Abstrack Book! - ICSAE 2nd International Conference on

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2nd ICSAE 2015 İnternational Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment
ABSTRACT BOOK
SELÇUK UNIVERSITY CAMPUS
1
2nd ICSAE 2015 İnternational Conference on
Sustainable Agriculture and Environment
©Herhakkısaklıdır.Bukitabıntamamıyadabirkısmı,yazarlarınınizniolmaksızın,
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Editör
Yrd.Doç.Dr.MithatDIREK
ISBN:978-605-9119-29-0
AybilYayıneviSertifikaNo:31790
AybilBasımeviSertifikaNo:31790
www.aybilonline.com
Baskı&Cilt:
AYBİLDİJİTALBASKIREKLAMMÜHENDİSLİK
TURİZMSANAYİVETİCARETLİMİTEDŞİRKETİ
FerhuniyeMh.SultanşahCd.No:30/AKONYA
Tel:0.3323502171Fax:0.3323507121
KONYA-EYLÜL-2015
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Honorary Committee
Prof. Hakkı Gökbel, President, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
Prof. Ir. Ahmad Yunus, Director, Graduate Program, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
Prof. Dean L. Bresciani, President, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Dr. Masum BURAK, General Director, Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock, General
Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies Turkey
Dr. Mahmoud Solh, General Director, ICARDA, Beirut, Lebanon
Conference Chair
Dr. Mithat Direk, Agricultural Economy, Selcuk University, Turkey
Conference Co-Chair
Dr. Halis Simsek, Agricultural&Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University,
Fargo, ND, USA
Organizing Committee (in alphabetical order)
Dr. Arzu Kan, Rural Development, Selcuk University, Turkey
Dr. Bilal Acar, Irrigation, Selcuk University, Turkey
Dr. Kubilay Baştaş, Plant Protection, Selcuk University, Turkey
Dr. Komariah Kokom, Soil Science, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
N. Kursat Akbulut, Vice Director, Veterinarian, Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural
Research Institute-Konya-Turkey
Dr. Muhammed Kamil Öden, Selcuk University, Turkey
Dr. Mustafa Kan, Director, Agricultural Economy, Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural
Research Institute-Konya-Turkey
Dr. Richard Horsley, Department Head, Plant Science, North Dakota State University, USA
Oktay OKUR, Vice Director, Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research InstituteKonya-Turkey
Zafer ARISOY, Vice Director, Agronomist, Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research
Institute-Konya-Turkey
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Conference Secretary
Dr. Gul Ülke, Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research Institute-Konya-Turkey
Tulay Canatan Yilmaz, Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research Institute-KonyaTurkey
Scientific Committee (in alphabetical order)
Dr. Ahmad Muhammed Ahmed,
Agribusiness & Applied Economic, Tanta
University, Egypt
Dr. David M. Saxowsky, Agribusiness &
Applied Economic, North Dakota State
University, USA
Dr. Alex Morgounov, CIMMYT Turkey
Coordinator, Ankara, Turkey
Dr. Eakalak Khan, Civil & Environmental
Engineering, North Dakota State
University, USA
Dr. Ali Osman SARI, Deputy General
Director, Ministry of Food Agriculture and
Livestock, General Directorate of
Agricultural Research and Policies Turkey
Dr. Amir Khalaf Aziz Al-Darwash,
Nutrition&Food Technology, University of
Baghdad, Iraq
Dr. Bahri Ozsisli, Food Science,
Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University,
Turkey
Dr. Bilal Cemek, Agricultural
&Biosystems Engineering, Ondokuz
Mayis University, Turkey
Dr. Bonga Zuma, Goadex Engineering and
Water Science, Rhodes University, South
Africa
Dr. Cennet Oğuz, Agricultural Economy,
Selcuk University, Turkey
Dr. Cevdet Şeker, Dean, College of
Agriculture, Selcuk University, Turkey
Dr. Chaiwat Rongsayamanont,
Environmental Management, Prince of
Songkla University, Thailand
Dr. Darlina Md. Naim, Biological
Sciences, University Sains Malaysia,
Penang, Malaysia
Dr. Elias M. Elias, Plant Science, North
Dakota State University, USA
Dr. Felix Arion, University of Agricultural
Sciences and Veterinary Medicine,
Romania
Dr. Fikrettin Şahin, Genetic Engineering,
Yeditepe University, Turkey
Dr. Ganesh Bora, Agricultural
&Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota
State University, USA
Dr. Gary A. Anderson, Agricultural
&Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota
Dr. Latif Kalin, Forestry and Wildlife
Sciences, Auburn University, USA
Dr. M.Musa Ozcan, Vice President, Selcuk
University, Turkey
Dr. M. Tariq Javed, Veterinary Medicine,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Dr. Mehmet Isleyen, Environmental
Engineering, Bursa Technical University,
Turkey
Dr. Mehmet Kobya, Environmental
Engineering, Gebze Technical University,
Turkey
Dr. Mesut KESER, ICARDA Turkey
Coordinator, Ankara, Turkey
Dr. Şenay Şimşek, Plant Science, North
Dakota State University, USA
Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq, Agricultural and
Resource Economics, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Dr. Shafiqur Rahman, Agricultural
&Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota
Dr. Muhammad Subhan Qureshi, Dean,
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
Science, Agricultural University,
Peshawar, Pakistan
Dr. Shazia Shafique, Plant Pathology,
University of the Punjab, Pakistan
Dr. Orhan Ozçatalbaş, Rural Development
& Extension, Akdeniz University, Antalya
Dr. Sherin Ahmed Sherif, Economics &
Agribusiness, Alexandria University,
Egypt
Dr. Probang Setyono, EnvironmentalExpert, Sebelas Maret University,
Indonesia
Dr. Sobiya Shafique, Mycology &Plant
Pathology, University of the Punjab,
Lahore, Pakistan
Dr. Rabha Bennama, Biology, University
of Mostaganem, Algeria
Dr. Şükrü Dursun, Environmental
Engineering, Selcuk University, Turkey
Dr. Rudi Hari Murti, Vice Dean of
Academic and Student Affairs, Gadjah
Mada University, Indonesia
Dr. Said Wahab, Food Science and
Technology, University of Agriculture
Peshawar, Pakistan
Dr. Sutrisno Hadi Purnomo, Agribusiness,
Sebelas Maret University Solo, Indonesia
Dr. Widyatmani Sih Dewi, Agricultural
Technology, Sebelas Maret University,
Indonesia
Abdallah Likava, Biochemistry, Mtwara,
Tanzania
Ahmad Said, Agriculture, Livestock,
Fisheries, Pakistan
Haroun Chenchouni, Ecology, University
of Tebessa, Algeria
Reza Kamrani, Horticulture Science,
Islamic Azad University, Iran
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Keynote Speakers
Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Avni ÖKTEM
Nanobiotechnology: Potential Applications in Agriculture & Environmental Sciences
Konya Food and Agriculture University, Turkey
Prof. Sreekala G. Bajwa
Precision Agriculture at NDSU - Meeting Local Needs and Contributing to Global Food
Security
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
North Dakota State University, USA
Prof. Amir M.H. Ibrahim
Breeding Wheat for Sustainable Production Systems
Texas A&M University, USA
Prof. Dr. Kenan PEKER
Computational Science of Sustainability
Selcuk University, Konya, TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Eric Strausse
Sustainable Land Management
School of Planning, Design and Construction
Michigan State University, USA
Dr. Ronchi Cesare
Barilla Sustainable Farming Activities and Milano Protocol
BARILLA-Italy
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Scope of the conference
Selcuk University and Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock are organized to take part
in the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment (2nd
ICSAE), which will be held at the Selcuk University Campus in the City of Konya, Turkey
between September 30 and October 3, 2015. This is an event for researchers, scholars,
engineers, resources managers, students, policy-makers, and all those interested in agricultural
and environmental sciences. The conference provides great opportunity to network with
colleagues worldwide to share knowledge and experience on teaching and research in
agricultural and environmental area.
The main scope of this conference is to invite the experts to discuss the projects and
applications on sustainable development in agriculture and environment. The main topic areas
include interaction between agriculture and environment, social and economic aspects of
environment, biology and agriculture, using biology to tackle environmental & agricultural
concerns, sustainable development, tropical agriculture, biodiversity, biotechnology,
horticulture, plants, animal production, climate change, environment, local ecological
knowledge, water management, soil conservation, agriculture social economics, IPM
(Integrated pest management), integrated agriculture management, hydraulic structure,
maintenance and operation food sovereignty, food security, other related agriculture and
environment issue.
All submitted papers was reviewed by the conference scientific committee. All accepted
papers will be published in the conference proceeding. Selected papers based on the quality
will be published in the one of the journals below:
1. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences
(http://sjafs.selcuk.edu.tr/sjafs/index)
2. Journal of International Environmental Application & Science
(http://www.jieas.com/).
3. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin (http://www.psp-parlar.de/)
4. Bahri Dagdas Journal of Crop Research
(http://arastirma.tarim.gov.tr/bahridagdas/Menu/50/Dergilerimiz)
5. Bahri Dagdas Journal of Animal Research
(http://arastirma.tarim.gov.tr/bahridagdas/Menu/50/Dergilerimiz)
6. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology
(http://www.agrifoodscience.com)
7. Journal of Selcuk University Natural & Applied Science (http://www.josunas.org/
Dr. Mithat Direk
Conference Chair
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CONTENTS
PRECISION AGRICULTURE AT NDSU - MEETING LOCAL
NEEDS AND CONTRIBUTING TO GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
Sreekala Bajwa ...................................................................................................................... 35
SCREENING NEW CROPS FOR ADAPTATION PROMOTES
AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY
B.L. Johnson, M.T. Berti, S. Dash, P.K. Gilbertson, K. Sahu, P.J. Petersen ......................... 36
NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
Dharmakeerthi Nawarathna ................................................................................................... 37
VALUE ADDED SUSTAINABLE DISPOSITION OF CORN DRIED
DISTILLERS GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES
Dilpreet S Bajwa and David J Sundquist .............................................................................. 38
SOURCE, FATE, AND TRANSPORT OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM IN
THE RED RIVER WATERSHED, NORTH DAKOTA, USA
Tanush Wadhawan, John McEvoy, Xuefeng Chu, Eakalak Khan ......................................... 39
EXOGENOUS ASCORBIC ACID INCREASES RESISTANCE TO SALT OF
SILYBUM MARIANUM (L.)
Banu Aytül EKMEKÇI ......................................................................................................... 40
ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL WATER
QUALITY IN SOUTH DAKOTA
Laurent Ahiablame ................................................................................................................ 41
RAPESEED BREEDING – A SUCCESS STORY FROM SCRATCH AT NORTH
DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY
Mukhlesur Rahman ............................................................................................................... 42
MORTALITY MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OPTIONS
Shafiqur Rahman ................................................................................................................... 43
ALGAE-BASED WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC AND
AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATER THAT CAN YIELD MULTIPLE
SOURCES OF REVENUE INCLUDING BIODIESEL,
ELECTRICITY AND PATHOGEN-FREE FERTILIZER
Stephen R. Lyon, Hossein Ahmadzadeh, Marcia A. Murry .................................................. 44
ROLE OF EXTENSION IN US LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, A WASTE
MANAGEMENT EMPHASIS
Teng Teeh Lim ....................................................................................................................... 45
CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN TURKEY
Ayse OZCAN, Eric STRAUSS ............................................................................................ 46
10
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN A GREENHAOUSE BY AN AUTOMATED
IRRIGATION SYSTEM SENSING WATER LEVEL FROM A MINI-PAN
Murat YILDIRIM .................................................................................................................. 47
DRY PEAS VARIETIES (PISUM SATIVUM L.) FOR THE PROVISION OF
IMPROVED SEEDS AND THE EXTENT OF ITS CONTRIBUTION IN
INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF DRY PEAS CROP IN LIBYA
Mabrouk El-SHARIEF, Ahmed ALBUASHE, Younis, SHOAIB, Yousef El-NAJH,
Khaled ABBOUD, Abdel Aziz SALEH ............................................................................... 48
KATI ATIKLARIN ÇEVREYE VE SAĞLIĞA ETKİSİ KONUSUNDA
BİREYLERİN BİLİNÇ DÜZEYİNİN BELİRLENMESİ ÜZERİNE BİR
ARAŞTIRMA (TOKAT İL MERKEZİ ÖRNEĞİ)
Rüveyda KIZILOĞLU, Halil KIZILASLAN, Gülten SOYSAL .......................................... 49
KİMYASAL ATIKLARIN ÇEVRE VE SAĞLIĞA ETKİSİ KONUSUNDA
BİREYLERİN BİLİNÇ DÜZEYİNİN BELİRLENMESİ ÜZERİNE
BİR ARAŞTIRMA (KARABÜK İL MERKEZİ ÖRNEĞİ)
Rüveyda KIZILOĞLU, Halil KIZILASLAN, Müyesser YURDABAKAN ......................... 50
GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF Hevea brasiliensis
UNDER VARIOUS PLANTING DENSITY
Zulkefly SULAIMAN and Goh, S.S. .................................................................................... 51
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF FULL FAT AND DEFATTED
WALNUT FLOUR
T. A. Sanni, E.M. Ogunbusola ............................................................................................. 52
MANAGEMENT OF PESTICIDES, A WAY TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE
Razieh POURDARBANI ...................................................................................................... 53
TARIMDA BLOK MODELİ VE TARIMSAL DENETİM
(TARBLOK) ©
Yıldıray KAYA ..................................................................................................................... 54
REVIVING THE ECONOMY OF KP PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN UNDER THE
DAIRY SCIENCE PARK
M Subhan Qureshi, Sarzamin Khan, Irfan Ul Haq Qureshi, Asim Ijaz and Asad Sultan ..... 55
FOOD INSECURITY IN AFRICA; CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS:
A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA
B. OZKAN, W.O. FAWOLE, and E. ILBASMIS ................................................................ 56
THE INFLUENCE OF MICROCLIMATE FOREST TOWARDS THE
DIVERSITY OF EPIPHYTES IN LOWLAND DIPTEROCARP FOREST
Akas Pinaringan Sujalu, Sigit Hardwinarto, Chandradewana Boer, M. Soemaryono .......... 57
11
QUALITY OF SOME GENOTYPES CUCUMBER (Cucucmis sativus L.)
CULTIVATED IN BANDUNG
RAHAYU, S.T, U.SUMPENA, A. ASGAR, D. MUSADDAD ........................................... 58
DOUBLE-LOG CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF WHEAT
PRODUCTION SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN
Joyo, Nanik Ram, Ismail Kumbharf ...................................................................................... 59
DRY MATTER PRODUCTION, BOTANICAL COMPOSITION AND WATER USE
EFFICIENCY OF SIMPLE AND MULTISPECIES PASTURE MIXTURES
Gazi OZCAN, Serkan ATES , Harun CICEK, Saban ISIK and Stephen P. Loss ................. 60
SORREL SEEDS (Hibscuss abdariffa) OIL AND THE EFFECTS OF GAMMA
IRRADIATION ON FATTY ACID PROFILE
Toibudeen Adesegun Sanni ................................................................................................... 61
NON-DESTRUCTIVE MEASUREMENTS OF PROXIMATE COMPOSITIONS
OF QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE (QPM) AND SORGHUM RELEVANT FOR
CONFECTIONERY AND PASTA PRODUCTION
Ismail A. Durojaiye , Chukwu O., Usman D. Drambi ......................................................... 62
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN MAIZE FOR SUSTAINABLE
PRODUCTION IN RAINFED KAREWAS OF KASHMIR VALLEY
Ajaz A Lone, Z A Dar, B A Alie, S A Dar, F A Bahar, I Abidi, G Ali , G Zafar ................. 63
THE EFFECT OF TWO DIFFERENT ZEOLITES APPLIED IN COMBINATION
WITH ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZER ON THE
GROWTH AND YIELD OF PEA CROP
Tuba ARJUMEND, Metin TURAN, Zulal AKTAŞ, Mohsin ZAFAR,
Tabish Abdul RAZZAQ ........................................................................................................ 64
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SOME DIMENSIONS FOR THE FUTURE
VISION OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN EGYPT
Abdullah Mahmoud Abdel-maqsoud Ahmed ...................................................................... 65
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PROFILES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS
AUREUS STRAINS ISOLATED FROM FOOD AND FOOD CONTACT
SURFACES
Mert SUDAGIDAN, Ali AYDIN, Huseyin Avni OKTEM .................................................. 66
A VIEW OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS FOR PRECISION
AGRICULTURE
Mehmet Serhat ODABAS, Gökhan KAYHAN, Nurettin ŞENYER, Erhan ERGÜN .......... 67
SAHARIAN AGRICULTURE: CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS
FOR DEVELOPMENT
Salah Zenkhri, Lakhdar Kouri ............................................................................................... 68
12
UTILIZATION OF CELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES TO IMPROVE MILK YIELD,
MILK COMPOSITION, BLOOD SERUM PARAMETERS AND THE FEED
EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF LACTATING GOATS
A.M. Kholif, Eman S.A. Farahat, M.A. Hanafy, S.M. Kholif, R.R. EL-Sayed .................... 69
THE BIFUNCTIONAL CATALASE-PHENOL OXIDASE (CATPO) FROM
SCYTALIDIUM THERMOPHILUM: PROPERTIES AND PERSPECTIVES
FOR ITS APPLICATIONS IN FOOD AND SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT
Zümrüt Begüm ÖGEL, Betül SÖYLER, Gülden KOÇLAR ................................................ 70
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON EMBRYONIC AND LARVAL
DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN GREEN TOAD, (Bufo viridis, Laurenti, 1768)
Turani Blerta, Aliko Valbona................................................................................................. 71
THE REFLECTIONS OF THE EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURAL AND
ECONOMIC POLICIES ON PRODUCTION AND THE FEDDAN
COSTS FOR THE WHEAT CROP
Prof. Ahmed Mohammad Ahmed, Dr. Abdel Baky Musa Elshayeb Ass.
Sahar Abdel Raheem Mohammad Abd Elwaha .................................................................... 72
SUSTAINABILITY IN KONYA CLOSED BASIN AND WETLANDS
Muhittin ÇELEBI .................................................................................................................. 73
RISK PERCEPTION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN DAIRY
FARMING: A CASE OF ADANA PROVINCE OF TURKEY
Seyit HAYRAN, Aykut GUL ............................................................................................... 74
OVARIAN MORPHOLOGY OF AN AGRICULTURAL PEST,
Melanogryllus desertus (PALLAS, 1771)
Özlem ÇAKICI ..................................................................................................................... 75
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE GUT MORPHOLOGY OF AN
AGRICULTURAL PEST, GRYLLUS BIMACULATUS
Özlem ÇAKICI ..................................................................................................................... 76
IS IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE “JAPAN SYNDROME” IN TURKISH
AGRICULTURE?
Namık CEYHAN .................................................................................................................. 77
IS IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT?
Namık CEYHAN .................................................................................................................. 78
ADOPTION AND DIFFUSION OF SILAGE MAKING FROM GRASS
IN INTERIOR COAST AREAS OF RİZE
Çağatay YILDIRIM, Hatice TÜRKTEN, İsmet BOZ .......................................................... 79
SERICULTURE IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE AREAS IN TURKEY AND ITS
CONTRIBUTION TO SUSTAINABILITY OF SECTOR
Berrin TAŞKAYA TOP, İlkay UÇUM ................................................................................. 80
13
NEW TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
OF COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS
Gülben Gülcan PEHLIVANZADE, Sırrı UYANIK ............................................................. 81
IDENTIFICATION OF WHEAT LANDRACES YIELD &SOME YIELD
COMPONENTS COMBINING TOLERANCE TO DROUGHT
E. Özer, B. AKIN, K. ŞUBASI, F. ÖZDEMIR and A. MORGOUNOV ............................. 82
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND RURAL WOMAN
Dilek Bostan BUDAK, Ufuk GÜLTEKIN, Fuat BUDAK, Zeynep ZAIMOĞLU ............... 83
USING VIA ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS OF ALTERNATIVE
TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR TEXTILE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Zinnur YILMAZ, Fuat ÖZYONAR, Bunyamin KARAGOZOGLU ................................... 84
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN KONYA İLİ ARICILIĞI AÇISINDAN
DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Pınar ÖZTÜRK, Gökhan AKDENIZ .................................................................................... 85
A STRATEGY FOR TRAINING EXTENSION EXPERT FOR BEEKEEPING IN
TURKEY
Ahmet Haşim KESKİN ......................................................................................................... 86
A SUSTAINABLE MODEL FOR CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION
OF NATIVE CHICKEN GENOTYPES OF TURKEY
Demir ÖZDEMIR, Muhammed Ernur AKINER .................................................................. 87
ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AGRICULTURAL MANURE NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT
Muhammed Ernur AKINER, Demir ÖZDEMİR .................................................................. 88
γ-IRRADIATED SORREL SEEDS (Hibscus sabdariffa): FUNCTIONAL
AND SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
T.A.Sanni, E.M.Ogunbusola ................................................................................................. 89
COMPARISON OF POTENTIOMETRIC AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC
METHODS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF EXTRACELLULAR
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITIES IN SOIL
Vildan ERCI, Fatih ERCI, Emrah TORLAK, Ibrahim ISILDAK, Ridvan KIZILKAYA ... 90
POTENTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF EXTRACELLULAR UREASE
ACTIVITIES IN EXTRACTS OF SOIL SAMPLES
Vildan ERCI, Fatih ERCI, Ridvan KIZILKAYA, Ibrahim ISILDAK ................................. 91
APPLICATION OF GASEOUS OZONE AGAINST PAENIBACILLUS LARVAE
SPORES ON HIVE MATERIALS
Emrah TORLAK,, Mehmet Kürşat IŞIK ............................................................................... 92
BIOREFINERIES BASED ON LIGNOCELLULOSIC AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Erinç BAHÇEGÜL, Necati ÖZKAN, Ufuk BÖLÜKBAŞI .................................................. 93
14
THE COMPARISON OF PEST MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS FOR ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL
HAZELNUT PRODUCERS IN SAMSUN PROVINCE OF TURKEY
Kürşat DEMIRYÜREK , Mehmet AYDOĞAN and Nur İlkay ABACI .............................. 94
IN VITRO INHIBITORY EFFECT of SOME PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST
Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) CAUSAL AGENT of FOOT and ROOT ROT
DISEASE on WHEAT
Gül İMRIZ, Fatih ÖZDEMIR, Murat Nadi TAŞ, Eyüp BAŞER,
İlker TOPAL, Birol ERCAN, Mehmet Sait KARACA......................................................... 95
AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
CARROT CULTIVATION FARMS IN ANKARA
Sedat YOKUŞ1, Metin TAN2, Nazan İLGÜNOĞLU2, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk KARADAVUT3,
Prof. Dr. Cevat AYDIN4 ....................................................................................................... 96
RISK COMMUNICATION IN MILK CONSUMPTION IN ADANA
Tuğçe UĞUR, Dilek Bostan BUDAK .................................................................................. 97
TOPOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN
STOMACH AND GASTRIC MUCOSAL CHANGES WITH CANCER TENDENCY
Kopaçi (Selimi) Ermela, Rexha Tefta, Lika Mirela, Ibrahimi Eliana ................................... 98
A STUDY TO THE RELATION BETWEEN HELICOBACTER PYLORI
INFECTION AND GASTRIC INFLAMMATION
Kopaçi (Selimi) Ermela, Rexha Tefta, Lika Mirela, Ibrahimi Eliana ................................... 99
COMPOST TECHNIQUES OF OLIVE MILL BY PRODUCT (OLIVE POMACE)
AND REUSE AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER
Serap Soyergin ...................................................................................................................... 100
PERSONALITY TRAITS FOR THE MAJORITY OF PADDY FARMERS,
IN MADA, KEDAH, MALAYSIA
Salim Hassan, Siti Nur Syarafina Abdullah .......................................................................... 101
FOOD SECURITY AND FAMILY PLANNING IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Adepoju, A. A. ...................................................................................................................... 102
FAMILY FARMING IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
Umut AYDIN .............................................................................................................. 103
DIFFUSION AND ADOPTION OF SOME NEW FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY
BETWEEN GROWERS OF THREE VILLAGES IN QALUBEIA
GOVERNORATE
Said Abbas Rashad ...................................................................................................... 104
INFLUENCE OF DIET ON THE CLOTTING ACTIVITY OF DROMEDARY’S
GASTRIC COAGULANT EXTRACTS
Saliha Boudjenah-Haroun, Wafa Souid Asma Balla, Isselnane Souad,
Abderrahmane Mati ..................................................................................................... 105
15
ORTAK TARIM POLİTİKASI VE GELİŞMELER
Levent YAZICI ..................................................................................................................... 106
RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ADOPTION OF FARMING
HOUSEHOLDS IN KWARA STATE OF NIGERIA: A PRAGMATIC APPROACH
OLAWUYI, Seyi Olalekan, OJEDOKUN, Idris Kayode and OLAWUYI,
Tosin Dolapo ............................................................................................................... 107
RISK FACTORS OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS: A REALITY OF SEMI-ARID
REGION IN ALGERIA
Bourouba ROMYLA, Houcher BAKHOUCHE, Eğin YONÇA, Akar NEJAT ................ 108
PROBOSCIS EXTENSION RESPONSES OF THREE APIS
MELLIFERASUBSPECIES TO DIFFERENT FLORAL NECTARS
Hussain Ali, Abdulaziz S. Alqarni, Awad M.Awad, and Ayman A.Owayss ................. 109
FACTORS INFLUENCED CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS ORGANIC
FOOD IN EGYPT
Inas El-sayed Sadek .................................................................................................... 110
AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF FOOD SECURITY IN THE ARAB SPRING
COUNTRIES
Nashwa EL-Tatawy, Lamis Fawzy El-Bahnasy ........................................................... 111
ENSURING RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN PLACE USING YOUR METHODS OF
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Sevim ARTIK, Akın OLGUN ..................................................................................... 112
FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF SOIL EROSION CONTROL MEASURES:
IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN
AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT
S.O. EZE, E.E. OSALON ..................................................................................................... 113
CYTOPLASM TYPES OF SOME COMMERCIAL ONION (Allium Cepa L.)
VARIETIES GROWN IN TURKEY
Esra CEBECI, H. PADEM, A.F. GÖKÇE ............................................................................ 114
DETECTION OF CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEUS TYPES WITH SNPS IN
ONION (Allium cepa L.) HYBRID BREEDING
Esra CEBECİ, Fatih HANCİ, Michael J. HAVEY ............................................................... 115
A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF PUBLIC WILLINGNESS AND
ACCEPTANCE OF SEGREGATION AND USE OF HUMAN-URINE AS
FERTILIZER IN TURKEY
F. Nihan YILDIZ-DOGAN, Mohammed S. SHIHAB, F. Tuba CITAK,
Bilsen BELER-BAYKAL, Mehmet Emin PASAOGLU, Asli OZTURK ...................... 116
DETERMINANTS OF FOOD SECURITY AMONG RURAL WOMEN IN ABIA
STATE, NIGERIA
Osahon, E.E., Odoemelam, L.E. ........................................................................................... 117
16
COTTON GROWERS SATISFACTION WITH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
EXTENSION SERVICES: CASE STUDY OF MUZAFFARGARH DISTRICT,
PUNAJB, PAKISTAN
Muhammad IMRAN, Orhan ÖZÇATALBAŞ .............................................................. 118
DETERMINATION OF SOME CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO YIELD
COMPONENTS OF ADVANCED BREEDING CHICKPEA LINES AND
VARIETIES IN KONYA ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Hakan BAYRAK, Ramazan KELEŞ, Gül İMRİZ ........................................................ 119
COMPARATIVE ANTHELMINTIC EFFICACY OF CHLOROFORMIC AND
METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF CORIANDRUM SATIVUM AND
IVERMECTIN IN SALT RANGE SHEEP
Memrez Khushal Gigyani, Muhammad Ovais Omer, Muhammad Mushtaq, Qamar Niaz,
Nisar Ahmad, Fakhrul Islam ................................................................................................. 120
WHEAT RESPONSE TO SINGLE MINERAL OR MIXED ORGANIC
NITROGEN SOIL AMENDMENTS IN KASHMIR, PAKISTAN
Mohsin Zafar, Muhammad Zahid, and Tuba Arjumend ....................................................... 121
NEW RECORDS OF SUBGENUS PARADIACHALCOIDEA DACCORDI,
1978 AND CHRYSOLINA DOHRNII (FAIRMAIRE, 1865) FOR TURKEY
(CHRYSOMELIDAE: CHRYSOMELINAE: CHRYSOLINA)
Hüseyin Özdikmen, Didem Coral Şahin, Cemil Yetkin ................................................ 122
INTENSIFICATION OF SUSTAINABILITY ON HIGHER WATER-USED CROPS
Oner Cetin, Ali Fuat Tarı, Cuma Akıncı ............................................................................... 123
THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION
Kahraman SELVİ, Seda ÖZDİKMENLİ, Musa YALMAN, Ramazan YILDIZ ............ 124
THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT OF PEANUT THE YIELD COMPONENTS
Ferrin Ferda Aşık, Reşat Yıldız............................................................................................. 125
SAMSUN İLİ BAFRA İLÇESİNDE ÇELTİK ÜRETİMİNE YER VEREN TARIM
İŞLETMELERİNDE İNOVASYON VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK İLİŞKİSİ
Selime CANAN, Vedat CEYHAN ....................................................................................... 126
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM IN ERZURUM CITY DURING 2014-2015
F. Ekmekyapar Torun, Z. Bingül ................................................................................. 127
INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Selma ÖZTEKİN, Nurhan MUTLU, Gülçin ALTINTAŞ, Tekin ÖZTEKİN, Naif
GEBOLOĞLU, Mahfuz ELMASTAŞ, Mine AYDIN, Ömer Faruk NOYAN ............... 128
THE INVESTIGATION OF MANUFACTURING POSSIBILITIES INNOVATIVE
BUILDING THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS FROM AGRICULTURAL
AND FORESTRY WASTES
Fatih Tuncay EFE, Seda ÖZDİKMENLİ ..................................................................... 129
17
SOME YIELD FEATURES OF ZOM SHEEP GROWN PEOPLE'S HAND IN
DİYARBAKIR PROVINCE
Sahin TEZ, Yavuz HAN, Nalan AKÇA, Polat İPEK, Mehmet Emin VURAL, Ahmet
KARATAŞ, Bırusk KESKİN ................................................................................................ 130
AN ECONOMETRIC APPROACH TO SUNFLOWER PRODUCTION
IN TURKEY
Mehmet Muhammed SARI, Atilla KESKİN, Semiha KIZILOĞLU .................................... 131
SOCIAL CAPITAL FORMATION: THE MISSING LINK AMONG FOOD
CROPS FARMERS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA
Seyi Olalekan OLAWUYI, Tosin Dolapo OLAWUYI ................................................. 132
THE OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURE CONDITIONS OF A STRAIN
PRODUCING BACTERIOCINS ISOLATED FROM GOAT MILK
Siboukeur Amina, Sayas G. , Moume A., Siboukeur O. ....................................................... 133
AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF FOOT- MOUTH DISEASE
ON THE REPRODUCTION AND PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OF THE
INFECTED MIXED CATTLE IN GHARBIA GOVERNORATE
Ali Rizk Mustafa, Mohamed Ghazi Sayed, Omar Ahmad Badr, Ebrahim Elsyed Easa . 134
IMPACT OF APPLYING AGRICULTURAL POLICIES ON THE
PRODUCTION COSTS OF WHEAT AND COTTON IN EGYPT
Eman R. El-fahl, Rania A. Ahmed ............................................................................... 135
THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE RED MEAT PRODUCTION
FARMS IN NUBERIA REGION AT THE NEW LANDS
El-Hussein A. El Saify ................................................................................................ 136
IMPACT STUDY OF AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT ON THE
ENVIRONMENT OASIAN DEGRADATION OF OUED RIGH
(ALGERIAN BAS SAHARA)
Mohamed Lakhdar SAKER, Mustapha DADDI BOUHOUN and Naceur Eddine ............ 137
BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF LEMON PLANT
UNDER SALT STRESS
Servet ARAS, Emine ARSLAN and Ahmet EŞITKEN ................................................ 138
STUDY OF IMPACT DRAINAGE WATER ON SPIRULINA CULTIVATION
IN OUARGLA (ALGERIAN BAS SAHARA)
Mustapha DADDI BOUHOUN, Afaf DJAGHOUBI and Ali SAGGAÏ ........................ 139
IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL TREATED WASTEWATER REUSE ON
PHOSPHATE FERTILIZATION OF SOILS IN OUARGLA (NORTHERN
ALGERIAN SAHARA)
Mustapha DADDI BOUHOUN, Amal BOUHANNA, Mohamed Lakhdar SAKER ...... 140
18
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AGRONOMIC TRAITS AND ISSR METHOD
TO EVALUATE GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG GENOTYPES OF SOME
SOYBEANS [GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERR.]
Emine ARSLAN, Elif GÜLBAHÇE MUTLU, Ömer DURSUN, S. Ahmet BAĞCI ..... 141
BRUCELLOSIS INFECTION IN LOCAL AND EXOTIC CATTLE OF PUNJAB,
PAKISTAN
Shahzad Ali, Heinrich Neubauer, Falk Melzer, Iahtasham Khan, Qurban Ali,
Shamim Akhter ........................................................................................................... 142
THE EFFECTS OF AFLATOXIN B1 ON THE GROWTH HORMONE
REGULATED GENE-1 OF BROILER CHICKENS AND ON DNA DURING
HATCHING PERIOD
Elif GÜLBAHÇE MUTLU, Emine ARSLAN, Yasemin ÖZNURLU,
Haluk ÖZPARLAK ............................................................................................................... 143
EVALUATION OF WHEAT GENOTYPES FOR RESISTANCE TO ROOT AND
CROWN ROT DISEASE CAUSAL ORGANISM Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith)
Fatih ÖZDEMIR, Gül İMRIZ, Murat Nadi TAŞ, Birol ERCAN, İlker TOPAL,
Mehmet Sait KARACA ........................................................................................................ 144
CURRENT SITUATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN TURKEY
Ersin KARAKAYA, Semiha KIZILOĞLU .................................................................. 145
THE CURRENT STRUCTURE OF WHEAT SUPPLY AND STAKEHOLDERS
ACTIVITIES IN KONYA
Abdullah Oktay DÜNDAR, Kenan PEKER, Mahmut TEKİN,
Mehmet Akif ŞAHMAN.............................................................................................. 146
DETERMINATION OF ESSENTIAL GROWING-DEGREE-DAYS AMOUNT
FOR VEGETATION PERIOD IN SOME DRY BEAN VARIETIES
Ramazan KELEŞ, Hakan BAYRAK, Gül İMRİZ ........................................................ 147
CLIMATE CHANGE THE PALESTINIAN CASE
Alai D. Bitar ................................................................................................................ 148
THE DETERMINANTS OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY USING
LOGISTIC MODEL IN EGYPT
Kamal Sultan Mohamed Salem, Rania Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Khalid Shafik Ibrahim Alsehsah .................................................................................. 149
ASSESSMENT OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF GUERRARA
REGION, ALGERIA
Mohamed Abdelmalek Khemgani, Baelhadj Hamdi Aissa, Abdrasul Alomran , Boulifa
Salima .................................................................................................................................... 150
19
IMPROVING YIELD AND QUALITY OF 'THOMPSON SEEDLESS' GRAPEVINE
BY GIBBERELLIC ACID, CYTOFEX AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE
PREHARVEST APPLICATIONS
El-Abbasy U. K, Mohammed S. M, Fatma Ibrahim E. and Maha Abd El-Aziez H. ............ 151
STUDY OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN DIET AND CLOTTING
ACTIVITY OF DROMEDARY’S GASTRIC COAGULANT EXTRACTS
Saliha Boudjenah-Haroun, Wafa Souid, Asma Balla, Isselnane Souad,
Abderrahmane Mati............................................................................................................... 152
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENTS IN FACULTY OF
AGRICULTURE IN TURKEY
Seyit HAYRAN, Tuğce UGUR, Dilek Bostan BUDAK, Aykut GÜL ................................. 153
WATER DEFENSE BEHAVIOR OF EGYPTIAN FARMERS
Esam Mohamed El-Baaly, Ahmed Maher El-Gohary
Mokhtar Mohamed Abd-Ellah .............................................................................................. 154
PROBLEMS AND PROPOSALS FOR SOLUTIONS OF THE CARROT
CULTIVATION FARMS IN TURKEY
Sedat YOKUŞ1, D. Ali ÇARKACI1, Osman ÖLMEZ1, Metin TAN2, Nazan İLGÜNOĞLU2, Orhan
KARA3, Zeyni AKTAŞ3, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk KARADAVUT4, Prof. Dr. Cevat AYDIN5 ........ 155
THE OHMIC HEATING SYSTEM IN FOOD INDUSTRY
Duygu BALPETEK KÜLCÜ, Ümit GÜRBÜZ .................................................................... 156
THE INFLUENCE OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON SERUM LIPID LEVELS
AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN ELBASAN DISTRICT
Mimosa Kuci, Tefta Rexha, Mirela Lika ............................................................................... 157
EFFECTS OF SOME FARM PRACTICES ON MILK PRODUCTION IN DAIRY
FARMS OF SAMSUN PROVINCE OF TURKEY
Savas ATASEVER, Huseyin ERDEM, Kursat DEMIRYUREK ........................................ 158
AGRICULTURAL USES OF FGD GYPSUM IN ÇUKUROVA REGION
AS AN EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT
APPLICATION
Şeref HACIOĞULLARI, Fuat BUDAK, Zeynep ZAİMOĞLU ........................................... 159
RISK PERCEPTION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION: A CASE OF ADANA PROVINCE OF TURKEY
Seyit HAYRAN, Aykut GUL, Ahmet S. ELMALI, Oguzhan ARIKAN,
Mustafa F. YILDIZ ............................................................................................................... 160
IMPROVING PHYTATE BOUND PHOSPHORUS BIOAVAILABILITY OF
SORGHUM BY BROILERS USING PHYTASE ENZYME
Sarzamin Khan, M Subhan Qureshi and Asad Sultan ........................................................... 161
SOME INFLUENTIAL FACTORS ON EGYPTIAN FARMERS' KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT BIO – FERTILIZERS
Ahmed Maher El-Gohary, Esam Mohamed El-Baaly,Mokhtar Mohamed Abd-Ellah ......... 162
20
THE INVESTIGATION OF SOME OF THE OPERATION PARAMETERS FOR
REMOVAL OF COLOR FROM OLIVE MILL WASTEWATER BY ELECTROOXIDATION PROCESS
Sinan KUL, Recep BONCUKCUOĞLU, Alper Erdem YILMAZ, Baybars Ali FİL and
Atila TAŞDEMİR ........................................................................................................ 163
EVALUATION OF CORRELATION BETWEEN MIXOGRAPH PARAMETERS
AND SOME QUALITY TRAITS IN BREAD WHEAT
Mehmet ŞAHİN, Aysun Göçmen AKÇACIK, Seydi AYDOĞAN,
Sümerya HAMZAOĞLU, Enes YAKIŞIR ........................................................................... 164
EVALUATION OF ANTIHISTAMINIC AND ANTICHOLINERGIC
ACTIVITIES OF EQUISETUM DEBILE ROXB.
Shahrukh Ali, Muhammad Ovais Omer, Muhammad Ashraf, Allah Bukhsh,
Mueen Ahmad Chaudhry, Hassan Mahmood Qureshi .......................................................... 165
THE EFFECT OF STIRRING RATE, SUPPORT ELECTROLYTE TYPE AND
TEMPERATURE ON COLOR REMOVAL FROM OLIVE MILL
WASTEWATER
Sinan KUL, Recep BONCUKCUOĞLU, Baybars Ali FIL, Alper Erdem YILMAZ,
Atila TAŞDEMIR ........................................................................................................ 166
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
TWO ARID SOILS IN ALGERIAN SAHARA
Mokhtar Karabi, Baelhadj Hamdi Aissa ............................................................................... 167
DEVELOPMENT OF A PLUG-FLOW BIODIGESTER WITH A SEMIAUTOMATED MIXING DEVICE FOR HOUSEHOLD USE
Gbolabo A. Ogunwande ........................................................................................................ 168
FOLIAR APPLICATION OF POLYAMINES TO MANAGE WATER STRESS
FOR IMPROVED GRAIN FILLING FORMATION AND YIELD IN RICE PLANT
Berahim Zulkarami, Ismail Mohd Razi, Omar Mohd Husni, Mohd Saud Halimi, Mohd
Monjurul Alam Monda, Hossain Kausar .............................................................................. 169
VALORIZATION OF TREATED EFFLUENTS IN WATERING
Negais Hamza, Idder Tahar, Cheloufi Hamid ....................................................................... 170
EFFECT OF THE SUMMER ACCUMULATION OF TOXIC SALTS ON
SALINIZATION OF BARED ARIDOSOLS (THE CASE ON OUARGLA
BASIN/ALGERIAN SAHARA)
Abdelhak Idder, Tahar Idder, Imed-Eddine Nezli, Aicha Serraye, Mohamed Abdelmalek
Khemgani .............................................................................................................................. 171
EFFECT OF STUBBLE GRAZING, TILLAGE AND NO-TILL SEEDER TYPE ON
PEA/BARLEY FORAGE PRODUCTIVITY AND BOTANICAL COMPOSITION
F. Djellakh, D. Sersoub, O. Zaghouane, H. Cicek, M. Rekik, S. Ates, H. Ben Salem, M.
Louhaichi ............................................................................................................................... 172
21
EXPORTS OF FRESH FRUIT PRODUCTION IN TURKEY, PROBLEMS
ENCOUNTERED AND SUGGESTIONS FOR SOLUTION
Ayhan GÜRBÜZER, İsmail Hakkı KALYONCU, Mithat DIREK ..................................... 173
DETERMINATION STUDIES ON SOME AGRICULTURAL TRAITS OF SOME
DRY BEAN (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) VARIETIES
Ramazan KELEŞ, Hakan BAYRAK, Gül İMRİZ ................................................................ 174
THE IMPORTANCE AND AGRICULTURAL USAGE OF WILD ROCKET
(Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.)DC)
Ramazan Acar, Behiç Coşkun, M. Musa Özcan, Cahit Özcan, Abdullah Özköse, Nur Koç 175
MAINSTREAMING NIGERIAN YOUTHS INTO ECOLOGICAL FRIENDLY
AGRICULTURE: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT
IN ABIA STATE, NIGERIA
Odoemelam L.E., Osahon E .................................................................................................. 176
WEEDS CAN WORK AS BIO-HERBICIDES IN WHEAT CROP, A NEW
APPROACH OF ECO-FRIENDLY WEED MANAGEMENT
Imtiaz Khan ........................................................................................................................... 177
IRRIGATION WATER USE CHARACTERISTICS OF FARMERS AND THEIR
INTERACTION WITH IRRIGATION UNION IN BAFRA DISTRICT
OF SAMSUN PROVINCE, TURKEY
Esin HAZNECİ, Halil KIZILASLAN .................................................................................. 178
WHEAT SEED PRODUCTION RESPONSE TO PRICE VARIABILITY IN TR83
REGION
Kerem HAZNECİ, Vedat CEYHAN ..................................................................................... 179
EFFECT OF CURCUMA (Curcuma roxb xanthorrhiza) AS FEED ADDITIVE IN
BROILER RATIONS ON QUAIL PERFORMANCE AND AS AN ANTIBODY
TITRES AGAINST ND
Tengku Eduard Azwar Sinar and Tuty Maria Wardiny ........................................................ 180
EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTION NONI LEAF FLOUR (Morinda citrifolia) IN THE
RATION ON PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY QUAIL EGGS
Tuty Maria Wardiny and Tengku Eduard Azwar Sinar ........................................................ 181
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON ECOLOGY
Sukru DURSUN, Fatma KUNT, Zeynep Cansu OZTURK, Blerina Vrenozi ...................... 182
ESTIMATION OF FIELD CAPACITY AND PERMANENT WILTING
POINT USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Bilal CEMEK, Hakan ARSLAN, Mustafa GULER, Erdem KUCUKTOPCU .................... 183
SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY IN BROILER
HOUSES HAVING DIFFERENT LITTER MATERIALS
Bilal CEMEK, Erdem KUCUKTOPCU and Yusuf DEMİR ................................................ 184
22
Bilal CEMEK, Erdem KUCUKTOPCU and Yusuf DEMİR ................................................ 185
ESTIMATION OF AMMONIA EMISSIONS RELEASED FROM BROILER
LITTER USING DIFFERENT ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELS
Bilal CEMEK, Erdem KUCUKTOPCU and Paul PANDA ................................................. 186
REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS OF BEETAL DOES IN ACCELERATED
AND ANNUAL KIDDING SYSTEMS
Nisar Ahmad, Khalid Javed, Muhammad Abdullah Afzal Ali, Abou Saeed Hashmi,
Muhammad Ovais Omer, Tanver Hussain ............................................................................ 187
ADOPTION AND DIFFUSION OF SILAGE MAKING FROM GRASS IN
INTERIOR COAST AREAS OF RİZE
Çağatay YILDIRIM, Hatice TÜRKTEN, İsmet BOZ .......................................................... 188
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT of SALT STRESS and EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
on LEEK (Allium Porrum L.) GROWTH AND YIELD PARAMETERS WITH 3D
MODELS
Mehmet Sait KIREMIT, Hakan ARSLAN, Bilal CEMEK................................................... 189
THE EFFECT OF TWO FEEDING REGIMENS (PROGRAMS) UPON BROILER
GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS TRAITS AND ECONOMIC
INDICATORS
Mohammed I.A. Al-Neemi, Mohammed S.B. Al-Hlawee, Ilham N. Ezaddin,
Hesham J.Mosa, Abbas F. Abdulkadir, Alan I. Khalil.......................................................... 190
THE EFFECT OF USING LEVELS OF RED TIGER SHRIMP MEAL IN
STARTER BROILER DIET UPON GROWTH PERFORMANCE
Mohammed I.A. Al-Neemi, Mohammed S.B. Al-Hlawee, Ilham N. Ezaddin,
Soz A. Faris, Omer E. Fakhry, Heemen S. Mageed .............................................................. 191
ACUTE TOXICITY OF ANTIBIOTICS BY LEPIDIUM SATIVUM, DAPHNIA
MAGNA AND VIBRIO FISCHERI TOXICITY METHODS
Süheyla TONGUR, Rıfat YILDIRIM ................................................................................... 192
LAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON CASSAVA PRODUCTION IN
AKINYELE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE NIGERIA
I.O.Oyewo, S.O.Adepoju, M.O.Ojo, E.O.Oyewo, G.O Atanda ............................................ 193
A COMPUTER CONTROLLED IRRIGATION OF POTTED
CHRYSANTHEMUM GROWN AT OUTDOOR CONDITIONS
Halil KIRNAK ...................................................................................................................... 194
USE OF CLUSTER ANALYSIS TO EVALUATE THE SURFACE SEDIMENT
QUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF A LARGE BORATE RESERVE LAND IN
TURKEY
Cem TOKATLI, Arzu ÇİÇEK, Esengül KÖSE .................................................................... 195
23
EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITY OF FUJI
APPLE GRAFTED ON TWO CLONAL ROOTSTOCKS
Hakan KELES, Servet ARAS and Ahmet EŞİTKEN ........................................................... 196
AGRO ECOSYSTEMS IN THE BASIN OF OUARGLA (ALGERIA):
DEVELOPING A TYPOLOGY AND ANALYSIS OF OPERATION
Benbessisse Yamina, Bouaamar Boualem ............................................................................ 197
THE OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURE CONDITIONS OF A STRAIN PRODUCING
BACTERIOCINS ISOLATED FROM CAMEL MILK
Siboukeur O., Siboukeur A. and Saouli S. ............................................................................ 198
MANAGEMENT OF ALTERNATE BEARING DILEMMA IN PECAN THROUGH
FOLIAR ETHEPHON THINNING IN NEW MEXICO, USA
Shad Khan Khalil, John Mexal, Abdur Rehman, Said Wahab, Amanullah, I.H.
Khalil , Zahid Hussain,Amir Zaman Khan ........................................................................... 199
PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OF FISH FARMING IN IBADAN IBARAPA
ZONE OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Sanusi W.A,Ige, Deborah Abosede ....................................................................................... 200
PREDICTING NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS TO AUGMENT GRAIN
PROTEIN IN SPRING WHEAT MAY IMPROVE NITROGEN EFFICIENCY
Joel Ransom, Grant Mehring, Matthew Chaput .................................................................... 201
TURKISH FARMERS’ PERCEPTION AND EXPECTATIONS ON FUTURE OF
ROSE OIL MARKETS
Tufan BAL-Bahar DURKUT ................................................................................................ 202
CONTRIBUTION OF THE LOCAL TO THE GLOBAL: AN ECOCRITICAL
APPROACH TO THE PRESENT ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
Barış METE........................................................................................................................... 203
BIODETECTION OF ALGERIAN POLLUTED SOILS BY HYDROCARBONS
USING TELLURIC HYDROCARONOCLASTS BACTERIA
Amel Bouderhem, Aminata Ould El Hadj Khelil,
Mohammed Amine Gacem, Aroussi Aroussi ....................................................................... 204
ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF SOME SPONTANEOUS MEDICINAL
PLANTS USED IN THE TRADITIONAL MEDICINE OF OUARGLA
Aminata Ould El Hadj-Khelil, Soumia Hadjadj, Zahia Bayoussef ...................................... 205
STUDY OF THE BIOMETRY IN DROMEDARY: CASE OF THE SAHARAWI
POPULATION
Adamou Abdelkader, Babelhadj Baaissa, et Benaissa Atika ............................................... 206
THE EFFECTS OF Fe-EDDHA APPLICATION ON THE YIELD AND SOME
QUALITY PARAMETERS OF FRESH GRAPES (Vitis Vinifera L.) PRODUCTION
Şenay AYDIN, Bülent YAĞMUR, E. Dilşat YEĞENOĞLU, Halis ŞİMŞEK .................... 207
24
TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF RICE PRODUCTION IN THE NORTHERN
AND ASHANTI REGIONS OF GHANA
Sheila Agyemang, Dr. Yaw Asante, Dr. Edward Ebo Onumah .................................... 208
ORCHESTRATING WEB SERVICES TO MONITOR ENVIRONMENTAL
PARAMETERS DYNAMICALLY WITHIN KONYA BASIN GEOPORTAL
Fatih SARI, Ekrem TUŞAT ......................................................................................... 209
ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDE POLLUTION IN SOIL AND PLANTS FROM
CROPLAND IN KONYA
M.E. AYDİN, S. AYDİN, F. BEDUK, A. TEKİNAY, M. KOLB, M. BAHADİR ............. 210
THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION ON
POLISH MEAT INDUSTRY
Robert Mroczek Ph.D, Miroslawa Tereszczuk MSC .................................................... 211
USING FOLK LITERATURE FOR INCREASING ENVIRONMENTAL
AWARENESS
Defne ERDEM METE ................................................................................................. 212
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LABORATORY ASSESSMENTS OF THE SEED
QUALITY AND THE FIELD EMERGENCE OF OILSEED RAPE (BRASSICA
NAPUS) SEED LOTS
Reza Heidari pour, Abdoljalil Yanegh, Mohammad Khajeh-Hosseini, Ali Noroozian ........ 213
DETERMINATION OF SAND MOVEMENT OF COASTAL DUNES
IN SAMSUN – BAFRA
Serkan İÇ, Ayşe EREL ................................................................................................ 214
EFFECT OF DAIRY CATTLE BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION (DCBA)
MEMBERSHIP ON SUSTAINABILITY OF INNOVATIONS IN SAMSUN
PROVINCE OF TURKEY
K. DEMIRYÜREK, N.İ. ABACI, S, ABACI, S. ATASEVER, H. ERDEM ....................... 215
NEW RECORDS of SUBGENUS PARADIACHALCOIDEA DACCORDI, 1978 and
CHRYSOLINA DOHRNII (FAIRMAIRE, 1865) for TURKEY
Hüseyin ÖZDİKMEN, Didem Coral ŞAHİN, Cemil YETKİN............................................ 216
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF PURPLE CARROT ORIGINATED
FROM CENTRAL ANATOLIA
Hilmiye ERİŞDİ, Önder TÜRKMEN, Erdoğan Eşref HAKKI, Fatma AKIN ..................... 217
THE EFFECTS OF AGROBIODIVERSITY ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Ahmet DIREK ....................................................................................................................... 218
OCCURRENCE AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF
ANALGESICS IN WASTEWATER
Mehmet Emin AYDIN, Senar AYDIN, Havva KILIÇ, Arzu TEKINAY ...................... 219
25
BETA BLOCKERS IN THE URBAN WASTEWATER: DETERMINATION
AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT
Senar AYDIN, Mehmet Emin AYDIN, Arzu TEKİNAY, Havva KILIÇ ...................... 220
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COHESION OF THE REGIONS IN POLAND
Marcin Gospodarowicz, Danuta Kołodziejczyk ........................................................... 221
DETERMINATION OF SOME CHARACTERISTICS YIELD COMPONENTS
OF CHICKPEA VARIETIES IN KONYA ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Hakan BAYRAK, Ramazan KELEŞ ............................................................................ 222
THE SOIL FACTORS WHICH EFFECT ON ROOT GROWTH IN FORAGE
PLANTS
Nur KOÇ, Ramazan ACAR .................................................................................................. 223
COMBINED ANAEROBIC-ADSORPTION PROCESS FOR TREATMENT OF
REAL TEXTILE WASTEWATER: COD AND COLOR REMOVAL
Serdar GOCER, Ramazan KIZILIRMAK, Yıldız BABATEKİN, Sebnem OZDEMIR,
Dilek AKMAN, Kevser CIRIK ............................................................................................. 224
TREATMENT OF REAL TEXTILE WASTEWATER USING ADSORPTION AS
POST-TREATMENT FOLLOWED BY ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION
Safiye KERTEL, Merve GUNES, Dilek AKMAN, Sebnem OZDEMIR, Kevser CIRIK ... 225
İNOVATİF SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK AÇISINDAN ZEYTİN İŞLETMELERİNDE
VERİMLİLİĞİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ (İZMİR VE MANİSA ÖRNEĞİ)
Fatma ÖZTÜRK, Mine YALÇIN ......................................................................................... 226
THE POSSIBLE USAGE OF EPIPHYTIC BACTERIA AND YEASTS ON
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FIRE BLIGHT DISEASE
Benian Pınar AKTEPE, Yeşim AYSAN............................................................................... 227
THE FACTORS DETERMINATE DEVELOPING EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURAL
SECTOR
Amin Abd El-Raouf Eldokla, Wael Ahmed Ezzat El-Abd ................................................... 228
ESTIMATION OF ALUMINUM IN CONFECTIONERY WITH REFERENCE TO
THEIR RISK ASSESSMENT
Nabila M. Abed EL–Aliem ................................................................................................... 229
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF LIVESTOCK DAIRY HUB TRAININGS ON
LIVELIHOOD OF FARMERS
Aisha Anjum, Maqsood Ahmad, Muhammad Kashif Shahzad Sarwar ................................ 230
MATERNAL PHYLOGENETICS OF SOME ANATOLIAN CATTLE BREEDS
Doğan M, NİZAMLİOĞLU M., ÖZŞENSOY Y, KURAR E., BULUT Z., ALTUNOK V.,
IŞİK A., ÇAMLİDAĞ A. ...................................................................................................... 231
26
LIVESTOCK WASTE-BASED BIOGAS ENERGY POTENTIAL OF TOKAT
PROVINCE AND POSSIBLE IMPLEMENTATIONS
Sedat KARAMAN, Harun AVAN, Zeki GÖKALP ............................................................. 232
SOME LOCAL ENDEMICS GROWING SERPENTINE SOILS IN KIZILDAĞ
(ISPARTA)
Coşkun SAĞLAM ................................................................................................................. 233
EFFECTS OF NITRIC OXIDE APPLICATION ON GROWTH RESPONSES OF
BARLEY GENOTYPES UPON TOXIC LEVEL BORON TREATMENT
Sunduz ONBASI, Mehmet HAMURCU, Sait GEZGIN and Erdogan Esref HAKKI.......... 234
YIELD AND PRICE RISK OF COMMONLY GROWN AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS IN ADANA PROVINCE OF TURKEY
Seyit HAYRAN, Tugce UGUR, Aykut GUL, Dilek Bostan BUDAK ................................. 235
UTILIZATION OF CRYOPRESERVED RUMINAL FLUID IN VITRO GAS
PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE FOR EVALUATING IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
ENERGY AND DIGESTIBILITY VALUES OF FEEDSTUFFS
Nurettin GULSEN, Huzur Derya UMUCALILAR, Armagan HAYIRLI,
Mustafa Selcuk ALATAS ..................................................................................................... 236
DAIRY CATTLE BEHAVIOUR IN DIFFERENT HOUSING SYSTEMS
Elif ŞAHİN, Nuh UĞURLU ................................................................................................. 237
EVALUATING THE PROPERTIES OF BENEFICIARIES AS PART OF IPARD
PROGRAMME: A CASE STUDY IN KONYA
Şenol ÖZDEMİR ................................................................................................................... 238
DETERMINATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF DIFFERENT
ESSENTIAL OILS ON TOMATO BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Feray KARABUYUK, Yesim AYSAN ................................................................................ 239
THE POLISH TRADE IN HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS WITH TURKEY
Anna Bugała .......................................................................................................................... 240
ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE IN POLAND
Bożena Nosecka, Łukasz Zaremba ...................................................................................... 241
CROWN GALL DISEASE REACTIONS OF STONE AND POME FRUIT
ROOTSTOCKS
Sumer HORUZ, Behcet Kemal Caglar, Mustafa Kusek Yesim Aysan ................................ 242
WHEAT - A DIETARY SOURCE OR A DISEASE SOURCE?
Anamika Pandey, Mohd Kamran Khan, Mahinur S. Akkaya, Erdogan E. Hakki ................ 243
CROSSTALK BETWEEN PLANT-BASED DIET ORIGINATED EXOGENOUS
miRNAs AND HUMAN METABOLISM
Hasan CAN, Fatma AKIN, Erdoğan Eşref HAKKI.............................................................. 244
27
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR RURAL TOURISM IN TURKEY
Gamze ASLAN, Tufan BAL ................................................................................................. 245
ASSESMENT OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION WITH
DIFFERENT INTERPOLATION METHODS FOR YEŞILIRMAK CATCHMENT
Demet YILDIRIM, Hakan ARSLAN, Bilal CEMEK........................................................... 246
RESILIENCE AND GOVERNANCE IN SMALL RUMINANT SECTOR IN
ISPARTA
F. Handan GIRAY, Tufan BAL, Serkan BOYAR .................................................................. 247
APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM DATA
COLLECTION AND ARCHIVING CROPS AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
(CASE STUDY REGIONAL FARMERS YOGYAKARTA)
Nurul Pratiwiningrum, Irma Novikawati, Iim Choirun Nisak .............................................. 248
VALUE CHAINS AND THE FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE CONSUMER
BUYING ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (CASE STUDY: ORGANIC
MARKET JOGJA)
Nurul Pratiwiningrum, Irma Novikawati, Iim Choirun Nisak .............................................. 249
AGRICULTURAL WATER USE IN TURKEY AND WATER FOOTPRINT
Belgin ÇAKMAK, Zeki GÖKALP ....................................................................................... 250
CURRENT SITUATION OF TURKISH DAIRY INDUSTRY AND FEED
EFFICIENCY OF PROFESSIONAL DAIRY FARMS
Halil İbrahim TOSUN, Vedat CEYHAN .............................................................................. 251
PHYTOREMEDIATION: ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO CLEAN UP THE
ENVIRONMENT
Emine ATALAY .................................................................................................................... 252
INVESTIGATION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH OVULATION RATE IN
TURKISH AWASSI SHEEP
Ahmed Raisan, M. Ali Mohammed Ali, Ferit Can Yazdıç, Emin Özköse ........................... 253
THE LEVEL OF PSP BIOTOXINS IN THE LAGOON OF ORIKUM IN ALBANIA
Romina Libohova, Rigerta Sadikaj, Klementına Puto, Dritan Arapi, Edlira Baraj ............... 254
HAPLOIDY TECHNIQUE AND ITS USAGE IN PLANT BREEDING
Münüre Tanur ERKOYUNCU, Mustafa YORGANCILAR ................................................ 255
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FRUIT/GRAPEVINE CERTIFICATION IN TURKEY
Burak ASLANSOY, Servet ARAS ....................................................................................... 256
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN
THE FUTURE
Fatih DEMİREL, Serap DEMİREL ...................................................................................... 257
28
DETERMINATION OF SALT (NaCl) TOLERANCE LEVELS OF SOME LOCAL
MELON GENOTYPES
Bahar Banu BATI, Mustafa PAKSOY .................................................................................. 258
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SALINITY LEVELS IRRIGATION WATER TO
GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD PARAMETERS ON MINT (Mentha
piperita L.) PLANT
Selda EREN, Kadir Ersin TEMİZEL .................................................................................... 259
PRNP EXON 3 POLYMORPHISMS OF THE ANATOLIAN, MURRAH AND
CROSSBRED WATER BUFFALOES
Yalçın YAMAN, Orhan KARADAĞ, Cemal ÜN ................................................................. 260
ROAD NETWORK ANALYSES IN LAND CONSOLIDATION PROJECTS BY
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
Fatih ISCAN and Ceren YAGCİ ........................................................................................... 261
TARIMIN TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNDE YERİ
Selda ARSLAN ..................................................................................................................... 262
UTILIZATION OF SOLVENT RETENTION CAPACITY TEST FOR
EVALUATION OF HARD RED SPRING WHEAT QUALITY
Bahri OZSİSLİ, Amber LİNDGREN and Senay SİMSEK .................................................. 263
DETERMINATION OF Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis (RACE 1)
TOLERANCE LEVELS OF SOME LOCAL MELON GENOTYPES
Bahar Banu BATI, Mustafa PAKSOY, Önder TÜRKMEN .................................................. 264
PREDICTION OF WASTEWATER ORIGINATED BIODEGRADABLE
DISSOLVED ORGANIC NITROGEN USING MULTILAYER PERCEPTRON
AND ADAPTIVE NEURO-FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEMS
Bilal CEMEK, Eakalak KHAN, Mithat DİREK, Halis SİMSEK ......................................... 265
ANIMAL DEATH AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(HAYVAN ÖLÜMLERİ VE ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ)
M. Kemal ÇIFTÇI, Funda TERZI, Mustafa ORTATATLI, Fatih HATIPOĞLU,
Özgür ÖZDEMIR .................................................................................................................. 266
EMPLOYING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES TO EVALUATE CORN
CROP STAND COUNTING USING UAV REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY
Mohammadmehdi Maharlooei, Alimohammad Shirzadifar, Saravanan Sivarajan,
Sreekala G. Bajwa, John Nowatzki........................................................................................ 267
LOW-COST ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY WASTEWATER TREATMENT
SYSTEMS IN TURKEY (CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS)
Zeki GÖKALP, Belgin ÇAKMAK ....................................................................................... 268
STANDARDIZATION OF SEED COATING POLYMER FOR MAIZE
Vishwanath S. Medar, Patil, S. B., Shakuntala,
N. M., Sangeetha, I. M., And Kuchanur, P. H. .................................................................... 269
29
GRAPHENE OXIDE FUNCTIONALIZED WITH (3-AMINOPROPYL)
TRİETHOXYSILANE-IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES COMPOSITE AS A NEW
ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSING PLATFORM
Salih ZEKİ , Mustafa OZMEN, Esra MALTAS, Ayse CİVİT, Mehmet Kursat ISİK ......... 270
STUDIES ON OVICIDAL EFFECTS OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST
THE Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (COL.: BRUCHIDAE)
Murat Nadi TAŞ, Meryem UYSAL, Hüseyin ÇETİN .......................................................... 271
ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT METHODS IN ORGANIC ANIMAL
PRODUCTION
M.Kürşat IŞIK, Sabiha ÜNAL .............................................................................................. 272
Emrah TORLAK, Mehmet Kürşat IŞIK ............................................................................... 273
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE AND GLOBAL WARMING
Sabiha ÜNAL, M. Kürşat IŞIK ............................................................................................. 274
THE KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF THE RURAL POPULATION ABOUT THE
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: ERZURUM CITY, CENTRE DISTRICTS CASE
(YAKUTIYE, PALANDÖKEN AND AZIZIYE)
Züleyha BİNGÜL, Tuğba EREM KAYA ............................................................................. 275
URBAN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MUNICIPALITIES: THE CASE
OF ERZURUM METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY
Züleyha BİNGÜL, Fatma Ekmekyapar TORUN .................................................................. 276
EVALUATION OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IN LAGOON OF
ORIKUM IN ALBANIA
Romina Libohova, Klementina Puto, Rigerta Sadikaj, Dritan Arapi, Edlira Baraj,
Entela Azemaj ....................................................................................................................... 277
DETERMINANTS OF EGYPT’S FOREIGN TRADE WITH ARAB COUNTRIES
USING THE GRAVITY MODEL
Ahmed M.A. Mohamed, Abd El-Baky M. El-Shaieb ........................................................... 278
REMOVAL OF CR(VI) BY ECO-FRİENDLY ADSORBENT FROM THE
WASTE HORNS
Eyüp DEMİR, Zeliha ÇINAR, Şerife PARLAYICI, Erol PEHLİVAN ............................... 279
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSUMERS’
EXPENDITURE AND CONSUMPTION OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN EGYPT
(CHALLENGES-OPPORTUNITIES)
Sobhy Ahmed Abou El-Naga ................................................................................................ 280
ASSESMENT OF KONYA GREENHOUSE PROJECTION
Bünyamin DEMİR, Selda ÖRS ............................................................................................. 281
30
THE TRIANGLE OF MEDIA-FOOD-HEALTH
Celile Özçiçek DÖLEKOĞLU, F. Handan GIRAY, Ayşe ŞAHIN ........................................ 282
FACTORS AFFECTING EGYPT’S POTATOES EXPORTS IN THE
GLOBAL MARKET
Rania A.M. Ahmed, Hussein Sarhan .................................................................................... 283
L’AGRICULTURE MAROCAINE A L’EPREUVE DES EXIGENCES DU
DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE
Hamid Slimani....................................................................................................................... 284
AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY: A CHALLENGE FOR THE FUTURE OF
HUMAN WELL-BEING
Ahmet DİREK, Esra KAVCI, Fatma AKIN, Hasan CAN, Sündüz ONBAŞI,
Saliha MUTAF, Erdoğan Eşref HAKKI ............................................................................... 285
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN A GREENHOUSE BY AN AUTOMATED
Murat YILDIRIM .................................................................................................................. 286
INCREASING FARMERS INCOME OF RURAL TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES
IN KONYA, TURKEY
Mithat DIREK, Arzu KAN.................................................................................................... 287
THE REFLECTIONS OF EGYPT’S AGRICULTURAL AND ECONOMIC
POLICIES ON PRODUCTION AND FEDDAN COSTS OF WHEAT CROP
Ahmed M.A. Mohamed, Abdel Baky M. Elshayeb, Sahar A.M. Abd Elwahab ................... 288
EFFECT OF NITROGEN APPLICATION AND AMOUNT OF WATER ON YIELD
OF INTERCROPPED MAIZE -MUNG BEAN AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY
Alaa Salih Ati, Nooruldeen S. Ali, Taraq K. Masood ........................................................... 289
EFFECT OF PROBIOTIC AND UREA ON NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MALVA
AND BARLEY SILAGE
A.A. Hassan, W.H. Alsamari .............................................................................................. 290
GENERAL EVALUATION of AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION for ACHIEVING
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE in KONYA PLAIN PROJECT (KOP) REGION,
TURKEY
Mustafa KAN, Murat KÜÇÜKÇONGAR, Cennet OĞUZ, Bülent GÜLÇUBUK,
Süleyman SOYLU, Arzu KAN, Özdal KÖKSAL, Fatih ÖZDEMİR,
Naim DEMİRTAŞ, Oktay OKUR, Mevlüt VANOĞLU, .................................................... 291
THE IMPORTANCE OF EDIBLE LANDSCAPE IN THE CITIES
Filiz ÇELİK ........................................................................................................................... 292
COMPONENTS OF ADVANCED BREDDING CHICKPEA LINES AND
Hakan BAYRAK, Ramazan KELEŞ, Gül İMRİZ ................................................................ 293
31
ANTİKOKSİDİYAL VE PROBİYOTİK KULLANIMININ ETLİK PİLİÇ
RASYONLARINA ETKİLERİ
Mustafa ULUDAĞ, Mehmet Kürşat IŞIK, Behiç COŞKUN, Nihayet Fadime YALÇIN .... 294
STUDY EFFECT OF MYCORRHIZA FUNGI AND DROUGHT ON PLANT
NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY GREEN BEAN
Shahram. Ashraf, Leila Jalali, Mehdi Moniri ........................................................................ 295
EFFECT OF NAA ON LEMON BALM (Melissa Officinalis L.) ROOTING
Amir Rahimi, Hashem Hadi, Arezoo Hasanzadeh and Levent Yazıcı ................................. 296
REMOVAL OF BASIC YELLOW 28 USING CHAR FROM WASTE
POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATES (PET) BY ADSORPTION MECHANISM
Muhammed Kamil ODEN, Sezen KUCUKCONGAR, İlkay OZAYTEKIN, Zehra GOK .. 297
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ROLE OF PROLINE, GLYCINE BETAINE AND
COMPOST FERTILIZER IN IMPROVING DROUGHT STRESS
RESISTANCE OF SOYBEAN
A. EL SABAGH, S. SOROUR, A. UEDA, H.SANEOKA and C. BARUTÇULAR ........... 298
SOME OF NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CANOLA (Brassica Napus L.) AS
AFFECTED BY ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZER
A. EL SABAGH, A. OMAR, H.SANEOKA and C. BARUTÇULAR................................. 299
CHILDREN EDUCATION and RURAL DEVELOPMENT in EGYPT
Enas E. Sadek ....................................................................................................................... 300
EVALUATION OF POLY (ETHYLENE TEREPHTALATE) WASTE CHAR IN
EPOXY BASED COMPOSITES
Alize YUCEL, Merve SOGANCIOGLU, Esra YEL and Gulnare AHMETLI .................... 301
EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETIC STUDIES ON LEVULINIC ACID
ADSORPTION ONTO SUGAR PROCESSING FLY ASH
Hani ZEIDAN, Damla ÖZDEMIR, Mustafa E. MARTI ...................................................... 302
REACTIVE EXTRACTION OF FORMIC ACID USING ALAMINE 336 IN
SUNFLOWER OIL
Nezahat KÖSE, Mustafa E. MARTI ..................................................................................... 303
REMOVAL OF TEXTILE DYES FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING AN
INDUSTRIAL BASED LOW COST ADSORBENT
Khalid Ali, Hani Zeidan, Mustafa E. MARTI....................................................................... 304
DETERMINATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION WITH DETERMINISTIC
MODELS FOR SAMSUN
Aslıhan ATIŞ, Bilal CEMEK, Mehmet TAŞAN, Sevda SAFİ ............................................. 305
THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPING TRAITS OF DAĞLIÇ VE HASMER X
DAĞLIÇ (F1) IN KONYA PROVINCE OF TURKEY
Tülay CANATAN, Mustafa KAN, Kürşat AKBULUT ....................................................... 306
32
THE IMPACT OF CHANGING THE POLITICAL CONDITIONS ON THE
EGYPTIAN CONSUMER PATTERN
Nashwa El-Tatawy and Lamice ElBahnassy ........................................................................ 307
SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION OF SESAME FARMING SYSTEMS
BY NOVEL INDUCED MUTANTS
M.Ilhan CAGIRGAN, M.Onur OZBAS, R.Soner SILME .................................................. 308
DETERMINATION OF SEED AND OIL YIELD OF SOME SUNFLOWER
CULTIVARS
Özden ÖZTÜRK, Himmet ÖZCAN ..................................................................................... 309
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON
SENSORY AND BIOCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES OF CARROT
(DAUCUS CAROTA L.)
