dependency of Turkish economy on especially raw material inputs
obtained from abroad.
JEL Codes: input-output models, import dependency, Turkey
Keywords: C67, F10, O50
Import Dependency in Turkey: An Input-Output Analysis
Abstract
Import dependency is important for the development process. High import dependency implies, among
many items, a vulnerability to foreign exchange shocks. This study examines the intermediate inputs
import dependency of Turkish economy. Main contribution is the construction of an import matrix for
year 2008, whereas the most recent official one is from year 2002. The analysis reveals dependency of
Turkish economy on especially raw material inputs obtained from abroad.
JEL Codes: input-output models, import dependency, Turkey
Keywords: C67, F10, O50
1 / 9 1. Introduction
Input-output (IO) models are among the most used applicable models. Conducted studies focus on a
very diverse set of research questions. Lin and Polenske (1995) examine sectoral energy usage. Zhang,
Shi, Yang, Chapagain (2011) investigate international water trade and its impact on water usage in
China. In light of the recent financial crisis, Leung and Secrieru (2012) examine how real and financial
sectors interact. For the case of Turkey, conducted IO analyses focus on issues such as wage changes
and sector prices (Konukman, 1996), price formation (Aydoğuş, 1999), effect of import prices
(Berüment and Taşçı, 2002) and energy prices (Tunalı and Aydoğuş, 2007) on domestic prices and
relationship between energy usage and carbon emissions (Tunç, Türüt-Aşık and Akbostancı, 2007).
IO models are also used to examine import dependency of countries. Using IO modeling, Loschky and
Ritter (2007) examine import content of exports for Germany. Cuihong and Jiansuo (2007) reveal the
dependence of Chinese exports on imports of raw materials and intermediate inputs. IO models have
been used to examine import dependency for the case of Turkey, as well. Günlük-Şenesen and
Şenesen (2001) modify a standart IO model to isolate import dependency by origin sector and
destination sector of flows, using Turkey 1990 data as a case study. Duman and Özgüzer (2012) use
the 1998 and 2002 IO tables to conclude that not only manufacturing, but also trading sectors
contribute to import dependency. Saygılı, Cihan, Yalçın and Brand (2012) use 1998 and 2002 IO
tables, supplemented by firm surveys, to conclude that share of imported inputs in total inputs rose by
10% from 2002 to 2007. Ersungur, Ekinci and Takım (2011) use the 2002 IO table of Turkey to
measure forward and backward import dependency linkages.
The studies that utilize IO modeling to examine import dependency in Turkey are limited by the lack
of recent IO tables. This study analyses import dependency through an IO model based on IO tables
for year 2008. The contributions are twofold: Firstly, a 2008 import IO table is obtained through a
non-survey approach. Secondly, import dependency is examined through this relatively recent table.
The study progresses as follows: Next section presents the considered model and summarizes the
results. Last section concludes.
2. Model, Data and Results
The model is based on the goods market equilibrium condition:
X = AX + Cd + Cm + Id + Im + Gd + Gm + E – M
2 / 9 (1)
where
X
: output
A
: matrix of IO coefficients
Cd
: consumption demand for domestic goods
m
: consumption demand for imported goods
C
d
: investment demand for domestic goods
Im
: investment demand for imported goods
Gd
: government demand for domestic goods
m
: government demand for imported goods
I
G
E
: exports
M
: imports
Intermediate inputs can be either domestically produced or imported. Hence, A = Ad + Am where Ad is
[domestic coefficients] and Am are [import coefficients]. Also, by definition, M=Am + Cm + Im + Gm.
Therefore Equation 1 can be solved as:
X = [I – Ad]-1 [Cd + Id + Gd + E]
(2)
Multiplying from the left by Am yields imported intermediate inputs as:
Am X = Am[I – Ad]-1 [Cd + Id + Gd + E]
(3)
From Equation 3, the import requirements can be isolated by:
R = Am[I – Ad]-1
(4)
The matrix R includes the direct and indirect effects of increases in the final demand elements. Each
element of matrix R, denoted rij, shows the additional intermediate input import of sector i needed to
meet the unit increase in final demand by sector j. Sums of the rows of R show how much
intermediate input import by sector i increases if final demand in every sector j increases by 1 unit.
