Dökümanı İndir

Transkript

Dökümanı İndir
AYDIN
(JHE|OJHVLQGHGRùXGD'HQL]OL
NX]H\GHú]PLUYH0DQLVDJQH\GH
0XùODEDW×GD(JHGHQL]L\OHoHYULOL
$\G×Qҋ×QGHQL]GHQ\NVHNOLùLP
\]|OoPNPҋGLU.X]H\LQGH
$\G×QGDùODU×YHJQH\LQGH0HQWHüH
GDùODU×LOHV×Q×UODQP×üDODQ×QRUWDNHVLPL
%\N0HQGHUHVKDY]DV×G×U7HNQH
ELoLPLQGHNLKDY]D%\N0HQGHUHV
×UPDù×Q×QҋOUDN×PODUGDQEDüOD\DUDN
(JHGHQL]LQHNDGDU\DPDoODUGDQ
ND\QDNODQDQ]HQJLQVXDN×üODU×\ODELUOLNWH
ELQOHUFH\×OLoHULVLQGHROXüWXUGXùX
DOY\RQODUOD|UWOPüo|NQWDODQ×G×U
%\N0HQGHUHVKDY]DV×RODUDN
ELOLQHQEXG]ONOHULQED]×E|OPOHUL
$\G×Q.RoDUO×6|NHYH%DODWRYDODU×G×U
'LOHN<DU×PDGDV×0LOOL3DUN×
ûHKLWOLN$ELGHVL$\G×Q
'QGHQ%XJQH$<',1
$\G×Q0g\\GD%DW×$QDGROX
N×\×ODU×QD\D\×ODQ7KUDNODU×Q´$QWKHLDµ
VWQHNXUGXNODU×´7UDOOHLVµDQWLN
NHQWLGLU%XNHQW0gҋGDELUGHSUHP
VRQXFX\×N×OP×üNHQWLQRQDU×P×QGD
E\N\DUG×P×RODQ$XJXVWXVҋWDQ
|WUELUVUH´&DHVDUHLDµRODUDNGD
DGODQG×U×OP×üW×U6HOoXNOX'|QHPLҋQGH
´$\G×Q*]HOKLVDU×µDG×Q×DODQNHQW
2VPDQO×'|QHPLҋQGH\VH´1HIVL.D]DL
*]HOKLVDUGHU/LYDL$\G×QµRODUDN
DGODQG×U×OP×ü\\GDQJQP]H
GHùLQDG×$\G×QRODUDNJHOPLüWLU
<|UHGHNLLON\HUOHüLP.DONROLWLNdDùҋD
GHùLQX]DQ×U$QDGROXҋGDNL+LWLW
HJHPHQOLùLVUHVLQFHGH\|UHGHEX
LPSDUDWRUOXùDEDùO×NDYLPOHULQ\DüDG×ù×
VDQ×OPDNWDG×U+LWLW,PSDUDWRUOXùXҋQXQ
\×N×OPDV×YH'RUDN×QODU×VRQXFXQGD
$QDGROXҋ\DJHOHQ.DU\DO×ODU0g
\\$SKURGLVLDVYH.LQG\DNHQWOHULQL
NXUPXü$ODEDQGDYH$OLQGDҋ\L
RQDUP×üODU)ULJOHU0g\\LVH
1\VDYH0DJQHVLDNHQWOHULQLNXUPXü
7UDOOHLVҋLRQDUP×üODUG×U0g\\GDQ
EDüOD\DUDN$QDGROXҋQXQ(JHN×\×ODU×QGD
JHOLüHQúRQX\JDUO×ù×VUHVLQFH\|UHGH
NXUXODQ0LOHWRV'LG\PDYH3ULHQHJLEL
DQWLNNHQWOHUoDù×QX\JDUO×NPHUNH]L
ROPXü7KDOHV$QDNVLPDQGURV
YH$QDNVLPHQHVJLELGüQUYH
WDULKoLOHUOH+LSSRGDPRVJLELPLPDUODU×
\HWLüWLUPLüOHUGLU0gҋGDEDüOD\DQ
3HUVVDOG×U×V×QDGHùLQ/LG\DVL\DVDO
HJHPHQOLùLDOW×QGDNDODQ\|UHEX
G|QHPGH\DS×ODQYH0LOHWRVҋWDQ
EDüOD\DUDN7UDOOHLVҋWHQ2UWD$QDGROXҋ\D
X]DQDQQO.UDO<ROXQHGHQL\OH|QHPOL
ELUJHoLüPHUNH]LROPXüWXU
3HUV'|QHPLҋQGHWRSOXPVDOYH
HNRQRPLNVDUV×QW×ODUODNHQWOHU
WDS×QDNODUYHVDQDWUQOHUL\×N×OP×ü
\DGD\DùPDODQP×üW×U0gҋWH
%\N,VNHQGHUҋLQ3HUVOHUL\HQPHVL\OH
EDüOD\DQ+HOOHQLVWLN'|QHPRQXQ
|OPQGHQVRQUDJHQHUDOOHULDUDV×QGD
EDüOD\DQSD\ODü×PVDYDüODU×\ODVUPü
0gҋGHNL6HOHXNRVHJHPHQOLùL\OH
GHVRQEXOPXüWXU<DNODü×N\×O
VRQUD3HUJDPRQ.UDOO×ù×WRSUDNODU×QD
NDW×ODQ$\G×Q\|UHVL0gҋGD5RPD
úPSDUDWRUOXùXҋQDҋWHLPSDUDWRUOXùXQ
E|OQPHVL\OHGH'RùX5RPD
%L]DQVWRSUDNODU×QDEDùODQP×üW×U
+×ULVWL\DQO×ù×QE\NELUVL\DVDO
JFHXODüW×ù×EXG|QHPGH$QDGROX
3DWULNOLùLQFH\|QHWLOPLü0LOHWRVYH
3ULHQHSLVNRSRVOXNPHUNH]OHULROPXüWXU
6HOoXNOXODU0HQWHüHRùXOODU×
YH$\G×QRùXOODU×Q×Q²
\|QHWLPLQGHNDODQ$\G×QYH\|UHVL
ҋGD,,0XUDWWDUDI×QGDQ2VPDQO×
WRSUDNODU×QDNDW×OP×üW×U6DQDWIHOVHIH
VRV\DOKL]PHWOHUWDU×PYHPLPDULGH
SDUODNG|QHPOHUHWDQ×NRODQ$\G×Q7UN
NOWUYDUO×NODU×\ODGDGRQDW×OP×üJHoPLü
G|QHPOHULQWDULKVHOL]OHULNRUXQDUDN
JQP]HGHùLQWDü×QP×üW×U,'Q\D
6DYDü×VRQXQGDLüJDOHGLOHQ$\G×Q
(\OOWDULKLQGHLüJDOGHQNXUWDU×OP×ü
\×O×QGDGDLOROPXüWXU$\G×QLOLQLQ
LOoHVLEXOXQPDNWDG×U
%R]GRùDQ
$\G×QҋDNPX]DNO×NWDNL%R]GRùDQ
LOoHVL%\N0HQGHUHVKDY]DV×Q×Q
%H\&DPLL$\G×Q
JQH\LQGH×UPDù×QELUNROXRODQ
$NoD\ҋ×QVXODG×ù×RYDQ×Q\DQ×QGD
\NVHOHQ0DGUDQGDù×HWHNOHULQGH
NXUXOPXüWXU$NoD\]HULQGHEXOXQDQ
.HPHUEDUDMJ|OoHYUHVLLOH0DGUDQ
GDù×ELUoRNGRùDOJ]HOOLNOHUHVDKLSWLU
0DGUDQ'Dù×ҋQ×QHWHNOHULQGHQo×NDQ
PHPEDVX\XQOGU
úOoHQLQgUWOYH.RQDNO×N|\OHULQGHNL
VDUQ×oODU%R]GRùDQ$NKLVDUN|\OHUL
DUDV×QGD$NoD\]HULQGHWHNJ|]O
RODUDNLQüDHGLOPLüRODQ.HPHU.|SUV
%R]GRùDQ$OW×QWDü\ROX]HULQGH
$UPXWDODQ.|SUV.|UWHNHYHgUHQFLN
N|\OHULDUDV×QGDGRùDOELUWHSHQLQ
]HULQGHNXUXOPXüRODQ.|UWHNH.DOHVL
3LJLQGDDQWLNNHQWLDQWLNoDùODUDDLW
WDULKVHO\DS×NDO×QW×ODU×LOH5RPD%L]DQV
YH6HOoXNOXNOWUOHULQLQL]OHULQLWDü×\DQ
HVHUOHUGHQED]×ODU×G×U
%XKDUNHQW
$\G×Qҋ×QNPGRùXVXQGD%\N
0HQGHUHV×UPDù×Q×QNX]H\LQGH
PRGHUQELUSODQODPD\ODNXUXOPXüRODQ
%XKDUNHQWHNRQRPLVLWDPDPHQWDU×PD
GD\DO×V×Q×ULOoHOHULQGHQELULGLU.×]×OGHUH
.DSO×FDODU×LOoHGH\HUDOPDNWDG×U
dLQH
$\G×QҋDNPX]DNO×NWD%\N
0HQGHUHVKDY]DV×Q×QJQH\LQGH
×UPDù×QELUNROXRODQdLQHoD\×Q×Q
VXODG×ù×\HüLODODQODUDEDNDQ0DGUDQ
GDù×Q×QJQH\EDW×HWHNOHULQGH
NXUXOPXüWXUúOoH\HDG×Q×YHUHQ
oHYUHVLUHQJkUHQN]DPEDNODUODVVO
YHPDQ]DUDV×VRQGHUHFHHWNLOH\LFL
EXYDGLQLQLoLQGHQDNDQdLQHoD\×
PLWRORMLGHNL0DUV\DVHIVDQHVLQHNRQX
ROPXüWXU
(IVDQH\HJ|UHWDQU×oD$WKHQDGHUH
NHQDU×QGDGRODü×SNDYDOoDODUNHQVXGDNL
J|UQWVQHEDN×QFDNDYDOׁÁHPHN
LoLQüLüLUGLùL\DQDNODU×\ODoRNoLUNLQELU
J|UQPGHROGXùXQXIDUNHGLSI×UODW×S
DWP×üNDYDO×2QXEXODQ0DUV\DV
]DPDQOD|\OHJ]HOoDOPD\DEDüODP×ü
NLQKHU\HULVDUP×ü0]LNWHNHQGLVLQL
UDNLSVL]J|UHQWDQU×$SROORQҋDNDID
WXWDUKDOHJHOPLü$SROORQ0DUV\DVҋ×
\DU×üPD\DGDYHWHWPLüNUDO0LGDVGD
KDNHPROPXü0DUV\DVNDYDO×GDKD
J]HOoDOPDV×QDUDùPHQ\HQLNLODQ
HGLOPLüDPDN×VNDQoO×ù×Q×\HQHPH\HQ
$SROORQ0DUV\DVҋ×QGHULVLQL\]GUPü
0LGDVҋ×QNXODNODU×Q×HüHNNXODù×QD
G|QüWUPü6RQUDGDQ\DSW×ù×QD
SLüPDQROXS0DUV\DVҋ×QEHGHQLQL
×UPDNKDOLQHJHWLUPLüúüWHDQWLNDG×\OD
0DUV\DVEXJQNDG×\ODdLQHoD\×
E|\OHROXüPXü
dLQH$ODEDQGDYH*HUJDJLELDQWLN
.DU\DNHQWOHULQLQEXOXQGXùXHVNLYH
|QHPOL\HUOHüLP\HUOHULQGHQELULGLU
0HQWHüHRùXOODU×QDDLW$KPHG*D]L
&DPLVLYH$KL%D\UDP7UEHVL2VPDQO×
'|QHPLҋQHDLW&LKDQ]DGHOHUGHQ
6DÀ\H6XOWDQҋ×Q\DWW×ù×dLIWOLN7UEHVL
GHJ|UOPHùHGHùHUWDULKLHVHUOHUGHQ
ED]×ODU×G×U
dLQH
'LGLP
$\G×Qҋ×QNPJQH\EDW×V×QGD
%\N0HQGHUHV×UPDù×Q×Q(JH
GHQL]LQHG|NOGù\HUGHoWDUDI×
GHQL]OHUOHoHYULOL\DU×PDGD]HULQH
NXUXOPXüRODQ'LGLP(JHҋQLQ
HQJ]HOGHQL]LQHVDKLSN×\×ODU×
\]OHUFHNR\XDOW×QVDU×V×NXPVDOODU×
GRùDOOLPDQODU×WHNQHJH]LOHUL
NX]H\GRùXVXQGD%DIDJ|OQQKX]XU
YHUHQPDYLOLùLYHELQELUoHüLWWDWLO
$SROORQ7DS×QDù×
RODQDNODU×LOHJH]LOLSJ|UOPHVLJHUHNHQ
HQJ]HOWDWLO\|UHOHULQGHQELULGLU
úOoHGHúRQ\DҋQ×QHQ|QHPOL\HUOHüLP
PHUNH]OHULQGHQ0LOHWRVLOHDQWLNoDù×Q
NHKDQHWPHUNH]L'LG\PDEXJQ
ELOHJHoPLüLQL]OHULQLWPFDQO×O×ù×LOH
\DQV×WPDNWDG×U
7HUPDO7HVLV*HUPHQFLN
*HUPHQFLN
$\G×QҋDNPX]DNO×NWD%\N
0HQGHUHVKDY]DV×Q×QNX]H\EDW×V×QGD
$\G×QRùXOODU×%H\OLùLYDULVOHULQGHQ+×G×U
%H\WDUDI×QGDQNXUXOPXüWXU%HUHNHWOL
RYDQ×QRUWDV×QGD\HUDODQ*HUPHQFLNҋWH
\|UHLOH|]GHüOHüPLüEDüO×FDUQ
RODQLQFLULQSHNoRN\D\J×QoHüLGL
EXOXQPDNWDG×U-HRWHUPDOND\QDNODU
Do×V×QGDQ|QHPOLELUSRWDQVL\HOHVDKLS
RODQLOoHGH$ODQJOOYH*HUPHQFLN
.DSO×FDODU×YDUG×U
7HNLQN|\QGH\HUDODQ0DJQHVLD
DQWLNNHQWLLOoHQLQHQ|QHPOLWDULK
SRWDQVL\HOLQLROXüWXUXU\\DDLW
dHUNHV0XVD&DPLVLLVH|UHQ\HULQLQWHN
úVODPL\DS×V×G×U
úQFLUOLRYD
$\G×Qҋ×QNPEDW×V×QGD%\N
0HQGHUHVKDY]DV×Q×QG]YHYHULPOL
DODQׁ]HULQHNXUXOPXüRODQLOoHWDU×P
YHEXQDEDùO×VDQD\LLüOHWPHOHULQHGD\DO×
FDQO×ELUWLFDUHWYHHNRQRPLKD\DW×QD
VDKLSWLU%XUDGD\HWLüHQ|]HOOLNOHSDPXN
LQFLUQDUHQFL\HONHQLQKHU\HULQHYH
\XUWG×ü×QDSD]DUODQPDNWDG×U
.DUDFDVX
$\G×Qҋ×QNPGRùXVXQGD%DEDGDù
LOH.DU×QFDO×GDù×DUDV×QGDNDODQ\HU
\HUGDùO×NYHHQJHEHOLELUDUD]L\DS×V×QD
VDKLS\DNODü×NNPX]XQOXùXQGDNL
YDGLGHNXUXOPXüWXU'HGHOHUN|\QGHQ
o×N×S%\N0HQGHUHV×UPDù×QD
G|NOHQ'DQGDODVoD\×ER\XQFD]H\WLQ
QDUHQFL\HYHGDKDVRQUDoDPDùDoODU×
DUDV×QGDGRùDOJ]HOOLNOHULoLQGHXODü×ODQ
LOoHFRùUDÀ\HUOHüPHYHLNOLP\DS×V×\OD
\D\OD|]HOOLNOHULJ|VWHULUdDPDUDV×
N|\QGHLOJLQoGRùDOROXüXPX\OD
.DUDFDVX
6×UWODQLQLPDùDUDV×*|UOHNDQ\RQODU×YH
oRNVD\×GDPDùDUDJ|UOPH\HGHùHU
QLWHOLNWHGLU
úOoHGH7UNL\HҋQLQYHGQ\DQ×QVD\×O×
|UHQ\HUOHULQGHQELULRODQ$SIURGLVLDV
DQWLNNHQWLHQJ|UNHPOLNOWU
YDUO×NODU×QGDQG×U\\DDLW+DF×$OL
$ùDdDUü×&DPLVLҋGH+DF×$OL
dDYXüҋXQ\DSW×UG×ù×&XPD|Q&DPLVLYH
8üüDNLWDULNDW×QGDQQOûH\K6OH\PDQ
5üWLOHRùOX0XVWDID1XULYHûH\K
6H\\LW$OLHO)LO]LҋQLQ\DWW×ù×WDULKOL
ûH\K6OH\PDQ5üW7UEHVLLVH
2VPDQO×\DS×ODU×QGDQED]×ODU×G×U
.DUSX]OX
$\G×Qҋ×QNPJQH\LQGHdLQH
KDY]DV×QGD\HUDODQLOoHQLQHQ|QHPOL
WXUL]PSRWDQVL\HOLWHSH]HULQGH
NXUXOPXüRODQ.DU\DNUDOLoHVL$GDҋQ×Q
NHQWL$OLQGDҋQ×QJQP]HXODüDQ
NDO×QW×ODU×G×U
.DUSX]OX
.RoDUO×
$\G×QLOPHUNH]LQHNPX]DNO×NWD
%\N0HQGHUHVKDY]DV×Q×QRUWDV×QGD
.RoDUO×oD\×Q×QLNL\DNDV×QGDNL
\DPDoODUGDNXUXOPXüWXU(VNLELU
\HUOHüLPPHUNH]LRODQLOoHGH.DU\DO×ODUD
DLW$P\]RQ.DOHVL´dDUü×&DPLVLµ
GHGHQHQHüUDIWDQ0XVWDID%H\ҋLQ
\DSW×UG×ù×\\DDLW&LKDQ]DGH
0XVWDID%H\&DPLVLYHNXOHVL&LQ
&LQN|\QGHEXOXQDQ\\NDOHVL
