and et al., 2001 - ITU ESONET MARMARA DM Main Page

History of Marine GeologicalG
Geophysical
h i l Research
R
h and
d the
th Need
N d
for Seafloor Observatories in the Sea
of Marmara
M. Namık Çağatay
EMCOL, Faculty of Mining, İstanbul
İ
Technical University
Outline
•
•
•
•
•
The Sea of Marmara: Geotectonic and Oceanographic settings
Early studies
P 1999 E
Pre-1999
Earthquake
th
k studies
t di
Post-1999 Earthquakestudies
Need for Seafloor observatories in the Sea of Marmara
Seismo-tectonic setting: High earthquake risk
Water Circulation in the Sea of Marmara
Surface water
Salinity: 22 ‰
Velocity: 20-50 cm/s
Renewal time: 4-5 months
Halocline at 25m depth
100-500m
50-100m
D
Deep
water
t
Salinity: 36 ‰
Velocity: few cm/s
Renewal time: 6-7 year
O2 content: 1-4 mg/L
Beşiktepe at al. (1994)
Distribution of population and Industy in the
Marmara Region:Anthropogenic inputs
30 % of Turkey’s population
more than 50% Turkey’s
industry located in this region
Inputs from
Black Sea
Natural sediment inputs mainly
from the southern drainage basin
Mater and Gürpınar (1992)
Early marine studies of historical
importance
• Count Luigi Fernando Marsili (1679-1681):
Hydrographic
H
d
hi experiment
i
t iin th
the B
Bosphorus
h
St
Strait
it
to test the two-way flow system.
• Andrusov ((1900)) Bathymetric
y
mapping
pp g and
discovery of the Neouxine fauna of Black Sea
and Caspian
p
Sea affinities in sediment cores
belonging to the lacustrine episode of the SoM,
Ottoman vessel called Selanik in 1894.
Nikolai Ivanovich Andrusov (1861
(1861-1924)
1924)
Bathymetric map of the Sea of Marmara prepared by Naval Captain Spindler during the Selânik
Expedition
Nuriye Pınar’s 1943 map of the ‘Marmara Fault’ drawing on the basis of the Russian 1894 bathymetry. She was not aware that she was using half a century old Russian data.
Sengör 1979
Sengör et al 1985
Modern studies pre - 1999 İzmit and
Dü
Düzce
earthquakes
th
k
 Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO): MC Seismic
surveys
A fault map published in a newspaper in November
1999 just after 1999 Düzce earthquake
 Studies by METU-IMS paleoceanography, marine
sediments (Mustafa Ergin and his students)
 Single channel Seismic suvey by RV Piri Reis cruise
in 1989 (Ergün and Özel, 1995; Wong et al., 1995)
Fault maps: showing the N&S boundary faults as
normal
o a faults
au ts a
and
d NE-trending
t e d g faults
au ts st
strike-slip
e s p faults
au ts
Cruises before the 1999 İzmit and Düzce
earthquakes
RV MTA Sismik-1
RV Çubuklu
RV Piri Reis
RV Arar
pre - 1999 İzmit and Düzce earthquakes (continued)
 Studies by Turkish National Marine Programme of
TUBITAK involving Turkish universities, MTA and TPAO:
Th programme used
The
d RV MTA Sismik-1
Si ik 1
a) tectonics, basin evolution ( Okay et al., 2000; İmren
et al
al., 2001; Gökaşan et al
al., 2001)
2001), and
b) paleooceanographic and paleoenvironmental
reconstructions ((e.g.,
g Ergin
g et al., 1997; Çağatay
Ç ğ y et
al., 2000).
Other groups:
 Mainly
M i l paleoceanographic
l
hi studies
t di by
b Memorial
M
i l
University Newfoundland, Canada – DEU-MST Institute
 Deep Marmara Sea Project” that involved MTA Sismik1 and R/V Meteor Cruise (Leg M 44/1): mapping of the
NAF in the western Sea of Marmara and sampling of
fluids (Halbach et al., 2002).
Multi- Channel Seismic Survey of
MTA Sismik-1
Sismik 1 (1997)
Okay et al. (2000) Tectonophysics, 321:189-218.