Tanveer Ahmad, Muhammad Amjad, Qumer Iqbal, Aamir Nawaz, Javed Iqbal and
Muhammad Awais Ghani ...................................................................................................... 310
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF GUNEYKAYA POND (YILDIZELI SIVAS)
Ekrem MUTLU, Telat YANIK, Nicoleta Anca SUTAN ....................................................... 311
FIRE BLIGHT DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC APPLE AND PEAR
BREEDING
Kubilay Kurtulus BASTAS ................................................................................................... 312
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, POPULATION DENSITY AND SEXUAL
INDEX
TO CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS (F.)
(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Hüseyin ÇETİN, Fatma Nur ELMA ..................................................................................... 313
USING OF MOLECULAR MARKERS IN RESISTANCE TO PLANT DISEASES
Keziban BUYUKDEVECI, Kubilay Kurtulus BASTAS ..................................................... 314
ROLE OF ENZYMES RELATED WITH PLANT RESISTANCE AGAINST
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Badel UYSAL, Kubilay Kurtulus BASTAS ......................................................................... 315
SUSTAINABLE USE OF WHEAT GENETIC RESOURCES TO INCREASE
CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND STABILITY
Alexey MORGUNOV ........................................................................................................... 316
COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND ADAPTATION STRATEGY TO THE
EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN YOBE STATE, NIGERIA.
Galadima, M and Nandi, J.A. ................................................................................................ 317
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF BROOK
MAZMANLI (HASSA-HATAY)
Ekrem MUTLU, A. Yalçın TEPE, Tuğba DEMİR, Telat YANIK ......................................... 318
33
EXAMINED OF LOCALLY PERIODIC MARKET OF MARKETING
PROBLEMS: A CASE STUDY IN KONYA-MERAM DISTRICT
Ebru KAYA, Mithat DİREK ................................................................................................. 319
YOUTH, STRUGGLE, AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF AGROECOLOGY
Bamba Mbaye ....................................................................................................................... 320
IMPROVING INTEGRATED CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR PESTS AND
DISEASES FOR SUSTAINABLE SUGAR BEET PRODUCTION
Rıza KAYA, Şeref GÜRKAN .............................................................................................. 321
MYCOFLORA ON MAIZE COBS INFECTED BY Ustilago maydis (DC) Corda
Mehmet AYDOĞDU, Nuh BOYRAZ, Salih MADEN ........................................................ 322
SOME TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLANT
CAMELINA STEM
Mustafa Nevzat ÖRNEK, Ali Yavuz ŞEFLEK, Nurettin KAYAHAN,
Mustafa ACAROĞLU, Haydar HACISEFEROĞULLARI .................................................. 323
THE IMPORTANCE OF SHEEP BREEDING IN REDUCING THE
DEPENDENCE ON CATTLE IN RED MEAT PRODUCTION
İbrahim AYTEKİN, Saim BOZTEPE, Arzu KAN ............................................................... 324
SOCIAL VALUES OF URBAN PARKS: A CASE STUDY IN KONYA
CITY, TURKEY
Nurgül ARISOY .................................................................................................................... 325
MIXTURE PERFORMANCE OF THE BARLEY GENOTYPES AT WEST
MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY
Mehmet TEKİN, M. İlhan ÇAĞIRGAN ............................................................................... 326
INDUCED MUTAGENESIS IN A F1 GENETIC BACKGROUND OF PEPPER
TO SELECT MUTANTS SUITABLE FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Alper ADAK, M. İlhan ÇAĞIRGAN ................................................................................... 347
DEVELOPMENTS OF CITRUS FOREIGN TRADE IN TURKEY
Hasan ARISOY, Gülcan ERAKTAN ................................................................................... 328
INSECTICIDAL EFFECT OF IN VITRO REGENERATED CERATOPHYLLUM
DEMERSUM L. AGAINST SITOPHILUS ZEAMAIS MOTSCHULSKY
(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Bugrahan EMSEN, Muhammet DOGAN, Muhammad AASIM, Erol YILDIRIM ............. 329
TOXICITY EFFECT OF CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM L. PROPAGATED BY
TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES ON GRANARY WEEVIL*
Muhammet DOGAN, Bugrahan EMSEN, Erol YILDIRIM, Muhammad AASIM .............. 330
AXILLARY SHOOT REGENERATION FROM SHOOT TIP AND DIFFERENT
NODAL SEGMENTS OF AQUATIC LYSIMACHIA NUMMULARIA L.*
Mehmet KARATAŞ, Muhammet DOĞAN, Muhammad AASİM ....................................... 331
34
EFFICIENT IN VITRO REGENERATION OF MEDICINAL AQUATIC PLANT
CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM L.
Mehmet KARATAŞ, Muhammet DOGAN, Muhammad AASIM........................................ 332
ALLELOPATHY OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) STEM
EXTRACT ON PHYSIOLOGY OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)
Javed Kamal .......................................................................................................................... 333
35
PRECISION AGRICULTURE AT NDSU - MEETING LOCAL NEEDS AND
CONTRIBUTING TO GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
Sreekala Bajwa
Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
Corresponding author’s e-mail:
ABSTRACT
Precision agriculture has the ability to contribute significantly to meeting the demand for an
abundant and sustainable supply of nutritious food for a fast growing population. Precision
agriculture offers technologies and knowledge to increase efficiency of food production
(increasing crop yield with same inputs or reduced inputs), protecting and conserving
resources, reducing chemical use and thereby GHG emissions, mitigating and adapting to
climate change. In North Dakota and US at large, the focus of precision agriculture
technologies have been to understand your farms well, increase production efficiency through
knowledge-based farm management, improve the economics of food production, and to
improve the ease of farming. Precision agricultural research at NDSU addresses these needs
through a number of research projects focused on (1) unmanned aerial systems (UAS)
applications in crop and livestock, (2) in-field active optical sensors for site-specific nutrient
application, (3) soil compaction and its interaction with weather cycles and crop performance,
(4) digital imaging techniques for crop health monitoring, (5) shelterbelt impact on spatial
yield and crop performance, and (6) crop residue impact on soil condition and planting. These
research projects are implemented in collaboration with producers, state government,
consultants, extension agents, agricultural industries and other stakeholder groups based on
the needs and interest of these groups. Such collaborations are also key to successful
adaptation of these technology by the end users.
36
SCREENING NEW CROPS FOR ADAPTATION PROMOTES AGRICULTURAL
SUSTAINABILITY
B.L. Johnson, M.T. Berti, S. Dash, P.K. Gilbertson, K. Sahu, P.J. Petersen
Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Corresponding author’s e-mail : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Diversified cropping systems promote sustainability from many perspectives, including enhancement
of soil properties, improved cultural management for fertility and pests, greater market opportunities,
and more favorable on-farm profits and seasonal workload distribution. However, modern Midwest
U.S. agriculture has tended to move to less diverse cropping systems with large production regions
associated with primarily corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), with perhaps small
inclusions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a few specialty crops, and forages. Although diverse
cropping systems exist in North Dakota, continued evaluation of new crops is necessary to meet
increasing societal demands regarding food, feed, fiber, and bioenergy from agriculture. The objective
of these studies is to evaluate new crops for adaptation potential in North Dakota and the surrounding
region. The replicated studies were RCBDs and conducted at several locations and years. Treatments
consisted of grain, oilseed, fiber, pulse, and pseudo-cereal crops. Traits evaluated were stand
establishment, pest incidence, plant height, plant lodging, maturity, seed yield, biomass yield, harvest
index, seed weight, and seed oil content and composition where applicable. Agronomic deficiencies
included low seed vigor, late maturity, plant lodging, seed shattering, harvest-ability, and indeterminate
growth limited grain and/or biomass yield. Adaptation groups based on crop yield performance were
assigned as high, moderate, low, and non-adaptive and reflect crop productivity under the climatic
growing conditions in the region. Crops showing 1. High adaptation were: adzuki (Vigna angularis
(Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi), amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), camelina (Camelina sativa L.), crambe
(Crambe abyssinica Hochst.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), faba (Vicia faba L.), industrial hemp
(Cannabis sativa L.), white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), otebo bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); 2. Moderate
adaptation: field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.),kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), niger (Guizotia
abyssinica Cass.), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), tef
(Eragrostis tef Zucc. Trotter), tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolus A. Gray); 3. Low adaptation: borage
(Borago officinalis L.), calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), cuphea (C. lanceolata (W.T. Aiton) and C.
viscosissima (Jacq.), echium (Echium plantagineum L.), lima (Phaseolus lunatus L.), mung (Vigna
radiata L.),peanut (Arachis hypogea L.), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.),sesame (Sesamum
indicum L.); and 4. Non-adapted: chan (Hyptis suaveolens L.), chia (Salvia hispanica L.) because of
failure to flower. Low yield was often associated with crop flowering lateness and failure to reach
maturity before killing fall freezing temperatures. Seed shattering often reduced yield especially for
those crops (borage, cuphea) with limited plant breeding investment for reducing agronomic
deficiencies. Commercialization of new crops requires they be reasonably economically competitive
with traditionally grown crops for acceptance into growers cropping systems. Higher crop value can
sometimes offset low yield performance and generate a competitive net return to the grower. Growers
need to be provided with locally-based best management practices to achieve high grain/biomass
yields on their farms, and also develop their own marketing practices to garner high profits. Profits
maintain viability of the farm, and this, coupled with stewardship to the land and community, embrace
sustainability for future generations to provide food, feed, fiber, and bioenergy for mankind.
Keywords: sustainability, new crops, food, feed, fiber, bioenergy
37
NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
Dharmakeerthi Nawarathna
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Corresponding author’s Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The nanotechnology is the science, engineering and technology conducted at the nano-scale.
The latest developments in nanotechnology have led to advance many areas of human life
such as health, energy and environment. In particular, in health, nano-technological tools have
been providing deep understanding about diseases including cancer and heart diseases. This
understanding has led to develop better diagnostics and treatment methods. In energy,
nanotechnology has led to develop novel materials. These materials were used to convert one
form of energy into another form with minimum energy loss. Nano-technological tools have
been providing valuable information about air quality, water contamination and these
capabilities are enabling livable environments. Despite all these developments in health,
energy and environment, nano-technological influence in agriculture is marginal. Specifically,
it has been predicted that nanotechnology can potentially advance agricultural research. Most
of the nano-technological techniques developed for other areas can be directly translated on to
agricultural research. In this talk, I will first briefly discuss the advancements made in the
other areas and discuss ways of translating those techniques to agricultural research.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, agricultural research, tools and techniques
38
VALUE ADDED SUSTAINABLE DISPOSITION OF CORN DRIED DISTILLERS
GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES
Dilpreet S Bajwa and David J Sundquist
North Dakota State University, Fargo ND and Boeing Research and Technology, St. Louis, MO USA
ABSTRACT
In recent years, corn has been widely used to produce ethanol. Roughly for every bushel (25.4
kg) of corn processed, 8.16 kg of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) and 11 liters
of ethanol are produced. The amount of DDGS produced is steadily increasing since 1990
with 35 million metric tons produced in 2012 [19]. In this research the DDGS has been
investigated for its use as a functional filler in wood particleboards bonded with melamine
urea formaldehyde. Both the concentration of the DDGS filler – 5, 10, and 15 wt. % – and the
particle size of the filler – 125, 300, and 500 μm – has been considered. It was presumed that
the additional protein and fats in the lignocellulosic DDGS would increase strength and water
resistance of the particleboards leading to reduction in petroleum based resin and wax usage.
Chemical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were
used to analyze the DDGS filler. A variety of mechanical tests were performed on
particleboards including: flexural, internal bond, hardness, screw withdrawal, linear
expansion, and water absorption. The results show that DDGS bonded to the melamine urea
formaldehyde resin. At concentration of 5 wt. % DDGS with particle size 500 μm produced
superior properties compared to the control panel, while the other blends remained equivalent
to the control.
Keywords: Corn, Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles, Particleboard, Micronization,
Physical and Mechanical Properties
39
SOURCE, FATE, AND TRANSPORT OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM IN THE RED RIVER
WATERSHED, NORTH DAKOTA, USA
Tanush Wadhawan1, John McEvoy3, Xuefeng Chu2, Eakalak Khan2*
1
Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
3
Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota,
USA
*Corresponding author’s Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The source, fate, and transport of Cryptosporidium in the Red River watershed, North Dakota,
USA was investigated in three aspects. First, the role of manure on the fate and transport of
Cryptosporidium through soils was elucidated. Without manure, higher adsorption of
Cryptosporidium to the clayey and loamy soils was observed. With manure, the adsorption of
Cryptosporidium to the rocky sand increased by 35%, while for the loam and clayey soil, the
increases in adsorption were minimal, 2-3% and 1-2%, respectively. The high adsorption of
the oocysts to soil with or without addition of manure will prevent transport and restrict
Cryptosporidium to the top soil in the fields. The second part of the study examined
Cryptosporidium transport under simulated rainfall and snowmelt conditions. Results showed
that one year rainfall and snowmelt events were insufficient to completely transfer
Cryptosporidium from soil surface to subsurface and surface drainage systems. The numbers
of Cryptosporidium in the drainage effluent varied from 50% to 90% of the influent.
Transport of Cryptosporidium during actual storm events was the last aspect studied. Thirty
water samples were collected from the Red River of the North and its tributaries in an area
around Fargo, North Dakota, USA during two major flood events that were one year apart.
Cryptosporidium spp. were isolated, enumerated, and identified to the species/genotype level.
Cryptosporidium was detected in 69% and 82% of the water samples from the first and
second events, respectively. Seventy eight percent of the Cryptosporidium spp. found in the
water samples was identified to be Cryptosporidium andersoni suggesting that cattle were a
significant source of water contamination during these major flooding events.
Keywords: Cryptosporidium, drainage, flood, manure application, and transport
40
EXOGENOUS ASCORBIC ACID INCREASES RESISTANCE TO SALT OF
SILYBUM MARIANUM (L.)
Banu Aytül Ekmekçi
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, 26470Eskişehir, Turkey
Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Salinity stress has negative effects on agricultural yield throughout the world, affecting
production whether it is for subsistence or economic gain. This study investing a test his
inductive role of vitamin C and its application mode in mitigating the detrimental effects of
irrigation with diluted (10, 20 and 30%) NaCl + water on Silybum marianum L. plants. The
results show that 10% of salt water exhibited insignificant changes, while the higher levels
impaired growth by reducing seed germination, dry weights of shoot and root, water status and
chlorophyll contents. However, irrigation with salt water enhanced carotenoids and antioxidant
enzyme activities. The detrimental effects of salt water were ameliorated by application of 100
ppm ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The inductive role of vitamin was associated with the
improvement of seed germination, growth, plant water status, carotenoids, and endogenous
ascorbic acid and antioxidant enzyme activities. Moreover, vitamin C alone or in combination
with 30% NaCl water increased the intensity of protein bands as well as synthesized additional
new proteins with molecular weights of 205, 87, 84, 65 and 45 kDa. This could increase
tolerance mechanisms of treated plants towards water salinity.
Keywords: salinity stress, Silybum marianum, antioxidant enzyme
41
ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL WATER QUALITY IN
SOUTH DAKOTA
Laurent Ahiablame
Corresponding author’s Email : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Clean and adequate supplies of water are necessary to promote healthy watersheds, provide
wildlife habitat, and maintain drinking water sources and other designated uses. Recent trends
in climate and land use change are increasing pressure on water resources in the Western Corn
Belt region, including South Dakota, where agriculture is the leading industry with a $19
billion impact on the state’s economy. Major crops and livestocks in South Dakota include
wheat, corn, soybean, sunflower, small grains (oats, rye, alfalfa, and sorghum), beef, and pork.
Over the last several years, interest in improving farm productivity have led to substantial
increase in agricultural practices such as subsurface (tile) drainage, especially in eastern South
Dakota. However, intense agricultural activities and development of tile drainage systems
contribute to exports of nitrogen (N) and phosphrus (P) from agricultural fields into receiving
water bodies. Edge-of-field nutrient management strategies such as woodchip bioreactors and
P removal beds can be used to conserve water quality. This seminar will provide some insight
into temporal variation in water quality in a representative eastern South Dakota watershed,
and showcase conservation efforts being adopted for controlling the nonpoint source pollution
problem in the state.
Keywords: Watershed; Conservation; Nitrate; Phosphorus; Nonpoint pollution
42
RAPESEED BREEDING – A SUCCESS STORY FROM SCRATCH AT NORTH
DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY
Mukhlesur Rahman
Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
ABSTRACT
Rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus L.) oil is primarily utilized as edible oil; however, it also be used as
protein meals for livestock, pharmaceuticals, as well as biofuel and other oleochemical industries.
Rapeseed/canola attracted more attention in the last two decades due to their application in biodiesel
production. The increased interest resulted in the expansion of the rapeseed crop cultivation area and
its increased production. North Dakota is the leader in rapeseed acreage and production with over 83%
of U.S. acreage and produces about 84% of all U.S. rapeseed (1.16 million acres and 1.9 billion
pounds with a value of $391 million – 5 yr. average from 2010-2014; USDA-NASS). Canola ranked
4th most important field crops in North Dakota. North Dakota State University (NDSU) initiated a
modern spring canola breeding program in 2006. The goal of this program is to increase the
competitiveness of ND in the production and processing of canola for oil and biodiesel. A wide
diversified Brassica germplasm with both roundup ready and conventional types have been obtained
from both private and public sectors across the world. In addition to NDSU independent canola
breeding program, a collaborative breeding research has been established with Monsanto and DL
Seeds Inc. Crossing and backcrossing have been made between genetically diverse winter type with
spring type canola, and spring type with spring type canola to develop new breeding lines with
desirable traits. Interspecific crosses were also made among B. napus, B. rapa, B. juncea and B.
carinata to modify and improve the seed yield and oil profile of B. napus. A total of 367 wide
diversified B. napus lines have been partially sequenced by genotyping by sequencing (GBS) for trait
related marker development. Canola double haploid production and molecular marker technology are
already in place to accelerate the breeding line development program. The breeding program obtained
a licensing agreement with INRA, France to utilize Ogura-CMS and restorer (R-2000) system in
hybrid breeding program for inbred line development. Both greenhouse and wide range growth
chamber are utilizing to grow canola in a controlled environment. The seed quality lab is equipped
with a near infrared spectrophotometer for seed oil, seed protein and fatty acid profile analysis.
Disease screening facilities are available both in the greenhouse and in the field with a misting
irrigation system with the cooperation of NDSU plant pathologist. The capacity of field plot testing
and harvesting program is over 5,000 plots per year at seven trial locations across the state. Off-season
(winter) nursery is located in Santiago, Chile that significantly reduced the breeding cycle to get
homozygous breeding lines and sufficient seeds for following summer trials. The field testing program
is fully equipped with Hage 6-row planter, new R-Tech swather, Wintersteiger combine with harvest
master, tractor, cultivator, truck, trailer etc. Although the breeding program is comparatively new,
however, a high oil variety (NDSU-662c) was released for the 1st time from this program in 2011.
Three hybrids with very high seed yield and high oil content were identified in NDSU canola breeding
trials as well as in ND canola variety trials (3rd party trial) in North Dakota and are in the process to
release soon.
Keywords: Rapeseed, Breeding, NDSU
43
MORTALITY MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OPTIONS
Shafiqur Rahman
Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Corresponding author’s Email :[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Mortality losses are a normal part of livestock and poultry production. Producers may have
losses due to disease, accidents, or inter-animal competition. It is the responsibility of the
producer to dispose of these mortalities in an environmentally acceptable manner. Safe
disposal of carcasses is an important issue for day-to-day routine management of stock
mortalities or in case of a disease outbreak and to prevent animal disease transmission, and
protect air and water quality. Therefore, carcass disposal remains one of the major challenges
facing poultry and livestock producers. In this presentation, different options of mortality
management and disposal, especially, composting would be discussed.
Keywords: livestock and poultry, mortality, disposal, composting
44
ALGAE-BASED WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC AND
AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATER THAT CAN YIELD MULTIPLE SOURCES OF
REVENUE INCLUDING BIODIESEL, ELECTRICITY AND PATHOGEN-FREE
FERTILIZER
Stephen R. Lyon, Hossein Ahmadzadeh, Marcia A. Murry
AlgaXperts, LLC, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Biology, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA
ABSTRACT
This presentation describes the principles and rationale for an algae-based biofuel production
coupled to bioremediation of municipal and agricultural wastewaters. A synergistic model for
algal wastewater treatment is proposed, which addresses several economic bottlenecks to
earlier algal systems and promotes value-added products, including a high-quality effluent in
addition to biodiesel to improve the economic feasibility of algal biofuels and a brief review
of candidate species for full-scale algae production ponds based on algal structure, physiology
and ecology.
Keywords: Algae, biofuels, wastewater treatment, water reclamation
45
ROLE OF EXTENSION IN US LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, A WASTE
MANAGEMENT EMPHASIS
Teng Teeh Lim
Food Systems and Bioengineering Division
University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
ABSTRACT
Extension in the United States is an educational program that provides practical application
through demonstration and instruction of research-based knowledge to the general public.
Much of the service is provided by the designated land-grant universities. In the last few
decades, the number of livestock and poultry farms has declined significantly, but
productivity has increased due to mechanization, improved efficiency and environmental
control, and new technologies. The importance of Extension, challenges it faces, and changes
and opportunities will be discussed. This presentation will also report the mitigation of dust,
odor and gas emissions of livestock and poultry production facilities. Examples of research
and Extension programs involving manure nutrient management and air quality control will
be provided to explain how the collaboration and application work. Current research of biofilter for emission mitigation and anaerobic digestion and co-digestion of livestock manure
will be presented.
Keywords: Technology transfer, air emission, odor abatement, biofilter, anaerobic digestion
46
CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN TURKEY
Ayse OZCAN1, Eric STRAUSS2
1
2
Giresun University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences
Michigan State University, School of Planning, Design and Construction
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Turkey is a country located in a semi-arid climate. Future projections for the country show an
increase in temperature and a reduction in precipitation. Climate change influences agriculture
in Turkey in three ways: agricultural productivity; development (GDP -Gross Domestic
Product); and food security. Productivity of wheat, the most important crop may decrease up
to 15%. In terms of development, agriculture’s share of GDP has fallen from 12% to 7.2 %
over the past 10 years. Finally, food security will be affected by climate change in some areas
of the country leading to the potential for environmental damage and social unrest.
Keywords: Climate change, Agriculture, Water Resources, GDP, Turkey.
47
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN A GREENHAOUSE BY AN AUTOMATED
Murat Yıldırım
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarımsal Yapılar ve Sulama Bölümü, Çanakkale
Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Irrigation has the maximum water withdrawal in agriculture and on the other hand, agriculture
is the primary source of livelihood for farmers. In this case, agricultural water management is
the key point at both sustainable agriculture and using water efficiency in agriculture.
Nowadays, automation in drip irrigation systems has been switched from manual systems to
the automated systems since offering a wide range of new options such as water and labor
saving and so on.
This paper proposes a model of an automatic drip irrigation system, based on a sensor sensing
water level in a mini-pan. The sensors made of two electrodes are the only source of power to
control the irrigation system. Sensors are placed inside in the mini-pan and continuously sense
the water level until it dropped under the bottom tip of one electrode and produced a signal
going to the microprocessor (PIC16F877). Therefore, being a close loop, the system was
activated based on the water level, which pumps and stopped the system through the whole
growing season. In this paper, a complete hardware and software implementation of this
proposed automated irrigation system is presented.
Keywords: Automation, drip irrigation, mini-pan, controller
48
DRY PEAS VARIETIES (PISUM SATIVUM L.) FOR THE PROVISION OF
IMPROVED SEEDS AND THE EXTENT OF ITS CONTRIBUTION IN
INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF DRY PEAS CROP IN LIBYA
Mabrouk El-SHARIEF 1, Ahmed ALBUASHE 1, Younis, SHOAIB1, Yousef El-NAJH 1,
Khaled ABBOUD1, Abdel Aziz SALEH 2
1
Agricultural Research Center -Libya
Project Engineer Barjuj productive (Southern Region) - Libya
2
ABSTRACT
The access to improved seed to harvest dry peas and used agricultural and animal research center
passed through several stages of education inputs and strains weather local methodology (local strains)
or important from a international centers for agricultural research, agricultural bodies abroad in the
form of generations isolationist (third generation-the sixth generation) or preliminary experiments for
the purpose of assessing productivity will, started those stages evaluation or screening strains are
constructed in terms of drought western mountain under the rain rate (220mm/year) and the western
coastal region under the rain rate (350mm / year)..the system of supplementary irrigation, and south
region (sabha, Brjoj productive project) under high temperatures and system of permanent irrigation
system and then the evaluation and selection for several consecutive seasons of up to (7) seasons, has
been cultivated strains as monitoring slices to make sure the strain recipes so we can launch and call
them varieties and called a local label (Zahra) and graded order strain respectively (Zahra -1) then
(Zahra-2) and so for all the promising strains, are the seeds of class seed breeder and has been the
basis of the seeds and then approved after the adoption of the commission on Accreditation varieties,
and delivered to the seed multiplication center improved breeding and were disturbed to the public
agriculture sectors (agricultural projects)and private sectors (farmers)he followed the same research
and scientific method to launch a range of varieties dry the area est of the mountain pease (yffrane).
one of the research station of the center of agricultural research (liquidated) as well as the western
coastal region (Tajura, Zahra, Khomes and Misratah Station) and south region (sebha station, and the
project Brjoj productive), in the western costal region (Tajour and Zahra Station) was evaluated and
the election of a range of varieties of dry pease with recipes quantity and good quality such as (Zahra1.4,5,7.9,13,14,15,16,17) and in the region western mountain (Soffet Station) (Zahra-1, 4 ,5,6,7,8,9)
and in southern region (sebha station) have been evaluated and selection of varieties of dry pease
(Zahra-1.2,4,5,9,10,12,13,,14,15,16,17) and Parjoj productive project and site Tsawa (Zahra1,2,4,5.10,11,12,17) and named after local names a row ((Zahra-1, zahra-2…etc)) and we continued to
naming by same away for any breed excels and adapted to local condition, has characterized such
items from others tested strains in morphological characteristics (flowering) the average number of
flowering days (66.9) days of agriculture and number of maturity days (127) days in term of plant
height where the tallest varieties desirable and selected to suitability for mechanical harvesting their
was medium height (94cm), and in recipe 100 seed weight (21g/100seeds) in character of seed
productivity the average varieties (1921kg/ha), and in terms of the sensitivity of disease outperformed
varieties (zahra-4,Zahra-10) in mountain west region to the rest of the tasted strain western coastal
region in terms of resistance to disease (powdery mildew) and (downy mildew) outperformed the
tasted varieties southern region and project Barjoj and Tsawh (Zahra, Zahra, Zahra) on the rest of the
tasted strain coastal areas other beer temperature and excelled varieties (Zahra, Zahra) were tasted
there strains in the western mountain region as drought tolerance to anther tested strains in the
western coastal region and still search continue to launch more promising varieties of dry peas were
had proven under local condition in all the different agricultural region.
Keywords: Pisum sativum, dry peas, local experiments
49
KATI ATIKLARIN ÇEVREYE VE SAĞLIĞA ETKİSİ KONUSUNDA BİREYLERİN
BİLİNÇ DÜZEYİNİN BELİRLENMESİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
(TOKAT İL MERKEZİ ÖRNEĞİ)
Rüveyda KIZILOĞLU1, Halil KIZILASLAN1, Gülten SOYSAL1
1
Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarım Ekonomisi Bölümü, Tokat, Türkiye
ABSTRACT
Araştırmada Tokat merkez ilçede yaşayan bireylerin kullandıkları katı atıklarının sağlıklarına
ve çevreye olan etkilerinin bilme ve bilinç düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Araştırmanın temel materyalini, Tokat ili merkez ilçe kentsel alanda yaşayan ve farklı gelir
düzeyine sahip bireylerden anket yolu ile elde edilen veriler oluşturulacaktır.
Örnek hacmi belirlemede oransal örnekleme yöntemi kullanılması hedeflenmektedir. Ana
kitleyi oluşturan bireylerin özellikleri başlangıçta bilinmediği için, örnek hacmini maksimum
kılacak şekilde p=0.5 olarak alınıp, %95 güven aralığı ve %5 hata payı ile çalışılıp ve örnek
hacmi 380 birey olarak düşünülmektedir. Örneğe alınan bireylerin tesadüfi olarak
belirlenecektir.
Bireylerin bilgi düzeyini belirlemek için bir takım doğru ve yanlış bilgiler sorulup ve
verdikleri her doğru cevap için bir puan, yanlış cevap için sıfır puan verilerek puanlama
yapılması planlanmaktadır. Doğru soruların puanları toplanarak, en yüksek puan belirlenecek
ve böylelikle bireylerin bilinç düzeyi belirlenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Toplam puanın
yarısından fazlası bilinç seviyesi yüksek ve yarı puanın altı bilinç seviyesi düşük olmak üzere
iki kategori oluşturulup dummy değişken elde edilmesi planlanmaktadır. Çünkü bireylerin
katı atıkların çevre ve sağlıklarına olan etkilerinin bilinç düzeyinin etkileyen faktörleri
belirlemek amacıyla binary logit analizi uygulanması hedeflenmektir. Ayrıca katı atıklar
hakkındaki bilgi, tutum ve davranışlarının belirlenmesi için faktör analizi ile gruplar
oluşturularak bilinç düzeyine bağımsız değişken olarak katılması düşünülmektedir.
Araştırma kapsamında görüşülecek kişilerin sosyo-demografik faktörler ortaya konulduktan
sonra, çalışmanın ana amacına ulaşmak için bağımsız değişkenler (sosyo-demografik
faktörlerin yanı sıra bireylerin bazı bilgileri değerlendirilmeye alınacaktır) belirlenip analize
tabi tutulup istatiksel olarak bağımlı değişkeni yani katı atıkların çevre ve sağlığa etkisinin
bilinç düzeyini etkileyen faktörler ortaya konulması hedeflenilmektedir.
Bireylerin kullandıkları katı atıkların çevreye ve sağlıkları üzerine etkisi hakkındaki bilgi,
tutum, davranış ve en önemlisi bilinç seviyeleri istatistiki olarak ölçülüp ortaya konulması bu
araştırmanın en önemli sonucu olacaktır. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda bireylerin ne istediği
ortaya konulup ve bu işle uğraşan firma/işletmelerin ya da devletin konuyla ilgili politika
geliştirmesine veya strateji belirlemesine ışık tutacağı bir çalışma olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Tokat, bilgi düzeyi, bilinç düzeyi, katı atık, çevre
50
KİMYASAL ATIKLARIN ÇEVRE VE SAĞLIĞA ETKİSİ KONUSUNDA
BİREYLERİN BİLİNÇ DÜZEYİNİN BELİRLENMESİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
(KARABÜK İL MERKEZİ ÖRNEĞİ)
Rüveyda Kızıloğlu1, Halil Kızılaslan1, Müyesser Yurdabakan1
1
Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarım Ekonomisi Bölümü, Tokat, Türkiye
Correspondence author’s e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Araştırmada Karabük merkez ilçede yaşayan bireylerin kimyasal atıklarının sağlıklarına ve
çevreye olan etkilerinin bilme ve bilinç düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Araştırmanın temel materyalini, Karabük ili merkez ilçe kentsel alanda yaşayan ve farklı gelir
düzeyine sahip bireylerden anket yolu ile elde edilen veriler oluşturulacaktır.
Örnek hacmi belirlemede oransal örnekleme yöntemi kullanılması hedeflenmektedir. Ana
kitleyi oluşturan bireylerin özellikleri başlangıçta bilinmediği için, örnek hacmini maksimum
kılacak şekilde p=0.5 olarak alınıp, %95 güven aralığı ve %5 hata payı ile çalışılıp ve örnek
hacmi 380 birey olarak düşünülmektedir. Örneğe alınan bireylerin tesadüfi olarak
belirlenecektir.
Bireylerin bilgi düzeyini belirlemek için bir takım doğru ve yanlış bilgiler sorulup ve
verdikleri her doğru cevap için bir puan, yanlış cevap için sıfır puan verilerek puanlama
yapılması planlanmaktadır. Doğru soruların puanları toplanarak, en yüksek puan belirlenecek
ve böylelikle bireylerin bilinç düzeyi belirlenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Toplam puanın
yarısından fazlası bilinç seviyesi yüksek ve yarı puanın altı bilinç seviyesi düşük olmak üzere
iki kategori oluşturulup dummy değişken elde edilmesi planlanmaktadır. Çünkü bireylerin
kimyasal atıkların çevre ve sağlıklarına olan etkilerinin bilinç düzeyinin etkileyen faktörleri
belirlemek amacıyla binary logit analizi uygulanması hedeflenmektir. Ayrıca kimyasal atıklar
hakkındaki bilgi, tutum ve davranışlarının belirlenmesi için faktör analizi ile gruplar
oluşturularak bilinç düzeyine bağımsız değişken olarak katılması düşünülmektedir.
Araştırma kapsamında görüşülecek kişilerin sosyo-demografik faktörler ortaya konulduktan
sonra, çalışmanın ana amacına ulaşmak için bağımsız değişkenler (sosyo-demografik
faktörlerin yanı sıra bireylerin bazı bilgileri değerlendirilmeye alınacaktır) belirlenip analize
tabi tutulup istatiksel olarak bağımlı değişkeni yani kimyasal atıkların çevre ve sağlığa
etkisinin bilinç düzeyini etkileyen faktörler ortaya konulması hedeflenilmektedir.
Bireylerin sürekli karşılaştıkları kimyasal atıkların çevreye ve sağlıkları üzerine etkisi
hakkındaki bilgi, tutum, davranış ve en önemlisi bilinç seviyeleri istatistiki olarak ölçülüp
ortaya konulması bu araştırmanın en önemli sonucu olacaktır. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda
bireylerin ne istediği ortaya konulup ve bu işle uğraşan firma/işletmelerin ya da devletin
konuyla ilgili politika geliştirmesine veya strateji belirlemesine ışık tutacağı bir çalışma
olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Karabük, bilgi düzeyi, bilinç düzeyi, kimyasal atık, çevre
51
GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF Hevea brasiliensis UNDER VARIOUS
PLANTING DENSITY
Zulkefly SULAIMAN1 and Goh, S.S.2
1
University Putra Malaysia
2
Malaysia Rubber Board
ABSTRACT
Rubber growing in Malaysia predominantly a smallholder’s industry with contributed about
93.1% (2013) of the total rubber production in Malaysia. Although there is an important
contribution by the rubber smallholders sector, the majority of them to be plagued by
persistent low productivity and income largely due to uneconomic size of holding, planting of
non-recommended clones, low adoption of technology, capital deficiency and unstable of
rubber price in the past. With the low yield of rubber (average 1400 kg per hectare, 2013)
from the rubber smallholders, several approaches have been developed in Malaysia to
increase land productivity and income. One of the approaches is through adopting high
density planting.
A study on the effect of high density planting on growth and yield of rubber was conducted in
FELDA Jenderak Utara, Temerloh, Pahang, Malaysia, on Durian and Gajah Mati soil series,
started in February 2000. The treatments study were (i) Planting densities, i.e. 500 trees/ha
(4m x 5m), 700 trees/ha (4m x 3.6m), and 1000 trees/ha (4m x 2.5m) and (ii) rubber clones
i.e. RRIM 2025, RRIM 2016 and RRIM 2001. The treatments were arranged according to the
Split Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications.
The results found there were significant effects of planting density and clone on growth
(girth) of rubber, 63 months and 151 months after planting. For instance, the densities of 500
trees and 700 trees/ha had higher growth (girth) compared to density of 1000 trees/ha with
mean of 47.4 cm = 47.2 cm > 44.1 cm, respectively, 63 months after planting. A similar
result was found, 151 months after planting. Clone RRIM 2025 had higher growth (girth)
compared to RRIM 2016 and RRIM 2001 with mean of 48.3 cm > 46 cm = 44.6 cm,
respectively in the same period. The densities of 500 and 700 trees/ha produced higher tree
productivity (g/t/t) at the second year of tapping compared to the density of 1000 trees/ha with
means of 64.9 g/t/t = 64.2 g/t/t > 52.9 g/t/t, respectively with tapping system of 1/2S D3
SEN(8x/year). However, there was no significant effect of clone on tree productivity during
the same period of tapping (RRIM 2025 = RRIM 2001 = RRIM 2016 with mean of 64.7 g/t/t
= 60.3 g/t/t = 59.0 g/t/t, respectively). Survey on bark thickness was conducted, 151 months
after planting. The result found, the density of 500 and 700 trees/ha had thicker bark
thickness compared to the density of 1000 trees/ha with means of 10.9 mm =10.1 mm > 9.4
mm, respectively. Density of 1000 trees/ha produced higher crotch height compared to the
density of 700 trees/ha and 500 trees/ha with means 6.0 m > 4.4 m = 4.2m, 151 months after
planting. However, no significant were found for the treatment clone and interaction of clone
x density on crotch height. Clone RRIM 2025 produced higher clear bole volume compared to
the clone RRIM 2016 and RRIM 2001 with means of 0.16 m3/tree > 0.13 m3/tree = 0.11
m3/tree, respectively.
Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis, growth and yield performance, rubber density
52
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF FULL FAT AND DEFATTED WALNUT FLOUR
T. A. Sanni1, E.M. Ogunbusola1
1
Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Oye, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The study investigates the functional properties of full fat and defatted walnut flours using
standard methods. The results showed that defatting significantly increased the water
absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, least gelation concentration and bulk density.
Foaming capacity of full fat and defatted walnut flour are concentration and pH dependent.
Addition of sodium chloride to 0.15M increased the foaming capacity of the seed flours,
however, beyond this concentration the foaming capacity decreased with increasing salt
concentration. The protein solubility of the seed flours is minimum at pH 4.0 and increased
generally with increase in pH of the medium. Walnut flours may find use as functional
ingredient in food system and in new food formulation.
Keywords: functional properties, full fat, defatted, walnut flour
53
MANAGEMENT OF PESTICIDES, A WAY TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE
Razieh POURDARBANI
Department of Agricultural Machinery engineering,
College of Agriculture technology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili,
Ardabil, Iran
Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Usage of pesticides increases the quantity and quality of products by eliminating of unwanted
factors and on the other hand, life balance is disrupted with the elimination of natural pest
control agents, causing outbreaks of pests. The adverse effects of toxins on other organisms
due to the use of pesticide poisoning as well as the production costs of pesticide are the ways
that indicate the need for principled and thoughtful usage of these materials. Unfortunately,
our farmers have the habit upon seeing each pest, from Aphid and mite and weed to mice and
so on, resort to sprayer and cause their environment and other organisms to victim of sudden
or gradual, without considering other methods of struggle. Another point that should not be
ignored that is in the event of a reduction in pesticides, saving a lot of foreign exchange is
achieved.
Now most countries especially in Europe, America, and Japan are not allowed products that
are sprayed with pesticides illegal or those pesticide residues above the permissible limit to be
entered to their country. Given the above, today in many countries, especially those dependent
on imported pesticides are plans to reduce the use of pesticide and replacing it with other
methods. Among these methods, biological control is vast. This article intends to consider
solutions as appropriate principles of pesticides use in agriculture to address that minimal use
of pesticides and biological control of crop pests ensure food safety of millions of innocent
people.
Keywords: management pesticides, pesticides, pesticides usage
54
TARIMDA BLOK MODELİ VE TARIMSAL DENETİM
(TARBLOK) ©
Yıldıray KAYA
Sorumlu yazar: [email protected]
ÖZET
Biz bu model projede, ülke tarımının iyileştirilmesi ve tarımdan elde edilecek gelirin daha
fazla olmasını sağlayacak tarımsal işletmelerde denetim ve arazi parselasyon sistemine yeni
bir bakış getirmeye çalıştık. Proje içinde dile getirdiğimiz fikirlerin birçoğu dünyada örnekleri
yok denecek kadar az olup uygulandığı takdirde ülkelerin tarımdan elde ettiği gelirler artacak
ve tarımsal araziler ile beraber çevre de büyük oranda korunmuş olacaktır. Ülke tarım
politikaları projede sunduğumuz şekilde yapıldığı takdirde kırsal kesimde yaşayan tarımla
uğraşan kesim milli gelirden daha çok pay alacak, çevre (hayvan yaşam alanları ve sulak
alanlar) daha etkin korunacak ve projede önerilen denetim sistemi sayesinde gıda güvenliği
çok düşük maliyet ile yapılacaktır. TARIMDA BLOK MODELİ VE TARIMSAL DENETİM
(TARBLOK)© çalışması beş ana bölümden oluşmaktadır: Birinci bölümde arazi parselasyon
üzerine tarımsal işletme blok modeli tanımlanmış ve bu sistemin nasıl oluşturulacağı ve
blokların nasıl bir yasal yapıya kavuşması gerektiği üzerine fikirler sunulmuştur. İkinci
bölümde tarımsal işletme denetiminin ayrıntılı olarak gerçek araziler temel alınarak nasıl ve
ne şekilde kurulup kurumsal hale getirileceği ve denetim konularının tarımsal işletme
verimliliğine getireceği katkılar sıralanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde tarımsal işletme bloklarında
giderlerin /gelirlerin kayıt altına alınmasına dair görüşler bildirilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde,
tarımsal işletme blok sisteminin gıda güvenliği konusuna etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Beşinci
bölümde ise proje ile ilgili olarak sonuçlar ve öneriler sıralanmıştır.
Anahtar kelimeler : TARBLOK, arazi düzenlemesi, verimlilik
55
REVIVING THE ECONOMY OF KP PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN UNDER THE
DAIRY SCIENCE PARK
M Subhan Qureshi1, Sarzamin Khan1, Irfan Ul Haq Qureshi2, Asim Ijaz1 and Asad Sultan1
1
Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences
The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan 25210
2
Dairy Science Park, 401-A, City Tower, University Road, Peshawar
ABSTRACT
Pakistan has been blessed with natural resources; however utilization of resources could not be
ensured efficiently. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province possesses 39.7, 34.6, 29.1, 66.6 and 1000
million cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and poultry. The present farming and marketing system do not
possess the capacity to return the required profitability to the producer nor the required food quality to
the consumers. In addition the long fought war on terror in the province and the adjoining Afghan
regions has caused irreparable losses to livestock and poultry resources in the region. Resultantly, the
region has become a site of unrest and a conflict among various hostile forces. The Faculty of Animal
Husbandry and Veterinary Science is the leading organization in livestock sector of the Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, engaged in teaching, research and industrial linkages. At graduate level, the Doctor of
Veterinary Medicine degree program is being successfully run under guidelines provided under the
Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council Act 1996 and quality of the program is reflected from
performance of the students at Provincial and Federal Public Service Commission, Pakistan Army,
admission into international educational institutions and the Industry. Postgraduate degree programs
are being run leading to award of MSc Hons/M Phil and PhD degree programs in Livestock
Management, Poultry Science, Animal Nutrition and Animal Health. Applied research has been
covering the industrial issues and advisory services are provided to the provincial government and the
KP Chamber of Commerce and Industries. A good number of publications in impact factor journals,
winning research projects/awards by the faculty members, release of ADP funds by the LG&RD
Department and consideration of support by the USDS, have been indicative of the quality of research
at the Faculty. Dairy Science Park has emerged at the Faculty as a remedy for responding to the
challenges faced by the Livestock Sector. Mission statement of the Park has been set as economic
growth at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA and the neighboring Afghanistan regions through medium
sized livestock and poultry production, processing and marketing units, and service providers, through
an ISO accredited, environment-friendly intervention package providing entrepreneurship
opportunities to the youth, ensuring food security of the province and sparing surpluses for the
international Halal Meat market exceeding US$ +500 billion. Quality control support will be provided
through development of standards for the farms, clinics, meat/milk/eggs shops, slaughter houses,
services providers and other associated units. The interests of various stakeholders will be protected
through legislation and promulgation of Dairy Science Park Act 2015. A network of nucleus breeding
stocks will b be established to meet the requirements of the emerging entrepreneurs in farming sheep,
goats, cattle, buffaloes, broiler poultry, turkeys, rabbits and quails and etc. Value addition network will
be provided through slaughter houses, milk processing units, cold storage and transportation. The Park
has been supposed to generate self-employment, indirect employments, and production of hygienic
food for local consumption and for earning foreign exchange. Additional benefits would be public
health and environment protection; providing Halal meat to Muslim and non Muslims around the
globe; combating energy crisis and friendly relations with the nations around the globe.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, livestock, poultry, quails. Quality, standards, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
56
FOOD INSECURITY IN AFRICA; CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS: A CASE
STUDY OF NIGERIA
B. OZKAN1, W.O. FAWOLE1, and E. ILBASMIS1
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Akdeniz University, 07058 Campus,
Dumlupinar Bulvari, Antalya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to examine the increasing food insecurity in Nigeria and the
implications on the stability of the country in particular and Africa in general. This study tries
to x-ray the food insecurity in Nigeria and Africa in general. This is important in order to alert
the stakeholders in the Agricultural sector on the implications of the rising food insecurity in
the country in recent years. The secondary data source from the Food and Agricultural
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations were used by examining the trend from 1990 to
2014.
The findings of this study indicate that key food security indicators used for the study such as
prevalence of undernourishment, food inadequacy and numbers of undernourished people are
on the increase in Nigeria from the year 2009 to 2014 according to the latest survey. The
implication of this is that if the trend is not halted as quickly as possible it is a time bomb that
may pose great security risks and danger to the country and African sub-region as a whole
being the most populous black nation. In order to prevent this, the immediate causes of the
rising food insecurity as pointed out in the study must be identified while appropriate
measures such as consistent policy framework for agriculture, provision of infrastructures,
population control through birth control, provision of storage facilities and abolition of trade
barriers among others are suggested to solve the food security challenges in Nigeria and by
extension other African countries.
Keywords: Food security, food, Nigeria
57
THE INFLUENCE OF MICROCLIMATE FOREST TOWARDS THE DIVERSITY
OF EPIPHYTES IN LOWLAND DIPTEROCARP FOREST
Akas Pinaringan Sujalu1, Sigit Hardwinarto2, Chandradewana Boer2, M. Soemaryono2
1
Faculty of Agriculture, The University of 17th August 1945 of Samarinda
Jl Ir. H. Juanda 80, Samarinda 75123
2
Forest Management-Faculty of Forest-Mulawarman University
ABSTRACT
The aim from this research is to find out the correlation between condition of micro climate at
the the climax to the broadness of 6 hectares and the log over area to the broadness of 12
hectares in the at lowland dipterocarpaceae forest at Malinau regency.
The dominance index value of type (C) in all parts of the tree vertically (crown, stem and
bole) in climax forest is lower than the logged forest, whereas Various Index of species (H) at
the crown 1,75346, the bark 1,32234, and at the bole trees 1,24137. The similarity Index of
species form Srensen (ISs) at the crown 36,5, the bole trees 32,2 and bark trees 32,2. And
the other hand ISs at the same as levels climax forest and log over areas indicate highest at the
bole trees (96,2), and than crown (90,7) and bole trees the lowest (61,4). Daily average
humidity and lighting in the climax and log over area be found have strong correlation with
number of species epiphytes.
Keywords: microclimate, climax, log over area, diversity, correlation
58
QUALITY OF SOME GENOTYPES CUCUMBER (Cucucmis sativus L.)
CULTIVATED IN BANDUNG
RAHAYU, S.T1, U.SUMPENA1, A. ASGAR1, D. MUSADDAD1
1
Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute (IVEGRI)
Tangkuban Perahu Street 517 Lembang, Bandung
ABSTRACT
Cucumber is a kind of vegetable that contain many vitamins, mineral, and fiber that body
needed. The purpose of this research to evaluation shelf life some genotypes cucumbers
which will be released as a variety. Cucumber planted in Bandung.The analysis was done in
the physiology laboratory IVEGRI, Bandung. Cucumber observed including five genotype of
IVEGRI and three varieties in the market as control. Experiments performed with the design
of random groups with three replication. Quality test of cucumber with the parameters of
length, diameter, weight, texture, moisture, and vitamin C. Organoleptic test using 15 panelis
with parameters of color, texture, taste, and appearance. Observation be done from day 0, 2, 4,
6, 8, and 9 day’s ambient temperature. Statistical analysis using PKBT program. The results
of research shows that M7 and M8 having texture, moisture, and vitamin C content was no
different with genotype control. M7 and M8 genotype having shelf life 8th day of the
parameters of color, texture, taste, and appearance.
Keywords: cucumber cultivated, Cucucmis sativus, cucumber
59
DOUBLE-LOG CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF WHEAT
PRODUCTION SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN
Joyo1, Nanik Ram2, Ismail Kumbharf3
1
Department Agricultural Economics, Faculty Agricultural Social Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tando
Jam, Sindh province of Pakistan
2
Department of Economics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh province of Pakistan
3
Department Agricultural Education and Extension, Faculty Agricultural Social Sciences, Sindh Agriculture
University Tando Jam, Sindh province of Pakistan
ABSTRACT
Climate Change is a manifold setback that formed varied impediment which related to
environment and economic concerns. It effects badly damaged in the economies which are
involved in agrarian, as they are dependent on it by nature. Pakistan’s status as a developing
country is holistically depending on agricultural sector, and that setback climatic change is
making it highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change variability. The major thrust of
study that to monitoring and overcome the increasing population and decreasing food
resources may pose a threat for our future food security. The study is on to estimate or predict
value of the dependent variable (Wheat Yield) on the basis of the known or fixed values of the
explanatory variables (temperature and precipitation level) intended for to look at the climate
change impact on wheat production which is the staple food crop of Pakistan. The study uses
secondary data with Regression model Yi = f(X2i ,…, Xki) + ui = 1 + 2X2i +… +kXki + ui.
The study considers last twenty (20) years data from 1992 to 2012. Pakistan’s wheat
production has been declined from 25000 (000) metric tons to 23300 (000) metric tons during
2012-13 with the negative growth rate of (-6.80). The study target area was the rural part of
Sindh province of Pakistan purposively due to more area affected for the reason of climate
change impacts on the agriculture sector development and wheat crop. The double-Log study
signifies that how the known variables are related. The known variables were the temperature
and precipitation level and their impact on wheat production and its development. The
parameter such as β1 & β2 shows the change in the dependent variable with per unit change in
the independent variables. Therefore, the estimated coefficients of regression parameters such
as Y-intercept, temperature and precipitation level were calculated as -0.235 and -0.670532
respectively. Regression analysis of the factors affecting wheat indicated that the temperature
for higher yields has a slightly negative but within the pace increasing and resultantly nonsignificant effect and however, the unwanted/extra precipitation/rainfall level was damaged
completely. Nevertheless, climate change add more vulnerability of agricultural sector, such
as heavy storms, floods and droughts related, have completely the country under the threat of
socio-economic losses. Self sufficiency in wheat production is trickledown.
Keywords: Climate, Wheat, Production, Policy and Regression.
60
DRY MATTER PRODUCTION, BOTANICAL COMPOSITION AND WATER USE
EFFICIENCY OF SIMPLE AND MULTISPECIES PASTURE MIXTURES
Gazi Ozcan1, Serkan Ates1, 2, Harun Cicek2, Saban Isik1 and Stephen P. Loss2, 3
1
Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya, Turkey
International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Amman, Jordan
3
Grains Research & Development Corporation, Canberra, Australia
2
ABSTRACT
A two year experiment was conducted to compare the dry matter production (DMP) and water
use efficiency (WUE) of simple and multiple pasture species mixtures under irrigated
conditions in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey. Four pasture mixtures comprising of 1)
perennial ryegrass, birdsfoot trefoil and white clover 2) cocksfoot, birdsfoot trefoil and white
clover 3) tall fescue, birdsfoot trefoil and white clover and 4) a mix of all five species sown on
April 2011. Pastures were commonly grazed by ewes with their lambs during spring and by
dry ewes only during summer and autumn in 2012 and 2013. The average annual DMPs were
9.0, 9.1, 10.0 and 10.9 t ha−1 for perennial ryegrass, multispecies, tall fescue and cocksfoot
pastures, respectively. The total annual DMP of the pasture mixtures did not differ (P>0.05)
from one another in 2012, but cocksfoot and tall fescue pastures had greater (P<0.005) DMP
than ryegrass and the multispecies mixture in 2013. DMP, WUE and the botanical
compositions of the mixture showed significant (P<0.05) seasonal differences in both years.
Despite its good establishment, the persistence of perennial ryegrass was notably poor. In the
multispecies mixture, the ryegrass component decreased (P<0.001) from an average of 40.9%
on 1 May 2012 to 11.6% on 15 October 2013. In conclusion, tall fescue and cocksfoot
pastures offered greater production and better WUE than ryegrass and multispecies pastures
and thus may be suited better to the conditions of Central Anatolia and similar agro
ecosystems around the world.
Keywords: Pasture mixtures, Dactylis glomerata L., Lolium perenne L., Lotus corniculatus,
Festuca arundinacea L, water efficiency
61
SORREL SEEDS (Hibscuss abdariffa) OIL AND THE EFFECTS OF GAMMA
IRRADIATION ON FATTY ACID PROFILE
Toibudeen
Adesegun Sanni
Department of Food Science and Technology
Federal University of Oye, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Effects of gamma irradiations on fatty acid profile and physic-chemical properties of Sorrel
seeds (Hibscuss abdariffa) oil samples were determined at different dose levels of 0, 2.5, 5,
10, and 20 kGy gamma irradiation doses respectively. Fatty acids and physic-chemical
properties (peroxide value, free fatty acid value, saponification value and color) of the seeds
oils were determined using standard methods of analysis. There was significant steady
increase in peroxide values (meq O2/Kg oil), saponification value and free fatty acid (mg
KOH/g oil) at 0 KGy gamma irradiation to 20 KGy gamma irradiation levels respectively.
Gas chromatography (GC) analysis results of the oil showed an increase in the amount of total
saturated fatty at 0 and 20 KGy gamma irradiation levels respectively. There was decrease in
the amount of total polyunsaturated fatty acids in the triacylglycerol composition of the 20
KGy gamma irradiated samples compared with the un-irradiated samples. The chemical
analysis of sorrel seeds at 20 kGy showed effect of cis-trans isomerization of the unsaturated
fatty acids. The predominant fatty acid is Linoleic acid (C18:2) cisand an inducement of transfatty acids was also observedat 20 kGy.
Keywords: Fatty acids, Gamma Irradiation, Peroxides, Trans fatty acids
62
NON-DESTRUCTIVE MEASUREMENTS OF PROXIMATE COMPOSITIONS OF
QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE (QPM) AND SORGHUM RELEVANT FOR
CONFECTIONERY AND PASTA PRODUCTION
Ismail A. Durojaiye1 , Chukwu O2., Usman D. Drambi1
1
Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P. M. B. 0248
Bauchi, Bauchi State, NIGERIA
2
Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering, Federal University of Technology Minna, PMB 65,
Minna, Niger State, NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
In recent past, destructive means of measuring the proximate compositions of grains are
widely used in the industries and research institutes; this involves crushing of samples and
application of chemical reagents on samples leading to losses of food along the food chain.
However, this study was carried out to evaluate the proximate compositions of Quality
Protein Maize (QPM = ART/98-SW6-OB-W) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) using nondestructive and conventional destructive methods. Destructive method was evaluated using
standardized conventional method by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC)
while Diode Array (DA7200) near infra-red (NIR) spectrophotometer was used for nondestructive approach. A randomized block design of 6 (Parameters) × 2 (Laboratory methods
of analysis) × 2 (Grain samples) × 3 (Replicates) making a total of 72 samples used for the
experiment. SPSS 20.0 statistical package was used to determine significant levels (P<0.05)
for the values obtained from both methods using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean
were separated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result shows that nondestructive measurement had higher significant values of moisture content 11.600.06% and
12.470.03% over the destructive measurement with 10.670.52% and 9.070.03% for QPM
and sorghum respectively.
However, QPM values for destructive approach were
10.550.13% crude protein contents, 4.950.22% crude fat, 3.260.05 crude fiber,
1.710.01% ash content and 68.870.56% carbohydrate content while the non-destructive
method had 9.800.00% crude protein content, 4.070.09% crude fat and 61.370.35%
carbohydrate content. On the other hand, sorghum grain destructive measurement had
11.130.06% crude protein content, 4.830.03% crude fat, 2.380.01% crude fiber,
1.080.01% crude ash and 70.790.02% carbohydrate content while non-destructive
measurements had 8.900.00% crude protein content, 3.130.03% crude fat content,
2.100.00% crude fiber content, 1.200.00% ash content and 66.600.12% carbohydrate
content. Non- destructive method using DA7200 NIR spectrophotometer means of obtaining
the proximate compositions of cereal grains was therefore found to be more economical and
faster without affecting the actual proximate compositions of the grains, hence recommended
for used over the conventional destructive method of proximate compositions determination
in the industries and research institutes in Nigeria and elsewhere.
Keywords: Quality Protein Maize (QPM), Sorghum, Destructive and Non-destructive
Methods, Infra-Red (NIR), Spectrophotometer, Proximate Composition
63
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN MAIZE FOR SUSTAINABLE
PRODUCTION IN RAINFED KAREWAS OF KASHMIR VALLEY
Ajaz A Lone1, Z A Dar1, B A Alie1, S A Dar1, F A Bahar1, I Abidi, G Ali1 , G Zafar1
1
Dryland Agriculture Research Station
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture Sciences & technology of Kashmir
Srinagar, Kashmir J& K India 190001
ABSTRACT
In Jammu & Kashmir State 80 % population is dependent on Agriculture which constitutes the main
source of lively hood and contributes more than 36.3 per cent to Net Domestic Product .Jammu &
Kashmir, despite being an agrarian state, is yet to attain self-sufficiency in food production
.Considerable improvement has been recorded in transforming the agricultural scenario of the region
resulting in increase in production & productivity as well as over all socio economic growth. The
productivity potential of different crops grown in the region shall have to be considerably improved
and there is further scope for it .Similar, development and application of modern technology in
agricultural and allied sectors is imperative, to harness due economic gains for rural people of the
region. The key challenges to agricultural development and rural poverty reduction in Rainfed
Karewas include very small and scattered landholdings which are scarcely able to provide subsistence
food needs, low crop yields predominance of cultivated land races, non-availability of vital inputs,
declining soil fertility, lack of irrigation, lack of diversification in farming systems and cultivation of
maize over a wide range of environmental conditions ranging from approximately 1650 m to above
2,600 m a.m.s.l, mostly under rainfed environments. The main thrust of the Sustainable Agricultural
Production Programme is the enhancement of the agricultural productivity based on simple/affordable
good agricultural practices (GAPs) which will help to bridge the large gap between actual and
potential crop yields. The study conducted in 2013-14 by laying of demonstration trial comprising of
high yielding maize genotypes under farmers fields revealed profound effect of cultivating crops by
adopting proper agronomy on elite niche specific maize genotypes. On an average of all the trials
conducted superiority of 113 per cent was observed in terms of yielding ability as compared to
farmer’s local cultivars with bad agronomy. All the traits in test genotypes were highly admired by the
masses notably grain traits, Stover yield and resilience to abiotic and biotic pressures prevalent in the
respective crop niches. Scientific agronomic practices infused in their routine practices were seed
treatment, hydro priming, conservation tillage, line sowing, proper inputs and inter cultural operations
at right times and post harvest handling. Farmers were able to select right type of genotype suited to
their locality after first harvest. 96 percent of farmers were willing to grow again all the genotypes on
continuous basis. Recent climatic patterns have drastically affected the fodder production scenario of
the State, but these trails revealed that ample quality fodder can be obtained from these high yielding
genotypes. Thick hybrid stem was particularly preferred by 29 percent of farmers which particularly
hit by fodder shortage for raising Buffaloes. In second year of study, less of capacity building was
needed for smooth conduct of trials in the target localities. The seed of OPV’s grown isolated blocks
were already disseminated to the adjoining areas through various exchange procedures. In areas were
maize is mainly grown for bread purposes white type of test entry was in high demand in these areas
Will Grow Again intent for test hybrids was expressed by 98 percent of farmers as compared to local
cultivars. The findings of these trials reveals that there is a need to capitalise the available resources’
and to disseminate the practical experiences in order to harness the real benefits of research and this
can safely be taken to show that farmers are rational decision makers, that is, they make really good
choices if quality seed /technology is available in order to maximize the returns from their production
activities.
Keywords: good agriculture practise, sustainable agricultural production, Jammu & Kashmir State
64
THE EFFECT OF TWO DIFFERENT ZEOLITES APPLIED IN COMBINATION
WITH ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD
OF PEA CROP
Tuba Arjumend1,2*, Metin Turan1, Zulal Aktaş1, Mohsin Zafar3, Tabish Abdul Razzaq4
1
Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University,
Kayısdagi, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
2
Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, The University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
3
Department of Soil Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil
4
Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.
Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected].
ABSTRACT
The unique caution exchange, adsorption, hydration–dehydration, and catalytic properties of
natural zeolites and their abundance have promoted their use in a wide variety of agricultural
processes as soil amendments, slow-release fertilizers, and other materials. In order to look
over the effect of two different zeolites (Z1: acidic; Z2: basic) in combination with organic and
inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and yield attributes of peas, an experiment based on
complete randomized design with three replications was performed in The Department of Soil
and Environmental Sciences, The University of Poonch Rawalakot in the year 2014.
Treatments comprised of T1: control; T2: Urea @ 100 kg N ha-1; T3: poultry manure (PM) @
100 kg N ha-1; T4: Zeolite 1 (Z1); T5: Zeolite 2 (Z2); T6: Urea @ 100 kg N ha-1 + Z1; T7: PM
@ 100 kg N ha-1 + Z1; T8: Urea @ 100 kg N ha-1 + Z2; T9: PM @ 100 kg N ha-1 + Z2; T10:
Urea @ 50 kg N ha-1 + PM @ 50 kg N ha-1 + Z1; T11: Urea @ 50 kg N ha-1 + PM @ 50 kg N
ha-1 + Z2; T12: Urea @ 50 kg N ha-1 + PM @ 50 kg N ha-1 + half Z1 + half Z2. Results
demonstrated the positive effect of all the treatments on growth and yield parameters except
for number of pods. The greatest root, shoot length (41 and 19.8 cm) and dry weights (5.9 and
0.39 g) were attained in T10 while the highest pods length (6.9 cm), grain fresh weight (12.5)
and number of grains (5.9) were obtained in T7. Post-harvest soil nutrient analysis (N, P, Ca,
Mg) also respond positively to different treatments over control. It is concluded from the
study that the use of zeolite along with mineral (Urea) and organic fertilizers (PM) increased
each other’s efficiency and in turn enhanced the growth and yield of crop and nutrient status
of soil.
Keywords: organic and inorganic fertilizer, soil effect, crop and nutrient status of soil
65
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SOME DIMENSIONS FOR THE FUTURE VISION OF
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN EGYPT
Abdullah Mahmoud Abdel-maqsoud Ahmed
Professor of Agricultural Economics - Ain Shams University – Egypt
ABSTRACT
The agriculture sector is the only source of food, and water is the major nerve of this sector
and under increasing pressure and the pop of a steady increase in the population and which
boat about 90 million people, which represents a severe pressing the need to get rid of these
pressures, particularly in the long term, through a clear strategy of the Egyptian Agricultural
Development.
And a closer look , we find that the water resources are the real nucleus of events intended for
agricultural development, which is why this vision to focus on the development of water
resources available currently and raise the efficiency of their use Through savings equivalent
to 3.16 Milard M3 verified surplus of re- crop Egyptian installation bulks agricultural yield
Planning and achieving for stabilized economy, it means the possibility of converting the
surplus of water used in agriculture in Egypt to almost about ( 893 ) thousand feddans planted
area and about 1.5 million feddan of crop area in the new areas outside the valley , which
reflects the possibility of the Egyptian agriculture stakeholders to cause expansion
Agricultural Landscape in the depth of the new areas, ease population pressure in this valley
with the provision of the necessary atmosphere to achieve stable agricultural development
Through the development of the agricultural resettlement policies and mechanisms to
determine the compositions crop less risky and so as to achieve the agricultural stability in
addition to the environmental dimension and the goal of the intervention agencies concerned
with the state of development of legislation and pass legislation for the protection of the
environment from pollution and follow the preventive methods for the safety of public health
and the laws of the then achieve Agricultural balanced development.
And in the light of the above study recommends relying on the following elements as major
hubs for agricultural development in Egypt as follows:
1. The provision of water used in agriculture and raise the efficiency of its use.
2. Exploitation patterns and agricultural resettlement in Egypt.
3. Determine the compositions crop less risky.
4. Environmental dimension.
Keywords: agricultural development, Egypt, Egypt’s agriculture
66
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PROFILES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
STRAINS ISOLATED FROM FOOD AND FOOD CONTACT SURFACES
Mert Sudagidan1, Ali Aydin2, Huseyin Avni Oktem1
1
Konya Food and Agriculture University, Meram, Konya, TURKEY
Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, TURKEY
2
ABSTRACT
Antimicrobials are widely used in human medicine, agricultural production, and food
processing and have been essential for ensuring human and animal health as well as the safety
of our food supply. In this study, Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from food
contact surfaces (staff, equipment etc.) (n:80) and from food (n:121). Antimicrobial
susceptibility testing was tested against 21 antibiotics (teicoplanin, amoxicillin/clavulanic
acid, rifampicin, penicillin G, cephazolin, kanamycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim,
cefoxitin, linezolid, imipenem, oxacillin, ofloxacin, fusidic acid, tetracycline, levofloxacin,
clindamycin, erythromycin, vancomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and tobramycin) for
the strains isolated from food contact surfaces and 10 antibiotics (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid,
oxytetracycline, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, doripenem, mupirosin,
minocycline, telithromycin and doxycycline) for the strains isolated from food samples by
agar disc diffusion method according to CLSI (2014). Agar disc diffusion test results
indicated that a total of 22 (27.5%) strains from food contact surfaces were multidrug
resistant (MDR) and other 20 (25%) strains were susceptible to all antibiotics. The resistance
of penicillin G, tetracycline and erythromycin were determined of 55 (68.7%), 14 (17.5%) and
(13.8%) of the tested strains, respectively. Furthermore, 4 (3.3%) strains from food samples
were MDR. None of the food isolates were resistant to quinupristin/dalfopristin, doripenem
and mupirosin. However, 18 and 8 food isolates were resistant to oxytetracycline and
doxycycline, respectively. Only one strain showed resistance to ciprofloxacin, minocycline
and telithromycin. These results showed that S. aureus strains from food and food contact
surfaces can be resistant to several antibiotics and this possible contamination of various
foods with these strains is very important for public health.
Keywords: human medicine, antibiotics, food contamination
67
A VIEW OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS FOR PRECISION
AGRICULTURE
Mehmet Serhat Odabas1, Gökhan Kayhan2, Nurettin Şenyer2, Erhan Ergün2
1
Ondokuz Mayis University, Bafra Vocation School, Samsun, Turkey
Ondokuz Mayis University, Department of Computer Engineering, Samsun, Turkey
2
ABSTRACT
Nowadays the satellite images are used for the studies such as plant diseases and estimation
productivity in agricultural areas. In recent years, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are being
used in many areas like precision agricultural applications. UAS has many advantages in
compliance with satellite images on smaller areas. The advantages of UAS are image capture
at low altitude, real-time data, automated or semi-automated operation, reducing labor,
repeatable performance, availability of data and imagery immediately after the flight, highresolution images, and cost effective use of technology. In addition, flights need not to be
scheduled and there is no cloud cover problem. The aim of this research is to identify St.
John’s wort flowers in the nature by using drone (TURKUAV okto XL). While identifying
them, the images captured by drone were used and while analyzing the images artificial neural
network and image processing were used.
Keywords: UAS, precision agriculture, drone, image processing
68
SAHARIAN AGRICULTURE: CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS FOR
DEVELOPMENT
Salah Zenkhri1, Lakhdar Kouri1
1
Laboratoire Biodiversité et Conservation des Eaux et des Sols. Université Abdelhamid Ibn Badis B.P. 227
Route de Belhacéne, 27000 Mostaganem (Algeria)
ABSTRACT
The northern areas of the country, faced with the weakness and a poor distribution of rainfall,
are constantly under the threat of drought, which constitutes a permanent risk particularly felt
for more than a decade.
The Saharan regions can contribute substantially to the extension of the Usable Agricultural
Area (UAA) by the irrigation of large areas. Major opportunities exist (water, soil, production
systems, technical support research training and outreach, institutional organization, etc.).
Their rational exploitation will contribute significantly to the increase of agricultural
production.
The prospects of agriculture Saharan inevitably constitute an alternative to the exhaustible
resources and the socio-economic development of the region, given the immense and
undeniable opportunities that it offers to the development of economic activities efficient,
viable and generator of wealth and jobs.
Keywords: Sustainable development, system of production, Agriculture, Sahara, Algeria.
69
UTILIZATION OF CELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES TO IMPROVE MILK YIELD,
MILK COMPOSITION, BLOOD SERUM PARAMETERS AND THE FEED
EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF LACTATING GOATS
A.M. Kholif1, Eman S.A. Farahat1, M.A. Hanafy2, S.M. Kholif1, R.R. EL-Sayed2
1
Dairy Science Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
2
ABSTRACT
The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of cellulases supplementation on milk
yield, milk composition, blood serum parameters and the Feed efficiency and economical
evaluation by lactating Zaraibi goats. Nine lactating Zaraibi goats after 7 days of parturition
were divided into three groups, three animals each, using 3x3 Latin square designs. The first
group was fed 37.5% concentrate feed mixture (CFM), 12.5% date kernel and 50% berseem
hay (control diet). The second group was fed control diet supplemented with Veta-Zyme
Plus® at level 15 U/kg DM (T1). The third group was fed control diet supplemented with
Asperozyme at level 45 U/Kg DM (T2).