J|UOPHùHGHùHUWDULKL\DS×WODUGDQG×U
&LKDQRùOX&DPLL.RoDUO×
&LKDQRùOX.XOHVL.RoDUO×
.HULPDQ.|üNO(YL.|üN
.|üN
.|üN
$\G×Qҋ×QNPGRùXVXQGD$\G×Q
'HQL]OLNDUD\ROX]HULQGHGLUúOoHGH
QDUHQFL\HNHVWDQHLQFLU]H\WLQEDüWD
ROPDN]HUHELUoRNUQ\HWLüWLULOLUYH
EXUQOHULQDQDWHPDROGXùXIHVWLYDOOHU
G]HQOHQLU%|OJHQLQHQE\NNHVWDQH
SD]DU×GDEXUDGDNXUXOXU
.|üNLOoHVLQGH%\N0HQGHUHVҋLQ
JQH\N×\×V×QGD\HUDODQ(XKLSSHDQWLN
NHQWLQGHQJQP]H\DOQ×]FDNHQW
VXUODU×QGDQNoNELUSDUoDNDODELOPLüWLU
.HQWLQDG×EXUDGDEXOXQDQELU\D]×WWD
JHoHUúOoH\DN×QODU×QGD<DYX]N|\ҋGH
NDUHSODQO×YHWHNNXEEHOL$KPHGûHPVL
3DüD&DPLVLLVH$\G×QҋGDNLQLQELU
EHQ]HULRODUDN\\GD\DSW×U×OP×üW×U
.DG×QODU'HQL]L.XüDGDV×
.XüDGDV×
$\G×QҋDNPX]DNO×NWD.XüDGDV×
N|UIH]LQLQGRùXYHJQH\GRùXVXQGDNL
N×\×RYDV×\ODJHULVLQGHNDODQDOoDN
\D\OD\×NDSODU'RùXVXYHJQH\L
GDùODUODoHYULOLGLU$G×Q×|QQGHNL
*YHUFLQ$GDV×ҋQGDQDODQLOoHWXUL]P
Do×V×QGDQ7UNL\HҋQLQ|QHPOLYHJHOLüPLü
PHUNH]OHULQGHQELULVLGLU.X]H\GH6HOoXN
YH3DPXFDNJQH\GH'LOHN\DU×PDGDV×
LOHV×Q×UODQDQ.XüDGDV×(IHV
.UXYD]L\HU/LPDQ×.XüDGDV×
0HU\HPDQD0LOHW'LGLP3DPXNNDOH
0DUPDULV%RGUXPJLEL|QHPOLWXULVWLN
PHUNH]OHULQRGDù×QGDEXOXQPDNWDG×U
.XüDGDV×OLPDQ×YH.XüDGDV×\DWOLPDQ×
oRNVD\×GDSODMRWHOPRWHONDPSLQJ
WDWLON|\YHHùOHQFH\HUOHUL\OH|]HOOLNOH
\D]D\ODU×QGDoRNFDQO×YHUHQNOLELU
\DüDQW×VHUJLOHU
úOoHGHd×EDQ<DYDQVX9HQV
*]HOoDPO×YH'DYXWODUNDSO×FDODU×
$VODQO×YH=HXVPDùDUDODU×'LOHN
<DU×PDGDV×0LOOL3DUN×YHSDUNLoLQGH
\HUDODQNR\ODULoPHOHULONEDKDU\D]
YHVRQEDKDUPHYVLPOHULQGH\HUOLYH
\DEDQF×WXULVWOHULNRQXNHWPHNWHGLU
'LOHN<DU×PDGDV×ҋQ×GHQL]GHQGRODüPDN
LVWHUVHQL]NDUü×Q×]D7DYüDQ$GDV×6X
$GDV×YH6DQGDO$GDV×o×NDU
.XüDGDV×oDùODUDJ|UHGHùLüHQ
\HUOHüLPOHUGHQROXüPXüWXUúON\HUOHüLP
RODQ1HRSROLV´<×ODQF×%XUQXµGHQLOHQ
\HUGHúRQ\DO×ODUWDUDI×QGDQNXUXOPXüWXU
.XüDGDV×
*YHUFLQDGD.XüDGDV×
2UWDoDùҋGD3LODY7HSHHWHNOHULQGH
´$QG×].XOHVLµGHQLOHQDODQGDNL\HUOHüLP
GHQL]XODü×PJoONOHULQHGHQLLOH
EXJQN.XüDGDV×ҋQ×QEXOXQGXùX´6FDOD
1RYDµ<HQLúVNHOHDGO×NHQWHND\P×üW×U
0LOOLSDUN×QNX]H\GRùXVXQGDNL'LOHN
7HSHVLҋQLQHWHùLQGHRQLNLúRQNHQWL
ELUOLùLQLQWRSODQPD\HULRODUDNELOLQHQ
3DQLRQLRQҋXQVXUGXYDUODU×YHPHFOLV
ELQDV×Q×QNDO×QW×ODU×JQP]H
XODüP×üW×U
%XUDGD9HQHGLNOLOHUGHQNDOPD
NDOH\LYHKHPHQEXNDOHQLQNP
JQH\GRùXVXQGDNL$QDLD.XüDGDV×
.DG×.DOHVLNHQWLQLJH]HELOLUVLQL]
3\JHODDQWLNNHQWLLVHLOoHQLQNX]H\LQGH
\HUDO×U.D\DODUDLQüDHGLOPLüELU%L]DQV
NDOHVLQHHYVDKLSOLùL\DSDQ*YHUFLQ
$GDV×LOH\\\DS×V×.oN$GD.DOHVL
LVH2VPDQO×'HYOHWLҋQLQNRUVDQODUD
NDUü×NXOODQ×ODQ|QHPOLGHQL]VDYXQPD
PHUNH]LROPXüWXU.XüDGDV×ҋQ×QHQHVNL
FDPLVLRODQ.DOH&DPLVLNHUYDQVDUD\YH
.XüDGDV×ҋQ×oHYLUHQVXUODUGD2VPDQO×
'|QHPLҋQHDLWWLU
.X\XFDN
$\G×Qҋ×QNPGRùXVXQGD$\G×Q
'DùODU×ҋQ×QHWHùLQGH0HQGHUHV
KDY]DV×QGD\HUDODQLOoHWLSLNELU
7UN\HUOHüPHVLGLUdXO7HSHҋQLQ
HWHNOHULQGHYH'DQGDORVoD\×Q×Q
N×\×V×QGD$VDUWHSHҋGHNXUXOPXüRODQ
$QWLRNKHLDDQWLNNHQWLQHDLWNDO×QW×ODU
JQP]HGHùLQXODüP×üW×U6HOHXNRV
.UDO×,$QWLRNKRV6RWHU0g²
]DPDQ×QGD6\PDLWKLVYH.UDQDRVDGO×
LNLVLWHQLQELUOHüWLULOPHVL\OHNXUXOPXü
RODQ$QWLRNKHLD\]\×OODUFD(SKHVRV
$SKURGLVLDVDUDV×QGDJLGLSJHOHQ
WLFDUHWNHUYDQODU×LOHDVNHULELUOLNOHULQ
NRQDNODG×ù×ELU\HUOHüPHROPXüWXU
úOoHGHEXOXQDQWHN2VPDQO×\DS×V×LVH
\\DDLWdDUü×&DPLVLYHdHüPHVLҋGLU
(VNL<HQL&DPLL1D]LOOL
1D]LOOL
$\G×Qҋ×QNPGRùXVXQGD'HQL]OL
NDUD\ROXú]PLU$I\RQGHPLU\ROX
]HULQGHGLU1D]LOOLE|OJHVLQGHHQHVNL
\HUOHüLP0HQGHUHV×UPDù×N×\×V×QGD
%R]NXUWYH(\FHOOL\D\ODODU×DUDV×QGD
NXUXOPXüRODQ0DVWDXUDҋG×U/LG\DO×ODU
WDUDI×QGDQNXUXODQNHQW(JHYHgQDV\D
ONHOHULDUDV×QGDNLWLFDUHW\ROX]HULQGH
EXOXQGXùXQGDQDQWLNoDùODUGD|QHP
ND]DQP×üYHSDUDEDVPDD\U×FDO×ù×QD
VDKLSROPXüWXUgUHQ\HULQGHVXU
WL\DWURVXNHPHULYHED]×\DS×NDO×QW×ODU×
YDUG×UúOoHGHELUEDüNDDQWLN\HUOHüLP
LVH(VHQN|\ҋGH$VDUWHSH]HULQGH
\HUDODQ+DUSDVDҋG×U7HUDVODU]HULQH
NXUXOPXüRODQNHQWLQNX]H\\|QQGHNL
VXUODU×E\N|OoGHD\DNWDNDOP×üW×U
7L\DWUR+HOOHQLVWLN'|QHP|]HOOLNOHUL
J|VWHULU.X]H\HGRùUXX]DQDQ
WHSHOHULQ]HULQGHNLWPOVOHU/LG\D
HWNLVL\OH\DS×OP×üW×U+DUSDVD.DOHVLҋQLQ
HWHNOHULQGHNXUXOPXüRODQ$USD].DOHVL
\\<DK\D3DüDҋQ×Q\DSW×UG×ù×$ùD
&DPLVL\\.RFD&DPLҋ\OHLoLQGH
8üüDNLûH\KL0HKPHG=KW(IHQGL
YHDLOHVLQLQ\DWW×ù×DG×Q×G×ü\]QQ
UHQJLQGHQDODQ<HüLO7UEH\\YH
6LQDQGHGH7UEHVL1D]LOOLҋGHNLGLùHU
WDULKLHVHUOHUGHQGLU
6|NH
$\G×Qҋ×QNPEDW×V×QGD%\N
0HQGHUHV×UPDù×Q×Q(JHGHQL]L\OH
ELUOHüWLùLQRNWDGDWDULKLYHGRùDO
J]HOOLNOHUOHGROXELULOoHVLGLU
6|NHRYDV×Q×QJHULVLQGHEXOXQDQ%DID
J|O0HQGHUHV×UPDù×Q×QWDü×G×ù×
'RùDQEH\6|NH
DOY\RQODUQHGHQL\OHGRùDQ×QLOJLQo
ROXüXPODU×QGDQELULVLGLU*|OQ]HULQGH
EXOXQDQLNLDGDGDPDQDVW×UODUNLOLVHOHU
LQüDHGLOPLüED]×ODU×Q×QWDYDQODU×YH
GXYDUODU×]HQJLQIUHVNOHULOHVVOHQPLüWLU
%DIDJ|ON×\×V×QGD0\XV6DPVRQ
0\NDOHGDù×\DPDF×QGD3ULHQHDQWLN
NHQWOHULEXOXQPDNWDG×U
úOoHQLQNX]H\LQGH'LOHN<DU×PDGDV×
0LOOL3DUN×ҋQ×QGHOWDDODQ×QD\XNDU×GDQ
EDNDQYHҋHNDGDU5XPODU×Q
\DüDG×ù×ELUN|\RODQ'RùDQEH\ҋGHHVNL
DG×\OD'RPDo\D5XPPLPDULVLQLQ
NDUDNWHULVWLN|]HOOLNOHULQLWDü×\DQXVWDWDü
LüoLOLùLQLQLONEDN×üWDJ|]HoDUSW×ù×VLYLO
PLPDUL|UQHNOHULHYOHUGNNkQODUüDSHO
KDVWDQHLOH$UQDYXWNDOG×U×P×üHNOLQGH
G|üHQPLüGDUWDüVRNDNODUJLEL7UN
PLPDULVLQLQJ]HO|UQHNOHULQLELUDUDGD
J|UPHNPPNQGU
úOoHGH6|NHHüUDI×QGDQ+DF×=L\D%H\
WDUDI×QGDQҋGD\DSW×U×ODQFDPLYH
´.RFD&DPLµRODUDNGDDGODQG×U×ODQ
ҋGH6|NH0WHVVHOLPLúO\DV]DGH
úO\DV$ùDWDUDI×QGDQRQDUW×ODQúO\DV$ùD
&DPLVL7UNGHYULHVHUOHULQGHQGLU
6XOWDQKLVDU
$\G×Qҋ×QNPGRùXVXQGD%\N
0HQGHUHVKDY]DV×QGD\HUDO×UúOoHQLQ
NX]H\LQGH\NVHOHQ$\G×QGDùODU×
HWHNOHULQGHGRùDOJ]HOOLNOHUOHGROX
\DPDoODUDNXUXOPXüRODQ1\VD
DQWLNNHQWLJH]LOHELOLU6DOkYDWO×N|\
\DN×Q×QGDNL$NKDUDNDWDQU×ODUDüNUDQ
LoLQ\DS×ODQoHüLWOLGLQVHOW|UHQOHULQ
\DS×OG×ù×|OPWDQU×V×3OXWRQҋXQWDS×QDù×
LOHLoLQGHQüLIDO×VXODU×QNNUWOJD]ODU×Q
o×NW×ù×KDVWDODU×QWHGDYLLoLQJHOGLNOHUL
.KDURQPDùDUDV×Q×Q\HUDOG×ù×NXWVDO
V×UODU×VDNOD\DQELU\HUGLU
<HQLSD]DU
$\G×Qҋ×QNPGRùXVXQGD%\N
0HQGHUHV×UPDù×Q×QJQH\N×\×V×QGD
\HUDODQLOoHGH2UWKDVLDDQWLNNHQWLQHDLW
NDO×QW×ODUEXOXQPDNWDG×U
<HQLSD]DU
$\G×Q$UNHRORML0]HVL
0DODQ]HULQGHNXUXODQ$\G×Q
'HQL]OLNDUD\ROX]HULQGHEXOXQDQ$\G×Q
$UNHRORMLP]HVLoHYUHVLQGHNLWDULKL
]HQJLQOLNWHQGROD\×oRNJHQLüELUHVHU
NROHNVL\RQXQDVDKLSWLU0]HPL]GH
|QHPOLWDULKLNHQWOHURODQ7UDOOHLV
0DJQHVLD1\VD$OLQGD$ODEDQGD
7HSHFLN+|\ùYH2UWKDVLDҋGD
\DS×ODQND]×ODUQHWLFHVLQGHHOGHHGLOHQ
HVHUOHUVHUJLOHQPHNWHGLU0]HGH
EXDQWLNNHQWOHUGHQHOGHHGLOHQWDü
HVHUOHUPR]DLNOHUVLNNHOHUKH\NHOOHU
NDEDUWPDODUODKLWOHURVWRWHNOHUVXQDN
WDüODU×VHUDPLNOHUWDN×ODU$UNDLN
3DQLDQLRQ7DS×QDù×YESHNoRNHVHU
EXOXQPDNWDG×U$\G×Q$UNHRORML0]HVL
PVHUJLVDORQXQDP
JHoLFLVHUJLKROQHoRFXNODULoLQoRFXN
DW|O\HVLQHYHNLüLQLQNXOODQDELOHFHùL
VDORQDVDKLSWLU$\G×Q$UNHRORML0]HVL
WHüKLUYHWDQ]LPLoDùGDüP]HFLOLN
DQOD\×ü×\OD\DS×OP×ü7UNL\HҋQLQ|QGH
JHOHQP]HOHULQGHQGLU
$SKURGLVLDV0]HVL
.DUDFDVXLOoHVLQHNPX]DNO×NWD
$SKURGLVLDVDQWLNNHQWLLoLQGH\HUDODQ
P]H7UNL\HҋQLQHQ]HQJLQ\HUHO
P]HOHULQGHQELULRODUDN\×O×QGDQ
LWLEDUHQEXJQNPRGHUQELQDV×QGD
KL]PHWYHUPH\HEDüODP×üW×UgUHQ
\HULVDKDV×LoLQGHNL$NURSROWHSHVLYH
3HNPH]WHSHK|\NOHULQGH\DS×ODQ
ND]×ODUGDQo×NDU×ODQ.DONROLWLN'HYLU
%URQ]dDù×ҋQ×QHUNHQRUWDYHJHo
G|QHPOHULQLNDSVD\DQSUHKLVWRULN
HVHUOHUEXK|\NOHUGHQYH$SKURGLWH
WDS×QDù×oHYUHVLQGHQo×NDU×ODQ/LG\D
VHUDPLNOHUL$UNDLN.ODVLN+HOOHQLVWLN
'|QHPHVHUOHULLOH|UHQ\HULQGH\DS×ODQ
ND]×ODUGDHOHJHoHQ5RPD%L]DQVYH
(UNHQúVOkPv'HYLUHVHUOHULVDORQLo
DYOXYHEDKoHGHVHUJLOHQPHNWHGLU0]H
JHQHODQODPGDELUKH\NHOP]HVLROXS
0g
0g\\06\\DUDV×QGDEXDQWLN
g
06 G E
LN
NHQWWHIDDOL\HWJ|VWHUHQ$SKURGLVLDV
KH\NHOW×UDüO×NHNROQQQDGLU|UQHNOHUL
\HUDOPDNWDG×U
0LOHW0]HVL
<DNODü×NPҋOLNDODQGD0LOHW$Q
WLN.HQWL3ULHQH$QWLN.HQWLYH'LGLP
$SROORQ7DS×QDù×EXOXQWXODU×VHUJLOHQLU
0LOHW$QWLN.HQWLQHDLW&DQODQG×UPD
0LQRV'|QHPL0g\\0XWIDù×
0LQRV'|QHPLEXOXQWXODU×=H\WLQWHSH
$UNDLN$IURGLWH.XWVDO$ODQ×EXOXQWXODU×
*DFDUWHSH0H]DUEXOXQWXODU×YDUG×U
0LOHW$QWLN.HQWLQGHQ'LGLP$SROORQ
7DS×QDù×QDJLGHQ.XWVDO\ROEXOXQWXODU×
YH$SROORQ7DS×QDù×DGDNHü\DODU×VHUJL
VDORQXQGD\HUDO×U
0LOHW0]HVL
$QDGROXҋQXQ3RPSHLҋVLRODUDNDQ×ODQ
3ULHQH$QWLNNHQWL|]HOOLNOH]HQJLQHYOHUL
EXOXQWXODU×3ULHQHE|OPQGHGLUúo
