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ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 883 Ek 1 ÖZEL‹K TABLOLARI VE D‹YAGRAMLARI Tablo A–1 Tablo A–2 Tablo A–3 Tablo A–4 Tablo A–5 Tablo A–6 Tablo A–7 Tablo A–8 Tablo A–9 Tablo A–10 Tablo A–11 Tablo A–12 Tablo A–13 Tablo A–14 Tablo A–15 Tablo A–16 Tablo A–17 Tablo A–18 Tablo A–19 Mol kütlesi, gaz sabiti ve kritik-nokta özellikleri Bilinen baz› gazlar›n ideal-gaz özgül ›s›nma Bilinen baz› s›v›, kat› ve yiyeceklerin özellikleri Doymufl su - S›cakl›k tablosu Doymufl su - Bas›nç tablosu K›zg›n su buhar› S›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v› su Doymufl buz - su buhar› Su için T-s diyagram› Su için Mollier diyagram› Doymufl so¤utucu ak›flkan134a— S›cakl›k tablosu Doymufl so¤utucu ak›flkan134a— Bas›nç tablosu K›zg›n so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a So¤utucu ak›flkan-134a’ n›n P-h diyagram› Nelson–Obert genellefltirilmifl s›k›flt›r›labilirlik diyagram› Yüksek seviyelerde atmosferin özellikleri Havan›n mükemmel-gaz özelikleri N2, Azotun mükemmel gaz özelikleri O2, Oksijenin mükemmel gaz özelikleri Tablo A–20 Tablo A–21 Tablo A–22 Tablo A–23 Tablo A–24 Tablo A–25 Tablo A–26 Tablo A–27 Tablo A–28 Tablo A–29 Tablo A–30 Tablo A–31 Tablo A–32 Tablo A–33 Tablo A–34 CO2, Karbondioksitin mükemmel gaz özelikleri CO, Karbonmonoksitin mükemmel gaz özelikleri H2, Hidrojenin mükemmel gaz özelikleri H2O, Su buhar›n›n mükemmel gaz özellikleri O, Tek atomlu oksijenin mükemmel gaz özellikleri OH, Hidroksilin mükemmel gaz özelikleri 25°C, s›cakl›k ve 1atm bas›nçta Oluflum entalpisi, oluflum Gibbs fonksiyonu ve mutlak entropi Bilinen baz› yak›tlar›n ve hidrokarbonlar›n özelikleri Kp denge sabitinin do¤al logaritmas› Genellefltirilmifl entalpi sapma diyagram› Genellefltirilmifl entropi sapma diyagram› 1 atm toplam bas›nç için Psikrometrik diyagram k 1.4 olan bir ideal gaz için bir-boyutlu, izantropik s›k›flt›r›labilir ak›fl fonksiyonlar› k 1.4 olan bir ideal gaz için birboyutlu normal flok fonksiyonlar› k 1.4 olan bir ideal gaz için Rayleigh ak›fl fonksiyonlar› | 883 ek 11/6/08 884 10:15 | Page 884 Termodinamik TABLO A – 1 Mol kütlesi, gaz sabiti ve kritik nokta özellikleri Madde Kimyasal Formül Mol kütlesi, M kg/kmol Gaz sabiti, R kJ/kg · K* Hava Amonyak Argon Benzen Bromin n-Büten Karbon dioksit Karbon monoksit Carbon tetrachloride Klorin Klorofrom Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) Etan Etit alkol Etilen Helyum n-Heksan Hidrojen (normal) Kripton Metan Metil alkol Metil klor Neon Nitrojen Nitrous oxide Azot oksit Propan Propilan Kükürt dioksit Tetrafluoroetan (R-134a) Trichlorofluorometan (R-11) Su Xenon — NH3 Ar C6H6 Br2 C4H10 CO2 CO CCl4 Cl2 CHCl3 CCl2F2 CHCl2F C2H6 C2H5OH C2H4 He C6H14 H2 Kr CH4 CH3OH CH3Cl Ne N2 N2O O2 C3H8 C3H6 SO2 CF3CH2F CCl3F H2O Xe 28.97 17.03 39.948 78.115 159.808 58.124 44.01 28.011 153.82 70.906 119.38 120.91 102.92 30.070 46.07 28.054 4.003 86.179 2.016 83.80 16.043 32.042 50.488 20.183 28.013 44.013 31.999 44.097 42.081 64.063 102.03 137.37 18.015 131.30 0.2870 0.4882 0.2081 0.1064 0.0520 0.1430 0.1889 0.2968 0.05405 0.1173 0.06964 0.06876 0.08078 0.2765 0.1805 0.2964 2.0769 0.09647 4.1240 0.09921 0.5182 0.2595 0.1647 0.4119 0.2968 0.1889 0.2598 0.1885 0.1976 0.1298 0.08149 0.06052 0.4615 0.06332 Kritik nokta özellekleri S›cakl›k, K 132.5 405.5 151 562 584 425.2 304.2 133 556.4 417 536.6 384.7 451.7 305.5 516 282.4 5.3 507.9 33.3 209.4 191.1 513.2 416.3 44.5 126.2 309.7 154.8 370 365 430.7 374.2 471.2 647.1 289.8 Bas›nç, MPa 3.77 11.28 4.86 4.92 10.34 3.80 7.39 3.50 4.56 7.71 5.47 4.01 5.17 4.48 6.38 5.12 0.23 3.03 1.30 5.50 4.64 7.95 6.68 2.73 3.39 7.27 5.08 4.26 4.62 7.88 4.059 4.38 22.06 5.88 Hacim, m3/kmol 0.0883 0.0724 0.0749 0.2603 0.1355 0.2547 0.0943 0.0930 0.2759 0.1242 0.2403 0.2179 0.1973 0.1480 0.1673 0.1242 0.0578 0.3677 0.0649 0.0924 0.0993 0.1180 0.1430 0.0417 0.0899 0.0961 0.0780 0.1998 0.1810 0.1217 0.1993 0.2478 0.0560 0.1186 *Not: kJ/kg · K birimi kJ/kg · C˚ birimi ile eflde¤erdir. Gaz sabiti R Ru /M ‘den hesaplan›r ve burada Ru 8.31447 kJ/kmol · K ve M ise molar kütledir. Kaynak: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp. 117–236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1. ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 885 Ek 1 | 885 TABLO A–2 Bilinen baz› gazlar›n mükemmel-gaz özgül ›s›lar› (a) 300 K s›cakl›kta Gaz Kimyasal formülü Hava Argon Bütan Karbon dioksit Karbon monoksit Etan Etilen Helyum Hidrojen Metan Neon Azot Oktan Oksijen Propan Su buhar› — Ar C4H10 CO2 CO C2H6 C2H4 He H2 CH4 Ne N2 C8H18 O2 C3H8 H2O Gaz sabiti, R kJ/kg · K cp kJ/kg · K cv kJ/kg · K k 0.2870 0.2081 0.1433 0.1889 0.2968 0.2765 0.2964 2.0769 4.1240 0.5182 0.4119 0.2968 0.0729 0.2598 0.1885 0.4615 1.005 0.5203 1.7164 0.846 1.040 1.7662 1.5482 5.1926 14.307 2.2537 1.0299 1.039 1.7113 0.918 1.6794 1.8723 0.718 0.3122 1.5734 0.657 0.744 1.4897 1.2518 3.1156 10.183 1.7354 0.6179 0.743 1.6385 0.658 1.4909 1.4108 1.400 1.667 1.091 1.289 1.400 1.186 1.237 1.667 1.405 1.299 1.667 1.400 1.044 1.395 1.126 1.327 Not: kJ/kg · K birimi kJ/kg · °C birimiyle eflde¤erdir. Kaynak: Chemical and Process Thermodynamics 3/E by Kyle, B. G., © 2000. “Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ’nin izniyle uyumlanm›flt›r. ek 11/6/08 10:15 886 | Page 886 Termodinamik TABLO A–2 Bilinen baz› gazlar›n mükemmel-gaz özgül ›s›lar› (Devam) (b) De¤iflik s›cakl›klarda S›cakl›k, K 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000 cp kJ/kg · K cv kJ/kg · K k Hava 1.003 1.005 1.008 1.013 1.020 1.029 1.040 1.051 1.063 1.075 1.087 1.099 1.121 1.142 0.716 0.718 0.721 0.726 0.733 0.742 0.753 0.764 0.776 0.788 0.800 0.812 0.834 0.855 cp kJ/kg · K 14.051 14.307 14.427 14.476 14.501 14.513 14.530 14.546 14.571 14.604 14.645 14.695 14.822 14.983 9.927 10.183 10.302 10.352 10.377 10.389 10.405 10.422 10.447 10.480 10.521 10.570 10.698 10.859 k