Milk yield (actual or FCM), milk fat yield, milk total solids (either as content or yield), milk
solids not fat (either as content or yield), milk protein yield and milk lactose yield were
significantly (P<0.05) increased for treated groups (Asperozym and Veta-Zyme Plus®
(compared with the control group. Blood serum parameters were not affected by treatments,
except total protein and albumin which significantly (P<0.05) increased for treated groups
)Asperozym and Veta-Zyme Plus®) compared with the control.
Diet supplemented with Asperozym (T2) is more economic and efficient for feeding lactating
Zaraibi goats than these supplemented with Veta- Zyme Plus (T1) or control diet.
Keywords: Cellulases, lactating Zaraibi goats, milk, blood serum
70
THE BIFUNCTIONAL CATALASE-PHENOL OXIDASE (CATPO) FROM
SCYTALIDIUM THERMOPHILUM: PROPERTIES AND PERSPECTIVES FOR ITS
APPLICATIONS IN FOOD AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND
ENVIRONMENT
Zümrüt Begüm ÖGEL1, Betül SÖYLER2, Gülden KOÇLAR3
1; Prof.Dr., Konya Gıda ve Tarım Üniversitesi, Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü,
2; Dr., Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü,
3; Yrd.Doç.Dr., Bingöl Üniversitesi, Moleküler Biyoloji Bölümü
ABSTRACT
Catalases are enzymes that have the important role of degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
into water and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is an inevitable by-product of aerobic respiration
and represents the most abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydrogen peroxide is also
present in many industrial waste waters, and is used in the industry, e.g. For textiles and
wood bleaching and cold pasteurisaton in the food industry. The removal of H2O2 can be
achieved by microbial catalases from bacteria and fungi. Catalase from the thermophilic
fungus Scytalidium thermophilum was isolated, cloned and characterized by our team, and
was shown for the first time, to have phenol-oxidase activity, in the absence of added H2O2.
The enzyme was named as CATPO (Catalase-Phenol Oxidase). CATPO prefers orthodiphenolics as substrate and also shows stereoselectivity in the oxidation of (+)-catechin. The
phenolic compounds are oxidised to yield mainly dimers, but trimers, tetramers and higher
molecular weight oligomers were also observed. Ortho-diphenolic compounds are among the
strongest antioxidants, thus, CATPO is suggested to have a possible role in the antioxidant
mechanism of the fungus. Indeed, the phenol oxidation products of CATPO, have turned out
to have up to 2.4 fold higher antioxidant capacities. These findings are important, and
implicate that CATPO may be applied in a multitude of applications ranging from the
removal of unwanted H2O2 and phenolics from wastewaters, to the generation of functional
polyphenolics with higher antioxidant capacities for food and medical use.
Keywords: Catalase, phenol oxidase, phenolic compounds, oxidation, food phenolics
71
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON EMBRYONIC AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT
OF EUROPEAN GREEN TOAD, (Bufo viridis, Laurenti, 1768)
Turani Blerta1, Aliko Valbona1
1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
ABSTRACT
The temperature is a determining factor for the development of the larvae in amphibians. The
plasticity during metamorphosis is important especially in population of amphibian living in
Mediterranean climate zones with high temperatures and relatively low precipitations, were
the risk of pond desiccation is high. To study the effect of water temperature on the
embryonal and larval development of European green toad, Bufo viridis, two batches of
approximately 100±20 eggs (stage 14-16, Gosner) were raised in the laboratory at four
different temperature regimes (30C, 170C, 200C and 250C), with 12:12 photoperiod. To follow
the process of metamorphosis, three important key events were evaluated: budding of the hind
limbs (stage 1), the formation of the posterior (stage 2) and posterior limbs (stage 3), and the
reduction and disappearance of the tail (stage 4). Development time and stage were strongly
affected by temperature variation. The results showed a lengthening of development time with
decreasing temperatures and a better survival rate of B. viridis with high temperatures. Values
of temperature of 190C-200C resulted to be optimal for larval development, while very low
temperatures (t = 30C) and very high ones (t = 250C) impede strongly larval development.
These results demonstrate that temperature is one of the most important climatic factors that
strogly affects the embryonic and larval development of B. viridis in temporary environments.
Keywords: Toads, Bufo viridis, Development, Growth, Temperature
72
THE REFLECTIONS OF THE EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURAL AND ECONOMIC
POLICIES ON PRODUCTION AND THE FEDDAN COSTS FOR THE WHEAT
CROP
Prof. Ahmed Mohammad Ahmed
Dr. Abdel Baky Musa Elshayeb
Ass.Sahar Abdel Raheem Mohammad Abd Elwaha
Agriculture Faculty, Tanta University, Egypt
ABSTRACT
Wheat crop is one of the most important crop in Egypt where the imported from it is used to
meet the lack in its production to face the consumption needs from it. So this research aims to
shed light on the effect of the agricultural policies on production or costs for the wheat crop
through achieving the secondary objectives in:
1-Studying the effect of the agricultural policy on the total productive costs items of the wheat
crop.
2- Studying the effects of the followed agricultural policies on the outcome of the feddan of
the wheat crop.
3-Studying the resulted effects of the followed agricultural policies on producing wheat by
using the policy analysis Matrix [ P.A.M] Through it we calculate the economic outcomes and
costs of the feddan to calculate the deals of effective protection and its rates and the standard
factor to produce wheat. To achieve this aim, the study depends on the published and
unpublished secondary data through the period [1986-2012] declared from the Ministry of
Agriculture and the Economic Sector and the Central System for Public Statistics, besides the
various references and researches and the scientific papers related to the topic of the study.
This study reached to what follows.
1- It becomes clear from the records of production costs that the increase in the total cost
resulted basically on the value of both the human, robot work and the rent among the rest of
the items of the total cost of the crop which is the topic of this study.
Whereas this rate advantage increased after the State had adopted the policy of the economic
release [1986-1997] About 0,08 while the increase in the rate advantage reached during the
complete release period [1998-2012] to 0.09 .The Study reached some recommendations by
which we can activate the policy of the economic reform to raise the strategies of farming the
cereal crops especially the wheat.
Keywords: feddan cost, agricultural policy, Egypt
73
SUSTAINABILITY IN KONYA CLOSED BASIN AND WETLANDS
Muhittin Çelebi
Selçuk Üniversitesi Çumra MYO
ABSTRACT
Sustainability of the land and water resources are indispensable for humanity. Despite the rich
land resources of Konya Closed Basin, depending on the central Anatolian low and erratic
rainfall regime has a limited capacity in terms of water resources. In the region, ongoing
drought conditions, increasing urban and industry water needs, and over irrigation has led a
significant reduction in the level of groundwater. This phenomenon threatens the
sustainability of the agricultural potential and wildlife in wetlands.
The purpose of the study is to introduce the problems in terms of sustainability farmland and
the wetlands in Konya Closed Basin in the future and to discuss the ways to minimize of the
problems. Significant declines were observed in groundwater levels up to 30 m because of the
reasons such as insufficient and irregularity of precipitation, over water application on
irrigation, the use of irrigation systems and methods with low - efficiency, increase in the
cultivation area of crops that consume more water. In the study, rainfall data (1960-2011),
scientific literature, the changes in the level of groundwater and the surveys with farmers have
been evaluated. According to the survey, the farmers accept that they have over irrigation but
have refused to give up the sugar beet cultivation because of its sales warranty and
profitability. Surface irrigation system were established in 42% of irrigation area of 279
irrigation cooperatives in 29 provinces in Konya which has 32 provinces. 1203 x106 m3water
could be saved, by transition to pressurized irrigation in 90% of irrigated area. Transfer of 550
x106 m3 water from the neighboring watersheds is possible economically. Furthermore, if
additional area is not opened to irrigation, and 875 x106 m3 of water is saved by changing the
cropping pattern and limited irrigation, it is calculated to ensure of irrigation without falling
off the groundwater level in 920.000 hectares area that irrigated area in 2011. The water
resources and wetlands will be preserved significantly in case of achieving these subjects
mentioned above.
Keywords: Konya Closed Basin, land resources and wetlands, sustainability, climate change,
water conservation
74
RISK PERCEPTION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN DAIRY FARMING: A
CASE OF ADANA PROVINCE OF TURKEY
Seyit Hayran, Aykut Gul
Agriculture Faculty, Cukurova Universiy Adana - Turkey
ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine and analyze farmers’ risk perceptions and risk management
strategies in dairy farming. Data were obtained in 2014 (December) and 2015 (February and
March) from face-to-face interviews of 96 dairy farmers in Yüregir and Saricam district of
Adana province in Turkey. Factor analysis was used in data reduction to identify a small
number of factors related to risk sources and risk strategies in this study. Then, multiple
regression model was used to evaluate the influence of socio-economic characteristics and
communication behavior on the farmers’ risk perceptions and risk management strategies
using factor loadings. The results of this study show that the most important risk resource that
the farmers' perceive is variability in feed prices and risk management strategy that the
farmers' perceive is take precautions to prevent disease. The result of factor analysis showed
that the risk scale consists of 8 factors explaining 70.24 % of total variance. The internal
consistency coefficient Cronbach Alfa of the scale was 0.808 and KMO was 0.732.The risk
management scale consists of 6 factors explaining 67.78 % of total variance. The internal
consistency coefficient Cronbach Alfa of the scale was 0.775 and KMO was 0.746. According
to the results perceptions were farmer-specific, a number of socio-economic variables and
communication behavior were found to be related to risk and risk management. To improve
risk management strategies is useful for farmers as well and might help them to avoid many
risks and reduce losses.
Keywords: Risk, Risk Perception, Dairy Farming, Adana, Turkey
75
OVARIAN MORPHOLOGY OF AN AGRICULTURAL PEST, Melanogryllus desertus
(PALLAS, 1771)
Özlem Çakici
Ege University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Zoology Section, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Melanogryllus desertus, also known as black cricket, do damages to the plants by eating their
tissues. When largely populated, they can cause substantial harms on plants (Lodos 1975).
Melanogryllus desertus is belong to Gryllidae family. Ovaries of Gryllid species are classified
as panoistic (Singh 2007).
Aim of this study was to determine the ovary morphology of Melanogryllus desertus.
Black crickets were cultured in Invertebrate Culture and Research Laboratory (temperature:
26±2 °C; relative humidity: 45±5 %; photoperiod: natural) at Ege University Campus,
Bornova-Izmir. Ovaries were fixed in Bouin’s solution for 24 h, and stained with Harris
Hematoxylin&Eosin.
Oocytes at different stages of development are found in the ovary of M. desertus. Oocytes
complete their developments through three main stages: pre-vitellogenic, vitellogenic and
maturation. In previtellogenic stage, the oocytes are encircled by follicle cells and there are a
few pinocytotic vesicles under oolemma. Yolk granules firstly appear just beneath the
oolemma. As vitellogenesis proceed, they occupy the inside of the oocyte. Balbiani body
(yolk nucleus) was detected around germinal vesicle (nucleus). In vitellogenic stage, lots of
yolk granules were observed within the oocyte. In maturation stage, oocytes are filled with
yolk granules, and oocytes enlarged. Also, it was determined in the ovary of M. desertus that
some oocytes were resorbed by hypertrophied follicle cells.
This study will be basis for more detailed works on the ovary morphology of M. desertus.
Keywords: Melanogryllus desertus, Gryllidae, Orthoptera, Ovary, Histology
76
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE GUT MORPHOLOGY OF AN
AGRICULTURAL PEST, GRYLLUS BIMACULATUS
Özlem Çakıcı
Ege University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Zoology Section, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Gryllus bimaculatus, also known as two spotted black cricket is harmful to plants. These
crickets are less harmful in Turkey than in Pakistan and tropical countries (Lodos, 1975). This
study was designed to determine gut morphology of Gryllus bimaculatus. Crickets were
cultured in Invertebrate Culture and Research Laboratory (temperature: 26±2 °C; relative
humidity: 45±5 %; photoperiod: natural) at Ege University Campus, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
Gut samples were fixed in Bouin’s solution for 24 h and stained with Mayer’s Hematoxylin &
Eosin. Gut is subdivided into foregut, midgut and hindgut. Foregut is composed of pharynx,
esophagus, crop and proventriculus. Pharynx and esophagus are tubular in shape and have
cubic epithelial cells arranged as a single layer. There are internally longitudinal muscles.
Crop is a sac shaped part. It has cubic epithelial cells arranged as a single layer. There are
chitin setae on the cuticle. In proventriculus, there are sclerotized appendices, sclerotized
partitions and sclerotized lobes. Also, there are chitin setae on the cuticle layer. Midgut
surrounded by two big gastric caeca has single layered columnar epithelium. Large secretory
granules and peritrophic membrane were determined. Hindgut consists ileum, colon and
rectum. Columnar epithelial cells with cuticle arranged as a single layer are present. While
inner surface of ileum has finger-like invaginations, these are not present in colon. Rectum is
the enlarged part and has rectal pads. Similar to fore- and midgut, hindgut parts are encircled
by circular muscles.
In general, gut morphology of Gryllus bimaculatus is similar to other Gryllidae species.
Key words: Gryllus bimaculatus, Gryllidae, Orthoptera, Gut, Histology
77
IS IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE “JAPAN SYNDROME” IN TURKISH AGRICULTURE?
Namık CEYHAN
Environmental Specialist, Konya Food and Agricultural University
ABSTRACT
There isn’t any country that makes future plans without considering the future of World
environmental issues. While struggling with developmental issues, human beings should deal
with the physical problems of the world. There are three factors that threaten future of the
World; uncontrolled growth of population, irregular rate of economical growth, unequal
income distributions.
Densely populated nations became heavily dependent on grain imports due to the rapid
industrialization. Three main factors behind this are; increase on the grain consumption as
incomes rise, decrease on the available agricultural lands and grain production.
Lester R. Brown, environmental analyst, named this change as “Japan Syndrome” due to the
fact that Japan was the first case he observed this transformation as a developing country.
Between 1955-1980, Japan was in rapid industrialization period. At the beginning of 1950s,
Japan changed rapidly from being self-sufficient on grain production to grainimporting. In
1980s, country became importer of 70 percent of its grain consumption.
Recently, there are serious issues on the field of nutrition and food in all over the World and
also in Turkey. These issues result in the increase of attention on very interesting and
pessimistic previsions. As a global problem, these issues will mostly effect poor and
developing countries. It is inevitable that Turkey will also be affected as a developing country
due to the different internal dynamics.
When population of a country increases together with industrialization and modernization,
industrial and accommodation areas take place of agricultural lands. Increase on the usage of
motor vehicles results in the usage of agricultural lands in order to built roads and parking
lots. Farmers, especially the small landowners, leave their agricultural lands and seek for
other job options due to the increase on expenses of agricultural investment and decrease on
the financial income. Moreover, they might have to immigrate to another countries to earn
their lives.
The nutrition and food problems that are seen in Turkey are influenced by two main reasons:
Internal dynamic issues andglobal climate and environmental issues. Under the scope of this
study, these issues will be considered “Turkey as a Developing Country” and the question
whether Turkey will have the similar set of sequential events as Japan had during the
industrialization period will be addressed.
Anahtar kelimeler: Japan Syndrome, industrialization, environment , agriculture, foodsafety
78
IS IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT?
Namık CEYHAN
Environmental Specialist, Konya Food and Agricultural University
ABSTRACT
Lands are the most important resources for contiguous agricultural developments, main
ecological functions and food safety. Lands cannot be renewed and there is no way of
remediation for the land lost during the entire life of mankind.
Investments on sustainable land management are cheaper than the expenses that will be done
for future reconstitution needs. Any efforts done to the land is very important for continuous
land-dependent governmental developments, food safety, nutrition, climate changes and
future of ecosystem.
Unsustainable land usage, inappropriate land management and land loss due to the social,
financial and governmental issues are so serious and growing threats for the future.
In order to have conservative agricultural land law, lands should be considered as natural
treasures despite being used only as belongings. Moreover these natural treasures should be
delicately cared and their importance on agricultural products should be more focused.
Turkish Republic of Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock declared “Law of Soil
Conservation and Land Use” numbered 5403 in order to preserve and regulate agricultural
lands. Declaration of this law was very important attempt to conserve and provide
sustainability of Turkish land.
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock is the most powerful governmental authority on
legislation of the land usage for agricultural purpose. Ministry of Environment and Urban
Planning, Ministry of Forest and Water Management, Ministry of Culture and Tourism,
Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology,
Ministry of Transport, Maritime and Communication, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of the
Interior and also Governors and Municipalities of each cities are direct or indirect related with
the land usage legislation. Since there are many governmental authorities on agricultural land
use legislations, people dealing with the land sare usually more confused about the rules.
Governmental, non-governmental, volunteer organizations and academic people are strictly
working on land conservation and sustainability. However, our lands are still under serious
danger of erosion, desertification, salinity, and decrease in organic and supportive materials,
acidity, pollution and concretion due to the unsustainable land management.
If we would like anything to be long lasting, we have to be aware of its importance and take
care of its maintenance properly. In 2015, United Nations International Year of Soils, we all
have to feel responsible for understanding problems of soils and seeking the solutions. In this
study, how sustainable land management would be possible under current rules and legislation
will be questioned.
Anahtar Kelimeler: land management, land use, sustainable land use
79
ADOPTION AND DIFFUSION OF SILAGE MAKING FROM GRASS IN INTERIOR
COAST AREAS OF RİZE
Çağatay Yıldırım1, Hatice Türkten1, İsmet Boz2
Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım Ekonomisi Bölümü
Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım Ekonomisi Bölümü
1
2
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research, Çamlıhemşin and Kalkandere in the town of Rize province of
farmers towards the silage harvested grass is to demonstrate the attitudes and behaviors to
adopt. Research, enterprises considering the number of cattle they have divided into 2 layers
and stratified random sampling method with the results of the sampling carried out by
operating 76 were interviewed. As a result, the plant and animal production on small plots of
businesses were found to be carrying out small-scale businesses together. What was found in
this study is about operating in severe labor shortages in animal feed and in which there is a
lack of very basic technical knowledge. These problems were found to constitute a larger
problem than others in small businesses. When considering the existing problems in the use of
pasture and grassland located in the study area, social and economic sustainability of the firms
surveyed are decreasing day by day.
On this research, silage making from grass, the technology which is the main subject of this
project must be considered as an innovation for Rize on the Eastern Black Sea Region since it
has not been used in the region. The region must also be considered as a disadvantaged region
in terms of grass drying because the limitations of sunny days during the grass harvest season.
Silage making from grass in not common not only in the region but also in other regions of
the country where animal husbandry is an intensive income source for farmers. The first crop
is being remembered for this purpose is maize. Although in developed countries silage
making from grass is a valuable input for animal husbandry, because of lack of research and
extension work it has not been publicized and adopted by farmers. This innovation will bring
many benefits to the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey because of the availability of
different grass varieties. On the other hand silage making from grass will ease the work of
farmers and provide enormous amount of labor save. Animal husbandry in the region, the
most important input to reduce the cost of fodder, they will make positive contributions to the
sustainability of the company with a better quality of animal production.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Adoption, diffusion, silage, grass, sustainability, Rize
80
SERICULTURE IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE AREAS IN TURKEY AND ITS
CONTRIBUTION TO SUSTAINABILITY OF SECTOR
Berrin TAŞKAYA TOP1, İlkay UÇUM1
1
MFAL, Agricultural Economy and Policy Development Institute Directorate
ABSTRACT
Sericulture in Turkey, far from industrial areas, mostly done on small scale in mountainous
areas inconvenient for agriculture is a value added agricultural activity that contributes
national economy. At the end of a such as a short production period of 35-40 days, providing
additional income to farmers in places where there are no alternative sources of income is a
very important economic activity for low level income farmers. On the other hand; sericulture
has significant role on conservation of cultural heritage and genetic resources in Turkey. In
addition to this, depending on it is labor intensive production, sericulture sector is very
important in terms of rural development with creating new job opportunities and preventing
immigration. But over the last 20 years wet cocoon production volume in Turkey has
decreased by 90%. Thus, it is of importance that sustainability should be provided and
production should be encouraged.
Sericulture having organic production structure that forms a chain which conserves Turkey’s
natural resources and nature. As a matter of fact, at low land villages where intensively
agricultural spraying are done, due to pesticide contamination of mulberry trees used for
breeding finalized in serious loss of silkworms and sericulture had to be banned.
The leaves of mulberry trees used in breeding should be obtained in natural conditions and
should be far away from chemical fertilizers and agricultural spraying. Hence sericulture is
partially or fully organic agricultural activity. In this context; it is significantly important to
provide sustainability to the sericulture sector and encourage production and dissemination of
production as an auxiliary activity in the areas where agricultural chemicals and fertilizers are
not used. As a result of providing an increase of production in the sector both large number of
new jobs opportunities created and both as a result of the reduction of import will be made in
silk significant foreign exchange savings.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate current status of mulberry trees used in breeding
silkworm in Turkey and to determine possibility and potential production in present organic
agriculture areas. In this study, KOZABİRLİK and Ministry of Food, Agriculture and
Livestock records were used with the findings of previous research conducted on the subject.
Keywords: Sericulture, wet cocoon production, organic agriculture, organic sericulture
81
NEW TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF COALFIRED POWER PLANTS
Gülben Gülcan Pehlivanzade1, Sırrı Uyanık2
1
Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Cukurova University, Adana,
Turkey
2
Energy Management Department, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, KTO Karatay University,
Konya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Coal is the largest source of power globally and given its wide availability and relatively low
cost, it is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. The High-Efficiency, Low-Emissions
Coal-Fired Power Generation is to generate the same amount of electricity, with a more
efficient coal-fired unit which burns less fuel, emit less carbon, release less local air
pollutants, consume less water and have a smaller carbon footprint. High-efficiency, low
emissions (HELE) technologies in operation already. A range of advanced coal combustion
technologies have been developed to improve the efficiency of coal-fired power generation
approaching 50% or even higher. New, more efficient coal-fired combustion technologies
reduce emissions of CO2, as well as pollutants such as NOx, SOx and particulates.
Increases in the efficiency of electricity generation are essential in tackling climate change. A
one percentage point improvement in the efficiency of a conventional pulverized coal
combustion plant results in a 2-3% reduction in CO2 emissions.
Moving the current average global efficiency rate of coal-fired power plants from 33-35% to
40-43% by deploying more advanced technology could cut two gigatonnes of CO2 emissions
now, while allowing affordable energy for economic development and poverty reduction.
In this study description and evaluation of high efficiency low emission coal fired power
generation and comparison with conventional power generation technologies in terms of
environmental impacts with special emphasize on emission levels, especially contribution to
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were studied. Additionally key actions required to keep 2⁰C
global warming scenario and mitigation potential of high efficiency and low emission power
generation towards a Sustainable Energy Future are also evaluated.
Keywords: Advanced coal combustion Technologies, high-efficiency- low-emission, tackling
climate change, sustainable future
82
IDENTIFICATION OF WHEAT LANDRACES YIELD &SOME YIELD
COMPONENTS COMBINING TOLERANCE TO DROUGHT
E. Özer1, B. Akın2, K. Şubası2, F. Özdemir3 and A. Morgounov2
1 Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute PK:125 Karatay/Konya/Turkey
2 CIMMYT-Ankara-TURKEY, 3 BDIARI-Konya-TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Wheat is one of the most important crop in the World not only for human also for sustainable
life. Wheat landrace is a source of developing new varieties of wheat for more resistant or
higher yield potential. In 1930’s, Mirza Gokgol made an extensive survey for wheat in
Turkey. After 1960’s modern wheat cultivars went to the farmer fields and Land Race’s (LR)
remained only in remote and marginal lands.
In 2011-2012 growing season 515 LR planted in Çumra district of Konya province. This LR
collection is a part of a project which began in 2009 and covered more than 80 % of wheat
growing areas of Turkey. This collection collected and received from Iran, Uzbekistan,
Turkey Gene Bank & 3 provinces of Turkey (Erzurum, Karaman, Konya). They were planted
as Pre Yield Trials (PYT) with the check cultivars (Karahan-99 & Gerek-79) to assess their
yield & some yield components attributes at drought conditions.
Mean Yield, Test Weight (TW) & Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW) is 1352,7 kg/ha 76,6 kg/L
& 36,3 g respectively. 45 of LR determined higher grain yield, TKW & TW then mean. LR
names and trial numbers are; Topbaş (5), Kırık (46, 62, 65, 70, 73, 82, 103, 104, 105, 107,
127, 129, 130), Kırık Bulk (110, 114, 126, 128), Beyaz Buğday (131, 135), Gödeli (142, 153),
Akbuğday Bulk (181, 195), Akbuğday (189, 193, 195, 202, 204, 201), Göderedi (216, 223,
227), Sarıbuğday (253, 254, 255, 258, 278, 279), Buğday (286), Kılçıklı Buğday (303), Koca
Buğday (307,341), Kunduru (381), Kılçıklı Buğday (410), Sar-101(411).
These selected lines can be used in crossing programs to drought tolerance into modern
cultivars.
Keywords: Land Race, Yield, Drought
83
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND RURAL WOMAN
Dilek Bostan Budak1, Ufuk Gültekin1, Fuat Budak1, Zeynep Zaimoğlu2
1
1
Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Cukurova University, Adana
Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Cukurova University, Adana
ABSTRACT
Energy is an important input for the provision of basic human needs and services, such as
cooking, water supply, lighting, health services, communication and education. It is also an
essential input for the enhancement of rural production and food security, through land
preparation, fertilization, irrigation, agro-processing, conservation and transport. Turkey has
substantial renewable energy resource potentials and they are the second largest domestic
energy source after coal. Main renewable energy resources in Turkey are hydro, biomass,
wind, geothermal and solar. Turkey has several advantages to utilize renewable energy
sources, but the potential benefits of renewable sources are not fully realized. Investments in
renewable energy sources will not only reduce energy costs to rural consumers but they will
also create new job opportunities for rural populations. Rural areas in developing countries
suffer significantly from energy scarcity. Energy, an essential need for every individual and
for economic development, has always been particularly lacking in rural areas of developing
countries. The income of a rural population depends largely on farming. Energy is used
primarily for households (mainly cooking) and other domestic uses plus pumping water for
agriculture. Most of the energy needs in rural areas are met with traditional biomass for
household uses, and human and animal power for agriculture. Rural people use biomass such
as wood or dung as their primary source of cooking and heating. Usually young girls and
women carry cow dung and collect wood in the bushes and carry them back to home. This is a
hard work and they spend too many hours in the bushes to collect wood. Women of
developing countries can spend anywhere between two and nine hours each day in fuel
collection and cooking chores. Instead of collecting wood, women can do other things and
children can go to school to improve their quality of life. Biomass use not only takes too
much of their time but also cause health problems for them. Burning biomass for fuel can also
cause significant health risks for women and children. This paper discusses the role of rural
women in the use of renewable energy in Turkey.
Keywords: Renewable energy, rural woman, sustainability, Turkey
84
USING VIA ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS OF ALTERNATIVE
TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR TEXTILE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Zinnur YILMAZ1, Fuat ÖZYONAR1, Bunyamin KARAGOZOGLU1
1
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
With the increasment of the population, in paralel to textile industries are development wide
in the world. Textile industrial wastewater is increasing and the treatment of this wastewater
is a major problem in Turkey and in the World. For this industrial wastewater treatment is
used for the various treatment methods such as physical, chemical, biological, advanced
oxidation and electrochemical treatment. The mostly of conventionally used biological
treatment methods are time consuming, want a large work area and not effective for
wastewater containing toxic compounds. Advanced oxidation techniques are the high
treatment cost and generally used to obtain a high degree of purity grade water. The chemical
coagulation method is slow and generates a large amount of sludge. Electrocoagulation
treatment method recently has gained attention as environmental compatibility and due to its
versatility are potential methods for treatment of industrial wastewater. Electrocoagulation
process compared to chemical coagulation process, which is preferred, has some advantages.
This method of metal electrodes immersed in the waste water, which causes dissolution of the
electrode plates are used to direct electric current. The aim of this study, for the removal of
dyes in textile wastewater of electrocoagulation process by combining with alternative
treatment methods have been investigated.
Keywords: Electrocoagulation process, textile wastewater, color removal
85
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN KONYA İLİ ARICILIĞI AÇISINDAN
DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Pınar Öztürk1, Gökhan Akdeniz1
1
Arıcılık Araştırma İstasyonu Müdürlüğü, Ordu-Ulubey Karayolu, 12. Km Dedeli Kampüsü, PK. AltınorduORDU
ÖZET
Konya 2.617.908 ha tarım arazisi ile Türkiye tarım arazisinin %10’nu kaplayan çok önemli
bir tarım şehridir. Konya yöresinin en önemli sorunlarından biri monokültür tarımdan dolayı
sınırlı sayıdaki bitki türü ile tarım yapılmasıdır. Bölgede alternatif bitki türleri tarımının
gelişmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Konya ilinde tarla ve nadas alanları Türkiye genelinden
fazla iken, meyve, bağ ve sebze üretim alanları ülke ortalamalarının oldukça altındadır. Bunun
da en önemli sebebi iklimdir. Zira Konya ili ülkemizin en az yağış alan bölgesindedir. Konya,
Türkiye’de; toplam tarım alanı içerisinde buğday, şekerpancarı, kuru fasulye, havuç ile tavuk
yumurtası üretiminde 1. sırada yer almaktadır. Türkiye toplam meyve yetiştiriciliği alanının
%5,51’inde elma yetiştiriciliği yapılmakta iken, Konya’da bu oran %30,87’ dir. Kiraz,
Konya’da yetiştirilen önemli bir meyve olup, kiraz yetiştiriciliği için ayrılan alanın oranı
Türkiye’de %2,12 iken Konya’da %19,04’tür. Havuç, elma, kiraz yabancı döllenmeye ihtiyaç
duymakta olup bunun için bal arısına gereksinim duyulmaktadır.
Türkiye’nin en geniş ili ve arıcılık için gerekli ekolojik, çevre şartlarına haiz olmasına
rağmen, Konya’nın Türkiye bal üretimine katkısı düşüktür. Bu nedenle, Konya’nın arıcılık ve
bal üretimine yönelik yeni yatırımlara önemli düzeyde ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır.
Atmosferdeki sera gazı birikimlerinin artışına bağlı olarak önümüzdeki on yıllarda
gerçekleşebilecek bir iklim değişikliğinin, Türkiye'de sebep olabileceği çevresel ve
sosyoekonomik etkiler arasında tarımsal üretim potansiyelinin değişmesi ile iklim
kuşaklarındaki kaymaya uyum gösteremeyen fauna ve floranın yok olacağı sayılabilir. Yani
iklim değişikliği bitkileri, onlardan nektar ve polen toplayan bal arılarını hem uzun hem de
kısa vadede önemli derecede etkileyecektir.
İklim değişikliğinin arıcılık üzerine olumsuz etkileri Konya ili örneğinden yola çıkılarak
ortaya konmaya çalışıldı. İklim değişikliğinin hem bitkisel hem de hayvansal üretime olumsuz
etkileri zaman içerisinde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bal arısının konfor zonu (21-35 C°) dışındaki
sıcaklıklar, arının yaşamasını zorlaştırıp onu hastalıklara karşı predispoze hale de
getirebilmektedir. Bu durum kısa vadede hem polinasyon ile zirai ürünlerin üretilmesine hem
de arıcıların karlılığını etkilemektedir. Uzun vadede ise insanlığın kıtlık ile baş başa
kalmasına sebep olabilecektir. Ülkemizdeki yetkili mercilerin insan kaynaklı sera gazı
salınımlarının oluşturduğu tehlikeler için acil ve köklü önlemler alması hayatidir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Konya, iklim değişikliği, arı, polinasyon
86
A STRATEGY FOR TRAINING EXTENSION EXPERT FOR BEEKEEPING IN
TURKEY
Ahmet Haşim KESKİN
Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı Karaman İl Müdürlüğü –Karaman -Turkey
ABSTRACT
Honey bees need human care since they have been domesticated, especially in the last couple
of centuries. Agriculture deals with their breeding whereas veterinary is interested in their
health. Beekeeping plays an essential role in a healthy and secure food and enviromental
sustainability. Beekepers aim at increasing their profits. Therefore, they adopt the most
modern technics. New scientific researchers are the main sources of such new technics.
Common problems in beekeeping are mainly about the health of honey bees. The collapse of
colonies is still a secret in lots of regions around the world. Especially the field of veterinary
follows every innovation about beekeeping. Thus veterinarians and agricultural engineers use
this in the care and breeding of honey bees.
Turkey has very strong animal health legislation. Every veterinarian staff has a broad
knowledge about cows, sheep, goats, or poultry. However, Turkey has limited veterinary
personnel in apiculture. The major reason for that is income. The care of bees is difficult. The
income level of beekeepers in Turkey is especially very low.
In Turkey, every beekeeper has a membership in a non-government organization (NGO) as
Beekeepers Association. For example, this is an advantage for beekeepers so that innovations
and improvements can spread. Turkish beekeepers have a powerful interaction and
communication network among themselves.
In this study, for a more competitive and sustainable beekeeping sector for years to come, the
proposals below are presented. Compete and for years to come. -Each problem in a different
region should be determined by the collaborative work of a beekeeper and an extentioner.Innovative beekeepers should be trained by experts.-The amount of income of agricultural and
veterinary experts of beekeeping should be increased in Turkey. In conclusion, The Ministry
of Turkish Food, Agricultural and Livestock has wide and effective support policy. The
ministry can increase the support offered for beekeeper advisors. Likewise, a honey bee is
crucial for plants. Unfortunately, plant manufacturers in Turkey have not been able to realize
pollination benefit. One third of what we eat is produced by the pollination of honey bees.
The most important apiculture commodity in Turkey is honey. Pollen, propolis, and other
goods have recently gained value. The number of bee hives is more in some cities of Turkey
such as Mugla and Ordu that are very convenient for extension application.
Keywords: Turkey, honey bee, extension, advisor, support
87
A SUSTAINABLE MODEL FOR CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF NATIVE
CHICKEN GENOTYPES OF TURKEY
Demir Özdemir1, Muhammed Ernur Akıner1
1
Akdeniz University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Campus, 07058,
Antalya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Increased global use of highly productive breeds of farm animals has been associated with a
loss of genetic diversity in most species especially in local poultry species in most developing
countries around the world. In developing countries, the effects of genetic loss have been
much more severe than in developed countries. Similarly in Turkey, with its increasing
urbanization, the contribution of commercial breeds to overall poultry meat and egg
consumption is growing ever more rapidly. This has triggered the use of commercial hybrids
and caused genetic loss in Turkish local poultry species and breeds thus recently only two
registered Turkish chicken breeds are conserved in closed flocks by ministry. It is known that
conservation of poultry breeds plays an important role in safeguarding farm animal
biodiversity. Current conservation strategy on these two local chicken breeds has some
deficiencies and needs to be update. In this context, this study has aimed to put out a
sustainable conservation model for local chicken genotypes to contribute to future plans for
conservation of local poultry resources in Turkey.
Keywords: Sustainable conservation, valorization, local chicken breeds, genetic erosion,
biodiversity
88
ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AGRICULTURAL MANURE NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT
Muhammed Ernur AKINER1, Demir ÖZDEMİR1
1
Akdeniz University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Campus, 07058,
Antalya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
An agricultural manure nutrient management requires multiple components to maintain
adequate fertility for crop growth and development while minimizing soil and water quality
impacts. The major threat against the water quality is an eutrophication. It is simply the
overgrowth of an algae, cyanobacteria or phytoplankton. When these things decompose they
consume the oxygen in water body. A well designed soil sampling plan including proper soil
testing interpretations along with manure sampling, manure nutrient analysis, equipment
calibration, appropriate application rates, timing, and application methods are necessary
components of the manure nutrient management. Implementing these components allows
manure to be recognized and used as a credible nutrient resource, potentially reducing input
costs and minimizing environmental impacts. Necessary measures against the excessive feed
of the water bodies by the manure nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were
dealt with. This research also covers the efficient usage of the poultry litter in agricultural
practices.
Keywords: Agriculture, eutrophication, manure nutrient management, poultry litter, water
quality
89
γ-IRRADIATED SORREL SEEDS (Hibscus sabdariffa): FUNCTIONAL AND SOME
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
T.A.Sanni1, E.M.Ogunbusola1
1
Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Oye, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Corresponding author’s e-mail [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This work evaluated the quality of sorrel seeds as a function of gamma irradiation dose (0,
2.5, 5, 10, and 20) kGy so as to determine the dose level causing minimal undesirable changes
to sorrel seed flour. Proximate compositions and Functional properties: Water holding
capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), foaming capacity (FC), emulsification stability
(ES) and protein solubility (PS) of the irradiated sorrel seed flours were determined using
standard methods. The results showed that irradiation decreased crude protein and crude lipids
of the sorrel seed flours significantly while the ash content and the crude fiber remained
unaffected. Water and oil holding capacities and stabilities of the sorrel seed flours are
relatively stable to gamma irradiation while there was significant reduction in emulsion
stability at higher gamma irradiation doses.
Keywords: Sorrel seeds, Gamma Irradiation, Functional Properties, Colour, Hue, Proximate
composition
90
COMPARISON OF POTENTIOMETRIC AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC
METHODS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF EXTRACELLULAR ALKALINE
PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITIES IN SOIL
Vildan ERCI1, Fatih ERCI2, Emrah TORLAK3, Ibrahim ISILDAK4, Ridvan KIZILKAYA5
1
Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Department of Soil Science and Nutrition, Konya,
Turkey
2
Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Konya, Turkey
3
Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular biology and Genetics, Konya,
Turkey
4
Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of
Bioengineering, Davutpasa Campus, 34210 Esenler, Istanbul
5
Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Department of Soil Science and Nutrition,
Samsun, Turkey
ABSTRACT
The focus of much of the soil enzyme research has been to develop methodologies for the
measurement of enzyme activities in soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate
spectrophotometric and potentiometric measurement systems to determine alkaline
phosphatase activities in the extracts of the soil samples obtained by same extraction method.
Fabrication of phosphate selective microelectrode was achieved for the measurement of
phosphate in low volume extraction environment. However, in the study, 10 ml of extraction
solution were used for 5 g of soil. We found that the electrodes have capability of giving
highly reproducible results under the low volume extraction conditions. From the
measurement statistics analysis, the alkaline phosphatase activities determined by the
potentiometric method was found in strong relevance with the alkaline phosphatase activities
determined by the spectrophotometric method (P<0,01). Accordingly, positive correlations
were also found between alkaline phosphatase activity and extractable P content.
Keywords: spectrophotometric methods, alkaline phosphatase, soil enzyme
91
POTENTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF EXTRACELLULAR UREASE
ACTIVITIES IN EXTRACTS OF SOIL SAMPLES
Vildan Erci1, Fatih Erci2, Ridvan Kizilkaya3, Ibrahim Isildak4
1
Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Department of Soil Science and Nutrition, Konya,
Turkey
2
Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Konya, Turkey
3
Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Department of Soil Science and Nutrition,
Samsun, Turkey
4
Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of
Bioengineering, Davutpasa Campus, 34210 Esenler, Istanbul
ABSTRACT
In the present study, the determination of urease activities in the extracts of the soil samples
received from the different cities of Turkey were described using potentiometric method. The
results obtained were compared with spectrophotometric method. 26 soil samples having
diversity in physical and chemical properties were used. General physical and chemical
properties of soil samples have also been analyzed. Ammonium selective microelectrodes
were prepared and used for the potentiometric measurement of ammonium within the scope
of this work. Potentiometric performance of the electrode used was tested using a computer
controlled potentiometric system. It was determined that the ammonium-selective electrode
gave highly reproducible results under the stagnant environment conditions. According to the
results obtained at the end of the study, the urease activity determined by spectrophotometric
method was found between 11,98-33,14 (mean 22,68) µg nitrogen g-1 dry soil, while the
urease activity determined by potentiometric method was found between 12,17 -33,90 (mean
23,51) µg nitrogen g-1 dry soil. Also, positive correlations were found between total nitrogen
and soil organic matter.
Keywords: urease activities, potentiometric method, spectrophotometric method
92
Emrah Torlak1,, Mehmet Kürşat Işık2
1
Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 42090,
Konya, Turkey
2
Food and Agriculture University, Strategic R&D Center, 42090, Konya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Paenibacillus larvae is the etiological agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), a severe bacterial
disease of honey bee brood (Apis mellifera). P. larvae spores can survive in the environment
for an extended period of time, and are resistant to a wide-variety of treatments such as heat,
desiccation and chemicals. In this study, the efficacy of gaseous ozone in inactivating the P.
larvae spores on wooden and plastic hive materials was investigated. Pinewood and polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) sticks, representative hive materials, were inoculated with a spore cocktail of
three strains of P. larvae. Inoculated sticks were treated with two different constant
concentrations of gaseous ozone (9.8 and 17.1 mg/L). Ozonation at 17.1 mg/L for 120 min
yielded over the 4 log reduction in the counts of spores on PVC sticks. Whereas, reduction of
2.3 log was obtained on pinewood sticks at the same experimental conditions. Our results
suggest that gaseous ozone treatment a promising candidate for the sterilization of plastic
hives contaminated with P. larvae spores.
Keywords: Paenibacillus larvae, bacterial disease, Ozonation
93
BIOREFINERIES BASED ON LIGNOCELLULOSIC AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Erinç Bahçegül1, Necati Özkan2, Ufuk Bölükbaşı3
1
2
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Konya/Turkey
Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara/Turkey
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara/Turkey
ABSTRACT
The biorefinery context is focused on the utilization of renewable agricultural raw materials
for the production of fuels, materials and an extensive variety of chemicals. These renewable
products can replace their counterparts currently produced from non-renewable fossil based
resources with the ultimate goal being to build a sustainable future. As opposed to the first
generation starch based biorefineries, new generation biorefineries focus on the utilization of
lignocellulosic agricultural wastes. This difference is of prime importance, since it eliminates
the much-debated “food vs. fuel” competition. Various lignocellulosic agricultural wastes,
including the cobs and stalks of numerous plants, can serve as cheap raw materials in a given
lignocellulosic biorefinery scenario for the production of fuels, polymeric materials and a
large variety of chemicals. Just like the case in a conventional refinery, a crucial aspect of a
biorefinery is the co-production of multiple products in order to achieve the desired
economical feasibility. In this sense, the co-production of sugars and biodegradable polymeric
materials, which are produced from the cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions of a
lignocellulosic agricultural waste, respectively, appears as a promising approach. The
influence of various biomass pretreatment and polymer extraction process parameters on the
glucose and hemicellulose based polymeric material production is evaluated in this context.
Keywords: agricultural wastes, biorefineries, lignocellulosic
94
THE COMPARISON OF PEST MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS FOR ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL
HAZELNUT PRODUCERS IN SAMSUN PROVINCE OF TURKEY
Kürşat Demiryürek1 , Mehmet Aydoğan2 and Nur İlkay Abacı1
Ondokuz Mayıs University (OMÜ), Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Agricultural Economics, Samsun
2
Ministry of Food , Agriculture and Livestock (MFAL), Karadeniz Research Institute, Samsun, Turkey
1
Correspondence author’s e-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The main aim of this study is to compare the pest management related information sources
used by organic and conventional hazelnut producers in Terme and Çarşamba district of
Samsun province, Turkey. This study also presents the communication networks for both
groups of producers. The main data were collected with surveys from organic and
conventional hazelnut growers in Çamlıca, Yüksekyayla and Ağcagüney villages and the
interviews were also conducted with key informants in the network. The socio-economic
characteristics of organic and conventional hazelnut growers were analyzed with descriptive
statistics; the use of different pest management strategies (i.e. pesticide and plant protection
methods) and attitudes towards pesticide use were analyzed with Knowledge, Attitudes and
Practice (KAP) approach; their current communication networks were analyzed and compared
with Social Network Analysis (SNA). According to the results of the study, the organic
hazelnut growers’ the social security status, the land size; hazelnut sale price, agricultural
organization membership, labor needs, status of agricultural insurance and utilization of
agricultural supports were higher than that of conventional hazelnut producers. The organic
hazelnut producers cannot used chemical pesticides instead they used different organic pest
management strategies such as collecting and burning pests, pest traps, organic perpetrates,
cultural treatments and mechanical weed control. On the other hand, the conventional
hazelnut growers mainly used chemical pesticides bought from local dealers and chambers of
agriculture. The attitudes and behavior of organic hazelnut growers towards using all kinds of
organic pest control methods were more positive than that of conventional hazelnut growers
who generally prefer to use chemicals. The informal information sources for both organic and
conventional hazelnut growers were mainly used and that were leader farmer who were also
organic growers. It was identified that the institutional or formal information sources
supporting both groups of hazelnut growers were limited and seldom used. They were public
institutions’ staff such as MFAL extension workers and university researchers and local
private agricultural advisors. The organic producers shared their experiences and local
knowledge with themselves. However, their local knowledge should have been supported
with scientific information.
Keywords: information systems, communication networks, Social Network Analysis, organic
hazelnut, pesticides
95
IN VITRO INHIBITORY EFFECT of SOME PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST
Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) CAUSAL AGENT of FOOT and ROOT ROT
DISEASE on WHEAT
Gül İmriz1, Fatih Özdemir1, Murat Nadi Taş1, Eyüp Başer1, İlker Topal1, Birol Ercan1,
Mehmet Sait Karaca1
Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Instittute, Konya/Turkey
1
ABSTRACT
Investigations on alternative control methods to chemicals including usage of plant extract for
plant fungal disease take important place in current researches. Plant extracts are generally
deemed to be less hazardous than synthetic compounds and could be alternative antifungal
treatments.
In this study, the purpose was screening of some plant extracts against Fusarium culmorum
causing foot and root rot on different small-grain cereals, in particular wheat and barley. In
total 6 plant species including levander (Lavandula angustifolia), common mullein
(Verbascum thapsus), common sorrel (Rumex acetosa), wood avens (Geum urbanum), poison
hemlock (Conium maculatum), henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) consisted the materials in the
study. The antifungal effects of three different concentrations (20%, 40%, and 80%) of each
extracted plant, obtained from dried plant parts in methanol, were evaluated on growth of F.
culmorum by dual test technic on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar).
The maximum in vitro inhibitory effectiveness was obtained from common mullein
(Verbascum thapsus) at concentrations of 80% and 40%, while no repressive activity
exhibited by other plant extracts on pathogen growth on PDA.
Keywords: plant extracts, Fusarium culmorum, in vitro, fungistatic activity
96
AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CARROT
CULTIVATION FARMS IN ANKARA
Sedat YOKUŞ1, Metin TAN2, Nazan İLGÜNOĞLU2, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk KARADAVUT3,
Prof. Dr. Cevat AYDIN4
Soil, Water and Deserting Control Research Institute
KONYA / TURKEY1
Soil, Fertilizer and Water Resources Central Research Institute
ANKARA / TURKEY2
Ahi Evran University The Faculty of Agriculture Deparmant of Animal Science
KIRŞEHİR / TURKEY3
Selcuk University The Faculty of Agriculture Deparmant of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies
Engineering - KONYA / TURKEY4
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
This research has been conducted in agricultural enterprises farm of 110.005 tonnes of carrot
in Turkey were grown in Ankara. In this study, total of 45 surveys has been conducted in
Beypazarı county in Ankara made intensive cultivation of carrot. The properties of
agricultural mechanization (number of tractors, resource of agricultural equipment and
machinery, the avarege power of tractor, number of tractors per farm, power of tractor per
unit cultivated agricultural area, number of tractors per 1000 ha cultivated agricultural area,
quantity of cultivated agricultural area per a tractor, number of agricultural equipment and
machinery per a tractor) have been attempted to determine.
Keywords: Carrot, Agricultural mechanization, Agricultural mechanization characteristics,
Ankara, Turkey.
97
RISK COMMUNICATION IN MILK CONSUMPTION IN ADANA
Tuğçe Uğur1, Dilek Bostan Budak1
Çukurova University, Agricultural Faculty, Adana
1
ABSTRACT
In this study, it is aimed to identify the risks and main information sources about risks in milk
consumption. To reach this goal 384 people were selected randomly to conduct face to face
survey in Adana, Turkey. More than half of the participants (%53.4) were female and 34.9%
had a high school degree. Mother was the main person to purchase family foods. Average
montly milk consumption was 16 kg. Milk has been consumed mainly as a family product
such as yogurt and ayran. Only 9% of participants buy milk as a main product for their
children nutrition. Majority of people trust doctors and scientists about risks in milk and milk
products. Unfortunately, 18% of participants did not complain anywhere when they had
problems about their purchased milk. Only 6% of them had used “ALO 174” to inform the
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock about problems their purchased milk. Mass
media has an important role to provide information about food safety. For this reason, they
should provide true, unbiased and timely information.
Keywords: Milk, risk, risk communication, Adana
1
Research Ass., Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana
98
TOPOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN
STOMACH AND GASTRIC MUCOSAL CHANGES WITH CANCER TENDENCY
Kopaçi (Selimi) Ermela1, Rexha Tefta2, Lika Mirela2, Ibrahimi Eliana2
Farmatech sh.p.k, Rruga Barrikadave, pallati Galeria e Tiranës
Tirana University, Faculty of Natyral Sciences, Biology Department, Bulevardi“Zog I“, Tirana, Albania
1
2
ABSTRACT
Stomach is a bag-shaped extention of gastrointestinal tract, which follows esophagus in the
upper part and continues to duodenum in the lower part. Stomach is divided into 5 regions:
cardia, fundus, corpus, antrum and pylorus. Helicobacter pylori is a gram negative
microaerophilic bacteria, spiral shaped, with dimensions 2,5-4µm. This bacteria has the
abilitty to survive, by reducing the acidity and changing the gastric environment through some
mechanisms. More than 85% of individuals infected by Helicobacter pylori do not have
symptoms of this infection. Different ways suggest that Helicobacter pylori infection,
increases the risk of developing gastric cancer. This process is preceded by persistence for a
long time of this infection and gastric mucosa inflamation.we aimed to show: The possible
relation between Helicobacter pylori infection and its distribuiton in stomach regions and the
possible relation between intestinal metaplasia, displasia and gastric adenocarcinoma in
stomach regions.Material and methods: The study is retrospective. By period of time 20102013, 200 individuals are taken to this study. To diagnose the inflamatory changes of gastric
mucosa and the presence of Helicobacter pylori, invasive method of gastroscopy is used. The
zones where biopsies are taken are cardia, antrum, corpus, fundus and pylorus. The taken
biopsy is stained by modified Giemsa stain method. Statistic analyses is made by test χ2
(Pearson). Results: In patients of our study, the general positivity for Helicobacter pylori was
61,4%, with 148 patients with positive status for Helicobacter pylori and 93 individuals with
negative status. Helicobacter pylori infection is present in two areas of stomach respectively
in antrum in 65.6% of samples individuals, and in corpus in 57.8% of the samples individuals.
Presence of Helicobacter pylori in our sample is predominantly in antrum. This conclusion is
statistically significant acoording to χ2(Pears) test χ2 = 27,01; p<0,05). This study resulted in
a reliable relation between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric mucosal changes that
lead to intestinal metaplasia, displasia and adenocarcinoma. (χ2 = 36,39; p<0,0005). It
resulted a non reliable relation between grades of gastric mucosal changes and stomach
regions.(χ2 = 18.04; p=0.114).Conclusion:Helicobacter pylori infection has a reliable relation
with stomach region and gastric mucosal changes.
Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, stomach, gastric mucosal changes
99
A STUDY TO THE RELATION BETWEEN HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION
AND GASTRIC INFLAMMATION
Kopaçi (Selimi) Ermela1, Rexha Tefta2, Lika Mirela2, Ibrahimi Eliana2
2
1
Farmatech sh.p.k, Rruga Barrikadave, pallati Galeria e Tiranës
Tirana University, Faculty of Natyral Sciences, Biology Department, Bulevardi“Zog I“, Tirana,Albania
ABSTRACT
Helicobacter pylori is a spiral shaped bacterium propelled by flagella that lives in the
stomachs and small intestine of an estimated 50% of the world’s population. Helicobacter
pylori is adapted to survive in an acidic gastric environment. This bacterium colonizes the
human gastric epithelium surface inducing mucosal inflammation. Two main mechanisms by
which Helicobacter pylori may produce gastric inflammation are: by interacting with surface
epithelial cells, causing direct cell damage or the liberation of epithelial-derived pro
inflammatory mediators, or stimulating host nonspecific and specific immune responses
involving the liberation of cytokine messengers. Our aim was to show the possible relation
between the Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric inflammation. Material and Methods: In
this retrospective study, by period of time 2010-2013, 200 individuals, who submitted at a
private hospital center, are taken to this study. To diagnose the inflammatory changes of
gastric mucosa and the presence of Helicobacter pylori, it is used the invasive method of
endoscopy. The zones where biopsies are taken are cardia, antrum, corpus, fundus and
pylorus. The taken biopsy is stained by the modified Giemsa stain and Hematoxylin and Eosin
stain methods. According to the grade of inflammation, in this study we have cases with light,
mild and severe inflammation. Results: In our sample with 200 individuals, there are 66,5%
of samples individuals with gastric inflammation. The relation between Helicobacter pylori
and gastric inflammation resulted to be true (χ2 =49,197; p<0,0005), 71 individes (53,4%)
from 133 individes , had gastric inflammation and were infected by Helicobacter pylori. The
relation between gastric inflammation and gastric topography resulted statistically nonsignificant (χ2 = 8,830; p=0.717). Conclusion: Helicobacter pylori infection may play an
important role in gastric inflammation.
Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, gastric inflammation, gastric topography
100
COMPOST TECHNIQUES OF OLIVE MILL BY PRODUCT (OLIVE POMACE)
AND REUSE AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER
Serap Soyergin
Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Dep. Of Organic Agriculture, Çanakkale
ABSTRACT
Table olive is widely grown in the Marmara region. Some low quality olives are used for
olive oil by double phase’s continuo systems. After the oil proses olive mill by product is
obtained and generally used that material for the fuel.
The aim of this study is to reuse olive mill pomace as organic fertilizer after composting
proses.
In this work, five different combinations of residues (pomace, pomace + poultry manure +
straw, pomace + farmyard manure + straw, pomace + poultry manure + corncob, pomace +
farmyard manure + corncob) were composted in 1 ton piles aerated by turnings, using
technology available to any small community of oil producers.
Some physical and chemical analysis were done periodically during the composting. During
long processes (8–10 months), steady decreases of C/N ratio and oil, and increases in the
concentrations of nutrients were observed. Final compost properties were found as follows;
80-88 % germination index, 26.5-29.6 humification index, 872-914 g kg-1 organic matter
content.
Keywords: Olive pomace, composting, organic fertilizer
101
PERSONALITY TRAITS FOR THE MAJORITY OF PADDY FARMERS, IN MADA,
KEDAH, MALAYSIA
Salim Hassan1, Siti Nur Syarafina Abdullah1
1
Faculty of Agriculture, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor-Malesia
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to describe the traits for the majority of paddy farmers; to determine
the correlation between the traits for the majority of paddy farmers with the performance; and
to identify the strengths of the traits correlation with the performance for the majority of
paddy farmers. The study has been conducted in one of Malaysia's paddy granaries, MADA.
A total of 146 farmers, with the range of production yield of 4 to 6 metric tons per hectare
were randomly selected as respondents. All data were analyzed by using SPSS version 21.0,
with the analysis of descriptive, correlation and regression. The study found seven (7) traits of
the majority paddy farmers such as: willingness to take risks, information seekers, problem
solving ability, willingness to spend on capital, extensive network of information, dare to
make decisions, and highly disciplined. All these traits have positive correlation with the
performance. The strength of traits correlation for the majority of paddy farmers with varied
performance, Highly disciplined was the personality trait that has strong and significant
correlation with the performance. While the other traits such as, information seekers,
willingness to spend capital, extensive network of information and dare to make decisions
have moderate correlations with the performance. The appropriate development programs are
required to be implemented in order to enhance the ability for the majority of paddy farmers
so that they can contribute to the improved performance results.
Keywords: Personality traits; paddy farmers, mada
102
FOOD SECURITY AND FAMILY PLANNING IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Adepoju, A. A.
Department of Agric. Economics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso
ABSTRACT
This study affirms the effect of family planning on rural household food security. The major
thrust of this research is to profile the identified socio-economic characteristics of
respondents, various family planning methods used, benefit of use and factors influencing
household food security in the study area. The research was carried out in 4 Local
Government areas (LGAs) of Oyo state, where five communities each were selected at
random from the LGAs. A total of 272 households were sampled from the 20 communities.
Structured questionnaires were used in gathering the information needed from the
respondents. Both descriptive and multinomial logit regression were used to analyse data
collected. The findings revealed that 64.4% of the respondents were female, mean age was
40years; about 80% of them were married most of the them had formal education with
average 10years spent in school The result also revealed that that most of the respondents
adopt artificial method of family planning. The multinomial logit result shows that sex,
marital status of respondent, number of children; primary occupation, traditional method,
natural method and artificial method of family planning are the factors influencing household
food security status. It was recommended that rural household should be enlightened on the
advantages of the use of family planning to improve their household nutritional intake level as
well as standard of living.
Keywords: food security, rural household, family planning, multinomial logit
103
FAMILY FARMING IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
Umut AYDIN
Boğaziçi University, Present and Internaional Relations, Departmen of Political Science, İstanbul, TURKEY
1
Corresponding author’s e-mail:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Livestock products are the most important thing by means of ensuring balanced diets of the
community both in our country and in the world; it has also very important place on the
subjects such as food supply, protecting rural areas and biodiversity, increasing life standards
of community. The source of income of the most of rural areas based on agriculture both in
our country and also in the world and in general these agricultural enterprises are small and
medium sized family enterprises. Although it has made progress recently in our country, it is
still %40 of small ruminant husbandry farms have below 50 animals and %55 of cattle
husbandry farms consist between 1 and 5 animals per farm. Family farming is an activity
connected agriculture by a family and it is the most effective and common branch of
agriculture both in developing and developed countries. Family farming has a quite important
place due to the many benefits such as protecting biodiversity, providing balanced diet of
people, food safety, boosting the local economies. By supporting this production branch, it
can be ensured positive contributions to our country’s livestock production that experiences
some issues such as cooperatives, lack of know-how and specializing.
Keywords: Livestock products, family farming, husbandry farms
104
DIFFUSION AND ADOPTION OF SOME NEW FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY
BETWEEN GROWERS OF THREE VILLAGES IN QALUBEIA GOVERNORATE
Said Abbas Rashad1
1
Faculty of Agriculture University of Benha-Egypt
ABSTRACT
This research aimed mainly to determined adoption and diffusion of some new technology in
low soluble (inthabien) nitrogenous fertilizers, some bio-nutantes (nitrogen) and formulated
organic manure (compost) among investigated grower in some villages of Qalubiea
Governorate through realizing the following roles: Determination of the level of diffusion and
adoption of these new technology between grower and determination of the time intervals
concerned with diffusion of these fertilizing technology, Also, knowing the rang of diffusion
of these new technology between rulers. In addition, knowing the differences with facing
grower limiting the diffusion of these technologies. The obtained data were collected though
the questioners of a random sample by direct investigation. About 240 growers from villages
(Marsafa – Benha district), (Sendun – Qalub district) and Met-Kanana Touck district)
Qalubiea Governorate through the 1st three months of 2014 season. The obtained data were
statistically analyzed using the mathematic means, tabulated show amended with replication
and percentages in addition to some Figs. The most important results could be summarized as
follows: The diffusion of the studied agricultural technology was high in case of using organic
fertilizers (compost) 76.3% according to the grower response followed by using of biofertilizer (Nitroben) 66.7% and the technology of low soluble nitrogenous fertilizers
(Inthabine) 65.7%. The studied adoption and diffusion technology linked with time intervals
indicated to: prescience of a gap among the investigated number of growers whom heard
about the three technologies and between the numbers of the growers whom applied that
technology. The absolute volume of the gap i.e. the differences between the numbers of
investigators whom heard and whom applied these technologies continues increased for all
the studied technology from year to other. Level of adoption the three types of the
technologies was relatively low whereas, the number of growers whom not using these
technologies were more or less than the mean and recorded 62.9, 55.4 and 49.7% for the
technology of low soluble nitrogenous fertilizers (Inthabine), bio-fertilizer (Nitroben) and
organic fertilizers (compost), respectively and the rest of adoption investigators were low for
all studied the fertilizers. The diffusion of the three types of technology according to the
grower response was not satisfied according to the constructive communication which clears
that the information diffusion should be between the growers and became applicable. When
the growers number increase it means that the practice diffused in the rural community.
Operating delays defy the diffusion and adoption of the grower to the technology of
nitrogenous fertilizers is nonage of extension information, practice displaying, specialist
recourses of using & preparing these technologies, decrease of requirements of using these
technology in the markets, the solid believe of using the chemical fertilization and atomizing
of agricultural futures dispersion.
Keywords: nitrogenous fertilizers, fertilizers, Qalubiea Governorate
105
INFLUENCE OF DIET ON THE CLOTTING ACTIVITY OF DROMEDARY’S
GASTRIC COAGULANT EXTRACTS
Saliha Boudjenah-Haroun1, Wafa Souid1 Asma Balla1, Isselnane Souad2, Abderrahmane
Mati2
Univ Ouargla, Fac.des sciences de la nature et de la vie, Lab. de Recherche sur la Phœniciculture, Ouargla
30000 Algeria.
2
Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée et de Biotechnologie (LABAB), Université M. Mammeri de Tizi Ouzou,
Algérie
1
ABSTRACT
Recently, several researches showed that gastric enzymes extracted from the abomasums of
Algerian camels (Camelus dromedaries) were effective for coagulation of camel and bovine
milk. The objective of this work is to study the influence of diet on the clotting power of these
crude enzyme extracts. Animals (sources of rennet) are selected according to the fact that they
are not weaned, mixed feed or weaned. In carrying out the extraction method of Valles and
Furret), three extracts were obtained and designated by E UWA (unweaned animals), E MFA
(mixed feeding animals) and E WA (weaned animals). Their coagulant activity was
calculated. Affinity relative to the bovine and camel milk, depending on the temperature and
renneting pH was estimated by the time of flocculation of the milk. Commercial rennet was
used for comparison. The results showed that these extracts differ in coagulating power.
Those extracted from weaned animal that are endowed with a higher power coagulating
(0,530 ± 0020 UP). Two curds (cattle and camels) treated with the weaned extracts were obtained.
Sensory evaluation of these curds and the study of their texture enhance the possibility of
using extracts coagulants of weaned camels as a substitute for commercial rennet.
Keywords: Algeria, cheese, coagulation, dromedary, gastric extracts, milk.
106
ORTAK TARIM POLİTİKASI VE GELİŞMELER
Levent YAZICI
Orta Karadeniz Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma İstasyonu Müdürlüğü, Tokat
ÖZET
Tarım, insanların en temel ihtiyacı olan beslenme gereksinimini karşılayan bir sektör
olmasından dolayı, ülke ekonomilerinde ve toplumların gündelik hayatında oldukça önemli
bir yere sahiptir.
Dünyadaki tarımsal gündemin önemli bir parçası olan Avrupa Birliği Ortak Tarım Politikası
(OTP) tarımsal üretimin artırılması, üreticilere daha iyi bir yaşam düzeyi sağlanması ve
piyasaları istikrara kavuşturarak arzın devamlılığının sağlanması hedeflerinin yanındaaynı
zamanda AB bütünleşmesinin sağlanmasında da önemli paya sahiptir. Dolayısıyla OTP
sadece bir tarımsal politika bütünü olmayıp, aynı zamanda tarihsel gelişimi içinde AB’ye üye
ülkelerin tarım gibi çok teknik ve siyasi boyutu olan bir alandaki politika becerisini de
yansıtmaktadır.
Avrupa Birliğinin ilk ortak politikası olma özelliğine sahip Ortak Tarım Politikası (OTP),
sürekli bir değişim içindedir. Toplumsal beklenti ve taleplere cevap verebilmek için OTP,
zaman içinde birçok kez temel reformlardan geçmiştir.
Bu çalışma ile Avrupa Birliği (AB) Ortak Tarım Politikası (OTP) hakkında temel bilgiler
verilmekte, geçirdiği reform süreçleri, son dönemdeki reformlar özellikle 2014-2020 yıllarına
ilişkin Çok Yıllı Mali Çerçeve’nin temelindeki son değişikliklerin incelenmesi
amaçlanmaktadır. Yakın dönemde AB’ye girmesi beklenen Türkiye’nin ekonomik ve sosyal
hayatın bütün alanlarında olduğu gibi, tarım sektöründe de bazı reformlarla AB’ye uyum
sağlaması gereklidir. Bu anlamda tarım sektörü ile ilgili bazı düzenlemeler yapılmış ve
uygulamaya geçirilmiştir. Ülkemiz ekonomi ve istihdam alanında önemli bir yere sahipolan
tarım sektörünün yeri düşünüldüğünde OTP hakkındaki bilgilendirmeler, çok önem
kazanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Avrupa Birliği, Ortak Tarım Politikası, reform, tarım sektörü, 20142020 çok yıllı mali çerçeve
107
RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ADOPTION OF FARMING HOUSEHOLDS
IN KWARA STATE OF NIGERIA: A PRAGMATIC APPROACH
OLAWUYI, Seyi Olalekan 1, OJEDOKUN, Idris Kayode and OLAWUYI, Tosin Dolapo
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, P.M.B 4000, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso,
Oyo State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Risk is an unavoidable element in the business of agriculture especially with the prevalent
issue of climate change which hitherto affects production. Production can vary widely from
year to year due to unforeseen weather and market conditions, causing wide swings in
commodity prices. But risk, while inevitable, is often manageable. Risk management involves
choosing among alternatives for reducing risks that threaten the economic success of
production process and well-being of the households; hence, determinants of risk
management strategies adoption among farming households in Kwara State of Nigeria was
investigated.
Multistage sampling technique was used to select 122 farming households used for the study.
Data collected through a well-structured questionnaire was analyzed through descriptive
statistics such as frequency counts, percentages and mean values while inferential statistics
such as Tobit regression was used to test the formulated hypothesis.
The result revealed a mean age of 49.25 years while the average household size was estimated
at approximately 12 persons; also, the average years of formal education was estimated at
6.31 years. 92.62% of the respondents engaged primarily in farming while majority are faced
with production risks. The prevalent risk management strategies adopted are: obtaining credit
facilities from social organizations, irrigation practices, borrowing from friends, use of family
labour and distress sales of assets. And, determinants of risk management strategies adoption
are: years of formal education (p<0.1), household size (p<0.1), social organization
membership (p<0.01) and outcomes (p<0.05).
This study concludes that human capital (proxied by years of formal education) and social
capital endowment (proxied by social organization membership) have a strong influence on
the adoption of risk management strategies.
Keywords: Risk Management Strategies, Adoption, Farming Households, Tobit, Nigeria
108
RISK FACTORS OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS: A REALITY OF SEMI-ARID
REGION IN ALGERIA
Bourouba Romyla1, Houcher Bakhouche1, Eğin Yonça2, Akar Nejat 2
1
Department of Biology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Science, University of Setif 1,
Algeria
2
Department of Pediatric Molecular Genetics, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe birth defects occurring when the neural tube fails to
close completely. Human NTDs are multifactorial, and accumulated evidence has suggested
that genetic and/or environmental factors may contribute to these defects. To date, there are
no clear data concerning the prevalence, etiology of these defects in the semiarid region of
Batna in Algeria. The objective of this study is to analyze data on NTDs cases from 20122014 at Batna Maternity Hospital, and to investigate some environmental and genetic risk
factors suspected in the etiology of NTDs. A retrospective chart review of patients with NTDs
was performed, in Batna- region during a 3 years period. Other different laboratory tests were
performed on 82 apparently healthy participants (control) and 48 mothers who had conceived
an NTD child. Peripheral blood samples were collected, in EDTA tubes and frozen at -20°C
until DNA extraction by conventional method. Genetic analysis of MTHFR C677T
polymorphism was determined by light cycler (Mannhein, Germany), while CBS 844
insertion was analyzed by PCR in a thermal cycler (Biometra).Chi-square analysis was used
to evaluate significant differences in the distribution of data. In addition, the Odds-ratio and
confidence intervals were calculated. A P-value less than 0.05 were considered as significant.
Our results show that the prevalence of NTD in Batna, Algeria is 1.75 per 1,000 births; Spina
bifida was the most common NTD in our study. Regarding sex differences, the rate of NTD
was higher in females than males (male to female ratio = 0.42), highest affected NTD
newborn’s rate was observed in mothers aged between 25 and 29 years and the rate of
consanguinity among all NTD cases was 30%. Additional background data show no
significant association of NTDs with previous obstetrics history, personal education , obesity,
diabetes but regarding folic acid consumption, about 86% of NTD’s mothers in our region
doesn’t take pre-conceptional supplementation with this vitamin . According to our genetic
factor’s findings, the results did not show a significant association of NTDs with specific
mutation of the variant C677T 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and no
gene-gene interactions of cystathionine-synthase (CBS) insertion and C677T polymorphism
was demonstrated, despite a significant difference in heterozygote frequency of CBS
844ins68 genotype between NTD’s mothers and control groups, OR: 2.85(1.18-6.88). In
conclusion, our study confirms that NTD represents a real public health problem in Batna,
Algeria. Moreover, various genetic and/or environmental factors as well as their complex
interactions as well as nutritional factors like folate deficiency and seasonal changes in diet,
are implicated in the pathogenesis of NTD in Algeria although the mechanism is not clear.
We suggest that further research in the etiology and consequences of birth defects in our
country should continue for planning preventive measures and effective treatments to reduce
the incidence of NTDs in Algeria.
Keywords: Neural tube defects, obesity, diabetes, environmental factors, mutations, MTHFR,
CBS, Batna, Algeria
109
PROBOSCIS EXTENSION RESPONSES OF THREE APIS
MELLIFERASUBSPECIES TO DIFFERENT FLORAL NECTARS
Hussain Ali1, Abdulaziz S. Alqarni, Awad M.Awad, and Ayman A.Owayss
1
Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box
2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
Honeybees efficiently employ their olfactory system while foraging. They naturally extend
their proboscis in response to antennal stimulation of sugars in nectar. This study aimed to
evaluate the PER of honeybees to the floral nectars, and to discuss how those responses are
affected by honeybee genotype, nectar quality, and weather conditions. The effects of eleven
floral nectars on PER were evaluated in three honeybee races (A. m. jemenitica, A.mcarnica,
and A. m. ligustica) at two daytimes. The nectar concentrations of some flowers increased in
afternoon (Prosopismexican, Acacia Type-1, Indian Jasmine, Acacia Type-2, Reyhankokuso,
Brassica rapa, Eruca sativa). A. m. carnica had the highest PER in morning as well as in
afternoon, and A. m. jemenitica had the lowest PER to water. PER behavior is a promising
indoor tool that could be used to examine the quality and attractiveness of the bee forages, and
to understand how the attractiveness of a specific bee forage varied according to bee genotype
and weather.