PHNkQYLWULQOHULQGHoHüLWOLG|QHPOHUH
DLWVLNNHOHUVVHü\DODU×FDPNRNX
üLüHOHULEURQ]Hü\DODUYHÀJUQOHU
SLüPLüWRSUDNHü\DODUYHÀJUQOHU
0HQWHüHRùXOODU×%H\OLùLQHWDULKOHQHQ
úO\DV%H\&DPLLEXOXQWXODU×VHUJLOHQHQ
HVHUOHUDUDV×QGDG×U$\U×FD$UNDLNG|
QHPHDLWPH]DUVWHOOHULYHELWPHPLü
KH\NHOJUXEXVHUJLPHNkQ×QGDG×U0LOHW
0]HVLWHNQLNJ|UVHOYHELOLPVHORODUDN
|UQHNELUP]HGLU
<|UN$OL(IH0]HVL
<HQLSD]DULOoHVLQGHGLU0LOOL0FDGHOHҋGH
VD\×V×]EDüDU×ODUJ|VWHUHQYH
\×O×QGD\DüDP×Q×\LWLUHQ<|UN$OL(IHҋQLQ
üDKVLHü\DODU×Q×QVHUJLOHQGLùLLNLNDWO×
P]HHYGHVWNDWWD
\DWDNRGDODU×YHNLWDSO×N
DOWNDWWDLVH\DüDP
RGDODU×\HUDO×U%DKoH
JLULüLQGH+H\NHOW×UDü
3URI'U7DQNXW
(NUHPWDUDI×QGDQ
\DS×ODQ<|UN
$OL(IHYHN×]DQ×
KH\NHOLEX
OXQXU
<|UN$OL(IH0]HVL
$ODEDQGD
dLQHLOoHVLQLQNPEDW×\|QQGH
'RùDQ\XUW$UDSKLVDUN|\QGHdLQH
dD\×ҋQ×QVXODG×ù×\HüLOG]OùQJQH\
LQGHNL\DPDoODUDGRùUXJHQLüELUDODQD
\D\×OP×üRODQ$ODEDQGD.DU\DNHQWOHU
LQGHQELULGLU.HQWLQLVPL.DU\DGLOLQGH
$ODDWYHEDQGD\DU×üNHOLPHOHULQGHQ
JHOPHNWHGLU%\]DQWLRQOX6WHSKDQRVҋWDQ
|ùUHQGLùLPL]HJ|UH.UDO.DUҋ×QRùOX
$ODEDQGRVҋXQDW\DU×ü×ND]DQPDV×
]HULQHYHULOPLüWLU(UNHQG|QHPOHUGH
ELU\]QGHNHQWLQVLPJHVLRODQNDQDWO×
]DIHUDW×GLùHU\]QGHNDEDUWPDV×
EXOXQDQ7DQU×$ODEDQGRVҋXQVLNNHOHULQL
GDUEHGHQNHQW0g\\GD.DU\D
%LUOLùLҋQHJLUPLüD\Q×\]\×OGD6HOHXNRV
.UDO×,,,$QWLRNKRVWDUDI×QGDQNRORQL]H
HGLOPLüYHDG×$QWKLRNKHLD.KU\VDRU
ROPXüWXU0DJQHVLD6DYDü×ҋQGDQVRQUD
EDù×PV×]O×ù×QDNDYXüDQ$ODEDQGD
5RPDLGDUHVLDOW×QDJLUPLüWLU
$ODEDQGDҋGDLNLPDEHWoLIWGLD]RPDO×
WL\DWURERXOHXWHULRQNHQWPHFOLVLüHKLU
NDS×V×YHVXUEXOXQPDNWDG×U+HOHQLVWLN
YH5RPDG|QHPOHULQGHQNDOPDNXOHOL
VXUWL\DWURVHQDWRKDONPHFOLVLELQDV×
$SROORQWDS×QDù×DJRUDYHDQ×WPH]DUODU
J|UOHELOHFHNNDO×QW×ODUGDQG×U$\U×FD
JQH\\|QQGHNLNHPHUGHUHVL]HUL
QGH5RPD\DS×V×ELUVXNHPHULX]DQ×U
.D]×ODUGDEXOXQDQWDü×QDELOLUHVHUOHU
úVWDQEXOYHú]PLU$UNHRORMLP]HOHULQGH
GLU
$ODEDQGD7L\DWURVXdLQH
$OLQGD
.DUSX]OXLOoHVLQGHWHSH]HULQGHNX
UXOXGXU+HNDWRPQRVҋXQN×]×$GD
HUNHNNDUGHüL3L[RGDURVWDUDI×QGDQ
+DOLNDUQDVRVҋWDQX]DNODüW×U×O×QFD0g
ҋWD$OLQGDҋ\DoHNLOPLüYHEXUDV×Q×
NHQGLVLQHEDüNHQW\DSP×üW×U$GD0g
\×O×QGDúVNHQGHUҋHLWDDWHWPLüYH
.DU\D.UDOLoHVLROPXüWXU+HUDNOHV
SRUWUHOHULQLQ\HUDOG×ù×JPüSDUDODU
EDVDQYH.DU\DҋQ×QHQPVWDKNHPüHKUL
GL\HQLWHOHQGLULOHQ$OLQGDúVNHQGHUҋLQ
|OPQGHQVRQUD%HUJDPD.UDOO×ù×ҋQ×Q
WRSUDNODU×LoLQGHNDOP×üEXNUDOO×ù×Q
YDVL\HWLLOH5RPDLGDUHVLQHJLUPLü06
\\DNDGDUNHQGLDG×QDVLNNHEDVW×UP×üW×U
$JRUD$OLQGD.DUSX]OX
%L]DQVHJHPHQOLùLDOW×QGD|QHPLQL
\LWLUHQ$OLQGDҋQ×QSLVNRSRVOXNPHUNH]L
ROGXùXND\QDNODUGDQDQODü×OPDNWDG×U
$OLQGDҋQ×QEXJQL]OHQHELOHQHWNLOH\LFL
\DS×ODU×QGDQELULPX]XQOXùXQGDNL
DJRUDG×UûHKULQGLNG|UWJHQEORNODUGDQ
|UOPüVXUODU×E\N|OoGHD\DNWDG×U
$NURSROQJQH\EDW×HWHùLQGHV×UDO×
NLüLOLN+HOHQLVWLNWL\DWURVXYH
DNURSROQNX]H\EDW×XFXQGDLVHG|UWNH
PHULWDPRODUDND\DNWDGXUDQDTXDGXNW
VXNHPHULGLNNDWLoHNPHNWHGLU6DUD\
ODKLWOHUYHLNLNDWO×NXOHJ|UOHELOHFHN
GLùHUNDO×QW×ODUG×U.UDOLoH$GDҋQ×QHWNL
OH\LFLNRQXNRGDV×Q×ODKGLYHPFHYKHU
OHUL%RGUXP.DOHVLҋQGHNLP]HGHVHUJL
OHQPHNWHGLU
$SKURGLVLDV
$P\]RQ0D]×Q
.RoDUO×LOoHVLQLQNPJQH\LQGH
*DIIDUODUN|\QGHGLU´0D]×Q.DOHVLµ
DG×\ODDQ×O×U+HUDNOHLD(XURPRVYH
.KDONHWRUJLELoE\N.DU\DNHQWLQLQ
LOHULNDUDNROX\GX.HQWHDLWHQ|QHPOL
NDO×QW×ND\QDNODUDJ|UH$SROORQYH
$UWHPLVҋHDGDQP×üROPDV×JHUHNHQYH
EXJQWDPDPHQ\×N×OP×üRODQWDS×QDùD
DLWWLU$NURSROQGHWL\DWURDJRUDYH
oHüPHNDO×QW×ODU×LOH0g\\DDLWoRN
J]HOWDüLüoLOLùLJ|VWHUHQVXUODUYDUG×U
$SKURGLVLDV
.DUDFDVXLOoHVLQLQNP
JQH\GRùXVXQGD*H\UHN|\
\DN×Q×QGD%DEDGDùҋ×QHWHùLQGH
GHQL]GHQ\DNODü×NP\NVHNOLNWH
ELUSODWR]HULQGH\HUDODQDQWLN
oDùODU×QJ|UNHPOLNHQWL$SKURGLVLDV
%\]DQWLRQOX6WHSKDQRVҋDJ|UH0g
\\GDNXUXOPXüWXYH´1LQRHµ
HWLPRORMLNRODUDN%DELONUDO×1LQRV
N|NHQOLRODUDNDGODQG×U×O×\RUGXҋWH
EDüODW×ODQDUNHRORMLNND]×ODUVRQXFXQGD
$SKURGLVLDVҋWDNLLON\HUOHüPHQLQ0g
\×OODU×QGD.DONROLWLNoDùODUGD
EDüODG×ù×WHVSLWHGLOPLüWLU.HVLQELOJLOHU
0g\\DDLWWLU7DULKoL$SSLDQҋD
J|UH$SKURGLVLDVNRPüXNHQW3ODUDVD
%LQJHoLOHELUOLNWHEXG|QHPGH
JPüYHEURQ]VLNNHOHUGDUEHWPLüWLU
$SKURGLVLDVҋ×QHQSDUODNYHJHOLüNLQ
G|QHPL5RPDoDùODU×QGDQG×U.HQWLQ
\DN×Q×QGD%DEDGDùҋ×QHWHNOHULQGH
EXOXQDQRFDNODUGDQVDùODG×NODU×GHùHUOL
PHUPHUOHUGHQRODùDQVWJ]HOOLNWH
KH\NHOOHUYH\DS×HOHPDQODUׁUHWHQYH
LPSDUDWRUOXùXQKHU\DQ×QDLKUDoHGHQ
$SKURGLVLDVO×XVWDODU´$SKURGLVLDV
VWLOLµRODUDNELOLQHQ´PDQLHULVWµVDQDW
RNXOXQXNXUGXODU%Hü\]\×ONDGDU
VUHQ\RùXQLVNkQYHJHOHQHNVHO5RPD
\DüDQW×V×ER\XQFDJ|]NDPDüW×UDQ
J]HOOLNWH\DS×ODUODGROXELUNHQW
RUWD\Do×NW×%L]DQV'|QHPLҋQGHGLQVHO
YHVL\DVDOQHGHQOHUGHQROXPVX]
HWNLOHQHQ$SURGLVLDVJLGHUHNHVNL
SDUODNG|QHPOHULQLJHULGHE×UDNW×
<DQJ×QODU\HUVDUV×QW×ODU×6DVDQLYH
$UDSDN×QODU×\ODKDUDSROGXYH]DPDQOD
WHUNHGLOGL$üNYHJ]HOOLNWDQU×oDV×
$SKURGLWHDG×QDNXWVDOW|UHQOHU\DS×ODQ
$SKURGLVLDVNHQWLQLQDQWLNoDù×Q|QGH
JHOHQPLPDUO×NVDQDWKH\NHOW×UDüO×NYH
$IURGLVLDV7L\DWURVX
WDS×QPDPHUNH]LROPDV×Q×Q\DQ×V×UD
W×SPDWHPDWLNDVWURQRPLDODQODU×QGDGD
|QHPOLoDO×üPDODU\DS×ODQELUNHQWROGXùX
ELOLPVHODUDüW×UPDODUODEHOJHOHQPLüWLU
7×SDUDüW×UPDF×V×;HQRFUDWHVURPDQF×
&KDUWLWRQYHGüQU$OH[DQGHU
$SKURGLVVLDVO×G×U.HQWWHJ|UOHELOHFHN
EDüO×FD\DS×NDO×QW×ODU×06\\GD
úPSDUDWRU+DGULDQXV]DPDQ×QGD\DS×ODQ
KDPDPE\NKDYX]OXDJRUD0g
\\GDWDQU×oD$SIURGLWHLoLQ\DS×ODQ
WDS×QDNNLüLOLNVWDGLXP
NLüLOLNWL\DWUR5RPD%L]DQVG|QHPOHUL
DUDV×QGD\DS×OP×üVXUODUDNURSRORGHRQ
SLVNRSRVVDUD\×YHIHOVHIHRNXOXGXU
$SROORQ7DS×QDù×'LGLP
'LG\PD
'LGLPLOoHVLQGH0LOHWRVҋXQNP
JQH\LQGHGLU%LOLFLOHUNkKLQOHUNHQWL
RODUDNQOHQHQ0LOHWRVҋWDQJHOHQ
PHUPHUG|üHOLLNL\DQ×QGD\DWDQDVODQ
YHRWXUDQDGDPKH\NHOOHULEXOXQDQ
NXWVDO\RODEDùODQDQ'LG\PDDQWLN
oDùODUGDELUNHKDQHWPHUNH]L\GL
*QP]GHGHQL]HNPX]DNO×NWD
RODQNHQWLQE\NJHPLOHULQELOH
\DQDüDELOGLùLҊ3DQRUPRVҋDGO×OLPDQ×
EXOXQX\RUGX´úNL]OHUµ\DGD´LNL]WHSHOHUµ
DQODP×QDJHOHQ'LG\PDLVPLQLQE|OJHGH
WDS×QDNODU×EXOXQDQLNLNDUGHü$SROORQ
YH$UWHPLVҋHDWIHQV|\OHQGLùLGüQO
PHNWHGLU
$SROORQ7DS×QDù×úON\DS×P×0g
\\×QVRQODU×QDWDULKOHQHQ\DS×0g
\×O×QGD=HXVҋXQRùOX$SROORQDG×QD
%UDQKLGNkKLQOHULLoLQE\NELUWDS×QDN
KDOLQHJHWLULOPLüWLU$UNDLN'|QHPҋGH
oRNQORODQ$SROORQҋXQNXWVDO\HUL
3HUVOHUWDUDI×QGDQ0gҋGH\×N×OP×üW×U
úVNHQGHUҋLQ0gҋGH3HUVOHUL
\HQPHVL\OHEDù×PV×]O×ù×Q×ND]DQDQ
NHQWLQWDS×QDù×WHNUDU\DS×OPD\D
EDüODQP×ü\DS×P×0gYH\\
ER\XQFDVUPüELUE|OPDQFDN
5RPD'|QHPLҋQGHWDPDPODQDELOPLüWLU
06ҋGHQ|QFHWDS×QDN|QHPLQL
\LWLUPH\HEDüODP×üYH06ҋGH
7KHRGRVLRVҋXQG|QHPLQGHWDPDPHQ
|QHPLQL\LWLUPLüWLU+×ULVWL\DQO×ù×Q
\D\J×QODüPDV×LOHPDEHGLQDG\WRQXQD
ELUNLOLVH\DS×OP×üW×U
7DULKoL+HURGRW0gҋOHUGH0×V×U
.UDO×,,1HNKRYH/LG\D.UDO×.URLVRVҋXQ
'LG\PDҋGDNL$SROORQWDS×QDù×QDDGDNODU
VXQGXNODU×Q×QDNOHGHU3DQRUPRV
OLPDQ×QGDQGHQL]HDo×ODFDNWFFDU
YHDVNHUOHUHYOHQHFHNJHQoN×]ODU
VDYDüODU×NRQXVXQGDLPSDUDWRUODU
NHKDQHWLVWHUOHUYHEXUDGDWDQU×ODUD
NXUEDQVXQDUODUG×6WUDERQҋDJ|UH
WDS×QDNHQSDKDO×DGDNHü\DODU×\OD
VVOHQPHNWH\GL%XUDGDNLWDSN×KH\NHOLQL
QOVDQDWo×.DUQDNKRV0HGXVDYH
$SROORQ7DS×QDù×
ERùDEDü×NDEDUWPDO×EDüWDEDQODUOD
|WHNLKH\NHOOHUL$SKURGLVLDVO×\HWHQHNOL
XVWDODU\DSP×üODUG×U.XWVDODYOX\D
LQLOHQNDS×ODU×QDUDV×QGD\HUDODQWRQ
Dù×UO×ù×QGDNLWHNSDUoDPHUPHUEORN
GQ\DQ×QHQE\NPLPDULHOHPDQ×
RODUDNWDQ×QPDNWDG×U'|UW\DQ×QGDQ
EDVDPDNODUODo×N×ODQSODWIRUP]HULQH
oLIWV×UDRWXUWXODQDGHWVWXQODoHYULOL
EXDQ×WHVHUNHQWLQJ|UNHPLQHWDQ×NO×N
HGHUFHVLQHKDODD\DNWDG×U
*HUJD
dLQHLOoHVLQGH(VNLdLQHҋQLQNP
JQH\GRùXVXQGD2YDF×NN|\QQ
NX]H\LQGH\HUDODQ*HUJD|UHQ\HUL
$ODEDQGDDQWLNNHQWLQLQGRùXVXQGD
EXOXQPDNWDG×U<DNODü×NP
\NVHNOLNWHNLKDUÁHUOHND\D\DND]×OP×ü
´*HUJDµ\D]×W×LOHLüDUHWOHQHQ\HUOHüPH
oHYUH\HGDù×OP×üSHNoRN\DS×WDü×
KH\NHOKH\NHONDLGHVLDQ×WPH]DU
WDS×QDNYHGXYDUNDO×QW×ODU×
LOHGROXGXU7LSLN.DU\D
VDQDW×Q×QDUNDLN
|]HOOLNOHULQLJ|VWHUHQ
EXNDO×QW×ODU
DUDV×QGDHQ
LOJLoHNHQOHUL
NDLGHOHULQGHQ
NRSDUDN
*HUJDdLQH
GüPüRODQGHYER\XWOXLQVDQ
KH\NHOOHULQHDLWSDUoDODUYH]HULQGH
´*HUJDµ\D]×O×FHSKHOHULDo×NND\DGDQ
\DS×OP×üNoN\DS×ODUG×U+DOHQD\DNWD
RODQYHWDS×QDNRODUDNDGODQG×U×ODELOHFHN
|]HOOLNOHUHVDKLSE\NNHVPHWDüODUGDQ
\DS×OP×ü\DS×Q×QKHPHQDOW×QGDGHY
KH\NHOLQ.\EHOHҋ\HDLWRODELOHFHùL
GüQOPHNWHGLU