[forward linkage] Sums of the columns of R show how much intermediate input import by every
sector increases if final demand by sector i increases by 1 unit. [backward linkage]
The analysis in this study relies on the forward and backward linkages implied by Equation 4.
However, Equation 4 requires domestic and imported IO table for Turkey. Latest IO table for Turkey
3 / 9 are available for year 2002. The import matrix of year 2002 has been updated to year 2008. The choice
of year 2008 is based on the availability of a national IO table of Turkey. As part of the development
planning process, İZKA (İzmir Regional Development Agency) has funded the update of the national
IO table of Turkey to 2008, which in turn has been the starting point for the preparation of a regional
table for İzmir (Aydoğuş, Değer, Çalışkan and Günal, 2015). To maintain consistency with İZKA's
2008 national IO table, the 2002 import matrix has been aggregated to 36 sectors.
To obtain an import matrix for year 2008, the non-survey method is adopted. In the framework of this
study, the non-survey method is the most feasible method among alternatives. The non-survey method
relies on constructing the table from a national table through various transformations, where
transformations are based on adopted assumptions. Compared to a survey method, which requires
extensive surveys to be conducted, the non-survey method has a considerable cost advantage. It is
stated that the cost differential may reach a factor of 20 (Boster and Martin, 1972).
The share of intermediate imports in total imports, from 2002 import matrix, is used to divide sectoral
imports in the 2008 IO table to intermediate use imports and final use imports. This stage provides
intermediate input imports for each of the 36 sectors. This is a column vector and needs to be divided
into a matrix. In other words, aggregate intermediate inputs imports need to be distributed to sectors.
To this end, the shares of intermediate imported inputs for each sector are obtained from the 2002
import matrix, then used on the 2008 sectoral imported intermediate inputs vector. This yields the
import matrix for year 2008.
The obtained import matrix and İZKA's 2008 national IO table have been used to perform the
calculation implied by Equation 4. Implied forward and backward linkages are presented in the
appendix, Table A1. Top ranking sectors in terms of forward and backward linkages are presented in
Table 1.
Table 1 shows that the highest forward linkages in Turkey are displayed by natural resource related
sectors. If final demand in every sector increases by 1 unit, the intermediate input import requirement
by “mining and quarrying” sector increases by 1.6 units. This is 1.3 for “manufacture of chemicals and
chemical products” and 1.06 for “manufacture of basic metals”.
4 / 9 Table 1: Top 5 forward and backward linkage sectors
Forward
Rank
Backward
Manufacture of coke,
refined petroleum products
Mining and quarrying
1.6291
1
and nuclear fuels
0.6015
Rank
1
Manufacture of chemicals,
chemical products
1.3067
2
Manufacture of basic
metals
0.4208
2
Manufacture of basic
metals
1.0641
3
Electrical energy, gas,
steam and hot water
0.3320
3
Recycling
0.7454
4
Manufacture of pulp, paper
and paper products
0.3288
4
5
Manufacture of chemicals,
chemical products
0.3062
5
Manufacture of coke,
refined petroleum products
and nuclear fuels
0.4259
Source: Authors' calculations.
Backward linkages show the intermediate input import triggered by a unit increase in the final demand
of a given sector. This is a better representation of dependency on intermediate input imports. For
example, if the final demand in “manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuels”
increases by 1 unit, intermediate input import o 0.60 units are triggered. This figure is a representation
of Turkey on imported unprocessed petroleum. “Manufacture of basic metals” sector triggers an
intermediate input increase of 0.42 units. “Electirical energy, gas, steam and hot water” production has
become very dependent on imported natural gas in the last decade and a half. Therefore, it is not
surprising that this sector displays the third highest ranking in intermediate input import dependency,
with 0.33.