Transtensionala faults at transform *plate bounday
Okay et al. (2000)
PALAEOCEANOGRAPHIC STUDIES
Core stratigraphy
20 ka records
Çağatay et al. (2000) Mar. Geol. 167:191-206.
Sapropel (10.6-6.4
(10 6 6 4 kyr)
Lacustrine / Marine transition
12 14C ka BP
Lacustrine sediments
Post-1999 Earthquakes studies
 “Marine atlas of the Sea of Marmara”, Ifremer, Genavir:
RV Le suroit cruise (2000)
 “Earthquake
Earthquake Geology in the Marmara Sea”:
Sea : RVs Odin
Finder and Urania cruises in 2000, 2001)
 “Marmacore” & projects: RV Marion Dufresne cruises in
2001 and 2004
2004.
 “Seismarmara”: RVs Le Nadir and Seismic-1 cruises
(project)
(p
j ) in 2001
 “Marmarascarps”: R/V Le Atlante with ROV Victor 6000 in
2002
 Seismic Risk evaluation in the Sea of Marmara R/V Urania
cruise in 2005
 “MarNaut”: RV L’Atalante cruise with manned
submersible
b
ibl Nautile
N til in
i 2007
 “TAMAM”: RV Piri Reis cruise in 2008
Post-1999 Earthquakes studies
“M i atlas
“Marine
tl off th
the Sea
S off Marmara”,
M
” RV
Le suroit cruise (2000)
Multi-beam bathymetric mapping and sparker
high resolution (HR) seismic surveys of areas
deeper than -100 m in November 2000 (Le
Pichon et al., 2000, 2001, 2003; Armijo et al.,
2002).
Multibeam barthymetry map (Le Pichon et al., 2001) and fault
Geometry (Armijo et al., 2002) onboard RV Le Suroit (2000)
Through-going “maişn Marmara Fault (Le Pichon et al, 2001, 2002)
CENTRAL BASIN
Deep basins at stepover between Izmit and Ganos faults
Armijo at al. (2001, 2005)
Tectonics and sedimentation in deep Marmara Basins
Sparker seismic surveys (Le Suroit 2000)
Package 1
~40 m
Package
g 2
~ 70
70-80
80 % tu
turbiditeb d te
homogenite and ~ 20-30 %
hemipelagic units
Le Pichon et al. ((2001))
EPSL, 192: 595-616.
RV Marion Dufresne cruises in 2001 and
2004
Recovery of up to 40 m long giant piston cores
useful in:
1) Identifying key stratigraphic horizons that are
important some major seismo-tectonic events
and subsidence rates (Beck
(
et al., 2006))
2) Palaeoceanographic and paleoclimatological
reconstructions (Eriş et al
al., 2007; Çağatay et
al., 2009).
R/V Marion Dufresne 2001
Diyajenez zonu
Paleooceanographic records : Isotope stage 5
“Earthquake Geology in the Marmara Sea”
project:
p
j
RVs Odin Finder and Urania
cruises
• Multibeam bathymetric mapping, HR and MC
•
•
•
seismic surveys and ROV observations in the
İzmit Gulf and northern shelf areas during 2000
and 2001
Tectonics (Vertical and lateral slip rates):Polonia
et al. 2004; Seeber et al., 2004; Cormier et al.,
2006).
2006)
Sedimentary earthquake records (McHugh et al.,
2006; Çağatay et al
al., 2003; Sarı and Çağatay
Çağatay,
2006)
Paleoceanographic reconstructions (Çağatay
(Ç
et
al., 2003; McHugh et al., 2008)
Earthquake risk evaluation in the Sea of Marmara
RV U
Urania
i C
Cruise
i
(2001
(2001, 2005)
RVUrania 2005 cruise
• High resolution siesmics
• Mult-bean bathymetry
• MC Seismic
• Coring
Paleoshorelines and bioherms on Çekmece shelf
Odin Finder and Urania crusies in 2000 and 2001
Bioherms on the northern shelf
Ç ğ t ett all (2009).