0DJQHVLDDG0HDQGUXP
0HQGHUHV0DJQHVLDV×
*HUPHQFLNLOoHVL2UWDNODUEHOGHVL
\DN×Q×QGDEXOXQDQNHQWNXUXOXü
HIVDQHVLQHYHDQWLNND\QDNODUDJ|UH
7HVDO\DҋGDQJHOHQ´0DJQHWOHUµRODUDN
DGODQG×U×ODQELUNDYLPWDUDI×QGDQ
NXUXOPXüWXU$SROORQҋXQNHKDQHWLYHOLGHU
/HXNLSSRVҋXQ|QFOùQGHRG|QHPGH
ELUNR\RODQEXJQN%DIDJ|ON×\×V×QGD
NDUD\Do×NDQ0DJQHWOHULQNXUGXNODU×
LON0DJQHVLDҋQ×Q\HULNHVLQRODUDN
ELOLQPHPHNOHELUOLNWH0HQGHUHV×UPDù×
NHQDU×QGDROGXùXDQWLNND\QDNODUGDQ
DQODü×OPDNWDG×U0HQGHUHVҋLQVUHNOL
\DWDNGHùLüWLULSWDüPDV×VRQXFXROXüDQ
VDOJ×QKDVWDO×NODUYH3HUVOHUHNDUü×
GDKDHPLQELUNHQWNXUPD]RUXQGD
NDOPDODU×QHGHQL\OH0DJQHWOHUúg
\×OODU×QGDNHQWLEXJQN\HULQGH
*PüoD\ҋ×Q\DQ×QGD\HQLGHQ
NXUPXüODUG×U+HOOHQLVWLN'|QHPҋGH
|QFH6HOHXNRVDUG×QGDQ3HUJDPRQ
.UDOO×ù×ҋQ×QKkNLPL\HWLQHJLUHQ0DJQHVLD
5RPD'|QHPLҋQGH|QHPLQLNRUXPXü
%L]DQV'|QHPLҋQGHSLVNRSRVOXNPHUNH]L
ROPXüWXU
0DJQHVLDҋQ×Q]DPDQ×P×]GDNLQ
DQWLNG|QHPPLPDU×+HUPRJHQHVҋWHQ
ND\QDNODQPDNWDG×U$QWLNG|QHP
\D]DU×PLPDU9LWUXYLXV+HUPRJHQHVҋLQ
EDü\DS×W×Q×Q0DJQHVLDҋGDNL$UWHPLV
/HXNRSKU\HQHWDS×QDù×YHVXQDù×
ROGXùXQXV|\OHU%XWDS×QDN$UNDLN
'|QHPҋH0g\\DLWRODQ$UWHPLV
WDS×QDù×Q×QNDO×QW×ODUׁ]HULQH+HOOHQLVWLN
'|QHPҋGH0g\\LQüDHGLOPLüWLU
.×VDNHQDU×QGDX]XQNHQDU×QGD
VWXQODLRQG]HQLQGHELU\DS×G×U
0DJQHVLD*HUPHQFLN
0LOHW7L\DWURVX
gUHQ\HULQGHEXODQDQGLùHU\DS×ODU×Q
EDü×QGD\LQH+HUPRJHQHVҋLQ\DSW×ù×
YDUVD\×ODQDJRUDYH=HXVWDS×QDù×
JHOPHNWHGLU0DJQHVLDҋGDEXJQ
J|UOHELOHQGLùHU\DS×ODU5RPD
úPSDUDWRUOXNG|QHPLYHGDKD
VRQUDODU×QDDLWWLU6SRUDù×UO×NO×ELU
HùLWLPPHUNH]LRODQJ\PQDVLXP
0LOHWRVҋWDNL)DXVWLQDKDPDP×Q×Q
NoNELUNRS\DV×RODQKDPDPWL\DWUR
LOH$UWHPLVLRQDUDV×QGD\HUDODQ
RGHLRQNLüLOLNVWDGLXPVX\ROX
oDUü×ED]LOLNDV×YH$UWHPLVLRQҋXGD
oHYUHOH\HQ%L]DQVVXUX0DJQHVLDҋGD
ELOLQHQGLùHU\DS×ODUG×U
0LOHWRV
0LOHWRV
'LGLPLOoHVL%DODWN|\\DN×QODU×QGDNL
\HUOHüLPLQLONRODUDN0g
RUWDODU×QGDQEDüODPDN]HUH
0\NHQNRORQLVLYDUO×ù×LOHJ|UOGù
ELOLQPHNWHGLU$QWLNFRùUDI\DF×
6WUDERQҋDJ|UH0LOHWRVҋXLONNXUDQODU
*LULWOLOHU+RPHURVҋXQúOLDGDҋV×QDJ|UH
LVH$WLQDNUDO×.RGURVҋXQRùOX1HOHXV
|QGHUOLùLQGHNLúRQ\DO×ODUG×U'LG\PDҋ\D
NPOLNELUNXWVDO\ROODEDùODQDQ
0LOHWRVG|UWD\U×OLPDQ×\ODGDúRQ\DҋQ×Q
HQ|QHPOLOLPDQüHKLUOHULQGHQELUL\GL
0g\\GDQLWLEDUHQ(JHҋQLQ|QGH
JHOHQWLFDUHWNOWUVDQDWYHELOLP
PHUNH]LROPXüWXU0gҋGD3HUVOHULQ
HOLQHJHoHQNHQWWP\OH\DN×O×S
\×N×OP×üҋGD3HUVOHULQ\HQLOPHVL
]HULQHGH\HQLGHQNXUXOPXüWXU.HQWLQ
LNLQFLNXUXOXüXQGDPLPDUYHWDULKLQLON
NHQWSODQF×V×VD\×ODQ+LSSRGDPRVҋXQ
GLNDo×ODUODNHVLüHQJHRPHWULNSODQ×
X\JXODQP×üW×0gҋWH%\N
úVNHQGHUGDKDVRQUD6HOHXNRVYH
%HUJDPDNUDOO×NODU×Q×QDUG×QGDQ
5RPD'|QHPLҋQGHEDù×PV×]ELUNHQW
RODQ0LOHWRVDQ×WVDOPLPDUO×N\DS×ODU×
LOHGRQDW×OG×)HOVHIHWDULKLQLQE\N
ÀOR]RÁDU×7KDOHV$QD[LPDQGURV
$QD[LPHQHVWDULKoL+HNDWDLRV
$\DVRI\DҋQ×QPLPDUODU×QGDQúVLGRURV
0LOHWRVҋWD\HWLüPLüOHUGL
2UWDoDùODUGD%\N0HQGHUHV
×UPDù×Q×QJHWLUGLùLWDüN×QQHGHQL\OH
EDWDNO×ùDG|QüHQYHGHQL]OHEDùODQW×V×
NHVLOHQNHQWJLGHUHN|QHPL\LWLUGL
7UNOHULQ$QDGROXҋ\DHJHPHQROGXùX
3ODWDLD%DODW\HUOHüLPLLOH\\D
NDGDUGHYDPHWWL%DODWOLPDQ×$QDGROX
YH$V\DҋGDQJHOHQPDOODU×QLKUDoHGLOGLùL
|QHPOLELUWLFDUHWOLPDQ×\G×
gUHQ\HULQGHPJHQLüOLùLQGHYH
P\NVHNOLùLQGHNLNLüLOLN
WL\DWURSDODHVWUDV×VSRUDODQ×LOH
1\VD.WSKDQHVL6XOWDQKLVDU
ELUOLNWHROGXNoDVDùODPGXUXPGDNL
)DXVWLQDKDPDP×6HUDSLVWDS×QDù×
SLVNRSRVOXNNLOLVHVLNLOLVHDYOXVXQD
ELWLüLNNXWVDOPH]DUO×NNDO×QW×ODU×DJRUD
PX]XQOXùXQGDW|UHQ\ROXW|UHQ
\ROXQXQGRùXXFXQGDOLPDQNDS×V×
NXWVDODODQGDEHUHNHWWDQU×oDV×'HPHWHU
LOHN×]×.RUDҋ\DVXQXOPXüLNLWDS×QDN
DQ×WVDOoHüPHQ\PSKDLRQJ\PQDVLXP
KDPDPVWDGLXP'HOSKLQLRQ=HXV
2O\PSLRVWHPHQRVXERXOHXWHULRQ
0×V×U7DQU×ODU×Q×QWHPHQRVXNDO×QW×ODU×
EXOXQPDNWDG×U$JRUDQ×QJQH\LQGHNL
WHSHGHNHQWLQHQ|QHPOL\DS×V×RODQ
$WKHQDWDS×QDù×Q×Q\HUOHULQHGLNLOPLü
VWXQODU×HWNLOH\LFLGLU
0\XV
6|NHLOoHVLQLQNPJQH\LQGH
%DIDJ|ON×\×V×QGD0LOHWRVҋXQNP
GRùXVXQGD$YüDUN|\\DN×QODU×QGD
EXOXQPDNWDG×U6WUDERQҋDJ|UH0\XV
$WLQDNUDO×.RGURVҋXQRùOX.\GUHORV
WDUDI×QGDQNXUXOPXü3DQLRQLRQELUOLùLQH
DLW|QHPOLELUN×\×NHQWL\GL<DS×ODQ
ND]×ODUGDDQWLNND\QDNODUGDDG×JHoHQ
YHEH\D]PHUPHUGHQ\DS×OG×ù×ELOLQHQ
'LRQ\VRVWDS×QDù×RUWD\Do×NDU×OP×üW×U
.HQW]HULQGHEXJQ'LRQ\VRV
WDS×QDù×QDDLWSDUoDODUDUNDLNG|QHPH
DLWVXUGXYDUODU×YH%L]DQVNDOHVL
NDO×QW×ODU×J|UOPHNWHGLU
1\VD
1\VDDQWLNNHQWL6XOWDQKLVDULOoHVLQLQ
NX]H\LQGHNL$\G×QGDùODU×Q×Q
\DPDoODU×QGD\HUDO×U7DULKoL
6WHSKDQXVҋDJ|UH0g\\×QLON
\DU×V×QGD6HOHXNRVҋXQRùOX,$QWLRNKRV
6RWHU0g²WDUDI×QGDQHüL
DG×QDNXUXOPXüWXU&RùUDI\DF×6WUDERQҋD
J|UHLVH$WK\PEURV$WK\PEUDGRVYH
+\GUHOHRVDG×QGDoNDUGHüLQNXUGXùX
N|\OHUGHQROXüX\RUGX
dRNGLNELUERùD]×QLNL\DNDV×QD
NXUXOPXüLNLüHKLUJ|UQPQGHNLNHQWL
oN|SUELUELULQHEDùODPDNWDG×UûHKUL
LNL\HE|OHQGHUH\DWDù×Q×QEDW×V×QGD
J\PQDVLXPYHVWDGLXPNX]H\GH
%L]DQV\DS×NDO×QW×V×YHNWSKDQH
NWSKDQHQLQNX]H\GRùXVXQGDLVH
VDKQHELQDV×Q×QNDEDUWPDO×SRG\XP
IUL]OHULLOHD\U×ELU|QHPHVDKLS
RODQ\DNODü×NNLüLOLNWL\DWUR
1\VD7L\DWURVX6XOWDQKLVDU
EXOXQPDNWDG×U6HO\DWDù×Q×QGRùXVXQGD
DJRUDERXOHXWHULRQPHFOLVELQDV×
YH5RPDKDPDPODU×\HUDO×UûHKULQ
QHNURSROEDW×GDDQWLNNHQWLQNXWVDO
DODQ×RODQ$NKDUDND6DODYDWO×\ROX
]HULQGHEXOXQPDNWDG×U
2UWKDVLD
<HQLSD]DULOoHVLQLQNPGRùXVXQGD
'RQGXUDQN|\QGHGLU6WUDERQ
2UWKRVLDҋGDQ.DU\D\HUOHüPHVLRODUDN
V|]HWPHNWHGLU0g\\GD.LPPHUOHULQ
VDOG×U×V×QDXùUD\DQNHQW/LG\DNUDO×
$O\DWWHVҋLQ.LPPHUOHUL\HQPHVL
VRQXFX/LG\DO×ODU×QHOLQHJHoPLü0g
\\GDLVHúRQ\DELUOLùLQHNDW×OP×ü
YHELUoRN$QDGROXNHQWLJLEL3HUVOHULQ
HJHPHQOLùLQHJLUPLüWLU.HQWWHNL|QHPOL
\DS×ODUDUDV×QGD\HUDODQWL\DWURYH
ELU%L]DQV\DS×V×EXJQGHD\DNWDG×U
1HNURSRO]HULQGHLVHL\LNRUXQPXü
GXUXPGDODKLWOHUYHRGDPH]DUODUNDOLWHOL
LüoLOLNJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
3LJLQGD
%R]GRùDQLOoHVLdDPO×GHUHN|\QQ
\DNODü×NNPNX]H\LQGHNoNELU
.DU\D\HUOHüPHVLGLUhoDNURSROGHQ
ROXüDQNHQW]HULQGH+HOOHQLVWLN
'|QHPҋHDLWVXUODUEXJQUDKDWO×NOD
J|UOHELOPHNWHGLU7L\DWURYHRODV×O×NOD
+HUDLRQRODUDNDGODQG×U×ODQNXWVDO\DS×
|QHPOLGLU.DUHSODQO×\DS×GDHOHJHoHQ
\D]×WWDQNHQW]HULQGH=HXV3LJLQGHQRV
3LJLQGDO×=HXVNOWYHEXNOWHEDùO×
=HXVWDS×QDù×\HUDOG×ù×DQODü×OPDNWDG×U
3ULHQH
6|NHҋ\HNPX]DNO×NWD*OOEDKoH
NDVDEDV×Q×Q\DN×Q×QGD6DPVRQ
0\NDOHGDù×\DPDF×QGDJQH\H
3ULHQH7L\DWURVX6|NH
EDNDQGRùDOELUSODWIRUPYHoHYUHVLQH
NXUXOPXüDQWLNNHQWOHULQHQ
|QHPOLOHULQGHQELULGLU
úONNHQWE\NRODV×O×NOD/DWPRV
N|UIH]LQGHNLELU\DU×PDGD]HULQGH
\HUDO×\RUGXYHLNLOLPDQ×YDUG×%X
LON\HUOHüPHGHQJQP]HXODüDQ
EHOJH|Q\]QGH$WKHQDEDü×J|UOHQ
YH0gWDULKLQGH
EDV×OP×üRODQHOHNWURQELU
VLNNH\GL3ULHQHNHQWL
JQP]GHNL\HULQGH
0gҋGHNXUXOPXü
ROXSVDùODPELU
NHQWGXYDU×LOH
oHYULOPLüWLU
*QP]GH
GHVXUODU×Q
ED]×
3ULHQH6|NH
NHVLPOHULQGHUXVWLNGXYDULüoLOLùLQLQ
J]HOOLùLGLNNDWoHNLFLGLU8VWD0LPDU
0LOHWRVOX+LSSRGDPRVҋXQ×]JDUDSODQ×
LOH\DPDFDRWXUWXODQNHQW\|UH\HDLWJUL
PDYLPHUPHUGHQLQüDHGLOHQ\DS×ODU×\OD
G|UWVHWRODUDNLQüDHGLOPLüWLU
úRQ\DҋQ×QNHQWLRODQ0LOHWRV3ULHQH
0\XV(SKHVRV.RORSKRQ(ULWKUDL
.OD]RPHQDL)RoD6DPRV.LRV7HRV
YH/HEHGRVҋXQPH\GDQDJHWLUGLNOHUL
GLQLYHVL\DVLELUOLùLQWRSODQW×PHUNH]L
RODQ´3DQLRQLRQµ3ULHQHҋQLQV×Q×UODU×
LoLQGHNDO×\RUYHEXUDGDNLW|UHQOHUL
3ULHQHOLOHU\|QHWL\RUGX´1DXORFKRµ
DG×QGDELUOLPDQ×YDUG×0HQGHUHV
×UPDù×Q×QWDü×G×ù×PLOELULNLPOHUL
3ULHQHҋ\LGHQL]GHQX]DNODüW×UP×üYH
5RPD'|QHPLҋQLQVRQODU×QDGRùUX
NHQW|QHPLQL\LWLUPLüWLU$QFDN%L]DQV
'|QHPLҋQGH|QHPOLELUSLVNRSRVOXN
PHUNH]LROPXüWXU\\GDWP\OH
WHUNHGLOHQNHQWLQNDOHGXYDUODU×\OD
oHYUHOHQPLüoE\NJLULüNDS×V×YDUG×U
0g\\GDLQüDHGLOHQNLüLOLN
oDù×QHQJ]HOWL\DWURODU×QGDQELULQH
VDKLSRODQ3ULHQH0×V×UWDQU×ODU×
$QXELVYH6HUDSLVҋHDLWWDS×QDNODU×\OD
PXKWHüHPGLU3ULHQHҋGHNDo×UPDPDQ×]×
WDYVL\HHWWLùLPL]GLùHUWDULKL\DS×ODULVH
DJRUDNXWVDOVWRD=HXV2O\PSLRVWH
PHQRVXPHFOLVWRSODQW×ODU×Q×Q\DS×OG×ù×
NLüLOLNERXOHXWHULRQNHQWPHFOLVL
LOHULJHOHQNRQXNODU×QDù×UODQ×SEDU×QG×ù×
NRQXNODUHYLSU\WDQHLRXPNLOLVH
VWDGLXPYHúVNHQGHUHYLGLU'HPHWHUWH
PHQRVXDNURSROQHWHùLQGHGLU7DQU×oD
$WKHQDLoLQLRQWDU]×QGD\DS×ODQWDS×QDN
NHQWLQHQKkNLP\HULQHNXUXOPXüWXU
gQGH\DQODUGDVWXQEXOXQDQ
WDS×QDù×QFHOODE|OPQGH$WKHQDҋQ×Q
DOW×QYHÀOGLüLQGHQ\DS×OPDKH\NHOL\HU
DOPDNWD\G×%XWDS×QDù×GQ\DQ×Q\HGL