Karbon dioksit, CO2 1.401 1.400 1.398 1.395 1.391 1.387 1.381 1.376 1.370 1.364 1.359 1.354 1.344 1.336 0.791 0.846 0.895 0.939 0.978 1.014 1.046 1.075 1.102 1.126 1.148 1.169 1.204 1.234 Hidrojen, H2 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000 cv kJ/kg · K 0.602 0.657 0.706 0.750 0.790 0.825 0.857 0.886 0.913 0.937 0.959 0.980 1.015 1.045 1.314 1.288 1.268 1.252 1.239 1.229 1.220 1.213 1.207 1.202 1.197 1.193 1.186 1.181 cp kJ/kg · K 1.039 1.039 1.041 1.044 1.049 1.056 1.065 1.075 1.086 1.098 1.110 1.121 1.145 1.167 0.742 0.743 0.744 0.747 0.752 0.759 0.768 0.778 0.789 0.801 0.813 0.825 0.849 0.870 k Karbon monoksit, CO 1.039 1.040 1.043 1.047 1.054 1.063 1.075 1.087 1.100 1.113 1.126 1.139 1.163 1.185 Azot, N2 1.416 1.405 1.400 1.398 1.398 1.397 1.396 1.396 1.395 1.394 1.392 1.390 1.385 1.380 cv kJ/kg · K 0.743 0.744 0.746 0.751 0.757 0.767 0.778 0.790 0.803 0.816 0.829 0.842 0.866 0.888 1.400 1.399 1.398 1.395 1.392 1.387 1.382 1.376 1.370 1.364 1.358 1.353 1.343 1.335 Oksijen, O2 1.400 1.400 1.399 1.397 1.395 1.391 1.387 1.382 1.376 1.371 1.365 1.360 1.349 1.341 0.913 0.918 0.928 0.941 0.956 0.972 0.988 1.003 1.017 1.031 1.043 1.054 1.074 1.090 0.653 0.658 0.668 0.681 0.696 0.712 0.728 0.743 0.758 0.771 0.783 0.794 0.814 0.830 1.398 1.395 1.389 1.382 1.373 1.365 1.358 1.350 1.343 1.337 1.332 1.327 1.319 1.313 Kaynak: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), p. 783, Tablo A–4M. ‹lk olarak “Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, NBS Circular 564, 1955) adl› kaynakta yay›nlanm›flt›r. ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 887 Ek 1 | 887 TABLO A–2 Bilinen baz› gazlar›n mükemmel-gaz özgül ›s›lar› (Devam) (c) S›cakl›¤›n fonksiyonu olarak _ cp a bT cT 2 dT 3 (T K ve cp kJ/kmol · K birimlerinde) Kimyasal Madde Azot Oksijen Hava Hidrojen Karbon monoksit Karbon dioksit Su buhar› Azot oksit Azot oksit Azot dioksit Amonyak Kükürt Kükürt dioksit Kükürt trioksit Asetilen Benzen Metanol Etanol Hidrojen klorür Metan Etan Propan n-Bütan i-Bütan n-Pentan n-Heksan Etilen Propilen formülü a b 0.1571 1.520 0.1967 0.1916 c S›cakl›k aral›¤›, K d % hata Maks. Ort. 102 102 102 102 105 0.8081 0.7155 105 0.4802 105 0.4003 105 109 2.873 1.312 109 1.966 109 0.8704 109 273–1800 273–1800 273–1800 273–1800 0.59 1.19 0.72 1.01 0.34 0.28 0.33 0.26 N2 O2 — H2 28.90 25.48 28.11 29.11 CO 28.16 0.1675 102 0.5372 105 2.222 109 273–1800 0.89 0.37 CO2 H2O NO N2O 22.26 32.24 29.34 24.11 5.981 102 0.1923 102 0.09395 102 5.8632 102 3.501 105 1.055 105 0.9747 105 3.562 105 7.469 3.595 4.187 10.58 109 109 109 109 273–1800 273–1800 273–1500 273–1500 0.67 0.53 0.97 0.59 0.22 0.24 0.36 0.26 NO2 NH3 S2 22.9 27.568 27.21 5.715 102 2.5630 102 2.218 102 3.52 105 0.99072 105 1.628 105 7.87 109 6.6909 109 3.986 109 273–1500 273–1500 273–1800 0.46 0.91 0.99 0.18 0.36 0.38 SO2 25.78 5.795 102 3.812 105 8.612 109 273–1800 0.45 0.24 16.40 21.8 36.22 19.0 19.9 14.58 102 9.2143 102 48.475 102 9.152 102 20.96 102 105 105 105 105 105 32.42 109 18.21 109 77.62 109 8.039 109 20.05 109 273–1300 273–1500 273–1500 273–1000 273–1500 0.29 1.46 0.34 0.18 0.40 0.13 0.59 0.20 0.08 0.22 1.327 105 1.269 105 6.406 105 15.72 105 18.34 105 23.01 105 22.46 105 28.65 105 8.344 105 12.18 105 4.338 109 11.01 109 7.285 109 31.74 109 35.00 109 49.91 109 42.29 109 57.69 109 17.67 109 24.62 109 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 0.22 1.33 0.83 0.40 0.54 0.25 0.56 0.72 0.54 0.73 0.08 0.57 0.28 0.12 0.24 0.13 0.21 0.20 0.13 0.17 SO3 C2H2 C6H6 CH4O C2H6O HCl CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C2H4 C3H6 30.33 19.89 6.900 4.04 3.96 7.913 6.774 6.938 3.95 3.15 0.7620 102 5.024 102 17.27 102 30.48 102 37.15 102 41.60 102 45.43 102 55.22 102 15.64 102 23.83 102 11.20 6.527 31.57 1.22 10.38 Kaynak: B. G. Kyle, Chemical and Process Thermodynamics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984) izin al›narak kullan›lm›flt›r.TABLO A–3 ek 11/6/08 888 10:15 | Page 888 Termodinamik TABLO A–3 Bilinen baz› s›v›, kat› ve yiyeceklerin özellikleri (a) S›v›lar 1 atm bas›nçta kaynama verileri Madde Amonyak Normal kaynama noktas›, °C 33.3 Argon 185.9 Benzen 80.2 Tuzlu su (Kütlesel %20 sodyum klorür) 103.9 n-Bütan 0.5 Karbon dioksit 78.4* Etanol 78.2 Etil alkol 78.6 Etilen glikol 198.1 Gliserin 179.9 Helyum 268.9 Hidrojen 252.8 ‹zobütan 11.7 Kerosen 204–293 Civa 356.7 Metan 161.5 Metanol Azot Oktan Ya¤ (hafif) Oksijen Petrol Propan 1357 161.6 394 Donma verileri Donma noktas›, °C 77.7 189.3 5.5 Füzyon gizli ›s›s› hif , kJ/kg 322.4 28 126 — 385.2 230.5 (at 0°C) 838.3 855 800.1 974 22.8 445.7 367.1 251 294.7 510.4 17.4 138.5 56.6 114.2 156 10.8 18.9 — 259.2 160 24.9 38.9 182.2 109 108 181.1 200.6 — 59.5 105.7 — 11.4 58.4 64.5 195.8 1100 198.6 97.7 210 99.2 25.3 124.8 306.3 57.5 180.7 218.8 13.7 187.7 80.0 183 — 42.1 So¤utucu ak›flkan-134a 26.1 Su Buharlaflma gizli ›s›s› hfg , kJ/kg 100 212.7 230–384 427.8 217.0 2257 96.6 0.0 — 80.3 — 333.7 S›v› özellikleri S›cakl›k, °C Yo¤unluk r, kg/m3 Özgül ›s› cp, kJ/kg · K 33.3 20 0 25 185.6 20 682 665 639 602 1394 879 4.43 4.52 4.60 4.80 1.14 1.72 20 0.5 0 25 20 20 20 268.9 252.8 11.7 20 25 161.5 100 25 195.8 160 20 25 183 20 42.1 0 50 50 26.1 0 25 0 25 50 75 100 1150 601 298 783 789 1109 1261 146.2 70.7 593.8 820 13,560 423 301 787 809 596 703 910 1141 640 581 529 449 1443 1374 1295 1207 1000 997 988 975 958 3.11 2.31 0.59 2.46 2.84 2.84 2.32 22.8 10.0 2.28 2.00 0.139 3.49 5.79 2.55 2.06 2.97 2.10 1.80 1.71 2.0 2.25 2.53 3.13 1.23 1.27 1.34 1.43 4.22 4.18 4.18 4.19 4.22 * Sublimasyon s›cakl›¤›. (Üçlü-nokta bas›nc› olan 518 kPa bas›nc›n›n alt›ndaki bas›nçlarda karbon dioksit kat› veya gaz durumundad›r. Karbon dioksitin donma noktas› s›cakl›¤› da üçlü-nokta s›cakl›¤› olan 56.5˚C’dir. ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 889 Ek 1 | 889 Bilinen baz› s›v›, kat› ve yiyeceklerin özellikleri (Devam) (b) Kat›lar (aksi belirtilmedi¤i sürece de¤erler oda s›cakl›¤›ndad›r.) Yo¤unluk, r kg/m3 Madde Özgül ›s›, cp kJ/kg · K Yo¤unluk, r kg/m3 Madde Metaller Özgül ›s›, cp kJ/kg · K Metal olmayanlar Alüminyum 200 K 250 K 300 K 350 K 400 K 450 K 500 K Bronz (%76 Cu, %2 Zn, %2 Al) Pirinç, sar› (%65 Cu, %35 Zn) Bak›r 173°C 100°C 50°C 0°C 27°C 100°C 200°C Demir Kurflun Magnezyum Nikel Gümüfl Çelik, yumuflak Tungsten 8,280 0.797 0.859 0.902 0.929 0.949 0.973 0.997 0.400 8,310 0.400 2,700 Asfalt Tu¤la, bilinen Tu¤la, atefl tu¤las› (500°C) Beton Kil Elmas Cam, pencere Cam, atefle dayan›kl› Grafit Granit Alç›tafl› ve s›va Buz 200 K 220 K 0.254 240 K 0.367 0.381 0.386 0.393 0.403 0.45 0.128 1.000 0.440 0.235 0.500 0.130 0.342 8,900 7,840 11,310 1,730 8,890 10,470 7,830 19,400 2110 1922 2300 2300 1000 2420 2700 2230 2500 2700 800 0.920 0.79 0.960 0.653 0.920 0.616 0.800 0.840 0.711 1.017 1.09 1.56 1.71 1.86 260 K 273 K Kireçtafl› Mermer Kontrplak (köknar) Lastik (yumuflak) Lastik (sert) Kum Tafl Tahta, sert (akçaa¤aç, mefle, vb.) Tahta, yumuflak (köknar, çam, vb.) 2.01 2.11 0.909 0.880 1.21 1.840 2.009 0.800 0.800 1.26 1.38 921 1650 2600 545 1100 1150 1520 1500 721 513 (c) Yiyecekler Özgül ›s›, kJ/ (kg.K) Yiyecek Elma Muz S›¤›r eti Brokoli Tereya¤› Peynir, ‹swiçre Kiraz Piliç M›s›r Yumurta, Tümü Dondurma Füzyon Su gizli içeri¤i, Donma Donma Donma ›s›s›, % (kütle) noktas› °C nok. üst. nok. alt. kJ/kg 84 75 67 90 16 39 80 74 74 74 63 1.1 0.8 — 0.6 — 10.0 1.8 2.8 0.6 0.6 5.6 3.65 3.35 3.08 3.86 — 2.15 3.52 3.32 3.32 3.32 2.95 1.90 1.78 1.68 1.97 1.04 1.33 1.85 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.63 281 251 224 301 53 130 267 247 247 247 210 Özgül ›s›, kJ/ (kg.K) Yiyecek Su içeri¤i, % (kütle) Marul Süt, tümü Portakal Patates Som bal›¤› Karides Ispanak Çilek Domates, olgun Hindi Karpuz 95 88 87 78 64 83 93 90 94 64 93 Füzyon gizli Donma Donma Donma ›s›s›, noktas› °C nok. üst. nok. alt. kJ/kg 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.6 2.2 2.2 0.3 0.8 0.5 — 0.4 4.02 3.79 3.75 3.45 2.98 3.62 3.96 3.86 3.99 2.98 3.96 2.04 1.95 1.94 1.82 1.65 1.89 2.01 1.97 2.02 1.65 2.01 317 294 291 261 214 277 311 301 314 214 311 Kaynak: De¤erler çeflitli elkitaplar›ndan ve kaynaklardan al›nm›fl veya hesaplanm›flt›r. Yiyeceklerin donma noktas› ve su içeri¤i verileri “ ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Bölüm 30, Tablo 1” adl› kaynaktan al›nm›flt›r. Donma noktas›, meyve ve sebzeler için donman›n bafllad›¤› s›cakl›k, di¤er yiyecekler için ise ortalama donma s›cakl›¤›d›r. ek 11/6/08 890 10:15 | Page 890 Termodinamik TABLO A–4 Doymufl su — S›cakl›k tablosu Özgül hacim, m3/kg Doymufl Doymufl S›cakl›k., bas›nc›., s›v›, T °C Pdoy kPa vf ‹ç enerji, kJ/kg Entalpi, kJ/kg Entropi, kJ/(kg.K) Doymufl buhar, vg Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 0.000 21.019 42.020 62.980 83.913 0.01 5 10 15 20 0.6117 0.8725 1.2281 1.7057 2.3392 0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001001 0.001002 206.00 147.03 106.32 77.885 57.762 25 30 35 40 45 3.1698 4.2469 5.6291 7.3851 9.5953 0.001003 0.001004 0.001006 0.001008 0.001010 43.340 32.879 25.205 19.515 15.251 2374.9 2360.8 2346.6 2332.5 2318.4 2374.9 2381.8 2388.7 2395.5 2402.3 104.83 125.73 146.63 167.53 188.43 2304.3 2290.2 2276.0 2261.9 2247.7 2409.1 2415.9 2422.7 2429.4 2436.1 0.001 21.020 42.022 62.982 83.915 2500.9 2489.1 2477.2 2465.4 2453.5 2500.9 2510.1 2519.2 2528.3 2537.4 0.0000 0.0763 0.1511 0.2245 0.2965 9.1556 8.9487 8.7488 8.5559 8.3696 9.1556 9.0249 8.8999 8.7803 8.6661 104.83 125.74 146.64 167.53 188.44 2441.7 2429.8 2417.9 2406.0 2394.0 2546.5 2555.6 2564.6 2573.5 2582.4 0.3672 0.4368 0.5051 0.5724 0.6386 8.1895 8.0152 7.8466 7.6832 7.5247 8.5567 8.4520 8.3517 8.2556 8.1633 50 55 60 65 70 12.352 15.763 19.947 25.043 31.202 0.001012 0.001015 0.001017 0.001020 0.001023 12.026 9.5639 7.6670 6.1935 5.0396 209.33 230.24 251.16 272.09 293.04 2233.4 2219.1 2204.7 2190.3 2175.8 2442.7 2449.3 2455.9 2462.4 2468.9 209.34 230.26 251.18 272.12 293.07 2382.0 2369.8 2357.7 2345.4 2333.0 2591.3 2600.1 2608.8 2617.5 2626.1 0.7038 0.7680 0.8313 0.8937 0.9551 7.3710 7.2218 7.0769 6.9360 6.7989 8.0748 7.9898 7.9082 7.8296 7.7540 75 80 85 90 95 38.597 47.416 57.868 70.183 84.609 0.001026 0.001029 0.001032 0.001036 0.001040 4.1291 3.4053 2.8261 2.3593 1.9808 313.99 334.97 355.96 376.97 398.00 2161.3 2146.6 2131.9 2117.0 2102.0 2475.3 2481.6 2487.8 2494.0 2500.1 314.03 335.02 356.02 377.04 398.09 2320.6 2308.0 2295.3 2282.5 2269.6 2634.6 2643.0 2651.4 2659.6 2667.6 1.0158 1.0756 1.1346 1.1929 1.2504 6.6655 6.5355 6.4089 6.2853 6.1647 7.6812 7.6111 7.5435 7.4782 7.4151 100 105 110 115 120 101.42 120.90 143.38 169.18 198.67 0.001043 0.001047 0.001052 0.001056 0.001060 1.6720 1.4186 1.2094 1.0360 0.89133 419.06 440.15 461.27 482.42 503.60 2087.0 2071.8 2056.4 2040.9 2025.3 2506.0 2511.9 2517.7 2523.3 2528.9 419.17 440.28 461.42 482.59 503.81 2256.4 2243.1 2229.7 2216.0 2202.1 2675.6 2683.4 2691.1 2698.6 2706.0 1.3072 1.3634 1.4188 1.4737 1.5279 6.0470 5.9319 5.8193 5.7092 5.6013 7.3542 7.2952 7.2382 7.1829 7.1292 125 130 135 140 145 232.23 270.28 313.22 361.53 415.68 0.001065 0.001070 0.001075 0.001080 0.001085 0.77012 0.66808 0.58179 0.50850 0.44600 524.83 546.10 567.41 588.77 610.19 2009.5 1993.4 1977.3 1960.9 1944.2 2534.3 2539.5 2544.7 2549.6 2554.4 525.07 546.38 567.75 589.16 610.64 2188.1 2173.7 2159.1 2144.3 2129.2 2713.1 2720.1 2726.9 2733.5 2739.8 1.5816 1.6346 1.6872 1.7392 1.7908 5.4956 5.3919 5.2901 5.1901 5.0919 7.0771 7.0265 6.9773 6.9294 6.8827 150 155 160 165 170 476.16 543.49 618.23 700.93 792.18 0.001091 0.001096 0.001102 0.001108 0.001114 0.39248 0.34648 0.30680 0.27244 0.24260 631.66 653.19 674.79 696.46 718.20 1927.4 1910.3 1893.0 1875.4 1857.5 2559.1 2563.5 2567.8 2571.9 2575.7 632.18 653.79 675.47 697.24 719.08 2113.8 2098.0 2082.0 2065.6 2048.8 2745.9 2751.8 2757.5 2762.8 2767.9 1.8418 1.8924 1.9426 1.9923 2.0417 4.9953 