Keywords: Nectar concentration, Refractometer, PER
110
FACTORS INFLUENCED CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS ORGANIC
FOOD IN EGYPT
Inas El-sayed Sadek
Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
Consumer behavior is influenced by external factors: Consumer behavior is influenced by
many external factors such as culture, subculture, and social classes ... Located. These effects
can be short, medium or long term. Consumers have been faced with different food safety
problems that have major consequences on their behavior, attitudes and preferences towards
particular food products. The objective of this paper is to explore consumer behavior towards
organic food in the capital of Egypt; moreover, there is a need to identify the motivations and
barriers towards organic food consumption, as well as the willingness to pay for these
products. Health concern is the first motivation of organic food consumers in Egypt;
moreover, it is the first motivation for which consumers are willing to pay an extra premium
for organic food over the price of conventional food. High prices of organic products and
distrust of organic products’ genuineness are the major barriers towards organic food
consumption. Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils,
ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to
local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture
combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair
relationships and a good quality of life for all involved The phenomenon of organic
agriculture has started in the 1930s and 1940s in the developed countries as a consequence of
the raised dangerous effects of using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture on both
health and environment. In other words, they were looking for safe food that is free of
pesticides and additives The organic agriculture is growing fast as the demand for organic
foods and drinks is developing rapidly. The global sales of organic food and drink about 65
billion US dollars in 2013(www.ifoam.org).
The majority of certified organic produce is destined for export markets, with the large
majority being exported to the European Union. The African market for organic products is
still small. Certified organic products are currently recognized in only a few domestic
markets, including Egypt, South Africa, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. For exports, most
African countries rely upon foreign standards. To date, the majority of organic production that
is certified in Africa has been certified according to the EU regulation for organic products.
As for Egypt, although there is an augmented supply market for organic food gained from its
significance as a safety production, high quality food and its positive environmental
influences. The supply market is growing at much quicker rate than organic food consumption
does. The logic interpretation for this situation is that organic agriculture is grown mainly for
export market. As a result, the share of organic agricultural land has increased and has
represented about 0.01% of the total agricultural land. It ranked third between African
countries after Uganda and Tunisia.
Keywords: Organic agriculture, organic produce, African countries
111
AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF FOOD SECURITY IN THE ARAB SPRING
COUNTRIES
Nashwa EL-Tatawy1, Lamis Fawzy El-Bahnasy2
1
Economics and Agribusiness Department Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University
2
Agricultural Economic Research Institute
ABSTRACT
The main objectives of this research were to point out to the variations of food expenditure in
some Arab countries. Data were used from the family budget survey's (HIECS) in Yemen,
Jordan, Tunisia and Egypt and index numbers for secondary data publishing.
The main results indicated that:
1- The different proportions of the population live below national poverty lines on the
proportion of the population below the poverty line ($ 2).
2- Show by estimate the purchasing power of the equation of the individual in each of
Yemen, Tunisia, Jordan, the amount added to the individual income increase during the
study period (2004/2005- 2011/2012) rate was estimated at 33.4%, 20 %, 29,7%,
38,5% each from Yemen, Tunisia, Jordan and Egypt each year, respectively.
3- Poor individual spends nearly a third of his food income on meat group as Yemen,
Jordan and Egypt, while in Tunisia the poor individual spends nearly one third of his
food income on grain.
Shows that the low per capita income spent the lowest percentage of food spending on
beverages group and fish in each of Jordan, Tunisia and Egypt, while he spent the lowest
percentage of food spending on vegetables and fruit in Yemen
Keywords: Arab countries, food expenditure, food income
112
ENSURING RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN PLACE USING YOUR METHODS OF
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Sevim ARTIK1, Akın OLGUN 1
1
Ege University, Agriculture Engineer Faculty, Agricultural Economics Department, 35100, Bornova/Izmir
ABSTRACT
Turkey's rural economy is based on agriculture. With this feature of the agricultural sector in
the country side, employment, income distribution and poverty levels plays a decisive role.
There will be positive developments ortobe applied in the agricultural sector directly affects
the rural population. Today, the greatest achievements in agriculture, reducing the adverse
environmental conditions, through being able to perform the required increase in production.
This is only possible with the implementation of durable solutions and sustainable agricultural
methods.
Sustainable agriculture means agriculture that promotes the health of the people and the land
in the long term. Sustainable farming methods provides not only food, but also to increase the
quality of the yield of the soil, water waste prevention, the protection of valuable seeds,
biodiversity and soil for future generations, ensures the continuation of life. Sustainable
agriculture is the foundation of approach, in rural areas, where farmers engaged in
manufacturing that located is to maintain its activities, reach a level of prosperity they
deserve, infrastructure, education and health services to be taken of farmers, the realization of
economic activities, the evaluation of the local potential, protection of the natural and cultural
assets, aimed at achieving a rural development is one of the main goals of sustainable
agriculture.
In this research, the provision of rural development in Turkey and for improving the current
situation, by region as appropriate sustainable farming method and also the determination of
soil, water, energy and the environment, while maintaining continuity has sought to
demonstrate that here is a necessity.
Keywords: Turkey, Agricultural Sector, Sustainable Agriculture, Rural Development
113
FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF SOIL EROSION CONTROL MEASURES:
IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURE AND
ENVIRONMENT
S.O. Eze1, E.E. Osalon1
1
Department of Rural Sociology and Extension, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267
Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The study investigated farmers’ perception of soil erosion control measures and highlighted
implications for sustainable development in agriculture and environment in southeast,
Nigeria. Purposive, multistage and random sampling techniques were employed in selecting a
sample size of two hundred and forty (240) respondents. Structured interview schedule was
used for data collection. Frequency counts, percentages, mean scores and factor analysis were
used for data analysis. The findings show that majority (64.6%) of farmers were within the
ages of 40–59, while majority (67.9%) had either FSLC or WASCE/SSCE/GCE/O/L
qualifications. The farmers reported that the major soil erosion control measures used were
strip cropping (M=4.8) and making of ridges against slopes (M=4.7). The study reported that
poor group affinity, inadequate institutional support and inadequate technical knowhow were
constraints to soil erosion control in southeast, Nigeria. The study highlighted implications for
sustainable development in Agriculture and Environment on organizational overhaul in
extension, participatory extension policy on farmers groups and institutional re-orientation
and synergy between Universities, Agricultural Development Programme (ADP), Ministry of
Agriculture (MOA) and Local Government Councils. In conclusion, success in soil erosion
control and sustainable development in agriculture and environment in southeast, Nigeria
depends on the extent issues raised and implications highlighted can be addressed. The study
recommends improved funding support to extension, participatory extension training and
contacts with farmers’ groups and groups’ resources management.
Keywords: Farmers, erosion control, sustainable development, Nigeria
114
CYTOPLASM TYPES OF SOME COMMERCIAL ONION (Allium Cepa L.)
VARIETIES GROWN IN TURKEY
Esra Cebeci1, H. Padem2, A.F. Gökçe3
1
Ataturk Central Horticultural Research Institute, 77102, Yalova-Turkey
Lumina, The University of Southeast Europe, 021187, Bucureşçi, Romania
2
Nigde University, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technology, Niğde-Turkey
3
ABSTRACT
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is grown worldwide for its fleshy bulbs which are used as food and
medicinal purposes. The production of hybrid onion seed is economically feasible using
systems of cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS). Onion has biennial nature and strong selfdepression, so breeding of inbred lines are taken a long period. The identification of
cytoplasm types might be helpful to development of sterile and maintainer lines. In our study,
we applied the PCR-marker (5-cob) to identify the cytoplasmic genotypes of 10 commercially
grown onion varieties in Turkey. Among materials, it was found that, three varieties
possessed both S-and N-cytoplasm and seven varieties possessed only N-cytoplasm.
Keywords: Onion, CMS, male sterility, cytoplasm types
115
DETECTION OF CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEUS TYPES WITH SNPS IN
ONION (Allium cepa L.) HYBRID BREEDING
Esra Cebeci1, Fatih Hanci1, Michael J. Havey2
1
Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute-Yalova
2
The University of Wisconsin- Madison
ABSTRACT
Commercial onion (Allium cepa L.) production is based on open-pollinated and hybrid
cultivars. The production of hybrid onion seed is economically feasible using systems of
cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS). Onion has biennial nature and shows strong selfdepression so molecular identification of cytoplasm and nucleus types might be helpful to
development of sterile and maintainer lines. In many plants, single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNP) markers are increasingly becoming the marker system of choice and the onion is one of
them. In this study, researchers tried to evaluate cytoplasm and nucleus types of some onion
accessions, collected from Turkey, using SNPs. Among accessions sterile and maintainer
plants detected with molecular markers and some field works of the study still continues.
Keywords: onion, molecular markers, CMS, SNPs, hybrid breeding
116
A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF PUBLIC WILLINGNESS AND ACCEPTANCE
OF SEGREGATION AND USE OF HUMAN-URINE AS FERTILIZER IN
TURKEY
F. Nihan YILDIZ-DOGAN1, Mohammed S. SHIHAB 1, F. Tuba CITAK 1,
Bilsen BELER-BAYKAL1, Mehmet Emin PASAOGLU 1, Asli OZTURK 1
Istanbul Teknik Universitesi, İstanbul, TURKEY
1
ABSTRACT
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium constitute the main ingredients of fertilizers, which are
essential for plant growth. Interestingly, these elements are the main constituents of human
urine. Studies have shown that the potential of global urine production is equivalent to about
one third of the global fertilizer use and one person’s urine is sufficient to produce 200 kg
cereals annually. Due to its rich nutrient content, reuse of urine as fertilizer has been
suggested.
Considering that public acceptance/willingness is a key parameter for adoption of any reuse
option, this preliminary survey presents an attempt for investigation of attitudes towards using
human urine as fertilizer and aims to gain insight about the willingness/acceptance of Turkish
people for this practice. The survey was intended to identify and assess trends concerning the
willingness/acceptance to use plants fertilized with direct and/or indirect use of human urine,
and to investigate motivations/obstacles for Urine Diversion Toilets (UDT) which will
provide this separation.
The survey was run on 434 Turkish citizens, who were asked about the direct and indirect use
of human urine (i) for growing various types of plants as food stuff including those which are
consumed raw and after cooking, (ii) in green areas and for landscape purposes, as well as
their opinion on urine diversion and use of urine diverting toilets (UDT).
The results showed that 89% of the respondents had no objection to urine segregation and to
the use of UDT’s provided that they get funding. In general acceptance/willingness for
indirect use of human urine as fertilizer received a higher preference over direct use;
landscape/green area applications over food stuff; and cooked food stuff over uncooked ones.
All in all, the attitude of people surveyed in this preliminary work did not discourage further
attempts regarding urine segregation and its use as fertilizer. These results were interpreted as
being motivating for further efforts of reusing the fertilizing potential hidden in urine.
Keywords: human urine/yellow water, nutrients, fertilizers, urine diversion toilets, public
opinion/acceptance, segregated streams of domestic wastewater
117
DETERMINANTS OF FOOD SECURITY AMONG RURAL WOMEN IN ABIA
STATE, NIGERIA
Osahon, E.E.1, Odoemelam, L.E. 1
1
Department of Rural Sociology and Extension, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia
State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Concerns over food security situation in Nigeria are reflected in the Millennium Development
Goal (MDG) to reduce the number of food insecure by half by 2015. Given that land plays a
role in the livelihood of majority of people living in the rural communities of Nigeria, food
security and poverty reduction cannot be achieved unless issues of access to land and security
of tenure among women are addressed. Therefore, study examined rural women access to
productive resource in order to attain food security in the State. Multi stage sampling
procedure was used to select 150 women farmers. Data were collected with the use of
interview schedule and participation observation. Household food security access scale was
used to assess food insecurity of the respondents. Data collected were analyzed using
descriptive statistics while legit regression was used to determine the determinants of food
insecurity at P = 0.05. The results revealed that access to land (5.669***), credit (2.592**),
extension contact (1.781*) and tenure security (3.685***) were positive and significantly
related to food security. The paper suggests that land is central in promoting rural livelihoods
in Nigeria, because access to land and security of tenure are the main means through which
food security and sustainable development can be realized.
Keywords: Food security, Access t o land and Tenure security.
118
COTTON GROWERS SATISFACTION WITH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
EXTENSION SERVICES: CASE STUDY OF MUZAFFARGARH DISTRICT,
PUNAJB, PAKISTAN
Muhammad Imran 1, Orhan Özçatalbaş1
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Pakistan has tried many agricultural extension system and approaches since its birth. In 1988,
on the recommendation of national commission on agriculture formed by government to look
into the poor performance of agriculture, privatization of agricultural extension started.
Currently more than 500 private companies with public extension departments (multinational,
national and generic) with public extension departments are actively engaged in providing
extension services to farmers in addition to selling their products. In now a day’s World,
accountability is very important, without that you cannot evaluate the performance of any
sector. Extension service providers should ensure the continuous satisfaction of farmers with
the service being provided. In order to increase farmer’s confidence and loyalty, extension
feedback is becoming important day by day. Generally, evaluation of extension has been
focused on farmers, such as behavioral change and also increase in output use, yield and
income. Another important factor impacting the success or failure of extension programs may
be efficiency and effectiveness with which extension personal deliver extension services.
Present study, is aimed at analyzing the satisfaction of cotton growers with public and private
extension services. In this regard, data was collected from 90 farmers using pre-tested
questionnaire and using the mutli-stage random sampling technique from Muzaffargarrh
district of Punjab province. Collected data was analyzed by using t test and chi square test.
Most of the farmers in the study area are getting extension services from private sector
(pesticide companies). Study, concludes that majority of the farmers were not satisfied with
both public and private extension service, however, farmers showed some positive response
towards satisfaction with private pesticide companies. Following these findings, resolute
efforts are needed to improve quality of extension services both by private and public sector.
Holistic participatory approaches are required to improve farmers understanding of
technology, demand driven and farmers friendly strategies are recommended, Total service
package should be applied by private companies rather than just pesticide use and disease
identification services.
Keywords: Extension Services, random sampling, demand-driven, Punajb, Pakistan.
119
COMPONENTS OF ADVANCED BREEDING CHICKPEA LINES AND
Hakan BAYRAK1, Ramazan KELEŞ1, Gül İMRİZ1
Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya. TURKEY
1
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine yield and yield components of some breeding
chickpea lines in Konya ecological conditions.
Total, 11 lines and 5 varieties that obtained from different Research Institutions and Stations
were included as research materials.
The experiments were carried out according to Randomized Block Design with 4 replications
in experimental field of Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute in 2014.
The periods of blooming and ripening, first pod height, plant height, grain yield, and hundredseed weight were analyzed within the study.
For all components excluding first pod height, differences among the genotypes were
determined as statically important (p<0.01). As a result of study, the earliest line was EN
1999 genotype with 99.66 days, while the longest blooming period was observed on Canıtez
87 variety with 64.33. The maximum first pod height was obtained from EN2099 line (20.23
cm), and the maximum plant height was shown by EN1780 line (48.03 cm). The heaviest
hundred-seed weight was obtained from EN 1835 line (47.00 g), EN 1721 gave the highest
grain yield with 301.08 kg/da.
Important positive correlations was determined between number of blooming days and
number of ripening days (r= 0.84**) and also between first pod height and plant height (r=
0.43**).
Keywords: Chickpea, breeding lines, yield, yield components
120
COMPARATIVE ANTHELMINTIC EFFICACY OF CHLOROFORMIC AND
METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF CORIANDRUM SATIVUM AND IVERMECTIN IN
SALT RANGE SHEEP
Memrez Khushal Gigyani1, Muhammad Ovais Omer1, Muhammad Mushtaq3, Qamar Niaz1,
Nisar Ahmad2, Fakhrul Islam4
Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology1, Department of Livestock Production2, University of Veterinary
and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Barani Livestock Production Research Institute (BLPRI) Kherimurat, District Attock, Punjab, Pakistan 3
Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Peshawar, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan 4.
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The Methanolic extract (ME) and Chloroformic extract (CE) of Coriandrum sativum (C.
sativum) were evaluated in comparison with ivermectin to cover the anthelmintic resistance in
Salt Range sheep. A total of 60 sheep positive for nematodes were selected and randomly
divided into 6 groups having 10 animals in each group. The animals of group A was kept Untreated control. Group B was given ivermectin at the dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg body weight
subcutaneously. The animals of Group C and Group D were given the CE of C. sativum at
the dose rate of 50 mg/kg body weight and 100mg/kg body weight respectively. The Group E
and Group F were given the ME of C. sativum at the dose rate of 50 mg/kg body weight and
100 mg/kg body weight respectively. Fecal eggs per gram (fecal EPG) tests were carried out
on day 7, 14 and 28. The percent efficacy of ivermectin was 81.4%, 87.17% and 92.6% on
day 7th, 14th and day 28th respectively. The percent efficacy shown by the CE at maximum
dose (100 mg/kg body weight) was 10.7%, 17.72 and 24.41 on day 7th, 14th and 28th
respectively. The percent efficacy of ME given to Group F was 44.76%, 56.27%and 60.69%
on day 7th, 14th and day 28th respectively. From this study it was concluded that ME of C.
sativum has maximum anthelmintic effect at the highest dose used in the study.
Keywords: Methanolic extract, Chloroformic Extract, Coriandrum sativum, anthelmintic
resistance, percent efficacy
121
WHEAT RESPONSE TO SINGLE MINERAL OR MIXED ORGANIC NITROGEN
SOIL AMENDMENTS IN KASHMIR, PAKISTAN
Mohsin Zafar1,2, Muhammad Zahid1, and Tuba Arjumend3
1
Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, The University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and
Kashmir, Pakistan
2
Department of Soil Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil
3
Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University,
Kayısdagi, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
Corresponding address: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Animal and plant derived organic substances application with minimal additions of mineral N
fertilizers is an important fertilizer management strategy for sustainable agriculture
production systems in sloppy mountain soils which are continuous land degradation. The
present research was performed to explore the effect of urea, wood ash, compost and poultry
manure on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown and nutrient efficiency use under Rawalakot
conditions. The experiment was designed in RCBD fashion, fifteen treatments and three
replications. The treatments were (T1) control without fertilizer; (T2) urea N (UN) @ 150 kg
ha-1; (T3) urea N @ 75 kg ha-1; (T4) wood ash (WA) @ equivalent to 150 kg N ha-1; (T5)
poultry manure (PM) @ equivalent to 150 kg N ha-1; (T6) compost @ equivalent to 150 kg N
ha-1; (T7) UN+ WA @ 150 kg N ha-1 (50:50); (T8) UN+ PM @ 150 kg N ha-1 (50:50); (T9)
UN + compost @ 150 kg N ha-1 (50:50); (T10) WA + PM @ 150 kg N ha-1 (50:50); (T11) WA
+ compost @ 150 kg N ha-1 (50:50); (T12) PM + compost @ 150 kg N ha-1 (50:50); (T13) UN
+ WA + PM @ 150 kg N ha-1 (50:25:25); (T14) UN + WA + compost @ 150 kg N ha-1
(50:25:25) and (T15) UN + PM + compost @ 150 kg N ha-1 (50:25:25). Results indicated that
maximum shoot length (53.2 cm), root length (18.9 cm), shoot fresh weight (14.53 cm), root
fresh weight (2.80 cm), spike length (110 cm), chlorophyll content (10.2 mg g-1), total plant
nitrogen (2%), Fe content (37.5 mg kg–1) and Zn content (28.3 mg kg–1) were found in T14
(UN + WA + compost @ 150 kg N ha-1 (50:25:25)). Maximum shoot dry weight (3.08 g) and
root dry weight (0.96 g) were observed in T12 (PM + compost @ 150 kg N ha-1 (50:50)).
Maximum leaf area (26.6 cm2) was calculated in T2 (urea N (UN) @ 150 kg ha-1). Highest
number of spikelets per spike (24) and plant Cu content (2.13 mg kg–1) were noted in T15 (UN
+ PM + compost @ 150 kg N ha-1 (50:25:25)). Highest plant P (0.62 mg kg–1), K (1.52 mg
kg–1) and Mn (34.3 mg kg–1) were found in T13 (UN + WA + PM @ 150 kg N ha-1
(50:25:25)). Dry matter yield, 1000–grain weight, and harvest index showed non-significant
differences against all treatments applied. Total grain yield (2912 kg ha-1) and total biomass
yield (8377 kg ha-1) were highest in T9 (UN + compost @ 150 kg N ha-1 (50:50)). Results of
this study confirmed the beneficial effects of organic amendments on wheat growth and in
combination with mineral N represents a successful and sustainable management strategy for
wheat production in mountainous ecosystems.
Keywords: Wheat; Compost, Mineral fertilization, Poultry manure
122
NEW RECORDS OF SUBGENUS PARADIACHALCOIDEA DACCORDI, 1978
AND CHRYSOLINA DOHRNII (FAIRMAIRE, 1865) FOR TURKEY
Hüseyin Özdikmen1, Didem Coral Şahin2, Cemil Yetkin3
1
Gazi University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, 06500 Ankara / Turkey. E-mail: 2 Plant Health
Centeral Research Institute, Ankara / Turkey
3
GAP Agricultural Research Institute, Şanlıurfa / Turkey
ABSTRACT
This paper presents Chrysolina (Paradiachalcoidea) dohrnii (Fairmaire, 1865) from Şanlıurfa
province as a new record for Turkey. Accordingly, the subgenus Paradiachalcoidea Daccordi,
1978 is a new record for Turkey too.
They are discussed and photographed.
Keywords: Chrysomelidae, Chrysolina, Paradiachalcoidea, Chrysolina dohrnii, New
Records, Turkey.
123
INTENSIFICATION OF SUSTAINABILITY ON HIGHER WATER-USED CROPS
Oner Cetin1, Ali Fuat Tarı2, Cuma Akıncı3
1
Dicle University, Agricultural Faculty, Dept. of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation,
Diyarbakır, Turkey
2
Harran University, Agricultural Faculty, Dept. of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation,
Şanlıurfa, Turkey
3
Dicle University, Agricultural Faculty, Dept. of Field Crops, Diyarbakır, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water in not only Turkey but also world.
Agricultural sector uses more than 10 000 m3/ha in Turkey. Irrigation is, thus, a commonly
used platform for intensification. Three different objectives can be achieved by irrigation.
These are maximizing the crop yield, maximizing the crop irrigation water use efficiency
(IWUE) or productivity and maximizing the farmer’s economic returns. Water productivity
can be analyzed at the plant level, field level, farm level, system level and basin level. In
agriculture, efficiency is the relationship between output and input calculated as a ratio or as
the slope of the functional relationship. Improving water use efficiency or enhancing
agricultural water productivity is a critical response to sustainability on irrigated agriculture
and water use. According to the study, net return per unit land area and per unit water in the
different regions of Turkey were computed as 430-6707 $/ha and 0.10-1.22 $/m3,
respectively. Water cost varied from 0.05 through 0.20 $/m3 depending on the regions. These
figures showed that irrigation water have not been used same efficiently in different regions
of Turkey. Meanwhile, having the highest water use efficiency does not mean that net returns
will be highest for all the crops. The most profitable use of water is somewhere between the
amount that provides highest water use efficiency and the amount that provides for maximum
yield. On the other hand, there is a strongly link between water use and nitrogen considering
N use efficiency. Intensification of sustainability depends on many factors such as water,
nitrogen, some agronomic applications, climatological conditions etc. In this article, yields of
the crops, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) or irrigation water productivity, net return
per unit land area and net return per unit water for some higher water-used crops (cotton,
corn, sugar beet, tomatoes and winter wheat) in Turkey are computed and discussed
considering different amount of irrigation water, irrigation methods and some different
climatological regions. In addition, the approaches on the intensification of sustainability on
higher water-used crops are also discussed.
Keywords: Irrigation, sustainability, net return, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE)
124
THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION
Kahraman SELVİ1, Seda ÖZDİKMENLİ1, Musa YALMAN 1, Ramazan YILDIZ1
ÇanakkaleOnsekiz Mart University, Yenice Vocational School, 17550, Yenice, ÇANAKKALE
1
ABSTRACT
Increased demand for water, quantitative and qualitative deterioration of water, environmental
pollution and possible climate changes cause negative impacts in aquatic ecosystems, due to
population growth and rapid industrial development. On the other hand; pollution and
degradation of these ecosystems create many problems in irrigated agriculture. As a result of
anthropogenic activities (mining, industrial, agricultural, etc.) the pollutants such as heavy
metals, pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls threaten the ecosystems, mingling with the
water sources. The water, contaminated by these pollutants and also used in agricultural
activities is taken by plants and animals to be used in their vital activities. Thus, the plant and
animal foods contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants constitute a significant risk
to human health upon the consumption of these foods. Therefore; maintaining the acceptable
values of water resources used in agricultural activities for the safety of sustainable food is
great importance in terms of environmental and human health.
The studies evaluating the effect of pollutants in the water to physico-chemical,
microbiological parameters as well as on organisms in aquatic ecosystems have been
previously conducted. In this study; pollution studies of some water sources used for
irrigation in Turkey were compiled.
Keywords: Environmental pollution, pollutants, water quality, irrigation.
125
THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT OF PEANUT THE YIELD COMPONENTS
Ferrin Ferda Aşık1, Reşat Yıldız1
Yağlı Tohumlar Araştırma İstasyonu Müdürlüğü, Osmaniye
1
ABSTRACT
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. ) is an important oil seed, food and feed crop grown in the
world. In many parts of the world, groundnut is grown under rainfed conditions. The rainfed
groundnut crop suffers from moisture stress of varying intensity at different growth stages.
Agronomic and yield contributing characters decreases under drought stress; and significant
response of varieties. Drought significantly changed total oil, linoleic, behenic fatty acid
content, plant fresh weight, dry weight, pod yield per plant, number of seed per plant, number
of pod per plant, 100 sun dried seed weight, and 100 sun dried pod weight.
Keywords: Peanut, Groundnut, drought stress, agronomic characters
126
SAMSUN İLİ BAFRA İLÇESİNDE ÇELTİK ÜRETİMİNE YER VEREN TARIM
İŞLETMELERİNDE İNOVASYON VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK İLİŞKİSİ
Selime CANAN¹, Vedat CEYHAN¹
¹ Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım Ekonomisi Bölümü, Samsun
ÖZET
Çeltik yetiştiren tarım işletmelerinde inovasyon ile sürdürülebilirlik ilişkisine odaklanmış bu
araştırmanın amaçları, Samsun ili Bafra ilçesinde çeltik yetiştiren tarım işletmelerinin
sürdürülebilirliğini ve inovasyondan yararlanma durumu belirlemek ve incelenen tarım
işletmelerinde inovasyon ile sürdürülebilirlik arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma
verileri çeltik yetiştiriciliğine yer veren tarım işletmeleri, daha önce yapılmış araştırmalar,
ilgili kamu kurum ve kuruluşları, çeltik konusunda çalışan akademisyen ve teknik elemanlar
ve araştırma esnasında yapılan gözlemlerden elde edilmiştir. Tarım işletmesi düzeyindeki
veriler 2013 üretim dönemine ait olup, tabakalı tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilmiş 60
tarım işletmesinden anket yoluyla elde edilmiştir. İncelenen tarım işletmelerinde
sürdürülebilirlik bütün boyutlarıyla (sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel) incelenmiş ve
sürdürülebilirlik endeksi yardımıyla ölçülmüştür. Benzer şekilde, tarım işletmelerinin
inovasyondan yararlanma düzeyinin belirlenmesinde, inovasyon endeksinden yararlanılmıştır.
Araştırma bulguları inceleme alanında faaliyet gösteren ikinci grup tarım işletmelerinin
ekonomik performansının ve inovasyon kapasitesinin diğerlerinden daha iyi olduğunu
göstermiştir. Araştırmada ayrıca inovasyondan daha çok yararlanan tarım işletmelerinin,
sürdürülebilirliklerinin daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. İnceleme alanında inovasyondan
yararlanma düzeyinin, sürdürülebilirlik üzerindeki olumlu etkisi birinci grupta daha düşük,
ikinci ve üçüncü grupta daha yüksektir. İnceleme alanında faaliyet gösteren tarım
işletmelerinin inovasyon kapasitesinin artırılması için ihtiyaç analizlerine dayalı eğitim
çalışmaları yapılmalıdır. Ölçek yetersizliği sebebiyle inovasyondan yeterince yararlanamayan
tarım işletmelerine alt yapı, finansman vb. desteklerin sağlanması, inceleme alanında
sürdürülebilirliği artırabilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Çeltik, inovasyon kapasitesi, inovasyondan yararlanma düzeyi,
sürdürülebilirlik
127
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM IN ERZURUM CITY DURING 2014-2015
F. Ekmekyapar Torun1, Z. Bingül2
2
1
Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Erzurum, TURKEY
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Erzurum Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization,
Erzurum, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
The importance of air pollution prevention has been increasing in recent years, due to the
population growth and technological developments all over the world. Domestic heating and
transportation has increased the atmospheric concentration of air pollutants in the form of
gases, aerosols or particulate matter. Erzurum is one of the cities located in the eastern part of
Turkey, situated on a plateau surrounded by mountains to the east, north and South. With the
lowest average annual temperature in Turkey, Erzurum has severe winters, while its summers
are short and dry. The winter period in the city is usually longer than six months.
Temperatures start falling by October and rise again by April. The intensity of the air
pollution, which is mostly caused by the heating activities during winter, increases due to the
topographic structure of the city, unplanned urbanization and meteorological factors. In this
study, during 2014-2015 winter period, air pollution level in terms of SO2 and particulate
matter parameters were examined in the city center of Erzurum and the results were
evaluated. Data for the period of 2014 October-2015 April were taken from Ministry of
Environmental and Urbanization Air Quality Monitoring Station which is located at the city
center and compared with the air quality values prescribed by Air Quality Assessment and
Management Regulation, the World Health Organization and Environmental Protection
Agency.
Keywords: Erzurum, air pollution, SO2, particulate matter, air quality assessment,
management regulation
128
INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Selma ÖZTEKİN1, Nurhan MUTLU1, Gülçin ALTINTAŞ 1, Tekin ÖZTEKİN 2, Naif
GEBOLOĞLU3, Mahfuz ELMASTAŞ 4, Mine AYDIN5, Ömer Faruk NOYAN 1
1
Directorate of Middle Black Sea Transition Zone Agricultural Research Station, 60250 Tokat, Turkey.
Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Gaziosmanpaşa University, 60240 Tokat,
Turkey.
3
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Gaziosmanpaşa University, 60240 Tokat, Turkey.
4
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Gaziosmanpaşa University, 60240 Tokat, Turkey
5
Directorate of Erzincan Horticultural Research Station, 24060 Erzincan, Turkey.
2
ABSTRACT
Organic fertilizers have to positive effect on a many soil properties. Moreover the positive
effect in soil of organic fertilizers is reflected to crop yield and quality. In this study, effect of
different doses of different organic fertilizers on soil physical properties was investigated.
Treatments included (50 kg/ha Biofarm), (37.5 kg/ha Biofarm+15 kg/ha Nof), (25 kg/ha
Biofarm+30 kg/ha Nof), (12.5 kg/ha Biofarm + 45 kg/ha Nof), (60 kg/ha Nof), (control). The
experiment was carried out in clay soils with a randomized complete block design during
three years. Soil samples (0-30; 30-60 cm) were taken for analysis bulk density, field capacity
and wilting point. The results showed that there no was a significant change in the soil
physical properties with the application of organic fertilizers.
Keywords: bulk density, physical properties, organic fertilizers, soil, field capacity
129
THE INVESTIGATION OF MANUFACTURING POSSIBILITIES INNOVATIVE
BUILDING THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS FROM AGRICULTURAL
AND FORESTRY WASTES
Fatih Tuncay EFE 1, Seda ÖZDİKMENLİ2
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Yenice Vocational School, Department of Forestry
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Yenice Vocational School, Department of FoodProcessing
1
2
ABSTRACT
While the world’s energy demand is increasing day after day, the energy sources decrease
gradually on the world. The other Alternative Method of providing energy is also to save the
energy. The world’s 40% energy consumption occurs in the buildings. Therefore, energy
saving in the buildings is vital. With reference to the 2020 forecasts there will be a building
thermal insulation materials market of 27 billion US Dollars globally.
On the other hand, 140 billion tons of biomass occurs as waste from the agricultural auctions
every year. That Agricultural Biomass Waste is equivalent to 50 billion ton fuel and that
potential can be converted to energy instead of fossil fuel, it can decrease the greenhouse gas
emissions and it can provide renewable energy 1.6billion people who live in the developing
countries and have void of electric energy 3.2 billion m3lumber is manufactured and
approximately 320 million tons bark occurs as waste every year. The Barks and cones that
occurred end of the forestry works also can be used as alternative raw materials to
manufacture building thermal insulation materials.
Finally, the manufacturing of building thermal insulation materials from waste which
occurred at the end of the agricultural and forestry works can be a solution for world’s
important problems like energy saving, utilization of wastes, decreasing CO2 emission,
unemployment and developing innovative products.
Keywords: Lignocellulosicwastes,
Energy, Recycling
Nonwood-forestproducts,
Buildingthermalinsulation,
130
SOME YIELD FEATURES OF ZOM SHEEP GROWN PEOPLE'S HAND IN
DİYARBAKIR PROVINCE
Sahin Tez1, Yavuz Han1, Nalan Akça1, Polat İpek1, Mehmet Emin Vural1, Ahmet Karataş1,
Bırusk Keskin1
Gap International Agricultural Research and Training Center, Diyarbakır, Turkey
1
ABSTRACT
This research was conducted in Zom Sheep herds grown in people's hand in Diyarbakır
Province. Breeding of Zom Sheep was started in 9 villages with 6387 Zom Sheep in 2013. 5
month Milk yield, birth weight and live weight were recorded In Breeding Project of Zom
Sheep. The mean birth weights of lambs of Zom Sheep were 4.1±0.01, 3.8±0,01 kg
respectively in 2013 and 2014. Average of 60 th and 90 th day weight lambs were 15.3±0,05,
13.7±0.05, 21.2±0.07, 19.2±0.08 kg respectively. The average lactation period of Zom Sheep
was 151.1±1.38, 165±2.57 day respectively in 2013 and 2014. The average lactation milk
yield of Zom Sheep was 71.4±1.40, 46.2±1.73 kg respectively in 2013 and 2014. With this
Project, Zom sheep which are grown in the hands of people are aimed to be bred in terms of
growth and fertility. The Project aims to increase economic yield properties of Zom sheep,
meet high yield breeding goat and increase herd which have high fertility and growth speed.
Thus, effectiveness of this breeding programme will both create sheep population which have
high yield and increase breeder income directly.
Keywords: zom sheep, Diyarbakır, sheep breeding
131
AN ECONOMETRIC APPROACH TO SUNFLOWER PRODUCTION IN TURKEY
Mehmet Muhammed SARI1, Atilla KESKİN1, Semiha KIZILOĞLU1
Atatürk Üniversitesi, Tarım Ekonomisi Bölümü, Erzurum
1
ABSTRACT
Sunflower seed is one of the most significant oilseed in the World as well in Turkey.
Consumption of sunflower oil is relatively more than the other oilseeds in Turkey, on the
other hand oilseeds foreign trade causes a big gap of foreign trade in Turkey. Owing to these
substantial reasons, for several years, some government supports started to be distributed to
farmers in order to increase the production quantity. In this paper, econometric analysis of
sunflower production is aimed to investigate the influence of determined independent
variables. In this regression model dependent variable was determined as sunflower
production quantity and independent variables are yield, purchase price, government supports,
fuel price and maize price as substitute crop. Thus, Econometric trend of last ten years’
sunflower production will be viewed. Additionally, more detailed information about
determined variables will be obtained from this study to evaluate the efficiency of the
variables. Consequently, impact of variables on sunflower production will be revealed.
Keywords: Sunflower seed, oilseeds, econometric analysis
132
SOCIAL CAPITAL FORMATION: THE MISSING LINK AMONG FOOD CROPS
FARMERS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA
Seyi Olalekan OLAWUYI1, Tosin Dolapo OLAWUYI1,
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, P.M.B 4000, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Nigeria situation on food production is precarious as its significant percentage is left with
only the bilious taste of insufficiency both in food production and consumption, especially
among rural households. They are most vulnerable to this dwindling situations; this dirge
persists till today. There is growing evidence that social capital is an additional input in the
household’s production function and as such, element for sustainable development due to the
roles it plays in managing risks, shocks, and opportunities for increased food crop production
and improving household welfare. It has been observed that not all social capital leads to
growth or development. Some social capital may be beneficial while some may be deleterious
depending on the motives behind its formation. Data collected from 233 respondents through
multistage sampling technique was analyzed using composite score analysis, probit and
ordered probit regression models.
Findings revealed that more than half (66.10%) of the respondents derived intermediate
benefits from social group membership. Significant determinants of social capital formation
are: age, year spent in school, household size, primary occupation and indigene status.
This study concludes that respondents’ socio-economic characteristics and human capital
endowments make significant contributions to social capital formation and benefits derived
from social group membership.
Keywords: Social capital, food crops farmers, ordered probit model, composite score,
Nigeria
133
BACTERIOCINS ISOLATED FROM GOAT MILK
Siboukeur Amina1, Sayas G. 1, Moume A.1, Siboukeur O.1
Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Kasdi Merbah Ouargla
Algeria
1
ABSTRACT
The Optimization of Culture Conditions of a Strain Producing Bacteriocins isolated from this
part of the study concerns the optimization of cultived conditions for bacteriocinogene strain
(Lactococcus lactis) which has been isolated from the milk of one of the two dairy species
adapted to arid and semi-arid that is "the goat”, a dairy animal widely domesticated by
indigenous households. Its milk is part of the Saharan consumer eating habits. Widely
speaking, it is given many “health claims" including anti- infective activity. Optimal growth
conditions of the strain grown on M17 agar are sought. To achieve this, M17 broth
supplemented with glucose at 0.25%, 0.75%, 1.75% and M17 broth supplemented with
fructose at a rate of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% are inoculated by strain after isolation, preidentification and purification. A cultivation of strain in M17 broth without glucose or
fructose addition was the control sample. The incubation was carried out in 30 ° C for 18 and
24h. Growth was assessed by densimetry and by changes in pH during the two incubation
periods. The results indicate that the best growth was recorded with the addition of fructose
to 2% for an incubation period of 24 h wherein the pH reaches a value of 4.6 (versus 5.63 in
control case) and the optical density reaches a value of 2.45 (versus 1.21 for the control.
Keywords: goat milk, Lactococcus lactis,
134
AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF FOOT- MOUTH DISEASE ON
THE REPRODUCTION AND PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OF THE INFECTED
MIXED CATTLE IN GHARBIA GOVERNORATE
Ali Rizk Mustafa1, Mohamed Ghazi Sayed 1, Omar Ahmad Badr1, Ebrahim Elsyed Easa1
1
Agricultural Economic Research Institute, ARC, Egypt
ABSTRACT
Animal production sector is considered one of the important sectors in the national economy and the
Egyptian agriculture as the value of livestock production in 2010/2011 reached about 77.4 as the value
of cattle meat production in 2010 reached about 31.5 billion pounds, and the value of dairy amounted
to about 20 million pounds. The problem of the study represents in the total animals infected with
FMD in Egypt reached about 94 thousand head and the number of dead animals reached about 26
thousand head which caused significant economic losses to the country, resulting in significant
reduction in the amount of meat and high prices in addition to a decrease in milk production and the
incidence of abortion for some infected animals, and Gharbia Governorate was the most Governorates
affected by the disease, where wounded about 48 thousand head represents about 51.1% of the total
infected animals in Republic and deed about 7 thousand head accounted for about 27% of the total
dead in Republic. The study aims to identify the economic effects of disease FMD on the farm animals
for cows in Gharbia Governorate by estimating both the volume and value of losses resulting from
infecting animals with FMD, the volume and value losses resulting from animal mortality due to the
disease, the value of the losses incurred by the state as a result of compensation to the dead animals
and the FDM on the reproductive performance of the infected and the abortion caws. - The study
showed that the impact of the most important social characteristics of breeders on cattle and Buffalo
infected with foot-and-mouth disease in the study sample: There are an inverse relationship between
the educational level, experienced breeder, and knowledge of treatment methods and between the
numbers of animals infected. And the study showed the impact of bio-security variables on cows
infected with foot-and-mouth disease in the study sample, there are an inverse relationship between:
immunized against the disease, isolation of the infected animal, changing the mattress and between the
numbers of animals infected. - As the study showed that the total value of losses resulting from
animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease reaching about 373 thousand pounds, in the study
sample contributes to this amount towards 87 thousand pounds the value of losses at low milk prices
and quantity equivalent to 23 % of those losses, to 81 thousand pounds the value of losses represented
by the cost of treating infected headers equivalent to about 22% of total losses, and about 63.72
thousand pounds, loss the value of 205 abortion infected animals approximately 55% of all those
losses. -The most important results of reproductive performances in this study were: -The numbers of
the natural services in the infected caws almost equal the ordinary but the abortion animals were
higher by%16. The artificial insemination efficiency in the infected animals were 54% and in the
abortion one was %31 comparing with the ordinary one which was 77%. The average period between
two consecutive labors in the infected cows exceed the ordinary one by bower 51 days and the
abortion by around 78 days reflecting a low reproductive performance by about 15% and 24%
consecutively comparing with the ordinary animals. -The period of estrus detention in the ordinary
cows in average around 19 day after the last insemination without pregnancy. -The study show the this
period in the infected and the abortion cows were about 26 and 41 days which reflect a low productive
performance by nearly 737% and 216% respectively. Recommendations: In light of the outcome of the
results of the study, it can recommend the following: 1–It is necessary to take into account the
provision of the necessary immunizations in a timely manner and in sufficient quantities for the
number of animals. 2-It is necessary to emphasize quarantine measures to prevent the entry of any
viruses from abroad. 3-It is necessary for veterinary medicine, in turn, educate and guide the breeders
on the most important diseases that infect livestock and ways to treatment them.
135
IMPACT OF APPLYING AGRICULTURAL POLICIES ON THE PRODUCTION
COSTS OF WHEAT AND COTTON IN EGYPT
Eman R. El-fahl1, Rania A. Ahmed2
1
Agricultural Economic Research Institute, ARC, Egypt.
2
Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this research is to discuss the productive acre's cost in Egypt by using
the standard analysis of the changes in the product cost with the current and real cost. The
results indicate increasing in the productive cost for crops (wheat, cotton) during the
contradictive period (1998-2014) than its basic value during the period (1987-1997).
Regarding wheat, it was obvious that increasing the acre's cost production is due to the
increase in cost of agriculture lands' rent, machines' rent and labor's fees. When using the real
cost, it was obvious that increasing the cost is due to the increase in the cost of lands' rent,
chemical fertilizer and the other expenses. Regarding cotton, it was obvious that increasing
the acre's cost production is due to the cost of the lands' rent, labor's fees and fertilizer but
when using the real cost, the increase of the cost is due to the increase in lands’ rent cost,
chemical fertilizer and machines' rent.
Keywords: Productive acre's cost, Wheat, Cotton, Egypt.
136
THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE RED MEAT PRODUCTION FARMS IN
NUBERIA REGION AT THE NEW LANDS
El-Hussein A. El Saify1
1
Department of Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt
ABSTRACT
The main objectives of the study were to estimate the production function of red meat
production farms in Nubaria region, to determine the main factors affect the dimension and
degree of using the agricultural economic resources efficiently at the red meat production
farms in the area under the study.
The study is depending on primary data collected from a sample of 75 red meat production
farms in Nuberia district. The sample was divided into two categories, the first category
includes 40 farms that contains 1-5 animal units each, while the second category include 35
farms of more than 5 animal units. The statistical analysis used include step-wise multiregression as well as some other models such as linear, logarithm, semi-long and quadratic for
both categories under study.
The results of the study has shown that the most important variables that affect the red meat
production farms category are; number of animal units (x1), quantity of concentrated forage
per ton (x4), and quantity of green feed per ton (x5), the production elasticity estimated to
these variables were 0.49, 0.32 and 0.063 respectively . The estimated ratio of MPV to
opportunity cost of these resources in order to identify economic efficiency of the utilization
of the above use both concentrated and the green feed, and to receive equivalent values of
MPV and opportunity cost, it is recommended that must reduce the quantity used of the both
feed. The result of the study has shown that the most important variables that affect the red
meat production farms of the second category are; number of animal units (x1), quantity of
concentrated forage per ton (x4), and quantity of green feed per ton (x5), the production
elasticity estimated to these variables were 0.34, 0.23, 0.20 respectively. the estimated ratio of
MPV to opportunity cost of these resources in order to determine economic efficiency of the
utilization of the above mentioned resources were about 8.34, 4.16 and 1.09 respectively,
which means the MPV was better than the opportunity cost of these three variables . The
producers can increase their profit from the meat production through increasing the animal
units and quantity used from both concentrated and green forage, in order to get equivalent
values of MPV and opportunity cost
Keywords: Red meat, Nubaria region, Step-wise regression
137
IMPACT STUDY OF AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT ON THE
ENVIRONMENT OASIAN DEGRADATION OF OUED RIGH
(ALGERIAN BAS SAHARA)
Mohamed Lakhdar SAKER1, Mustapha DADDI BOUHOUN1 and Naceur Eddine
BEKKARI2
1Univ Ouargla, Lab. Ecosystem Protection in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones, P.Box 511 Ouargla 30000, Algeria
2Centre of Scientific and Technical Research on Arid Regions, CRSTRA, RN n°3 Touggourt 30002, Algeria
ABSTRACT
Oued Righ is situated in the North east of the Algerian Sahara, is characterized by an
important agricultural activity and it offers of development possibilities on the local level.
Nevertheless, this evolution hasn’t been correctly realized because of various factors. This
work aims to study the impact of agricultural water management on the oasian environment
degradation of Oued Righ and to propose an appropriate plan of management in order to
improve the environmental conditions of the area. The study shows that the irrigated and nonirrigated land of Oued Righ features a sandy texture, a water table variable depth between
0.43 m and 1.89 m. The waters are excessive salinity, which varies with EC w (Electrical
Conductivity) 7.5 dS.m-1 and 148.85 dS.m-1, with pHw variable 7.5 and 7.69. The soils are
very saline and alkaline, EC1:5 variable between 2 dS.m-1 and 18.6 dS.m-1, with pH1:5 variable
between 7.3 and 8.4. Measurements of these hydro-edaphic parameters were showed varying
levels of degradation compared to existing hydropower facilities. In general, the bad practices
of irrigation-drainage produced a rise in groundwater, which remain higher in soils irrigated
versus non-irrigated soils. However, irrigation appears to have allowed some leaching of
soluble salts with a reduction in alkalinity. The lack of irrigation against, favored the capillary
rise of soluble salts to the soil surface and alkalinity. It can be inferred that the irrigation
schemes, through the irrigation-drainage actions have produced effects of degradation by
damaging waterlogging on the oasis environment, requiring drainage improvements.
However, the effect of leaching is low with a higher level of salinity tolerance in crops in
palm groves. This may limit their development and their yields.
Keywords: Management, water, degradation, environment, oasis, Oued Righ, Algeria.
138
BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF LEMON PLANT
UNDER SALT STRESS
Servet Aras1, Emine Arslan2 and Ahmet Eşitken1
1
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
2
Department of Biology, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
In our study the effects of NaCl in the irrigation water on the factors underlying changes in
some physiological and biochemical parameters in lemon plant were evaluated. The study was
conducted under greenhouse conditions at Selçuk University in Turkey in 2013. A
commercial lemon plant CV Interdonat grafted on Trifoliate Orange (Poncirus trifoliate) with
similar size and development was chosen for the experiment with following a randomized plot
design involving three replications, with 2 plants per replication. Plants were grown in 13 L
pots filled with mixture of soil, substrate and perlite. Up until the start of the experiment, all
plants were irrigated with tap water and then duration of the experiment plants were watered
with increasing level (15, 30, 60, 120 mM) of NaCl solution. End of the study, chlorophyll
SPAD value, stomatal conductance, membrane permeability, leaf relative water content
(LRWC) were measured and protein determination was done with SDS-PAGE. Chlorophyll
content significantly decreased by salinity (52,83 in 120 mM NaCl) compared with control
(76,91). All salinity treatments significantly decreased stomatal conductance and while 120
mM NaCl treatment had the lowest value (35,00), control plants had the highest stomatal
conductance (90,66). Membrane permeability had the highest value (24,2) in 120 mM NaCl
treatment.
Keywords: lemon plant, Poncirus trifoliate, salinity treatments
139
STUDY OF IMPACT DRAINAGE WATER ON SPIRULINA CULTIVATION IN
OUARGLA (ALGERIAN BAS SAHARA)
Mustapha DADDI BOUHOUN 1, Afaf DJAGHOUBI2 and Ali SAGGAÏ3
1 Univ
Ouargla, Lab. Ecosystem Protection in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones, P.Box 511 Ouargla 30 000, Algeria
Univ Ouargla, Lab. Underground Oil Tanks, Gaziers and Aquifers, P.Box 511 Ouargla 30 000, Algeria
3
Univ Ouargla, Department of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, P.Box 511 Ouargla
30 000, Algeria
2
ABSTRACT
Spirulina can be cultivated in drainage water to improve water quality. This study examines
the possibility of using Spirulina to produce biomass. Evaluation of growth of Spirulina
platensis cultivated in flasks was undertaken under greenhouse. The results showed that the
biomass concentration of Spirulina in Drainage water medium (DWM) was 1.74±0.79 g.l-1,
but this medium can be enhanced by the addition of nutriments to reach to a biomass
concentration with a range of 2.19±0.85 g.l-1. This suggested that S. platensis could be
applied for use as organic fertilizers of dry land soils in our region.
Keywords: Drainage, water, spirulina, cultivation, Ouargla, Algeria.
140
IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL TREATED WASTEWATER REUSE ON
PHOSPHATE FERTILIZATION OF SOILS IN OUARGLA (NORTHERN
ALGERIAN SAHARA)
Mustapha DADDI BOUHOUN 1, Amal BOUHANNA 1, Mohamed Lakhdar SAKER1
1 Univ
Ouargla, Lab. Ecosystem Protection in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones, P.Box 511 Ouargla 30 000, Algeria
ABSTRACT
The reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture is a way to remedy the water deficit in Saharan
areas and enrich the soil by nutrients, without producing soil degradation. In this context, our
research aim to study the impact of irrigation with treated wastewater on phosphate
fertilization of soils in Ouargla area. A comparative study of phosphorus assimilable content
was carried out in soil non-irrigated and soil irrigated with treated wastewater. The results
show that soil irrigated with treated wastewater during 3 to 4 years, containing 1.48 ± 0.02 mg
/ l of P2O5, was enriched in phosphorus assimilable with 78 ± 2.02 % compared to soil nonirrigated. This contribution is equivalent to 126 ± 1.66 mg of P2O5 / kg of soils, which
constitutes a fertilizer economy for the farmers. On the other hand, further research is needed
to estimate chemical and bacteriological effects of treated wastewater on cultures to enhance
the reuse of treated wastewater in this area.
Keywords: Treated wastewater, agricultural, soil, phosphate fertilization, Ouargla, Algeria
141
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AGRONOMIC TRAITS AND ISSR METHOD TO
EVALUATE GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG GENOTYPES OF SOME
SOYBEANS [GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERR.]
Emine ARSLAN1, Elif GÜLBAHÇE MUTLU 2, Ömer DURSUN3, S. Ahmet BAĞCI4
Selçuk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey
KTO Karatay University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Karatay, Konya, Turkey
3
Selçuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey
4
Sarayönü Vocational School, Department of Plant and Animal Production, Seed Program, Konya, Turkey
1
2
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity among 12 soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
Merr.) genotypes using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR-PCR) and agronomic traits. Leaf
of 12 Glycine max genotypes was collected. Total DNA was isolated from leafs collected for
each genotypes and was performed by ISSR-PCR. Genetic similarity among genotypes was
estimated basing on Nei’s homology. Cluster analysis was performed using UPGMA in
Bio1D++ computer program. Similarity coefficients of 12 genotypes belonging to Glycine
max ranged rates 78-84% with low diversity of genetic variation, avarage Euclidian distance
used for agronomic data ranged from 1.96 to 9.77. According to dendograms obtained with
both DNA band profiles and agronomic traits, although genotypes are highly similar, these
methods achieved to distinguish both morphologically and genetically.
Keywords: Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.), genetic diversity, ISSR-PCR, Agronomic traits.
142
BRUCELLOSIS INFECTION IN LOCAL AND EXOTIC CATTLE OF PUNJAB,
PAKISTAN
Shahzad Ali1, Heinrich Neubauer2, Falk Melzer2, Iahtasham Khan1, Qurban Ali3, Shamim
Akhter4
1
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Jena, Germany
3
National Veterinary Laboratories, Islamabad, Pakistan
4
Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
2
ABSTRACT
Brucellosis is major zoonotic diseases of human and animal. This disease has serious
implications for animals and human health. Only limited numbers of studies are available in
Pakistan which do not provide necessary information about prevalence of brucellosis and its
causative agent in local and exotic cattle breeds in country. So, present study was conducted
to determine prevalence and the causative agent of brucellosis in local and exotic breeds of
cattle in Punjab Pakistan. Serological and molecular based techniques were used in present
study. A total of 399 blood samples (250 local breeds and 149 exotic breeds) were collected
from different livestock farms. Samples were initially screened for Brucella abortus
antibodies using Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT). Serum samples positive in RBPT were
confirmed using Serum agglutination test (SAT). Further quantitative real-time polymerase
chain reaction (qRT-PCR) based molecular detection of DNA for Brucella genus (BCSP31),
Brucella species specific (IS711 for Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis) was done for
seropositive serum samples. A total of 20 (5.01%) animal were found seropositive for
Brucella antibodies. Seroprevalence of brucellosis was higher in exotic breeds 9 (6.04)
compared to local 11(4.4%). Out of six local breeds (Achai, Cholistani, Dhani, Lohani, Red
Sindhi, Sahiwal) of cattle, highest seroprevalence were found in Lohani 6 (6.12%) and lowest
in Achai 0 (0.0%). In case of exotic breeds, seroprevalence was higher in Australian cattle’s 5
(6.76%). Out of 20 serum samples positive in serology, 13 (65%) were positive in Brucella
genus (BCSP31) and Brucella abortus (IS711) specific qRT-PCR. None of seropositive serum
samples were positive for Brucella melitensis (IS711) specific qRT-PCR. The present study
provides the evidence that Brucella abortus is the causative agent of cattle brucellosis in
Pakistan. Results of present study can be used for development of affective brucellosis control
and eradication program.
Keywords: Brucellosis, Cattle, Serology, qRT-PCR
143
THE EFFECTS OF AFLATOXIN B1 ON THE GROWTH HORMONE
REGULATED GENE-1 OF BROILER CHICKENS AND ON DNA DURING
HATCHING PERIOD
Elif GÜLBAHÇE MUTLU1, Emine ARSLAN2, Yasemin ÖZNURLU3, Haluk ÖZPARLAK2
1KTO
Karatay University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Karatay, Konya, Turkey
2Selçuk
3Selçuk
University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey
University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Histology - Embryology, Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
In terms of both public health and animal health, there are many types of aflatoxin that cause
very important problems. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic and most commonly
encountered fungal toxin that occurs as a result of poultry feed ingredients and feeds storage
in unsuitable conditions. AFB1 decreases feed quality, egg production in poultry industry and
fertility of hatching eggs. Also, AFB1 affect the development of the embryo entering eggs at
certain rates. As it affects growth and development of animals negatively, in this study, we
aimed to determine the changes that different concentrations of AFB1 cause in the promoter
sequences of gene encoding growth hormone regulated gene-1 (GHRG-1) at the chick embryo
at 13th, 17th, 19th and 21th days by sequence analysis. In addition, different concentrations of
AFB1 were treated with DNA isolated from the liver of chick embryos and DNA interaction
was investigated using pBR32 plasmid to determine changes in electrophoretic mobility and
their effects on DNA. As a result, base changes among the 5, 15, 40ng/egg AFB1 doses with
control group on the 19th day increased compared to base changes among 5, 15, 40ng/egg
AFB1 doses with control group on the 13th day. It was also observed that AFB1 in different
concentrations connected to DNA and changed its mobility and high-dose of AFB1 smashed
DNA. The DNA interaction study made using pBR32 plasmid showed that high doses of
AFB1 connected to plasmid DNA and slowed down its mobility and also inhibited the
restriction cuts.
Keywords: Aflatoxin B1, Broiler chickens, Growth Hormone Regulated gene-1, Sequence
analysis, DNA interaction
144
EVALUATION OF WHEAT GENOTYPES FOR RESISTANCE TO ROOT AND
CROWN ROT DISEASE CAUSAL ORGANISM Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith)
Fatih Özdemir1, Gül İmriz1, Murat Nadi Taş1, Birol Ercan1, İlker Topal1, Mehmet Sait Karaca1
1
Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Fusarium culmorum is a soil-borne fungus able to cause crown and root rot on different
small-grain cereals, in particular wheat and barley. For controlling such diseases, application
of fungicides are inadequate in some cases besides their hazardous effects for environment
and living organisms. As an alternative solution to chemicals, development and screening the
resistant wheat varieties has been emphasis in the plant defense studies.
In this study, totally 90 wheat genotypes were included in the experiment to be evaluated for
resistance to F. culmorum. The experiment was set up according to randomized complete
block design with 4 replications for each entry. The wheat seeds were sown in the soil
contaminated with F. culmorum, for control the seeds were sown uncontaminated soil. The
plants were kept in plant growth chamber at 23ºC and 80% humidity for 8 weeks. The
evaluation of genotypes for resistance to F. culmorum was performed according to 0-10 scale.
According to evaluation on scale values, the plant genotypes were divided into 3 groups that
were susceptible (≥ 3 scale value), moderately resistant (scale values between 1-3), and
resistant (≤ 1 scale value). As a result, 4 genotypes were found as resistant, while 12 of
genotypes were moderately resistant against F. culmorum. The rest of genotypes were taken
to susceptible group with scale values above 3. For further screening of resistant genotypes,
next step would be field trials with the successful genotypes in controlled conditions.
Keywords: wheat, genotypes, Fusarium culmorum, resistance
145
CURRENT SITUATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN TURKEY
Ersin KARAKAYA1, Semiha KIZILOĞLU 2
1
2
Bingol University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Bingol
Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Erzurum
ABSTRACT
Basic condition for environmentally friendly economy; is sustainable development. Ensuring
sustainable development is instead seen as a component within the overall economic
framework of the ecology, the economy will be able to place the ecological frameworks.
Sustainable development, is an approach addressing the international dimension of
environmental management that brings a new dimension to the relationship between
development and the environment. Sustainable development is aimed at the protection of
natural habitats as well as human dimensions. R&D expenditure in 2011, the gross domestic
product (GDP) and the share of 8.6%, while in 2012 to 9.2% was calculated. While the
employment rate of 52.8% in 2012, reached 53.4% in 2013. In 2013, the employment rate has
been 31.8% for women and 75.3 of the men.
In this study, to determine the sustainable development of the current situation in Turkey and
the issues that need to provide tangible progress for the realization of sustainable development
making use of existing resources for the study is intended to conduct a situation assessment.
In this context, global and regional basis for a sustainable development to occur, as it creates
an opportunity for regional development, will bring to look confidently to the future.
Keywords: Environmental, Sustainable development, Turkey
146
THE CURRENT STRUCTURE OF WHEAT SUPPLY AND STAKEHOLDERS
ACTIVITIES IN KONYA
Abdullah Oktay DÜNDAR 1, Kenan PEKER1 Mahmut TEKİN1 Mehmet Akif ŞAHMAN1
Selçuk University, Konya-Turkey
1
ABSTRACT
Food industry has been importing agricultural raw material due to difficulty of high quality
raw material gathering in domestic. The objective of this study is to describe current structure
of wheat supply and stakeholder activities in order to increase quality of wheat. Konya where
10% of Turkey wheat production occurs has been chosen as survey area. The current structure
of wheat supply and the activities of stakeholders for high quality were described as results of
questionnaires. The database of wheat producers and amount of production areas as farmer
record system were used for stratified sampling. Konya province as 31 towns was described
seven homogeny wheat production areas and 99 questionnaires implemented to wheat
producers as well as the other stakeholders. The results are important for the studies on
reducing agricultural raw material import and supplying domestically. The competitiveness of
food industry can be increased by the steps of establishing digital supply database, supply
network optimization and integration of food and agricultural where ICT and e-governance
are the tools. E-governance of food and agricultural integration will provide opportunities of
yield, productivity, price management for profit maximization.
The research is founded by Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology as SANTEZ project
No:0509.STZ.2013-2 as Ph.D. thesis.
Keywords: Wheat Supply, Wheat Supply Network
147
DETERMINATION OF ESSENTIAL GROWING-DEGREE-DAYS AMOUNT FOR
VEGETATION PERIOD IN SOME DRY BEAN VARIETIES
Ramazan KELEŞ 1, Hakan BAYRAK1, Gül İMRİZ1
1
ABSTRACT
The amount of Growing-Degree-Days (GDD) has been widely used for regional selection of
varieties, determination of planting time, all the processing ranking through the growing
period of plants as well as biological stage of plants. In this study, it was aimed to determine
the GDD amount of some registered dry beans varieties throughout the green remaining
period of plants in Konya Region of Turkey.
The varieties of Akman 98, Göksun, Göynük 98, Karacaşehir 90, Noyanbey 98, Önceler 98,
Yunus 90, Zülbiye and Weighing were included as research materials. The research was
conducted in Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute experimental field
according to randomized block design.
According to the results, the period of spad values, that measured at particular periods of dry
beans varieties, dropped to “0” (length of green remaining period of plants) and the GDD
amount of their need for this period was calculated by quadratic regression equation that
resulted of regression analysis. Regarding to the regression analysis, the highest SPAD value
(1504) was obtained from Yunus 90, while the variety of Weinghing came out with lowest
SPAD value (1301).
Keywords: Dry beans, GDD, Spad
148
CLIMATE CHANGE THE PALESTINIAN CASE
Alai D. Bitar
Al Quds Open University-Palastine
ABSTRACT
In recent years, the Arab countries have witnessed increasingly high temperature and less
frequent and more intense rainfall. Water has emerged as one of the most vulnerable resources
of the region. Arab countries’ warm climate causes drought and decreases available water,
which affects agriculture. In the summer of 2012, the Arab East in general and Palestine in
particular witnessed clear extreme changes in temperatures that, sometimes is more than ten
degrees from the general annual increases in drought severity and humidity, even in areas
distant from the Palestinian coast. The absence of strategies to take advantage of renewable
energy sources in order to preserve the Palestinian environment. These could mitigate the
negative effects on climate in the region and reduce Palestinian dependency on non-renewable
energy sources like fossil fuel, the supply of which is controlled entirely by the state of Israel.
Now more than ever, civil and official Palestinian institutions have much to do to limit the use
of energy from oil that endangers the environment and human health and/or to replace it,
where possible, with clean renewable energy. Areas of focus may range from awareness and
training to the technical development of industrial, agricultural and service projects that use
renewable energy such as solar, wind, biogas, and so on. this may include, solar electrification
making the most of natural lighting, and so on. It can be said that both the environmental
climatic and national development dimensions require serious work towards freedom from
absolute Israeli domination of fuel and electricity as well as the establishment of infrastructure
to generate electricity from solar energy and other forms of renewable energy
This study aims at contributing to this kind of research by outlining trends and indicators
related to climatic infrastructure and reality in Palestine. It also discusses existing policies and
strategies, and makes further recommendations, to address climate change on the Palestinian.
In addition, the study proposes ideas, solutions and practical mechanisms to reduce carbon
emissions within local economies and to encourage and promote the use of environmentallyand public health- friendly energy alternatives. This study is aimed at large segments of
society including: environmentalists, experts and environmental specialists, development
workers, researchers and students, policy makers, NGOs, grassroots organizations, and the
private, public, and government sectors. The aim of this study is to provide readers with the
knowledge on trends, policies and applications needed to bring about a qualitative reduction
in greenhouse gas emissions and to seriously confront climate change. Ultimately, it hopes to
encourage different social, economic, and political strata to actively participate in alternative
environmental development that works toward the establishment of environmentally clean
communities and economies in palestine, free from pollutants and toxic emissions destructive
to our climate, health and existence.
Keywords: : worm climate, Fossil Fuel energy, renewable energy, Carbon footprint, Green
economy
149
THE DETERMINANTS OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY USING
LOGISTIC MODEL IN EGYPT
Kamal Sultan Mohamed Salem 1, Rania Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed 1
Khalid Shafik Ibrahim Alsehsah 1
1
Tanta University, Egypt
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the methodology and components in the multi dimensional poverty
index (MPI) using a sample of 100 households in two areas from AlGharbia governorate
(Egypt) at the first of 2015 . the (MPI) has the mathematical structure of one the ALKIRE
and faster poverty multidimensional indicators corresponding to three dimensions :
Education , Health and standard of living , at the same time we estimated a logistic
Regression Model for analyzing the determinants of Multidimensional poverty .
The main results are : 1- the (MPI) is estimated about 31% 2- the main determinants of
Multidimensional poverty are : education of the household head the total income of the
household , the area in which the household resides
Keywords: poverty measurement, Multidimensional poverty logistic
determinants of poverty
Regression Model
150
ASSESSMENT OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF GUERRARA
REGION, ALGERIA
Mohamed Abdelmalek Khemgani1, Baelhadj Hamdi Aissa1&2, Abdrasul Alomran3 , Boulifa
Salima¹
Laboratory of Bio- geo- chemistry of dry areas – Kasdi Merbah University – p.B 511- Ouargla 30000 – Algeria
2
Laboratory of ecosystems of dry and semi dry regions – Kasdi Merbah University – p.B 511- Ouargla 30000Algeria
3
Soil Science Department – Faculty of Food and Agricultural Science – king Saud University- Riyadh - Saudi
Arabia
1
ABSTRACT
The oasis of Guerrara is planted in the alluvium of the Zegrir river whose occasional risings
allow the contribution and the formation of an alluvial soil. This soil is accompanied by a
shallow groundwater that allowed the installation and the existence of a particular oasis
agrosystem. Our work aims at the assessment of the shallow groundwater quality of
Guerrara region. It’s a hydrochimic and piezometric characterization. For this, 30
piezometers (well) were studied in two periods (December 2011 and March 2012).The
results of the piezometric study showed that the groundwater flow is generally in the
directions: South-west to the south and southwest to northeast, where one notices a dome or
hydraulic grade line sharing of groundwater representing the feed zone. The comparison
between the piezometric measurements in the late dry season and those carried out at the
end of the wet season, allows to determine the beats of the shallow groundwater with an
average of about 0.8 m The values of EC showed that most wells exceed the standard with
significant variations and generally they are between (0,91dS / m) for the wells P6 and
(11,63dS / m) for the wells P28. During the seconde period, values of the EC are between
(0.15 dS / m) in P6 and (8,87dS / m) for P1 In the study area, the results of chemical
analyzes showed some variability of the mineralization. For the first period, values increase
in the central portion of the zone, where the highest values are noticed to the wells 22,
14,28, 13 and 16 and are of the order of 0.98; 1.02; 1.1, 1.3 and 1.6 g / l respectively. For
the second period, the highest values are noticed in wells 04, 06, 12, 13 and 15, and are of
the order of 0.94; 0.97; 1; 1.06 and 1.3g / l respectively. The water has alkaline pH, and
calci-bicarbonated chemical facies.
Keywords: Alluvium, shallow groundwater, piezometric, Zegrir river, Guerrara.
151
IMPROVING YIELD AND QUALITY OF 'THOMPSON SEEDLESS' GRAPEVINE
BY GIBBERELLIC ACID, CYTOFEX AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE PREHARVEST
APPLICATIONS
El-Abbasy U. K1, Mohammed S. M1, Fatma Ibrahim E.2 and Maha Abd El-Aziez H.2
1
Horticulture Dept., Fac. Of Agric. Tanta Univ., Egypt
2
Agric. Res. Center, Giza
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this study are to evaluate the effects of the two growth regulators, cytofex
and Gibberellic acid at 20 ppm two times (after fruit set and again at 4 mm berries diameter)
alone or in combination with calcium chloride 0.5% at berry veraison on "Thompson
seedless" vines yield, fruit quality at picking date. Thompson seedless grapes sprayed with the
two growth regulators (Cytofex and Gibberellic acid) combined with calcium chloride
(GA3+CPPU+CaCl2) showed significantly increase in total yield per feddan, and significantly
increased some cluster quality parameters (weight, length, main rachis diameter). Moreover, it
increased some berries quality parameters (firmness, removal force, berry volume, and
volume of 100 berries) and reduced the percentage of berry decay, but it showed the highest
titratable acidity and juice pH. Cytofex at 6 ppm alone or in companied with GA3 and CaCl2
showed significantly the highest berry diameter. Calcium chloride at 0.5% and control
treatments showed significantly the highest SSC and SSC: acid ratio and the lowest
percentage of titratable acidity. Moreover, it significantly increased the total sugars content,
reducing sugars and non reducing sugars.
Keywords: Gibberellic acid, Calcium Chloride Preharvest Applications,
152
STUDY OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN DIET AND CLOTTING ACTIVITY
OF DROMEDARY’S GASTRIC COAGULANT EXTRACTS
Saliha Boudjenah-Haroun1, Wafa Souid1, Asma Balla1, Isselnane Souad2, Abderrahmane
Mati 2
Univ Ouargla, Fac.des sciences de la nature et de la vie, Lab. de Recherche sur la Phœniciculture, Ouargla
30000 Algeria
2
Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée et de Biotechnologie (LABAB), Université M. Mammeri de Tizi Ouzou,
Algérie
1
ABSTRACT
Recently several researches showed that gastric enzymes extracted from the abomasums of
Algerian camels (Camelus dromedaries) were effective for coagulation of camel and bovine
milk. The objective of this work is to study the influence of diet on the clotting power of these
crude enzyme extracts. Animals (sources of rennet) are selected according to the fact that they
are not weaned, mixed feed or weaned. In carrying out the extraction method of Valles and
Furret), three extracts were obtained and designated by E UWA (unweaned animals), E MFA
(mixed feeding animals) and E WA (weaned animals). Their coagulant activity was
calculated. Affinity relative to the bovine and camel milk, depending on the temperature and
renneting pH was estimated by the time of flocculation of the milk. Commercial rennet was
used for comparison. The results showed that these extracts differ in coagulating power.