KDULNDV×QGDQELULRODQ0DXVROHXPҋXQ
PLPDU×3\WKHRVLQüDHWPLüWLU7DS×QDN
VXQDù×Q×QJQP]GH\DOQ×]ELUE|OP
D\DNWDG×U
3\JHOD
.XüDGDV×LOoHVLQLQNX]H\LQGH\HUDODQ
3\JHODHIVDQH\HJ|UH$JDPHPQRQҋXQ
DVNHUOHULWDUDI×QGDQNXUXOPXüWXU
$JDPHPQRQҋXQDVNHUOHULQLQELUN×VP×
ELUoHüLWKDVWDO×NWDQGROD\×EXUDGD
E×UDN×OP×üODUYHEXQODUNHQWLQLONKDON×Q×
PH\GDQDJHWLUPLüOHUGLU6WUDERQҋXQ
ELOGLUGLùLQHJ|UH3\JHODҋGD$UWHPLV0X
7UDOOHLV$\G×Q
Q\NKLDWDS×QDù×EXOXQPDNWDG×U3\JHOD
D\Q×]DPDQGD0LNHQVHUDPLùLEXOXQDQ
PHUNH]OHUDUDV×QGDJ|VWHULOPHNWHGLU
7UDOOHLV
$\G×QúOPHUNH]LQHNPX]DNO×NWDNL
NHQW$UJRVOXODUYH7UDOOHLVOLOHUFH
NXUXOPXüWXU0gҋWHúVNHQGHU
WDUDI×QGDQDO×QPDV×QGDQVRQUD+HO
OHQLVWLNNUDOO×NODUDUDV×QGDV×NV×NHO
GHùLüWLUPLüWLU
%HUJDPDNUDOO×NoDù×QGDLVH\RQWXFX
OXNWD]LUYH\HXODüP×ü%HUJDPD=HXV
VXQDù×QGDoDO×üW×NODU×ELOLQHQ$SRO
ORQLRVYH7DXULVNRVLVLPOLLNLE\N
\RQWXXVWDV×Q×\HWLüWLUPLüWLU6WUDERQ
WDUDI×QGDQKDON×Q×Q]HQJLQOLùLDQODW×ODQ
NHQW]HULQGHEXJQD\DNWDNDODQWHN
\DS×KDONDUDV×QGD´oJ|]µRODUDN
DGODQG×U×ODQ\\GD\DS×OP×üJ\PQDVLX
PDDLWNDO×QW×G×U5RPD'|QHPLҋQHDLWELU
KDPDPDJRUDWL\DWURVWDGLXPNHQWLQ
GLùHU\DS×ODU×QGDQG×U7UDOOHLVLONoDùGD
UHWWLùLGHULOHUYHN×UP×]×UHQNOLoDQDN
o|POHN´WHUUDVLJLOODWDODUµLOHQO\G
$\DVRI\Dҋ\×LQüDHGHQPLPDU$QWKHPLRV
7UDOOHLVOL\GL+H\NHOVDQDW×Q×QGQ\DFD
LNLQOKH\NHOLRODQ$SSRLQOHWLVLYH7DYU
LVNRVWDUDI×QGDQ\DS×ODQ)DUQHVH%RùD]×
YH*HQo$WOHW(SKHERV7UDOOHLVҋWH
EXOXQPXüWXU
$KPHG*D]L&DPLVLYH
$KL%D\UDP7UEHVL
dLQHLOoHVLQLQ(VNLdLQHN|\QGHNL
0HQWHüHRùXOODU×QGDQúEUDKLP%H\ҋLQ
RùOX*D]L$KPHG%H\ҋLQ\DSW×UG×ù×
FDPLYHDUNDDYOXVXQGDNL$KL%D\UDP
úEUDKLP7UEHVL\\GDQNDOPDG×U
&DPLQLQPXNDUQDVODUODVVO\DS×\D
J|UHNoNYHVDGHJ|UQPOPLKUDE×
LOHG|QHPLQLQDKüDSLüoLOLùLQL\DQV×WDQ
PLQEHULJ|UOPH\HGHùHUGLU3LUDPLGDO
NODKOD|UWOGLNG|UWJHQSODQO×
WUEHQLQLVHGXYDUODU×QGDPHUPHUYHVW
N×VP×QGDWXùODNXOODQ×OP×üW×U
&LKDQRùOX.OOL\HVL
$\G×QúOPHUNH]LQGH.|SUO
0DKDOOHVLҋQGHGLU&DPLPHGUHVHWUEH
oDUü×YHoHüPHGHQROXüDQNOOL\H
\×O×QGD&LKDQ]DGH0GHUULV$EGXOD]L]
(IHQGLWDUDI×QGDQ\DSW×U×OP×üW×U
&DPLLoLQGHNLLOJLQoEDURNURNRNR
VVOHPHOHUL\OH7UNPLPDUO×ù×Q×Q|QHPOL
|UQHNOHULQGHQELULVD\×OPDNWDG×U
$KPHW*D]L&DPLLYH$KL%D\UDP7UEHVLdLQH
(VNL<HQL+DVDQdHOHEL&DPLVL
$\G×QLOPHUNH]LQGH+DVDQ(IHQGL
0DKDOOHVLҋQGHGLU0×V×U%H\OHUEH\L
0XKLWWLQ(IHQGLҋQLQRùOX+DVDQ3DüD
WDUDI×QGDQ\×O×QGD\DSW×U×OP×üW×U
0HUPHUPLKUDSYHPLQEHULGDQWHOJLEL
LüOHQPLüWLU
úO\DV%H\.OOL\HVL
'LGLPLOoHVLQGHWDULKL0LOHWRVNDO×QW×ODU×
\DQ×QGDNLFDPL²\×OODU×QGD
0HQWHüRùXOODU×QGDQúO\DV%H\
WDUDI×QGDQWUEHWHNNHNHUYDQVDUD\
YHKDPDPODELUOLNWH\DSW×U×ODQNOOL\H
LoLQGH\HUDOPDNWDG×U0LPDUL|]HOOLNOHUL
VVOHPHOHULYH]HQJLQ\DS×JHUHoOHUL\OH
RULMLQDORODUDNJQP]HGHùLQ
JHOHELOPLüHQGHUYHJ|UNHPOLELUHVHUGLU
<DS×P×QGD0LOHWRVNDO×QW×ODU×QGDQ
GHYüLULOHQPHUPHUOHUGHQ\DUDUODQ×OP×üW×U
*LULüNDS×V×Q×QEXOXQGXùXNX]H\FHSKHVL
úO\DV%H\&DPLL
VRQGHUHFHLOJLoHNLFLGLU(\YDQJLEL
E\NELUNHPHUOHoHYULOPLüoE|OPO
VVOHPHOLSRUWDOPHUPHUüHEHNHOHU
UHQNOLNDNPDWDüODUYHPHUPHU
NDSODPDODU%H\OLNOHU'|QHPLҋQLQ
|]HOOLNOHULQL\DQV×W×U.×EOHGXYDU×QGDNL
JHRPHWULNPRWLÁHUOHVVOPHUPHU
PLKUDSHUNHQG|QHP7UNWDüVVOHPH
VDQDW×Q×QJ]HOYHDQ×WVDO|UQHùLGLU
&DPL|QQGHDYOX\XoHYUHOH\HQ
PHGUHVHYHLPDUHWRGDODU×úO\DV%H\ҋH
DLWWUEH\HUDOPDNWDG×U'|UWJHQSODQO×
YHLNLNDWO×NHUYDQVDUD\WHNRUWDDYOX
HWUDI×QGDWRQR]oDW×\OD|UWODK×UYH
RGDODUGDQPH\GDQDJHOPLüWLU
gN]0HKPHW3DüD.DOH&DPLVL
YH.HUYDQVDUD\×
.XüDGDV×ҋQ×QHQHVNLFDPLVLRODQ
\DS×\×O×QGD6DGUD]DPgN]
0HKPHW3DüDWDUDI×QGDQNHUYDQVDUD\
YHKDPDPODELUOLNWHLQüDHGLOPLüWLU
2VPDQO×DùDoLüoLOLùLJHOHQHùLQGHYH
JHRPHWULNJHoPHOHUOHWDVDUODQP×üW×U
%XJHoPHOHUJPüVHGHIYHÀOGLüL
NDNPDODUODEH]HQPLüNXEEHVLLVH
NXUüXQODNDSODQP×üW×U%XJQRWHORODUDN
NXOODQ×ODQNHUYDQVDUD\×QNDOHüHNOLQGHNL
\NVHNG×üGXYDUODU×NRUVDQVDOG×U×ODU×QD
NDUü×NR\PDNDPDF×\ODWRSPD]JDOODU×\OD
GRQDW×OP×üW×U<DS×DYOXOXYHLNLNDWO×G×U
.HUYDQVDUD\×.XüDGDV×
ûHPVL3DüD&DPLVL
$\G×QLOPHUNH]LQGH*]HOKLVDU
0DKDOOHVLҋQGHGLU´$ùDoODUDUDV×µYH\D
´.×UP×]×0LQDUHµDG×LOHGHWDQ×QDQEX
FDPLL\×O×QGD$KPHGûHPVL3DüD
WDUDI×QGDQ\DSW×U×OP×üW×U
6OH\PDQdHOHEL&DPLVL
$\G×QLOPHUNH]LQGHúVWDV\RQ
0H\GDQ×ҋQGDG×U.ODVLN2VPDQO×
PLPDUO×ù×Q×Q|]HOOLNOHULQL
\DQV×WDQFDPL
\×O×QGD6OH\PDQ%H\
WDUDI×QGDQNDUHSODQO×
RODUDNNHVPHWDüWDQ
LQüDHGLOPLüWLU7HN
NXEEHLOH|UWO\DS×Q×Q
NHQDUO×NXEEH
NDVQDù×QGDSHQFHUH
\HUDO×UYHNXEEHLoLND
OHPLüOHULLOHVVOHQPLüWLU
.HVPHWDüWDQ\DS×OP×ü
PLKUDE×VDGHROXS
ûHPVL3DüD&DPLL$\G×Q
PHUPHUGHQ\DS×OP×üPLQEHULQPHUGLYHQ
DOW×LüOHPHOLGLU7HNüHUHIHOLPLQDUHVLQLQ
J|YGHVLoRNNHQDUO×G×U
5DPD]DQ3DüD&DPLVL
$\G×QLOPHUNH]LQGH5DPD]DQ3DüD
0DKDOOHVLҋQGHGLUhYH\V3DüDҋQ×Q
NDUGHüL5DPD]DQ3DüDWDUDI×QGDQ
\×O×QGD\DSW×U×OP×üW×U.DUHSODQO×WHN
NXEEHOLNHVPHWDüWDQ\DS×Q×QDKüDS
JLULüNDS×V×R\PDLüOHULLOHEH]HQPLüWLU
<DS×Q×QLoLQLX]XQSHQFHUHYHVX
GDPODF×ù×üHNOLQGHNLNoNSHQFHUHOHU
D\G×QODWPDNWDG×U$Oo×NDEDUWPDODU
UHQNOLFDPLüoLOLùLYHDùDoR\PDF×O×ù×
EDN×P×QGDQVVOHPHOHULLOJLoHNLFLGLU
1DVXK3DüD.OOL\HVL
$\G×QLOPHUNH]LQGH.|SUO
0DKDOOHVLҋQGHGLU´2VPDQDùDµGDGHQHQ
PHGUHVHPHVFLW´=LQFLUOLKDQµGDGHQHQ
KDQYHKDPDPGDQROXüDQNOOL\H
\×O×QGD$\G×QO×1DVXK3DüDWDUDI×QGDQ
\DSW×U×OP×üW×U
5DPD]DQ3DüD&DPLL$\G×Q
hYH\V3DüD&DPLVL
$\G×QLOPHUNH]LQGH.|SUO
0DKDOOHVLҋQGHGLU0×V×U%H\OHUEH\L
hYH\V3DüDWDUDI×QGDQ\×O×QGD
\DSW×U×OP×üW×U.DUHSODQO×RODQ\DS×
\NVHNNDVQDN]HULQGHELUNXEEHLOH
|UWOGU0HUPHUJLULüNDS×Vׁ]HULQGH
NLWDEHVLEXOXQPDNWDG×U
.XUüXQOX0DQDVW×U×
.XüDGDV×LOoHVL'DYXWODU%HOGHVLҋQH
$USD]%H\OHU.RQDù×1D]LOOL
\DNODü×NNPX]DNO×NWD\HUDODQ
.XUüXQOX0DQDVW×U×ҋQ×Q\\%L]DQV
\DS×V×ROGXùXWDKPLQHGLOPHNWHGLU
0DQDVW×UGD\HPHNKDQHNLOHUPXWIDN
NHüLüRGDODU×UHYLUüDSHOPH]DUO×N
PDQDVW×UVXUODU×VXUPDK]HQLYH
VDYXQPDRGDODU×JLELE|OPOHU
PHYFXWWXUûDSHOLQWDYDQ×QGDNL
IUHVNOHUGHúNRQDNODVWLN'|QHPҋGH
VLPJHVHOYHJHRPHWULNPRWLÁHULOH
\\×QLNLQFL\DU×V×QGDúNRQDNODVWLN
'|QHPҋGHQVRQUDGLQVHOROD\ODU\DGD
NLüLOHUEHWLPOHQPLüWLU
$USD].DOHVL
$USD]%H\OHUL.RQDù×
1D]LOOLҋ\HEDùO×(VHQN|\ҋGHEXOXQDQ\DS×
JUXEXELU.DU\DNHQWLRODQ+DUSDVD
.DOHVLҋQLQHWHNOHULQGHNXUXOPXüWXU
$NoD\ҋDNDGDUX]DQDQHNLOLDUD]L\L
LoLQHDODQE\NoLIWOLNLüOHWPHVLQLQ
VDKLEL$USD]O×+DF×+DVDQ%H\ҋLQ
\\EDüODU×QGD,,0DKPXG]DPDQ×QGD
5RGRVҋWDQJHWLUGLùLXVWDODUD\DSW×UG×ù×
\DS×ODUJUXEXNRQDNJYHQOLNNXOHVL
DPEDUDK×UODUYHPüWHPLODW×LOHELU
üDWR\XDQG×U×U
$\G×QúOPHUNH]LQGH$\G×QRùOXODU×ҋ\OD
+RUDVDQҋGDQJHOHQúVPDLOELQ$OLKDQҋ×Q
\DWW×ù×$OLKDQ%DED7UEHVLҋWH
$EGXOODK3DüDҋQ×QN×]×$WLNH+DQ×Pҋ×Q
\DSW×UG×ù×oHüPHYHWUEH+DF×gPHU
'HGH0HVFLGL)DWPD+DQ×P6×E\DQ
PHNWHELYHVHELOL´%H\+DPDP×µDG×\OD
GDDQ×ODQ&HPDO%H\+DPDP×
GHSUHPLQGHKDVDUJ|UHQ(ùUL.PEHW
\\GDQJQP]HXODüDQEHOOLEDüO×
WDULKVHO\DS×ODUG×U
'RùDYH$NWLYHWH
'HQL]7XUL]PL
$\G×QLOLQGHLNOLPLQX\JXQOXùXYH
X]XQELUWXUL]PVH]RQXQDRODQDN
VDùODPDV×GHQL]WXUL]PLQLWHüYLNHGLFL
HQ|QHPOLHWNHQOHUGHQELULGLU$\U×FD
0D\×V(NLPD\ODU×DUDV×QGD\×O×Q
\DU×V×QGDGHQL]VX\XQXQV×FDNO×ù×
GDOPD\HONHQV|UIVXSDUDüWYH
VXND\Dù×YEVXVSRUODU×QDX\JXQGXU
g]HOOLNOH\DN×QoHYUHGHQJQELUOLN
YH\DKDIWDVRQXNDoDPDNODU×LoLQ
XODü×PUDKDWO×ù×GDWXULVWOHULQKDOND
Do×NSODMODUGDQ\DUDUODQPDODU×QDRODQDN
VDùODPDNWDG×U(QoRNUDùEHWHGLOHQ
SODMODU.XüDGDV×ҋQGD7XVDQ3LJDOH
.DG×QODUGHQL]L*YHUFLQDGD<DYDQVX
YH$VODQEXUQX*]HOoDPO×3ODMODU×
'LGLPҋGH$OW×QNXP7DYüDQEXUQX*HYUHN
YH$NENSODMODU×G×U
.DG×QODU'HQL]L.XüDGDV×
'LOHN<DU×PDGDV×0LOOL3DUN×
<DW7XUL]PL
.XüDGDV×PDULQDV×
YHKDULNXODGHOLPDQ×
VD\HVLQGH\DWODUYHWXU
JHPLOHULLoLQLGHDOELUNRQDNODPD
YHDO×üYHULüE|OJHVLGLU<DNODü×N\DW
NDSDVLWHOL\DWOLPDQ×WXULVWJHPLOHULQLQ
\DQDüW×ù×LNLDGHWLVNHOHVLLOHWXUL]PH
NXFDNDoDQ.XüDGDV×7UNL\HҋQLQLNLQFL
|QHPOLGHQL]NDS×V×G×U<DWOLPDQ×QGDQ
<XQDQDGDV×RODQ6LVDPҋDEDKDUYH\D]
D\ODU×QGDKHUJQ\ROFXVHIHUOHUL\DS×O×S
N×üD\ODU×QGDEXVHIHUOHUFKDUWHURODUDN
GHYDPHWPHNWHGLU/LPDQGDVUHNOLVHIHU
\DSDQ\ROFXPRWRUODU×EXOXQPDNWDG×U
$\U×FD0DYL7XU\DSDQ\DWYHWHNQHOHU
GHOLPDQGDVL]OHULPDVPDYLYHVHULQVX
ODUODEXOXüWXUPDNLoLQEHNOHPHNWHGLU
7HUPDO7XUL]P
*HUPHQFLNLOoHVLQHNPX]DNO×NWDNL
$ODQJOONDSO×FDV×Q×QNNUWOVX\X
URPDWL]PDVL\DWLNEHODùU×ODU×YH
E|EUHNWDüODU×KDVWDO×NODU×QDLOo
H\HNPX]DNO×NWDNL*HUPHQFLN
NDSO×FDV×Q×QVX\XURPDWL]PDO