4.9002 4.8066 4.7143 4.6233 6.8371 6.7927 6.7492 6.7067 6.6650 175 180 185 190 195 200 892.60 1002.8 1123.5 1255.2 1398.8 1554.9 0.001121 0.001127 0.001134 0.001141 0.001149 0.001157 0.21659 0.19384 0.17390 0.15636 0.14089 0.12721 740.02 761.92 783.91 806.00 828.18 850.46 1839.4 1820.9 1802.1 1783.0 1763.6 1743.7 2579.4 2582.8 2586.0 2589.0 2591.7 2594.2 741.02 763.05 785.19 807.43 829.78 852.26 2031.7 2014.2 1996.2 1977.9 1959.0 1939.8 2772.7 2777.2 2781.4 2785.3 2788.8 2792.0 2.0906 2.1392 2.1875 2.2355 2.2831 2.3305 4.5335 4.4448 4.3572 4.2705 4.1847 4.0997 6.6242 6.5841 6.5447 6.5059 6.4678 6.4302 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 891 Ek 1 | 891 TABLO A–4 Doymufl su — S›cakl›k tablosu Özgül hacim, m3/kg Doyma Doymufl S›cakl›k., bas›nc› s›v›, T °C Pdoy kPa vf Doymufl buhar, vg ‹ç enerji, kJ/kg Entalpi, kJ/kg Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, uf ufg ug Entropi, kJ/(kg.K) Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, hf hfg hg Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, sf sfg sg 205 210 215 220 225 1724.3 1907.7 2105.9 2319.6 2549.7 0.001164 0.001173 0.001181 0.001190 0.001199 0.11508 0.10429 0.094680 0.086094 0.078405 872.86 895.38 918.02 940.79 963.70 1723.5 1702.9 1681.9 1660.5 1638.6 2596.4 2598.3 2599.9 2601.3 2602.3 874.87 897.61 920.50 943.55 966.76 1920.0 1899.7 1878.8 1857.4 1835.4 2794.8 2797.3 2799.3 2801.0 2802.2 2.3776 2.4245 2.4712 2.5176 2.5639 4.0154 3.9318 3.8489 3.7664 3.6844 6.3930 6.3563 6.3200 6.2840 6.2483 230 235 240 245 250 2797.1 3062.6 3347.0 3651.2 3976.2 0.001209 0.001219 0.001229 0.001240 0.001252 0.071505 0.065300 0.059707 0.054656 0.050085 986.76 1010.0 1033.4 1056.9 1080.7 1616.1 1593.2 1569.8 1545.7 1521.1 2602.9 2603.2 2603.1 2602.7 2601.8 990.14 1013.7 1037.5 1061.5 1085.7 1812.8 1789.5 1765.5 1740.8 1715.3 2802.9 2803.2 2803.0 2802.2 2801.0 2.6100 2.6560 2.7018 2.7476 2.7933 3.6028 3.5216 3.4405 3.3596 3.2788 6.2128 6.1775 6.1424 6.1072 6.0721 255 260 265 270 275 4322.9 4692.3 5085.3 5503.0 5946.4 0.001263 0.001276 0.001289 0.001303 0.001317 0.045941 0.042175 0.038748 0.035622 0.032767 1104.7 1128.8 1153.3 1177.9 1202.9 1495.8 1469.9 1443.2 1415.7 1387.4 2600.5 2598.7 2596.5 2593.7 2590.3 1110.1 1134.8 1159.8 1185.1 1210.7 1689.0 1661.8 1633.7 1604.6 1574.5 2799.1 2796.6 2793.5 2789.7 2785.2 2.8390 2.8847 2.9304 2.9762 3.0221 3.1979 3.1169 3.0358 2.9542 2.8723 6.0369 6.0017 5.9662 5.9305 5.8944 280 285 290 295 300 6416.6 6914.6 7441.8 7999.0 8587.9 0.001333 0.001349 0.001366 0.001384 0.001404 0.030153 0.027756 0.025554 0.023528 0.021659 1228.2 1253.7 1279.7 1306.0 1332.7 1358.2 1328.1 1296.9 1264.5 1230.9 2586.4 2581.8 2576.5 2570.5 2563.6 1236.7 1263.1 1289.8 1317.1 1344.8 1543.2 1510.7 1476.9 1441.6 1404.8 2779.9 2773.7 2766.7 2758.7 2749.6 3.0681 3.1144 3.1608 3.2076 3.2548 2.7898 2.7066 2.6225 2.5374 2.4511 5.8579 5.8210 5.7834 5.7450 5.7059 305 310 315 320 325 9209.4 9865.0 10,556 11,284 12,051 0.001425 0.001447 0.001472 0.001499 0.001528 0.019932 0.018333 0.016849 0.015470 0.014183 1360.0 1387.7 1416.1 1445.1 1475.0 1195.9 1159.3 1121.1 1080.9 1038.5 2555.8 2547.1 2537.2 2526.0 2513.4 1373.1 1402.0 1431.6 1462.0 1493.4 1366.3 1325.9 1283.4 1238.5 1191.0 2739.4 2727.9 2715.0 2700.6 2684.3 3.3024 3.3506 3.3994 3.4491 3.4998 2.3633 2.2737 2.1821 2.0881 1.9911 5.6657 5.6243 5.5816 5.5372 5.4908 330 335 340 345 350 12,858 13,707 14,601 15,541 16,529 0.001560 0.001597 0.001638 0.001685 0.001741 0.012979 0.011848 0.010783 0.009772 0.008806 1505.7 1537.5 1570.7 1605.5 1642.4 993.5 945.5 893.8 837.7 775.9 2499.2 2483.0 2464.5 2443.2 2418.3 1525.8 1559.4 1594.6 1631.7 1671.2 1140.3 1086.0 1027.4 963.4 892.7 2666.0 2645.4 2622.0 2595.1 2563.9 3.5516 3.6050 3.6602 3.7179 3.7788 1.8906 1.7857 1.6756 1.5585 1.4326 5.4422 5.3907 5.3358 5.2765 5.2114 355 360 365 370 373.95 17,570 18,666 19,822 21,044 22,064 0.001808 0.001895 0.002015 0.002217 0.003106 0.007872 0.006950 0.006009 0.004953 0.003106 1682.2 1726.2 1777.2 1844.5 2015.7 706.4 625.7 526.4 385.6 0 2388.6 2351.9 2303.6 2230.1 2015.7 1714.0 1761.5 1817.2 1891.2 2084.3 812.9 720.1 605.5 443.1 0 2526.9 2481.6 2422.7 2334.3 2084.3 3.8442 3.9165 4.0004 4.1119 4.4070 1.2942 1.1373 0.9489 0.6890 0 5.1384 5.0537 4.9493 4.8009 4.4070 Kaynak: A–4 - A–8 Tablolar›, S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado taraf›ndan gelifltirilen “Engineering Equation Solver” (EES) yaz›l›m› kullan›lar›k üretilmifltir. Hesaplarda, yüksek do¤ruluktahebap yapan Steam_(IAPWS)” taraf›ndan yay›nlanan “1995 Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use” adl› yay›na dayal›d›r. Bu yay›ndaki formülasyon, ayn› zamanda EES yaz›l›mda da STEAM rutini olarak kullan›labilir olan, “Hear, Gallagher ve Kell”in 1984 fomülasyonunun (NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1984) yerini alm›flt›r. Yeni formülasyon Saul ve Wagner’in (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 893, 1987) korelasyonlar›na dayanmakta olup, “Internat›onal Temperature Scale of 1990”a göre düzenlenmifltir. Söz konusu düzenlemeler Wagner ve Pruss (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 783, 1993) taraf›ndan aç›klanm›flt›r. Buzun özellikleri Hyland ve Wexler’e (“Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the Saturated Phases of H2O from 173.15 K to 473.15 K,” ASHARE Trans., Part 2A, Paper 2793, 1983) dayal›d›r. ek 11/6/08 892 10:15 | Page 892 Termodinamik TABLO A–5 Doymufl su - Bas›nç tablosu Özgül hacim, m3/kg Doyma Doymufl Bas›nç., s›cakl›¤›., s›v›, P kPa Tdoy °C vf Doymufl buhar, vg ‹ç enerji, kJ/kg Entalpi, kJ/kg Entropi, kJ/(kg.K) Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, uf ufg ug Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 6.97 13.02 17.50 21.08 24.08 0.001000 0.001001 0.001001 0.001002 0.001003 129.19 87.964 66.990 54.242 45.654 29.302 54.686 73.431 88.422 100.98 2355.2 2338.1 2325.5 2315.4 2306.9 2384.5 