Those extracted from weaned animal that are endowed with a higher power coagulating
(0,530 ± 0020 UP). Two curds (cattle and camels) treated with the weaned extracts were
obtained. Sensory evaluation of these curds and the study of their texture enhance the
possibility of using extracts coagulants of weaned camels as a substitute for commercial
rennet.
Keywords: Algeria, cheese, coagulation, dromedary, gastric extracts, milk
153
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENTS IN FACULTY OF
AGRICULTURE IN TURKEY
Seyit Hayran1, Tuğce Ugur, Dilek Bostan Budak, Aykut Gül
1
Çukurova Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarım Ekonomisi Bölümü, Adana
ABSTRACT
Various environmental problems are related with wrong risk perception about the
environment as well as insufficient interest, behavior and information. The purpose of this
study was to analysis environmental risk perception of students in faculty of agriculture in
Turkey. Data were obtained in 20 – 22 April 2015 from face-to-face interviews of 73 students
who join to Fifth National Student Congress on Agriculture in Adana Province.
Environmental Risk Perception Scale developed by Slimak and Dietz (2006) was used in the
study. The result of factor analysis showed that the scale consists of 8 factors explaining 74,20
% of total variance. The internal consistency coefficient Cronbach Alfa of the scale was 0,887
and KMO was 0,751. According to the students three most important environmental risk
factors are respectively acid rain, global warming and petrol exploration and transport in sea.
Students environmental risk perception was found to be above average show that awareness
of student about environmental problems is high.
Keywords: Environmental risk perception, Students, Faculty of agriculture, Environmental
education, Turkey
154
WATER DEFENSE BEHAVIOR OF EGYPTIAN FARMERS
Esam Mohamed El-Baaly1, Ahmed Maher El-Gohary1
Mokhtar Mohamed Abd-Ellah1
1
ABSTRACT
Water is a major environmental component on which humans depend in farming, industry,
and domestic activities. But many countries, including Egypt, are facing critical water
situations (2;6,7) shortage of available water coupled with the pollution of limited water
available are two facts contributing to the existing water situation. Water shortage has been
the concern of researchers for decades (1,3,4,5,8,9). But water quality has been confined to
dealing with water pollution behavior. The concern with protecting water from the widespread
polluting human action is absent. The purpose of this paper is to assess water defense
behavior among Egyptian farmers.
Keywords: Egyptian farmers, farmers behavior, water defense
155
PROBLEMS AND PROPOSALS FOR SOLUTIONS OF THE CARROT
CULTIVATION FARMS IN TURKEY
Sedat YOKUŞ1, D. Ali ÇARKACI1, Osman ÖLMEZ1, Metin TAN2, Nazan İLGÜNOĞLU2, Orhan
KARA3, Zeyni AKTAŞ3, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk KARADAVUT4, Prof. Dr. Cevat AYDIN5
Soil, Water and Deserting Control Research Institute – KONYA/ TURKEY1
Soil, Fertilizer and Water Resources Central Research Institute – ANKARA / TURKEY 2
Alata Horticultural Research Institute – MERSİN / TURKEY 3
Ahi Evran University The Faculty of Agriculture Deparmant of Animal Science – KIRŞEHİR /
TURKEY 4
Selcuk University The Faculty of Agriculture Deparmant of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies
Engineering – KONYA / TURKEY 5
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
This research has been conducted in agricultural enterprises farm of 571.129 tonnes of carrot
in Turkey (94.86 %) were grown in Konya, Ankara and Hatay. In this study, total of 135
surveys has been conducted in Meram county in Konya, Beypazarı county in Ankara,
Kırıkhan county in Hatay made intensive cultivation of carrot. The enterprises engaged in
carrot agriculture and encountered problems and solution recommendations have been
attempted to determine.
Keywords: Carrot, carrot cultivation, Turkey, Konya, Ankara, Hatay.
156
THE OHMIC HEATING SYSTEM IN FOOD INDUSTRY
Duygu BALPETEK KÜLCÜ1, Ümit GÜRBÜZ2
1
2
Giresun University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Giresun, Turkey
Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Hygiene and Technology Department, 42003 Konya/
Turkey
ABSTRACT
Developing new technologies has an important role in providing healthier, tastier and more
nutritious functional food for consumers. In this review, the ohmic heating method, which is
employed in food industry and is being developed currently, is discussed in the light of the
researches done recently.
Keywords: ohmic heating system, food industry, new technologies in food
157
THE INFLUENCE OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON SERUM LIPID LEVELS AND
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN ELBASAN DISTRICT
Mimosa Kuci1, Tefta Rexha2, Mirela Lika2
1
Hospital Center of Elbasan Clinical- Biochemical Laboratory Elbasan, Albania
University of Tirana, Faculty Natyral Science, Department of Biology, Tirana, Albania
2
ABSTRACT
Cigarette smoking is considered an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases which
means the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Smoking is as widespread and significant
as a risk factor that is called as “the leading preventable cause of disease and death”. The
effects of cigarette smoking in atherosclerosis initiation and progression as well on its
complications are mostly responsible for the enhanced cardio and cerebrovascular risk
observed in smoking and nonsmoking. The aim of this study was to see the effect of smoking
on serum lipid levels and to compare the deference in the levels of total cholesterol,
triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels in smokers and nonsmokers.
Fasting blood samples were collected for lipid profile from 350 persons that were presented in
the hospital laboratory of Elbasan. 150 of them were regular smokers and 200 were
nonsmokers. The two groups matched about age and sex. A questionnaire was used to take
information about their age, family history with dyslipidemia, cigarette smoking, high blood
pressure, alcohol consumption, height, weight, obesity, physical activity. The patients that
match the exclusion criteria were excluded. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS
V20. We found that cigarette smokers were characterized from higher levels of total
cholesterol (222±110.2 mg/dl) and LDL-cholesterol (148±23.7 mg/dl) (p <0.05) than nonsmokers T C (168±96.3), LDL-ch (124±30.8). Mean serum triglycerides level were
significantly high (p <0.01) at smokers than non smokers. Smoking and a comparatively low
HDL-cholesterol (p <0.01) were associated. Cigarette smoking affects on serum lipid levels
which increases the risk for developing cardiovascular diseases.
Keywords: cigarette smoking, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol,
triglycerides
158
EFFECTS OF SOME FARM PRACTICES ON MILK PRODUCTION IN DAIRY
FARMS OF SAMSUN PROVINCE OF TURKEY
Savas Atasever1, Huseyin Erdem1, Kursat Demiryurek2
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ondokuz Mayis, 55139-Kurupelit,
Samsun, Turkey
2
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ondokuz Mayis, 55139-Kurupelit,
Samsun, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Raw milk production is largely managed by small-scale farmers in Turkey. Therefore,
revealing region based husbandrial applications in dairy operations can be seen a major
process. The objective of this research was to determine the association of some farm
practices with milk production levels of dairy farms in Samsun province of Turkey. Data
including daily milk yield per milking cow (DMY), age of farmer (AF), experience in dairy
farming (ED), record keeping (RK), membership to cattle breeders association (MCBA),
presence of silage storage (PS), number of person in milking (NM), number of person in
feeding (NF) and number of person in barn cleaning (NC) were collected by interviews with
seventy-one randomly selected dairy farmers. One-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and
independent samples t-test were used for evaluating the effects of ED, AF and other factors on
DMY, respectively. Finally, AF and MCBA significantly (P˂0.05 and P˂0.001) affected
DMY, and the mean DMY was estimated to be 8.890±5.692 kg/cow.
Keywords: Cow, milk yield, dairy husbandry, management
159
AGRICULTURAL USES OF FGD GYPSUM IN ÇUKUROVA REGION
AS AN EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT
APPLICATION
Şeref HACIOĞULLARI1, Fuat BUDAK1, Zeynep ZAİMOĞLU1
Çukurova Üniversitesi, Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, 01330 Sarıçam, Adana
1
ABSTRACT
Gypsum is calcium sulfate dehydrate, or CaSO4•2H2O, which can come from a number of
sources. Mined gypsum is a common mineral found around the world in sedimentary rock
formations, from which it is mined or quarried. Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) gypsum is a
synthetic material of identical chemical structure produced as a byproduct from coal-fired
power plants. Other sources of gypsum include phosphogypsum, citrogypsum and
fluorogypsum, which are byproducts of different chemical manufacturing processes. Gypsum
has many beneficial uses, including agricultural applications, wallboard products for
residential and commercial buildings, as an ingredient in portland cement manufacturing, and
as a filler ingredient in some foods and toothpaste. Because of its relatively high degree of
purity, FGD gypsum can be used as a substitute for mined gypsum in many uses, while also
realizing important environmental benefits that result from recycling this byproduct material.
Both mined and FGD gypsum can be used as a soil amendment in a range of soil and
hydrogeologic conditions. Gypsum can be used as a nutrient source for crops; as a conditioner
to improve soil physical properties, and water infiltration and storage; to remediate sodic
(high sodium) soils; and to reduce nutrient and sediment movement to surface waters, among
other uses. In this study, agricultural uses of FGD gypsum in Çukurova Region have been
investigated as an example of sustainable agriculture and environment application.
Keywords: Çukurova region, FGD gypsum, hydrogeologic conditions
160
RISK PERCEPTION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION: A CASE OF ADANA PROVINCE OF TURKEY
Seyit HAYRAN, Aykut GUL, Ahmet S. ELMALI, Oguzhan ARIKAN, Mustafa F. YILDIZ
Çukurova University, Adana – Turkey
ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine and analyze farmers’ risk perceptions, risk management
strategies in agricultural production. Data were obtained in 2015 production year from faceto-face interviews of 99 farmers in Yüregir and Karaisalı district of Adana province in
Turkey. Factor analysis was used in data reduction to identify a small number of factors
related to risk sources and risk strategies in this study. Then, multiple regression model was
used to evaluate the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the farmers’ risk
perceptions and risk management strategies using factor loadings. The results of this study
show that the most important risk resource that the farmers' perceive is there are a lot of
middlemens in agriculture and food market and risk management strategy that the farmers'
perceive is producing at the lowest cost. The result of factor analysis showed that the risk
scale consists of 5 factors explaining 60,66 % of total variance. The internal consistency
coefficient Cronbach Alfa of the scale was 0,918 and KMO was 0,869. The risk management
scale consists of 4 factors explaining 64,23 % of total variance. The internal consistency
coefficient Cronbach Alfa of the scale was 0,944 and KMO was 0,910. According to the
results perceptions were farmer-specific, a number of socio-economic variables were found to
be related to risk and risk management. To improve risk management strategies is useful for
farmers as well and might help them to avoid many risks and reduce losses.
Keywords: Risk, Risk Perception, Agriculture, Turkey
161
IMPROVING PHYTATE BOUND PHOSPHORUS BIOAVAILABILITY OF
SORGHUM BY BROILERS USING PHYTASE ENZYME
Sarzamin Khan1, M Subhan Qureshi1 and Asad Sultan1
1
Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences
The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan 25210
ABSTRACT
Anecdotal information in our region suggests that high-density broiler production result in the
enormous amount of nutrients losses to soil contributing environmental pollution. Of major
concern is the phosphorus leaching from poultry wastes mainly due to incomplete or partial
digestion of phytate bound P and nitrogen in cereal grains that constitute 50-60 % of poultry
ration. Feed enzymes can be used as an effective strategy to help in improving of nutrient
utilization by broilers but also assists in making the environment safe. Certain cereals are
highly rich in antinutritional factors and it becomes obligatory to use enzymes to enhance its
nutrient availability. The potential benefits of supplementing phytase enzyme in three
bioassay diet of sorghum (918 g/kg, sole source of protein) was evaluated to target phytate
and improve phosphorus and nitrogen availability by broilers at day-21. Experimental
bioassay diets in mash form were prepared and Celite® (Acid insoluble ash; AIA) was used
as an indigestible marker. Three diets, a control (Ph-0) and to other were added phytase
enzyme (10000 FTU/g) at level of 0.01% (Ph-1) and 0.015% (Ph-2) and were stored in plastic
bins in cool room (4 0C). Feed, digesta and faecal samples were collected, processed and
analysed using standard lab protocols for nitrogen, phosphorus and phytate. Ileal nitrogen
digestibility was significantly enhanced (3.7 and 5.3%, respectively) and faecal nitrogen loses
were significantly reduced (46%) in enzymes supplemented groups. Phosphorus retained
(digestibility coefficients) in the tract in treated group was 0.35 (Ph-1), 0.37 (Ph-2),
respectively, to non-treated control group (Ph-0; 0.17). Similarly enzymes supplemented
groups had higher phytate digestibility (0.55 and 0.57, respectively). pH of the bedding
material in phytase treated group was similar and numerically lower (6.6) to control group
(7.4). Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) was reduced (p<0.05) in phytase supplemented
groups. These findings revealed that feed enzymes improved nutrient digestibility of sorghum
and potentially can minimize nutrient.
Keywords: Sorghum, broilers, phytase, nutrient digestibility
162
SOME INFLUENTIAL FACTORS ON EGYPTIAN FARMERS' KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT BIO – FERTILIZERS
Ahmed Maher El-Gohary1, Esam Mohamed El-Baaly1,
Mokhtar Mohamed Abd-Ellah1
1
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to assess the effect of extension participation and personal variables on
types of knowledge gained by Egyptian farmers. Three experimented treatments were
designed as using PowerPoint in extension meeting, holding an evening extension meeting,
and doing an extension field. The subject matter of the three treatments are the same, namely,
bio-fertilizers, where three types of knowledge were provided. Those were knowledge about
benefits of bio-fertilizers, knowledge about methods of applying bio-fertilizers, and
knowledge about precautions to be considered in using bio-fertilizers. The three extension
education activities were implemented in three distinct locations. A total 240 farmers
voluntarily joined the three treatments. An equal number of farmers were included as a
control groups making a total sample size of 480 farmers. An interview schedule containing
97 knowledge items was prepared and used for data were collected at the end of each
experimental treatment. Collected data were coded and analyzed using multiple linear regress
on the findings of the study were
1- The three extension educational methods, combined, explained 58.8%, 55% and 51.1% of
the variance in. Each of the treatments made significant unique contributions in the regression
equations, the order of the three treatments was similar with PowerPoint extension meeting at
the top, followed by the extension in field and evening meeting.
2- The five personal variables, combined explained 13%, 15.7% and 13.2% of the variance in
knowledge about benefits knowledge about application, and knowledge about precautions;
respectively with all variables making a significant unique attribution in all regression
equations.
3-The eight independent variables, combined, explained 61%, 59% and 54% of the variance
in knowledge about benefits knowledge about application, and knowledge about precautions;
respectively with the three extension treatments making significant unique contribution.
Whereas the two personal variables of social participation, and farming status only make
significant unique contributions in all regression equations.
4- It could be concluded that the majority of explained variance was due to the extension
treatments. But personal variables are of little relevance. This was taken to mean that all
farmers are equally able to learn.
Keywords: bio-fertilizers, extension educational methods, using PowerPoint in extension
163
THE INVESTIGATION OF SOME OF THE OPERATION PARAMETERS FOR
REMOVAL OF COLOR FROM OLIVE MILL WASTEWATER BY ELECTROOXIDATION PROCESS
Sinan KUL1, Recep BONCUKCUOĞLU 1, Alper Erdem YILMAZ1, Baybars Ali FİL2 and
Atila TAŞDEMİR 1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Atatürk University, TURKEY
Department of Environmental Engineering, Balıkesir University, TURKEY
1
2
ABSTRACT
In this study results obtained from electrooxidation process with Ti/IrO2 /RuO2 anode was
investigated for color removal from olive mill wastewater. Mixed metal oxide covered
Ti/IrO2/RuO2 sieve-plates was used as anode material and titanium sieve-plates as cathode
material. Stirring rates (0-600 rpm), dilution rate (1/5-5/5) and support electrolyte
concentration (0,25-1,25 M) parameters were tested in subsequent reactor to investigate their
effects on removal of color. According to results obtained, in electrooxidation process without
stirring which NaCl was used as support electrolyte provided %99 removal of color from
olive mill wastewater.
Keywords: Color removal, electro-oxidation, olive mill wastewater
164
EVALUATION OF CORRELATION BETWEEN MIXOGRAPH PARAMETERS
AND SOME QUALITY TRAITS IN BREAD WHEAT
Mehmet Şahin1, Aysun Göçmen Akçacık1, Seydi Aydoğan1,
Sümerya Hamzaoğlu1, Enes Yakışır1
Bahri Dağdaş Uluslararası Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Karatay/KONYA
1
ABSTRACT
The quality of a wheat class is determined by its suitability for a specific final product. Many
quality analysis is used to assess quality of bread wheat. Some analysis methods require large
amounts of sample and analysis take a long time. The correlation between quality properties
and mixograph parameters were investigated in this study. Mixograph parameters can be used
for quality assessment in early generation of bread wheat breeding programmes. The
Mixograph is a widely used predictive test with which end-use quality of many genotypes can
be assessed in a short period of time in bread wheat breeding program.
In this study, one hundred bread wheat sample were evaluated. One hundred bread wheat
genotypes were grown under rainfed conditions during 2012-2013 growing season in Konya
location. The flour samples were provided by milled using Brabender Junior mill (70 GG
sieve) and then samples were analyzed with two replication. Protein content (PRT) of the
flour was measured using Leco FP 528 analyzer (Leco Inc, St Joseph, MI) AOAC 992.23
(Anon. 2009). Zeleny sedimentation (ZLN) (ICC standard number:116) (Anon.1981), bread
making with basic straight dough bread baking method AACC 10-09)(Anon. 2002),
Mixograph properties were determined according to AACC approved methods 54-40A
(Anon. 2002). The six main parameters of mixogram ; MMT:Mixograph mixing time(min),
MPH:Mixograph mixing peak height(%), MRS: Mixograph right peak slope(%),
MPW:Mixograph mixing peak Weight (Nm), MBE: Mixograph bandwith energy(Nm), MTE:
Mixograph total energy(Nm) were used as the quality parameters.
According to the results of the correlation coefficients, there were high relationships (p<0.01)
between PRT and Mixograph MMT, MPH, MRS, MPW, MTE, Zeleny sedimentation, Bread
V. Positive and significant (p<0.01) correlations between Bread volume and PRT ZLN,
MPH, MRS, MTE were determined. This study indicates that mixograph parameters can be
used as selection criteria in bread wheat breeding program.
Keywords: Bread wheat, mixograph , quality traits
165
EVALUATION OF ANTIHISTAMINIC AND ANTICHOLINERGIC ACTIVITIES OF
EQUISETUM DEBILE ROXB.
Shahrukh Ali1, Muhammad Ovais Omer1, Muhammad Ashraf1, Allah Bukhsh2, Mueen
Ahmad Chaudhry3, Hassan Mahmood Qureshi1
1
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000,
Punjab, Pakistan
2
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Punjab,
Pakistan
3
Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
This project was designed to evaluate antihistaminic and anticholinergic activities of ethanolic
and aqueous extracts of Equisetum debile.
To evaluate antihistaminic and anticholinergic activities, E debile ethanolic (Ed.Eth) and E.
debile aqueous (Ed.Aq) extracts were studied on isolated guinea pig ileum, rabbit jejunum and
trachea mounted in tissue organ bath filled with physiological solution, aerated with carbogen
and maintained at 370C. Tissue responses were measured by using isotonic and isometric
transducers, connected with Power Lab Data Acquisition System.
Ed.Eth and Ed.Aq showed a dose dependent (0.1-0.3 mg/ml) rightward shift in histamine
concentration response curves and a more suppressant effect was observed in the case of
Ed.Eth. Similarly, when tested on carbachol (1µM) induced pre contracted isolated jejunum
and tracheal preparations,each tissue was completely relaxed at same dose of Ed.Aq and
Ed.Eth with dose dependent significant (p < 0.01) manner but Ed.Eth showed significance at
more no of dose compare to Ed.Aq.
These data strongly suggest the presence of antihistaminic and anticholinergic properties in
ethanolic and aqueous extracts of E. debile plant, which can be useful in the management of
airways and gastrointestinal disorders.
Keywords: Equisetum debile, Antihistaminic, Anticholinergic, Bronchospasm, Spasmolytic,
Antiasthmatic.
166
THE EFFECT OF STIRRING RATE, SUPPORT ELECTROLYTE TYPE AND
TEMPERATURE ON COLOR REMOVAL FROM OLIVE MILL WASTEWATER
Sinan Kul1, Recep Boncukcuoğlu 1, Baybars Ali Fil2, Alper Erdem Yilmaz 1, Atila
Taşdemir1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Atatürk University, TURKEY
Department of Environmental Engineering, Balıkesir University, TURKEY
1
2
ABSTRACT
In this study removal of color from olive mill wastewater by electrooxidation results, which is
one of the most commonly used advanced oxidation process for many industrial wastewater,
were investigated. In electrooxidation process Ti/Pt sieve-plates as anode material and
titanium sieve-plates were used as cathode material. In subsequent reactor effects of some
parameters such as pH (2-8), support electroyle type (Na2SO4, NaNO3, KCl and NaCl) and
temperature (10-50°C) on color removal were studied. As a result of electrooxidation
processes, in optimum conditions when pH (4,6) was unchanged and at current density of 7.69
mA/cm-2 , %100 color removal from olive mill wastewater was reached.
Keywords: Color removal, electro-oxidation, olive mill wastewater
167
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
TWO ARID SOILS IN ALGERIAN SAHARA
Mokhtar Karabi1, Baelhadj Hamdi Aissa1
1
Univ Ouargla, Fac. des sciences de la nature et de la vie, Lab. Biogéochimie des milieux désertiques, Ouargla
30000, Algeria
Correspondence author’s e-mail: karabi.mokhtar @ gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The Algerian Sahara is characterized by a heterogeneity of edaphic conditions and climatic
dissimilarities; however, information on biological indicators of arid soils is weakly
documented in this area. The researchers who have studied the biological activities of the soils
of the arid regions have underlined their low organic matter content, particularly their very
low rates of organic nitrogen; a low humification because seriously inhibited by a significant
mineralization. The objective of this work was to study the soil microbial biomass densities
and different soil organic matter fractions, under two arid soils in Algerian Sahara. The
experiment was conducted in an alluvial soil in traditional palm grove of Guerrara, and in a
saline soil in experimental field of university of Ouargla. Composite soil samples (10
subsamples each) were collected aseptically at 0-20 cm depth on two diagonal transects drawn
over an area of 12 ha. The following germs densities were determined: Bacteria, Fungi,
actinomyctes, algae, ammonifiants, nitrifiants. The soil organic matter fractions (free organic
matter, fulvic acids, humic acids, Humin), the textural fractions (sand, silt, and clay), pH in
water, and chemical attributes (organic C, total N, Ca, Mg, P, K, and CEC-cation exchange
capacity) were also determined. The microbial groups count on both soils reveals that the
bacterian microflora present a numerical superiority followed by the actinomycetes, fungi,
and finally the algae. The density of the micro-organisms in the two soils except for fungi,
showed a prevalence of the bacterian microflora, algae, actinomycetes and physiological
groups (ammonifying, nitrifying) in the alluvial soil compared to the saline soil. The
microbial species are assigned to variable degrees by salinity; thus the nitrifying germs are
most sensitive. The density of the microorganisms in our two soils is influenced by the
pedoclimatic conditions and the nature of the soil (moisture, texture, organic matter…).
Fractionation of soil organic matter show that all the fractions are better represented in the
alluvial soil with the exception of non-extractable organic carbon (NEOC) which are better
represented in the saline soil. This confirms that the alluvial soil has a biological activity
relatively large in relation to the saline soil and that the process of humification is relatively
pronounced by comparing it with the saline soil, which tends to contain little polycondenses
humic compounds.
Keywords: saline soil, alluvial soil, soil microorganisms, organic matter fractions, SaharaAlgeria
168
DEVELOPMENT OF A PLUG-FLOW BIODIGESTER WITH A SEMIAUTOMATED MIXING DEVICE FOR HOUSEHOLD USE
Gbolabo A. Ogunwande
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering,
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Mixing/stirring of substrates in a biodigester has been a major factor affecting the
performance of household biodigesters. A 2.0 m3 plug-flow biodigester was fabricated using
locally sourced materials (water storage plastic drum, PVC pipes, etc) to produce biogas for
household cooking. A semi-automated mixing device fabricated as a framework of PVC pipes
was installed in the biodigester and used to stir the substrates. An airbag was improvised
using a tarpaulin material to store the biogas produced and was connected to a double-burner
table top biogas stove at the kitchen for family cooking. The biodigester was fed every three
days with household wastes (dog and rabbit urine and faeces and left over food) and operated
differently under two regimes: with no mixing and with mixing five times daily. The results
showed that the mixing device aided biogas production and improved the performance of the
biodigester. Significant increase (73%) in biogas production was observed when the
substrates were stirred. The bubbling sound emanating from the biodigester each time it was
stirred suggested that trapped gas was being released from the scum stratum. The mixing
device was easy to develop, install and operate and can be easily adapted to different sizes of
plug-flow biodigesters. In conclusion, the developed biodigester is suitable for household
biogas production and can perform better than the floating drum biodigester.
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, biodigester, mixing device, biogas, airbag
169
FOLIAR APPLICATION OF POLYAMINES TO MANAGE WATER STRESS FOR
IMPROVED GRAIN FILLING FORMATION AND YIELD IN RICE PLANT
Berahim Zulkarami1*, Ismail Mohd Razi1,3 Omar Mohd Husni1, Mohd Saud Halimi1, 2, Mohd
Monjurul Alam Mondal3, Hossain Kausar1
1
2
Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Water stress is one of the key restriction factors in rice cultivation across the entire world. It
reduces the production of rice, the incomes of farmers, stockpiles and increase import of rice.
During water limiting condition filled grains are the most affected part in rice plant especially
in booting stage. However, plants can adopt with such situation in different approaches
together with better management practices. Foliar application of polyamines to rice plants
could be a possible alternative method to manage water stress. The application of polyamines
could influence the synthesis of starch, sucrose and enhanced the enzyme activity in rice
grains. This chapter entails the action of polyamines in enhancing the grains filling of rice by
the increase in the starch and sucrose synthesis both in glasshouse and field trials under water
stressed conditions as a possible approach for the sustainable rice cultivation practices.
Keywords: Drought, rice, polyamines, foliar spray, filled grains and grain yield
170
VALORIZATION OF TREATED EFFLUENTS IN WATERING
Negais Hamza1, Idder Tahar1, Cheloufi Hamid1
1
Univ of Ouargla, Fac. Nature and life Sciences, Lab. of research on date palm cultivation, Ouargla, 30 000,
Algeria
ABSTRACT
The Oasis of Ouargla has benefited from a vast arrangement project. This project consisted in
particular on the implementation of water-treatment plant by airy lagooning. This technique of
waste water treatment is typically adapted to produce effluents corresponding to standards
required for reuse in the field of watering plants. The objective of this study consists in
examining, on a small scale, during a period of 6 months, the possibility of reusing effluents
stemming from Ouargla’s water-treatment plant for watering Acacia farnesiana. Growth rates
of acacia obtained through the use of purified water compared to those obtained through the
use of drilling waters which we have used as a witness, of which at the end of the experience
the acacia irrigated by drilling water has reached a height growth (106, 42 cm), twice more
important than the one who has been irrigated with purified waste water (53, 71 cm). For the
diameter, the acacia watered with drilling water has practically reached diameters (4, 53 mm)
double than the one that has been irrigated with purified waste water (1, 95 mm).
Keywords: waste water treatment, watering, Acacia farnesiana, Ouargla’s oasis
171
EFFECT OF THE SUMMER ACCUMULATION OF TOXIC SALTS ON
SALINIZATION OF BARED ARIDOSOLS (THE CASE ON OUARGLA
BASIN/ALGERIAN SAHARA)
Abdelhak Idder1, Tahar Idder1, Imed-Eddine Nezli2, Aicha Serraye1, Mohamed Abdelmalek
Khemgani 3
1
Univ Ouargla, Fac. des Sciences de la Nature et de la vie, Lab. de Recherche sur la Phoeniciculture, Ouargla,
30 000, Algérie
2
Univ Ouargla, Fac. des Hydrocarbures, des Energies Renouvelables, des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers,
Lab. de Géologie du Sahara, Ouargla 30 000, Algérie
3 Univ.Ouargla, Fac. des Sciences de la Nature et de la vie, Lab. Biogéochimie des Milieux Desertiques, Ouargla
30 000, Algérie
ABSTRACT
Our work is interested in the whole system consists of the bare soil / groundwater. It is
proposed to explain the distribution of salts in the profiles and interactions that may arise
during the summer period. The bare soil sandy studied subject to a climate strongly
evaporating and ascending process of the salts from a saline groundwater and extremely
shallow (C5S3 class), characterized by superficial saline accumulations and medians of type
A and B (according to the classification of Servant, 1975). The physical characterizations of
the soil indicate exclusively a sandy texture with interlocking visible crystals, which indicate
an insignificant organo-humic complex. The formation and accumulation of salts are closely
related to saline concentrations present in the soil solution. These two factors are attributed to
the bare ground and intense evaporating. The important values of electrical conductivity, up to
62,51dS / m (water extract 1/5), are the consequence of the strong presence of salts associated
with the distribution of cations and anions on the entire profile. The ionic component of the
profiles examined is clearly unbalanced in favor of chlorine, of sulphate and sodium. The
result is therefore a majority presence of salts formed from the cited ions, this is essentially
the NaCl and Na2SO4,mainly at median and superficial horizons. We tried thereafter, for two
months, to proceed with the development of part of this soil. This planning effort is based on
the conduct of a companion, irrigation intensive followed by drainage. The values of electrical
conductivity of this soil remained relatively still very high (in the order of 32 dS/ m), which
makes this soil unsuitable for any development.
Keywords: bared soil, ground water, salinity, management, Ouargla basin
172
EFFECT OF STUBBLE GRAZING, TILLAGE AND NO-TILL SEEDER TYPE ON
PEA/BARLEY FORAGE PRODUCTIVITY AND BOTANICAL COMPOSITION
F. Djellakh1, D. Sersoub1, O. Zaghouane1, H. Cicek2, M. Rekik2, S. Ates2, H. Ben Salem2, M.
Louhaichi2
1
Institut National des Grandes Cultures (ITGC), Algier, Algeria
International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Amman, Jordan
2
ABSTRACT
Crop stubbles are the major summer feed source for small ruminants in the southern
Mediterranean. Stubble grazing leaves little or no residue on soil surface, increases soil
compaction hence may impede the successful implementation of conservation agriculture.
The objective of this trial was to investigate the effect of stubble grazing and tillage on soil
quality, crop productivity and no-till seeder compatibility. An experiment was established in
Setif, Algeria in 2014 (average annual precipitation 400 mm) using pea/barley (Pisum
Sativum cv. Sefrou/Hordeum vulgare cv. Tichedrett) forage mixture seeded into grazed barley
stubble. Here we report on the first year dry matter production of the trial. Main plots were
stubble management (grazing versus no grazing) and the sub plots were tillage (tilled versus
no-till) and seeder type (disk versus tine seeders). Barley stubble was grazed intensively
(2000 sheep d ha-1) for 2 days by Ouled Jellal yearling ewes leaving 0.8 t ha-1 stubble on soil
surface after grazing. Grazing, tillage and seeder type had no effect on total forage dry matter
production. However, there were significant differences for dry matter botanical composition.
Barley produced more dry matter (p = 0.083) in ungrazed plots (4.6 t ha-1) than grazed plots
(2.6 t ha-1), and also under tillage (5.8 t ha-1) than no-till (4.1 t ha-1). Pea dry matter was
lowest (P < 0.05) under no-till when seeded with disk seeder (0.4 t ha-1) and highest in tine
and tilled treatments; 1 and 1.1 t ha-1 respectively. Similarly, weed dry matter was greatest
under no-till when seeded with disk seeder (3.3 t ha-1) and lowest when seeded with tine
seeder (1.7 t ha-1) and after tillage (1.4 t ha-1). Overall grazing appeared to have little impact
on no-till seeded forage crops when tine seeder was used.
Keywords: Crop stubbles, southern Mediterranean, Pisum Sativum, botanical composition
173
EXPORTS OF FRESH FRUIT PRODUCTION IN TURKEY, PROBLEMS
ENCOUNTERED AND SUGGESTIONS FOR SOLUTION
1
Ayhan GÜRBÜZER
2
İsmail Hakkı KALYONCU
2
Mithat Direk
1
2
Selcuklu Belediyesi, Konya-Turkey
Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Konya-Turkey
ABSTRACT
Turkey is one of the world's major producer countries with the production of approximately
40 million tons of fresh fruits and vegetables. However, our export is around 4% of our
production. It can be said to increase the share of fresh fruit and vegetable exports in total
export with the spread of the applications like production of fresh fruit and vegetables such as
quality and quantity, promoting the production of varieties in demand in international
markets, harvest, storage and transportation problems related to product traceability, product
safety issues and practices. In this study, made an overview of the stages of the production of
fresh fruit market in Turkey, and some solutions to the problems established.
Keywords: Fresh fruit and vegetables, production, storage, transportation, export
174
DETERMINATION STUDIES ON SOME AGRICULTURAL TRAITS OF SOME
DRY BEAN (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) VARIETIES
Ramazan KELEŞ1, Hakan BAYRAK1, Gül İMRİZ1
Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya, Turkiye
1
ABSTRACT
In this study, it was aimed to determine the varieties which were ecologically appropriate and
having good performance for some of yield parameters in Konya.
The plant materials of study was consisted of Akman 98, Göksun, Göynük 98, Karacaşehir
90, Noyanbey 98, Önceler 98, Yunus 90, Zülbiye varieties, and foreign originated variety
Weighing. The trials were conducted through the growing season of 2014 according to
Randomized Complete Block design with 4 replications. Evaluations of varieties were made
by traits of plant height, first pod height, 100 seed weight, and seed yield capacity.
According to results, the highest measurement for plant height was obtained from Göksun
with 155.5 cm, while the lowest was obtained from Göynük 98 with 63.0 cm. Among the
varieties Göksun showed the best performance for first pod height (18.5 cm) and the lowest
first pod height was obtained from Göynük 98 (11.9 cm). For the number of pods per plant,
the maximum amount of pods was obtained from Karacaşehir (44.5 pods per plant), while
minimum amount was obtained from Zülbiye (27.3 pods per plant). The highest seeds per pod
was collected from Karacaşehir 90 (4.28 seeds per pods), the lowest was obtained from
Noyanbey 98 (3.05 seeds per pod). Regarding to 100 seeds weight, maximum value was
shown by Noyanbey 98 (45.3 gr), while minimum value was obtained from Karacaşehir 90
(18.6 gr). For seed yield capacity, the maximum yield value was obtained from Weinghing
with 407.5 kg/da, the lowest was given by Zülbiye with 166.0 kg/da.
The correlations between yield parameters was analyzed and the highest positive correlation
was determined between seed yield capacity and pods number per plant (0.80**), and the
highest negative correlation was obtained between 100 seed weight and pods number per
plant and also 100 seed weight and seed numbers per pod (both were -0.56**).
Keywords: Dry beans, yield, yield component, correlations
175
THE IMPORTANCE AND AGRICULTURAL USAGE OF WILD ROCKET (Diplotaxis
tenuifolia (L.)DC)
Ramazan Acar1, Behiç Coşkun2, M. Musa Özcan3, Cahit Özcan2, Abdullah Özköse1, Nur Koç1
1
2
Selcuk Univesity, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops
Selcuk Univesity, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Zootechnics and Husbandry
3
Selcuk Univesity, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Engineering
ABSTRACT
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.)DC (Wild Rocket) is perennial plant and flowering during spring and
autumn. Plant height is 30-70 cm and this plant has got deep taproot. Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.)
DC (Wild Rocket) is used in Europe and in many other parts of the world as human food.
Moreover, it can be used for animal feed, vegetable, oil plant, pasture plant, herbal medicine,
landscaping and beekeeping. It has potential to be used in different areas. We suggest that
more research should be done on Wild Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.)DC).
Keywords: Wild Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia(L.)DC), Human Food, Animal Feed
176
MAINSTREAMING NIGERIAN YOUTHS INTO ECOLOGICAL FRIENDLY
AGRICULTURE: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT IN ABIA
STATE, NIGERIA
Odoemelam L.E.1, Osahon E.1
1
Department of Rural Sociology and Extension
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Achieving food security in its totality continues to be a challenge in Nigeria because Nigerian
agriculture is bedeviled with serious crisis. Climate change has poised serious threats to the
attainment of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Nigeria. Attainment of
development indices, poverty, education, food security, economic development, health,
human rights, etc. as enshrined in the MDGs of the United Nations (UN) are negatively
impacted by climate change. This paper observes that Nigeria is more vulnerable to the
change with agricultural sector being the worst hit. It concluded that Nigerian youths have the
potential for new ideas, and actions that can positively shape Nigerian agriculture. Though
they seemed forgotten in Nigeria development agenda, they can and should be effectively
mainstreamed into Eco-friendly agriculture as a surest panacea to the threat of global climate
change in Nigeria so as to realize sustainable environment and livelihoods.
Keywords: Sustainable environment, youths, livelihoods and food security
177
WEEDS CAN WORK AS BIO-HERBICIDES IN WHEAT CROP, A NEW
APPROACH OF ECO-FRIENDLY WEED MANAGEMENT
Imtiaz Khan
Agriculture University Peshawar, Faculty of Plant Protection Sciences, Weed Science Department, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
Herbicides application for control of noxious weeds in different crop leaving many setback
i.e. Environment spoiling human health injury, pollute the ground water etc. Allelopathy is an
new field getting world wild popularity. Allelopahty is environment friendly techniques of
weed managment. To suppress herbicidal control of weed, field trial were conducted at new
farm (NDF), The University of Agriculture Peshawar during 2009-10. Ethanol or
trichloromethane weed extracts of Ammi visnaga (toothpack weed) and Convolvulus arvensis
(Field bind weed) were applied to field experiment at the rate of 1000 and 500 ppm, when
wheat crop at 4-5 leaf stage. Trichloromethane extract of Convolvulus arvensis and Ammi
visnaga were applied @ 1000 and 500 parts per million (ppm) significantly condensed the
wild inhabitants to 33.7 per m2 in various treatment compare to weeds population (101.0 per
m2) inside natural control but also increase and better the yield quality of wheat crop.
Trichloromethane aqueous solution of Convolvulus arvensis at 500 parts per million show the
highest grain yield yield of 1.2 tons per ha), in case of Ammi visnaga aqueous solution
applied at 1000 parts per million show the maximum yield of wheat 1.1 tons ha per h1. These
bio herbicide are environmental friendly, decrease air pollution (show no toxicity in wheat
crop if recommended dose are little highly applied) and non hazard to micro organism. So
series of experiment s must be conducted to confirm these results.
Keywords: Bio herbicides, environmental friendly, phytotoxic effect on weeds, wheat crop
178
IRRIGATION WATER USE CHARACTERISTICS OF FARMERS AND THEIR
INTERACTION WITH IRRIGATION UNION IN BAFRA DISTRICT OF SAMSUN
PROVINCE, TURKEY
Esin HAZNECİ1, Halil KIZILASLAN2
University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Samsun /Turkey
2
University of Gaziosmanpaşa, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Tokat /Turkey
1
ABSTRACT
The purposes of the study were to investigate the characteristics of supplier, Altınkaya
Irrigation Union, and users of irrigation water, which were the main actors of irrigation supply
system and to explore the interaction between farmers and union in Bafra irrigation area of
Samsun province. Research data were collected from Altınkaya Irrigation Union and
randomly selected 128 farms by using well-structured questionnaire. During the stage of
socio-economic and water use characteristics analysis, classical economic analysis approach
and descriptive statistics were used, respectively. Research results showed that Altınkaya
irrigation union had not any activities oriented to modern irrigation methods, preparing
irrigation project and management. The only service provided by union was distribution of the
irrigation water to the farmers. In spite of the fact that the number of satisfied farmers from
union services was more than that of others, sample farmers had the negative insight on the
performance of union about maintenance activities. The main problem of the unsatisfied
farmers was insufficient irrigation water. Since most farmers did not attend the any farmers’
education program, sample farmers were based on their experience and crop appearance when
deciding the irrigation time. Similarly, they followed their neighbors when selecting the
irrigation methods. Enhancing the farmers knowledge and skills on irrigation water use such
as methods, technology etc. by means of designing extension and farmer education program
may decrease the over use of irrigation water and problems of salinity and high level of
ground water.
Keywords: Samsun, Bafra, farmers’ interaction with union, irrigation management, irrigation
characteristics
179
WHEAT SEED PRODUCTION RESPONSE TO PRICE VARIABILITY IN TR83
REGION
Kerem HAZNECİ1, Vedat CEYHAN1
University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Samsun /Turkey
1
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of the study was to explore the wheat seed production response to price
variability in TR83 region of Turkey. The research data were collected from 72 wheat seed
growing farms by using well designed questionnaire. During the stage of financial analysis
and exploring the effects of seed prices variation on wheat seed production classical economic
analysis approach and variable price programming were used, respectively. Research results
showed that the second group of farms raising wheat seed was financially successful
comparing to first group farms. Based on the results of the normative supply function, the
supply of the wheat was inelastic. The supply price elasticity of wheat seed in first and second
group farms was 0.78 and 0.02, respectively. Policy maker’s attention to the research findings
related to supply elasticity when focusing on the price of wheat seed price may positively
affect the production security of wheat.
Keywords: TR83 Region, Wheat Seed, Price Variation, Normative Supply Function
180
EFFECT OF CURCUMA (Curcuma roxb xanthorrhiza) AS FEED ADDITIVE IN
BROILER RATIONS ON QUAIL PERFORMANCE AND AS AN ANTIBODY
TITRES AGAINST ND
Tengku Eduard Azwar Sinar and Tuty Maria Wardiny
Faculty of Matematics and Science Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
With the increasing public awareness of Indonesian in healthy nutrition, it is resulted in
demand for animal products that are healthy and free of antibiotic residues also increased.
One natural feed additive used as a substitute for antibiotic synthesis is Curcuma Roxb
xanthorriza, which is often used by humans to increase of appetite and cure various diseases.
Balitro (2008) states that ginger flour contains: 94.14% dry material, 53% starch, 9.04% fat,
9.88% protein, 2.26% fiber, essential oil 5.97%, 2% curcumin and 1.58 % xanthorizol. This
content can work to improve kidney and anti-inflammatory. Another benefit of this plant
rhizomes increase of appetite, anti-cholesterol, anti-inflammatory, anemia, anti-oxidants,
cancer prevention, and anti-microbe.
The aim of this research is to determine the influence of the ginger in broiler diets to the
performance, the percentage of the carcass, and abdominal fat. A Completely Randomized
Design was used to analyze the data. Two hundred DOC were divided into 4 treatment groups
with 3 replications and 10 DOC in call now replicate. Four treatment diets were control diet
with 0% Curcuma (R0); 1% flour Curcuma (R1), 2% of flour Curcuma (R2), and 3% of flour
Curcuma (R3). The parameters observed were feed consumption, gain of body weight, feed
conversion, percentage of carcass, abdominal fat and ability as a antibody titre against ND.
The results of research showed that feed consumption, gain of body weight, carcass
percentage, and abdominal fat of broilers were significantly different (p <0.05) for all
treatment diets. Feed conversion and an antibody titres against ND did not show significantly
different for all treatments. This research shows that 1% of flour Curcuma in diet gave the
best results of the chicken's broiler compared with other dietary treatment, because the gain of
body weight and percentage of the carcass are a higher and feed conversion is low but has not
been able to reduce fat abdomen. In fact the level of 2% and 3% of flour Curcuma diet can
reduce fat in the abdomen.
Keywords: broiler chicken, carcass, Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb, fat abdomen
181
EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTION NONI LEAF FLOUR (Morinda citrifolia) IN THE
RATION ON PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY QUAIL EGGS
Tuty Maria Wardiny and Tengku Eduard Azwar Sinar
Faculty of Matematics and Science Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Quail egg is one source of animal protein in Indonesia that is cheap and easily obtained by the
public, but it has a complete nutritional contents. Therefore, farmers need to improve the
productivity and quality of quail eggs by utilizing an alternative feed source. One of the
alternatives is noni leaf, which has advantages in nutrient content and active substances. This
study aimed to evaluate the level of noni leaf flour (NLF) in the ration that can impact on
productivity and quality of quail eggs. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) is used to
analyze the data obtained from this study. Seventy-two female quails aged four weeks were
divided into four treatments and three replications. Each replication was consisted of six
quails. Four treatments applied were: control without NLF in the ration (R0), 9% NLF in the
ration (R1), 10% NLF in the ration (R2), and 11% NLF in the ration (R3). Parameters
measured were feed consumption, egg production, feed conversion, egg weight, yolk weight,
the weight of the egg white, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, egg yolk scores and Haugh
unit. The results showed that the scores yolk and Haugh unit (P <0.05) affected by the
treatment However treatments did not significantly have effects on egg weight, yolk weight,
the weight of the egg white, eggshell weight and eggshell thickness. The level of 11% noni
leaf flour in the ration can improve the quality of quail eggs.
Keywords: egg quality, noni leaf flour, quail eggs
182
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON ECOLOGY
Sukru Dursun1, Fatma Kunt1, Zeynep Cansu Ozturk1, Blerina Vrenozi2
1
Selcuk University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Konya, Turkey
2
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Research Centre of Flora and Fauna, Tirana, Albania
ABSTRACT
Climate fundamental provides limits opportunities of human activities and ecosystem
functioning within global ecology. Climate changing could affect on alterations in the
frequency and severity of droughts and floods; water supply; air, soil, and water quality;
ecosystem health; human health; and resource use and the economy. Climate change may act
through multiple pathways; interactions in and impacts on the global ecosystem can be
different pathways. Within ecosystem environment, there are already numerous stressors that
cause ecosystem change including land use change, pollution, eutrophication, invasion of
exotic species, and acid precipitation. Climate changing should be considered as another agent
of change acting in concert with other ecosystem stress. All over the world in many
ecosystems, flora and fauna were affected with global warming and change of ecological
environment change that many species in flora and fauna were under stress and some of them
were lost the defence of ecological stress. Reduction of species number was also important
effect on habitat. In this research, effect of global change on different ecological systems was
investigated.
Keywords: Global warming, environment, soil, fauna, flora, habitat, ecological niche
183
ESTIMATION OF FIELD CAPACITY AND PERMANENT WILTING POINT USING
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Bilal Cemek1, Hakan Arslan1, Mustafa Guler2, Erdem Kucuktopcu1
1
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139
Samsun, Turkey
2
Middle Blacksea Development Agency, Samsun, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Soil moisture is one of the important subjects in agriculture. Determination of soil moisture is
of great importance for irrigation planning and reservoir management. Field capacity (F.C.)
and permanent wilting point (P.W.P.) is the actual soil moisture that varied depending on soil
texture and structure. In order to estimate FC and PWP, 296 soil samples were collected from
different areas of Bafra Plain. All data was divided into a training (%70) and test (%30) set.
Soil texture parameters (sand, silt, clay) were input data for prediction of the two outputs (FC
and PWP). In this study, different algorisms of artificial neural networks (ANNs) such as
Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Radial Basis Neural Network (RBNN), Generalized Regression
Neural Network (GRNN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) were used
for prediction of FC and PWP. In order to determine prediction capability of the models,
determination coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error
(MAE) were used. The results showed that ANN models had greater performance in
predicting F.C. and P.W.P. than pedotransfer functions.
Keywords: Artificial neural networks, Field capacity, Permanent wilting point, Soil texture
184
Bilal CEMEK1, Erdem KUCUKTOPCU1 and Yusuf DEMİR1
1
Samsun, Turkey
ABSTRACT
A key factor of broiler management is maintaining litter quality. Higher temperature and
humidity negatively affect litter quality. In the present study, the spatial variability of
temperature and humidity values were compared in two broiler houses having different litter
materials. In House 1 (H1) sawdust was used as litter material while sawdust with zeolite was
used in House 2 (H2). Twenty-one sampling positions composed grid points, where
measurements were placed at 3 locations across the width of the house (3 m apart) and 7
locations down the length of the house (15 m apart). The samples measured at human and bird
height on a weekly basis. Recorded data were mapped on houses’ longitudinal sections by
using ArcGis. The results indicated that temperature and humidity variations are more stable
in H2. In H1, 'danger areas' that are characterized by heat stress coupled with high humidity
were in center of the house. It was conclude that using zeolite with sawdust as litter material
significantly increases litter quality of broilers.
Keywords: Broiler, litter, zeolite, spatial
185
Bilal CEMEK1, Erdem KUCUKTOPCU1 and Yusuf DEMİR1
1
Samsun, Turkey
ABSTRACT
A key factor of broiler management is maintaining litter quality. Higher temperature and
humidity negatively affect litter quality. In the present study, the spatial variability of
temperature and humidity values were compared in two broiler houses having different litter
materials. In House 1 (H1) sawdust was used as litter material while sawdust with zeolite was
used in House 2 (H2). Twenty-one sampling positions composed grid points, where
measurements were placed at 3 locations across the width of the house (3 m apart) and 7
locations down the length of the house (15 m apart). The samples measured at human and bird
height on a weekly basis. Recorded data were mapped on houses’ longitudinal sections by
using ArcGis. The results indicated that temperature and humidity variations are more stable
in H2. In H1, 'danger areas' that are characterized by heat stress coupled with high humidity
were in center of the house. It was conclude that using zeolite with sawdust as litter material
significantly increases litter quality of broilers.
Keywords: Broiler, litter, zeolite, spatial
186
ESTIMATION OF AMMONIA EMISSIONS RELEASED FROM BROILER LITTER
USING DIFFERENT ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELS
Bilal CEMEK1, Erdem KUCUKTOPCU1 and Paul PANDA1
1
Samsun, Turkey
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this paper is to examine whether artificial neural networks (ANNs) can
estimate ammonia emission in a poultry building. For this purpose, air temperature, relative
humidity and ammonia concentration were measured in a poultry house. All data was divided
into a training (70 %) and test (30 %) set. Indoor temperature (oC) and indoor relative
humidity (%) values were input data for prediction of the ammonia emissions (ppm). In this
study, different ANN models, that is, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Radial Basis Neural
Network (RBNN), Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) and Adaptive NeuroFuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) were compared. The determination coefficient (R2), root
mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) were used to assess models
performance. The results show that MLP-LM model performs better than the other models.
Keywords: Ammonia, Artificial neural network, Relative Humidity, Temperature
187
REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS OF BEETAL DOES IN ACCELERATED AND
ANNUAL KIDDING SYSTEMS
Nisar Ahmad1, Khalid Javed1, Muhammad Abdullah1 Afzal Ali1, Abou Saeed Hashmi2,
Muhammad Ovais Omer3, Tanver Hussain4
1
Department of Livestock Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore 54000,
Pakistan
3
Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore 54000,
Pakistan
4
Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual university of Pakistan, Lahore
2
ABSTRACT
Pakistan possesses 25 breeds of goats, out of which Beetal goat is famous for its milk
production. This breed stands at second in producing more number of kids after Teddy breed
of goats, which is more prolific but produces only half liter of milk daily. Hence Beetal goat
may be reared to cope per capita animal protein in the country. A study was conducted to
ascertain the reproductive performance of accelerated kidding verses annual kidding system
during a period of two years. The trial was comprised of 25 does which were randomly
divided into two groups i.e. 25 animals. More kids may be achieved per doe by accelerated
system of kidding which is more economical way as compared to annual kidding system. In
order to have successful conception rate, supplementary feeding was provided. It was
observed that initiation of estrus, kids’ percentage and fruitful conception rate was of the
order of 8, 1.33 and 10%, respectively. It was found that in accelerated system, kids born as
single and triplets were 1.94 and 20%, respectively. Moreover, it was found that the twin
births were reduced of the order of 11.6% in accelerated system. Services per conception were
found 1.64±0.81which were regarded as maximum. The litter size (LS) in accelerated kidding
system was found to be 1.66±0.71.It was significant (P<0.05) as compared to maximum 1.19±0.04
(SPC) with 1.50±0.55 (LS) in annual kidding system.The data were analyzed by complete randomized
design (Steel et al., 1997) using proc GLM procedure of SAS 1995 (SAS institute, carry, NC). Further
studies with larger data set are needed to explore reproductive performance in Beetal goats
under accelerated kidding system for the validation of the findings of current research.
Keywords: Reproductive performance, services per conception, accelerated kidding system,
Beetal goat, Pakistan
188
ADOPTION AND DIFFUSION OF SILAGE MAKING FROM GRASS IN INTERIOR
COAST AREAS OF RİZE
Çağatay Yıldırım1, Hatice Türkten1, İsmet Boz1
Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics – Samsun
1
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research, attitudes and behaviours of farmers towards the silage making
from harvested grass have explored in Çamlıhemşin and Kalkandere districts of Rize
province.In the research, exploring attitudes and behaviours of farmers toward making silage
from harvested grass silage have explored in Çamlıhemşin and Kalkandere district of Rize.
According to farms’ number of cattle it was divided into 2 layers and sampled farms were
chose random sampling method with 76 farms. As a general, sampled farms’ size are small,
they have small land produced together crop and livestock production. It was found that main
problem of farms are insufficient workforce numbers and lack of technical information on
basic cattle husbandry. Moreover, social and economic sustainability of the farms are
decreasing day by day.
On this research, silage making from grass, this technology which is the main subject of this
research must be considered as an innovation for Rize on the Eastern Black Sea Region since
it has not been used in the region. The region must also be considered as a disadvantaged
region in terms of grass drying because the limitations of sunny days during the grass harvest
season. Silage making from grass in not common not only in the region but also in other
regions of the country where animal husbandry is an intensive incomes source for farmers.
The first crop is being remembered for this purpose is maize. Although in developed countries
silage making from grass is a valuable input for animal husbandry, because of lack of research
and extension work it has not been publicized and adopted by farmers. This innovation will
bring many benefits to the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey because of the availability of
different grass varieties. On the other hand silage making from grass will ease the work of
farmers and provide enormous amount of labor save. Animal husbandry in the region, the
most important input to reduce the cost of fodder, they will make positive contributions to the
sustainability of the company with a better quality of animal production.
Keywords: Adoption, diffusion, silage, grass, sustainability, Rize
189
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT of SALT STRESS and EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
on LEEK (Allium Porrum L.) GROWTH AND YIELD PARAMETERS WITH 3D
MODELS
Mehmet Sait Kiremit1, Hakan Arslan1, Bilal Cemek1
1
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agricultural, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation,
55139, Samsun, Turkey
ABSTRACT
High temperature and low humidity results in high transpiration which in turn influences
negatively crop water potential through low yield and growth parameters. Effect of salt stress
and evapotranspiration on leek yield and quality parameters (plant height, stem weight,
evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, chlorophyll content, stem length, number of leaves,
stem diameter) assessed using 3D models. An increase in irrigation water salinity resulted in a
decline ET which had the effect of reducing crop yield. This study analyzed the effect of the
changes in ET and soil salinity on leek’s yield and growth parameters. In plant salinity stress
determination, water consumption as a second factor may be highly reflective of the effect of
various climatic conditions on crop salt tolerance.
Keywords: Leek, Allium Porrum L., soil salinity, salt stress, evapotranspiration
190
THE EFFECT OF TWO FEEDING REGIMENS (PROGRAMS) UPON BROILER
GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS TRAITS AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Mohammed I.A. Al-Neemi1, Mohammed S.B. Al-Hlawee1, Ilham N. Ezaddin1, Hesham
J.Mosa1, Abbas F. Abdulkadir1, Alan I. Khalil1
1
Kirkuk University, College of Agriculture, Kirkuk, Iraq
ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of using two feeding regimens (programs)
upon the broiler growth performance and processing traits. The first regimen (first treatment)
was included two types of the broiler diet. The chicks received the starter diet from day-old to
28 days of age and the finisher diet from 29 days of age to 42 days of age (market age), in the
Second regimen (Second treatment) the birds received three types of diets (Starter diets from
1-day-old to 21 days of age, grower diet from 22 days of age to 35 days of age while the
finisher diet fed to broilers from 36 days of age to market age (42 days of age). Formulation
of the diets was based on NRC standards. Experimental diets were formulated to have 3 levels
of crude protein (23, 20 and 18 %) for the starter, grower and finisher diets respectively with a
metabolized energy (3200 kcal/kg diet) in each starter, grower and finisher diets. The 1-dayold Ross-308 broiler chicks were randomly divided to 14 experimental pens, 25 chicks in each
pen and each feeding regimen was included 7 replicates (pens) randomly. The experimental
birds access ad libitum to water and feed. The birds maintained in environmentally controlled
broiler house under litter floor. At 42 day of age each pen birds was evaluated for
performance data were included live body weight (LBW), conversion ratio of feed, protein
and energy to (LBW) and to hot carcass weight (HCW). The performance efficiency factor
(PEF) and feed cost for production one kilogram of body weight (FC/BWP) and feed cost per
one kilogram carcass production (FC/CWP) were calculated. Then 10 broilers (5 males and 5
females) were randomly selected from each treatment for processing data. Processing
variables included HCW. The results at market age showed that broiler growth performance
and HCW for the birds of second treatment (Second feeding regimen) was better than the first
treatment (first regimen) birds.
Keywords: Feeding regimen, broiler, diet, growth performance, carcass traits
191
THE EFFECT OF USING LEVELS OF RED TIGER SHRIMP MEAL IN STARTER
BROILER DIET UPON GROWTH PERFORMANCE
Mohammed I.A. Al-Neemi1, Mohammed S.B. Al-Hlawee1, Ilham N. Ezaddin1, Soz A. Faris1,
Omer E. Fakhry1, Heemen S. Mageed1
1
Kirkuk University, College of Agriculture, Kirkuk, Iraq
ABSTRACT
This objective of this study was to measure the effect of replacing different levels of animal
protein concentrate with Red Tiger shrimp meal (RTSM) in the broiler starter diets. A total
300 broiler chicks (Ross_308) were randomly assigned in treatments dietary contained three
different levels of RTSM (0.00, 4.16 and 8.32%) with a completely randomized design
(CRD). Each treatment included four replicates (floor pens). The results of this study
indicated that body weight gain (B.W.G), conversion ratio of feed, protein and energy (F.CR,
P.C.R and E.C.R) were significantly (p≤0.05) decreased by Complete substituting (RTSM)
for animal protein concentration (third treatment). Mortality percentage significantly (p≤0.05)
increased for third dietary treatment. No significant differences were found for feed, protein
and energy intake among treatments during the experimental period (three weeks). In
conclusion, (RTSM) could be included to 4.16% in the broiler starter diet or substitute the
protein Red Tiger shrimp as alternative of protein animal protein concentrate as much as 50%.
Keywords: Red Tiger shrimp, broiler, starter diet, growth performance, animal protein
concentrate
192
ACUTE TOXICITY OF ANTIBIOTICS BY LEPIDIUM SATIVUM, DAPHNIA
MAGNA AND VIBRIO FISCHERI TOXICITY METHODS
Süheyla Tongur1, Rıfat Yıldırım
1
Selcuk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 42031 Campus, Konya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Antibiotics are among the extensively used medications by humans and animals. Most of the
antibiotics used by humans and animals are introduced into sewer system without undergoing
any change through feces and urine, and discharged to aquatic environment directly or
together with outlet waters of waste water treatment system.
In this study, all three toxicity test when the test results are analyzed, different sensitivities for
antibiotics with different characteristics. It was observed that the most sensitive values were
obtained from Vibrio fischeri toxicity test method among others. In Lepidium sativum test,
among animal antibiotics, Baytril-K was found to have maximum toxic effect difference
between the root and the stem. Similarly, among human antibiotics, Azro had toxic effect on
the rood but had a very toxic effect on the stem. In Vibrio fischeri test, when comparison was
made in terms of times elapsed for reading the results, 8.8% of decrease was observed for
animal origin Baytril-K antibiotics and 25% and 24.2% of increase were observed for
Clemipen-Strep and Entervet, respectively. In toxic units of human origin antibiotics; 40.4%,
60% and 100% of increase were observed for Klindan, Tetra and Azro, respectively. In
Daphnia magna test, when comparison was made in terms of times elapsed for reading the
results, 61,25% and 224,5% of increase were observed for Baytril-K and Entervet,
respectively. In toxic units of human origin antibiotics; 776,7%, 115% and 300% of increase
were observed for Klindan, Tetra and Azro, respectively. Toxicity of antibiotics for plants and
aquatic life was determined and different test methods used were compared in terms of
sensitivity. This study is very important with regards to the evaluation of the applicability of
the toxicity test methods used for such waste waters and shedding light on future studies on
toxicity.
Keywords: Antibiotic, Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia manga, Lepidium sativum, toxicity
193
LAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON CASSAVA PRODUCTION IN AKINYELE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE NIGERIA
I.O.Oyewo1, S.O.Adepoju2, M.O.Ojo3, E.O.Oyewo4, G.O Atanda5
*1, 3, 4 Federal College of Forestry, FRIN P.M.B. 5087 Jericho, Ibadan, Nigeria.
2
Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, FRIN Ibadan Nigeria.
1,4
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B 4000 Ogbomoso
ABSTRACT
Sustainable agricultural practices and food security has been a major activities in reducing
poverty level in a farming system especially among Nigerian farmers, therefore the study
analyzed the land management practices on cassava production in Akinyele local government
area of Oyo state using descriptive and multiple regression analysis; data for the study was
collected from 90 farmers from the three villages namely Olanla, Moniya and Akinyele with
the use of a well structured questionnaire. The study revealed that 75.0% were male, 48.9%
were married, 78.5% were between 41 and 71 years old, 76.1% had one form of formal
education, 60.9% had 1-5 while 38% had 6-10 household size and 57.6% use hired labour,
77.2% practice commercial farming system, 37.0% of the farmers produce between 20-100
bags (50kg /bag) of cassava per hectare. The study also revealed that farm size 0.687 was
positive and significant at 1%, extension agent visit -0.341 was negative but significant at 1%,
labour used 0.144 was positively significant at 10%, while time visit -0.244 and cover crop 0.148 were also negative but significant at 5% level. R2 was 0.664 which means 66.4%
account for the level of variation in the cassava output in the study area. The major problems
of farm practices identify include, inadequate extension agent visit to the farmers. The study
therefore recommended that extension workers should be made available and pays more
attention to the rural farmers in order to increase their production activities; cover cropping
should be encouraged; while bush burning practice by farmer should be discouraged in order
to sustained production.
Keywords: Sustainability, Impact, Farmers, Multiple regressions, Extension visit
194
A COMPUTER CONTROLLED IRRIGATION OF POTTED CHRYSANTHEMUM
GROWN AT OUTDOOR CONDITIONS
Halil KIRNAK
University of Erciyes, Agriculture Faculty, Biosystem Engineering Department, Kayseri-Turkey
ABSTRACT
A rapid and reliable method to estimate water requirements for chrysanthemum production
with practical applications to commercial operations was developed to promote water
conservation. A water-requirement prediction equation (R2 = 0.71) that used class A pan
evaporation along with plant-canopy height and width as input variables was generated.
Equation verification was carried out by comparing vegetative growth and quality of crops
irrigated according to the generated water-requirement equation to crops irrigated based on
demand and conservative fixed daily irrigation regimes. Vegetation growth of the plants
irrigated with the generated equation were smaller than plants grown by demand irrigation,
but plant quality was not significantly different. Applied water was significantly lower for
plants irrigated with the generated equation than would normally be applied in a commercial
operation using a conservative fixed daily irrigation rate.
Keywords: Evapotrasnpiration, automation,potted plants, soil moisture.
195
USE OF CLUSTER ANALYSIS TO EVALUATE THE SURFACE SEDIMENT
QUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF A LARGE BORATE RESERVE LAND IN TURKEY
Cem Tokatlı1, Arzu Çiçek2, Esengül Köse3
Department of Laboratory Technology, İpsala Vocational School, Trakya University, İpsala, Edirne, Turkey
2
Applied Environmental Research Centre, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
3
Department of Environmental Protection and Control, Eskişehir Vocational School, Eskişehir Osmangazi
University, Eskişehir, Turkey
1
ABSTRACT
Turkey has 70% of the total boron reserve of the world. Kırka county of Eskişehir Province
that is located in the border of Seydisuyu Stream Basin is one of the most important borate
deposits containing area of Turkey. It known that boron content of geological structure is
significantly effective on arsenic levels in general and arsenic may accumulate in the
environment through use of arsenical pesticides and application of fertilizers in agricultural
activities. In addition to the geologic structure of the Seydisuyu Stream Basin, mining
activities, agricultural and domestic discharges are the major pollution sources for the system.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the sediment quality of Seydisuyu Stream Basin
by a statistical perspective using Cluster Analysis (CA) by investigating arsenic and boron
concentrations in sediment samples. For this purpose sediment samples were collected from
15 stations (3 of them from the Çatören Dam Lake and 2 of them from the Kunduzlar Dam
Lake) in summer season of 2012. Arsenic and boron accumulations were measured by using
ICP-OES device and Cluster Analysis (CA) was applied to detected data in order to classify
the investigated stations according to similar contamination characteristics. According to the
results of CA, seven statistically significant clusters were formed with the similar arsenic and
boron contents. And the closest station to the Boron Mine that is known to be exposed to a
point discharge by means of mining activities formed a separate cluster as the highest
contaminated location for the basin in terms of arsenic and boron.
Keywords: Seydisuyu Stream Basin, Sediment Quality, Arsenic, Boron, Cluster Analysis
196
EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITY OF FUJI
APPLE GRAFTED ON TWO CLONAL ROOTSTOCKS
Hakan KELES1, Servet ARAS2 and Ahmet EŞİTKEN2
1
2
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bozok, Yozgat, Turkey
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Plants are exposed upon many abiotic stresses such as salinity, water stress, low temperature
in environment and among these stresses, salinity possesses many malignant effects on plant
growth and yield. Salt stress may have deleterious effects on plasma membranes, inhibition of
plant growth and inhibits protein synthesis and enzymatic activities. It is important to
determine mechanisms of stress tolerance to salinity. In this case, antioxidant enzyme
activities take a significant place. In our experiment, the effects of NaCl in the irrigation water
on antioxidant enzyme activity were studied. An apple plant cv Fuji grafted on M 9 and MM
106 clonal rootstocks was chosen for the experiment with following a randomized plot design
involving three replications, with 2 plants per replication. Up until the start of the experiment,
all plants were irrigated with tap water and then duration of the experiment plants were
watered with 35 mM NaCl solution. End of the study, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase
(SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and malondialdehyde (MDA) antioxidant activities were
determined and will be discussed.
Keywords: fuji apples Antioxidant Enzyme Activity, Salt Stress
197
AGRO ECOSYSTEMS IN THE BASIN OF OUARGLA (ALGERIA): DEVELOPING
A TYPOLOGY AND ANALYSIS OF OPERATION
Benbessisse Yamina1, Bouaamar Boualem1
1
University Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Fac. Science of Nature and of Life, Lab. Research on Date Palm, Ouargla,
30000, Algeria
Correspondence author’s e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The oasis agro-ecosystem is the most important reason for human settlement in the desert; it
plays a fundamental role in the balance and stability of society in this arid environment.
Plantations of palm trees in the basin of Ouargla were the outline of a life and the foundation
of oasis society. The importance of these oases is not limited only to profitability, but
especially regarding the viability and sustainability of an ecosystem where man is the main
element. Traditional agriculture was considered the main economic activity of the oasis
population whose production is intended primarily for home consumption (subsistence
farming).
This oasis in recent years has suffered extreme neglect and severe degradation, threatening the
existence of this heritage. The ancient agricultural system that constitutes the bulk of these
palm groves, suffered several economic constraints and mainly sociological, which makes any
intervention difficult rehabilitation or impossible.
Because of these problems, we have tried to penetrate to the bottom of the palm groves and
try to touch the real constraints and problems, and even to allow the assets to develop a
typology of agro-ecosystems.
This aims at a better understanding of the true causes of the degradation of palm groves.
Keywords: Agro-ecosystem, oasis, basin of Ouargla, typology.
198
BACTERIOCINS ISOLATED FROM CAMEL MILK
Siboukeur O., Siboukeur A. and Saouli S.
Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Algeria
ABSTRACT
The camel milk differs from other milks by the presence of a powerful protective system
related to relatively high levels in lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, component -3 of
proteose- peptons (PP3), organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and in bacteriocins produced by
the lactococci. These lactic acid bacteria are widely used as preservatives in the industrial
sector including the food industry.
The objective set for work aimed optimizing growing conditions of a strain of Lactococcus
lactis sub.sp lactis isolated from camel milk in view the production of bacteriocins ' type
nisin. "
These lactic acid bacteria are widely used as preservatives in the industrial sector including
the food industry. To do this, different concentrations of glucose and fructose (0.25%, 0.5%,
1%, 1.5% and 2%) have been added to both M17 and MRS culture media.
The strains have been incubated for two different time of incubation (18 and 24 hours). The
growth of bacterial in these modified environments has been measured by turbidity and pH
evolution. The results have showed that the growth of bacterial is better in M17 culture media
supplemented with 1% fructose after 24 hours of incubation.
Keywords: milk, camel, culture, Lactococci, optimization, fructose, glucose, M17, MRS
199
MANAGEMENT OF ALTERNATE BEARING DILEMMA IN PECAN THROUGH
FOLIAR ETHEPHON THINNING IN NEW MEXICO, USA
Shad Khan Khalil1, John Mexal2, Abdur Rehman1, Said Wahab1, Amanullah1, I.H. Khalil1 ,
Zahid Hussain, 3,Amir Zaman Khan1
1
The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, USA, 3= Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan
2
ABSTRACT
Alternate bearing is a serious problem in pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch]
production which result in excessive fruits of low quality in one year, usually followed by
very low fruit next year and the growers end up with low economic return in both years.
Application of foliar ethylene has been used successfully as an alternative method for fruit
thinning with little available information on pecan. The aim of this research was to evaluate
effect of various levels of ethephon on pecan fruit thinning, yield and quality. Five ethephon
treatments (0, 200, 400, 600 ppm, water spray) were applied to 27 year old pecan cultivar
Wichita at Leyendecker Plant Science Center, College of Agricultural, Consumer and
Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, USA. Foliar ethephon
was applied as a source of ethylene. Foliar ethephon significantly increased leaf chlorosis, leaf
defoliation and kernel quality and reduced total kernel weight, but showed non significant
effect on number of nuts at harvest. It is concluded that 600 ppm foliar ethephon could be
used to obtain good quality nuts during year of excessive fruit load and may increase fruit set
in the following year of low crop load enabling the growers to get maximum profit on regular
basis from pecan orchards.