3. Conclusion
Conducted analysis shows that import dependency in Turkey is a matter of raw material imports,
mostly fuels. The result is for year 2008 and differs from Duman and Özgüzer (2012), who argue that
the growth in import dependency from 1998 to 2002 is due to the effect of not only manufacturing but
also the trade sector. The difference in results is most likely due to sector aggregation. This study
employs 36 sectors whereas Duman and Özgüzer (2012) use an aggregated 12 sector table from
OECD. Günlük-Şenesen and Şenesen (2001) find that raw petroleum is an important factor for import
dependency of Turkey in 1990, a result more in alignment with the current study.
5 / 9 The analysis is consistent with the fact that Turkey is poor in petroleum amd has to import a
considerable quantity to meet the domestic demand. Unless a new source is located, there is little
policy action in this regard. However, since domestic price of imports are heavily dependent on the
exchange rate, policy action to avoid exchange rate fluctuations are recommended for price stability.
6 / 9 References
Aydoğuş, Osman. (1999). Türkiye ekonomisinde maliyetler ve enflasyon: 1985-1990. Ekonomik
Yaklaşım. 10(34): 5-25.
Aydoğuş, O., Değer, Ç., Çalışkan, E.T. and Günal, G.G. (2015). An application of hybrid approach to
constructing regional input-output tables: Case of İzmir, Turkey. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans. 30(348): 934.
Berüment, Hakan and Taşçı, Hakan. (2002). Inflationary effects of crude oil prices in Turkey. Physica
A 316: 568-580.
Boster, R.C. and Martin, W.E. (1972). The value of primary versus secondary data in interindustry
analysis: A study in the economics of economic models. Annals of Regional Science. 6(2): 35-44.
Cuihong, Y. and Jiansuo, P. (2007). Import dependency of foreign trade: A case of China. The 16th
International Conference on Input-Output Techniques. Istanbul, Turkey. 26 July, 2007.
Duman, Alper and Özgüzer, Gül Ertan. (2012). An input-output analysis of rising imports in turkey.
Ekonomik Yaklaşım. 23(84): 39-54.
Ersungur, Ş.M., Ekinci, E.D. and Takım, A. (2011). Türkiye ekonomisinde ithalata bağımlılıktaki
değişme: Girdi-çıktı yaklaşımıyla bir uygulama. Atatürk Ü. İİBF Dergisi, 10. Ekonometri ve İstatistik
Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı.
Günlük-Şenesen, Gülay and Şenesen, Ümit. (2001). Reconsidering import dependency in Turkey: the
breakdown of sectoral demands with respect to suppliers. Economic Systems Research. 13(4): 417428.
Konukman, A. (1996). Türkiye ekonomisindeki ücret-fiyat ilişkileri, sektörel fiyat oluşumu ve
enflasyon. Ekonomide Durum. 1(1): 59-66.
Leung, Danny and Secrieru, Oana (2012). Real-financial linkages in the Canadian economy: An inputoutput approach. Economic Systems Research 24(2): 195-223.
Lin, X. and Polenske, K.R. (1995). Input-output anatomy of China's energy use nchanges in the 1980s.
Economic Systems Research 7: 67-84.
Loschky, A. and Ritter, L. (2007). Import content of exports. The 16th International Conference on
Input-Output Techniques. Istanbul, Turkey. 26 July, 2007.
Saygılı, Ş., Cihan, C., Yalçın, C. and Brand, T.H. (2012). Türkiye imalat sanayiinde ithal girdi
kullanımı. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans. 27(321):9-38.
Tunalı, Elif and Aydoğuş, Osman. (2007). The effect of energy price increases on industrial prices and
general price level: A comparative static analysis for selected EU countries and Turkey within the
open static Leontief model. The 16th International Input-Output Conference. Istanbul, Turkey. 2-6
July, 2007.
Tunç, G.İ., Türüt-Aşık, S. and Akbostancı, E. (2007). CO2 emissions vs CO2 responsibility: An inputoutput approach for the Turkish economy. Energy Policy. 35(2): 855:868.
7 / 9 Yalçın, C; Saygılı, Ş.; Cihan, C. ve Brand, T. H. (2012). Türkiye İmalat Sanayinde İthal
Girdi Kullanımı. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans. 27(321): 9-38.