2392.8 2398.9 2403.8 2407.9 29.303 54.688 73.433 88.424 100.98 2484.4 2470.1 2459.5 2451.0 2443.9 2513.7 2524.7 2532.9 2539.4 2544.8 0.1059 0.1956 0.2606 0.3118 0.3543 8.8690 8.6314 8.4621 8.3302 8.2222 8.9749 8.8270 8.7227 8.6421 8.5765 4.0 5.0 7.5 10 15 28.96 32.87 40.29 45.81 53.97 0.001004 0.001005 0.001008 0.001010 0.001014 34.791 28.185 19.233 14.670 10.020 121.39 137.75 168.74 191.79 225.93 2293.1 2282.1 2261.1 2245.4 2222.1 2414.5 2419.8 2429.8 2437.2 2448.0 121.39 137.75 168.75 191.81 225.94 2432.3 2423.0 2405.3 2392.1 2372.3 2553.7 2560.7 2574.0 2583.9 2598.3 0.4224 0.4762 0.5763 0.6492 0.7549 8.0510 7.9176 7.6738 7.4996 7.2522 8.4734 8.3938 8.2501 8.1488 8.0071 20 25 30 40 50 60.06 64.96 69.09 75.86 81.32 0.001017 0.001020 0.001022 0.001026 0.001030 7.6481 6.2034 5.2287 3.9933 3.2403 251.40 271.93 289.24 317.58 340.49 2204.6 2190.4 2178.5 2158.8 2142.7 2456.0 2462.4 2467.7 2476.3 2483.2 251.42 271.96 289.27 317.62 340.54 2357.5 2345.5 2335.3 2318.4 2304.7 2608.9 2617.5 2624.6 2636.1 2645.2 0.8320 0.8932 0.9441 1.0261 1.0912 7.0752 6.9370 6.8234 6.6430 6.5019 7.9073 7.8302 7.7675 7.6691 7.5931 75 91.76 100 99.61 101.325 99.97 125 105.97 150 111.35 0.001037 0.001043 0.001043 0.001048 0.001053 2.2172 1.6941 1.6734 1.3750 1.1594 384.36 417.40 418.95 444.23 466.97 2111.8 2088.2 2087.0 2068.8 2052.3 2496.1 2505.6 2506.0 2513.0 2519.2 384.44 417.51 419.06 444.36 467.13 2278.0 2257.5 2256.5 2240.6 2226.0 2662.4 2675.0 2675.6 2684.9 2693.1 1.2132 1.3028 1.3069 1.3741 1.4337 6.2426 6.0562 6.0476 5.9100 5.7894 7.4558 7.3589 7.3545 7.2841 7.2231 175 200 225 250 275 116.04 120.21 123.97 127.41 130.58 0.001057 0.001061 0.001064 0.001067 0.001070 1.0037 0.88578 0.79329 0.71873 0.65732 486.82 504.50 520.47 535.08 548.57 2037.7 2024.6 2012.7 2001.8 1991.6 2524.5 2529.1 2533.2 2536.8 2540.1 487.01 504.71 520.71 535.35 548.86 2213.1 2201.6 2191.0 2181.2 2172.0 2700.2 2706.3 2711.7 2716.5 2720.9 1.4850 1.5302 1.5706 1.6072 1.6408 5.6865 5.5968 5.5171 5.4453 5.3800 7.1716 7.1270 7.0877 7.0525 7.0207 300 325 350 375 400 133.52 136.27 138.86 141.30 143.61 0.001073 0.001076 0.001079 0.001081 0.001084 0.60582 0.56199 0.52422 0.49133 0.46242 561.11 572.84 583.89 594.32 604.22 1982.1 1973.1 1964.6 1956.6 1948.9 2543.2 2545.9 2548.5 2550.9 2553.1 561.43 573.19 584.26 594.73 604.66 2163.5 2155.4 2147.7 2140.4 2133.4 2724.9 2728.6 2732.0 2735.1 2738.1 1.6717 1.7005 1.7274 1.7526 1.7765 5.3200 5.2645 5.2128 5.1645 5.1191 6.9917 6.9650 6.9402 6.9171 6.8955 450 500 550 600 650 147.90 151.83 155.46 158.83 161.98 0.001088 0.001093 0.001097 0.001101 0.001104 0.41392 0.37483 0.34261 0.31560 0.29260 622.65 639.54 655.16 669.72 683.37 1934.5 1921.2 1908.8 1897.1 1886.1 2557.1 2560.7 2563.9 2566.8 2569.4 623.14 640.09 655.77 670.38 684.08 2120.3 2108.0 2096.6 2085.8 2075.5 2743.4 2748.1 2752.4 2756.2 2759.6 1.8205 1.8604 1.8970 1.9308 1.9623 5.0356 4.9603 4.8916 4.8285 4.7699 6.8561 6.8207 6.7886 6.7593 6.7322 700 750 164.95 167.75 0.001108 0.001111 0.27278 0.25552 696.23 708.40 1875.6 1865.6 2571.8 2574.0 697.00 709.24 2065.8 2056.4 2762.8 2765.7 1.9918 2.0195 4.7153 4.6642 6.7071 6.6837 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 893 Ek 1 | 893 TABLO A–5 Doymufl su - Bas›nç tablosu (Devam) Özgül hacim, m3/kg Doyma Doymufl Bas›nç., s›cakl›¤›., S›v›, P kPa Tdoy °C vf ‹ç enerji, kJ/kg Entalpi, kJ/kg Entalpi, kJ/(kg.K) Doymufl buhar, vg Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., uf ufg ug hf hfg Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl buhar, ls›v›, Buhar., buhar, hg sf sfg sg 800 850 900 950 1000 170.41 172.94 175.35 177.66 179.88 0.001115 0.001118 0.001121 0.001124 0.001127 0.24035 0.22690 0.21489 0.20411 0.19436 719.97 731.00 741.55 751.67 761.39 1856.1 1846.9 1838.1 1829.6 1821.4 2576.0 2577.9 2579.6 2581.3 2582.8 720.87 731.95 742.56 752.74 762.51 2047.5 2038.8 2030.5 2022.4 2014.6 2768.3 2770.8 2773.0 2775.2 2777.1 2.0457 2.0705 2.0941 2.1166 2.1381 4.6160 4.5705 4.5273 4.4862 4.4470 6.6616 6.6409 6.6213 6.6027 6.5850 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 184.06 187.96 191.60 195.04 198.29 0.001133 0.001138 0.001144 0.001149 0.001154 0.17745 0.16326 0.15119 0.14078 0.13171 779.78 796.96 813.10 828.35 842.82 1805.7 1790.9 1776.8 1763.4 1750.6 2585.5 2587.8 2589.9 2591.8 2593.4 781.03 798.33 814.59 829.96 844.55 1999.6 1985.4 1971.9 1958.9 1946.4 2780.7 2783.8 2786.5 2788.9 2791.0 2.1785 2.2159 2.2508 2.2835 2.3143 4.3735 4.3058 4.2428 4.1840 4.1287 6.5520 6.5217 6.4936 6.4675 6.4430 1750 2000 2250 2500 3000 205.72 212.38 218.41 223.95 233.85 0.001166 0.001177 0.001187 0.001197 0.001217 0.11344 0.099587 0.088717 0.079952 0.066667 876.12 906.12 933.54 958.87 1004.6 1720.6 1693.0 1667.3 1643.2 1598.5 2596.7 878.16 2599.1 908.47 2600.9 936.21 2602.1 961.87 2603.2 1008.3 1917.1 1889.8 1864.3 1840.1 1794.9 2795.2 2798.3 2800.5 2801.9 2803.2 2.3844 2.4467 2.5029 2.5542 2.6454 4.0033 3.8923 3.7926 3.7016 3.5402 6.3877 6.3390 6.2954 6.2558 6.1856 3500 4000 5000 6000 7000 242.56 250.35 263.94 275.59 285.83 0.001235 0.001252 0.001286 0.001319 0.001352 0.057061 0.049779 0.039448 0.032449 0.027378 1045.4 1082.4 1148.1 1205.8 1258.0 1557.6 1519.3 1448.9 1384.1 1323.0 2603.0 2601.7 2597.0 2589.9 2581.0 1049.7 1087.4 1154.5 1213.8 1267.5 1753.0 1713.5 1639.7 1570.9 1505.2 2802.7 2800.8 2794.2 2784.6 2772.6 2.7253 2.7966 2.9207 3.0275 3.1220 3.3991 3.2731 3.0530 2.8627 2.6927 6.1244 6.0696 5.9737 5.8902 5.8148 8000 9000 10,000 11,000 12,000 295.01 303.35 311.00 318.08 324.68 0.001384 0.001418 0.001452 0.001488 0.001526 0.023525 0.020489 0.018028 0.015988 0.014264 1306.0 1350.9 1393.3 1433.9 1473.0 1264.5 1207.6 1151.8 1096.6 1041.3 2570.5 2558.5 2545.2 2530.4 2514.3 1317.1 1363.7 1407.8 1450.2 1491.3 1441.6 1379.3 1317.6 1256.1 1194.1 2758.7 2742.9 2725.5 2706.3 2685.4 3.2077 3.2866 3.3603 3.4299 3.4964 2.5373 2.3925 2.2556 2.1245 1.9975 5.7450 5.6791 5.6159 5.5544 