Keywords: Ethephon, fruit thinning, yield, quality, pecan
200
PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OF FISH FARMING IN IBADAN IBARAPA ZONE OF
OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Sanusi W.A,Ige, Deborah Abosede
The Department Of Agricultural Economics, Ladoke Akintola University Of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State,
Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This study investigates fish farming productivity by estimating the level of technical
efficiency for a sample of fish farmers in Ido and Oluyole local government. Data was
obtained from the respondents through a well structured questionnaires and interview
schedule.
In this study, a total of 60 fish farmers were selected using multistage sampling techniques.
Descriptive statistical tools were used to analyze the socio economic characteristics of the
farmers and constraints facing them. Gross margin analysis was used to analyze costs and
return. DEA analysis was used to determine their efficiency, while tobit regression model was
used to analyse determinants of efficiency. The study revealed that about 68.3% chose fish
farming as their minor occupation, 63.3% engaged in fish farming for family consumption,
86.7% did it for sales. 70% have 1-5 years of fish farming experience, 66.67% have 1-10
years of farming experience, 75% operated only 1 pond each. 40% of the respondents acquire
their land through inheritance, 46.7% used earthen pond, 76.7% are members of cooperative
society and 66.7% had no access to credit. The finding shows that fish farming was profitable
with net farm income of N374100.09 per fish farmers in the study area. Majority of the fish
farmers are relatively technical efficient in their use of resources with mean technical
efficiency of 84.9%, 89.0%, 95.5%, under CRS, VRS, and SE respectively. Farmers’ sex and
fish farming experience had inverse relationship with the efficiency of fish farming in the
study areas, farmers’ age had direct relationship under both CRS and VRS, while access to
credit had direct inverse relationship with efficiency under SE specification. The analysis
shows a slack of 4.184kg, 2,972.091m2,2,411.008kg, N112,119.49 and 2,284.597; in fish
output, pond size, feed, labour and number of fingerlings respectively. Major problem facing
the fish farmers were limited access to credit, marketing, transportation and access to quality
feed. The study therefore concluded that measures should be taken to improve technical
efficiency, in order to bridge the gap between fish demand and supply, to bring about selfsufficiency in fish production.
Keywords: fish farming, fish production, Oyo State, Nigeria
201
PREDICTING NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS TO AUGMENT GRAIN PROTEIN IN
SPRING WHEAT MAY IMPROVE NITROGEN EFFICIENCY
Joel Ransom1, Grant Mehring1, Matthew Chaput1
1
North Dakota State University
ABSTRACT
Hard red spring wheat is a premium class of wheat in North America because of its high
protein and gluten content. The market offers a discount or a premium when protein levels fall
below or exceed 14%. Newer varieties have higher yield but often produce lower protein
levels. Furthermore, when conditions are favorable for yield, protein levels tend to be lower
than expected. Being able to predict the need for additional in-season nitrogen to ensure
adequate protein levels could help growers meet the quality standards of the market place. It
can also help reduce the risk of applying more nitrogen in the spring than is required, thus
increasing nitrogen use efficiency, especially in relation to the efficiency of nitrogen used for
protein production. The plant attributes NDVI, SPAD, flag leaf nitrogen, and relative
greenness were found to be predictive of protein when measured after flag leaf emergence and
can be used to help determine if a foliar application post flowering of urea ammonium nitrate
might be profitable. The same measurements earlier in the season were less predictive of
protein but may have some value in predicting yield. Simple models that might predict yield
based on early season weather data were also tested for their ability to predict yield and
protein and these results will also be discussed.
Keywords: NDVI, foliar fertilization
202
TURKISH FARMERS’ PERCEPTION AND EXPECTATIONS ON FUTURE OF
ROSE OIL MARKETS
Tufan BAL-Bahar DURKUT
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Suleyman Demirel University, 32220, Isparta,
Türkiye
ABSTRACT
There are more than 10.000 rose farmers in Turkey and 8.700 of them lives in Isparta
province. The revenue from rose oil and rose production exportation in Isparta is
approximately 15 million Euros in 2012. Most of rose oils produced goes to exports mainly
France, USA and Germany. Turkey is leading country in terms of total rose oil and rose
product production in the world and its main competitor is Bulgaria. Along with Bulgaria’s
access to European Union in 2008. Bulgaria began to get some financial supports for rose
farming. In this study, farmer perception and expectations of rose farmers on future of rose oil
markets for Turkey were investigated. For this reason, farm survey is conducted with 109 rose
farmers in 2013. According to results, state supports for rose farming for farmers is found
insufficient. Almost half of (47,7%) participant to survey indicated that Bulgaria’s accession
to EU has negative effects for Turkish rose farmers. Most of producers has expectations from
Gulbirlik (The biggest rose producer union in the region) in order to find new markets for rose
oil in the world and Turkish state should create a new strategies for negative effects on rose
markets.
Keywords: Essential Oil, Rose Oil Market, Bulgaria, Turkey
203
CONTRIBUTION OF THE LOCAL TO THE GLOBAL: AN ECOCRITICAL
APPROACH TO THE PRESENT ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
Barış Mete
Selcuk University
ABSTRACT
Among other areas of scientific research, literary studies have played significant roles to offer
possible solutions to the problems of the modern man. Although they have not been directly
involved in the processes of solution, literary studies have been able to offer influential
theoretical discussions for such contemporary complications. In terms of today’s
environmental crisis, environmental literary studies are playing one of the leading roles to
initiate consciousness and recognition for the environmental catastrophe. Pertinent to this,
ecocriticism, canonically defined as “the study of the relationship between literature and the
physical environment” by C. Glotfelty, centres on our planet, the earth; and it intends to figure
out the specific relationship between literary arts and the physical environment since
representations of the environment display the way human beings treat it. This study,
therefore, aims at bringing together the concepts of the local and the global in terms of today’s
cultural outlook over nature and the environment in order to reach a synthesis that can
possibly lead us to further discoveries of environmental literary studies. Similar to the
artificially constructed binary opposition between culture and nature, the global and the local
have been just one of other binary oppositions established by man. Instead of a mutual
agreement and contribution between these two terms, a strong confrontation between them
has been preferred. However, for the purposes of environmental and ecological awareness, the
local has been contributing to the global in a number of aspects. In this respect, this research
investigates selected environmentally-conscious texts of both R. H. Karay and J. Fowles in
order to exemplify how complementarily a Turkish and a British writer’s nature writing fuses
the local and the global environmental perceptions.
Keywords: Ecology, environment, nature, ecocriticism, literature, nature writing, global,
local.
204
BIODETECTION OF ALGERIAN POLLUTED SOILS BY HYDROCARBONS
USING TELLURIC HYDROCARONOCLASTS BACTERIA
Amel Bouderhem1, Aminata Ould El Hadj Khelil1, Mohammed Amine Gacem1, Aroussi
Aroussi 2
1
Laboratoire de Protection des Ecosystemes en Zones Arides et Semi-Arides
Université de Ouargla .PB. 511 Ouargla, 30000, Algérie
2
Centre de Recherche et Développement (CRD) Sonatrach Hassi Messaoud, Ouargla 30000, Algérie
Correspondence author’s e-mail:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The detection of hydrocarbon in contaminated soils using telluric bacteria has been the subject
of this study. Bacteriological diagnosis of the soils studied revealed the presence of 15
bacterial strains degrading hydrocarbons divided into eight families. The less polluted sample
(123.4 ± 0.1 g oil / kg soil) contains nine bacterial strains with a biomass of 6.4.108 ± 0.02
CFU / g soil. However, this biodiversity is inversely proportional to the increase of the
hydrocarbon content in polluted samples. Indeed, in the most contaminated sample (247.12 ±
0.8g hydrocarbon / kg soil), only Microccocus luteus was isolated with a biomass of 1.1 ±
1.1.104 CFU / kg soil. This strain is also present in all soil samples studied.
Keywords: Soil, Pollution, hydrocarbons, Biodetection, Biodiversity, bacterial strain(s).
205
ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF SOME SPONTANEOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS
USED IN THE TRADITIONAL MEDICINE OF OUARGLA
Aminata Ould El Hadj-Khelil1, Soumia Hadjadj1, Zahia Bayoussef2
Laboratoire de Protection des Ecosystèmes en Zones Arides et Semi-Arides.Université deOuargla BP 511
Ouargla 30000 Algérie
2
Laboratoire de Chimie des Eaux et Génie d’Ingénieur en Milieu Saharien. Université de Ouargla BP 511
Ouargla 30000 Algérie
1
ABSTRACT
This work was launched to exploit the ancestral knowledge of the traditional pharmacopeia in
the area of Ouargla (Algeria).
An ethnobotanical study of six spontaneous plants (Atriplexhalimus L., Searsiatripartita
(Ucria) Moffett, Limoniastrumguyonianum,Ruta tuberculataForsk.,TamarixgallicaL.and
Nitrariaretusa) was carried out in different localities of the target region, by consultation of
different medicinal plants users, using a predesigned questionnaire.
The traditional healers in the study area use the investigated species for the treatment of
various diseases and disorders. The average of the informant consensus factor (FIC) value for
all ailment categories was 0.93 with the highest number of species being used for digestive
problems (449) followed by dermatological symptoms (154) and nervous disorders (144).
These pathologies are mainly treated by leaves in the form of decoction representing the
dominant formulation. The oral administration that regroups the majority use forms of which
the drink, is the more exercised.
Keywords: Ethnobotanical study, Spontaneous plants, Traditional pharmacopeia, Ouargla
206
STUDY OF THE BIOMETRY IN DROMEDARY: CASE OF THE SAHARAWI
POPULATION
Adamou Abdelkader1, Babelhadj Baaissa1, et Benaissa Atika1
1
Laboratoire de protection des écosystèmes dans les zones arides et semi-arides
Université de Ouargla, 30000 Ouargla, Algérie
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to determine the performance bathymetry applicable to camels
Sahraoui population. This study was realized on a sample of 60 dromedaries of Saharaoui
population from the south of Algeria in the region of Ouargla. The animals, 30 males and 30
females, are adults over 6 years destined for slaughter. Before slaughter (in Ouargla abattoir),
measurements during their life-time were performed (3 parameters), carcass weight was then
recovered at the slaughterhouse. Linear regression equations were proposed in order to
estimate the animal’s live weight, and its height at the withers from the best correlated
measurements. The mean values of the total population of animals in the standard of saharawi
race, averaging 460 kg to a height of a little over 182 cm. The average yields for slaughter are
50 %. The live weight of the animal and carcass weight are very well correlated or the weight
of the animal with his chest or waist circumference.
Keywords: Biometry, Saharaoui population, Sahara, Camelus dromedarius
207
THE EFFECTS OF Fe-EDDHA APPLICATION ON THE YIELD AND SOME
QUALITY PARAMETERS OF FRESH GRAPES (Vitis Vinifera L.) PRODUCTION
Şenay Aydın1, Bülent Yağmur2, E. Dilşat Yeğenoğlu1, Halis Şimşek3
1
Celal Bayar University, Alasehir Vocational School, Alasehir, Manisa, Turkey, 45600
Ege University, Agriculture Faculty, Soil Science and Plant Production, Bornova, Izmir, TURKEY, 35100
3
North Dakota State University, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Fargo, North Dakota,
USA, 58108
2
ABSTRACT
Turkey is one of the important seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) producers in the world
market. About 80% of the grape production is obtained from Aegean Region in Turkey.
Manisa Province in Aegean Region is one of the major provinces for seedless raisin (Vitis
vinifera L.) production. Therefore, the quality of soil in this province is important to obtain
good quality of raisins. Fe deficiency (Fe chlorosis) is one of the main microelement
deficiency in Aegean Region soils due to high pH and rich calcium carbonate levels in the
soils. Besides the inorganic Fe salts which were applied on soils or sprayed on leaves, organic
chelates that contained Fe as FeEDTA or FeEDDHA were used to rectify Fe clorosis in the
soils in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different
FeEDDHA doses on the yield and some quality parameters (water soluble dry matter %, pH,
titratable acidity %, total Fe and active Fe content of leaves) of fresh grapes grown in Manisa
Province, Alasehir County, Kemaliye District. This district is known for high level of Fe
chlorosis. Randomized complete block design method with 4 replications was used for
experimental design. Four different levels of FeEDDHA (0, 20, 40, and 60 g/vine) chelates
were applied into the soil and each of three vines were selected as one replication. The results
of statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in both yield and some
quality parameters (water soluble dry matter %, pH, titrable acidity in fresh grapes and total
Fe, active Fe content in leaves) of grapes grown in Kemaliye district as a result of FeEDDHA
application.
Keywords: Grape, Vitis vinifera L., yield, FeEDTA, FeEDDHA, quality criteria.
208
TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF RICE PRODUCTION IN THE NORTHERN AND
ASHANTI REGIONS OF GHANA
Sheila Agyemang1, Dr. Yaw Asante1, Dr. Edward Ebo Onumah1
1
University of Ghana
ABSTRACT
The study examined the technical efficiency and its determinants of rice production in the
Ashanti and the Northern regions of Ghana. The stochastic frontier Analysis was employed
using a cross-sectional data of 300 rice farmers. The results show that elasticity of mean
output for all inputs are positive, whereas the computed return to scale reveals that on
average, rice farmers exhibit decreasing return to scale. The combined effects of operational
and farm-specific factors influence technical efficiency although individual effects of some
variables were not significant. The findings of the study showed that the rice farmers are 65%
technically efficient, revealing that there is the possibility of increasing output by 35%
through the adoption of best farm practices by rice farmers so as to boost production.
Keywords: Rice production, Efficiency, stochastic frontier analysis, Northern region and
Ashanti region.
209
ORCHESTRATING WEB SERVICES TO MONITOR ENVIRONMENTAL
PARAMETERS DYNAMICALLY WITHIN KONYA BASIN GEOPORTAL
Fatih SARI1, Ekrem TUŞAT2
Selçuk University, Çumra Vocational School, Geographical Information System Department
Selçuk University, Çumra Applied Sciences Faculty, Management Information System Department
1
2
ABSTRACT
Protect the environment is a vital object all around the world due to the global warming, air
pollution, decreasing water resources, changing climate conditions, destroyed animal and
plant species, big migrations and destroyed world with wastes and carbon pollutants. These
problems have an importance which is equal to human life and must be considered urgently to
establish a management and monitoring platform from local to international scales to predict
and protect the environment.
The main aim of this study is developing Konya Basin GeoPortal to provide environmental
management within Web Based Geographical Information system which includes water
resources, groundwater, meteorological observations, forests, agricultural lands, digital
elevation models, air quality and LANDSAT images to constitute infrastructure of
environmental monitoring. Due to the temporal structure of environmental parameters, the
Geoportal system also includes Web Processing Service (WPS) and Web Map Service –Time
(WMS-T) implementations to environmental monitoring which are one of the first
implementation of these standards to environmental monitoring in Turkey. The entire
GeoPortal system will constitute a technical platform for all stakeholders and provides spatial
data together with view, query, download and visualization functions of spatial data.
Keywords: WMS-Time, Web Services, GeoPortal, Web Based Geographical Information
Systems, Environmental Monitoring
210
ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDE POLLUTION IN SOIL AND PLANTS FROM
CROPLAND IN KONYA
M.E. Aydin1, S. Aydin1, F. Beduk1, A. Tekinay1, M. Kolb2, M. Bahadir2
1
Necmettin Erbakan University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya, TURKEY.
Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Hagenring 30,
38106 Braunschweig, GERMANY.
2
ABSTRACT
One of the most important routes of exposure to synthetic organic contaminants is the
consumption of contaminated foods. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and
organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are persistent organic compounds that have adverse
health effects on human. These contaminants accumulate in various environmental media and
finally reach the human biosystem. In this study, pesticide contamination of both crops
cultivated in Konya region and soils of this region were determined. 27 soil samples and 13
wheat samples were analyzed for OCPs (-HCH, -HCH, -HCH, δ-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin,
heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate, p,p’-DDE,
p,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDT, endrin, endrin aldehyde, endrin ketone, methoxychlor) and OPPs
(malathion, parathion, methyl-parathion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon). The determinations of
OCPs and OPPs were carried out with a gas chromatograph (GC, Agilent 6890 N) equipped
with mass selective detector (MSD, Agilent 5973). Soil samples were extracted with the
traditional soxhlet extraction. OCPs and OPPs in grain, leaf and stem parts of wheat samples
were determined by QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method.
Maximum concentration of OCPs in soil samples was determined for ƩHCH (-HCH, HCH, -HCH, δ-HCH) and ƩEndosulfan (endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate), in
the range of 8.74 - 71.8 µg kg-1 and 1.99 - 112 µg kg-1, respectively. Malathion and
chlorpyrifos were the dominant OPPs in soil and wheat samples. Maximum concentrations of
malathion and chlorpyrifos in soil samples were 222 µg kg-1 and 556 µg kg-1, respectively.
Maximum total OCPs and total OPPs in the grain were 2.32 mg kg-1 and 15.4 mg kg-1,
respectively. ƩDDT was determined in the range of 0.02 – 0.06 mg kg-1 in grain samples.
Almost all compounds were determined above the maximum limit values given by Turkish
Food Codex. It was concluded that the Konya soils and the wheat cultivated in this region are
excessively contaminated with OCPs and OPPs. Besides, prohibited pesticides are obviously
still being used in the area.
Keywords: Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), soil,
wheat, pollution.
211
THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION ON POLISH
MEAT INDUSTRY
Robert Mroczek Ph.D. 1, Miroslawa Tereszczuk MSc 1
1
Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics- National Research Institute, Swietokrzyska ,Warsaw, POLAND
ABSTRACT
The meat industry is the largest sector of the food industry in Poland. Absorbs approx. ¼
employed throughout the food industry, and its share of sold production value amounts to
approx. 1/3 of the production of the food industry. Polish accession to the European Union (in
May 2004) meant for our whole food economy free trade in agri-food products with the
countries of the European Community. Meat production was considered a sensitive sector and
included transitional period to adapt to the meat industry standards and requirements of the
EU. In a short time - approx. 2 years several times increased the number of meat companies
that could export their products to the EU market.
The fast development of the meat industry in Poland after EU accession was driven by export
and domestic demand. The main recipient of meat and meat products became and still are
European Union countries, mainly EU-15. In the last ten years, our membership in the EU
structures strengthened our position in the European Union. We are an important producer of
red meat (pork and beef) and in poultry meat production we have become a leader in EU
market. Despite the further concentration of meat production, the structure of the meat
industry enterprises remains fragmented, as in small and medium-sized (employing up to 249
people) is located half the output of this sector.
Keywords: meat industry, Poland, integration, European Union
212
USING FOLK LITERATURE FOR INCREASING ENVIRONMENTAL
AWARENESS
1
1
Defne ERDEM METE
Selçuk Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü, Konya, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Fostering environmental awareness and developing social responsibility for its protection
should be one of the objectives of all educational practices. Environmental or ecocritical
pedagogy deals with how this can be achieved in different educational contexts. However,
there are not enough studies carried out in this field. Environmental perspectives in a society
are closely linked to its culture. In this respect, Turkish folk literature has an important place
in shaping people’s awareness about nature. While Turkish students learn about folk literature
at schools, examining such literary works from the perspective of ecocritical pedagogy is not
common. This paper suggests ways of approaching environmental issues in the framework of
both ecocritical and global education by using examples from Turkish folk literature,
including mystic poetry.
Keywords: folk literature, ecocritical pedagogy, global education, environmental awareness
213
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LABORATORY ASSESSMENTS OF THE SEED
QUALITY AND THE FIELD EMERGENCE OF OILSEED RAPE (BRASSICA
NAPUS) SEED LOTS
Reza Heidari pour1, Abdoljalil Yanegh1, Mohammad Khajeh-Hosseini2, Ali Noroozian1
1
Ph.D Student of Agro Ecology, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of
Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2
Associate Professor of Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
Mashhad, Iran
ABSTRACT
The quality of the sown seeds affects the germination, seedling establishment, and yield of
crops. The standard germination test is the basic test for seed quality evaluation, though it is
not always able to predict field emergence. Since seed lots having similar high laboratory
germination reveal large differences in their ability to emerge in the field. Controlled
deterioration (CD) test can be superior to laboratory germination as an indicator of field
emergence. Samples of nineteen oilseed rape (Brassica napus) seed lots, were obtained from
nineteen farmers in different cities of Razavi and Northern Khorasan Provinces, to assess the
quality, vigour and their field emergence. The correlation between laboratory assessment of
seed lots before CD test and emergence in the field was not significant. Controlled
deterioration had most negative effect on the final germination, percentage of normal
seedlings and mean germination time of the seed lots. High correlation between laboratory results
after controlled deteriorated test with the seedling emergence and establishment in the field indicated
that the CD test is able to assess the seed quality of oilseed rape before sowing in order to estimate the
field emergence and crop establishment.
Keywords: Controlled deterioration, Field emergence, Oilseed rape, Seed vigour, Standard
germination
214
DETERMINATION OF SAND MOVEMENT OF COASTAL DUNES IN SAMSUN –
BAFRA
Serkan İç1, Ayşe Erel 2
1
Blacksea Agricultural Research Institute, Samsun, TURKEY
Region Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Samsun, TURKEY
2
ABSTRACT
This study was aimed to determine harmful sandy movements which occur by the effect of
wind, for arable land in sandy land of 20 km coastal zone of Alacam-Bafra District of
Samsun. Main titles of study are living and lifeless fences and subtitles are hydroseeding,
traditional planting and afforestration. Mat; made by reed plant was used as lifeless fence
which exist in natural vegetation and wild oleaster used as living fence. At the end of the
study; development and living rates of trees, wind properties as climatic parameters and soil
losses were determined. As a result; comparing living fence with lifeless fence, lifeless fence
application was more effective to inhibit the new material movement to the new plots.
Depositions to the plots were decreased after 3 years for the subtitles by living fence. Sand
depositions determined in 2009 only in four subtitle by living fence and given in the following
order; hydroseeding 8 t/da/year, afforestration 32 t/da/year, afforestration+hydroseeding 56
t/da/year and afforestration+ traditional planting 60 t/da/year. In other plots sand removal
determined. Sand depositions were stopped and sand removal decreased in 3 years. Long-term
average wind directions are in the following order; %54 south-southwest, %31 northnortheast and %15 north-northwest. As a result; living fence is the most suitable application
for 3 years stabilization in Bafra district. Also lifeless fence decreased the removal of sand
from the plots by 3 year. We recommended that hydroseeding application as the minimum
values for both losses and depositions by durable stabilization in subtitles.
Keywords: Sand dune stabilization, wind fence, afforestration, hydroseeding
215
EFFECT OF DAIRY CATTLE BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION (DCBA) MEMBERSHIP
ON SUSTAINABILITY OF INNOVATIONS IN SAMSUN PROVINCE OF TURKEY
K. Demiryürek1, N.İ. Abacı1, S, Abacı, S. Atasever2, H. Erdem2
1
2
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Samsun, Turkey
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Sciences, Samsun, Turkey
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research is to analyse the effects of Dairy Cattle Breeders’ Association
(DCBA) memberships on the sustainability of dairy related innovations in Samsun province
of Turkey. Thus, the personal and farm characteristics of members and non-members of the
DCBA were initially compared and the relations between these characteristics and the
sustainability of innovations were analysed. Structured interviews were used to collect data
from 43 members and 65 non-members of the Association by random sampling. The members
had higher socio-economic status compared to the non-members in terms of farmers' personal
characteristics and farm structure (i.e. gross agricultural and husbandry incomes, time
allocated for agriculture and dairying, size of agricultural land and feed crops, number of
European breeds, milk yield, agricultural information and innovation scores). Some of these
factors affected the sustainability of innovations which were measured as the innovation
sustainability index (ISI) and calculated by multiplying the number of innovations with their
years of adoption. Thus, partial correlation coefficient between ISI and some variables
(controlled by Association membership) was calculated. The result showed that the years of
formal education, agricultural information score, agricultural income, milk yield, size of feed
crops and number of European breeds were positively correlated with ISI. Positive association
between ISI and higher socio-economic status emphasizes the importance of Association
membership in adopting and sustaining innovations. It can be suggested that more functional
cooperation between public and private institutions is needed to motivate conventional dairy
farmers to adopt and sustain modern dairy farming innovations.
Keywords: Dairy cattle, innovation sustainability, information, breeder association
216
NEW RECORDS of SUBGENUS PARADIACHALCOIDEA DACCORDI, 1978 and
CHRYSOLINA DOHRNII (FAIRMAIRE, 1865) for TURKEY (CHRYSOMELIDAE:
CHRYSOMELINAE: CHRYSOLINA)
Hüseyin Özdikmen1, Didem Coral Şahin2, Cemil Yetkin3
1
Gazi University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, 06500 Ankara / Turkey.
2
Plant Health Centeral Research Institute, Ankara / Turkey.
3
GAP Agricultural Research Institute, Şanlıurfa / Turkey
Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], didemsahin@
ziraimucadele.gov.tr
ABSTRACT
This paper presents Chrysolina (Paradiachalcoidea) dohrnii (Fairmaire, 1865) from Şanlıurfa
province as a new record for Turkey. Accordingly, the subgenus Paradiachalcoidea
Daccordi, 1978 is a new record for Turkey too.
They are discussed and photographed.
Keywords: Chrysomelidae, Chrysolina, Paradiachalcoidea, Chrysolina dohrnii, New
Records, Turkey.
217
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF PURPLE CARROT ORIGINATED
FROM CENTRAL ANATOLIA
Hilmiye Erişdi, Önder Türkmen, Erdoğan Eşref Hakkı, Fatma Akın
Selcuk University Konya-Turkey
ABSTRACT
Due to the increase in the usage of purple carrot in the juice industry and in food coloring
area, demand of World food industry on this material keeps increasing. In Turkey, however
this country is the center of origin of the purple carrot and the cultivation of this vegetable
keeps gaining ground especially in Ereğli town of Konya region in Central Anatolia, up to
date, no important breeding study is available. In this respect, the current study focused on
molecular characterization of genotypes collected from the regions of intensive cultivation of
the crop, including Hatay, Konya-Center, Konya-Çumra and Konya-Ereğli. Results of this
study will shed light on the genetic diversity between populations guiding comprehensive
future breeding processes.
Twenty three purple carrot genotypes were utilized in the molecular characterization of the
pool using a PCR based marker system, namely ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats). In
total, 24 ISSR primers were tested, 12 of which were found polymorphic. One random
individual from each population (Individual Group) and a set of 7 individuals, including the
random sample of the Individual Group, comprising another group with equal DNA
contribution from every sample (Bulk Group) were arranged for molecular characterization.
The polymorphic bands were scored according to the presence and absence of a specific size
fragment and simple matching coefficient was used for the matrix to dendrogram using
NTSYS PC 2.1software. According to the result obtained, the total polymorphism of the
Individual group was 92%, while that of the Bulk group was found to be 73.88%.
Keywords: Genetic diversity, ISSR, Purple carrot, Molecular characterization.
218
THE EFFECTS OF AGROBIODIVERSITY ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Ahmet Direk
Bilkent University Ankara – Turkey
ABSTRACT
Biodiversity states the richness of a living in terms of numbers and diversity.
Agrobiodiversity is a sub- branch of Biodiversity. Agrobiodiversity is the result of natural
selection processes and the careful selection and inventive developments of farmers, herders
and fishers over millennia. Many people’s food and livelihood security depend on the
sustained management of various biological resources that are important for food and
agriculture. Agricultural biodiversity, also known as agrobiodiversity or the genetic resources
for food and agriculture, includes:

Harvested crop varieties, livestock breeds, fish species and non-domesticated
(wild) resources within field, forest, rangeland including tree products, wild
animals hunted for food and in aquatic ecosystems (e.g. wild fish);

Non-harvested species in production ecosystems that support food provision,
including soil micro-biota, pollinators and other insects such as bees, butterflies,
earthworms, greenflies; and

Non-harvested species in the wider environment that support food production
ecosystems (agricultural, pastoral, forest and aquatic ecosystems).
Keywords: biodiversity, agrobiyodiversity, agrobiyodiversity in Turkey
219
OCCURRENCE AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF
ANALGESICS IN WASTEWATER
Mehmet Emin AYDIN 1, Senar AYDIN1, Havva KILIÇ 1, Arzu TEKINAY 1
1
Necmettin Erbakan University, Environmental Engineering Department, Konya, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Pharmaceuticals have an important role in the treatment and prevention of disease in humans and
animals. Analgesics generally affect central nervous system and are used to prevent pain. Analgesics
and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most prescribed drugs. Analgesics
are extensively used without prescription in many countries. Prolonged presence of xenobiotic such as
analgesics in the aquatic environment increases the potential threat to people's endocrine system. A
significant portion of pharmaceutical wastes in wastewater is composed of anti-inflammatory (AI) and
analgesic drugs (AN). Pharmaceuticals are generally released in natural waters via wastewater
treatment plants, hospitals, industrials, households and farming. Excretion is the major source of water
and soil pollution by pharmaceuticals. 160 types of drugs were determined in wastewater treatment
plant effluents, groundwater and surface water in the literature. Presence of pharmaceuticals in
environmental water is considered as an emerging environmental problem due to their detrimental
effects on aquatic organisms at low concentrations.
In this study, analgesics such as Acetaminophen (ACETAM), Indomethacin (INDO), Acetylsalicylic
acid (ACETLY. ACID), Phenylbutazone (PHENYL) Codeine (CO) were determined in wastewaters
and ecotoxicological risk level was evaluated using obtained results. Firstly, analytical method for
determination of analgesics in wastewater was optimized. Solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure was
carried out different conditions. The effect of the sample pH and volume, type of the cartridge (Oasis
MCX and Oasis HLB cartridges), analit concentration was studied. Pretreatment of the sample and
matrix effect were also investigated. The detection of analgesics was carried out by HPLC-MS. Limit
of Detection (LOD) values for studied compounds were determined between 0.161 and 8.413 ng/L,
while Limit of Quantification (LOQ) values were determined between 0.536 and 28.04 ng/L.
Wastewater samples were taken from Konya Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant input and output.
INDO was not detected in influent and effluent samples. CO, PHENYL, ACETYL ACID and
ACETAM were detected as 126 ng/L, 1768 ng/L, 44 ng/L and 768 ng/L in influent samples,
respectively. CO, PHENYL, ACETYL ACID and ACETAM were detected as 121 ng/L, 2860 ng/L,
88 ng/L and 696 ng/L in effluent samples, respectively. The hazard quotient (HQ) for each individual
compound was calculated according to EU guidelines as the quotient between the measured
environmental concentration (MEC) and the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC). The
individual concentration quantified for each analgesic compounds in the wastewater samples was
taken as MEC.PNEC values were derived from the available aquatic toxicity data using three different
species (algae, crustaceans and fish) from different tropic levels. The HQ values for ACETLY ACID
and CO were determined below 0.1, which means insignificant risk to aquatic organisms. The HQ
values of ACETAM for fish and algae were determined below 0.1 while the value for Daphnia magna
was determined between 0.1 and 1 which indicates potential risk.
Acknowledgments –This study was supported by TUBA-GEBIP Project.
Keywords: Analgesics, Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment, Wastewater.
220
BETA BLOCKERS IN THE URBAN WASTEWATER: DETERMINATION AND
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT
Senar AYDIN1, Mehmet Emin AYDIN 1, Arzu TEKİNAY 1, Havva KILIÇ1
1
Necmettin Erbakan University, Environmental Engineering Department, Konya, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Beta-blockers are one of the most important classes of pharmaceuticals and they are used
hypertension, cardiac dysfunction and angina, anxiety. After human consumption betablockers are first subjected to metabolism and then they are excreted as metabolites and
unchanged parent compounds. Main environmental resources are metabolic waste of patients
to sewer system. These compounds show low removal during sewage treatment processes due
to the physicochemical properties and they are able to reach water resources. Beta blockers
may have potential toxic effects on aquatic organisms, they affect biological functions such as
reproduction. Beta-blockers have frequently been determined in surface and wastewaters at
ng/L and µg/L levels.
In this study, the analytical methods optimization for analysis of beta-blockers (metoprolol
(MET), propranolol (PRO), atenolol (ATE), satolol (STL), timolol (TML)) in wastewater
were carried out. The presence of the compounds in Konya Urban Wastewater Treatment
Plant influent and effluent samples was investigated and the ecotoxicological risk assessment
was carried out according to the results obtained. The extraction of the samples was
performed with SPE system using Oasis HLB cartridges. Quantitative analysis of the target
compounds was performed by HPLC/MS system. The effect of sample volume and pH,
different pharmaceuticals concentrations, pretreatment and matrix on extraction procedure
was investigated. Optimum carrier phases, flow rate, injection volume for HPLC/MS system
were also investigated. Beta-blockers were investigated by obtained optimum analytical
methods in composite samples taken from influent and effluent Konya Urban Wastewater
Treatment plant. TML compound was not detected in influent and effluent samples. STL,
ATE, MET, PRO were determined as 468, 278, 92, 18 ng/L in influent wastewater samples
while STL, ATE, MET, PRO were determined as 44, 276, 136, 34 ng/L in effluent samples,
respectively. The hazard quotient (HQ) for determined beta-blocker compounds were
calculated according to EU guidelines. HQ values were calculated by the ratio of measured
environmental concentration (MEC) and predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). PNEC
values were derived from the available aquatic toxicity data using three different species
(algae, crustaceans and fish) from different tropic levels. The HQ values for MET, PRO, STL
and ATE compounds were determined below 0.1 which means insignificant risk to aquatic
organisms.
Acknowledgments – The study was supported by TUBA-GEBIP project.
Keywords: Beta-blockers, HPLC-MS, SPE, wastewater, environmental risk.
221
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COHESION OF THE REGIONS IN POLAND
Marcin Gospodarowicz 1, Danuta Kołodziejczyk 1
1
Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics - National Research Institute (IAFE-NRI), ul. Świętokrzyska 20,
00-002 Warszawa, Poland (both autors)
ABSTRACT
Over the years the European Union has witnessed a vivid debate on social and economic
cohesion of regions. Recently, the regions of the Union show an increase in disparities in the
level of socio-economic development. The paper at hand aims at discussing the phenomenon
of socio-economic consistency of regions in Poland in the years 2005-2014. The first part
describes the motivation to take up the topic, presents the goal of the study, the research
hypothesis and task sequence to its verification. It subsequently discusses research material
and the methods of testing social and economic cohesion of regions in Poland. The cohesion
of regions is an important element of development policy of the European Union and Poland,
which recommends harmonizing socio-economic and spatial development in the formula of
"integrated development".
The second part of the study examines key indicators of regional economic development as
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita at current prices, the employment structure and
innovativeness of the economy (share of expenditure on innovation activities in industry,
inventions submitted on 1 inhabitant) and basic indicators for social development as dynamics
of demographic change, public health, education, social inclusion and access to the labor
market. To determine the synthetic index of social and economic development factor analysis
has been used, which allows to bring a large number of variables into a much smaller
mutually uncorrelated factors.
Keywords: cohesion policy, regions, European Union, Poland
222
DETERMINATION OF SOME CHARACTERISTICS YIELD COMPONENTS OF
CHICKPEA VARIETIES IN KONYA ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Hakan BAYRAK1, Ramazan KELEŞ 1,
1
ABSTRACT
Total, 12 varieties that obtained from different Research Institutions and Stations were
included as research materials (Seçkin, Hasanbey, İnci, Aksu, Diyar 95, Yaşa 05, Azakan, Işık
05, Çakır, Gökçe, Sarı 98). The experiments were carried out according to Randomized Block
Design with 4 replications in experimental field of Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural
Research Institute in 2013. The periods of blooming and ripening, first pod height, plant
height, grain yield, and hundred-seed weight were analyzed within the study.
As a result of study, The heaviest hundred-seed weight was obtained from Sarı 98 variety
(42.65 g), Seçkin gave the highest grain yield with 142.12 kg/da. Earliest variety was Azkan
with 81.75 days, while the longest blooming period was observed on Yaşa 05 variety with
62.25. The maximum first pod height (22 cm) and the maximum plant height (42.48 cm) was
obtained from İnci variety.
İn addition; important positive correlations was determined between number of blooming
days and number of ripening days (r=0. 962**) and also between first pod height and plant
height (r= 0.537**).
Keywords: Chickpea, variety, yield, yield components
223
THE SOIL FACTORS WHICH EFFECT ON ROOT GROWTH IN FORAGE
PLANTS
Nur KOÇ1, Ramazan ACAR1
1
Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Program of Rangeland and Forage
Crops
ABSTRACT
Roots that exist during the whole life of plants are vitally important organs for plants with the
function of anchoring and supporting plants, absorbing water and minerals and transportation
them to stems and leaves, etc. There is a close relation between underground organs and
ground surface organs of plants. In the case of any trouble in this relationship directly effects
on growth and also yield. Even if all the other conditions are provided, the plants whose roots
couldn’t be able to grow enough or undeveloped, cannot develop as it should be. Therefore,
we should put emphasis on root growth. The soil factors are very significant to effect on root
development, but it shouldn’t be also forgotten that the root fixes soil factors and has a
positive impact on agriculture systems. For this reason, the soil factors effected on root
growth and the effect on forage plants of these factors were expressed in our research.
Keywords: Plant Roots, Soil Factors, Root Development, Yield
224
COMBINED ANAEROBIC-ADSORPTION PROCESS FOR TREATMENT OF REAL
TEXTILE WASTEWATER: COD AND COLOR REMOVAL
Serdar Gocer1, Ramazan Kızılırmak1, Yıldız Babatekin1, Sebnem Ozdemır2, Dilek Akman2,
Kevser Cırık1
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras 46100,
TURKEY
2
Department of Bioengineering and Sciences, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras 46100,
TURKEY
Correspondence author’s e-mail:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was removal of COD and color of real textile wastewater using
adsorption as post-treatment followed by anaerobic degradation. Initially, sequencing batch
reactor (SBR) was anaerobically operated for 60 days under steady state conditions and high
wastewater treatment performance was observed, corresponding to 86% color and 72% COD
removal. The rest of the study, banana peel, sugar beet pulp and pineapple peel were used to
identify the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents and adsorption isotherms at constant
particle size. The effect of operational parameters such as initial pH (3.0-11.0), adsorbent
dosage (4-0.25 mg/L), contact time (15-60 min) parameters with physicochemical activation
methods (acid, base and temperature activation) was investigated during adsorption studies.
The optimum operating condition varied according to using adsorbent material and the
maximum color removal efficiency of 83% were achieved by pineapple at contact time 60
min, initial pH 11.0, initial adsorbent dosage 0.5 mg/l without activation methods. All of the
activation methods played a key role, which enhanced the color removal. However, it could
not observed a significant reduction in effluent COD at the all condition applied during
adsorption.
Keywords: textile wastewater using, COD, anaerobic degradation
225
TREATMENT OF REAL TEXTILE WASTEWATER USING ADSORPTION AS
POST-TREATMENT FOLLOWED BY ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION
Safiye KERTEL1, Merve GUNES1, Dilek AKMAN2, Sebnem OZDEMIR2, Kevser CIRIK1
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras 46100,
TURKEY
2
Department of Bioengineering and Sciences, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras 46100,
TURKEY
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate the treatability of COD and color from real textile
wastewater using anaerobic treatment and adsorption with natural adsorbents as posttreatment. Real textile wastewater was taken once a week from a full-scale wastewater
treatment plant of Kipas Textile Industry in Kahramanmaras, Turkey. This study was
composed of two parts. In the first part of the study, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor
(SBR) performance in terms of textile wastewater treatment was investigated at 12-h cycle
times. Afterwards (Part II), adsorption using olive seeds and rice husk as adsorbent was
applied as post treatment to remove the residual COD and color from SBR effluent at the
different operating conditions (variable pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and physicochemical
activation methods). The effect of different pH level (pH: 3, 7, 11) and contact time were
simultaneously studied at the 2 mg/L adsorbent dose and it was determined that initial pH of
wastewater have a significant effect on the decolorization. Additionally, increasing contact
time from 15 min to 60 min enhanced adsorbent capacity. The maximum dye removal yield
for olive seeds reached around 74% at the operating conditions of pH 3, while the dye
removal performance for rice husk reached around 88% under pH 11at the end of 60 min
contact time. Further, 2-fold and 4-fold decreases in initial adsorbent dose were performed to
minimize the adsorbent waste at the optimum pH determined previously. Color removal
efficiency was adversely affected by decreasing adsorbent dose from 2 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L due
to the insufficient amount of available adsorbent to removal the color content remained after
anaerobic stages. In the rest of the study, the effect of some physicochemical activation
methods (HCl, NaOH and heat-treat) were also investigated to improve the adsorption
capacity of the adsorbents. Our results showed that the unremoved COD during biological
treatment in textile wastewater was also resistant to adsorption using olive seeds or rice husk
and could not to be prominently removed under these conditions.
Keywords: Textile Industry, Biodegradation, decolorization
226
İNOVATİF SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK AÇISINDAN ZEYTİN İŞLETMELERİNDE
VERİMLİLİĞİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ (İZMİR VE MANİSA ÖRNEĞİ)
Fatma Öztürk1, Mine Yalçın1
Zeytincilik Araştırma İstasyonu, İZMİR
1
ABSTRACT
Zeytin işletmelerin de verimlilik birçok faktörün bir araya gelmesi ile oluşan komplex bir
yapıya sahiptir. Faktörlerin her birine gerekli önem ve ağırlık verilmesi için de işletmelerin
yenilikçi olması önem taşımaktadır. Sektörde temel hedef, giderlerin azaltılması, verim
arttırılması ve ürün kalitesinin iyileştirilmesidir. Diğer yandan toprak bakımı, su ve doğanın
korunması da uzun vadeli düşünülmesi gereken önemli faktörlerdir.
Küresel ölçekte, AB zeytin üretim alanlarının yaklaşık %50 sine sahip iken, dünya üretiminin
%70’ini arz etmektedir. Bu durum, AB ülkelerindeki dekara verimliliğin yüksek olması ile
açıklanabilir. Küresel rekabet açısından bakıldığında ise, Türkiye de zeytin dikim alanları
nispeten yüksek olmasına karşın üretim düşük düzeyde gerçekleşmektedir. İspanya ve İtalya
gibi önemli üretici ülkelerde hektara verim 3000 kg’a ulaşırken, Türkiye’ de 2000-2500 kg
arasında değişebilmektedir.
Ölçek ekonomisine göre, verimliliği etkileyen önemli hususlardan birisi işletme
büyüklüğüdür. Türkiye‘de zeytin işletmeleri küçük ve orta düzeyde olup, ortalama işletme
büyüklüğü 12 dekar civarındadır. Yapılan çalışmada, işletmelerin %30 unun 10 dekar ve
altında zeytin üretimi yaptıkları ve %51 oranında yenilikçi (teknik ve pazarlamaya yönelik
yenikleri uygulama oranı) olmadıkları tespit edilmiştir.
Sektörde verimliliği etkileyen en önemli faktörlerden bir diğeri de uygulanan kültürel
işlemlerin zamanında ve usulüne uygun yapılmasıdır. Yenilikçi işletmeler hastalık ve
zararlılarla mücadele, sulama, yaprak ve toprak analizi yaptırma, gübreleme, hasat zamanını
belirleme kriteri ve hasat biçimi, budama gibi teknik konularda nispeten daha iyi oldukları
tespit edilmekle beraber yeterli olduğu söylenemez.
Zeytin işletmelerinde verimliliği etkileyen sosyo-kültürel bazı kriterler de işletmelerin
yenilikçiliğini dolayısıyla verimliliğini etkilemektedir. İncelenen zeytin işletmelerinde, %17
oranında herhangi bir sosyal güvenlik kurumuna üyeliğin söz konusu olmadığı görülmektedir.
Ancak gruplara göre dağılıma bakıldığında yenilikçi olmayan grubun herhangi bir güvenlik
kurumuna dâhil olmama oranı yaklaşık %22 iken, yenilikçi olan işlemelerde bu oranın %9
olduğu görülmektedir. Yeniliklere adapte olan işletmelerin yenilikçiye açık olmayanlara göre
daha deneyimli ve eğitim düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: zeytin, zeytin işletmeleri, verimlilik,
227
THE POSSIBLE USAGE OF EPIPHYTIC BACTERIA AND YEASTS ON
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FIRE BLIGHT DISEASE
Benian Pınar AKTEPE1,2 , Yeşim AYSAN2
1
Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Kadirli Applied Sciences Colleges
Cukurova University The Faculty Of Agriculture Department Of Plant Protection
2
ABSTRACT
Fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora is the most important disease of pome fruits.
The most severe infections of the pathogen usually appear in blossoms. Due to the
phytotoxicity in blooming stage and the restriction of antibiotic use, investigation of effective
control methods is crucial in that stage. In this study, antagonistic effects on epiphytic bacteria
and yeasts obtained from healthy flowers of apple, pear and quince were investigated in vitro
conditions. Of samples, 36 apple, 18 pear and 4 individual quince blossoms were collected
from five distinct provinces (Adana, Amasya, Mersin, Osmaniye, and Siirt) between April
and June in 2014 and 2015, respectively. 563 candidate bacteria and 33 yeast were isolated
from sampled blossoms onto PDA and King B media. These candidate antagonists were
tested for their antagonistic effects on Erwinia amylovora using dual culture method in vitro.
As a result, while 92 candidate antagonistic bacteria were inhibited pathogen growth forming
15-1821 mm2 inhibition area, 7 candidate antagonistic yeasts formed 25-527 mm2 inhibition
area in diameter. This study is a preliminary step in the biological control of fire blight disease
and a part of the Phd study.
Keywords: Erwinia amylovora, Antagonist, Antimicrobial Effect, Inhibition
228
THE FACTORS DETERMINATE DEVELOPING EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURAL
SECTOR
Amin Abd El-Raouf Eldokla1, Wael Ahmed Ezzat El-Abd1
1
Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt
ABSTRACT
The research aimed to study Egyptian agricultural sector growth rate and the factors
determining productivity per unit of land the period 1999-2013. To achieve these objectives,
both descriptive and quantitative statistical analysis methods were applied. Applied quantitative
analysis methods include unit root test, and Engle-Granger two-step & Johansen and Juselius
methods for estimating the Co integration equations. Studying the evolution of main factors
affecting productivity of Egyptian agricultural sector indicated increasing in the cropping area,
national agricultural income, number of agricultural labors, agricultural investment, and number
of agricultural machinery by 9.9%, 185% 133.5% and, 87.6%, while the percentage of the
loans extended to farmers, agricultural investment 11.4%, 2.9% compared to 1999.
All of the study variables followed a statistically significant increasing trend over without all the
given loans extended to farmers, agricultural investment have taken decreasing in general trend
significant statistically through the study period.
By applying the Engel-Granger Error Correction Model showed that increasing 10% from loans,
number of agricultural machinery, agricultural investments, and number of agricultural labors leads
to changing feddan productivities' by 0.6%, -0.4% , 12% and 0.9%, respectively.
But whereas we applied Johansen and Juselius method in the increasing feddans productivities'
were 0.7%, -0.2%, 19% and 0.8%, respectively.
Keywords: feddans productivities, Egyptian agricultural, Johansen and Juselius methods
229
ESTIMATION OF ALUMINUM IN CONFECTIONERY WITH REFERENCE TO
THEIR RISK ASSESSMENT
Nabila M. Abed EL–Aliem
Dept. of Forensic medicine and Toxicology, Benha University, Egypt
ABSTRACT
Aluminum used as food additives and in backing in many food products (bread, bakery
products, confectionery, snacks, cheese products, salts, sugar, juice, jam and drinking water).
It's a metallic element that not included in any biological processes of living body. The aim of
this study is to evaluate effect of bade storage (high T) in aluminum level in confectionary
with coating lined by aluminum, and in hair of student (5 to25 years old) as indicator for AL.
risk assessment. A total of 110 samples (41 confectioneries with AL. coating and 41
confectioneries with AL. coating storage at high T and 25 human hair samples) were analyzed
within this study.
Keywords: Aluminum risk assessment, confectionery, human hair
230
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF LIVESTOCK DAIRY HUB TRAININGS ON
LIVELIHOOD OF FARMERS
Aisha Anjum1, Maqsood Ahmad2, Muhammad Kashif Shahzad Sarwar3
1
University of Veterinary&Animal Sciences, Livestock&Diary Development, Punjab Lahore
2
University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Lahore
3
Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad
ABSTRACT
Livestock management is an important factor linked to milk and meat production worldwide
specifically in Pakistan. Pakistan livestock sector contributes 55.1% to the agriculture and
about 11.06% to total GDP. It was a dire need to understand the limitations and key aspects
related to low milk and meat production in the country. In the present survey 2 tehsils of
Sahiwal, 42 villages of Mian Channu and Kasowal, associated with dairy milk collection
centers of Nestle and Engro Dairy Hubs were selected. Two separate questionnaires were
used to examine the prerequisites for Dairy Hub Trainings. Significantly higher milk yield,
meat production and income exhibited through capacity building of farmer. From April to
June 2011 farmers were interviewed keeping in view the 500 questionnaire sample size. .
Dairy milk yield was 0.5L per Sahiwal cattle traditionally. Training influenced considerably
and substantial increase was observed in milk yield from 1-1.5 liters/cattle. Report figured out
that addition of cottonseed cake, silage and hay with concentrates lead to remarkable increase
in milk yield during dry and rainy season. Quality semen for Artificial Insemination services
improved quality of animal production (13.2% farmers require AI services for 1 time
conception while 75% farmers prefer AI services and 40% farmer’s house holding 1-4
animals respectively) It was concluded that dairy hub trainings module supports capacity
building of farmers shifting from traditional to advanced modern dairy farming ultimately
impacting farmer’s livelihood via generating more income from milk sale.
Keywords: Livestock; Dairy hub trainings; Farmer’s livelihood; Milk sale; Income generate
231
MATERNAL PHYLOGENETICS OF SOME ANATOLIAN CATTLE BREEDS
Doğan M1, Nizamlioğlu M.2, Özşensoy Y.3, Kurar E. 4, Bulut Z. 2, Altunok V. 2, Işik A. 5,
Çamlidağ A. 5
Konya Veteriner Kontrol Enstitüsü
Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı, Konya, TÜRKİYE
3
Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Sivas, TÜRKİYE
4
Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Konya, TÜRKİYE
5
Çukurova Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü, TÜRKİYE
1
2
ABSTRACT
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is one of the most preferred marker used in phylogenetic
studies, due to its unique features, such as capacity to demonstrate maternal inheritance,
higher evolutionary rate compared to genomic DNA, geographic distribution of species and
absence of recombination. In this study, the mtDNA D-Loop region was analyzed in South
Anatolian Red (SAR, n=51), Anatolian Black (NB, n=50), Anatolian Grey (AG, n=54),
Native Southern Anatolian Yellow (NSAY, n=51), East Anatolian Red (EAR, n=54) and
Zavot (ZAV, n=19) cattle breeds (n=279) to reveal diversity of mitochondrial DNA,
differentiation of breeds, and relevance between genetic differentiations and geographic
distributions. Primarly, sampling study from native cattle breeds. Genomic DNA was isolated
using a standard phenol/chloroform method. mtDNA D-loop region was amplified by PCR.
After mtDNA sequence analysis, sequence of the D-Loop region was aligned with reference
sequence. Haplotypes were determined and phylogenetic tree was constructed using BioEdit
version 5.0.6, DNAsp version 5.10.01, MEGA 4.0 Network, Arlequin, Phylip and Treeview
softwares.The sequence data were examined for nucleotide and haplotypes diversity, genetic
distance between breeds visualized with Neighbor Joining tree and Median Joining Network,
evaluated with mismatch distribution analyses, neutrality tests and AMOVA analyses. As a
result in comparison with cattle breeds throughout the world, the higher nucleotide
(π=0,02240, ±0,0005) and haplotype diversity (H=0,9966, ±0,0006) higher haplotype number
and also high genetic variation within and between the populations for native Anatolian cattle
breeds. These findings support the idea that Anatolia has been situated in a central position
during the domestication process of the cattle species. This thesis is a part of
TURKHAYGEN–1 (In Vitro Conservation and Preliminary Molecular Identification of Some
Turkish Domestic Animal Genetic Resources-I; KAMAG-106G005) Project.
Keywords: Turkish native cattle breeds, mtDNA, D-Loop, sequencing, phylogenetic,
domestication
232
LIVESTOCK WASTE-BASED BIOGAS ENERGY POTENTIAL OF TOKAT
PROVINCE AND POSSIBLE IMPLEMENTATIONS
Sedat KARAMAN1, Harun AVAN2, Zeki GÖKALP3
1
Gaziosmanpasa University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Biosystems Engineering, 60240 Tokat, Turkey
2
Gaziosmanpasa University, Graduate school of Natural and Applied Sciences, 60240 Tokat, Turkey
3
Erciyes University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Biosystems Engineering, 38038 Kayseri, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Tokat Province has intensive livestock facilities. The present study was conducted to
determine biogas production potential from livestock wastes and to assess energy production
opportunities and possible resultant contributions to be made to country economy. The target
is to create high-yield, easily constructed and feasible biogas facilities with low investment,
operation and maintenance costs. Initially the number of livestock facilities and their waste
potentials were determined and energy production potential from these wastes was assessed.
Current calculations and assessments revealed that Tokat Province has biogas production
potential of 301 434 m3/day with an electrical energy equivalent of 502 390 kWh/day.
Keywords: Biogas, livestock waste, Tokat
233
SOME LOCAL ENDEMICS GROWING SERPENTINE SOILS IN KIZILDAĞ
(ISPARTA)
Coşkun SAĞLAM
Çumra Vocational School, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Kızıldağ Mountain (Isparta-Şarkikaraağaç) consists of serpentine stony places that are locally
isolated from their soil characteristics. The area is located in B3 and C3 squares and situated
in the transitional zone between the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian phytogeographic
regions. The altitude of the area is 1100 m at Lake Beyşehir and 1910 m at the summit of
Kızıldağ. The study area covers about 400 km2 with latitude between 37°58′ and 38°03′N and
longitude between 31°16′ and 31°31′E. Many local endemic species inhabit such serpentine
areas. In Turkey, 56 serpentine sites have been explored and reported more than 41
serpentine-endemic species from serpentine areas. There are 786 taxa belonging to 770
species, 371 genera and 84 families in Kızıldağ Mountain. The endemism ratio of the area is
15.5% for the 122 taxa. Scorzonera coriacea A.Duran & Aksoy, Silene ozyurtii Aksoy &
Hamzaoğlu, Onosma aksoyii, Aytaç & Türkmen Viola kizildaghensis M.Dinç & Ş.Yıldırımlı,
Tragopogon turcicus Coskunc., M.Gultepe & Makbul are local endemic plants which grow
serpentine areas of Kızıldağ (Isparta). This study gives the descriptions, IUCN categories,
some chorology and the pictures taken in their natural habitats of these species growing
endemic in Kızıldağ.
Keywords: Local endemic, IUCN, Isparta, Kızıldağ, Turkey
234
EFFECTS OF NITRIC OXIDE APPLICATION ON GROWTH RESPONSES OF
BARLEY GENOTYPES UPON TOXIC LEVEL BORON TREATMENT
Sunduz Onbasi, Mehmet Hamurcu, Sait Gezgin and Erdogan Esref Hakki
Selcuk University Konya-Turkey
ABSTRACT
Considering its position in the malt and feed industries, barley is one of the most important
cereal crops worldwide. Certain arid and semi-arid agricultural lands throughout the world,
including a considerable part of Central Anatolia (about 18% of the arable land) in Turkey are
vulnarable to toxic level (for cereals) soil boron (B) content. B is one of the important trace
elements for plants considered to participate many physiological and metabolic reactions
including nitrogen metabolism, fruit ripening, auxin metabolism, cell division, plant - water
relations, respiration, pollination and synthesis of nucleic acids. However, its most crucial role
is evidenced to be played in the maintenance of cell-wall structure via crosslinking pectic
polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonon II (RG-II) units. In B deficiency, stem elongation, indole
acetic acid oxidase activity (IAA), sugar transport, carbohydrate metabolism, nucleic acid
synthesis, pollen tube growth components hitch in plants. However, B deficiency and toxicity
is within a very narrow range. Therefore, the B nutrition is very important. B toxicity is an
important abiotic stress problem of arid and semi-arid regions. Thus, B toxicity is a significant
crop yield and quality limiting factor worldwide. In B toxic conditions, dry matter loss,
inhibition of stem elongation, heart rot of fruit and chlorosis is observed followed by necrosis.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a messenger molecule in plants and animals. NO, when applied at low
concentrations to plants under certain stress conditions, was shown to have positive effects for
normal development and growth of the plants. However, high concentrations of NO has
adverse effects on normal plant metabolic function. As a result, growth of plants is inhibited.
In this study, NO was applied to barley genotypes (genotypes sensitive and tolerant to B
toxicity) at boron toxic conditions. Fresh and dry weights, plant height, number of tillering
and the elemental compositions of these plants were measured. Physiological parameters,
including relative water content (RWC), electrical conductivity (EC), proline and
Malondialdehyde (MDA) readings were also analyzed. Under B toxicity conditions, when NO
was applied, proline content of the sensitive genotype was increased whereas that of the
tolerant genotype was decreased. NO also was effective at reducing the MDA contents of both
the sensitive and the tolerant genotypes at B toxic conditions.
Keywords: Nitric oxide; barley; boron toxicity; proline; malondialdehyde; plant physiology
235
YIELD AND PRICE RISK OF COMMONLY GROWN AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS IN ADANA PROVINCE OF TURKEY
Seyit Hayran1, Tugce Ugur1, Aykut Gul1, Dilek Bostan Budak1
1
Agricultural Economics Dept., University of Cukurova
ABSTRACT
In this paper, it is aimed to analyze the yield and price risk of commonly grown agricultural
products in Adana province of Turkey, by using “Variation Measurement” and “Random
Variation Measurement” methods. In this study, the yield and price (the price in the hands of
farmers) series are used covering 1994 - 2013 period for cotton seed, sunflower, soybeans,
melons and watermelons. Research data was obtained from Turkey Statistical Institution and
Food, Agriculture and Livestock Ministry the Provincial Directorate of Adana. To eliminate
the effect of inflation on the price of the series examined product using the PPI (1994 = 100),
are expressed in 2013 prices. In order to attain the set objectives, coefficient of variation and
random coefficient of variation is calculated and interpreted for seed cotton, sunflower,
soybeans, melons and watermelons. In order to determine a suitable trend equation,
Cumulative Sum of Forecast Error Method was used. Many functions type (linear,
exponential, quadratic) tried and quadratic functions is judged to be appropriate for the
studied product. According to the calculated coefficient of variation, yield risk is maximum
for seed cotton (28.94%), at least for melon (10.17%), price risk is maximum for watermelon
(26.63%), at least for soybean (13.37%) and gross income risk is maximum for sunflower
(31.18%), the least for melon (20.97%) in Adana Province. All of the random variation
coefficient was calculated lower than coefficient of variation. This case indicated that if
farmers aware of technical and economic developments, they would taking rational decision
and minimized yield and price risk. According to research results, the contracted production,
futures markets, farmer organizations, collecting information about the input and output
markets from a variety of sources and agricultural insurance as risk management tools could
be advised to farmers.
Keywords: Yield and Price risk, Variation Measurements, Turkey
236
UTILIZATION OF CRYOPRESERVED RUMINAL FLUID IN VITRO GAS
PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE FOR EVALUATING IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
ENERGY AND DIGESTIBILITY VALUES OF FEEDSTUFFS
Nurettin Gulsen1, Huzur Derya Umucalılar1, Armagan Hayırlı2, Mustafa Selcuk Alatas1
1
Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University,
Konya 42250, Turkey
2
Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University,
Erzurum 25240, Turkey
Corresponding author’s e-mail:[email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT
In vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) is routinely used worldwide to attain energy
content, and organic matter digestibility of various feedstuffs, based on gas production and
nutrient content, within 24-72 hrs. Rumen fluids collected from two ruminally cannulated
Holstein heifers (350 kg) were used in fresh and cryopreserved form with two stage protocol
in the inoculums for IVGPT to evaluate starch- (barley, wheat, and corn) and protein-rich
(sunflower meal, cotton seed meal, and soybean meal) feedstuffs in 5 replicates in order to
determine feasibility and validity of thawed rumen fluid usage. Gas production and organic
matter digestibility parameters were measured. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. Using
thawed rumen fluid was associated with lower cumulative gas production, and ME estimate
for all feedstuffs. To compare in vitro data using ANOVA and regression approaches, 6
Merino rams were used for nutrient digestibility and energy content. Overall, in vivo ME and
digestibility values of the feedstuffs were greater than in vitro ME values. In conclusion,
despite considerable agreement between in vitro data obtained from fresh and thawed rumen
fluids to predict in vivo ME, and digestibility values of the feedstuffs, further experiments
dealing with improvement of cryopreservation protocol for rumen fluids are necessary to
increase microbial activity for maintaining fermentation pattern.
Keywords: in vitro gas test, cryopreserved rumen fluid, energy prediction, digestibility
237
DAIRY CATTLE BEHAVIOUR IN DIFFERENT HOUSING SYSTEMS
Elif Şahin1, Nuh Uğurlu1
1
Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Departmant of Farm Structures and Irrigations, KONYA, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Dairy cattle housing are designed in different ways. Generally, The tie-stall housing systems,
free-stall housing systems and loose housing systems are used in dairy cattle. Loose barn and
free-stall barn systems have spreaded in recent years. Nowadays, housing types and building
designs are come into prominence as main trend in shelters planning for improve the animal
welfare. Animal behaviours and environmental factors affect widely the herd management
and shelter design in dairy cows company. When the animals are free in housing area, cows
stress reduce and productivity and animal welfare rise. Dairy cattle spended more time
standing in freestall housing system according to the loose barn. As the lying bout is extended
in the total time budget of dairy cattle, milk production is increased. Along with each hour
increase of resting time is predicted to increase by 1.7 kg in milk production (Allen et al.,
2013). In this review, studies conducted on behaviour of dairy cattle in different housing
systems were summarized owing to coming into the forefront appropriate shelter design to
animal behaviour in dairy cattle breeding.
Keywords: Behaviour, dairy cattle, design, housing systems
238
EVALUATING THE PROPERTIES OF BENEFICIARIES AS PART OF IPARD
PROGRAMME: A CASE STUDY IN KONYA
Şenol ÖZDEMİR
Tarım ve Kırsal Kalkınmayı Destekleme Kurumu – Konya
ABSTRACT
This study is aiming at evaluating the properties of beneficiaries, entitled grant as part of
IPARD program utilized by Turkey as well in rural development sector. It was conducted a
face to face survey study with these beneficiaries within this context. It was tried to both
assest the properties of beneficiaries and got under the drawn attention spotlight of IPARD
program.
We conducted 32 survey studies with owner of the project signed up in the first stage of
IPARD program. It was used the complete counting method as a sample survey method due to
reach the data easily and small population in the enterprises. The survey data were
evaluated in findings chapter by using chart, graph, and average and percentage computation.
In addition to these findings, SWOT analysis was performed under 3 three categories.
As results of this study, it was found that all the beneficiaries are member of agricultural
producer groups and are willing to use the technology. As well as they are generally satisfied
with working of IPARD program, IPARD program has not been publicized sufficiently and
has been found a complexity structure in terms of beneficiaries. It was recommended that all
of the grands should be simplified by uniting under one roof and tailored to regional
conditions.
Keywords: IPARD Program, rural development, SWOT
239
DETERMINATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ESSENTIAL
OILS ON TOMATO BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Feray KARABUYUK1,2, Yesim AYSAN1
1
Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department
2
Cukurova University, Karaisalı Vocational School
ABSTRACT
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an economically important vegetable grown in the
world and also in our country. The most important bacterial diseases negatively affecting the
tomato production are bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
(Pst), bacterial leaf spot disease caused by Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Xav) and bacterial wilt
disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm). In this study;
antibacterial effects of nine individual plant essential oils (Juniper oil, rosemary oil, daphne
oil, clove oil, priest oil, thyme oil, mint oil, eucalyptus oil and fennel oil) on inhibition ability
of three pathogens were investigated in vitro tests using the paper disc method. As a result,
among essential oils, thyme, clove, fennel, mint, priest, daphne, eucalyptus and rosemary
essential oils inhibited Xav growth with the mean inhibition area of 3957.2, 2123.4, 1131,
551.3, 346.2, 312.7, 182.9 and 69.9 square millimeters, respectively. Thyme, clove, mint,
daphne, priest, rosemary and fennel essential oils suppressed Cmm growth with the mean
inhibitions of 3611.8 mm2, 821.4mm2, 249.9 mm2, 178.7 mm2, 147.3 mm2, 111.7 mm2 and
5.17 mm2, respectively. Thyme, fennel, clove, rosemary and priest has shown an inhibitory
effect on Pst giving mean inhibition zones of 46.8 mm2, 32.2 mm2, 19.6 mm2, 15.4 mm2 and
11.3 mm2, but daphne, eucalyptus and mint hasn’t inhibited Pst growth in vitro petri
experiments The essential oil of juniper have not a skill of inhibitory effect on any pathogen.
Keywords: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Clavibacter
michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, antibacterial, essential oil
240
THE POLISH TRADE IN HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS WITH TURKEY
Anna Bugała
Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
ABSTRACT
Turkey is one of the biggest fruit, vegetables and their preserves exporter to The European
Union. It is also the fifth, after Spain, Italy, Germany and The Netherlands, horticultural
products supplier to Poland. A great deal of Polish import from Turkey are fruit and vegs
preserves, nuts and citrus fruit; in export – homogenized vegetables, mix of dry nuts,
concentrated apple juice and frozen vegetables. The trade balance of horticultural products
between Poland and Turkey is constantly negative. The export value of fruit, vegs and their
preserves in 2012-2014 was 3,2 million USD, and import – 166,4 million USD.
What is significant for Polish and other EU importers, beside ongoing customs union between
Turkey and the European Community as well as gradually deregulated customs barriers in
fresh fruits and vegetables is wide variety of Turkish products, ban on GMO crops, and
functioning of the national food safety monitoring system. The paper shows changes in trade
in fruit, vegs and their preserves between Poland and Turkey in years 2006-2014 on the
background of other market players.
Keywords: horticulture products, Turkey horticulture, Poland and Turkey
241
ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE IN POLAND
Bożena Nosecka1, Łukasz Zaremba2
1:Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics Warsaw
Horticulture Economics Department, Poland
2:Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics Warsaw
Horticulture Economics Department, Poland
Correspondence author’s e-mail: boż[email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The development of ecological agriculture, and more broadly, sustainable agriculture, is one of
the priorities adopted for implementation by the European Union in the perspective to 2020.
Due to lower productivity of land than in conventional farms, ecological cultivations must be
and are supported with subsidies from the EU funds. In Poland, after joining the EU, growth in
the number of ecological farms and areas of ecological cultivations is noticed. The article
presents the scale and pace of the development in Poland in the period after the accession, as
compared to the development of ecological agriculture in other EU countries. The ways of
controlling the development of ecological agriculture and its financing were specified, as well
as the main problems hindering the development. The analysis was prepared mainly on the basis
of the data from the Yearbooks of the Central Statistical Office in Poland and the Reports on the
condition of ecological agriculture in Poland prepared by the Inspection of the Commercial
Quality of the Agricultural-Food Articles (IJHARS). This is an institution conducting in Poland
the inspection of the development of ecological agriculture. The literature concerning the
development of ecological agriculture in Poland was also used. Vertical and horizontal methods
of comparisons and expert evaluations were used. The analysis shows that the share of
ecological cultivation areas in the overall area of arable lands (ca 4%) in Poland is still smaller
than the average in the EU, and the main problems in the development of ecological agriculture
are: lower, despite subsidies, income of ecological farms than farms with cultivations thru
conventional methods, too few ecological processing plants (which determines the poor offer of
organic food products), excessive bureaucracy with regard to inspections of ecological farms, a
small degree of self-organization of ecological producers and still low ecological awareness of
Polish consumers. The system of supervision and control over the development of ecological
farms in Poland is positively assessed by the European Commission.
Keywords: ecological agriculture, development, control, support, problems
242
CROWN GALL DISEASE REACTIONS OF STONE AND POME FRUIT
ROOTSTOCKS
Sumer Horuz1, 2, Behcet Kemal Caglar2, Mustafa Kusek3 Yesim Aysan2
1
Erciyes University, Seyrani Agricultural Faculty, Plant Protection Department, Kayseri
Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, 01330-Adana
3
Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, Kahramanmaras
2
ABSTRACT
Rhizobium radiobacter (formerly Agrobacterium tumefaciens) is the most significant bacterial
pathogen causing crown gall disease in over 750 individual plant species including fruit trees
and ornamentals. This wounded plant cell pathogen causes crown galls on plant roots, stems
and so rarely, over soil parts of plants. Biological control strategies are successfully used in
disease management; however, it’s ineffective in contaminated soils and seedlings. Thus, it is
likely great importance to grow disease resistant cultivars or rootstocks.
In this study, the reactions of rootstocks (‘Garnem’, ‘Myrabolan’ and ‘GF-677’) used for
stone and pome fruit trees on crown gall disease were determined. A suspension of 109 cfu/ml
was inoculated onto the three individual wounds on the stem of rootstocks. The sizes and
weights of the formed crown galls were evaluated after five months of the inoculations. The
produced galls on ‘Garnem’, ‘Myrabolan’ and ‘GF-677’ were 0.16-5.28 mm, 0.09-4.42 mm
and 0.09-0.36 mm in size, respectively. However, the weights of the galls were measured
among 0.02-2.85 gr in ‘Garnem’, 0.01-1.58 gr in ‘Myrabolan’ and 0.02-0.11 gr in ‘GF-677’
rootstocks. According to statistical analyses of gall formations, rootstocks were replaced in
different groups, additionally, none of them were resistant to crown gall disease. In
conclusion, it’s demonstrated that the rootstock ‘Garnem’ is highly susceptible, ‘Myrabolan’
is moderately and ‘GF-677’ rootstock is less susceptible to crown gall disease. While an
orchard intends to set up with stone and pome fruit trees or in contaminated fields with R.
radiobacter, ‘GF-677’ type variety would prefer in such lands. This search was supported by
the Cukurova University Scientific Research Foundation (Project Number: ZF2013BAP15).
Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, rootstock, disease, reaction
243
WHEAT - A DIETARY SOURCE OR A DISEASE SOURCE?
Anamika Pandey1, Mohd Kamran Khan1, Mahinur S. Akkaya2, Erdogan E. Hakki1
1
Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
2
Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Wheat is known as one of the most contributing crops in human development. Despite of its
critical role, several controversies have been raised regarding its effects on human health. On
one hand, it is declared as a crucial part of human diet, while other scientists claimed it a
major threat to society leading to several diseases. Gluten protein fraction conferring
viscoelastic properties has emerged as one of major sources of human intolerances to wheat.
Experts in the area are making efforts to produce celiac toxic peptide free wheat genotypes.