Zhang, Z.y., Shi, M.J, Yang, H. and Chapagain, A. (2011) An IO analysis of the trend in virtual water
trade and the impact on water resources and uses in China. Economic Systems Research 23: 431-446.
8 / 9 Appendix: Table A1: Forward and backward linkages by sectors
Sector Agriculture, Hunting and Forestery Forward
Rank
Backward Rank
0.3846
6 0.0642 32
Collected and purified water, distribution services of water 0
30 0.1188 26
Construction 0
31 0.1644 21
Education services 0
35 0.0399 35
Electrical energy, gas, steam and hot water 0.0006
28 0.3320 3
Financial Intermediation 0.0262
23 0.0354 36
Fishing 0.0003
29 0.0963 27
0
36 0.0776 30
Health and social work services Hotels and restaurants 0
33 0.0881 28
Manufacture of Basic metals 1.0641
3 0.4208 2
Manufacture of Chemicals, chemical products 1.3067
2 0.3062 5
Manufacture of Coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuels 0.4259
5 0.6015 1
Manufacture of Electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c. 0.2295
7 0.2772 11
Manufacture of Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 0.1101
13 0.2788 9
Manufacture of food products and beverages 0.0617
16 0.1236 25
Manufacture of Furniture; other manufactured goods n.e.c. 0.0297
22 0.2907 6
Manufacture of Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 0.0081
26 0.2359 16
Manufacture of Medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks 0.0332
21 0.1562 22
Manufacture of Motor vehicles, trailers and semi‐trailers 0.1726
9 0.2602 15
Manufacture of Office machinery and computers 0.0466
19 0.1650 20
Manufacture of Other non‐metallic mineral products 0.0616
17 0.1538 23
Manufacture of Other transport equipment 0.0712
15 0.1531 24
Manufacture of Printed matter and recorded media 0.0125
24 0.1753 19
Manufacture of Pulp, paper and paper products 0.2149
8 0.3288 4
Manufacture of Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus 0.0768
14 0.2017 18
Manufacture of Rubber and plastic products 0.1489
11 0.2780 10
Manufacture of textiles and textile products 0.1685
10 0.2847 7
Manufacture of tobacco products 0.0010
27 0.2743 12
Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur 0.0111
25 0.2180 17
Manufacture of Wood and products of wood and cork (except furniture); articles of straw and plaiting materials 0.0613
18 0.2643 14
Mining and Quarrying 1.6291
1 0.0836 29
Other services 0.0415
20 0.0595 34
Recycling 0.7454
4 0.2808 8
Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear 0.1486
12 0.2727 13
Transport, storage and communication 0
34 0.0611 33
Wholesale and retail trade 0
32 0.0695 31
Source: Authors' calculations. 9 / 9 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
3
4
5
1
Kağıt ve kağıt ürünleri imalatı
42
8
5
33
15
100
2
2
2
10
2
2
3
4
1
26
5
1 044
3
3
4
2
17
17
3
52
512
125
1
1
2
24
4
1
1
6
2
1
6
9
1
76
133
15
14
648
6
66
4
1
2
2
2
81
11
3
238
716
1
1
1
15 967
20
12
30
77
9
6
1
1
9
1
2
17
289
50
101
6 104
363
6
63
3
2
1
23
57
814
388
13
15
36
2
13
1
1
22
6
3
58
254
46
217
3 974
89
3
45
5
1
1
27
2
37
13
14
17
1
11
1
18
2
18
5
9
75
80
233
13
404
690
3
28
2
1
1
1 068
2
15
11
1
10 245
4
1
11
2
1
7
32
7
78
9 989
208
9
175
191
1
16
45
4
1
1 427
2
16
6
57
5
21
10
4
61
5
7
211
2 740
38
49
262
111
2