KDVWDO×NODUD2UWDNODUEHOGH
VLQHNPX]DNO×NWDNL
*PüNDSO×FDV×Q×QVX\X
ELNDUERQDWO×NNUWOYH
D]JD]O×ROXSURPDWL]PD
NLUHoOHQPHSROLQHYULW
KDVWDO×NODU×QDL\LJHOLU
.XüDGDV×LOoHVL'D
YXWODUEHOGHVLQH
NPX]DNO×NWD
EXOXQDQ
'DYXWODUWHUPDONDSO×FDV×Q×QVX\X
UDG\RDNWLI|]HOOLNWDü×PDNODELUOLNWH
V×FDNO×NODUמ&DUDV×QGDG×U
5RPDWL]PDVWUHVGDPDUVHUWOLùL
VL\DWLNDUWUR]RVWHRSRURMLVSHQGL\D
OR]YLWLOLJRHJ]DPDVDoG|NOPHVL
FLQVHOLNWLGDUV×]O×NN×V×UO×NYHVDùO×NO×
]D\×ÁDPD\DNDUü×NXOODQ×OPDNWDG×U
úPDPN|\.DSO×FDV×$\G×QҋDNP
X]DNO×NWDG×U6X\XNNUWOROXS
URPDWL]PDPD\DV×OOVHUYHVL\D
WLNKDVWDO×NODU×QDL\LJHOLU%XKDUNHQW
LOoHVLQHNPX]DNO×NWDNL.×]×OGHUH
NDSO×FDV×Q×QVX\XVRG\XPELNDUERQDW
YHVOIDWO×ROXSURPDWL]PDVL\DWLNYH
NLUHoOHQPHKDVWDO×NODU×QDL\LJHOLU6XO
'RùD<U\ü
WDQKLVDULOoHVLQHNPX]DNO×NWDEXOXQDQ
6DODYDWO×NDSO×FDV×Q×QLVHVX\XNNUWO
ROXSURPDWL]PDYHFLOWKDVWDO×NODU×QDL\L
JHOPHNWHGLU
<D\OD7XUL]PL
$\G×QҋDNPX]DNO×NWD3DüD\D\ODV×
.DUDFDVXҋGD.DKYHGHUH\D\ODV×
%R]GRùDQҋGD%XOJXU\D\ODV×.X\XFDNҋWD
6DU×FDRYDYHgPU\D\ODODU×dLQHҋGH
0DGUDQ\D\ODV×LOLQEDüO×FD\D\ODODU×G×U
'DùYH'RùD<U\ü
'LOHN<DU×PDGDV×ҋQGDQEDüOD\×S
.DULQDҋGDGHYDPHGHUHN%\N0HQGH
UHV×UPDù×LOH%DIDJ|OQHNDGDUX]DQDQ
E|OJHGHGRùD\U\üOHULV×UDV×QGDJ|O
N×\×V×QGDPRODYHUHUHNoHYUHQLQJ]HO
OLNOHULQLD\U×ELUDo×GDQNHüIHGHELOLUVLQL]
%\N0HQGHUHV'HOWDV×0LOOL3DUN×ҋQGD
YHdLQHYDGLVLER\XQFDGRùDQ×QHüVL]
J]HOOLùLLoLQGH$SKURGLVLDVҋWDQ%DED
'Dù×PҋQDGRùUXWDULKOHLoLoH
SHNoRNGRùDOJ]HOOLùLNHüIHWPHN
RODùDQG×U.DUDFDVXҋGD'DQGDODV×UPDù×
ER\XQFD3DüDYH0DGUDQ\D\ODODU×QGD
GDGRùD\U\üOHUL\DS×ODELOLU
%HüSDUPDNGDùODU×QGDGRùD
\U\ü
%DIDNDVDEDV×QGDQDQD\ROWHUNHGL
OHUHN%HüSDUPDNGDùODU×Q×QP
HWHùLQGHNL*|O\DND%XFDNN|\QH
YDU×O×U'DùDo×N×üQRNWDV×EXN|\GHQ
EDüODPDNWDG×U
.|\OOHULQ]H\WLQOLNOHULQHXODüPDN
oHYUHGHNLGLùHUN|\OHUHJLWPHN%L
]DQVG|QHPLQGHQNDOPDPDQDVW×UODUD
o×NPDNLoLQNXOODQ×ODQYHGDKD|QFHNL
oDùODUGD%HüSDUPDNҋ×Q]LUYHVLQGHNL
KDYDYH\DùPXUWDQU×V×Q×QNXWVDO
DODQ×QD\DS×ODQD\LQ\U\üOHULQGHGH
\]\×OODUG×UNXOODQ×ODQELUSDWLNDLOH
GDNLNDO×NELU\U\üWHQVRQUD0g
ELQ\×OODU×QDWDULKOHQHQSUHKLVWRULNND\D
UHVLPOHULQLQEXOXQGXùXELUPDùDUD\D
XODü×O×UGDNLNDO×NLNLQFLELU\ROFXOXNWDQ
VRQUDNHüLüPDùDUDYHEDU×QDNODU×Q×Q
EXOXQGXùX<HGLOHU0DQDVW×U×ҋQDYDU×O×U
<HGLOHU0DQDVW×U×%DID*|O
$]DS*|O6|NH
'LOHN<DU×PDGDV×0LOOL3DUN×ҋQGDGRùD
\U\ü6|NH]HULQGHQ*OOEDKoH
\|QQHGHYDPHGHUHN'RùDQEH\
N|\QHJHoLOLS²GDNLNDO×NELU
\U\üOH0HQGHUHVGHOWDV×%DIDJ|O
0LOHWRVDQWLNNHQWL%HüSDUPDNGDùODU×
0\XVYH$]DSJ|OJ|UOHELOLU'Dù×Q
JQH\\DPDF×RUPDQO×NW×U²VDDWOLNELU
SDWLNDW×UPDQ×ü×QGDQVRQUDLQLüHJHoLOLU
dRNoHüLWOLELWNL|UWVoDPGDùoLOHùL
GHIQHHUJXYDQD\×I×QG×ù×VDN×]O×N
GHOLFH]H\WLQYHNHoLER\QX]XJ|UOHELOLU
+DULNDELUNDQ\RQXQLoLQGHQ7UNL\HҋGHNL
LNLGRùDOVHUYLRUPDQ×Q×QELULVLQLQ
\DQ×QGDDNDQoHüPHOHULQN×\×V×QGDQ
$QDGROXo×QDUODU×Q×QJ|OJHVLQGHQPLOOL
SDUN×QLoLQGHER\OXER\XQFDX]DQDQ
DVIDOW\RODXODü×O×U
'LOHN<DU×PDGDV×0LOOL3DUN×
.XüDGDV×
%LVLNOHW7XUL]PL
'LOHN<DU×PDGDV×%\N0HQG
HUHV'HOWDV×0LOOL3DUN×LOH'LGLP
$NENDUDV×QGD\DS×ODELOHFHNGRùD
VSRUODU×QGDQELULVLGHGDùELVLNOHWLGLU
%LVLNOHWoLOHUGRùDOVWDELOL]HYHD]HùLPOL
\ROODU×EXOXQDQDOWHUQDWLÁLSDUNXUODU×NXO
ODQDELOLUOHU
.DPSYH.DUDYDQ7XUL]PL
%|OJHGHoDG×UO×PRWRNDUDYDQYHNDUD
YDQ\HUOHULRODUDNJHQoOHULQWDWLOOHULQGH
GLQOHQHELOHFHNOHULRUPDQLoLGLQOHQPH
\HUOHULYHJHQoOLNNDPSODU×PHYFXWWXU
0DùDUD7XUL]PL
6×UWODQLQLPDùDUDV×.DUDFDVXLOoHVLQLQ
<XNDU×dDPDUDV×N|\QGHQGDNLNDO×N
\UPHPHVDIHVLQGHGLU0DùDUD\DWD\
NRQXPOXROXSoRNGDUELUDù×]ODEDüODU
²PVRQUDDV×OPDùDUDERüOXùXQD
XODü×O×U6DORQ\DQ\DQDJHOLüLSGXYDU
üHNOLQLDODQVWXQODUOD²E|OPH
D\U×OP×üW×U6DORQDEDùO×WPRGD
ODUVDUN×WGLNLWYHVWXQODUODNDSO×G×U
'×üDU×GD×Vמ&QHPLNHQ
PDùDUDLoLQGH×Vמ&YHQHPPLNWDU×
ҊWLU7RSODPPX]XQOXùXQGDYH
PGHULQOLùLQGHGLU'LOHN<DU×PDGDV×
0LOOL3DUN×ҋQDJLGHQ\RO]HULQGHNL=HXV
PDùDUDV×NoNELUREUXNYH\HUDOW×VX
ND\QDù×Q×QROXüWXUGXùXKDYX]üHNOLQGHNL
WDEDQ×LOHHWNLOH\LFLELUGRùDOJ]HO
OLNWHGLU.XüDGDV×\ROXQXQ'HUHERùD]×
PHYNLLQGHNPOLNWRSUDN\ROXL]OH\HUHN
2OWDEDO×No×O×ù×
=HXV0DùDUDV×.XüDGDV×
GDNLNDO×NELU\U\üLOHXODü×ODQ
$UVODQO×PDùDUDV×GLùHUDG×\OD´<DUHQ
PDùDUDV×µQ×QX]XQOXùXPGHULQOLùL
PGLU
6SRUWLI2OWD%DO×No×O×ù×
+DÀIWX]OXELUJ|ORODQ%DIDJ|OQQ
]RRSODQNWRQYHVXELWNLOHULDo×V×QGDQ
oRN]HQJLQROPDV×ELUoRNEDO×N
WUQQJ|OGH\DüDPDV×QDRODQDN
VDùODPDNWDG×U6|NHҋ\HNPX]DNO×NWD
%HüSDUPDNGDùODUׁ]HULQGHoHYUHVL
RUPDQODUODNDSO×üLULQELUPDQ]DUDV×RODQ
$]DSJ|OQGHGHVSRUWLIEDO×NDYF×O×ù×
\DS×ODELOLU6DPVRQGDù×HWHNOHULLOH
0HQGHUHVGHOWDV×Q×QD\U×P\HULQGH
V×FDNYHVRùXNVX\DWDNODU×EXOXQDQYH
PDYLQLQKHUWRQXQXLoLQGHEDU×QG×UDQ
.DULQDEROPLNWDUGDSODQNWRQDVDKLS
GHQL]L\OHoRN]HQJLQELUEDO×N\DWDù×G×U
*|ODODQ×NPҋGHQID]ODG×U*|OQD]
WX]OXVXODU×QGDNHIDOOHYUHNEHOLNRSYH
OLGDNLND\QDü×UdLSXUDQ×QNoùOLGDNL
OLGDE|OJHQLQHQoRNDYODQDQEDO×ù×G×U
.×\×ODUGDGDODUDN]×SN×QODYH\DN×\×GDQ
WHNQHGHQROWDLOHEDO×NDYF×O×ù×GD
\DS×OPDNWDG×U%XQODUGDQEDüND.HPHU
dLQH$GQDQ0HQGHUHVúNL]GHUH7RSoDP
.DUSX]OX<D\ODRYDEDUDMJ|OOHULLOH
$YüDU<DW×U.DUDFDKD\×W.RFDJ|O
.DUDJ|OLOLQGLùHUXIDNJ|OOHULGLU
5]JkU6|UI
'LOHN<DU×PDGDV×SHNoRNU]JDU
WXWNXQXQXQWHUFLKHWWLùLELU\HUGLU
.Xü*|]OHPFLOLùL
%\N0HQGHUHVGHOWDV×]HQJLQELU
EL\RORMLNoHüLWOLOLùLEDU×QG×U×U%X]HQJLQ
HNRVLVWHPGHNXüWU\DüDPDNWD
EXQODUGDQNDGDU×EXUDGDUHPHNWH
GLU%|OJHQHVOLWHKGLWDOW×QGDRODQWHSHOL
SHOLNDQSHOHFDQXVFULVSXVYHFFH
NDUDEDWDNSKDODFURFRUD[S\JPHXVҋ×Q
HQ|QHPOLNXOXoNDODPDDODQODU×QGDQ
ELULGLU.×üODU×VD\×ODU×ҋLDüDQEHü
WU|UGHNYHҋLQ]HULQGHÁDPLQJR
SKRHQLFRSWHUXVUXEHUNoNDNEDO×No×O
HJUHWWDJDU]HWWDDNNX\UXNOXNDU
WDOKHOLJHHWXVDOELFLOOD\×ODQNDUWDO×
FLUFHDWXVJDOOLFXVN×]×OüDKLQEXWHR
UXÀQXVEXUDGDUH\HQ|QHPOLNXüWUOHUL
DUDV×QGDG×U
0LOOL3DUN=L\DUHWoLYH7DQ×W×P0HUNH]L
HWNLQOLNOHULNDSVDP×QGDNROD\]HYNOL
GLQOHQGLULFLYHHùLWLFLNXüJ|]OHP
WXUODU×G]HQOHQPHNWHGLU
%DID*|OGRùDODODQ×LVHEDWDNO×N
N×UODQJ×F×YHPDKPX]OXN×]
NXüXQXQUH\HQSRSOkV\RQODU×LOH
g.$gQHPOL.Xü$ODQ×VWDWV
ND]DQ×U%DID*|OҋLQ
]HULQGHGHùLüLNWUGHQN×üOD\DQ
VXNXüODU×Do×V×QGDQE\N|QHP
WDü×U'HQL]NDUWDO×KDOLDHHWXVDO
ELFLOODNoNEDWDùDQEDKULNDUD
ER\XQOXEDWDùDQNDUDEDWDNER]
|UGHNHOPDEDüSDWNDYHVDNDUPHNH
N×üOD\DQEDüO×FDWUOHUGLU%\N
0HQGHUHVGHOWDV×QGDQJHOHQWHSHOL
SHOLNDQYHFFHNDUDEDWDN\×OER\XQ
FDJ|OGHJ|UOHELOLU
%LWNLúQFHOHPH
%\N0HQGHUHV'HOWDV×0LOOL3DUN×ҋQ×Q
NX]H\NHVLPL$NGHQL]E|OJHVLQGH
HQGHUJ|UOHQSRWDQVL\HOGHELWNL
|UWVQHVDKLSWLUg]HOOLNOHGHIQHYH
NHVWDQHELWNLNXüDNODU×LOH$NGHQL]PDNL
ÁRUDV×Q×QKHPHQKHPHQEWQELWNL
WUOHUL\DU×PDGDGDHQFDQO×YHVDùO×NO×
|UQHNOHUL\OH\HUDOPDNWDG×U.X]H\
$QDGROXRUPDQO×N\|UHOHULQH|]J$QDGROX
NHVWDQHVLQLQFDVWDQHDVDWLYDHQJQH\H
LQGLùLONHPL]GHELUNDo\HUGHEXOXQDQ
NDUWRSXELWNLVLQLQYLEXUQXPWLQXV)LQLNH
DUG×F×Q×QMXQLSHUXVSKRHQLFLDNoNELU
WRSOXOXNPH\GDQDJHWLUGLùLPHOH]S×UQDO
PHüHVLTXHUFXVLOH[FRFFLIHUDGDOO×
VHUYLFXSUHVVXVVHPSHUYLUHQVLOHELUOLNWH
\HWLüWLùLWHN\HUGLU
<DEDQ+D\DW×YH$Y7XUL]PL
$\G×QYHoHYUHVLQGHNLRUPDQO×N
DODQODU×QoRNOXùX\DEDQKD\DW×Q×
GRùUXGDQHWNLOHPHNWHGLU(QoRNJ|UOHQ
NXüWUOHULNHUNHQH]NDUDoD\ODN
PH]JHOGHNWR\RUPDQoXOOXùXYH
GHQL]NDUWDO×G×U6XNXüODU×QGDQ
HOPDEDüVDNDUPHNHEDNODND]×$\G×Q
V×Q×UODU×LoHULVLQGHHQoRNPHYFXW
RODQODU×G×U9DKüLKD\YDQODURODUDN
D\×\DEDQGRPX]XoDNDOYDüDNNXUW
WLONL\DEDQNHGLVLYHV×UWODQPHYFXWWXU
.HPLUJHQOHUGHQJHOLQFLNWDYüDQVX
VDPXUXDùDoVDQVDU×YHRWREXUODUGDQ
\DEDQNHoLVLDODJH\LNYHNDUDFD\|UHQLQ
\DEDQKD\YDQODU×Q×ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U
%\N0HQGHUHV'HOWDV×0LOOL3DUN×ҋQGD
\DEDQ|N]\DEDQGRPX]XYDüDN
WLONLVDQVDUoDNDONXUW\DEDQLOHüPLüDW
YHWDYüDQJLELPHPHOLOHULOHQHVOLD]DODQ
'LOHN<DU×PDGDV×0LOOL3DUN×
NDUWDODWPDFDüDKLQDNEDEDJLEL\×UW×F×
NXüWUOHULEXOXQXU0LOOLSDUNDUW×NQHVOL
WNHQPLü$QDGROXSDUV×Q×QSDQWKHUD
SDUGXVWXOOLDQDEDW×GD\DüDG×ù×VRQ
QRNWDG×U.RUXPD\DDO×QDQ$NGHQL]
IRNXPRQDFKXVPRQDFKXVLOHGHQL]
NDSOXPEDùDODU×QDoRNVD\×GDVUQJHQ
PHPHOLKD\YDQNXüYHEDO×NWUOHULPLOOL
SDUN×QN×\×ODU×QGD\DüDPDYHUHPH
RODQDù×EXOPXüWXU
.RUXQDQ$ODQODU
0LOOL3DUNODUYH7DELDW3DUNODU×
%DID*|O7DELDW3DUN×6|NHLOoH
VLQHNPX]DNO×NWDG×U0HQGHUHV
DOY\RQODU×\ODGRODQDù×]N×VP×QGDQ