Classical breeding for the selection of less toxic wheat lines with less harmful gliadins and
employment of RNA interference (RNAi) technology for toxic gliadins silencing are
suggested to be promising approaches in this direction. Also, disorders like ‘wheat belly’ lead
to increased glycemic index on wheat intake. Several studies have revealed the tolerance of
celiac patients towards the consumption of ancient wheat varieties. Hence, enhanced
utilization of olden varieties in modern agriculture is proposed as an effective way for
handling the problem. New grain processing strategies lead to a major decline in the nutritious
components of wheat as compared to the traditional methods. Focusing this, consumption of
whole grain meal is advised by dieticians. Also, usage of paleo-diet including meat and
vegetables is promoted by several researchers. Although several conclusions have been drawn
regarding wheat incorporation in human diet, a major research is required to determine why
these health problems arouse only several years back while wheat is being consumed since
thousands of years.
Keywords: Ancient varieties, human diet, molecular biology, wheat gluten
244
CROSSTALK BETWEEN PLANT-BASED DIET ORIGINATED EXOGENOUS
miRNAs AND HUMAN METABOLISM
Hasan CAN, Fatma AKIN, Erdoğan Eşref HAKKI1
1
Selcuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Konya
ABSTRACT
Dietary intake is the direct contact of the organism with its surrounding environment. That is
why it is frequently referred to as ‘we are what we consume’. However our body reorganizes
the consumed metabolites based on its specific requirements by using its own genetic
makeup, recent progress in the RNA world surprisingly demonstrated that exogenous
functional genetic agents are also effective in this control mechanism. In this inter specious
cross talk, small RNAs, called microRNAs or miRNAs, are involved. These small RNA
molecules that can post-transcriptionally control gene expression among different species are
simply called xenomiRs. miRNAs are a class of small and non-coding RNAs of
approximately 22-23 nucleotides in length which organize gene expression in posttranscriptional level in animals and plants. miRNAs production profiles varies depending on
the developmental stage or the environmental conditions. Considering xenomiRs have
important role in health and disease of human, it has become more and more important to
acquire knowledge on plant originated miRNAs functional in human body. That function may
be related to some crucial roles in regular biological processes such as proliferation, cell cycle
progression, and apoptosis, as well as stem cells differentiation and maintenance. They may
also be related to a variety of human diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, type 2
diabetes mellitus, adipogenesis and obesity or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. xeromiRs are
found much more frequent in fresh food then cooked ones. Yet no direct evidence about their
entries via the gastrointestinal tract to human body exist, but theoretically, miRNAs enter the
circulation throughout the gut and indirectly using T-cells and macrophages. The other
speculative approach about xeromiRs transport is on the presence of specific transmembrane
proteins. Some researchers argue that there are some uncharacterized transporters that they
help miRNAs directly enter the circulation. However this transport mechanism is not fully
elucidated, the path requires a status of packing, like that of microvesicles that help them to
move from one cell to another or from one tissue to another. While xenomiRs provide some
clues on the claims of herbal healers no clear evidence exist on the processes they influence.
On the other hand, a rice originated xeromiR, miR168a, was demonstrated to regulate a gene
related with cholesterol metabolism in human. miR168a has a base complementarity to the
gene LDLRAP1. This complementarity leads to the suppression of LDLRAP1, consequently
resulting an increased serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration. Possible effects of
miRNAs from genetically engineered plants deserves more research.
Keywords: xenomiR, exogenous miRNA, crosstalk between different species, dietary miRNA
245
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR RURAL TOURISM IN TURKEY
Gamze Aslan1, Tufan Bal1
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Suleyman Demirel University, 32220, Isparta,
Türkiye
ABSTRACT
Because of contribution to national economy, role of tourism in economy has increasing
importance in Turkey. In 2014, 42 million tourists came to Turkey, injecting $35 billion to
$36 billion into the economy. This is considerably important for developing country like
Turkey. Besides, in order to increase the revenue and resources efficiency from rural areas,
rural tourism is very rational way for rural development policies in Turkey. Since tourism
activity has employment and entrepreneurship dimension for both local communities and
economy of a country, to develop entrepreneurship in Turkey, it can be a catalyst factor for
rural tourism. In this study, by promoting entrepreneurship in rural tourism, benefits of rural
tourism are investigated.
Keywords: Rural Tourism, Entrepreneurship, Turkey
246
ASSESMENT OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION WITH
DIFFERENT INTERPOLATION METHODS FOR YEŞILIRMAK CATCHMENT
Demet YILDIRIM1 Hakan ARSLAN2 Bilal CEMEK2
1 Black Sea Region Research Institute, Soil and Water Resources, Samsun /Turkey
2 Ondokuz Mayıs University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation
Samsun/Turkey
ABSTRACT
The spatial interpolation methods, including geostatistics, have been developed for and
applied to various disciplines. Precipitation is a very important parameter in soil water content
and irrigation research. Precipitations were taken 45 different meteorological stations for
Yeşilırmak Catchment and precipitation. Precipitation data has been used the average long
annual. To select the optimal method in this paper, five interpolation methods Inverse
Distance Weight (IDW), Ordinary Kriging (O.K), Simple Kriging (S.K), Radial Basic
Function (RBF) and CoKriging were compared, and then the optimal interpolation method
was used to give spatial distribution of precipitation. Satatistical evaluation such as Root
Mean Square Eror (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and average slope error (MBE)
were performed to determine the best method. The study shows that the different interpolation
methods could be successfully used in evaluation of peak and low values of point of monthly
total precipitation maps.
Keywords: Geographic
Yesilırmak Catchment
Information
Methods, Precipitaion, Interpolation Methods,
247
RESILIENCE AND GOVERNANCE IN SMALL RUMINANT SECTOR IN ISPARTA
F. Handan Giray1, Tufan Bal1, Serkan Boyar1
1
Faculty of Agriculture of Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta Turkey
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study is to explore the resilience of small ruminant farms and governance in
the sector through analysing the role of the Sheep and Goat Breeders’ Union in strengthening
their capacity in this regard. The small ruminant sector and Isparta province in the West
Mediterranean Region have been selected because goat and sheep production is traditionally
and socio-economically important for this region. The sector is analysed at farm level in terms
of governance and resilience; and traditional producers and new/modern producers are
compared. Isparta is famous for its natural resources, landscape, and agricultural products
such as cherries, apples, rose oil and livestock, especially sheep and goats; it has a surface
area of 8,933km², 407,500 habitants, a population density of 45 person/km², and is located in
the south-west of Turkey at an altitude of 1,050 m. 30-35 per cent of the population of Isparta
live in rural areas, although considerable numbers of people have moved to urban areas.
However, those people still maintain family farms even if they have other jobs or sources of
income in the city. While livestock production is important for food security for subsistence
farmers, fruit production contributes to export. The Sheep and Goat Breeders’ Union was
established in 2006 in Isparta and currently has 2,119 members. The total number of animals
owned by the members of the Union is 230,867. Comparing this with the total number of
small ruminants in Isparta (405,365), more than half of the small ruminants in Isparta are
owned by members of the Union). The Breeding under Farm Conditions Project covers 41
sheep farms and 29 goat farms in Isparta. We had meetings with Union workers and farmers
in the project, and visited the farms for interviews and in-depth analysis. We interviewed 35
farmers. Five of these had recently established relatively modern farms, and 16 ran oldestablished farms. All farmers were members of the Union but the five new farms and five of
the old farms were not part of the Breeding under Farm Conditions Project. Data was gathered
from face to face interviews, stakeholders and expert panels, and analysed by means of the indepth case study approach, descriptive analysis and network analysis. The study aims to
provide an understanding of the role of farmer organisations in strengthening the resilience
and competitiveness of farming in relationship with governance and knowledge and learning,
giving the particular attention to modernisation in small ruminant farms. It consists of three
parts. The first part analyses the current status of the study area in terms of agriculture, small
ruminant production, the socio-economic level of producers and the Union. This analysis
enables a discussion of the relationship between the Union and its members with regard to
modernisation. The second draws on the main theories of modernisation in agriculture. Based
on the primary data, it discusses the role of the actors, communication among them, what
producers receive from the Union and the other actors, what the Union and the other actors
provide to the producers, what producers understand or perceive from modernisation and its
relationship with the environment and the economy, and what are the pros and cons
throughout the network. The third part more specifically probes into the conceptual
framework, and we will discuss interrelations between governance, resilience and
competitiveness and conclude with some key messages and policy recommendations.
248
APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM DATA
COLLECTION AND ARCHIVING CROPS AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
(CASE STUDY REGIONAL FARMERS YOGYAKARTA)
Nurul Pratiwiningrum1, Irma Novikawati1, Iim Choirun Nisak1
1
Undergraduate Student of Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Healthy food is food that is fresh. The Freshness is guaranteed if the food comes from the
immediate environment, is not much processed, also does not contain much mix unnatural
ingredients. The food that we consume every day cannot be separated from the food system.
The food system consisted of producers and consumers and intermediaries and all the three
are connected in a value chain. Collection of the value chain are interwoven to form a food
network. This network is similar to the natural ecosystems like a food chain which are held
together to form a food web. Our ignorant habit about the food’s origin on the dining table led
to the emergence of variety of problems, ranging from health, the selling price of foodstuffs,
to the food import policy. This research used the Waterfall method in which the data is
collected by doing the routine visit to a village in the format of Plesir Pangan. It is done by
Wandering the village to search the origin of local food and hear the story directly from the
farmers. The results of this study can help distribute the agricultural products effectively and
efficiently and thus can give the farmers a fair profit and improve their welfare. The google
map application will help the consumers find the harvest quickly and helping farmers sell
their harvest quickly.
Keywords: Network of Food, Local Food, Farmers Welfare, GIS
249
VALUE CHAINS AND THE FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE CONSUMER
BUYING ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (CASE STUDY: ORGANIC
MARKET JOGJA)
Nurul Pratiwiningrum1, Irma Novikawati1, Iim Choirun Nisak1
1
Undergraduate Student of Gadjah Mada University
ABSTRACT
Today, the consumption pattern of food and agricultural product has changed. There are more
people who switch the non-organic products to the organic products. It has happened in many
developed countries in the last two decades. This change was influenced by the increase in
people's income, the urbanization, the awareness of environmental issues and health, this
change as well as in the demographic structure. In Indonesia, the consumption pattern changes
are more prevalent among the middle and upper class society. This study aimed to analyze the
value chain of production and distribution of organic agricultural products which are sold in
Yogyakarta Organic Market (POJOG). Most of the organic products in POJOG is derived
from the harvest of farmer groups around Yogyakarta. Methods of research done by surveys
and interviews as well as questionnaires distributed each execution POJOG. The results
showed that the distribution channels of organic products in the Organic Market Yogyakarta
varied from farmers directly to consumers, farmers to supermarkets, and farmers to
consumers via the cooperation. From the result, it can be concluded that there is a positive
correlation between income and the consumption of organic products, in which the higher the
income is, the more frequent they will consume the organic products. but not education; the
probability to consume organic products for the younger age are more frequent and higher, but
the reason of environment and expensive price do not affect the probability of consuming
organic products more frequently. However, this does not significantly affect the welfare of
farmers as the producers providing organic products.
Keywords: value shain, market, organic
250
AGRICULTURAL WATER USE IN TURKEY AND WATER FOOTPRINT
Belgin ÇAKMAK1, Zeki GÖKALP2
1
Ankara University Agricultural Faculty Agricultural Structures and Irrigation Department
2
Erciyes University Agricultural Faculty Biosystems Engineering Department, Kayseri, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Although water resources seem to be sufficient under current conditions, Turkey is not a
water-rich country. Together with increasing population, Turkey will be a country with water
significant water deficits by the year 2030. Therefore, water resources management and
sustainable use are the most significant issues. Water footprint is a new approach in
assessment of water resources management and use. Water footprint of a country directs the
planners, investors and decision makers. It is a measure of consumed and/or polluted volume
of water in a unit time. The water footprint of an individual, a society or a business sector is
defined as the total amount of water used to produce the goods and services consumed by an
individual of a society or the amount of fresh water resources used by producer to produce the
goods and services. Water footprint concept is an alternative indicator for water use. It
assesses the water consumption rather than water withdrawal from the system. There are three
components of water footprint as of blue, green and grey water footprints. Blue water
footprint represents the surface and groundwaters needed to produce a good or a service;
green water footprint represents rainwater to be used in production of a good; grey water
footprint is an indicator of pollution and represents the amount of freh water to be used for the
elimination of pollution loads in accordance with current water quality standards. The water
used in agricultural production activities is composed of 66% green water and 20% blue
water. Domestic and industrial water uses are mostly composed of grey water. In this study,
agricultural water use in Turkey was assesses and the new concept “water footprint” was
introduced and discussed.
Keywords: Water management, water footprint, water use, blue water, green water
251
CURRENT SITUATION OF TURKISH DAIRY INDUSTRY AND FEED EFFICIENCY
OF PROFESSIONAL DAIRY FARMS
Halil İbrahim TOSUN, Vedat CEYHAN
Ondokuzmayıs University, Agricultural Faculty, Samsun
ABSTRACT
Feed efficiency (FE) is a new term that its popularity has been improving all around the world
for the dairy industry. Controlling and monitoring FE is becoming a more common
benchmark for profitability of milk production relative to dry matter (DM) intake. Recently in
the markets, feeds and commodities are becoming more expensive, which is leading the
requirement for more efficient utilization of profitability. The main purpose of the dairy
operation must be to maximize the efficiency of converting feed into milk, which also reduce
the manure production as well. How efficiently a dairy cow converts feed into milk can affect
the dairy operation’s bottom line in economic conditions, can be the difference between
producing milk at a profit or a loss. FE has been used in other livestock industries as a
benchmark for profitability. Many researchers have been conducted and published on what FE
is, how to measure and calculate it, and what factors influence FE.
The aim of this study is to deliver the current situation of dairy farms efficiency and
productivity in Turkey with practical data. Research data are collected from purposively
selected 5-functional dairy cattle farms, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Ministry
of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, The Ministry of Turkey Statistics Institute (TurkStat) and
obtained from previously conducted surveys. Partial productivity metrics is used to measure
productivity at the firm level. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used for the technical
efficiency measurement.
Efficiency and productivity measurement result showed that utilization of feeds by the dairy
cow, especially DM and fiber digestibility is not efficient. Turkey is determined to carry out
the efficiency measurement with current conventional methods of dairy farms. DEA results
showed that the technical efficiency of the firms is 0.88. This value is examined dairy
operator in output in the amount of dry matter and number of dairy cattle used without a
decrease of 12% indicates a reduction can be achieved.
In order to increase the TE in dairy farms, high digestible feeds has to be used in the dairy
cattle rations, particle size in the diet must be always monitored because forage and
concentrate feeds should not be selected by cows. Understanding of efficiency mechanism
will enable management decisions on the dairy operation to be implemented that will further
improve or enhance FE.
Keywords: Dairy cattle, feed efficiency, technical efficiency, productivity, efficiency, stochastic
frontier analysis, data envelopment analysis
252
PHYTOREMEDIATION: ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO CLEAN UP THE
ENVIRONMENT
Emine ATALAY
Selcuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Konya
ABSTRACT
Contaminated soils and waters pose a major environmental and human health problem, which
may be partially solved by the emerging phytoremediation technology.
Phytoremediation is an innovative use of green plants to clean up our environment. The term
comes from the Greek word for plants (“phyto-”) that can detoxify, or remediate, soil or water
contaminated with heavy metals or excess minerals. Phytoremediation is the direct use of
living green plants for in situ (in-place or on-site) risk reduction for contaminated soil,
sludges, sediments, and groundwater, through removal, degradation, or containment of the
contaminant.
Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses either naturally occurring or genetically
engineered plants to remediate contaminated soils, sediments, and water. Plant systems and
their associated rhizospheric microorganisms are used to remove, degrade, or stabilize a wide
variety of environmental contaminants. Phytoremediation targets currently include
contaminating metals, metalloids, petroleum hydorcarbons, pesticides, explosives,
radionuclides, chlorinated solvents, industrial by-products, and excess nutrients.
Phytoremediation can be a cost effective alternative approach for reducing the leaching of
contaminatnts through soil or groundwater, reducing the run-off of contaminated stormwater,
beginning an initial level of cleanup, and improving the aesthetic condition of a site.
Phytoremediation warrants consideration for use in conjunction with other technologies when
the redevelopment and land use plans for the site include the use of vegetation.
The design of a phytoremediation system varies according to the contaminants, the conditions
at the site, the level of cleanup required, and the plants used. Contaminants and site conditions
are perhaps the most important factors in the design and success of a phytoremediation
system. It is best applied at sites with shallow contamination of organic, nutrient, or metal
pollutants that are amenable to one of five applications: Phytotransformation, Rhizosphere
Bioremediation, Phytostabilization, Phytoextraction, or Rhizofiltration.
In this review, phytoremediation techniques and their utilization are summarised.
Keywords: Phytoremediation, Hyperaccumulator plant, Phytoextraction,
253
INVESTIGATION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH OVULATION RATE IN
TURKISH AWASSI SHEEP
Ahmed Raisan, M. Ali Mohammed Ali, Ferit Can Yazdıç, Emin Özköse1
1
Kahramanmaras Sütçü İmam University, Faculty Of Agriculture, Department Of Animal Science
ABSTRACT
Since the detection of the Booroola gene (FecB) in Merino sheep, several breeds with high
fertility were observed, A naturally occurring mutations that increase ovulation rate has been
discovered in the BMPR-1B, BMP15 and GDF9 genes. Knowledge of these mutations has
encouraged researchers to screen further prolific sheep breeds to determine if one or more of
these mutations is responsible for their high fertility.
Recent findings have revealed that high prolificacy in Booroola sheep is caused by a mutation
in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B (BMPR-1B) gene, also known as activin-like
kinase 6 (ALK6) , it was the first major gene for prolificacy recognized in sheep. The
Booroola fecundity gene (FecB) is a single autosomal gene, which increases ovulation rate
and litter size in sheep (co-dominant for ovulation rate and partially dominant for litter size)
The FecB locus is situated in the region of ovine chromosome 6, which is corresponding to
human chromosome 4. It has been found that the effect of FecB mutation is additive for
ovulation rate and each copy increases ovulation rate by about 1.6 and approximately one to
two extra lambs in Booroola Merinos.
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor- (TGF-)
superfamily. They are multifunctional proteins that regulate growth and differentiation in
many cell types. BMP-15 gene has been mapped to sheep chromosome-X and has several
point mutations. Tow of these mutations were called as FecXI (Inverdale) and FecXG
(Galway)
Inverdale gene (FecXI) has been reported in Romney sheep, which increases ovulation rate by
about 1.0 in the heterozygous state, but causes infertility in females with two copies of this
gene and that high prolificacy in Inverdale Romney sheep is due to a (FecXI) mutation in the
bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) gene.
FecXG, is different to the Inverdale (FecXI) mutation, but the heterozygous phenotype
(increased ovulation rate by about 0.7) and homozygous phenotype (infertile with streak
ovaries) are identical to Inverdale allele.
The aim of the present experimental work is to detect if these mutations ( FecB, FecXI and
FecXG) are existing in Turkish Awassi sheep or not.
Keywords: Booroola gene, Turkish Awassi sheep, fertility
254
THE LEVEL OF PSP BIOTOXINS IN THE LAGOON OF ORIKUM IN ALBANIA
Romina Libohova1, Rigerta Sadikaj1, Klementına Puto1, Dritan Arapi1, Edlira Baraj2
1
Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, 1 Zogu Blvd., 1001 Tirana, Albania
FIMIF, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Mother Tereza Sq, Nr. 4, 1001 Tirana, Albania
2
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to determine the performance of the development of toxic
phytoplankton and the levels of PSP biotoxins in the Lagoon of Orikum. The method used for
the determination of PSP biotoxins in the mollusc Mytillus galloprovincialis was the
bioevidence in mice whereas the water samples have been subjected to analysis for
determining the different types of phytoplankton.
The highest values of toxic phytoplankton and in particular of Alexandrium tamarense are
recorded in May with 2300 cells per ml, which correlates strongly with the respective levels
of PSP biotoxin defined in mussels in this period with a maximum value of 3070 m.u.
Alexandrium tamarense and Dinophysis acuminata are mainly two algaes which must be
considered as responsible for the synthesis of PSP biotoxin present in bivalve molluscs of the
monitoring area taken under review in the context of this study.
Keywords: PSP biotoxins, Lagoon of Orikum, aquatic ecosystem.
255
HAPLOIDY TECHNIQUE AND ITS USAGE IN PLANT BREEDING
Münüre Tanur Erkoyuncu1, Mustafa Yorgancılar1
Selçuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Konya
1
ABSTRACT
Getting increased of world population and decreased of agricultural lands make food
necessity become more important. Breeders have focused on yield rising of plant production
and its persistence in order to compensate the increased necessity. Moreover, in changed
world conditions it’s not only aimed to increase yield and quality in plant breeding also
accelerate breeding period. In this case, DH technology constitutes a complementary part in
acceleration of plant breeding program that has a prominent significance.
Principal of DH technology that has made progress since 1970s is production of haploid plant
with tissue culture under in vitro conditions. Fertile double haploid plants are produced with
chromosome doubling technique in order to use sterile haploid plants in plant breeding
program. With this way, purification process that needs long years can be performed a few
months, gaining time in breeding program may be ensured. Furthermore, haploids contains
one series in every locus allel and that enables to reveal resessive mutations.
In this review, haploid plant production techniques and their utilization are summarised and
benefits of this technique in Turkey and world are mentioned.
Keywords: Plant breeding, Double haploid plant, haploid plant
256
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FRUIT/GRAPEVINE CERTIFICATION IN TURKEY
Burak Aslansoy1, Servet Aras2
Ministry of Food, Agriculture And Livestock, Aprıcot Research Institute Directorate, Malatya, Turkey
2
Selcuk University Faculty of Agrıculture Department of Hortıculture, Konya, Turkey
1
ABSTRACT
Rootstock broods which belong to superior clones used in fruit sapling production in our
country are scarcely any in private companies. Therefore, conformity of the name relies upon
producer’s explanation. There is no guarantee of saplings which are exposed for sale in
markets. Being insufficient of virus free sapling production, that’ s used in establishment of
orchard and vine yard, causes importation of milliones of saplings with different species and
varieties every year. The important aim of new certification system which is revealed by
“Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock” is obtaining of variety registrations and virus
free sapling that’s confirmed of the name.
Keywords: Certification, fruit, grapevine, brood parcel
257
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE
FUTURE
Fatih DEMİREL1, Serap DEMİREL2
1
Igdir University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Field Crops, Research assistant
2
Igdir University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture, master student
ABSTRACT
The world population have observed that dramatically increase during the past forty years and
the world's population is estimated to reach up to 9.2 million until 2050's. The world
population seriously increasing, global climate change and global warming have bring on the
problem of hunger. To feed the future population, food production of worldwide will requires
double increase by the time 2050‘s. As time passes, however, decrease of productive areas in
the world raises concerns for the future sustainable agriculture. The creation of new areas for
agriculture seems possible by destruction of natural areas and wildlife environment. In this
case, the only way to increase agricultural productivity is to take more products per unit area,
that is, increase productivity. However, the work and the methods applied in this direction is
to bring some drawbacks. Declining soil productivity due to frequent tillage, chemicals and
pesticides used for fertilizer and plant protection products and nature can adversely affect. In
addition, climate change and global warming brings with positive and negative effects on
sustainable agriculture and the change of available biodiversity will be inevitable. In the
future, sustainable agriculture is to makes essential due to current problems and global
warming in agriculture will lead to problems. Additionally, to meet the basic food needs of
the world population, it should be ensured that the increase in production and the
sustainability and it is necessary to have a robust science and strong technology.
In today's sustainable agricultural systems have a great importance the role of
biotechnological applications. The preservation and enhancement of genetic diversity along
with biotechnological applications is to make possible and tolerance and resistant varieties to
unsuitable environmental conditions including particularly drought are being developed.
Agricultural biotechnology applications that allowing to reduce the use of chemical and
pesticide inputs is to help to reduce environmental pollution. Also, besides having a positive
contribution on sustainable agriculture agricultural biotechnology applications, the negative
effects that may occur in the future are taken into consideration. The natural evolution process
between these negative effects are likely to change unwanted with genes acquired by the
unnatural way.
The biotechnological developments of the future will be inevitable to orient sustainable
agriculture and perhaps product variety and product pattern of current sustainable agriculture
will change greatly with biotechnological applications.
Keywords: Sustainable agriculture, biotechnology, global warm, global climate change,
biodiversity, productivity
258
DETERMINATION OF SALT (NaCl) TOLERANCE LEVELS OF SOME LOCAL
MELON GENOTYPES
Bahar Banu Bati1, Mustafa Paksoy1
Selçuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Konya-TÜRKİYE
1
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the levels of salt (NaCl) tolerance of the some local
melon genotypes and was made at Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of
Horticulture Experimental Greenhouse and laboratory in 2009. In the research, the dose of
150 mM NaCl application had been tested on, 41 local melon genotypes with two commercial
varieties (Kırkağaç 637 and Ananas) of melon had been used as a total of 43 melon genotypes.
In the study, the negative effects of salt application was observed on seedling shoot length,
shoot diameter, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, leaf
number and leaf area.
Keywords: Cucumis melo L., saline soil, melon seedling, nutrients, the development of
seedling
259
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SALINITY LEVELS IRRIGATION WATER TO
GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD PARAMETERS ON MINT (Mentha
piperita L.) PLANT
Selda EREN1, Kadir Ersin TEMİZEL1
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
In this study, different salt concentrations and different amounts of irrigation water,
peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) plant growth, development and yield in pots under
greenhouse conditions was carried out to investigate the effects parameters. Saline irrigation
water used in the preparation of the experiment, Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4), calcium
chloride (CaCl2) and sodium chloride (NaCl) salt is used experiments, 5 irrigation water
salinity S1= 0.23 dSm-1 (control), S2= 1.0 dSm-1 , S3= 3.0 dSm-1 , S4= 6.0 dSm-1 and S5=
9.0 dSm-1 and 3 irrigation water amount (needed quantity W1= 80% water, W2= 100% W3=
120% level, irrigation subjects) factorial design and randomized design with 4 replicates were
examined. In other words, the trials, the amount of water in the greenhouse with five salinity
and 5x3=15 issue and 4 replications was carried out a total of 60 pots. At the end of the
experiment the analysis of irrigation water salinity and water stress with increasing soil
salinity analysis and plant analyzes were conducted. According to data obtained at the end of
the research, the increasing salinity and water stress conditions and that leaf chlorophyll
content decreased, plant height, stem, leaf, root fresh and dry weight, number of branches, the
daily average evapotranspiration, leaf area and plant growth decreased, salinity and essential
oil percentage increase was observed in the soil.
Keywords: Mint, salinity, water stress, irrigation
260
PRNP EXON 3 POLYMORPHISMS OF THE ANATOLIAN, MURRAH AND
CROSSBRED WATER BUFFALOES
Yalçın YAMAN1, Orhan KARADAĞ1, Cemal ÜN2
Sheep Research institute, Bandırma/Balıkesir/TURKEY
Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology İzmir/TURKEY
1
2
Corresponding author’s e-mail: yalcin.yaman @gthb.gov.tr
ABSTRACT
Prion diseases also called TSEs (Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy) cause
irreversible and fatal neurodegeneration in human and some animal species. Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), the cattle prion disease, may be most important among
other TSE, because it can be transmitted between species, and therat to public health. İt is well
defined that the PRNP gene plays a key role in TSE susceptibility. For example, it is well
determined that insertion/deletion polymorphism in promoter and intron 1 regions of the
PRNP has affected susceptibility against to BSE in cattle. Unlike cattle, BSE has never been
diagnosed in water buffaloes. Researches show that both of two region of the buffalo PRNP
mostly consist of insertion alleles which considered most resistant alleles to BSE. While this
genetic structure may be the reason of the resistance of the buffaloes against to BSE, another
reason could be originated from nucleotide differences in the coding gene between cattle and
buffalo. To see is there any polymorphisms in coding region, 750bp part of the PRNP exon 3
of the Anatolian, Murrah and their crossbreds were amplified and sequenced in the present
study. Three silent nucleotide changes were found at the codons 42, 78 and 95. A
nonsynonymous nucleotide change was detected at codon 108 whereas amino acid
substitution was Glysin (G) to Serin (S). Minor allele frequencies of codon 108 found to be
0,279 in Anatolian, 0,375 in Murrah and 0,388 in crossbred buffaloes.
Keywords: Buffalo, PRNP, BSE resistance, exon 3
261
ROAD NETWORK ANALYSES IN LAND CONSOLIDATION PROJECTS BY
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
Fatih Iscan1 and Ceren Yagci1
1
Department of Geomatics, University of Selcuk, Konya, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Land consolidation projects is defined as taking any necessary measures for more efficient
operation of the agribusiness in accordance as with the requirements of the rural areas in the
developing agricultural technologies and rearrangement.
Safer and faster transport of agricultural products and access of motor vehicles to all farms
with simultaneous improvement in the access of machinery are the some of the benefits of
land consolidation projects. While landholdings spend more time travelling between their
parcels before land consolidation projects, landholdings can reach their parcels with shorter
way and lower fuel costs after land consolidation projects.
In this study, the impact on length of roads and fuel costs in land consolidation projects are
analysed by the help of GIS technologies. Therefore, the actual length of each of roads from
landholdings to any of its parcels and their fuel costs exchanging is computed for before and
after land consolidation projects. According to the results, road lengths is decreased about 77
% and daily fuel saving is about 14.33 $ after land consolidation project.
Keywords: Fuel Cost, GIS, Land Consolation, Landholdings, Road Length
262
TARIMIN TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNDE YERİ
Selda ARSLAN
Tarımsal Ekonomi ve Politika Geliştirme Enstitüsü – ANKARA
ABSTRACT
Tarım, bir yaşam biçimi olmakla birlikte, yurt içi gıda gereksinimini karşılama, sanayi
sektörüne girdi temin etme, sanayi ürünlerine talep oluşturma, milli gelir, ihracat geliri ve
istihdam sağlama yönüyle ülke ekonomisine değişik yollardan katkı sağlayan önemli bir
sektördür. Çeşitli iklim koşullarına sahip olan Türkiye her türlü tarım ürününün yetişmesine
olanak sağlayan ender ülkeler arasında yer almaktadır. Tarım, genel bir ifadeyle insanların
toprağı işleyerek ekme ve dikme yoluyla ondan ürün elde etme faaliyeti olarak
tanımlanmakta, bitkisel üretime ek olarak; hayvansal üretim, ormancılık, balıkçılık ve tarım
teknolojileri faaliyetlerini de kapsamaktadır. 2014 yılı TÜİK verilerine göre gayri safi yurt içi
hasıla (GSYİH) içinde tarım sektörünün payı %7,1 olup, toplam istihdamın %21,3’ü tarım
sektöründe istihdam edilmektedir. Aynı yılın verilerine göre 77,7 milyon olan Türkiye
nüfusunun %8,2’si tarımsal alanda yaşamaktadır. Görüldüğü gibi nüfusun ve istihdamın
önemli bir bölümü hala tarım sektöründe yer almaktadır. Bu da tarımın her ne kadar GSYİH
içindeki payı düşük olsa da, ekonomi içinde önemli bir yere sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.
Nitekim tarımın GSYİH içindeki payının düşük olması sanayi ve hizmetler sektörlerindeki
payın yükseldiği anlamına da gelmektedir. Tarım tüm dünya ülkelerinde olduğu gibi Türkiye
için de stratejik öneme sahip hassas ve bir o kadar da ekonomik büyüme ve gelişmenin kilit
noktasını oluşturan bir sektördür. Mutlak suretle korunması ve desteklenmesi gereken
sektörün ekonomiye olan katkılarını arttırmak için tarım ve sanayi sektörlerinde uygulanan
politikaların uyum içerisinde olması, birikim ve yatırımların doğru yapılması gerekmektedir.
Bu önemden dolayı bu derlemede tarımın Türkiye ekonomisindeki yeri yıllar itibariyle
incelenerek, tarımın ekonomideki yerinin tespit edilmesi ve bu alanda ki karar alıcıların doğru
karar almalarına yardımcı olacak bilgilerin üretilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Keywords: Tarım, Türkiye’de Tarım, Türkiye Ekonomisi
263
UTILIZATION OF SOLVENT RETENTION CAPACITY TEST FOR EVALUATION
OF HARD RED SPRING WHEAT QUALITY
Bahri Ozsisli1, Amber Lindgren2 and Senay Simsek2
1
2
Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Department of Food Engineering, Kahramanmaras, TURKEY
North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 6050, Department 7670, Fargo, ND,
58105, U.S.A.
ABSTRACT
The solvent retention capacity (SRC) method is often used to evaluate soft wheat for endproduct functionality. There currently is not any extending research on hard wheat and
different milling fractions using the SRC method. The suitability of using solvent retention
capacity for hard red spring (HRS) wheat was evaluated on the flour quality of different
Buhler mill-stream flour samples. The wheat sample was a composite blend of Glenn, Prosper
and Barlow varieties. The sample was milled using a Buhler mill to produce six different flour
streams. The quality and end use functionality of the flour streams were measured using
rheological and end-product quality methods, which were evaluated with the SRC results. The
results were analyzed for correlations between flour samples and SRC values compared to
other flour parameter tests including the Farinograph, Mixograph and Rapid Visco Analysis
(RVA). The SRC results displayed differences between flour streams for flour composition,
pasting properties, and end product quality. These results were expected because mill streams
do not produce identical flour samples. Some of the stream samples displayed significant
(p<0.05) differences in SRC profiles, which are helpful for millers who separate mill stream
fractions based on specific end use products. The SRC had very high significant (p<0.001)
correlations with the Farinograph water absorption parameter and some end product quality
parameters. These correlations indicate that the SRC method could be used to test for the
Farinograph water absorption parameter.
Keywords: Wheat, milling fractions, solvent retention capacity, Farinograph, Mixograph and
Rapid Visco Analysis
264
DETERMINATION OF Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis (RACE 1) TOLERANCE
LEVELS OF SOME LOCAL MELON GENOTYPES
Bahar Banu Bati1, Mustafa Paksoy1, Önder Türkmen1
Selçuk University, Department of Landscape Architecture, Konya
1
ABSTRACT
In this study, compiled from Çumra region of the province of Konya, 41 local melon
genotypes with two commercial varieties of melon resistance to fusarium wilt were
determined by conventional methods. In the study, especially melon farming creates major
problems in Fusarium oxyspori f. sp. Melonis No. 1 is intended to reveal the reactions of
genotypes against the race.
According to the results of the study, 35 grains of melon genotypes are sensitive to 8 of them
has been identified as heterogeneous. In this study, the open field cultivation areas compiled
from local genotypes revealed the presence of this factor in 41 and 2 commercial varieties. As
a result of the study, 42 ÇU 10 have been identified as partially resistant varieties.
Keywords: Melon, Cucumis melo L., Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. Melonis, wilt disease
265
PREDICTION OF WASTEWATER ORIGINATED BIODEGRADABLE DISSOLVED
ORGANIC NITROGEN USING MULTILAYER PERCEPTRON AND ADAPTIVE
NEURO-FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEMS
Bilal Cemek1, Eakalak Khan2, Mithat Direk3, Halis Simsek4
1
Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation, College of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University,
Samsun, Turkey
2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
3
Demaprtment of Agricultural Economic, College of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
4
Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota Stat e University, Fargo, ND, USA
ABSTRACT
Wastewater derived dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is typically constitute of the majority
of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) discharged to surface waters from advanced wastewater
treatment plants (WWTPs). Up to 85% of effluent total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) can be
consists of DON in advanced treatment systems. Biodegradable DON (BDON) is a portion of
DON that biologically degradable by bacteria when the optimum conditions were met. BDON
and TDN in a two-stage trickling filter WWTP were estimated using two mathematical based
models, which were the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference
Systems (ANFIS) models. TDN and BDON data were collected from four different locations
in the plant and used to train and test the models. Inorganic nitrogen, DON and TDN data
were used as input parameters. Both models provided high performance on the prediction of
BDON and TDN in all four locations. Modeling results showed that R2 values for training and
testing were varied between 0.88 and 0.99 in MLP model, and varied between 0.91 and 0.99
in ANFIS model, respectively.
Keywords: Biodegradable dissolved organic nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen, artificial
neural network, and wastewater
266
ANIMAL DEATH AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(HAYVAN ÖLÜMLERİ VE ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ)
M. Kemal Çiftçi1, Funda Terzi 1, Mustafa Ortatatli 1, Fatih Hatipoğlu1, Özgür Özdemir1
1
Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Campus-Konya, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Today, an animal, especially a bovine animal, which is died in the barn, in enterprises or
pasture; what it is being done? In the livestock companies, the animals which are killed in
stalls, can they be eliminated to without polluting the barn, in business even environment?
Does these corpses being moved to necropsy-autopsy rooms and/or the pet cemetery or to the
center of medical waste in appropriate conditions?
At the present time, in summit of technological development in all areas, bovine animals died
in the barn, have been usually dragged out of the barn to remove! Later, they are sometimes
buried in a pit at a location away from the enterprises, but most of the time; they are thrown at
random for eating by dogs and wild animals!
More than 200 of the infectious diseases seen in animals are zoonotic diseases (transmitted
from animal to human) such as rabies, anthrax, tuberculosis, brucellosis etc. Thus, it is
understood that this statement how is a serious problem for public health and also animal
health!
With the development of today’s technology, does not it possible to destroy the dead animals
without polluting the environment, after performing necropsy of dead animals and identifying
the cause of death of the animal without contaminating the around with infectious agents? -Of
course possible, if the relevant agencies and organizations understand the importance of this
issue.
In this presentation, it will be drawn attention to this problem that extremely important in
terms of public health and animal health, and concrete solutions will be presented.
267
EMPLOYING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES TO EVALUATE CORN CROP
STAND COUNTING USING UAV REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY
Mohammadmehdi Maharlooei1, Alimohammad Shirzadifar2, Saravanan Sivarajan2, Sreekala G.
Bajwa2, John Nowatzki2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
2
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Dept. North Dakota state University, Fargo, ND, USA
ABSTRACT
Accurate estimation of stand counting and the distance between planted crops within the field
are considered as important factors to assess the accuracy of planters in planting operation and
help producers to make site-specific management decisions. In this paper, we evaluated two
image processing methods to count the number of corn stand counts and determine the
distance between corn plants. The RGB aerial imagery data were collected using UX5
(Trimble navigation, Gent, Belgium) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform in 2014 crop
growing season in an experiment field at Carrington, North Dakota, USA. The captured
images were processed in two image processing software ENVI (Exelis, CO, USA) and
MATLAB (Mathworks, MI, USA) using excess green approach to estimate the corn stand
count. Excess Green (2*G-R-B) algorithm detects green objects from soil in the field. The
misclassification rates for plant (MCRP) and soil (MCRS) were (2.4±1.3) % and (2.8±0.7) %
[mean±SD], whereas correct classification rates for plants (CCRp) and soil (CCRs) were
found to be (97.0±1.1) % and (94.8±1.3) %, respectively. The developed algorithms provided
accurate image delineation and also accurate corn crop stand counting. Further investigations
need to be performed to evaluate the robustness of suggested method in different ambient
light intensities and environmental conditions.
Keywords: UAV, Stand counting, Aerial Imagery, Image processing
268
LOW-COST ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY WASTEWATER TREATMENT
SYSTEMS IN TURKEY (CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS)
Zeki GÖKALP1, Belgin ÇAKMAK2
1
Erciyes University Agricultural Faculty Biosystems Engineering Department, Kayseri, Turkey
Ankara University Agricultural Faculty Agricultural Structures and Irrigation Department, Ankara
2
ABSTRACT
Natural systems for treatment and management of municipal and industrial wastewaters and
residuals feature processes that use minimal energy, minimal or no chemicals and they
produce relatively lower amounts of residual solids. In most cases, this approach will result in
a system that costs less to build and operate and requires less energy than mechanical
treatment alternatives. Among those natural treatment systems, the constructed wetlands are
the systems emulating the natural wetland systems. They are commonly used for treatment of
domestic and industrial wastewater in specially designed basins with aquatic plants and easily
be used for small-to-medium sized communities. Serious interest in natural methods for waste
treatments has reemerged throughout the world. Constructed wetlands with their cheaper and
easy construction, low energy and labor costs, easy operation, maintenance and monitoring
were specified as the primary issue in rural development strategy document of State Planning
Organization of Turkey. Almost all the systems in Turkey are designed as sub-surface
horizontal flow type constructed wetlands and most of them are not able to perform as
expected because of errors and mistakes made during the design, construction, operation and
maintenance of these systems. In this study, general issues to be considered in design,
construction, operation and maintenance of sub-surface horizontal flow constructed wetlands
commonly used in rural parts of Turkey for domestic wastewater treatment purposes were
assessed and current implementations in Kayseri Province were investigated. Potential
mistakes made in their design, construction, operation and maintenance of them were pointed
out and possible solutions were proposed.
Keywords: Wastewater, natural treatment, constructed wetlands, Kayseri
269
STANDARDIZATION OF SEED COATING POLYMER FOR MAIZE
Vishwanath S. Medar, Patil, S. B., Shakuntala, N. M., Sangeetha, I. M., And Kuchanur, P. H.
ABSTRACT
An experiment was carried out in CRD design with four replications and six treatments.
Among the treatments, significantly highest germination (97.75 %), shoot length (14.50 cm),
root length (21.80 cm), seedling dry weight (169.75 mg), speed of germination (16.00) and
seedling vigour index (3549) were recorded in P4 (6 ml polymer per kg of seed). Whereas,
lowest germination (95.00 %), shoot length (12.50 cm), root length (16.13 cm), seedling dry
weight (160.50 mg), speed of germination (14.07) and seedling vigour index (2720) in P1
(untreated seeds). From this study it can be concluded that among the treatments P 4 was best
to get higher seed quality parameters for seed coating in hybrid maize.
Keywords: Polymer and Maize hybrid (RMH-2)
270
GRAPHENE OXIDE FUNCTIONALIZED WITH (3-AMINOPROPYL)
TRİETHOXYSILANE-IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES COMPOSITE AS A NEW
ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSING PLATFORM
Salih Zeki Bas1, Mustafa Ozmen1, Esra Maltas1, Ayse Civit2, Mehmet Kursat Isik2
1
Selcuk University, Department of Chemistry, 42075, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
2
Konya Food & Agriculture University, 42080, Meram, Konya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
As a derivative of graphene, Graphene oxide (GO) have been widely used in many
applications due to its electronic and mechanical properties as well as its large surface. Also,
new hybrid materials can be prepared with a combination of GO and metal nanoparticles to
improve their existing properties with a synergistic effect. The use of the combined materials
exhibits highly sensitive and selective response to target substance in measuring medium and
also provides the preparation of more effective and robust (bio)sensors.
The determination of hydrogen peroxide has an importance in food, mining, textile,
pharmaceutical, clinical and environmental applications. In living organisms, hydrogen
peroxide also plays an essential role as a signaling molecule in regulating various biological
processes as well as its well-known cytotoxic effects. Hydrogen peroxide is also a product
released during the oxidation of the substrate catalyzed by enzymes such as glucose oxidase,
cholesterol oxidase, lysine oxidase, xanthine oxidase etc. Hence, the study on the
determination of hydrogen peroxide is of clinical and industrial importance.
This study presents the preparation of Fe3O4 functionalized graphene oxide as a new biocompatible material for sensor applications. Fe3O4 functionalized graphene oxide was
synthesized by a two-step process. First, Fe3O4 was modified by (3-aminopropyl)
triethoxysilane to introduce amino groups on the surface of graphene oxide(GO). Second, the
modified Fe3O4 was reacted with the carboxylic groups of GO by an activating agent N-(3dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride to form a new material called as
Fe3O4-GO. The electrocatalytic activity of Fe3O4-GO towards electrooxidation of H2O2 was
described by using electrochemical techniques.
Keywords: (bio) sensor, hydrogen peroxide, graphene oxide, iron oxide nanoparticles
271
STUDIES ON OVICIDAL EFFECTS OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST THE
Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (COL.: BRUCHIDAE)
Murat Nadi TAŞ1, Meryem UYSAL2, Hüseyin ÇETİN2
2
Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Turkey
1
ABSTRACT
In this study, ovicidial effect of methanol extracts from tipton’s weed (Hypericum perforatum
L.), cummin (Cuminum cyminum L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), thyme (Origanum onites
L.), were tested againts Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Col.: Bruchidae). The experiments
were conducted in laboratory conditions of 30˚C, 55+ 5% RH and conducted dark. In the
ovicidial effect tests, the doses applied to a day old eggs of Callosobruchus maculatus F.
were 2-4-8 (w/w). Methanol extracts of anise resulted in mean egg hatch of 63.35 per cent at
8 per cent (weigh/weigh) concentration in comparison to control where 95.00 per cent egg
hatch was observed. This was followed by cumin, thyme and tipton’s weed extracts where the
same concentration resulted in 75.00, 83.35 and 86.65 per cent egg hatch respectively. As
statistically among to extracts only anise showed a strong ovicidial effect.
Keywords: Callosobruchus maculatus, methanol extracts, tipton’s weed
272
ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT METHODS IN ORGANIC ANIMAL PRODUCTION
M.Kürşat Işık1, Sabiha Ünal2
1
Veterinarian, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Dede Korkut Neigh. Beyşehir Avenue No: 9 42080
Meram / Konya
2
Veterinarian, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, General Directorate of Food And Control 9. km of
Eskişehir Highway. Floor: 5 Lodumlu / Ankara
Correspondence author’s e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
As mentioned in Article 18 of "Regulation on Principles of Organic Agriculture and The
Implementations" entered into force by publishing in 18 August 2010; "Alternative treatment
methods; homeopathic and phytotherapeutic products use instead of allopathic veterinary
medicinal products synthesized by chemically or antibiotics."
Usage of preparations synthesized by chemically is restricted to three times within a year.
Furthermore, usage of chemical synthetics is restricted to once a year in animals with
effective lifetime at least one year. If they were applied chemical treatment more than once,
said animals or products obtained from these animals cannot be sold as organic products.
Phytotherapeutic products are licensed by the Ministry according to Regulation on Nonmedical Veterinary Health Products entered into force by publishing in 17 December 2011.
These products are not subject to receipt.
Homeopathic products are licensed by the Ministry according to Regulation on Veterinary
Medical Products entered into force by publishing in 24.12.2011. These products are subject
to receipt.
It is extremely important in terms of protecting human and animal health that ensuring widely
usage of alternative treatment methods by introducing instead of allopathic products,
especially in organic agriculture, and good agriculture and conventional agriculture.The aim
of the present study is to expand use of homeopathic and phytotherapeutic preparations
instead of allopathic products."
Keywords: Homeopathic Products, Phytotherapeutic Products, Allopathic Products
273
Emrah Torlak1, Mehmet Kürşat Işık2
1
Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 42090,
Konya, Turkey
2
Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080, Konya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Paenibacillus larvae is the etiological agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), a severe bacterial
disease of honey bee brood (Apis mellifera). P. larvae spores can survive in the environment
for an extended period of time, and are resistant to a wide-variety of treatments such as heat,
desiccation and chemicals. In this study, the efficacy of gaseous ozone in inactivating the P.
larvae spores on wooden and plastic hive materials was investigated. Pinewood and polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) sticks, representative hive materials, were inoculated with a spore cocktail of
three strains of P. larvae. Inoculated sticks were treated with two different constant
concentrations of gaseous ozone (9.8 and 17.1 mg/L). Ozonation at 17.1 mg/L for 120 min
yielded over the 4 log reduction in the counts of spores on PVC sticks. Whereas, reduction of
2.3 log was obtained on pinewood sticks at the same experimental conditions. Our results
suggest that gaseous ozone treatment a promising candidate for the sterilization of plastic
hives contaminated with P. larvae spores.
Keywords: Paenibacillus larvae spores, Gaseous Ozone, Hive Material
274
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE AND GLOBAL WARMING
Sabiha Ünal1, M. Kürşat Işık2
1
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, General Directorate of Food and Control, 9. km of Eskişehir
Highway. Floor: 5 Lodumlu / Ankara
Konya Food and Agriculture University, Dede Korkut Neigh. Beyşehir Avenue No: 9 42080 Meram / Konya
2
ABSTRACT
As it is known, a large increase was observed in the amount of greenhouse gases as a result of
excessive use of fossil fuels with the industrial revolution. It is seen that linear relationship
between atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and global temperature as a cause of
global warming.
Climate change is simply defined as changes in temperature and raining.
However, it affects the entire ecosystem with environment, human, animal, plant health and
agriculture when we considered the effects. Production through agricultural production
methods reducing greenhouse gas emissions against changing climate comes to the fore.
Agriculture is an important sector, which is affecting the climate change and also affected by
it.
Organic agriculture (ecological, biological) is a nature-friendly and environment-friendly
production model. Organic agriculture is an agricultural system generated as an alternative
against problems in terms of human health, economy and environment of agriculture based on
high input usage...
The use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides is restricted in organic agriculture. Organic
agriculture gives importance to activities such as green manure, compost making and
alternation. This gives ecosystem the property of being more resistant to effects of climate
change. Furthermore, it leads decreasing of the emissions generated during production and
transport of such materials, and thus decreasing of formation of agricultural origin greenhouse
gases.
Because organic agriculture and carbon emissions into the atmosphere, greenhouse gases and
the measurements come to the fore in our country recently, there is need for researches and
studies to be done on these issues.
Keywords: Climate Change, Organic Agriculture, Greenhouse Gases, Global Warming
275
THE KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF THE RURAL POPULATION ABOUT THE
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: ERZURUM CITY, CENTRE DISTRICTS CASE
(YAKUTIYE, PALANDÖKEN AND AZIZIYE)
Züleyha Bingül1, Tuğba EREM KAYA1
Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü, Erzurum
1
ABSTRACT
Bu araştırmada; Erzurum İli, Merkez İlçelerdeki çiftçilerin çevre bilinç düzeylerinin ortaya
konması amaçlanmıştır. Veriler; Erzurum İli, Merkez ilçelere ait köylerden anket yoluyla
toplanmıştır. Örnek hacminin belirlenmesinde oransal örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak 67
işletme saptanmıştır. Ayrıca çevre bilinç düzeyini ölçmek için Likert ölçeği esas alınarak
puanlama yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda çiftçilerin ne düzeyde çevre bilincine sahip
oldukları belirlenmiştir.
Keywords: Erzurum, tarım, çevre, kırsal halk, çevre bilinci
276
URBAN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MUNICIPALITIES: THE CASE OF
ERZURUM METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY
Züleyha Bingül1, Fatma Ekmekyapar Torun2
2
1
Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü, Erzurum
Atatürk Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, 25240, Erzurum
ABSTRACT
The municipal solid wastes should be collected and disposed to reduce the harmful effects.
One of the duties of the municipalities is to collect, transport and dispose of solid wastes.
According to the Solid Waste Control Regulation, the local district municipalities are
responsible for the collection and transportation of all municipality solid waste to the transfer
station. The Metropolitan Municipality is also responsible for the construction and operation
of the final disposal sites. In this study, the quantity, collection, transportation and disposal
and the municipal management of solid wastes in Erzurum were determined and examined.
The Solid Waste Control Regulation is efficiently applied by Erzurum Metropolitan
Municipality. The solid wastes formed in Erzurum are collected by Erzurum Metropolitan
Municipality and are transported to the landfill operated by the Erzurum Metropolitan
Municipality. The solid wastes transported are placed in prepared cells and are further
compressed by bulldozers. At the end of the daily storage operation, the cells are covered with
soil. The wastewater treatment in the plant, which has 280-400 tons average daily rate of
disposal solid waste, is performed by reverse osmosis which is one of the advanced treatment
systems.
Keywords: Erzurum, solid waste, solid waste management, collection, landfill
277
EVALUATION OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IN LAGOON OF ORIKUM IN
ALBANIA
Romina Libohova1, Klementina Puto1, Rigerta Sadikaj1, Dritan Arapi1, Edlira Baraj2, Entela
Azemaj1
1
2
Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, 1 Zogu Blvd., 1001 Tirana, Albania
FIMIF, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Mother Tereza Sq, Nr. 4, 1001 Tirana, Albania
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to determine the level of water and fish pollution from pathogenic
microorganisms, Fecal Coliforms and Fecal Streptococcus (FC / FS), in lagoon of Orikum
during 2013-2014.
Samples are taken with bottles, sterilized before at a temperature 1210C for 20 minutes. The
amount of water samples has been over 250 mL and their transport is made at a temperature
40C. The analyses of taken samples have been done within 24 hours from sampling time. It is
used the multiple-tube fermentation method. The presence or absence of gas / turbidity in
each tube is used to calculate the Most Probable Number (MPN).
As regards the quality of water in the Lagoon of Orikum, in sampling station where we also
analyzed fishes of this area, resulted that there was no contamination with pathogenic
microorganisms (Fecal Coliform / Fecal Streptococcus).
Considering these bacterial indicators, in four seasons when samples are taken, respectively
(spring, summer, autumn, winter) the level of Fecal Coliforms and Fecal Streptococcus was
within allowed and recommended values of UE, lower than 2000 bacteria /100 ml. The
Lagoon of Orikum is analyzed to make comparisons between two lagoonal areas in the
district of Vlora.
Key words: Fecal Coliforms, Fecal Streptococcus, microbial pollution, Lagoon of Orikum.
278
DETERMINANTS OF EGYPT’S FOREIGN TRADE WITH ARAB COUNTRIES
USING THE GRAVITY MODEL
Ahmed M.A. Mohamed1, Abd El-Baky M. El-Shaieb1
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this paper is to determine the factors that affect Egypt’s bilateral trade
flows to the Arab markets. Based on the panel data, the gravity model approach has been used
to estimate Egypt’s total trade, exports, and imports with the Arab countries through annual
data covering the period 2000 to 2013 for 19 Arab countries. The gravity model in its random
effects panel data was investigated. The results show that Egypt’s GDP, importer’s GDP,
Egypt’s population, importer’s population, and distance are the main factors affecting Egypt’s
total trade and exports to Arab markets. In case of imports, only Egypt’s GDP, importer’s
GDP, and Egypt’s population are the main factors.
Keywords: Egypt, Arab markets, gravity model, panel data, trade
279
REMOVAL OF CR(VI) BY ECO-FRİENDLY ADSORBENT FROM THE WASTE
HORNS
Eyüp Demir1, Zeliha Çınar1, Şerife Parlayıcı1, Erol Pehlivan1
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Selcuk University, Campus, 42079 Konya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Keratin is a major component of horns and has abundant huge amount of protein. It is a
natural biodegradable material which is able to bind charged species such as chromium and
arsenic. In this research, the raw horn (RH) and modified horn (MH) as a biosorbent for
adsorption of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution was researched. The RH was modified with ferric
nitrate solution and horn-iron(III) oxy-hydroxides (H-HFO) was obtained. The uptake
properties of RH and MH was investigated by Cr(VI) capacity determination. The Batch
removal model for RH and MH was applied as a function of time, adsorbent dosage, and of
the pH to evaluate the performance of them. The adsorption of Cr(VI) was tried for 24 hours
periods and teh equilbrium was established in 6 hours for the both biosorbents. The amount of
adsorbant directly affected the capacity of the biosorbents and 0.25 g of biosorbent was
preferred quantity in the adsorption process. The mechanism for Cr(VI)-biosorbent
equilibrium was inspected by using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The best
effect of the pH on the removal was found 1.5 and 2.0 for RH and MH, respectively. The
removal of Cr(VI) was also found to follow the Langmuir isotherm model for the both
biosorbents and the maximum biosorption capacities are 55.0 and 83.47 mg/g Cr(VI) ion of
RH and MH, respectively.
Keywords: Hexavalent chromium, keratin, equilibrium, biosorption
280
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSUMERS’
EXPENDITURE AND CONSUMPTION OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN EGYPT
(CHALLENGES-OPPORTUNITIES)
Sobhy Ahmed Abou El-Naga1
Agricultural Economics Department,
Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufiya University
ABSTRACT
This study aims to analyze the development of the Egyptian consumer spending and
consumption of some important food commodities with a focus on animal products
particularly in Egypt, during the period 1951/1952 - 2010 / 2011 to highlight the extent of
change that has occurred on the average per capita of these commodities during the study
period as well as estimating changes in consumer spending by estimating consumer spending
functions on animal products to get to know the nature of those functions, so that it could be
used in the development of consumer policy for such goods and to fill the gap between supply
and demand for these commodities in Egypt.
It has been proved that the increase per capita consumption of animal production commodities
in Egypt in recent years at the expense of other commodities, especially grains and starches
was due to increased production but this increase is very small for the rate of increase of the
population in the study period, especially if compared to average per capita consumption in
the developed countries.
And has resulted in the statistical measurement of expenditure functions estimated that the
values of the coefficients Elasticity calculated for commodities of animal production in
studied period in urban and rural Egypt, do not represent significant differences for both
consumption sectors and were all higher than the right one which indicates that the goods of
animal production in Egypt until now are from the luxury goods. The study also showed that
there are challenges facing shrinking the gap between production and consumption of these
products with an attempt to propose some possible solutions to overcome them.
Keywords: Egyptian consumer, animal products, consumer policy, expenditure functions,
elasticity
281
ASSESMENT OF KONYA GREENHOUSE PROJECTION
Bünyamin Demir1, Selda Örs2
1
Erciyes University Seyrani Agricultural Faculty Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kayseri
Ataturk University Agricultural Faculty Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation, Erzurum
2
ABSTRACT
Konya is one of the most significant region of Turkey’s agricultural character. Considerable
amount of agricultural production in our country are mostly produced in Konya. One of the
production method has been used in the region is greenhouse technique, became widespread
in recent years. In this study, the aim was to determine the projection of Konya province
greenhouse production. The projection coefficient were calculated by using last ten years data
of production area and production quantity; according to its increase or decrease, Konya
projection of last ten years were evaluated and compared to Turkey’s dataset.
Projection coefficients were found as 20.68%, -62.41%, -50.78%, 0% for glass greenhouse,
plastic greenhouse, high tunnel, low tunnel, respectively. The increase in projection
coefficient caused an increase in the area of greenhouse, thus its production. The projection
coefficients of glass greenhouse were found higher than Turkey’s mean values.
Keywords: Konya, greenhouse production, projection
282
THE TRIANGLE OF MEDIA-FOOD-HEALTH
Celile Özçiçek Dölekoğlu1, F. Handan Giray2, Ayşe Şahin3
Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sivil Havacılık Yüksekokulu, Sivil Hava Ulaştırma İşletmeciliği BESYO Kat:3
Balcalı/Adana
2
Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarım Ekonomisi Bölümü 32000 Çünür / ISPARTA
3
Mersin Üniversitesi, İİBF, İşletme Bölümü Çiftlikköy/Mersin
1
ABSTRACT
Inconceivable changes in the technology cause also various changes in the life styles, customs
and perceptions of the people. The media is one of the important tools in these changes. TV
occupies an important time of many people’s life for news, fun and learning. However, while
doing these, it effects on our wishes, expectations and life styles through its leading, addiction
and hypnoses features. These features of the TV encourage using it more and for different
purposes. It is also supported by easy mobile watching facilities, high number of alternative
channels and programs. It is obvious that the TV highly effects on consumption through
advertisements and programs while it is also used for informing and teaching purposes. These
effects might be in positive way but also misleading. Particularly increases in the programs
regarding health, nutrition and public awareness confuse and/or change perceptions of people.
In 2011 there were 1125 radio and TV channels in Turkey (www.tuik.gov.tr) and the average
TV watching duration is 3.9 hours (Eurodata, 2010). Sixty per cent of the women watch TV 25 hour a day (RTÜK, 2010).
This study aims at identifying TV watching habits of women who are the target of health and
nutrition programs in order to investigate informative and teaching role of the TV. It analyzed
the data collected through 1152 face to face interviews with women in three provinces
(Adana, Mersin, and Antalya) of Turkey in 2012. The average time of watching TV is 3.6
hours and the most favorite programs are TV series (53.7%) and then news, specific programs
for women and health related programs. 78.5 per cent of the people watches the programs on
health. The study analyses how the TV changes human behavior and how it can be used more
as an informative and teaching tool.
Keywords: Media, food news, television
283
FACTORS AFFECTING EGYPT’S POTATOES EXPORTS IN THE GLOBAL
MARKET
Rania A.M. Ahmed1, Hussein Sarhan 2
1
2
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the factors affecting Egypt’s potatoes exports in the global market.
The research employed simple, multiple, and stepwise regressions (linear and double
logarithmic) to determine the most factors affecting the demand for Egypt’s potatoes export in
the global markets especially to the German and Greek markets during the period 1995-2011.
The results indicated that the most factor that affect Egypt’s potatoes exports to Germany is
the population of Germany. The results showed also that the most factors affecting Egypt’s
potatoes exports to Greece are the price percentage of potatoes exports between Egypt and
France in the Greek market, exchange rate of USD and the percentage between Egypt’s
potatoes export price and the average export price of all competing countries in the Greek
market.
Keywords: Egypt, potatoes, exports, regression analysis
284
L’AGRICULTURE MAROCAINE A L’EPREUVE DES EXIGENCES DU
DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE
Hamid Slimani
Corresponding author’s email: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Le Maroc est un pays qui dispose de toutes les conditions favorables pour la performance
agricole. Et l’agriculture continue, certes, à jouer un rôle indispensable en tant que
locomotive de développement économique (exportations, sécurité alimentaire, inputs pour le
secteur industriel), social (pourvoyeur d’emplois et de revenus) et même politique (gage de
stabilité sociale). En effet, d’après les grandeurs macroéconomiques du pays, l’agriculture
réalise une valeur ajoutée qui avoisine 20% du Produit Intérieur Brut, contribue aux
exportations du pays à hauteur de 20% et emploie plus de 40% de la population active.
Les politiques et la pratique agricoles devraient normalement améliorer ou au moins
pérenniser ou « durabiliser» » ces résultats.
Notre communication vise à répondre au questionnement suivant : Dans quelle mesure
l’agriculture telle qu’elle est conçue et pratiquée permet le maintien des ressources naturelles,
la promotion de l’équité sociale?
Cette question fédératrice peut être étayée en trois sous-questions :
- En quoi consiste la politique agricole Marocaine ?
- Quelle intérêt apporté par cette politique à la variable environnementale ?
- Quelles sont les performances de l’agriculture marocaine?
- Quel l’impact peut-on repérer pour l’agriculture sur l’environnement ?
La réponse à cette problématique suppose la mise en exergue de l’état de l’agriculture
marocaine et l’analyse de la politique marocaine en la matière, eu égard des exigences du
développement durable.
Keywords: Agriculture Marocaine, Stratégie Agricole Nationale, Développement Durable,
Territoire
285
AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY: A CHALLENGE FOR THE FUTURE OF
HUMAN WELL-BEING
Ahmet DİREK1, Esra KAVCI3, Fatma AKIN2, Hasan CAN2, Sündüz ONBAŞI2,
Saliha MUTAF2, Erdoğan Eşref HAKKI2*
1: Ihsan Dogramacı Bilkent University, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ankara
2: Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Konya
3: Necmettin Erbakan University, Biotechnology, Konya.
*: corresponding author ([email protected])
ABSTRACT
According to FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation), the world population is expected to
reach to 9 billion by the mid-21st century. While one seventh of current population suffers
from nutritional deficiencies the challenging question of how it will be possible to achieve a
food production level that will possibly meet the requirements of additional 2 billion mouths
within a generation arises. The answers are nature friendly sustainable programs that utilize
the agricultural biodiversity efficiently and new biotechnological tools such as pest or disease
management strategies by providing plant traits more tolerant or resistant to environmental
stresses. World’s third biggest Gene Bank in Ankara Turkey will present a good attitude for
this purpose and immediate hosting of a part of the ICARDA genetic material upon the
decentralization of this valuable material when the Syrian conflict started constituted the
rewarding part of these efforts. Better utilization of genetic resources worldwide will
obviously provide more sustainable and profitable agriculture. There are a lot of species that
can have an incredible effect on this aim such as wild species that can provide rich iron, zinc
and protein contents, Chenopodium quinoa which have already accepted in Eurasian markets,
Daucus carota (Purple carrot) which has higher amounts of beta carotene and antioxidants
than normal orange carrot. Cephalarica syriaca is also one of the examples of wild oil plants
that can help meet the requirements of the oil industry. In conclusion, even though there are
lots of growing problems on the nutrition issue, Mother Nature gives us lots of alternatives to
overcome them sustainably.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Agrobiodiversity, Genetic Resources, Sustainable agriculture
286
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN A GREENHOUSE BY AN AUTOMATED
Murat YILDIRIM
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarımsal Yapılar ve Sulama Bölümü, Çanakkale
ABSTRACT
Irrigation has the maximum water withdrawal in agriculture and on the other hand, agriculture
is the primary source of livelihood for farmers. In this case, agricultural water management is
the key point at both sustainable agriculture and using water efficiency in agriculture.
Nowadays, automation in drip irrigation systems has been switched from manual systems to
the automated systems since offering a wide range of new options such as water and labor
saving and so on. This paper proposes a model of an automatic drip irrigation system, based
on a sensor sensing water level in a mini-pan. The sensors made of two electrodes are the only
source of power to control the irrigation system. Sensors are placed inside in the mini-pan and
continuously sense the water level until it dropped under the bottom tip of one electrode and
produced a signal going to the microprocessor (PIC16F877). Therefore, being a close loop,
the system was activated based on the water level, which pumps and stopped the system
through the whole growing season. In this paper, a complete hardware and software
implementation of this proposed automated irrigation system is presented.
Keywords: Automation, drip irrigation, mini-pan, controller
287
INCREASING FARMERS INCOME OF RURAL TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES IN
KONYA, TURKEY
Mithat DIREK, Arzu KAN
Selcuk University, Konya-Turkey
ABSTRACT
Rural tourism, the small-scale agricultural enterprises in terms of diversification of
economic activities, is an additional activity in agricultural sector. It is an important
economic activity contributed to local economy and employment although not an income
component in a short time. In recently, importance of rural tourism has increased gradually
in developing and developed countries. Rural tourism is also one of the rapidly growing
industries in the world. Most of the rural tourism enterprises are small and medium size
due to the deficiencies in identification, measurement and policy. It is an important field of
activity for Turkey that has too many rural areas, and also for the countries that have rapid
progress in tourism. Environmental pollution, noise and visual pollution have directed to
people to the natural areas in Turkey and other countries. By opening rural areas to the
tourism and employment of some part of the population from agriculture to the tourism are
the targets within development policies. In this research, rural tourism activities put forth
how efficient on increasing farmers income.
Keywords: rural tourism, farmer’s income, Konya, rural tourism opportunities
288
THE REFLECTIONS OF EGYPT’S AGRICULTURAL AND ECONOMIC POLICIES
ON PRODUCTION AND FEDDAN COSTS OF WHEAT CROP
Ahmed M.A. Mohamed1, Abdel Baky M. Elshayeb2, Sahar A.M. Abd Elwahab3
1,2,3
Department of Agriculture Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt
ABSTRACT
Wheat crop is one of the most important crops in Egypt where the imported from it is used to
meet the lack in its production to face the consumption needs from it. So this research aims to
shed light on the effect of the agricultural policies on production or costs for the wheat crop
through achieving the secondary objectives in:
1-Studying the effect of the agricultural policy on the total productive costs items of the wheat
crop.
2- Studying the effects of the followed agricultural policies on the outcome of the feddan of
the wheat crop.
3-Studying the resulted effects of the followed agricultural policies on producing wheat by
using the policy analysis Matrix [ P.A.M] Through it we calculate the economic outcomes and
costs of the feddan to calculate the deals of effective protection and its rates and the standard
factor to produce wheat. To achieve this aim, the study depends on the published and
unpublished secondary data through the period [1986-2012] declared from the Ministry of
Agriculture and the Economic Sector and the Central System for Public Statistics, besides the
various references and researches and the scientific papers related to the topic of the study.
This study reached to what follows.
1- It becomes clear from the records of production costs that the increase in the total cost
resulted basically on the value of both the human, robot work and the rent among the rest of
the items of the total cost of the crop which is the topic of this study.
Whereas this rate advantage increased after the State had adopted the policy of the economic
release [1986-1997] About 0,08 while the increase in the rate advantage reached during the
complete release period [1998-2012] to 0.09 .The Study reached some recommendations by
which we can activate the policy of the economic reform to raise the strategies of farming the
cereal crops especially the wheat.
Keywords: Egypt, Wheat, Production, Policy Analysis Matrix
289
EFFECT OF NITROGEN APPLICATION AND AMOUNT OF WATER ON YIELD
OF INTERCROPPED MAIZE -MUNG BEAN AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY
Alaa Salih Ati
Nooruldeen S. Ali
Taraq K. Masood
College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad-Iraq
ABSTRACT
Field experiment was carried out during spring seasons of 2015 in Al-Rasheed Township
southern of Baghdad, Iraq in silt loam calcareous soil to study the effect of nitrogen and water
amount applied to intercropped maize-mung bean on yield and water use efficiency. Maize
(corn) (synthetic cv. 5018) and mung bean (synthetic cv. local) were planted in a strip
intercropped. The experiment was a Split Plot Design arranged in RCBD with three
replications. Irrigation treatment represents the main plot and nitrogen fertilizer treatment as
sub plot. Irrigation treatments included 1.Full irrigation (traditional - control), irrigation was
imposed at 50% depletion of available water (T0).2. Deficit irrigation: skipping one irrigation
after each two successive irrigations (T1). Nitrogen treatments included application of 4 rates
50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1. All plots were irrigated with well water (ECi =2.4 dS.m-1).
Results indicated that number of irrigations were 21 and 16 for traditional and deficit
irrigation treatment consuming 879.75 and 616.65 mm for the two water treatments,
respectively. All growth and yield parameters were significantly higher at traditional
irrigation compared to deficit. As a main effect of nitrogen on growth and yield of mung bean
the rate 100-150 kg N ha-1 was the best for all parameters .The interactions effect between the
amount of N and water on pod yield indicated that the best two treatments were 150 kg N ha-1
with traditional irrigation (the best overall treatment) and 100 kg N ha-1 with deficit irrigation.
Therefore, it seems to be the amount of water affected significantly the response to N applied.
The interaction between water and N was reflected on water productivity (water use
efficiency "WUE) with 100 kg N ha-1 being the best with deficit irrigation compared to 150200kg N ha-1 with traditional irrigation. As for the effect of water applied on corn yield, the
most parameters were significantly the same (with no significant differences) accept for
biological yield "which was higher with traditional compared to deficit". As a main effect of
nitrogen on growth and yield of maize the rate 100 kg N ha-1 was the best for all maize growth
and yield parameters. The interactions effect between the amount of N and water on growth
parameters and maize grain yield indicated that the best two treatments were 150 kg N ha-1
with traditional irrigation and 50 kg N ha-1 with deficit irrigation. Therefore, it seems to be
that amount of water affected significantly the response to N applied. The interaction between
water and N was reflected on water productivity with 100 kg N ha-1 being the best with deficit
irrigation compared to 200kg N ha-1 with traditional irrigation.