Çağatay
(2009) M
Mar. G
Geol.
l
Çekmece Shelf: Stratigraphy
RV Odin Finder cruise 2000
MTA Sismik-1 core
Çağatay et al. (2009) Mar geol.
Prince Islands shelf
Urania cruise (2005)
Structures mapped at the base of the Holocene Unit
-85
85 m shoreline
12 ka BP
Fault causing basement
uplift
Gulf of İzmit
W Basin
W.
Central ((Karamürsel)) Basin
Eastern (Gölcük) Basin
Urania 2001 and 2005 cruises
Courtesy of Hülya Kurt
Gulf of Gemlik: Bathymetry
Urania 2005 cruise
Sedimentary sequence of the Marmara basins are good archives of past
earthquakes. This is important for seismic assessment along the different
segments of the NAF Çağatay et al.,
al 2008).
2008)
(1630±30 yr BP)
(1630±30
840
±60
60 ADyr BP)
840 ±60 AD
(1790±25 BP)
(1790±25
BP)
690 ±45 AD
690 ±45 AD
(2110±100 yr BP)
(2110±100
BP)
350 ±130yrAD
350 ±130 AD
(2740±90
yr BP)
(2180±30
BP)
400275±64
±147 BC
AD
(4280±100
BP)
(2740±90
yryr
BP)
2330
±147BC
BC
400 ±147
(16.05.865 AD
İstanbul, IX)
(16.05.865 AD
İstanbul, IX)
(26.10.740
AD IIst,XIII
XIII )
(26.10.740
AD Ist,XIII )
(24.08.358
İzmit
İzmit,
İst
İst. IX
(24
(24.08.358
08 358
Tsunami)
İzmit,
İst. IX
Tsunami)
M S BC
(427
M.S.
325
N.Marmara)
İstanbul IX
(427 BC
N Marmara)
N.Marmara)
The Seismarmara cruise on board
RV Le Nadir cruise in 2001
also using MTA Sismik-1
4000 km MC seismic data together with
OBS recordings for imaging the deep
crustal structure of the SoM and NAF zone
in the deep
p Marmara basins.
• Hirn
Hi ett al.
l (2002)
g et al. ((2007))
• Carton and Singh
• Laigle et al., 2008).
Seismarmara : Çınarcık Basin
Carton, Singh et al. (2007)
Çınarcık Basin: Sediment fill and fault
geometry
6-7 km thick syntectonic sediment infill in the deep Marmara basns
Carton, Singh et al. (2007)
Central Basin: Seismarmara Line 40
Negative flower structure
Laigle et al. (2008) EPSL, 270;168-179.
Seismic velocities
Seismarmara cruise
2001
SeptemberSeptember
-October 2002
On board L’Atalante
The ROV Victor 6000
(with Seabat 8101 multibeam)
Control room onboard L’Atalante
The Marmarascarps project
• Microbathymetric mapping along the NAF
g y
• ROV video-imagery
• Coring for palaeo-seismological studies (Armijo
et al.,, 2005).
)
• Important observations on the fluid activity and
carbonate chimneys
y and mounds along
g the fault
(Zitter et al., 2008)
Central basin bounded by en‐echelon normal faults
5 km
last event scarp is 1-2 m high
Armijo et al., 2005
500 m
Superposing hi‐res multibeam bathymetry
(Seabat 8101 carried by ROV VICTOR: resolution 50cm precision 10cm)
(Seabat 8101 carried by ROV VICTOR: resolution 50cm, precision
Courtesy Gülsen Uçarkuş
Marmarascarps cruise (2001)
1.5 m high scarp at SE of Tekirdağ Basin
Cold seep, carbonate
b
t chimneys
hi
and black patches
Photo taken at 1240 m depth in Central Basin
Marnaut project
C
Cruise
onboard L’Atalante
’
with Nautile
(12May-12 June 2007)
Survey of fluid emissions from the NAF
Main
i objective:
j i
Study
S
off relations
i
between fluid and seismic activities
1) Mapping of distribution of fluid expulsions, direct
observations sampling of fluids
observations,
2) Sampling of carbonate crusts and mounds
3) Deployment of piezometers osmometersflowmeters and OBSs
QuickTime™ et un
décompresseur MPEG-4 vidéo
sont requis pour visionner cette image.