5.4939 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000 330.85 336.67 342.16 347.36 352.29 0.001566 0.001610 0.001657 0.001710 0.001770 0.012781 0.011487 0.010341 0.009312 0.008374 1511.0 1548.4 1585.5 1622.6 1660.2 985.5 928.7 870.3 809.4 745.1 2496.6 2477.1 2455.7 2432.0 2405.4 1531.4 1571.0 1610.3 1649.9 1690.3 1131.3 1067.0 1000.5 931.1 857.4 2662.7 2637.9 2610.8 2581.0 2547.7 3.5606 3.6232 3.6848 3.7461 3.8082 1.8730 1.7497 1.6261 1.5005 1.3709 5.4336 5.3728 5.3108 5.2466 5.1791 18,000 19,000 20,000 21,000 22,000 22,064 356.99 361.47 365.75 369.83 373.71 373.95 0.001840 0.001926 0.002038 0.002207 0.002703 0.003106 0.007504 0.006677 0.005862 0.004994 0.003644 0.003106 1699.1 1740.3 1785.8 1841.6 1951.7 2015.7 675.9 598.9 509.0 391.9 140.8 0 2375.0 2339.2 2294.8 2233.5 2092.4 2015.7 1732.2 1776.8 1826.6 1888.0 2011.1 2084.3 777.8 689.2 585.5 450.4 161.5 0 2510.0 2466.0 2412.1 2338.4 2172.6 2084.3 3.8720 3.9396 4.0146 4.1071 4.2942 4.4070 1.2343 1.0860 0.9164 0.7005 0.2496 0 5.1064 5.0256 4.9310 4.8076 4.5439 4.4070 ek 11/6/08 894 10:15 | Page 894 Termodinamik TABLO A–6 K›zg›n su buhar› T °C u kJ/kg v m3/kg h kJ/kg s v kJ/kg K m3/kg P 0.01 MPa (45.81°C)* Doymufl† 14.670 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 2437.2 2443.3 2515.5 2587.9 2661.4 2736.1 2812.3 2969.3 3132.9 3303.3 3480.8 3665.4 3856.9 4055.3 4260.0 4470.9 4687.4 14.867 17.196 19.513 21.826 24.136 26.446 31.063 35.680 40.296 44.911 49.527 54.143 58.758 63.373 67.989 72.604 2583.9 2592.0 2687.5 2783.0 2879.6 2977.5 3076.7 3280.0 3489.7 3706.3 3929.9 4160.6 4398.3 4642.8 4893.8 5150.8 5413.4 8.1488 8.1741 8.4489 8.6893 8.9049 9.1015 9.2827 9.6094 9.8998 10.1631 10.4056 10.6312 10.8429 11.0429 11.2326 11.4132 11.5857 P 0.20 MPa (120.21°C) Doymufl 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 0.88578 0.95986 1.08049 1.19890 1.31623 1.54934 1.78142 2.01302 2.24434 2.47550 2.70656 2.93755 3.16848 3.39938 3.63026 Doymufl 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 0.37483 0.42503 0.47443 0.52261 0.57015 0.61731 0.71095 0.80409 0.89696 0.98966 1.08227 1.17480 1.26728 1.35972 1.45214 2529.1 2577.1 2654.6 2731.4 2808.8 2967.2 3131.4 3302.2 3479.9 3664.7 3856.3 4054.8 4259.6 4470.5 4687.1 2706.3 2769.1 2870.7 2971.2 3072.1 3277.0 3487.7 3704.8 3928.8 4159.8 4397.7 4642.3 4893.3 5150.4 5413.1 7.1270 7.2810 7.5081 7.7100 7.8941 8.2236 8.5153 8.7793 9.0221 9.2479 9.4598 9.6599 9.8497 10.0304 10.2029 P 0.50 MPa (151.83°C) 2560.7 2643.3 2723.8 2803.3 2883.0 2963.7 3129.0 3300.4 3478.6 3663.6 3855.4 4054.0 4259.0 4470.0 4686.6 2748.1 2855.8 2961.0 3064.6 3168.1 3272.4 3484.5 3702.5 3927.0 4158.4 4396.6 4641.4 4892.6 5149.8 5412.6 6.8207 7.0610 7.2725 7.4614 7.6346 7.7956 8.0893 8.3544 8.5978 8.8240 9.0362 9.2364 9.4263 9.6071 9.7797 u kJ/kg Belirtilen bas›nçta doymufl buhar›n özelikleri. s kJ/kg K P 0.05 MPa (81.32°C) v m3/kg u kJ/kg h s kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K) P 0.10 MPa (99.61°C) 3.2403 2483.2 2645.2 7.5931 1.6941 2505.6 2675.0 3.4187 3.8897 4.3562 4.8206 5.2841 6.2094 7.1338 8.0577 8.9813 9.9047 10.8280 11.7513 12.6745 13.5977 14.5209 2511.5 2585.7 2660.0 2735.1 2811.6 2968.9 3132.6 3303.1 3480.6 3665.2 3856.8 4055.2 4259.9 4470.8 4687.3 2682.4 2780.2 2877.8 2976.2 3075.8 3279.3 3489.3 3706.0 3929.7 4160.4 4398.2 4642.7 4893.7 5150.7 5413.3 7.6953 7.9413 8.1592 8.3568 8.5387 8.8659 9.1566 9.4201 9.6626 9.8883 10.1000 10.3000 10.4897 10.6704 10.8429 1.6959 1.9367 2.1724 2.4062 2.6389 3.1027 3.5655 4.0279 4.4900 4.9519 5.4137 5.8755 6.3372 6.7988 7.2605 2506.2 2582.9 2658.2 2733.9 2810.7 2968.3 3132.2 3302.8 3480.4 3665.0 3856.7 4055.0 4259.8 4470.7 4687.2 2675.8 7.3611 2776.6 7.6148 2875.5 7.8356 2974.5 8.0346 3074.5 8.2172 3278.6 8.5452 3488.7 8.8362 3705.6 9.0999 3929.4 9.3424 4160.2 9.5682 4398.0 9.7800 4642.6 9.9800 4893.6 10.1698 5150.6 10.3504 5413.3 10.5229 P 0.30 MPa (133.52°C) 0.60582 0.63402 0.71643 0.79645 0.87535 1.03155 1.18672 1.34139 1.49580 1.65004 1.80417 1.95824 2.11226 2.26624 2.42019 2543.2 2571.0 2651.0 2728.9 2807.0 2966.0 3130.6 3301.6 3479.5 3664.3 3856.0 4054.5 4259.4 4470.3 4686.9 2724.9 6.9917 2761.2 7.0792 2865.9 7.3132 2967.9 7.5180 3069.6 7.7037 3275.5 8.0347 3486.6 8.3271 3704.0 8.5915 3928.2 8.8345 4159.3 9.0605 4397.3 9.2725 4642.0 9.4726 4893.1 9.6624 5150.2 9.8431 5413.0 10.0157 P 0.60 MPa (158.83°C) 0.31560 0.35212 0.39390 0.43442 0.47428 0.51374 0.59200 0.66976 0.74725 0.82457 0.90179 0.97893 1.05603 1.13309 1.21012 *Parantez içinde verilen s›cakl›klar, belirtilen bas›nçtaki doyma s›cakl›¤›d›r. † h kJ/kg 2566.8 2639.4 2721.2 2801.4 2881.6 2962.5 3128.2 3299.8 3478.1 3663.2 3855.1 4053.8 4258.8 4469.8 4686.4 2756.2 2850.6 2957.6 3062.0 3166.1 3270.8 3483.4 3701.7 3926.4 4157.9 4396.2 4641.1 4892.4 5149.6 5412.5 6.7593 6.9683 7.1833 7.3740 7.5481 7.7097 8.0041 8.2695 8.5132 8.7395 8.9518 9.1521 9.3420 9.5229 9.6955 7.3589 P 0.40 MPa (143.61°C) 0.46242 0.47088 0.53434 0.59520 0.65489 0.77265 0.88936 1.00558 1.12152 1.23730 1.35298 1.46859 1.58414 1.69966 1.81516 2553.1 2564.4 2647.2 2726.4 2805.1 2964.9 3129.8 3301.0 3479.0 3663.9 3855.7 4054.3 4259.2 4470.2 4686.7 2738.1 2752.8 2860.9 2964.5 3067.1 3273.9 3485.5 3703.3 3927.6 4158.9 4396.9 4641.7 4892.9 5150.0 5412.8 6.8955 6.9306 7.1723 7.3804 7.5677 7.9003 8.1933 8.4580 8.7012 8.9274 9.1394 9.3396 9.5295 9.7102 9.8828 P 0.80 MPa (170.41°C) 0.24035 0.26088 0.29321 0.32416 0.35442 0.38429 0.44332 0.50186 0.56011 0.61820 0.67619 0.73411 0.79197 0.84980 0.90761 2576.0 2631.1 2715.9 2797.5 2878.6 2960.2 3126.6 3298.7 3477.2 3662.5 3854.5 4053.3 4258.3 4469.4 4686.1 2768.3 2839.8 2950.4 3056.9 3162.2 3267.7 3481.3 3700.1 3925.3 4157.0 4395.5 4640.5 4891.9 5149.3 5412.2 6.6616 6.8177 7.0402 7.2345 7.4107 7.5735 7.8692 8.1354 8.3794 8.6061 8.8185 9.0189 9.2090 9.3898 9.5625 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 895 Ek 1 | 895 TABLO A–6 K›zg›n su buhar› (Devam) T °C u kJ/kg v m3/kg h kJ/kg s v kJ/(kg.K) m3/kg P 1.00 MPa (179.88C) Doymufl 0.19437 200 0.20602 250 0.23275 300 0.25799 350 0.28250 400 0.30661 500 0.35411 600 0.40111 700 0.44783 800 0.49438 900 0.54083 1000 0.58721 1100 0.63354 1200 0.67983 1300 0.72610 2582.8 2622.3 2710.4 2793.7 2875.7 2957.9 3125.0 3297.5 3476.3 3661.7 3853.9 4052.7 4257.9 4469.0 4685.8 2777.1 2828.3 2943.1 3051.6 3158.2 3264.5 3479.1 3698.6 3924.1 4156.1 4394.8 4640.0 4891.4 5148.9 5411.9 6.5850 6.6956 6.9265 7.1246 7.3029 7.4670 7.7642 8.0311 8.2755 8.5024 8.7150 8.9155 9.1057 9.2866 9.4593 2594.8 2645.1 2692.9 2781.6 2866.6 2950.8 3120.1 3293.9 3473.5 3659.5 3852.1 4051.2 4256.6 4467.9 4684.8 2792.8 2857.8 2919.9 3035.4 3146.0 3254.9 3472.6 3693.9 3920.5 4153.4 4392.6 4638.2 4890.0 5147.7 5410.9 6.4200 6.5537 6.6753 6.8864 7.0713 7.2394 7.5410 7.8101 8.0558 8.2834 8.4965 8.6974 8.8878 9.0689 9.2418 0.16326 0.16934 0.19241 0.21386 0.23455 0.25482 0.29464 0.33395 0.37297 0.41184 0.45059 0.48928 0.52792 0.56652 0.60509 2602.1 2604.8 2663.3 2762.2 2852.5 2939.8 3026.2 3112.8 3288.5 3469.3 3656.2 3849.4 4049.0 4254.7 4466.3 4683.4 2801.9 2805.5 2880.9 3009.6 3127.0 3240.1 3351.6 3462.8 3686.8 3915.2 4149.2 4389.3 4635.6 4887.9 5146.0 5409.5 6.2558 6.2629 6.4107 6.6459 6.8424 7.0170 7.1768 7.3254 7.5979 7.8455 8.0744 8.2882 8.4897 8.6804 8.8618 9.0349 2587.8 2612.9 2704.7 2789.7 2872.7 2955.5 3123.4 3296.3 3475.3 3661.0 3853.3 4052.2 4257.5 4468.7 4685.5 s v kJ/(kg.K) m3/kg 2783.8 2816.1 2935.6 3046.3 3154.2 3261.3 3477.0 3697.0 3922.9 4155.2 4394.0 4639.4 4891.0 5148.5 5411.6 6.5217 6.5909 6.8313 7.0335 7.2139 7.3793 7.6779 7.9456 8.1904 8.4176 8.6303 8.8310 9.0212 9.2022 9.3750 P 1.80 MPa (207.11C) 0.11037 0.11678 0.12502 0.14025 0.15460 0.16849 0.19551 0.22200 0.24822 0.27426 0.30020 0.32606 0.35188 0.37766 0.40341 P 2.50 MPa (223.95C) Doymufl 0.07995 225 0.08026 250 0.08705 300 0.09894 350 0.10979 400 0.12012 450 0.13015 500 0.13999 600 0.15931 700 0.17835 800 0.19722 900 0.21597 1000 0.23466 1100 0.25330 1200 0.27190 1300 0.29048 h kJ/kg P 1.20 MPa (187.96C) P 1.60 MPa (201.37C) Doymufl 0.12374 225 0.13293 250 0.14190 300 0.15866 350 0.17459 400 0.19007 500 0.22029 600 0.24999 700 0.27941 800 0.30865 900 0.33780 1000 0.36687 1100 0.39589 1200 0.42488 1300 0.45383 u kJ/kg 2597.3 2637.0 2686.7 2777.4 2863.6 2948.3 3118.5 3292.7 3472.6 3658.8 3851.5 4050.7 4256.2 4467.6 4684.5 2795.9 2847.2 2911.7 3029.9 3141.9 3251.6 3470.4 3692.3 3919.4 4152.4 4391.9 4637.6 4889.6 5147.3 5410.6 6.3775 6.4825 6.6088 6.8246 7.0120 7.1814 7.4845 7.7543 8.0005 8.2284 8.4417 8.6427 8.8331 9.0143 9.1872 P 3.00 MPa (233.85C) 0.06667 2603.2 0.07063 0.08118 0.09056 0.09938 0.10789 0.11620 0.13245 0.14841 0.16420 0.17988 0.19549 0.21105 0.22658 0.24207 2644.7 2750.8 2844.4 2933.6 3021.2 3108.6 3285.5 3467.0 3654.3 3847.9 4047.7 4253.6 4465.3 4682.6 2803.2 2856.5 2994.3 3116.1 3231.7 3344.9 3457.2 3682.8 3912.2 4146.9 4387.5 4634.2 4886.7 5145.1 5408.8 u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/(kg.K) P 1.40 MPa (195.04C) 0.14078 0.14303 0.16356 0.18233 0.20029 0.21782 0.25216 0.28597 0.31951 0.35288 0.38614 0.41933 0.45247 0.48558 0.51866 2591.8 2602.7 2698.9 2785.7 2869.7 2953.1 3121.8 3295.1 3474.4 3660.3 3852.7 4051.7 4257.0 4468.3 4685.1 2788.9 2803.0 2927.9 3040.9 3150.1 3258.1 3474.8 3695.5 3921.7 4154.3 4393.3 4638.8 4890.5 5148.1 5411.3 6.4675 6.4975 6.7488 6.9553 7.1379 7.3046 7.6047 7.8730 8.1183 8.3458 8.5587 8.7595 8.9497 9.1308 9.3036 P 2.00 MPa (212.38C) 0.09959 0.10381 0.11150 0.12551 0.13860 0.15122 0.17568 0.19962 0.22326 0.24674 0.27012 0.29342 0.31667 0.33989 0.36308 2599.1 2628.5 2680.3 2773.2 2860.5 2945.9 3116.9 3291.5 3471.7 3658.0 3850.9 4050.2 4255.7 4467.2 4684.2 2798.3 2836.1 2903.3 3024.2 3137.7 3248.4 3468.3 3690.7 3918.2 4151.5 4391.1 4637.1 4889.1 5147.0 5410.3 6.3390 6.4160 6.5475 6.7684 6.9583 7.1292 7.4337 7.7043 7.9509 8.1791 8.3925 8.5936 8.7842 8.9654 9.1384 P 3.50 MPa (242.56C) 6.1856 0.05706 2603.0 2802.7 6.1244 6.2893 6.5412 6.7450 6.9235 7.0856 7.2359 7.5103 7.7590 7.9885 8.2028 8.4045 8.5955 8.7771 8.9502 0.05876 0.06845 0.07680 0.08456 0.09198 0.09919 0.11325 0.12702 0.14061 0.15410 0.16751 0.18087 0.19420 0.20750 2624.0 2738.8 2836.0 2927.2 3016.1 3104.5 3282.5 3464.7 3652.5 3846.4 4046.4 4252.5 4464.4 4681.8 2829.7 2978.4 3104.9 3223.2 3338.1 3451.7 3678.9 3909.3 4144.6 4385.7 4632.7 4885.6 5144.1 5408.0 6.1764 6.4484 6.6601 6.8428 7.0074 7.1593 7.4357 7.6855 7.9156 8.1304 8.3324 8.5236 8.7053 8.8786 ek 11/6/08 896 10:15 | Page 896 Termodinamik TABLO A–6 K›z›n su buhar› (Devam) T °C u kJ/kg v m3/kg h kJ/kg s v kJ/(kg.K) m3/kg u kJ/kg P 4.0 MPa (250.35C) Doymufl 0.04978 275 0.05461 300 0.05887 350 0.06647 400 0.07343 450 0.08004 500 0.08644 600 0.09886 700 0.11098 800 0.12292 900 0.13476 1000 0.14653 1100 0.15824 1200 0.16992 1300 0.18157 2601.7 2668.9 2726.2 2827.4 2920.8 3011.0 3100.3 3279.4 3462.4 3650.6 3844.8 4045.1 4251.4 4463.5 4680.9 2800.8 2887.3 2961.7 3093.3 3214.5 3331.2 3446.0 3674.9 3906.3 4142.3 4383.9 4631.2 4884.4 5143.2 5407.2 6.0696 6.2312 6.3639 6.5843 6.7714 6.9386 7.0922 7.3706 7.6214 7.8523 8.0675 8.2698 8.4612 8.6430 8.8164 P 6.0 MPa (275.59C) Doymufl 0.03245 300 0.03619 350 0.04225 400 0.04742 450 0.05217 500 0.05667 550 0.06102 600 0.06527 700 0.07355 800 0.08165 900 0.08964 1000 0.09756 1100 0.10543 1200 0.11326 1300 0.12107 2589.9 2668.4 2790.4 2893.7 2989.9 3083.1 3175.2 3267.2 3453.0 3643.2 3838.8 4040.1 4247.1 4459.8 4677.7 2784.6 2885.6 3043.9 3178.3 3302.9 3423.1 3541.3 3658.8 3894.3 4133.1 4376.6 4625.4 4879.7 5139.4 5404.1 5.8902 6.0703 6.3357 6.5432 6.7219 6.8826 7.0308 7.1693 7.4247 7.6582 7.8751 8.0786 8.2709 8.4534 8.6273 P 9.0 MPa (303.35C) Doymufl 0.020489 325 0.023284 350 0.025816 400 0.029960 450 0.033524 500 0.036793 550 0.039885 600 0.042861 650 0.045755 700 0.048589 800 0.054132 900 0.059562 1000 0.064919 1100 0.070224 1200 