19
11
3
1
33
2
17
8
80
5
111
29
42
506
18
56
137
2 761
60
89
387
90
2
44
10
1
2
9
3
40
10
18
3
1
3
36
4
29
6
3
1
1
19
6
1
2
14
37
19
1 332
4
4
68
704
54
182
373
44
1
8
2
1
298
1
20
4
22
1
13
170
250
3
6
200
1
26
67
8
3
5
5
10
1
3
21
Radyo, televizyon,
haberleşme
teçhizatı ve
cihazları imalatı
1
1
29
4
14
1
1
14
42
8
6
74
1
6
1
22
Tıbbi aletler;
hassas ve optik
aletler ile saat
imalatı
5
6
1
2
5 328
30
1
167
3
4
94
1 134
83
270
125
69
1
5
4
1
6
51
1
23
3
3
171
59
1
58
1
1
54
91
10
10
34
10
4
5
1
24
3
23
44
1
6
1
5
4
1
230
1 405
16
315
313
41
3
15
248
3
1
60
17
17
25
Motorlu kara taşıtı
Diğer ulaşım
Mobilya ımalatı;
, römork ve yarıaraçlarının imalatı b.y.s. diğer imalat
römork imalatı
122
115
5
1
26
Yeniden
değerlendirme
28
17
2
21
3
1
209
1
16
11
112
1
2
13
91
1
4
1
1
1
12 185
2
27
1
1
3
5
1
4
124
22
4
7
1
28
Elektrik, gaz, Suyun toplanması,
arıtılması ve
buhar ve sıcak su
dağıtılması
üretimi ve dağıtımı
İnşaat
30
9
14
1
69
9
1
345
15
22
807
3 902
419
274
117
547
2
27
253
1
1
8
1
28
3
29
71
2
118
157
1
1 125
10
25
144
77
9
135
555
94
109
1 175
1 031
101
106
25
33
11
169
68
1 375
163
30
Toptan ve
Perakende Ticaret
Oteller ve
lokantalar
26
1
19
34
1
8
24
42
7
31
47
31
271
12
40
1
1
16
64
126
13
108
31
123
30
520
647
1
99
526
53
3
29
70
1
258
22
3 887
34
20
5
2
3
4
1
18
32
64
5
19
11
5
1
2
16
264
11
1
33
8
9
5
11
2
8
47
1
66
1
8
7
115
162
11
48
6
2
2
1
2
76
3
34
Sigorta ve
Kara, Su, Hava ve
Emeklilik Fonları
Boru Hattı
Eğitim hizmetleri
Dahil Mali
Taşımacılığı ve
Hizmetler
İletişim
6
10
6
10
77
7
8
18
63
6
625
79
9
36
4
1
6
10
13
4
35
Sağlık işleri ve
sosyal hizmetler
117
2
116
140
610
176
177
74
440
253
17
393
738
209
177
1 308
713
129
626
48
47
18
87
56
358
2
104
36
Diğer Hizmetler
37
740
14
12 062
800
1 379
7 844
458
489
4 220
660
191
2 887
25 555
1 745
3 076
23 727
12 333
358
2 503
928
983
293
4 728
4
1 858
34 862
16
6 543
Toplam
7
1
2 592
2 704
12 054
4 532
6 396
5 270
2 997
21 730
1 611
7 809
243
1 357
10 937
5 337
421
1 388
251
774
2 163
1 837
130
2 983
10 894
38
1 677
38
İthalatın Nihai
Kullanıma giden
kısmı
21
12 063
3 392
4 083
19 898
4 990
6 885
9 490
3 658
21 921
4 498
33 364
1 988
4 433
34 664
17 670
779
3 891
1 179
1 757
2 456
6 566
135
4 841
45 756
53
8 220
39
Toplam İthalat
(2008
tablosundan)
Toplam
Diğer Hizmetler
Sağlık işleri ve sosyal hizmetler
Eğitim hizmetleri
Sigorta ve Emeklilik Fonları Dahil Mali Hiz
Kara, Su, Hava ve Boru Hattı Taşımacılığı v
3 421
2
657
12
5 708
4
993
16
8 907
12
4 041
2
839
3
1 400
3
2 422
3
955
2
17 125
90
8 510
11
4 882
9
2 690
5
22 475
7
3 668
22
4 526
Page 1
88
5
3 164
7
805
2
206
14
7 406
516
7
2 777
15
12 736
7
181
5
6 907
151
7 039
7
933
64
6 420
181
579
3
603
7
1 008
384
7 518
1 067
152 324
117 064
2 164
513
269 388
3 231
1 253
4 491
1
1
2
51
16
64
5
32
595
23
38
410
1
1
3
11
Büro, muhasebe B.y.s. elektrikli
Metalik olmayan
Makine ve
Kimyasal madde
B.y.s. makine ve
Plastik ve kauçuk
makine ve
ve bilgi işlem
diğer mineral
Ana metal sanayii teçhizatı hariç;
ve ürünlerin
teçhizat imalatı
ürünleri imalatı
makineleri imalatı cihazların imalatı
ürünlerin imalatı
metal eşya sanayii
imalatı
1 765
17
1
93
6
9
1
29
2
14
84
70
1
40
181
21
11
136
15
10
Kok kömürü,
Basım ve yayım;
rafine edilmiş
plak, kaset v.b.