Marmara Denizi
EK60 sounder
Distribution of Fluids along the submerged NAF
Red, green and white are locations of Nautile dives
Yeşil: Observation locations of MarNaut project for 3-12
3 12 months
Purple: Sites of survey and equipment deployment during MARMESONET 2009
Blue: Planned Kandilli stations
Three important areas
a) Tekirdağ-W. High
b)İstanbul
c) E Çınarcık Basin
3He
T ki d ğ
Tekirdağ
Batı Sırtı
Orta Sırt
Sismik boşluk
Sea of Marmara
Çınarcık
2 m hifgh carbonate mound (NE Central Basin - Nautile dive 661, June 2007)
•Mineralogy: aragonite, very little calcite
•Isotope composition: δ13C:-37,5 ‰PDB ; δ18O: 2,2 ‰ PDB :
Carbonate crusts formed along the fault was later fractured
by fault activity and fracures are filled by sulphidic black
patches that are colonized by
p
y bivalves NE Central Basin
(Nautile Dive No. 661)
Bacterial mat and tube wurms
Scale: Width of photo: ~ 25 cm
Carbonate cemented mudstone
Corals grown on the carbonate cemented mud
Aragonite
Deep-water coral
2 cm
Calcite
5 cm
δ
Carbonate chimney
Mineraloji:
aragonit
Mineraloji:
aragonit
5 cm
GAS HYDRATE IN THE SEA OF MARMARA
Western High, 660 m water depth
Sea of Marmara Gas Hydrate Composition
Gas composition:
Methane (C1):
% 82
Ethane +propane+ butane (C2-C4): % 18
(C1/C2+C3 ) = 4.6
Isotope Composition
Hidrocarbon
δ13C ‰
Metan
- 45
Etan
- 24
Propan
- 30
Bütan, isobütan,
pentan, isopentan
- 30
δ13C (CO2) = + 30 ‰
HC gas of thermal origin
Analysis by TÜBİTAK-MRC
Earthquake locations during 13 June- 10 September
In the SoM, there is an urgent need for permanent, long-term
observatories for obtaining real time multi
multi-disciplinary
disciplinary
data:
 Geotectonic setting on the North Anatolian Fault:
Earthquake, submarine landslide and associated tsunami
risk to 25 M people
people.
 Relations between fluids and seismic activtiy: possible
percursory behaviour
 Oceanographic setting between Mediterranean Sea and
Black Sea: Climate and environmental changes
 Environmental risks of pollution from industrial, municipal
and maritime transportation, tanker accidents
 Proximity to the coastlines: easy and cost effective
Marine observatories and
observatory initiatives in Turkey
•
MOMA: Integrated meterorological/Oceanographic
N E project
NoE
j t (METU-IMS):
(METU IMS) Meteorological
M t
l i l and
d water
t
column observations at stations in the Istanbul and
Çanakkale Straits
•
Turkish Sealevel Monitoring System (TUDES) (General
Mapping Commond of Turkey): Mareograph stations
also collecting Meteorological data (two stations in
the SoM)
•
Marmara Sea Bottom Observatory ( MSBO) Project:
((BU-KOERI):
) 5 cabled seafloor seismological
g
stations
(under construction) as part of the seismological
network
•
National Tsunami Project: B.U. Kandilli Rasathanesi
(under construction)
Present observatories and observatory
intiatives in the Sea of Marmara
•
Not multi-disciplinary, and therefore, do not address
all the scientific (geohazard and environmental
change) issues
•
They are established mainly for routine monitoring
purposes and are not true research infrastructures
Thank you
CAPEX and OPEX analysis
CAPEX for a single station (Western High)
25 km cable =
Ship time
=
ROV time
=
Sensörs
=
Junction Box =
Total
=
475
475.000
000 €
25.000 €
50.000 €
600.000 €
250.000 €
1.400.000 €
OPEX : 10% of CAPEX = 140.000 €