Keywords: Intercropping, Nitrogen Fertilizer, Corn, green gram (Vigna radiate), Water
Productivity
290
EFFECT OF PROBIOTIC AND UREA ON NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MALVA AND
BARLEY SILAGE
*A.A. Hassan
**W.H. Alsamari
Dept. of Animal Res./ Colle.of Agric./ Univ. of Baghdad **,*
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the effect of ensiling Malva grass (Malva sylvestris)
(75%) , green barley (15%), urea (5%) and molasses(5.5 - 6%) with 0, 0.2 and 0.5 % probiotic
on silage quality and chemical composition, the silage were determined at 40 days of ensiling.
Results showed that physical characteristics indicate acceptable physical attributes and rang
from good quality to Very good silage. Silage scores however revealed that the best physical
attributes were attained at 0.2 and 0.5 % probiotic. Additives improved fermentation quality
by reducing final pH from 4.80 to 4.50, indicating that the silages mixtures were adequately
fermented. Silage without probiotic showed lower (P < 0.05) dry matter losses as compared
to 0.2 and 0.5% probiotic, while, organic matter and crude protein content had more (P<0.05)
for silage without probiotic than probiotic additives. Addition of probiotic produced silages
with significantly higher (P < 0.01) in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility and
metabolizable energy value than without probiotic. Neutral detergent fiber, hemecellulose and
lignin decreased (P<0.05) for silages 0.02 and 0.5% probiotic than without probiotic, no
significant defenses for acid detergent fiber and water soluble carbohydrate contents in silage.
In conclusion, probiotic used in this study enhanced nutritive value of silage. Ensiling may be
applied as a practical approach for long-term preservation of fresh grass.
Keywords: silage quality, probiotic, Malva sylvestris
291
GENERAL EVALUATION of AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION for ACHIEVING
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE in KONYA PLAIN PROJECT (KOP) REGION,
TURKEY2
*Mustafa KAN, Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya, Turkey
Murat KÜÇÜKÇONGAR, Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya, Turkey
Cennet OĞUZ, Selcuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Agricultural Economics, Konya, Turkey
Bülent GÜLÇUBUK, Ankara University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Agricultural Economics, Turkey
Süleyman SOYLU, Selcuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Field Crop, Konya, Turkey
Arzu KAN, Selcuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Agricultural Economics, Konya, Turkey
Özdal KÖKSAL, Ankara University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Agricultural Economics, Turkey
Fatih ÖZDEMİR, Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya, Turkey
Naim DEMİRTAŞ, Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya, Turkey
Oktay OKUR, Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya, Turkey
Mevlüt VANOĞLU, KOP Regional Development Administration, Konya, Turkey
*Correspondent Author e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Sustainable agriculture, as a managerial philosophy has risen to meet environmental,
economic and social complications. The way of effective, efficient and sustainable agriculture
is possible with the effective implementation of agricultural extension and advisory services.
Agricultural extension as a source of information plays an important role for the achievement
of sustainable agricultural development. Extension could play a key role in fostering
sustainability through its educational programs but there has been a growing realization that
traditional extension models have not been sufficiently effective in promoting adoption of
sustainable agricultural practices. Since sustainable agriculture is a knowledge intensive
system, it requires a new kind of knowledge, which differs from other forms on the basis of
conventional agricultural practices. In fact, conventional extension system cannot accomplish
sustainability in agriculture; because today's agricultural extension must consider
environmental implications, social issues, and overall economic growth within the agriculture
sector. In this research, the evaluation of agricultural extension studies has been done to
determine how to be encouraged of sustainable agriculture in Konya Plain Project (KOP)
Region which is one of the most comprehensive project in Turkey. The data for this study are
from a 2014 surveys in 4 provinces (KOP region, Aksaray, Karaman, Konya and Niğde
provinces) with 495 agricultural extension experts (AEE) in public sector. The opinions of
AEE on the current system and efforts to ensure a better agricultural extension services and
also create sustainable agriculture systems have been evaluated. The positive response rate to
positive criterias such nice, atractive etc. on their work of the AEE is below 50%. AEE
described their job mainly as “better than nothing”, and “better than most”. It was seen that
they desribed their work as “not simple, tedious, boring, rush, and uptight” rather than
discredit their work. The AEE are in an endeavour to improve themselves on water use and
irrigation techniques issues and to relay their information to the farmers in the region.
Keywords: Agricultural extension, sustainable agriculture, KOP (Konya Plain Project),
Turkey
This paper was compiled the results obtained from “KOP Region Agricultural Education and Extension Need
Assesment Project” which is supported by KOP Regional Development Administration in 2014-2015.
2
292
THE IMPORTANCE OF EDIBLE LANDSCAPE IN THE CITIES
Filiz ÇELİK
Selçuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture
Konya/Turkey
ABSTRACT
The 21st century sustainable city requires the merging of urbanism with sustainable food
systems. Because the challenges industrial food system separates people from their food
sources. Edible landscapes are a movement in transition and sprouting up as a response to the
slow food movement and living a greener lifestyle. These urban agricultural landscapes are
fast becoming iconic media darlings and are demonstrating that they are far more than
growing vegetables and fruits on abandoned lots. The design strategies for agricultural
urbanism are about re-inviting food back into the city and re-connecting people with their
local/regional food system to promote a healthier lifestyle. Edible landscaping is the use of
food plants as design features in a landscape. These plants are used both for aesthetic value as
well as consumption. Edible landscapes encompass a variety of garden types and scales but do
not include food items produced for sale. Edible landscaping is the practical integration of
food plants within an ornamental or decorative setting. Using edibles in landscape design can
enhance a garden by providing a unique ornamental component with additional health,
aesthetic, and economic benefits.
In this study; emergence of edible landscape, edible landscape design and maintenance,
samples of edible landscape, productive plants, importance of edible landscaping for urban
environments will be explained.
Keywords: edible landscape, productive plants, sustainable city, slow food
293
COMPONENTS OF ADVANCED BREDDING CHICKPEA LINES AND VARIETIES
IN KONYA ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Hakan Bayrak1, Ramazan Keleş1, Gül İmriz1
Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya-Turkey
1
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine yield and yield components of some breeding
chickpea lines in Konya ecological conditions. Total, 7 varieties that obtained from different
Research Institutions and Stations were included as research materials. The experiments were
carried out according to Randomized Block Design with 4 replications in experimental field
of Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute in 2014. The periods of
blooming and ripening, first pod height, plant height, grain yield, and hundred-seed weight
were analyzed within the study. For all components excluding first pod height, differences
among the genotypes were determined as statically important (p<0.01). As a result of study,
the earliest line was EN 1999 genotype with 99.66 days, while the longest blooming period
was observed on Canıtez 87 variety with 64.33. The maximum first pod height was obtained
from EN2099 line (20.23 cm), and the maximum plant height was shown by EN1780 line
(48.03 cm). The heaviest hundred-seed weight was obtained from EN 1835 line (47.00 g), EN
1721 gave the highest grain yield with 301.08 kg/da. Important positive correlations was
determined between number of blooming days and number of ripening days (r= 0.84**) and
also between first pod height and plant height (r= 0.43**).
Keywords: Chickpea, breeding lines, yield, yield components
294
ANTİKOKSİDİYAL VE PROBİYOTİK KULLANIMININ ETLİK PİLİÇ
RASYONLARINA ETKİLERİ
Mustafa ULUDAĞ1, Mehmet Kürşat IŞIK2, Behiç COŞKUN3, Nihayet Fadime YALÇIN4
1Bilyem Gıda San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti Ankara, Turkey
2
Gıda ve Tarım Üniversitesi, Konya, Turkey.
3
Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Konya, Turkey.
4
Konya Veteriner Kontrol Enstitüsü, Konya, Turkey.
ÖZET
Amaç: Bu araştırma etlik piliç rasyonlarında bir antikoksidiyal ve bir probiyotik preparatının
birlikte ve ayrı ayrı besi performansı, yaşama gücü ve oosist sayıları üzerine kullanmanın
etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yapıldı.
Materyal ve Metot: Araştırmada 192 adet günlük Ross 308 erkek broiler civciv kullanıldı.
Her birinde 12 adet civcivden oluşan 4 alt grup ve toplam 48 adet civciv bulunan 4 grup
(kontrol, antikoksidial, probiyotik, antikoksidial+probiyotik grup) olarak ayrıldı. Bunlar,
kontrol grubu (K), 400 mg/kg yem Salinomisin (antikoksidiyal)(S), 100 ml/L su Probiyotik
(P) ve 400 mg/kg yem Salinomisin + 100 ml probiyotik/L su ilave edilen grup (S+P) olmak
üzere dört grup oluşturuldu. Araştırmaya 6 hafta(42 gün) devam edildi. Denemede kullanılan
yemlerin kimyasal analiz, canlı ağırlıklar, yemden yararlanma değerleri, yem tüketimleri ile
haftada bir alınan dışkı örneklerinde, farklı gruplardan elde edilen oosist sayıları belirlendi.
Sonuçların istatistik analizleri 2x2 faktöriyel deneme düzenine uygun olarak Minitab İstatistik
Paket Programında GLM kullanılarak çözüldü.
Bulgular: Tüm deneme boyunca elde edilen canlı ağırlık artışı ile ilgili veriler incelendiğinde,
antikoksidiyal ve probiyotiğin birlikte kullanıldığı (S+P) grubundan elde edilen değerlerin 14.
günde tüm gruplardan, 21. günde ise kontrol (K) ve probiyotik (P) gruplarından istatistiksel
açıdan fark önemli bulundu (P<0,05). Diğer günlerde ise gruplar arasında önemli bir farklılık
elde edilmedi (P>0,05). Genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde, yapılan uygulamaların canlı ağırlık
değerleri üzerine etkisi önemli görülmedi. Bu çalışmada 14 ve 21. günlerde S+P grubunda
canlı ağırlık bakımından daha yüksek değerler elde edilmesine karşılık araştırma genelinde
canlı ağırlık, yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma ve yaşama gücü açısından gruplar arasında
istatistik olarak önemli farklılıklar bulunmaz iken, matematiksel olarak (S+P) grubunda
kontrol grubuna göre %5 civarında canlı ağırlıkta fazlalık tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Broiler rasyonlarına katılan antiokoksidial, probiyotik ya da her ikisinin karşımlarının,
yemden yararlanmayı önemli ölçüde bir etkisinin olmadığı sonucuna varıldı. Bundan sonraki
çalışmalar için bu kriterler de baz alınarak daha etraflı araştırmalara da ışık tutacaktır.
Anahtar sözcükler: Broiler, yemden yararlanma, antikoksidial, probiyotik.
295
STUDY EFFECT OF MYCORRHIZA FUNGI AND DROUGHT ON PLANT
NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY GREEN BEAN
Shahram. Ashraf1, Leila Jalali1, Mehdi Moniri1
Department of Soil Science, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
ABSTRACT
Use of biological fertilizers in agricultural systems are important spatially in promoting
sustainable production and maintain soil fertility .To investigate the effect of improving the
nutritional status of green bean by mycorrhiza fungi in this study was done a randomized
complete block design in a factorial experiment. Drought factor at 3 levels (T0, T1, T2) and
Mycorrhiza fungi inoculated at three levels (no inoculation=F0, F1 and F2) in 4 replicates.
The medium of loamy sand were used. The results showed that effects of drought stress,
mycorrhiza fungi and their interaction on N, P and K was significant. Drought stress had
significant effect on phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen concentration. By increasing drought
stress from FC (control) to 0.25FC percent field capacity, the content of these elements in
leaves tissues were increased. Study showed that the highest nitrogen treatment was related
to T0F2 and lowest nitrogen treatments to F0T1.The results showed that the highest
potassium treatment was related to T2F2 and Lowest treatments to T0F1. The results showed
that the highest P treatment was related to T2F1.
Keywords: Green bean, Drought, Mycorrhiza fungi, Biological fertilizers
296
EFFECT OF NAA ON LEMON BALM (Melissa Officinalis L.) ROOTING
*Amir Rahimi1, Hashem Hadi1, Arezoo Hasanzadeh1 and Levent Yazıcı2
1
Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Iran
Middle Black Sea Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute, Tokat
2
ABSTRACT
The advantage of stem cutting rooting as a method of vegetative propagation of many plants
has been known for many years. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of NAA on
rooting of Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) cuttings the plant which is important
especially in view of the folk medicinal usage. The trial was established as a randomized
block design with 3 replications during 2015, in greenhouse of the Agronomy Department,
Faculty of Agriculture of Urmia University, Iran. At first, one stock plant was selected from a
field in Sulduz region, West Azerbaijan province. Stem cuttings were taken from the stock
plant. Before placing in the media the cuttings were treated with NAA (0, 250 and 500 ppm).
According to the results the average stem height 8.55-9.20 (cm); number of leaves 8.2-10.40
(pcs); number of roots 13.60-14.60 (pcs); the highest root height 14.7-19.30 (cm); leaf fresh
weight 0.28-0.37 (g); stem fresh weight 0.33-0.50 (g); root fresh weight 0.29-0.34 (g); total
fresh weight 0.99-1.31 (g); leaf dry weight 0.11-0.17 (g); stem dry weight 0.11-0.16 (g); root
dry weight 0.41-0.56 (g); total dry weight 0.26-0.36 (g); In terms of highest root height and
root weight, NAA 500 ppm; in terms of number of leaves, stem height, leaf weight, stem
weight and total weight, NAA 250 ppm; in terms of number of roots, NAA 0 ppm were the
best.
Keywords: Rooting, Stem cutting, vegetative propagation, Medicinal plant.
297
REMOVAL OF BASIC YELLOW 28 USING CHAR FROM WASTE
POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATES (PET) BY ADSORPTION MECHANISM
Muhammed Kamil Oden*1, Sezen Kucukcongar2, İlkay Ozaytekin3, Zehra Gok1
1
Selcuk University, Sarayonu V.H.S., Department of Env. Protect and Control, Env. Tech., Konya, TURKEY
2
Selcuk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya, TURKEY
3
Selcuk University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konya, TURKEY
*
Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Dye-containing effluents discharge from a wide range of industries such as textile, food,
leather, paper, plastics, dyestuff, chemical, pharmaceutical etc. Some of these effluents are
harmful to human and environment and various processes are used to remove dyes from
wastewaters including adsorption, coagulation-flocculation, electrochemical treatment,
chemical oxidation, membrane processes and aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation.
Among the numerous dye removal techniques, adsorption process has become one of the most
effective and comparable low-cost method for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions.
Inexpensive, locally available and effective materials has been studied in the literature for the
removal of dyes from aqueous solutions.
In this study, the removal efficiency of basic yellow 28 was investigated by char from waste
polyethylene terephthalates (PET) which obtained during pyrolysis process at 4000C. The
influence of contact time and initial dye concentration on the adsorption efficiency has been
investigated. The parameters of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms have been
determined using the adsorption data. The adsorption isotherm of PET char was fitted by
Freundlich adsorption isotherm and R2 value of the isotherm was determined as 92%.
Keywords: Basic yellow 28, adsorption, waste polyethylene terephthalates (PET), char
298
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ROLE OF PROLINE, GLYCINE BETAINE AND
COMPOST FERTILIZER IN IMPROVING DROUGHT STRESS RESISTANCE OF
SOYBEAN
A. EL SABAGH*3, S. SOROUR1, A. UEDA2, H.SANEOKA2 and C. BARUTÇULAR3
1
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
Plant nutritional physiology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
3
Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Turkey
2
ABSTRACT
Water stress significantly limits plant growth and crop yield. Hence, the efficient management
of soil moisture and the study of metabolic changes which occur in response to drought stress
are important for agriculture. So, the current study aimed at assessing the Alleviation of
adverse effects of water deficit stress on soybean by using exogenous osmoprotectants and
compost application. a greenhouse experiment was conducted at plant nutritional physiology
laboratory, Hiroshima University, Japan in 2011- 2012.the treatments included (a) water
stress at different soil moisture levels consisting of (100%, 75%, and 50% of field water
holding capacity), (b) Compost application (control, compost (24 t/ha) and (c) Exogenous
proline and glycine betaine at the concentrations of (control, 25Mm) for each, with four
replications. The results indicated that, water Stress significantly reduced chlorophyll and
nitrogen content which results in the reduction of seed yield. While, Water stress resulted in a
significant accumulation of proline content in leaves .Special attention was paid to the
tolerance against water stress was observed, the improvement of water tolerance resulted from
proline, glycine betaine and compost were accompanied with improved chlorophyll content,
proline and nitrogen content which results in the increase of seed yield. These results clearly
demonstrate that could be used to reduce the harmful effect of water stress on growth aspects
and seed yield of soybean. Consequently, will be effectively solve seasonal water stress
problem and can provide technical assistance for sustainable agriculture development.
Keywords:Compost, Glycine betaine, proline, Soybean, Water Stress Tolerance
299
SOME OF NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CANOLA (Brassica Napus L.) AS AFFECTED
BY ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZER
A. EL SABAGH4, A. OMAR1, H.SANEOKA2 and C. BARUTÇULAR3
1
2
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
plant nutritional physiology, Graduate of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
3
Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Turkey
Corresponding author (E-mail: [email protected])
ABSTRACT
After green revolution chemical fertilizers has been used at a great extent in all the crops
which decrease the fertility and profile of the soil. Due to various side effects of chemical
fertilizers, use of organic fertilizers is an alternative method for the improvement of crop
production and maintenance of soil fertility. Therefore, the objectives of this study to evaluate
the impact of bio-organic, chemical nitrogen and their combination on some seed quality of
canola, a study was conducted for two years (2005 - 2006) at the Farm of Faculty of
Agriculture, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Egypt. Bio-fertilizer (control and bio-fertilizer),
compost (control, 6, 12 and 18 ton ha-1), chemical nitrogen (control, 36, 72 and 108 kg N ha1).The result indicated that, the effect of bio-fertilizer on oil and protein % were significant.
Similarly, Compost application was a significant effect on oil and protein % and compost
fertilizer at (18 ton ha-1) was the best treatment. While, application of nitrogen fertilizer
increase protein % and 108 N ha-1 produced the best value of protein %. By contrast, oil %
percent was decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer. The interaction among treatments
application compost (6 ton ha-1) and (72 N kg ha-1) with combined bio- fertilizer achieved
suitable oil percent and improving protein percent. It seems that can be saving to fertilizer by
application of bio-fertilizers combined with organic and chemical nitrogen fertilizers to avoid
unfavorable effects of high nitrogen levels.
Keywords: Bio-fertilizers, Canola, Compost, Fatty acid, N-fertilizer, Oil, Protein
orresponding author (E-mail: [email protected])
300
CHILDREN EDUCATION and RURAL DEVELOPMENT in EGYPT
Enas E. Sadek
Head of Agricultural Economics Department, Faculty of Agriculture,
Former Director of Development Research & Consultation Center, Fayoum University, Egypt
ABSTRACT
There are 150 million street children and another 250 million children who will never see
a book. While books might reach them at some point, socioeconomic circumstances and
language barriers may become a hindrance for a child to read the book. An analytical
study of human development reports shows that there are gaps among the different
governorates, rural and urban areas, and males and females. This problem refers to the
gaps between human development indicators for education, health, and GDP per capita
indicators. This study discusses linkages between children education and standard of
living with a view to promoting rural development in Egypt. In order to suggest suitable
model for rural development, and how to enhance standard of living in the case of Egypt
in order to create employment opportunities and income, especially for the poor. The
results indicate that there is a predominant form of children work in Egypt, which
children is working as unpaid family workers on their own family’s farm or non-farm
household enterprise.
Keywords: children, rural development, Egypt
301
EVALUATION OF POLY (ETHYLENE TEREPHTALATE) WASTE CHAR IN
EPOXY BASED COMPOSITES
Alize Yucel1, Merve Sogancioglu2, Esra Yel2 and Gulnare Ahmetli1
1
Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Selcuk University, 42031, Kampus, Konya/Turkey
2
Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Selcuk University, 42031, Kampus,
Konya/Turkey
ABSTRACT
In this study, poly (ethylene terephtalate) (PET) waste was recycled as raw material for the
preparation of bisphenol A-type epoxy composite materials. The plastic waste char (PWC)
was obtained by pyrolysis of unwashed PET waste at various temperatures (300ºC, 400ºC,
500ºC, 600ºC and 700ºC). Effect of char wt % (10%, 30% and 50%) and pyrolysis
temperature on mechanical properties of epoxy composites were investigated. The obtained
chars were characterized by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).
Tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the composites with PWC were generally higher
with a high amount (over 10 wt %) of chars and at the pyrolysis temperatures over the 400ºC.
Keywords: epoxy resin, poly (ethylene terephtalate) waste, char, composite
302
EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETIC STUDIES ON LEVULINIC ACID ADSORPTION
ONTO SUGAR PROCESSING FLY ASH
Hani Zeidan, Damla Özdemir, Mustafa E. MARTI *
Department of Chemical Engineering, Selçuk University Konya-Turkey
*Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
There is a growing demand on levulinic acid due its critical functions on the productions of
several value-added chemicals. Its selective and efficient recovery is required from aqueous
solutions. Adsorption is a promising technique with its low cost and simplicity for the
recovery of carboxylic acids. Using a low cost adsorbent (i.e. fly ash) for the process makes
the operation even cheaper. Fly ash is a solid waste generated from sugar factory and is
generally used as a filling material in the industry. Moreover, it causes environmental
pollution; however, its beneficial use will be very advantageous. This study shows that fly
ash, an industrial waste can be used as an adsorbent for the recovery of a valuable carboxylic
acid, levulinic acid. The effects of various parameters, i.e. adsorbent doses, aqueous phase
concentrations and contact time on the adsorption parameters were experimentally studied. At
a constant temperature, the level of adsorption was observed to increase with FA dose while
decrease with an increase in LA concentration. A 97.1% recovery of LA was obtained using
fly ash when solute concentration and adsorbent dosage was 0.1 M and 0.4 g, respectively.
Keywords: Adsorption, Levulinic acid, Fly ash, Equilibrium, Kinetics
303
REACTIVE EXTRACTION OF FORMIC ACID USING ALAMINE 336 IN
SUNFLOWER OIL
Nezahat Köse, Mustafa E. MARTI*
Department of Chemical Engineering, Selçuk University
ABSTRACT
Formic acid has essential functions in several applications. It is widely used in textile,
tanning, rubber processing and pharmaceutical industries. It can be produced as a by-product
by biotechnological methods and appears in the aqueous solutions following the pretreatment
of biomass. However, its recovery from dilute aqueous solutions is a challenging problem.
Several methods have been tested for the purpose; however, none of them presented a
satisfactory solution. Reactive extraction is a promising technique for the recovery of
carboxylic acids; however, it suffers from toxicity of the organic phases used. In the present
study, efficiency of an organic phase prepared by combination of a nontoxic organic phase
diluent, sunflower oil, and an extractant, Alamine 336, was tested. The equilibrium
experiments were performed at different concentrations of formic acid and Alamine 336 at
298 K. The distribution coefficients and degree of extraction values were calculated using the
data. The recovery was observed to increase with the concentrations of Alamine 336 and
formic acid in the aqueous phase. A KD of 4.79 (a recovery of 82.7%) was obtained using
Alamine 336 in sunflower oil when formic acid concentration and extractant amount were 1.0
M and 50% (v/v), respectively.
Keywords: Reactive Extraction, Formic Acid, Nontoxic Solvents, Tertiary Amines, Sunflower
Oil
304
REMOVAL OF TEXTILE DYES FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING AN
INDUSTRIAL BASED LOW COST ADSORBENT
Khalid Ali, Hani Zeidan, Mustafa E. MARTI*
Department of Chemical Engineering, Selçuk University Konya-Turkey
ABSTRACT
The color effluents generated from textile industry should be removed prior to the discharge.
Several techniques have been tested for the purpose; however, adsorption is proposed to be
one of the most appropriate ones. Cost of the adsorbent is critical for the application of the
process. In this study, fly ash, an industrial based waste material was utilized for the removal
of methylene blue from aqueous solution. The experiments were performed at different
concentrations of methylene blue for various fly ash amounts. The effects of several
adsorption parameters such as contact time, aqueous phase concentration and adsorbent
dosage on the adsorption parameters were experimentally determined. According to the
results, adsorption efficiency increased with an increase in the adsorbent dosages while
decreased with an increase in solute concentration. This study shows that an industrial based
waste material; fly ash can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue, a basic
dye widely used in the textile industry, and to clean the wastewaters. A 90% removal of
methylene blue was obtained using fly ash when the solute concentration and adsorbent
dosage was 50 ppm and 0.4 g, respectively.
Keywords: Adsorption, Low cost adsorbents, Methylene blue, Fly ash, Textile dyes
305
DETERMINATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION WITH DETERMINISTIC
MODELS FOR SAMSUN
Aslıhan ATIŞ*
Bilal CEMEK** Mehmet TAŞAN* Sevda SAFİ***
Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute, Soil and Water Resources Department, SAMSUN
**Ondokuz Mayıs University, Agricultural Structures and Irrigation Department, SAMSUN
ABSTRACT
Reference evapotranspiration is one of the important components of the hydrological cycle.
Direct determination of this parameter is affected by changes in climate and atmospheric
phenomena occurring is very time consuming and expensive. Therefore, for many years,
researchers have developed several empirical equation used to determine the reference
evapotranspiration. These equations have been created as depending on the purpose of the
study according to the importance of climatic parameters. Multiple regression method is one
of multivariate statistical methods. To address the uncertainties that surround the exact
physical mechanisms underlying the mathematical models, it has been shown that it is
possible to include in the assessment of reference evapotranspiration that is predicted by using
a short historical of atmospheric conditions. This study was showed the availability of the
multiple regression method to determining monthly climatic parameters affecting Eto
determined by Penman Monteith FAO-56. Samsun long years (1960-2014) the average daily
solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperature, wind speed, average relative humidity
and pressure were used. The accuracies of the methods were evaluated by using three
commonly used criteria: root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and
correlation coefficient (r). Materiality level change of climatic parameters for each month
were observed. Temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity were identified as
important parameter at April and May. Radiation and temperature were been important at
June, July and August. Pressure, relative humidity and temperature were identified at
September.
Keywords: Reference Evapotranspiration, Multiple Regression Analysis, Sensitive Analysis
306
THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPING TRAITS OF DAĞLIÇ VE HASMER X
DAĞLIÇ (F1) IN KONYA PROVINCE OF TURKEY
Tülay CANATANˡ Mustafa KANˡ Kürşat AKBULUTˡ
ˡBahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research Institute- KONYA
ABSTRACT
This research was carried out to determine the growth characteristics of 180 head Dağlıç and
100 head Hasmer x Dağlıç (F₁) lambs which had obtained as results of commercial
hybridization in 2010, in semi-intensive conditions in Tat village, Konya Province of Turkey.
The effect of mother ages on birth weight of the lambs was found statistically insignificant.
The effect of the sex (P<0.05) and genotype (P<0.01) on birth weight were found statistically
significant at the various periods of live weight in 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90.days (weaning).
The birth weights and the weaning weights ( at 90 days of age ) of Dağlıç and Hasmer x
Dağlıç (F₁) lambs were calculated as 3.28 ± 0.04, 4 22 ± 0.04 kg, and 17.75 ± 0.16, 24.81 ±
0.25 kg respectively. The daily live weight gain from birth to weaning were 160.83 g ± 1.72
(Dağlıç) and 228.80 ± 2.67 g (Dağlıç x Hasmer).
Keywords: Dağlıç, Hasmer, Commercial Crossbreeding, Konya, Turkey
307
THE IMPACT OF CHANGING THE POLITICAL CONDITIONS ON THE
EGYPTIAN CONSUMER PATTERN
Nashwa El-Tatawy1 and Lamice ElBahnassy2
1
Department of Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agricultural, Alexandria University, Egypt
2
Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Cairo -Egypt
ABSTRACT
The study focus is on providing detailed assessment of the food consumption patterns in rural
and urban Egypt during the interim period 2009-2013 .the finding of the study expect to form
a base for further evaluation of the food consumption patterns in the pre / post the revolution
in 2011. Some of the study results showed: (1) rising the rural household food expenditure
share relative to the total one when compared to urban households. This is despite having a
reduction in the relative importance of what is spent on food in Egypt between 2008/2009 and
2012/2013; (2) despite enjoying a relative food quantity improvements in the per-capita share,
this was not matched by an improvement in food quality; and (3) the study indicated to
widening of the food gap one year after the other and more reliance on food imports in Egypt
Keywords: Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, Groups of Expenditures, The parity purchasing
power, food consumption, Egypt.
308
SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION OF SESAME FARMING SYSTEMS BY NOVEL
INDUCED MUTANTS
M.Ilhan CAGIRGAN, M.Onur OZBAS, R.Soner SILME
Antalya Mutation Project, Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya
ABSTRACT
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is of a low input requiring nature and is grown under extensive
management systems with manual labor. The developed countries do not grow sesame even
the climate is suitable to sesame because of harvest difficulty requiring much human power.
Its production are getting costly even for Turkey, and thus the acreage devoted to the crop is
gradually reduced year by year and moved to more rural areas where cheap manual labor are
available. Sesame seed is consumed for confectionary purposes, used for making tahini in the
Middle East and cooking oil in the Far East, and is known for its medicinal qualities. Sesame
is a raising crop worldwide and has a good liquidity in the global market due to increasing
health consciousness. To feed the high potential demand of sesame seed in the global market,
sustainable intensification of sesame production systems should be succeeded. Main problems
in its cultivation are seed shattering at maturity, indeterminate growth habit, and susceptibility
to wilting under irrigation. Therefore stay-closed trait of the capsules at maturity and
determinate growth are the keys for the possibility of mechanized harvest of sesame and thus
intensification of its cultivation. In our program 11 independent closed capsule (cc) mutants
were isolated and confirmed previously. The closed capsule mutant character was recessive,
as revealed by the segregation of the M2 and M3 plant progenies. Each experiment yielded at
least three independent mutants and every cultivar yielded at least one cc mutant. These
mutants were the first experimentally obtained non-shattering mutants in the world and the
success was repeatable. By following this repeatable success, we extended our efforts to
African material with the purpose of technology transfer of the peaceful use of nuclear
technology for food security issues in the frame of Fellowship Training Programs in Turkey
supported by International Atomic Energy Agency. The results with African material have
further proved our hypothesis that “closed capsule sesame mutants are inducible in different
sesame backgrounds when irradiated with an effective dose of gamma rays (300-400 Gy) and
provided big enough M1 population size”. The fragile capsule mutant obtained in a progeny
of M2F2 offers threshing advantage over regular thick capsules and increasing harvest index
of sesame. These mutants and their modified progenies through cross-breeding offer much
promise to increase sesame production by intensifying cropping systems by providing
combine harvestable sesame cultivars to farmers from the tropics to sub-tropics.
Keywords: Closed-capsule, determinate, indehiscence, mechanized harvest
309
DETERMINATION OF SEED AND OIL YIELD OF SOME SUNFLOWER
CULTIVARS
Özden Öztürk* Himmet Özcan
Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Sunflower is the most important oilseed plant of Turkey with wider utility. It is used as a
source of edible oil, and as raw material for agri-based industry. This research was carried out
to determine the seed and oil yield of some sunflower cultivars during the 2014 vegetation
period in Central Anatolia Region of Turkey.
In this research; Transol, Sirena, P64LL05, Alhaja, Fabiola, Eklor, LG5550, C70165, Sanbro
and MM54 sunflower varieties were used as material. The field experiment was set up in a
“Randomized Complete Block Design” with three replications on 12 May 2014. In this
research; seed yield, oil content and oil yield were examined.
As a result of this research; seed yield and oil yield (except oil content) were significant
differences between the cultivars. The highest seed yield (4865 kg ha-1) was obtained from the
Transol, while the lowest seed yield (2716 kg ha-1) was determined from the MM54 cultivar
was obtained. The highest oil content (47.4%) was observed from Eklor and the lowest value
was obtained from Sanbro (44.9%) cultivar. The highest oil yield (2150 kg ha-1) was
determined from Transol while the least value (1229 kg ha-1) was determined from MM54
cultivar.
The main purpose of the cultivation of oil crops, to increase the yield of oil per unit area.
According the results of this research; Transol, Sirena, P64LL05, Alhaja, Fabiola and Eklor
can be potential cultivars in terms of high seed and oil yields investigated under the irrigated
conditions in Konya.
Keywords: Helianthus annuus L., variety, seed yield, oil content, oil yield.
310
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SENSORY
AND BIOCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES OF CARROT (DAUCUS CAROTA L.)
Tanveer Ahmad1*, Muhammad Amjad1, Qumer Iqbal2, Aamir Nawaz3, Javed Iqbal4 and
Muhammad Awais Ghani5
1
Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan
3
Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Pakistan
4
Mango Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan
5
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, PR China
ABSTRACT
Nutrient management practices are thought to be one of the most important factor affecting
sensory and biochemical characteristics of fruits and vegetables. The objectives of the present
studies were to investigate the effects of different nutrient management practices on sensory
and biochemical attributes of two carrot cultivars (Oranza and T-29). In this study, 14
treatment combinations of farm yard manure (FYM), leaf manure (LM), poultry manure (PM)
and urea based on the total nitrogen requirement was tested for two carrot cultivars (Oranza
and T-29). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with
factorial arrangements and replicated thrice. From these results, it can be concluded that both
carrot cultivars differ significantly in their organoleptic and biochemical response under
different crop management practices. Sensory evaluation manifested that scale rating
regarding taste, flavor and aroma of carrot ‘T-29’ was found acceptable when T4 (Poultry
manure) was applied while carrot texture and color does not appeal to the panel. The quality
aspect of carrot root in term of biochemical analysis illustrated that excellent sweetness
character of the ‘T-29’ demonstrated better production and bio-accumulation of total as well
as reducing and non-reducing sugars when the carrots harvested in T4. Similarly, ‘T-29’
showed maximum biosynthesis of vitamin C with T4 but the astringency and less sweet taste
due to higher pH, more titratable acidity synthesized in case of Oranza when T7 was applied
for production pursuits. Overall results revealed that the application of poultry manure gave
the best results in terms of sensory as well as biochemical characteristics. It can be concluded
that provision of nutrition to carrots through poultry manure would be beneficial not only to
improve carrot quality but also reducing the rising input costs of inorganic fertilizers.
Keywords: Carrot; Fertilization; Nutrients; Sensory; Biochemical
311
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF GUNEYKAYA POND (YILDIZELI SIVAS)
Ekrem MUTLU1, Telat YANIK2, Nicoleta Anca SUTAN3
1
Kastamonu University, Faculty of Fisheries, Kastamonu
2
Atatürk University, Faculty of Fisheries, Erzurum
3
Pitesti University, Faculty of Science, Pitesti – Romania
ABSTRACT
Objective: The objectives of this study are to observe the monthly and annual changes in water
samples of Güneykaya Pond located within the borders of Yıldızeli Province of Sivas City through
physical-chemical methods, to determine the water quality properties, to reveal the pollution problems,
to determine the suitability level in terms of aquatic life, and to classify the quality of water in
accordance with Surface Water Quality Management Regulation’s Inland Surface Water Classes
criteria. Materials and Methods: The Güneykaya Pond located in Upper-Kızılırmak basin is within the
borders of Güneykaya district of Yıldızeli Province of Sivas City, and its water sources are Brook
Yusufoğlan and precipitation and snow waters. The volume of Güneykaya Pond is 15.51 hm3, and its
mean depth is 5.9 m. In this study starting from December 2013, samples used in analyses of physicchemical parameters constituting the water quality and the heavy metal analyses have been monthly
collected during 12 months from 3 stations. The sampling ended at March, 2014. The cleaning and
maintenance of all of the equipment, land-type measurement tools, and glass sampling containers to be
used in sampling have been executed 1 day before the sampling. Sampling tubes have been immersed
into acidic solution, and then dried in drying oven after being washed with pure water. The sampling
tubes to be used in water sampling have been flushed and immersed into 15 cm below water surface
for taking water sample. The obtained water samples have been taken to the laboratory within
maximum 3 hours for analysis. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, saltiness and electrical
conductivity parameters have been measured in-place via land-type measurement devices. Dissolves
oxygen and temperature were measured via YSI brand S2 model oxygen meter, pH measurement was
conducted with Orion brand 420A model pH-meter, the electrical conductance (µs/cm) and salinity
(ppt) were measured by using YSI brand 30/50 FT model conductance-meter. Among other parameters
determining water quality; total alkalinity, total hardness, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate,
ammonium azote, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate, chloride, sodium, potassium, suspended solid matter
(SSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), calcium, magnesium,
ferrous, lead, copper, zinc, nickel, mercury and cadmium analyses of water samples were conducted in
Cumhuriyet University Hafik Kamer Örnek Vocational High School Laboratory in same day. Findings:
Among the water quality parameters, the dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity have shown
differences between the stations. Temperature and pH have decreased and increased in stations in
parallel with each other. SSM, nitrate, and sulfate values have peaked in autumn season, while they
have reached their minimum values in winter months in all 3 sampling stations. The changes in total
alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, and magnesium values have been parallel to each other; while the
minimum values of all 4 parameters have been observed in winter season in all of 3 stations, the
maximum values have been obtained in summer season after the increase during spring season. While
total ammonium nitrogen (NH4) and nitrite have been found to be minimum in all of 3 sampling
stations in February 2014, their maximum levels have been determined in all of 3 sampling stations in
July 2014. Results and Discussion: With this study carried out between December 2013 and
November 2014, through the analyses of monthly collected water samples, by determining the water
quality properties of Güneykaya Pond, which is among the newly-established ponds that are the most
sensitive to pollution, determining the suitability for aquatic life, classifying the water in accordance
with Surface Water Quality Management Regulation’s Classification of Intra-Continental Water
Resources criteria, the database has been established for future water quality studies to be carried out
in that pond.
Keywords: Water quality, Sivas, Yıldızeli, Güneykaya Pond
312
FIRE BLIGHT DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC APPLE AND PEAR
BREEDING
Kubilay Kurtulus BASTAS
Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Turkey
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Fire blight is the most economically significant and destructive bacterial disease in the world
affecting apples and pears. There is no single effective chemical including antibiotics or
practice that will prevent fire blight infection. Successful non-antibiotic fire blight control
centers on combining orchard management practices into an integrated systems approach
which is multi-faceted, and combines effective fire blight prevention with fungal control,
insect control, bloom thinning, spray coverage, tree training, soil and foliar nutrients, and
cultivar and root stock selection. Because most fire blight suppression sprays are the same
materials already being applied against other organic orchard horticulture problems such as
scab, mites, mildew, fruitlet thinning, and insect pest control. Integrating your overall orchard
spray program with effective fire blight suppression sprays is not as complex as it may seem.
Growers will need to evaluate ideas presented here in light of their particular orchard situation
and align this information with new research and new products as they become available.
Keywords: Erwinia amylovora, fire blight, control, apple, pear, sustainable farming, organic
313
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, POPULATION DENSITY AND SEXUAL INDEX TO
CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS (F.) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Hüseyin ÇETİN, Fatma Nur ELMA
Selcuk University, Konya-Turkey
ABSTRACT
Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), a ubiquitously distributed pest, is of great economic
significance owing to its capacity of feeding on various legumes. In this study, effects of
temperature, population density and sexual index to C. maculatus were investigated. The
temperature experiments were carried out at three different temperatures (25, 30 and 35°C),
55±5% relative humidity and dark conditions. Adult emergence of C. maculatus was
maximum at 30°C (74%). The developmental time from egg hatching to adult emergence of
C. maculatus was shortest at 30°C and was found as 21.5 days. Moreover, effects of
population density and sexual index on the number of egg laid per female were investigated in
the present study. When the population density was 16 adults/petri dishes (8 females/8 males),
the number of laid per female was highest (73 eggs). Sexual index was maximum at 1/1
(female/male) ratio as 70 eggs.
Keywords: Temperature, adult population density, sexual index, developmental time,
Callosobruchus maculatus
314
USING OF MOLECULAR MARKERS IN RESISTANCE TO PLANT DISEASES
Keziban BUYUKDEVECI1
1
Kubilay Kurtulus BASTAS1,*
Dept. of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Turkey
ABSTRACT
DNA marker technology has been used in commercial plant breeding programs and has
proved helpful for the rapid and efficient transfer of useful traits into agronomically
desirable varieties and hybrids. Markers linked to disease resistance loci can now be used
for marker-assisted selection programs, thus also allowing several resistance genes to be
cumulated in the same genotype. In addition, markers linked to resistance genes may be
also useful for cloning and sequencing the genes. Cloned R genes now provide new tools
for plant breeders to improve the efficiency of plant breeding strategies, via marker assisted
breeding. The availability of PCR-based markers for many resistance genes allows the
marker-assisted selection for biotic resistance. In particular, the future perspectives for
pathogen resistance selection in different plants would include: mapping of other resistance
genes for new pathogens which are becoming aggressive, development of PCR-based
markers and design of most suitable breeding schemes.
Keywords: plant disease, molecular markers, resistance gene, PCR
315
ROLE OF ENZYMES RELATED WITH PLANT RESISTANCE AGAINST
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Badel UYSAL1
Kubilay Kurtulus BASTAS2,*
Dept. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Igdır University, Turkey
Dept. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Turkey
1
2
ABSTRACT
Plants have evolved complex and varied defense mechanisms to protect themselves against
pathogen attack. Many plant enzymes are involved in defense reactions against plant
pathogens. These include oxidative enzymes which catalyze the formation of lignin and other
oxidative phenols that contribute to the formation of defense barriers for reinforcing the cell
structure. Modern DNA technology has made it possible to engineer transgenic plants that are
transformed with genes for tolerance of adverse environmental factors, for resistance against
specific diseases, or with genes coding for enzymes directed against certain groups of
bacterial pathogens or with nucleic acid sequences that lead to gene silencing of pathogens.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), especially peroxidases, have been implicated in a variety of
defense-related processes, including the hypersensitive response, lignifications, cross-linking
of phenolics and glycol-proteins, suberization and phytoalexins production. In this study, the
roles of plant defense-related enzymes in disease resistance have been reported for plant
bacterial pathogens.
Keywords: enzyme, defense reactions, ROS, plant pathogens, plant pathogenic bacteria
316
SUSTAINABLE USE OF WHEAT GENETIC RESOURCES TO INCREASE CROP
PRODUCTIVITY AND STABILITY
Alexey MORGUNOV
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Turkey Office, Ankara, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Wheat is very food important crop for global population. The wheat yield gain has been
reducing over the last 10 years hardly keeping up with the population growth. This is
primarily due to yield losses associated with abiotic and biotic stresses as a result of climate
change. Yield increase is associated with utilization of genetic resources as well as new
modern breeding technologies. Global exchange and utilization of plant genetic resources is
regulated by the International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
The countries signing the treaty commit to certain rules in genetic resources conservation,
exchange and use. The treaty mechanisms encourage use and share of plant genetic resources.
For wheat the most common genetic resources are global diversity of modern germplasm,
different wheat species and wheat wild relatives crossable with cultivated wheat. There are
several success stories in using wheat genetic resources to enhance yield and disease
resistance. Turkey being part of the region where wheat originated is especially rich in wheat
genetic resources which are well preserved and utilized in breeding and research programs.
Keywords: wheat, breeding, genetic resources, genetic gains, abiotic and biotic stresses
317
COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND ADAPTATION STRATEGY TO THE EFFECT OF
CLIMATE CHANGE IN YOBE STATE, NIGERIA.
Galadima, M and Nandi, J.A.
a.Department of Agric Economics and Extension, Federal University Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria.
b. Department of Agric Economics and Rural Sociology, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This study assessed community awareness and adaptation strategy to the Effect of climate
change in Yobe state, Nigeria. Multi stage sampling technique was used to select 160
respondents in the state. Primary data collected from the respondents includes the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents such as gender, age, marital status, and
educational qualification, as well as their climate change awareness and adaptation strategy.
The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Majority of the respondents in the state
had low awareness to climate change and submitted that climate change has affected their
socio-economic and agricultural activities in recent years. The effects identified were: reduced
crop yield, shortage of water and biom ass for animals due to low rainfall. It was also noticed
that, there were frequent dry spells, cold spells, strong winds and thunderstorms. Similarly,
high temperature causes wilting of crops and diseases. The respondents are making efforts to
adapt to climate change in various ways such as planting resistant crop varieties, altering
planting schedules, planting early maturing varieties and crop diversification. They however
lack adequate information on how to adapt. It thus recommended that, adequate information
and sensitization from the site of the government, non- governmental organizations and
communities should be made available. Hence, appropriate technology as well as inputs s
equally be made available in the study area.
Keywords: Adaptation, community awareness, climate change, effect, Yobe State
318
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF BROOK
MAZMANLI (HASSA-HATAY)
Ekrem MUTLU1, A. Yalçın TEPE2, Tuğba DEMİR3, Telat YANIK4
1
Kastamonu University, Faculty of Fisheries, Kastamonu
2
Giresun University, Faculty of Science, Giresun
3
Cumhuriyet University, Hafik Kamer Örnek Vocational School, Hafik-Sivas
4
Atatürk University, Faculty of Fisheries, Erzurum
ABSTRACT
Objective: The objectives of this study are to observe the monthly and annual changes in water
samples of Brook Mazmanlı, which is located within the borders of Hassa Province of Hatay City and
used in watering needs of agricultural lands around it, through physical-chemical methods, to
determine the water quality properties, to reveal the pollution problems, to determine the suitability
level in terms of aquatic life, and to classify the quality of water in accordance with Water Pollution
Control Regulation criteria.
Materials and Methods: The Brook Mazmanlı located in northeastern Mediterranean Region is within
the borders of Mazmanlı village of Hassa Province of Hatay City, and it merges with Küçük Asi River
within the borders of Zülfühan Village after merging with Broko Arfin in Amik Lake basin. In the
region, where the Mediterranean climate is dominant, the mean annual precipitation is 1130 mm,
annual vaporization is 1836 mm, mean temperature is 18.4 °C, and relative humidity is 69%. In this
study, by performing 19 chemical and physical analyses of water, the monthly and seasonal changes of
water quality data have been recorded, and the water quality criteria have been determined in
accordance with Water Pollution Control Regulation’s Intra-Continental Water Resource
Classification. 2 sampling stations have been chosen; one in 10m away from the source of brook and
one in the exit of Mazmanlı Village. The cleaning and maintenance of all of the equipment, land-type
measurement tools, and 3L glass sampling containers to be used in sampling have been executed 1 day
before the sampling. Sampling tubes have been immersed into acidic solution, and then dried in drying
oven after being washed with pure water. The sampling tubes to be used in water sampling have been
flushed and immersed into 15 cm below water surface for taking water sample. Monthly samplings
have been started in May 2004 and carried out for 12 months.
The obtained water samples have been taken to the laboratory within maximum 4 hours for analysis.
Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and saltiness parameters have been measured in-place via landtype measurement devices. Dissolved oxygen and temperature were measured via YSI brand S2 model
oxygen meter, pH measurement was conducted with Orion brand 420A model pH-meter, the electrical
conductance (µs/cm) and salinity (ppt) were measured by using YSI brand 30/50 FT model
conductance-meter.
Among other parameters determining water quality; total alkalinity, total hardness, ammonium
nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate, chloride, sodium, potassium, silica, suspended
solid matter (SSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), analyses of
water samples were conducted in laboratory of Mustafa Kemal University’s Faculty of Fisheries in
same day.
Results: Due to the needs of protecting the actual water quality of Brook Mazmanlı, which is known
with hosting various aquatic creatures and fishes and constitutes the aquatic habitat for them, and
considering its importance for near agricultural lands in terms of the continuance of ecological
balance, it is required to perform periodical water quality studies in future, to prevent excessive and
unconscious agricultural pesticides affecting actual water quality negatively, and to protect the brook
from domestic and animal wastes mixing into the water via precipitation and underground leakages.
As a result, the measures required in order to improve the actual water quality of Brook Mazmanlı
should be taken immediately.
Keywords: Water quality, water pollution, Brook Mazmanlı, Hassa, Hatay
319
EXAMINED OF LOCALLY PERIODIC MARKET OF MARKETING PROBLEMS: A
CASE STUDY IN KONYA-MERAM DISTRICT
Ebru KAYA5
1
Mithat DİREK1,6
Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım Ekonomisi Bölümü Konya-Turkey
2
ABSTRACT
Based on a very old history, a neighborhood market that meets the mandatory requirements of
individual consumption also carries traditional features as well. The evaluation identified and
the problems of neighborhood markets are important markets and the market can continue its
existence as a cultural heritage. Lack of infrastructure at the beginning of the problems of the
Konya district market area market experienced marketers and communication between local
agencies, come to be the standard of the services of local institutions.
Keywords: periodic markets, marketing problems, Konya
320
YOUTH, STRUGGLE, AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF AGROECOLOGY
Bamba Mbaye
ABSTRACT
Agroecology is a new codification of our historical struggle giving the current onslaught of
industrial agriculture on people and the planet. Given this, we have to recognize that
agroecology is part of our history and heritage as a people. Thereby the need for sustainable
agriculture pivotal in our drive toward food self –sufficiency and poverty alleviation.
My position in attending your forum is to avail me the opportunity as youth organization to
venture rethinking and talking about sustainable agriculture to wider perspective. Our
objective is see how to transfer this knowledge to the next generation and how this knowledge
will continue to evolve in perpetuity; this is the role of youth in agroecology- how will
agroecology evolve to be in harmony with nature and people is a fundamental situation that
need to be address in the face of sustainable agriculture and environment protection at all
levels.
Agroecology is a process for social and ecological transformation. It is a methodology for
advancing peasant struggle, from within a movement framework. It is not just about
increasing organic matter in the soil, alone. It is also a social and political project and
methodology enacted at the base in rural communities for, amongst other things, building
infrastructure and power.
The question of how agroecology can make an impact at a greater scale has been at the center
of the debates among NGOs, Scholars and Policy makers at national and international levels.
The question of how to increase the number of people and places impacted by agroeceology
every day is important, and we must recognize that peasant and small farmer communities are
at the center of agroecology, both as science and as a way of life.
Bringing agroecology at this youthful stage and beyond to scale means both scaling up and
scaling out agroecology. Scaling agroecology by increasing research, training and supportive
policies; and scaling out by supporting the dissemination of peasant- led agroecological
practices through peasant exchanges and training.
Specifically,scaling agroecology up and out needs:
Increase funding for social movements’ priorities;

Support for the rights to land, seeds and water at local communities;

Substantial Government commitment to this;

Democratic reviews of free trade agreements and other international agreements that
disregard and even curb farmers’ right to multiply, store and share seeds.

Offering new and important roles of youth to the innovation of sustainable food.

Disregard the issue of agribusiness and commercialization.

Horizontal Knowledge between peasant, indigenous, and scientific Knowledge is
central in our campaign;
Keywords: agroecology, indigenous knowledge, sustainable agriculture, agric- business,
peasants, dissemination, scaling up, scaling out, policy and heritage
321
IMPROVING INTEGRATED CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR PESTS AND
DISEASES FOR SUSTAINABLE SUGAR BEET PRODUCTION
Rıza KAYA, Şeref GÜRKAN
T.Şeker Fabrikaları A.Ş. Şeker Enstitüsü, 06930 Etimesgut - ANKARA
ABSTRACT
In this study, improving of entegrated control strategies was aimed to combat the pests and
diseases had different population and severity for sustainable and economical sugar beet
production in different geografic and climate conditions. The results indicated that: 1) Sugar
beet varieties, resistant to Rhizomania, Cercospora and powdery mildew, some susceptible to
Cercospora gave a high yield and quality performance, were necessary to sow and in addition
fungicide programmes were implemented against Cercospora and powdery mildew in the
areas where coastal climate privails in Turkey 2) After sowing the resistant varieties to
rhizomania and tolarant to powdery mildew, fungicides had to be applied to powdery mildew
and also, tolerant varieties in accordince with the cyst nematod severity in the fields should be
sown in Central Anatolian Region where continental climate prevails. 3) The loading
Imidacloprid of 9 g or thiamethoxam of 3 g or clothianidin of 9 g to sugar beet seeds per
kilogramme was satisfactory to control the subsoil pest complex and flea beetle.
Keywords: Sugar beet, disease, pest, strategy of integrated control
322
MYCOFLORA ON MAIZE COBS INFECTED BY Ustilago maydis (DC) Corda
Mehmet AYDOĞDU1, Nuh BOYRAZ2, Salih MADEN3
1
2
West Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
3
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Ustilago maydis (DC) Corda, causal agent of corn smut, can form enormous galls on maize
cobs and cause significant yield losses under favorable conditions. In addition to yield losses,
some microorganisms which is fungal origin can exist on smutted cobs and affect kernel
quality. With regard to the issue, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to determine
mycoflora on the smutted ears in Antalya Province. In the study, some maize cultivars
belonging to various maize variety groups including dent corn, flint corn, sweet corn and
popcorn were used as host plants. Inoculations were performed by injecting inoculum into ear
silk of each cob of the plants in inoculated plots. For each treatment, control plots were also
set up. When the kernels of ears in control plots were mature enough to harvest, kernel
samples in inoculated plots were taken from smutted cobs and investigated in terms of fungal
flora. In conclusion, a total of 6 genera (Paecilomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Acremonium,
Fusarium, Rhizopus) was determined from the kernels in the smutted cobs. However,
frequently isolated species were determined as Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, A. parasiticus
(A. flavus), Paecilomyces lilacinus, Penicillium citrinum, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum
and Rhizopus stolonifer. In additon, it was detected that the most frequently isolated genus
was Aspergillus (31.4%), while the lowest one was Penicillium (6.4%).
Keywords: Maize, mycoflora, corn smut, Ustilago maydis
323
SOME TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLANT CAMELINA
STEM
Mustafa Nevzat Örnek1,4, Ali Yavuz Şeflek2, Nurettin Kayahan2,
Mustafa Acaroğlu3, Haydar Hacıseferoğulları2
S.Ü. Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi, Elektronik ve Bilgisayar Eğitimi Bölümü, Konya, Türkiye
S.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım Makinaları ve Teknolojileri Mühendisliği Bölümü, Konya, Türkiye
3
S.Ü. Teknoloji Fakültesi, Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü, Konya, Türkiye
1
2
4
Sorumlu Yazar ([email protected])
ABSTRACT
In this study, cutting characteristics of camelina stem, the physical properties of camelina
pellets and burn values were investigated in 2013 which was made the summer production in
Konya. The cutting experiments were made in humidity values and loading speed values of
the camelina stem with five replicates as 6.86%, 10.51% and 15.93% (y.b), and 0.25, 0.50,
0.75 and 1 mm s-1, respectively. Also, camelina stems were pelleted in the pellet diameter of
10 mm and the height of 45 mm. The physical properties of the pellets and elemental analyzes
were made.
In result of the research, the values of cutting force of camelina stem as 8.23-23.99 N, cutting
stretching as 0.84-1.82 N mm-2, cutting energy as 0.027-0.082 J and specific cutting energy as
0.380-1.325 mJ mm-2 were found in the experiments. The calorific value of pure camelina
pellet as 4406 cal g-1, carbon as 40.61%, hydrogen as 5.86%, sulphur as 0.09%, and ash as 4%
were found in the result of elemental analysis.
Keywords: Camelina, cutting stretching, specific cutting energy, pellet characteristics,
elemental analysis
324
THE IMPORTANCE OF SHEEP BREEDING IN REDUCING THE DEPENDENCE
ON CATTLE IN RED MEAT PRODUCTION
İbrahim Aytekin1
Saim Boztepe1
Arzu Kan2
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42075, Konya, Turkey
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42075, Konya, Turkey
2
ABSTRACT
When called red meat, cattle production comes to mind first. Because such a perception has
been created in the community. The portion of the fact that Turkey is obtained from cattle of
87 % of the red meat production is great such a perception. At the same time, meat production
obtained from sheep and goats is around 12-13 %. In Turkey, a country in accordance with
small ruminant breeding (especially sheep breeding), it is necessary to increase the portion of
the sheep and goat meat red meat production. Efficient use of resources will be possible if this
is done.
The purpose of this article is to exhibit some of the advantages of sheep meat production in
reducing the dependence on cattle in red meat production.
Keywords: sheep, lamb, cattle, red meat, production
325
SOCIAL VALUES OF URBAN PARKS: A CASE STUDY IN KONYA CITY,
TURKEY
Nurgül Arısoy
Selçuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Landscape Architecture, Alaeddin Keykubat Campus,
42035 Selçuklu/Konya-TURKEY
ABSTRACT
The social values of urban green spaces are playing important role in decision-making on
urban land-use and green space planning, but they are not always sufficiently taken into
account. It is necessary to collect the experienced values of urban green areas and integrating
this information into the planning processes. The role and importance of green areas have
previously been researched largely through structured questionnaires. The aim of this study is
to develop a simple method to test a systematic approach to collecting social values as
experienced by residents and to describe the experienced qualities of urban parks for green
area planning purposes.
Keywords: Social value, urban parks, land-use planning
326
MIXTURE PERFORMANCE OF THE BARLEY GENOTYPES AT WEST
MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY
Mehmet TEKİN1, M. İlhan ÇAĞIRGAN1
Antalya Mutation Project, Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya,
TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a major crop in Mediterranean basin due to its droughttolerant characteristic, which is an important ability especially for sustainable agriculture. In
barley research, most work has focused on improvement of cultivar performance per se (i.e.
high yield, better quality, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses). Although barley cultivars
are selected for optimal performance in a target region, fluctuations in yield between sites and
years have emerged as a problem in recent years owing to the climate variability. The
impaired sustainability associated with homogenity has driven the exploration of more
ecologically sound and environmentally friendly cultivation approaches. One of the most
crucial approaches is genotype mixtures which are defined as “mixtures of genotypes (nearisogenic lines) that vary for many characters, but have phenotypically similarity (i.e. maturity,
height, quality and grain type) to be grown together”. It is important to understand
interactions between adult plants in order to predict properly the outcome of competition
between cultivars and design sustainable cropping systems. To this end, we studied mixture
performance of barley genotypes in upland and lowland of West Mediterranean Region of
Turkey. Pure lines (unibends) of 6 genotypes of barley and 15 possible 50:50 mixtures
(biblends) were cultivated in three-replicate randomized blocks in Akdeniz University,
Antalya. Four of used genotypes which are nearly isogenic mutant lines were obtained from
over farmer participatory mutation breeding project. In addition to grain yield, data were
collected on 10 agronomic traits. The mixture performances of genotypes differed in their
relative performances in pure stands and mixtures. The mixtures M1 + M3 and M3 + Sladoran
were found to be good mixes for different agronomic characters. In conclusion, intergenotypic
competition among relatively well adapted genotypes was found to be encouraging as a
consequence of sustainability concerns in extensive production systems of barley under dry
land Mediterranean conditions. The mixtures offer a potential to achieve specific production
requirements such as lodging tolerance, disease control, total biomass with preferable harvest
index favoring grain or straw.
Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L., yield stability, mixing ability, sustainability
327
INDUCED MUTAGENESIS IN A F1 GENETIC BACKGROUND OF PEPPER TO
SELECT MUTANTS SUITABLE FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Alper ADAK, M. İlhan ÇAĞIRGAN
Antalya Mutation Project, Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya,
Turkey
ABSTRACT
Sustainable agriculture requires variability to develop cultivars being able to cope with
environmental stresses. Induced mutagenesis in F1 backgrounds provides advantage of
heterozygosity and possibility of recombination between “unrelated” parents. In this context,
we intended to induce variability in a F1 cultivar to select mutants which may be of suitability
for sustainable agriculture and develop genetic tools in the heterozygous F1 pepper (Capsicum
annuum L.) hybrid variety, Mert, by gamma rays.
F1 hybrid cultivars can be selfed and segregated after induced mutation and this approach can
be more beneficial for expanding genetic variability. Thus, it can be developed parental lines
to use in a heterosis breeding program. Induced mutations supply new unique genetic
materials which are not exposed to natural or artificial selection by mankind. In this way the
problem of genetic similarity can be alleviated. Obtained mutants from locally adapted
genotypes are used directly or considered as parents for F1 cultivars. In this manner,
introducing of new undiscovered gene sources become practical application.
To this purpose, we irradiated 2000 seeds of a well-adapted hybrid pepper cultivar, Mert with
100 Gy and 200 Gy doses of gamma rays. Selection for morpho-physiologic, reproductive and
marker traits was performed in F2M2 generation following their confirmation in F3M3. In
F2M2 generation, 1299 families were grown and 5 putative mutants selected from those
families were confirmed in F3M3 generation. Some of significant traits such as determinate
growth habit, excessive flowering, fruit shape, sterility, fruit size and thickness, leaf
abnormalities, and short internode with excessive branching were worth to mention. Thanks
to these agronomically valuable genetic materials we expect to develop new pure lines and
hybrids cultivars to satisfy farmers’ and consumers’ expectations in a sustainable manner.
Keywords: Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), heterosis, mutation breeding, sustainable
agriculture
328
DEVELOPMENTS OF CITRUS FOREIGN TRADE IN TURKEY
Hasan ARISOY1, Gülcan ERAKTAN2
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
2
ABSTRACT
Although citrus comprises one of the most important chapters of Turkish export, the rate of
that crop group in total export decreases in the course of time. World citrus export is
increasing correspondingly in the last years. While the total World trade is increasing over the
last decade, attempts of export countries, foremost Spain, Netherlands, THE USA, Chine,
South Africa, Morocco for getting more shares from the World markets make a procompetition effect. Therefore, it is more significant to determent, whether Turkey maintains
its share in the import of destination countries than the increase of Turkish export in citrus in
the course of time. So, the size and direction of the intensity of Turkey in import of
destination countries is critically important. The aim of that study is to scrutinize the change
of value and direction of trade flow between Turkey and citrus importing countries as per
time. Consequently, the Turkey’s share in the markets in which Turkish export products
addressed and the changes in these markets in the course of time will be determined. Trade
Intensity Analysis has been used in the study. The intensification coefficients of the export of
Turkish citrus which have mostly comparative advantage indicate that Turkey is losing its
market share even in respect of the leading destination countries. The market losses come out
of many reasons. There are a lot of problems to be tackled in that area. Firstly, production of
these crops does not match the conformity with market demand concerning the quantity and
some peculiarities.
Keywords: citrus, export, Intensification (Regionalization) Coefficient, Turkey
329
INSECTICIDAL EFFECT OF IN VITRO REGENERATED CERATOPHYLLUM
DEMERSUM L. AGAINST SITOPHILUS ZEAMAIS MOTSCHULSKY
(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Bugrahan Emsen1, Muhammet Dogan1, Muhammad Aasim1, Erol Yıldırım2
Department of Biology, Kamil Özdağ Faculty of Science, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman,
Turkey
2
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
1
ABSTRACT
Ceratophyllum demersum L., belonging to the Ceratophyllaceae family, is an important
medicinal aquatic plant due to its active compounds. It has been widely used to remove heavy
metals (photoremediation) and pollution monitoring (biomonitor) in the aquatic environment.
In this study, it was investigated insecticidal activity of methanol extract of in vitro
propagated C. demersum on maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. Axillary shoot
regeneration from nodal explants of C. demersum was recorded on liquid Murashige and
Skoog (MS) medium containing various combinations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA) and 1Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Maximum number of shoot per explant (92.76) was obtained
on MS medium containing 0.75 mg/L BA + 0.25 mg/L NAA, and The highest shoot length
(3.53 cm) was recorded on MS medium containing 0.25 mg/L BA + 0.25 mg/L NAA.
Methanol extract was toxic to adults of S. zeamais at different concentrations and exposure
times. Maximum mortalities were recorded after 96 h of exposure at all concentrations. LC 50
values after 24, 48 and 96 h were 25.192, 16.466 and 1.281 mg/mL, respectively. Mortality
rate of S. zeamais adults increased significantly (p < 0.05), as the concentration level and/or
exposure time increased. While correlation coefficient was 0.432 between concentrationinsecticidal effects, it was 0.870 between elapsed time-insecticidal effect and these
correlations were significant at the 0.01 level. Based on the present results, it can be
concluded that methanol extract of C. demersum may have a potential action for control of S.
zeamais adults.
Keywords: Ceratophyllum demersum, Insecticidal effect, Nodal explant, Shoot regeneration,
Sitophilus zeamais
Acknowledgment - This study was supported by the Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University through the
Scientific Research Project commission (BAP) (Project no: 05-M-15).
330
TOXICITY EFFECT OF CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM L. PROPAGATED BY
TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES ON GRANARY WEEVIL
Muhammet Dogan1, Bugrahan Emsen1, Erol Yıldırım2, Muhammad Aasim1
1
Department of Biology, Kamil Özdağ Faculty of Science, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman,
Turkey
2
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Ceratophyllum demersum L., usually known as hornwort or coontail, is a species of
Ceratophyllaceae family. It is a submerged, free-floating aquatic plant. The plant is used for
medical purposes in the treatment of many diseases such as scorpion stings, biliousness,
haemorrhoids, wounds. Also aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and methanol extracts of C.
demersum has been reported to have antimicrobial effects. Therefore, the present experiment
was undertaken to determine the insecticidal effect of aqueous extract of in vitro propagated
C. demersum against Sitophilus granarius (L.). Shoot tip explants isolated from C. demersum
were cultured on liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different
combinations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA) and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) during eight
weeks. Maximum number of 83.17 shoots per explant was obtained on MS medium
containing 1.00 mg/L BA + 0.25 mg/L NAA. Maximum shoot length (3.75 cm) was recorded
on MS medium containing 0.25 mg/L BA + 0.25 mg/L NAA. Four different concentrations
(2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/mL) of water extract obtained from C. demersum were tested against
adults of S. granarius in Petri dishes. After exposure, mortality of the adults was determined
at 24th, 48th and 96th h. The cumulative mortality rates after 24, 48 and 96 h of treatment with
the maximum concentration (20 mg/mL) of C. demersum extract were determined as 72.73,
90.91 and 100% for S. granarius, respectively. The insecticidal effect was affected by the
concentrations of the extracts and the exposure time. Higher concentration and longer
exposure time resulted in maximum toxicity on S. granarius.
Keywords: Ceratophyllum demersum, Insecticidal effect, Shoot regeneration, Shoot tip,
Sitophilus granarius
Acknowledgment - This study was supported by the Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University through the
Scientific Research Project commission (BAP) (Project no: 05-M-15).
331
AXILLARY SHOOT REGENERATION FROM SHOOT TIP AND DIFFERENT
NODAL SEGMENTS OF AQUATIC LYSIMACHIA NUMMULARIA L.
Mehmet Karataş1, Muhammet Dogan2, Muhammad Aasim2
1
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
2
Department of Biology, Kamil Ozdag Faculty of Science, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Yunus Emre
Campus, 70200, Karaman, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Lysimachia nummularia L. is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae. It is used
in herbalism for healing wounds and the plant contains a number of phenolic acids. In this
study was aimed to rapid and multiple propagation of L.nummularia under in vitro conditions.
Shoot tip, 1st and 2nd nodal segments of L.nummularia were cultured on MS medium
containing different combinations BAP (0.25-1.25 mg/l) + NAA (0.25 mg/L).
The best response in terms of the percentage of shoot regeneration was obtained from shoot
tip explant (72.00%) cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.50 mg/L BAP + 0.25
mg/L NAA, from 1st (83.33%) and 2nd (75.00%) nodal segments cultured on MS medium
supplemented with 0.25 mg/L BAP + 0.25 mg/L NAA. Maximum number of shoots per
explant were recorded on MS medium containing 0.25 mg/L BAP + 0.25 mg/L NAA for
shoot tip (6.28) and 2nd nodal segments (5.13) whereas were recorded on MS medium
containing 0.50 mg/L BAP + 0.25 mg/L NAA for 1st nodal segments (4.59). The highest
shoot length of 2.66 cm, 2.18 cm and 1.76 cm were obtained from 2nd nodal segments, shoot
tip and 1st nodal segment explants respectively. Regenerated shoots were successfully rooted
on MS medium containing IBA. Thereafter, rooted plantlets were acclimatized in aquariums
successfully.
Keywords: Aquatic plant, In vitro, Shoot regeneration, Shoot tip, nodal segment
332
EFFICIENT IN VITRO REGENERATION OF MEDICINAL AQUATIC PLANT
CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM L.
Mehmet Karataş1, Muhammet Dogan2, Muhammad Aasim2
1
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
Department of Biology, Kamil Ozdag Faculty of Science, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Yunus Emre
Campus, 70200, Karaman, Turkey
2
ABSTRACT
Aquatic plants oxygen provides the necessary oxygen for aquatic organisms, and they also
create habitats for their survival. Ceratophyllum demersum L. is an aquatic plant belongs to
Ceratophyllaceae family. It is among the most popular plants used in in aquariums. Also, it is
a medicinal plant and uses traditionally for cure of ulcer, diarrhoea and wound. The
present study was designed to obtain axillary shoot regeneration from shoot tip explant
cultured on agar solidified Murashige ve Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.10-0.80 mg/L
Thidiazuron (TDZ) + 0.10 mg/L Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) + 0.10 mg/L Gibberellic acid
(GA3). Shoot formation in the MS medium began to be observed during the second week.
Browning was observed the ends of some regenerated shoots in the fifth week. At the end of
the eighth week, experiment was terminated and data was taken. Maximum shoots per
explants (61.92) were recorded on MS medium containing 0.10 mg/L TDZ + 0.10 mg/L IBA
+ 0.10 mg/L GA3, and the highest shoot lengths (0.73 cm) were obtained on MS medium
containing 0.20 mg/L TDZ + 0.10 mg/L IBA + 0.10 mg/L GA3. Generally, shoot length has
remained fairly short. The regenerated plants were succesfully acclimatised in aquatic
environments. The present study may help to use protocol for extraction of medically
important compounds from the plant and the chemicals can be used in the pharmaceutical
fields.
Keywords: Aquatic plants, in vitro, shoot regeneration, shoot tip
333
ALLELOPATHY OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) STEM EXTRACT
ON PHYSIOLOGY OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)
Javed Kamal
Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam
University, Islamabad, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
Petri-dishes grown seedlings of wheat cvs. Margalla 99 and Chakwall 97 were treated with
distilled water and with different extracts of sunflower roots. Data on physiology of wheat
seedlings including germination rate, protein, proline, sugars, DNA, peroxidase, superoxide
dismutase and chlorophyll contents were recorded; all increased with allelochemicals
treatments when compared with the controls.
Keywords: Allelopathy, chlorophyll contents, DNA, peroxidase, protein, proline, sunflower,
sugar, superoxide dismutase, wheat

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