VRQUDJ|OHG|QüPüWUdHYUHVLGDùO×N
ROGXùXQGDQN×\×ODU×ROGXNoDJLULQWLOL
o×N×QW×O×G×U<]|OoPNPRODQ
J|OQNPҋOLNN×VP×$\G×QNDODQ×LVH
0XùODV×Q×UODU×LoHULVLQGHGLU0DNVLPXP
GHULQOLùLP\LEXODQJ|OKHNWDU
DODQ×LOH\×O×QGDPLOOLSDUNLODQHGL
OHUHNNRUXPDDOW×QDDO×QP×üW×UdHYUHVL
ELWNL|UWV×OJ×QODU]H\WLQOLNOHUoDP
RUPDQODU×QGDQROXüXU%DO×NYHNXüODU×Q
EHVOHQPHYHEDU×QPDDODQ×ROPDV×
QHGHQL\OHoRN]HQJLQNXüWUOHULQH
VDKLSWLU
'LOHN<DU×PDGDV×%\N0HQGHUHV
'HOWDV×0LOOL3DUN×.XüDGDV×YH6|NH
LOoHOHULV×Q×UODU×LoHULVLQGH\HUDO×U
.XüDGDV×6|NHNDUD\ROXLOHXODü×ODQPLOOL
SDUN.XüDGDV×ҋQDNP6|NHҋ\H
NPX]DNO×NWDG×U6DPVRQGDù×Q×Q(JH
GHQL]LQHGRùUXX]DQW×V×\ODüHNLOOHQHQ
'LOHN\DU×PDGDV×Q×QMHRORMLN\DS×V×
SDOHR]RLNüLVWOHUPH]R]RLNNDONHUYH
PHUPHUOHULOHQHRMHQWRUWXONWOHOHUGHQ
PH\GDQDJHOPLü0HQGHUHVPDVW×Q×Q
ELUSDUoDV×G×U<DU×PDGDNXPOXNLOOL
\DW×NYH\NVHNN×\×üHNLOOHULQLLoHUHQ
SODMODU×\ODLOJLoHNLFLN×\×|]HOOLNOHULQH
VDKLSWLU0LOOLSDUNWDWHSHOHUHNDGDU
o×NPD\×GüQ\RUVDQ×]EXQX\|UH\L
ELOHQELUUHKEHUHüOLùLQGHGHQHPHOLVLQL]
\DGD.XüDGDV×ҋQGDQMHHSOHUOHG]HQOH
QHQ´VDIDULWXUODU×QDµNDW×OPDO×V×Q×]0LOOL
SDUNG×ü×QGDKHU\HUGHPHYVLPOHUHJ|UH
DYF×O×N\DS×ODELOPHNWHGLU
<|UHVHOg]HOOLNOHU
$\G×QGHQLOLQFHDNOD´=H\EHNµJHOLU
=H\EHNOHULQEDüNDQODU×QDLVH´(IHµGHQLU
=H\EHNOLùLQN|NHQL\\VRQXLOH
\\RUWDODU×QDWDULKOHQLU2oDùODUGD
ER]XOPD\D\]WXWDQPHUNH]LLGDUHQLQ
WXWXPODU×QDNDUü×JHOHUHNGDùDo×NDQ
LV\DQF×ODU×QJLWWLNoH\|UHVHOQLWHOLNOHUH
EUQHUHNKDNV×]O×ùDNDUü×o×NDQWRSOXP
VDOGLUHQLü|UJWKDOLQHJHOGLùLJ|UOU
.XUWXOXü6DYDü×ҋQDJ|QOONDW×ODQHIHOHU
SHNoRN\DUDUVDùODP×üW×U<|UHGHNLQO
HIHOHUGHQED]×ODU×<|UN$OL(IH*|NoHQ
(IH&DIHU(IH.×QDO×'RNX](IH0HV
WDQ(IHҋGLU
(O6DQDWODU×YH+HGL\HOLN(ü\D
<|UHQLQHOGRNXPDV×KDO×NLOLPYHKH\
EHOHU|]HOOLNOH7UNPHQ<|UNNLOLPOHUL
YHKH\EHOHULNHQGLVLQH|]JQDN×üYH
UHQNOHUL\OHQOGU6XPDNWHNQLùL\OH
GRNXQDQ<|UNoXYDOODU×GD\|UH\H|]J
|]HOOLNOHUWDü×U$\G×QҋGDVUGUOPHNWH
RODQJHOHQHNVHOELUGRNXPD|UQHùLGH
KHUWUOLNOLPNRüXOODU×QDHOYHULüOLRODQ
N×OoDG×U|UWV\DS×P×G×U$\G×Q\|UH
VLQLQEDü|UWVWDNNHIHVEUPFN
J|POHNoXKDGDQLüOHPHOLFHSNHQüDOYDU
oHWHN|UPHNXüDNJLELJHOHQHNVHOJL
\VLOHULUHQNOLYHJ|]DO×F×G×U(OGRNXPDV×
JL\VLOHULQYD]JHoLOPH]SDUoDODU×RODQ
QDN×üODUR\DODUVLPLüOHPHOHUGHùLüLN
|]HOOLNOHUWDü×U(IHJL\LPL\|UHQLQVLPJH
VLGLU
$\G×QҋGD\D\J×QELUHOVDQDW×GDDùDo
LüoLOLùLGLU$ù×]O×NWDQEHüLùHELEORGDQ
oRFXNR\XQFDù×QDNDGDUoRNoHüLWOLDùDo
LüOHUL\DS×O×U7UNPHQYH<|UNOHULQ
EHüLNOHUL\DS×O×ü|]HOOLNOHULYHJ]HOPR
WLÁHUL\OHGLNNDWoHNHU
.DUDFDVXLOoHVLQGHWRSUDNWDQLPDOHGLOHQ
WHVWLoDQDNYHWXULVWLNHü\DODUGDNR\X
N×UP×]×UHQNOHULYHNHQGLOHULQH|]JEH
]HPHOHUL\OHWLSLNWLU
<|UH0XWIDù×
$\G×QPXWIDù×7UNL\HҋQLQoRN]HQJLQ
oHüLGLEROYHOH]]HWOLPXWIDNODU×
DUDV×QGDG×U<|UHQLQ]H\WLQ\DùO×\HPH
NOHULLQFLU]PYHEXQODUGDQ\DS×ODQ
üDUDSODUQDUHQFL\HUQOHULWXUXQo
UHoHOLYHoLSXUDNHIDOPHUFDQYHEDU
EXQ\DJLEL]HQJLQEDO×NoHüLWOHULQLQ
WDG×OPDV×WDYVL\HHGLOLU<|UHQLQNHQGLQH
|]J\HPHNOHULQGHQED]×ODU×oRUEDODU
GDQWDUKDQDoRUEDV×NXODNoRUEDV×
\HPHNOHUGHQDF×O×JYHoSDWO×FDQELEHU
N×]DUWPD]H\WLQ\DùO×N×UO×N×]DUWPD
]H\WLQ\DùO×WD]HYHNXUXE|UOFH
SDWO×FDQNDYXUPDVDUPDü×NYHNHGLU
JHQNDYXUPD\DSUDNVDUPDHWOLQRKXW
\DKQLVLQRKXWOXNHUHYL]
HWOLHQJLQDUDUDSVDo×
FLùHUVRWHLPDPED\×OG×
NHüNHNWDQG×UNHEDS
\XYDUODPDV×NPD
SDüDE|UHùLFLODYD\UDQ
E|UHùLVDODWDODUGDQ
SDWO×FDQELEHUWHUHWRUX
WXUüXVXE|UOFHWHUH
WRUXWXUSRWXVDODWDV×
VHPL]RWXVDODWDV×oLQ
JHQHSLODY×WDWO×ODUGDQ
LVHLUPLNKHOYDV×]HUGH
PXKDOOHELVWODoDüXUH
ORNPDSHOYL]HWDWO×V×
VD\×ODELOLUúNOLPYHFRùUDI\D
NRüXOODU×Q×QX\JXQOXùXLOH
ELU$NGHQL]PH\YHVLRODQ
LQFLULQHQOH]]HWOLOHUL$\G×Q
\|UHVLQGH\HWLüWLULOLU(Q\D\J×QWUOHUL
´VDU×ORSµ´EDUGDF×Nµ´J|NORSµ´PRUJOµ
´NDUD\DSUDNµW×U
*HQHOOLNOHWXUL]PPHYVLPLG×ü×QGD
\DS×ODQIHVWLYDOYH|]HOOLNOHGHYHERùD
JUHüOHUL\HUOLYH\DEDQF×]L\DUHWoLOHULQ
LOJLVLQLoHNPHNWHGLU
úNOLP
,O×PDQ$NGHQL]LNOLPLQLQHWNLVLDOW×QGD
RODQ$\G×QҋGDN×üODU\Dù×üO×YH×O×N\D]ODU
LVHV×FDNYHNXUDNJHoHU.DU\Dù×ü×
HQGHUJ|UOU$\G×Q|]HOOLNOHEDW×GDQ
JHOHQKDYDDN×PODU×QDDo×NW×U5]JkU
\|QGDKDoRNGRùXJQH\GRùXVXGXU
%XQXJQH\EDW×ORGRVYHEDW×
U]JkUODU×L]OHU
.XüDGDV×úOoHVLQLQ$\ODUD*|UH<×OO×N
2UWDODPD6×FDNO×ù×
2FDN
2FDN
2F
DN
ûXEDW
ûXED
ûX
EDWW
0DUW
0DUW
0D
UW 1LVDQ
1LVD
1L
VDQ
Q 0D\×V
0D\×
0D
\×VV +D]LUDQ
+D]L
+D
]LUD
UDQ
Q
7HPPX] $ùXVWRV
7HPPX]
$ùXVWRV (\OO
(\OO (NLP
(NLP .DV×P
.DV×P $UDO×N
<×OO×N2UWDODPD
<×OO×N
2UWDODPD $\G×QúOLQLQ$\ODUD*|UH<×OO×N
2UWDODPD6×FDNO×ù×
2FDN
2FDN
2F
DN
ûXEDW
ûXED
ûX
EDWW
0DUW
0DUW
0D
UW 1LVDQ
1LVD
1L
VDQ
Q 0D\×V
0D\×
0D
\×VV +D]LUDQ
+D]L
+D
]LUD
UDQ
Q
7HPPX]
$ùXVWRV (\OO
(\OO (NLP
(NLP .DV×P
.DV×P $UDO×N
7HPPX] $ùXVWRV
<×OO×N
2UWDODPD <×OO×N2UWDODPD
.XüDGDV×/LPDQ×
8ODü×P
.DUD\ROX$\G×QLOL(²'HQL]OLú]PLU
NDUD\ROX]HULQGHGLUú]PLUҋHRWR\RO
EDùODQW×V×LOHNPX]DNO×NWDRODQ
$\G×QLOPHUNH]LúVWDQEXOҋDNP
$QNDUDҋ\DNPX]DNO×NWDG×U.XüDGDV×
LOoHVLQLoHYUHGHNLLOYHLOoHOHUHEDùOD\DQ
oDQD\ROYDUG×U%X\ROODU.XüDGDV×
6HOoXN.XüDGDV×6|NH.XüDGDV×6|NH
D\U×P×'DYXWODU\ROODU×G×U
'HPLU\ROX'HQL]OL$\G×Qú]PLU
KDWW×Q×Q\DQ×V×UD7UNL\HҋQLQLON
GHPLU\ROXKDWW×RODQ6|NHX]DQW×V×
LOLoLQGHQJHoPHNWHGLU$\G×QLOLQL
EDW×GRùXGRùUXOWXVXQGDNDWHGHQ
GHPLU\ROX]HULQGH6|NH2UWDNODU
*HUPHQFLNúQFLUOLRYD$\G×Q0HUNH]
.|üN6XOWDQKLVDU1D]LOOL.X\XFDNYH
%XKDUNHQWLOoHOHULEXOXQPDNWDG×U
'HQL]\ROX'HQL]\ROXLOLoLQGH
.XüDGDV×OLPDQ×LOH'LGLP<DW
/LPDQ×ҋQGDQVDùODQPDNWDG×U.XüDGDV×
OLPDQ×7UNL\HҋGHGHQL]\ROXLOHHQ
ID]ODJLULüo×N×ü\DS×ODQOLPDQODUGDQ
ELULGLU$\U×FD\D]VH]RQXQGD
'LGLPҋGHQ%RGUXPҋDJQONVHIHUOHU
G]HQOHQPHNWHGLU7XU\DWODU×\ODNR\ODUD
FLYDUDGDODU×]L\DUHWHWPHNPPNQGU
(JHDGDODU×QGDWXULVWLNULQJ\DSDUDN(IHV
WXUXLoLQJQELUOLN\DEDQF×WXULVWJHWLUHQ
\ROFXJHPLOHUL\DWODUYHPRWRUODU×Q\DQ×
V×UDIHULERWODUODGD.XüDGDV×6LVDP
VHIHUOHULGHYDPO×\DS×OPDNWDG×U
<DSPDGDQG|QPH\LQ
‡ $SKURGLVLDVDQWLNNHQWLLOH'LG\PD
$SROORQWDS×QDù×Q×]L\DUHWHWPHGHQ
‡ .XüDGDV×$OW×Q*YHUFLQ\DU×üPDV×Q×
VH\UHWPHGHQ
‡ (JH\|UHVLQLQ|]JQ]H\WLQ\DùO×
\HPHNOHULQGHQQHÀVLQFLUOHULQGHQ
]POHULQGHQYHQDUHQFL\HUQOHULQGHQ
WDWPDGDQ
‡ 7XUXQoUHoHOLYHLQFLUDOPDGDQ
‡ %DüWDoLSXUDNHIDOPHUFDQYH
EDUEXQ\DROPDN]HUHQHÀVEDO×N
WUOHULQLGHQHPHGHQ
‡ +DO×NLOLPGHULJL\VLOHUPFHYKHUDW
YEKDW×UDHü\DODU×VDWDQ]DULIEXWLNOHUH
XùUDPDGDQ
‡ 'LGLPYH.XüDGDV×ҋQGDGHQL]H
JLUPHGHQ
‡ .DUKHOYDV×\HPHGHQ
‡ dHYLUPHYH.X\X7DQG×U.HEDE× \HPHGHQ
$<',1ҋ$<$.,1
'(67ú1$6<21/$5
%2'580
%RGUXPҋXQ $QWLN '|QHPҋGHNL LVPL
+DOLNDUQDVVRVҋWXU hQO WDULKoL +HURGRW
EXUDGDGRùPXüWXU+DOLNDUQRVVRVHQSDUODN
G|QHPLQL 0g ,9 \]\×OGD \DüDP×üW×U
%XUD\× .DU\D EDüNHQWL \DSDQ 0DXVRORVҋXQ
\×O VUHQ \|QHWLPLQGH GQ\DQ×Q \HGL
KDULNDV×QGDQ ELUL VD\×ODQ YH JQP]H
DQFDN WHPHOOHUL XODüDELOHQ PXKWHüHP
0DXVROHLRQ DQ×W×Q×Q \DS×P×QD EDüODQP×üW×
2QXQ|OPQGHQVRQUDKHPNDU×V×KHPGH
N×]NDUGHüL RODQ ,, $UWHPLVLD DQ×W PH]DU×Q
\DS×P×Q×VUGUG2GDWDPDPOD\DPDGDQ
|OQFH VDQDWo×ODU NHQGL RODQDNODU×\OD DQ×W×
WDPDPODG×ODU+H\NHOOHUYHED]×NDEDUWPDODU
EXJQ%ULWLVK0XVHXPҋGDG×U
%RGUXP \]\×OGD 0HQWHüH %H\OLùL
\]\×OGD GD 2VPDQO× úPSDUDWRUOXùX
HJHPHQOLùLQH JLUPLüWLU %RGUXP .DOHVL LVH
\×O×QGD .DQXQL 6XOWDQ 6OH\PDQ
]DPDQ×QGD 2VPDQO× úPSDUDWRUOXùX
WRSUDNODU×QDNDW×OP×üW×U
.HQWLQ VLPJHVL VD\×ODQ .DOH 6DLQW
-HDQ ûRYDO\HOHUL WDUDI×QGDQ \DS×OP×üW×U
ҋGH \DS×P×QD EDüODQDQ NDOH\H
]DPDQOD HNOHPHOHU \DS×OP×üW×U %LU
GHSUHPOH\×N×ODQ0DXVROOHLRQҋXQNDO×QW×ODU×
NDOHGH \DS× WDü× RODUDN NXOODQ×OP×üODUG×
.DOHQLQ NXOHOHUL \DS×O×üODU×QD J|UH
)UDQV×]úWDO\DQ$OPDQúVSDQ\ROYHúQJLOL]
.XOHVL RODUDN DGODQG×U×O×UODU .DOH EXJQ
P]H RODUDN G]HQOHQPLüWLU hONHPL]LQ
LONYHWHNVXDOW×P]HVLEXUDGDG×U.DOHGH
*HQodDù%DW×ù×&DP%DW×ù×7XQodDù×
%DW×NODU× YH .DU\D 3UHQVHVL$GD 6DORQX
J|UOHELOHFHNEDüO×FDE|OPOHUGLU
%RGUXP WDULKL NDO×QW×ODU×Q×Q \DQ×QGD
ELUELULQGHQ J]HO NR\ODU× DKüDS \HONHQOL
WHNQHOHULYHVDEDKODUDGHNVUHQHùOHQFH
\DüDP×\OD GD QOGU .XPEDKoH
*PEHW %LWH] 2UWDNHQW <DKüL .DUJ×
%DùOD .DUDLQFLU $N\DUODU 7XUJXWUHLV
*QGRùDQ YH 7UNEN GHQL]H
JLULOHELOHFHN EDüO×FD SODMODU×G×U 0DYL
<ROFXOXN WHNQHOHUL %RGUXP o×N×üO× RODUDN
$QWDO\D\|QQGHJQGHQJQHYDUDQ
WXUODUG]HQOHUOHU0HUNH]GH&XPKXUL\HW