petrol ürünleri ve
kayıtlı medyanın
nükleer yakıt
çoğaltılması
imalatı
4 491
7
1
10
7
2
2
4
60
3
1
38
709
166
2
5
1
4
1
131
268
9
Ağaç ve mantar
ürünleri imalatı
(mobilya hariç);
Kağıt ve kağıt
hasır ve buna
ürünleri imalatı
benzer, örülerek
yapılan
maddelerin imalatı
1 765
98
1
21
1
2
21
10
172
3 424
743
4
20
505
3
33
91
1
7
8
Derinin
tabaklanması,
işlenmesi; bavul, el
çantası, saraçlık,
koşum takımı ve
ayakkabı imalatı
Oteller ve lokantalar
65
1
50
24
2
34
2
108
29
50
61
6
6
60
352
216
2 037
149
31
143
7
Giyim eşyası
imalatı; kürkün
işlenmesi ve
boyanması
Toptan ve Perakende Ticaret
İnşaat
Suyun toplanması, arıtılması ve dağıtılmas
Elektrik, gaz, buhar ve sıcak su üretimi ve Yeniden değerlendirme
Mobilya ımalatı; b.y.s. diğer imalat
Diğer ulaşım araçlarının imalatı
Motorlu kara taşıtı , römork ve yarı‐römo
75
Radyo, televizyon, haberleşme teçhizatı v
10
3
B.y.s. elektrikli makine ve cihazların imala
Tıbbi aletler; hassas ve optik aletler ile saa
5
55
3
2
Büro, muhasebe ve bilgi işlem makineleri Makine ve teçhizatı hariç; metal eşya sana
3
72
46
30
79
319
1 001
435
3
92
12
1
17
62
236
6
1
B.y.s. makine ve teçhizat imalatı
Ana metal sanayii
Metalik olmayan diğer mineral ürünlerin i
61
110
1
3
2
1 182
Kimyasal madde ve ürünlerin imalatı
Plastik ve kauçuk ürünleri imalatı
26
1 012
Kok kömürü, rafine edilmiş petrol ürünler
Basım ve yayım; plak, kaset v.b. kayıtlı me
5
Ağaç ve mantar ürünleri imalatı (mobilya 1
13
23
16
151
3
Tekstil ürünleri imalatı
59
6
1 904
1
4
776
Derinin tabaklanması, işlenmesi; bavul, el
1 138
372
1
1 876
Tekstil ürünleri
imalatı
Giyim eşyası imalatı; kürkün işlenmesi ve 1
96
19
Tütün ürünleri
imalatı
2 179
1
3
180
4
1
2
2
692
1
Balıkçılık, balık
üretme ve
Madencilik, Petrol
yetiştirme
Gıda ürünleri ve
Tarım, Avcılık ve
ve Doğalgaz
çiftliklerinin
içecek imalatı
Ormancılık
Çıkarımı
işletilmesi ve
balıkçılıkla ilgili
hizmetler
14
Tütün ürünleri imalatı
Gıda ürünleri ve içecek imalatı
Madencilik, Petrol ve Doğalgaz Çıkarımı
Balıkçılık, balık üretme ve yetiştirme çiftlik
Tarım, Avcılık ve Ormancılık
2008 İTHALAT IOT
Sheet1