&DGGHVLҋQGHNL YH *PEHWҋWHNL EDU YH
GLVNRODUGD VDEDKODUD YDU×QFD\D NDGDU
HùOHQLOLU
3$08..$/(+,(5$32/,6
+LHUDSROLV$QWLN.HQWL
+LHUDSROLV NHQWLQLQ 3HUJDPRQ .UDO×
(XPHQHV WDUDI×QGDQ úg ,, \]\×OGD
NXUXOPXü ROGXùX YH %HUJDPDҋQ×Q
HIVDQHYL NXUXFXVX 7HOHSKRVҋXQ NDU×V×
+LHUDҋGDQ GROD\× +LHUDSROLV DG×Q× DOG×ù×
ELOLQPHNWHGLUúg\×OODU×QGD+LHUDSROLV
%HUJDPD .UDO× ,,, $WWDORVҋXQ PLUDV× LOH
5RPDúPSDUDWRUOXùXҋQDE×UDN×OP×üYHELU
$V\DNHQWLROPXüWXU
+LHUDSROLV WHUPDO \HUOHüPHVLQLQ
DUNHRORML OLWHUDWUQGH +RO\ &LW\ .XWVDO
.HQWRODUDNDGODQG×U×OPDV×NHQWWHELOLQHQ
WDS×QDN \DS× YH V×FDN VX ND\QDNODU×Q×Q
YDUO×ù×QGDQND\QDNODQPDNWDG×U
5RPD G|QHPLQGH NHQW NDSO×FDODU×
VD\HVLQGH |QHPOL ELU W×EEL PHUNH]
KDOLQH JHOPLü YH üLID EXOPDN QL\HWL\OH
$QDGROXҋQXQ ELUoRN \HULQGHQ JHOHQ
KDVWDODU EXUDGD \DüDPODU×Q×Q VRQXQD
NDGDUNDOP×üODUG×U
.HQWLQ +×ULVWL\DQODU LoLQ ELU KDF
PHUNH]L ROPDV× ú6 \×OODU×QGD +]
úVDҋQ×Q KDYDULOHULQGHQ RODQ 6W 3KLOLSҋLQ
EXUDGD|OGUOPHVLQHGHQL\OHGLU.HQWú6
\]\×OGD%L]DQVO×ODU×QHOLQHJHoLQFH6W
3KLOLSDG×QD0DUWULXPRODUDNDGODQG×U×ODQ
VHNL]JHQ ELU NLOLVH LQüD HGLOPLüWLU %X
QHGHQOH RQXUX DUWDQ NHQW 0HWURSROLV
+LHUDSROLV$QWLN.HQWL/DWULQD3$08..$/(
+LHUDSROLV$QWLN.HQWL'RPLWLDQ.DS×V×3$08..$/(
XQYDQ×Q×DOP×üW×U
+LHUDSROLVҋWH J|UOHELOHFHN EDüO×FD
HVHUOHU )URQWLQXV &DGGHVL .X]H\
%L]DQV .DS×V× *QH\ %L]DQV .DS×V×
*\PQDVLXP 7ULWRQOX dHüPH %LQDV×
úRQ 6WXQ %DüO×NO× (Y $SROORQ .XWVDO
$ODQ× 6X .DQDOODU× YH 1\PSKHXPODU
3OXWRQLXP 7L\DWUR $]L] 3KLOLSSXV
0DUW\ULRQX 1HNURSRO $ODQ× +DPDP
%D]DOLND .DWHGUDO %\N +DPDP
.RPSOHNVL5RPD +DPDP× YH 'RPLWLDQ
.DS×V×)URQWLQXV.DS×V×ҋG×U
3DPXNNDOH7UDYHUWHQOHUL
7UDYHUWHQoRN\|QOoHüLWOLQHGHQOHUH
YH RUWDPODUD EDùO× NLP\DVDO UHDNVL\RQ
VRQXFXo|NHOPHLOHROXüDQELUND\DG×U
7HUPDO VX ND\QDNWDQ o×NW×NWDQ VRQUD
PX]XQOXùXQGDELUNDQDOLOHWUDYHUWHQ
EDü×QD JHOPHNWH YH EXUDGDQ POLN N×VPL o|NHOPHQLQ ROGXùX WUDYHUWHQ
NDWODU×QD G|NOPHNWH YH RUWDODPD P\RONDWHWPHNWHGLU
.D\QDNWDQo×NDQ&V×FDNO×ù×QGD
LoLQGH \NVHN PLNWDUGD .DOVL\XP
+LGURNDUERQDW EXOXQDQ VX\XQ KDYDGDNL
RNVLMHQ LOH RODQ WHPDV× V×UDV×QGD
.DUERQGLRNVLW YH .DUERQ PRQRNVLW
XoDUDNNDOVL\XPNDUERQDWo|NHOPHNWHYH
WUDYHUWHQ ROXüXPXQD VHEHS ROPDNWDG×U
d|NHOWL LON HWDSWD MHO KDOLQGHGLU =DPDQ
LoLQGH VHUWOHüPHNWH YH WUDYHUWHQ
ROPDNWDG×U %H\D]O×ù×Q ROXüXPXQGD
KDYDüDUWODU××V×ND\E×DN×ü×Q\D\×O×P×YH
VUHVL HWNLOLGLU d|NHOPH WHUPDO VXGDNL
NDUERQGLRNVLWLQ KDYDGDNL NDUERQGLRNVLW
GHQJH\H JHOLQFH\H NDGDU GHYDP
HWPHNWHGLU
'RùDQ×Q GüVHO PXFL]HVL WHUPDO
ND\QDNODU×Q VXQGXùX üLID\OD ELQOHUFH
\×O LQVDQO×ù× NXFDNODP×ü NULVWDOOHüPLü
SDPXNWDUODODU×Q×DQG×UDQWUDYHUWHQOHULLOH
7UNL\HҋQLQ IDYRUL GHVWLQDV\RQX 'HQL]OL
WXUL]PLQGHNL EDü DNW|U RODQ 3DPXNNDOH
gUHQ\HULKHPNOWUHOKHPGRùDOPLUDV
RODUDN 81(6&2 'Q\D 0LUDV /LVWHVLҋQH
DO×QP×üW×U
+LHUDSROLV$QWLN7L\DWUR3$08..$/(
0ú/$6
0LODV WDULKWH .DULD 8\JDUO×ù×ҋQD YH
0HQWHüH%H\OLùLҋQHEDüNHQWOLN\DSP×üW×U
0LODV NHQW PHUNH]L DQWLN NDO×QW×ODU×
WDULKL0LODVHYOHULG]JQNHQW\HUOHüLPL
LOH J]HO ELU LOoH <DN×Q oHYUHVL GH WDULKL
]HQJLQOLNOHUOHoHYULOL7DULKWHLULOLXIDNO×
NHQWNXUXOPXü
0LODVҋ×Q \]\×O HYOHUL \DQ×QGD
KDO×ODU×GDGQ\DFDQO
.HQWLQHVNLVXUODU×QGDQEXJQHXODüDQ
WHNNDO×QW×\|UHGH%DOWDO×.DS×RODUDNEL
OLQHQNDS×NHPHULGLU.DS×0g\]\×OD
WDULKOHQL\RU.HPHULQLQNLOLWWDüׁ]HULQGHNL
oLIW \]O EDOWD PRWLÀQGHQ GROD\× \|UHGH
´%DOWDO×.DS×µRODUDNDQ×O×\RU
<HGLOHU0DQDVW×U×0ú/$6
$KPHW*D]L0HGUHVHVL0LODV
*PüNHVHQ $Q×W× 06 \]\×OGD
\DS×OP×üYHL\LNRUXQPXüPH]DUDQ×W×G×U
%RGUXPҋGDNL 0DXVROHLRQҋXQ GDKD NoN
ELU |UQHùLGLU 6RGUD 'Dù× HWHùLQGH
*PüON VHPWLQGHNL PH]DU DQ×W× \N
VHN ELU NDLGH YH EDVDPDNO× ELU oDW×GDQ
ROXüPDNWDG×U
6X.HPHUOHUL0ú/$6
0LODVҋ×Q GRùXVXQGDNL RYDGD X]DQDQ
LNLNDWO×VXNHPHUOHULHUNHQ%L]DQVG|QH
PLQHDLW.HPHUOHULQLQüDDW×QGDDQWLNG|
QHPPLPDULSDUoDODUGDNXOODQ×OP×ü
.HQW PHUNH]LQGHNL J|UOHELOHFHN
EDüO×FD GLùHU \DS×ODU LVH 0HQWHüRùXOODU×
G|QHPLQGHQNDODQ)LUX]%H\&DPLL8OX
&DPLL2VPDQO×G|QHPLQGHQNDODQ%HOHQ
&DPLL$ùD&DPLLYHd|OORùOX+DQ×ҋG×U
%HoLQ.DOHVL0LODV
=HXV7DS×QDù×(XURPRV0LODV
0LODV
oHYUHVLQGH
J|UOHELOHFHN
EDüO×FD \HUOHU %HoLQ /DEUDQGD (XUR
PRV *OON ,DVRV .×\×N×üODF×N %DU
J\OLD%RùD]LoL+HUDNOHLD.DS×N×U×/DW
PRV.HUDPRVgUHQdRPDNGDù8\NX
9DGLVLYHd|NHUWPHҋGLU
úOoHYHoHYUHVLQGHNL|UHQ\HUOHULQGHNL
ND]×ODUGDHOHJHoHQEXOXQWXODU×QELUE|O
P0LODV0]HVLҋQGHVHUJLOHQL\RU
6(/d8.
6HOoXN LOoHVL ú]PLUҋLQ NP
JQH\LQGH ú]PLU$\G×Q NDUD\ROX ]HULQ
GHGLU(VNL'Q\DҋQ×Q<HGL+DULNDV×ҋQGDQ
ELUL RODQ $UWHPLV 7DS×QDù× |]HOOLNOH
+×ULVWL\DQODU LoLQ NXWVDO RODQ 0HU\HP
$QD (YL 7UNL\HҋQLQ HQ J|UNHPOL DQWLN
NHQWL (IHV +] úVDҋQ×Q KDYDULVL $]L]
-RKQҋ×Q PH]DU YH NLOLVHVL <HGL 8\XUODU
0DùDUDV×ҋ\OD 7UN6HOoXNOX YH 2VPDQO×
PLPDULVLQLQ HQ J]HO |UQHNOHULQGHQ ELUL
RODQ úVD %H\ &DPLL 6HOoXN .DOHVL VX
NHPHUOHUL YH ûLULQFH .|\ҋQGHNL VLYLO
PLPDUL |UQHNOHULQL EDU×QG×UDQ 6HOoXN
WDULK KD]LQHVL ELU LOoHGLU $\U×FD 6HOoXN
$UNHRORML 0]HVLҋQGH 0LNHQ $UNDLN
.ODVLN +HOHQLVWLN 5RPD %L]DQV
6HOoXNOX YH 2VPDQO× '|QHPOHULQH DLW
ELQOHUFHHVHUEXOXQPDNWDG×U
()(6
7DULKER\XQFDX\JDUO×NELOLPYHNOWU
DODQODU×QGD|QHPOLUROR\QD\DQ(IHVҋWHNL
HQHVNL\HUOHüLP\HULQLQJHoPLüL0g
\×OODU×QD GHN X]DQ×U ûHKLU ELUNDo NH]
\HQLGHQNXUXOPXüWXU$UWHPLVNOWQQHQ
E\N WDS×QDù× (IHVҋWHGLU (IHV $UWHPLV
7DS×QDù× .ODVLN '|QHPҋGH 'Q\DQ×Q
<HGL +DULNDV×ҋQGDQ ELU WDQHVL\GL (IHV
$V\D (\DOHWLҋQLQ EDüNHQWL RODUDN &HOVLXV.WSKDQHVL6HOoXN(IHV
6W-RKQ%D]LOLNDV×
\×OODU×QGD ELQ NLüLOLN QIXVX\OD
$QDGROXҋQXQ HQ NDODEDO×N NHQWL\GL (IHV
DQWLNNHQWLQGHJQP]GHJ|UOHELOHFHN
EDüO×FD HVHUOHU$UWHPLV 7DS×QDù× %\N
7L\DWUR/LPDQ&DGGHVL0HUPHU&DGGH
&HOVXV .WSKDQHVL 7LFDUL $JRUD
+DGULDQ 7DS×QDù× 7UDMDQ dHüPHVL YH
<DPDo(YOHUҋGLU
0HU\HPDQD
0(5<(0$1$(9ú
%OEO GDù×QGD EXOXQPDNWDG×U +]
úVD oDUP×KWD VRQ QHIHVLQL YHUPHGHQ
|QFH DQQHVLQL KDYDULVL RODQ $]L]
-RKQҋD HPDQHW HWPLüWLU %XQXQ ]HULQH
$]L] -RKQҋXQ 0HU\HP $QDҋ\× .XGVҋWH
NDOPDV×Q×VDN×QFDO×EXOGXùXQGDQ\DQ×QD
DODUDN (IHVҋH JHOGLùLQH %OEO 'Dù×
HWHNOHULQGHV×NDùDoODUODNDSO×ELUN|üHGH
\DSW×ù× NXOEHGH JL]OHGLùLQH YH 0HU\HP
$QDҋQ×QEXUDGD|OGùQHLQDQ×OPDNWDG×U
0HU\HP$QD(YL9DWLNDQWDUDI×QGDQKDo
\HULRODUDNNDEXOHGLOPLüROXSoRNVD\×GD
NLüLWDUDI×QGDQ]L\DUHWHGLOPHNWHGLU
gQHPOL7HOHIRQODU
úO.OWUYH7XUL]P0GUOù
²
'HYOHW*]HO6DQDWODU*DOHULVL
²'DKLOL
.XüDGDV×7XUL]P'DQ×üPD
²
'LGLP7XUL]P'DQ×VPD
²
9DOLOLN
²
%HOHGL\H
+DVWDQH
²
3ROLV
²
-DQGDUPD
²
2WRJDU
²
úVWDV\RQ
²
/LPDQ
²
7&
$<',19$/ú/úøú
ú/.h/7h59(785ú=00h'h5/høh
ZZZD\GLQNXOWXUWXUL]PJRYWU
ELOJL#D\GLQNXOWXUWXUL]PJRYWU
%LOJL%HOJH
$\G×QúO.OWU9H7XUL]P0GUOù
ú]PLUúO.OWUYH7XUL]P0GUOù
'HQL]OLúO.OWUYH7XUL]P0GUOù
0XùODúO.OWUYH7XUL]P0GUOù
0HWLQ
1HVULQ7DüHU
']HQOHPH
$GHPhoJO
(UFDQ%H\GDW
*UDÀN7DVDU×P
.ULVWDO5HNODP
7HO
LQIR#NULOWDOUHNODPQHW
)RWRùUDÁDU
$\G×QúO.OWUYH7XUL]P0GUOù$UüLYL
ú]PLUúO.OWUYH7XUL]P0GUOù$UüLYL
'HQL]OLúO.OWUYH7XUL]P0GUOù$UüLYL
0XùODúO.OWUYH7XUL]P0GUOù$UüLYL
.XüDGDV×7LFDUHW2GDV×$UüLYL
'LGLP7LFDUHW2GDV×$UüLYL
$GHPhoJO
(UFDQ%H\GDW
$]HU*UNDQ$NFHYL]
$OL0XUDW&RUXN
$N×Q<DNDQ
$N×Q6DNDOO×
9RONDQ7XQFD\
.HQDQúQDQo
%DVN×
.ULVWDO5HNODP%DVN×+L]PHWOHUL/WGûWL
LQIR#NULVWDOUHNODPQHW
úVWDQEXO‡hFUHWVL]GLU

Benzer belgeler

AYDIN ingilizce kapak.indd

AYDIN ingilizce kapak.indd 0HQGHUHV5LYHU7KHDQFLHQWFLW\JDLQHG LPSRUWDQFHGXHWRLWVORFDWLRQRQWKH WUDGHURXWHVEHWZHHQWKH$HJHDQ6HD DQG0HVRSRWDPLD,WZDVJUDQWHGWKH ULJKWWRPLQWFRLQV7KHFLW\UXLQVLQFOXGH...

Detaylı

HAYAT HOLDİNG`ten - Kastamonu Entegre

HAYAT HOLDİNG`ten - Kastamonu Entegre *HE]H0DUPDUD%|OJHVLҋQLQ GRùXVXQGDú]PLW.|UIH]LҋQLQNX]H\ NHVLPLQGH\HUDODQ]HQJLQELUWDULKL JHoPLüHVDKLSHNRQRPLVLWDU×P KD\YDQF×O×NYHVDQD\L\HGD\DO× 7UNL\HҋQLQK×]ODJHOLüHQYH...

Detaylı

Buradan daha net bir şekilde okuyabilirsiniz.

Buradan daha net bir şekilde okuyabilirsiniz. 6Dù×P×]GD.URQXQVDù×QGDGDGHPLU\ROXoP] ELUOLNWHJLGL\RUX]$[DOGDEDN|\QJHoL\RUX]%XN|\ LVPL $UWYLQ YH $FDUD·GD GD YDU %LU DQGD ERùD]GDQ NXUWXOGXNYHJHQLüELURYD\DDo×O...

Detaylı