0.075492 1300 0.080733 2558.5 2647.6 2725.0 2849.2 2956.3 3056.3 3153.0 3248.4 3343.4 3438.8 3632.0 3829.6 4032.4 4240.7 4454.2 4672.9 2742.9 2857.1 2957.3 3118.8 3258.0 3387.4 3512.0 3634.1 3755.2 3876.1 4119.2 4365.7 4616.7 4872.7 5133.6 5399.5 5.6791 5.8738 6.0380 6.2876 6.4872 6.6603 6.8164 6.9605 7.0954 7.2229 7.4606 7.6802 7.8855 8.0791 8.2625 8.4371 h kJ/kg s v kJ/kg K m3/kg P 4.5 MPa (257.44C) 0.04406 0.04733 0.05138 0.05842 0.06477 0.07076 0.07652 0.08766 0.09850 0.10916 0.11972 0.13020 0.14064 0.15103 0.16140 2599.7 2651.4 2713.0 2818.6 2914.2 3005.8 3096.0 3276.4 3460.0 3648.8 3843.3 4043.9 4250.4 4462.6 4680.1 2798.0 2864.4 2944.2 3081.5 3205.7 3324.2 3440.4 3670.9 3903.3 4140.0 4382.1 4629.8 4883.2 5142.2 5406.5 6.0198 6.1429 6.2854 6.5153 6.7071 6.8770 7.0323 7.3127 7.5647 7.7962 8.0118 8.2144 8.4060 8.5880 8.7616 P 7.0 MPa (285.83C) 0.027378 0.029492 0.035262 0.039958 0.044187 0.048157 0.051966 0.055665 0.062850 0.069856 0.076750 0.083571 0.090341 0.097075 0.103781 2581.0 2633.5 2770.1 2879.5 2979.0 3074.3 3167.9 3261.0 3448.3 3639.5 3835.7 4037.5 4245.0 4457.9 4676.1 2772.6 2839.9 3016.9 3159.2 3288.3 3411.4 3531.6 3650.6 3888.3 4128.5 4373.0 4622.5 4877.4 5137.4 5402.6 5.8148 5.9337 6.2305 6.4502 6.6353 6.8000 6.9507 7.0910 7.3487 7.5836 7.8014 8.0055 8.1982 8.3810 8.5551 P 10.0 MPa (311.00C) 0.018028 0.019877 0.022440 0.026436 0.029782 0.032811 0.035655 0.038378 0.041018 0.043597 0.048629 0.053547 0.058391 0.063183 0.067938 0.072667 2545.2 2611.6 2699.6 2833.1 2944.5 3047.0 3145.4 3242.0 3338.0 3434.0 3628.2 3826.5 4029.9 4238.5 4452.4 4671.3 2725.5 2810.3 2924.0 3097.5 3242.4 3375.1 3502.0 3625.8 3748.1 3870.0 4114.5 4362.0 4613.8 4870.3 5131.7 5398.0 5.6159 5.7596 5.9460 6.2141 6.4219 6.5995 6.7585 6.9045 7.0408 7.1693 7.4085 7.6290 7.8349 8.0289 8.2126 8.3874 u kJ/kg h s kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K) P 5.0 MPa (263.94C) 0.03945 0.04144 0.04535 0.05197 0.05784 0.06332 0.06858 0.07870 0.08852 0.09816 0.10769 0.11715 0.12655 0.13592 0.14527 2597.0 2632.3 2699.0 2809.5 2907.5 3000.6 3091.8 3273.3 3457.7 3646.9 3841.8 4042.6 4249.3 4461.6 4679.3 2794.2 2839.5 2925.7 3069.3 3196.7 3317.2 3434.7 3666.9 3900.3 4137.7 4380.2 4628.3 4882.1 5141.3 5405.7 5.9737 6.0571 6.2111 6.4516 6.6483 6.8210 6.9781 7.2605 7.5136 7.7458 7.9619 8.1648 8.3566 8.5388 8.7124 P 8.0 MPa (295.01C) 0.023525 0.024279 0.029975 0.034344 0.038194 0.041767 0.045172 0.048463 0.054829 0.061011 0.067082 0.073079 0.079025 0.084934 0.090817 2570.5 2592.3 2748.3 2864.6 2967.8 3065.4 3160.5 3254.7 3443.6 3635.7 3832.7 4035.0 4242.8 4456.1 4674.5 2758.7 2786.5 2988.1 3139.4 3273.3 3399.5 3521.8 3642.4 3882.2 4123.8 4369.3 4619.6 4875.0 5135.5 5401.0 5.7450 5.7937 6.1321 6.3658 6.5579 6.7266 6.8800 7.0221 7.2822 7.5185 7.7372 7.9419 8.1350 8.3181 8.4925 P 12.5 MPa (327.81C) 0.013496 2505.6 2674.3 5.4638 0.016138 0.020030 0.023019 0.025630 0.028033 0.030306 0.032491 0.034612 0.038724 0.042720 0.046641 0.050510 0.054342 0.058147 2624.9 2789.6 2913.7 3023.2 3126.1 3225.8 3324.1 3422.0 3618.8 3818.9 4023.5 4233.1 4447.7 4667.3 2826.6 3040.0 3201.5 3343.6 3476.5 3604.6 3730.2 3854.6 4102.8 4352.9 4606.5 4864.5 5127.0 5394.1 5.7130 6.0433 6.2749 6.4651 6.6317 6.7828 6.9227 7.0540 7.2967 7.5195 7.7269 7.9220 8.1065 8.2819 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 897 Ek 1 | 897 TABLO A–6 K›zg›n su buhar› T °C u kJ/kg v m3/kg h kJ/kg s v kJ/(kg.K) m3/kg P 15.0 MPa (342.16C) Doymufl0.010341 350 0.011481 400 0.015671 450 0.018477 500 0.020828 550 0.022945 600 0.024921 650 0.026804 700 0.028621 800 0.032121 900 0.035503 1000 0.038808 1100 0.042062 1200 0.045279 1300 0.048469 2455.7 2520.9 2740.6 2880.8 2998.4 3106.2 3209.3 3310.1 3409.8 3609.3 3811.2 4017.1 4227.7 4443.1 4663.3 375 400 425 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 0.001978 0.006005 0.007886 0.009176 0.011143 0.012736 0.014140 0.015430 0.016643 0.018922 0.021075 0.023150 0.025172 0.027157 0.029115 1799.9 2428.5 2607.8 2721.2 2887.3 3020.8 3140.0 3251.9 3359.9 3570.7 3780.2 3991.5 4206.1 4424.6 4647.2 375 400 425 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 0.001641 0.001911 0.002538 0.003692 0.005623 0.006985 0.008089 0.009053 0.009930 0.011521 0.012980 0.014360 0.015686 0.016976 0.018239 1677.0 1855.0 2097.5 2364.2 2681.6 2875.1 3026.8 3159.5 3282.0 3511.8 3733.3 3952.9 4173.7 4396.9 4623.3 2610.8 2693.1 2975.7 3157.9 3310.8 3450.4 3583.1 3712.1 3839.1 4091.1 4343.7 4599.2 4858.6 5122.3 5390.3 s v kJ/(kg.K) m3/kg u kJ/kg h s kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K) P 20.0 MPa (365.75C) 5.3108 5.4438 5.8819 6.1434 6.3480 6.5230 6.6796 6.8233 6.9573 7.2037 7.4288 7.6378 7.8339 8.0192 8.1952 0.007932 2390.7 2529.5 5.1435 0.005862 2294.8 2412.1 4.9310 0.012463 0.015204 0.017385 0.019305 0.021073 0.022742 0.024342 0.027405 0.030348 0.033215 0.036029 0.038806 0.041556 2684.3 2845.4 2972.4 3085.8 3192.5 3295.8 3397.5 3599.7 3803.5 4010.7 4222.3 4438.5 4659.2 5.7211 6.0212 6.2424 6.4266 6.5890 6.7366 6.8735 7.1237 7.3511 7.5616 7.7588 7.9449 8.1215 0.009950 0.012721 0.014793 0.016571 0.018185 0.019695 0.021134 0.023870 0.026484 0.029020 0.031504 0.033952 0.036371 2617.9 2807.3 2945.3 3064.7 3175.3 3281.4 3385.1 3590.1 3795.7 4004.3 4216.9 4433.8 4655.2 2816.9 3061.7 3241.2 3396.2 3539.0 3675.3 3807.8 4067.5 4325.4 4584.7 4847.0 5112.9 5382.7 5.5526 5.9043 6.1446 6.3390 6.5075 6.6593 6.7991 7.0531 7.2829 7.4950 7.6933 7.8802 8.0574 4.0345 5.1400 5.4708 5.6759 5.9643 6.1816 6.3637 6.5243 6.6702 6.9322 7.1668 7.3821 7.5825 7.7710 7.9494 0.001792 0.002798 0.005299 0.006737 0.008691 0.010175 0.011445 0.012590 0.013654 0.015628 0.017473 0.019240 0.020954 0.022630 0.024279 3.9313 4.4758 5.1473 5.4422 5.7956 6.0403 6.2373 6.4074 6.5599 6.8301 7.0695 7.2880 7.4906 7.6807 7.8602 0.001701 0.002105 0.003434 0.004957 0.006933 0.008348 0.009523 0.010565 0.011523 0.013278 0.014904 0.016450 0.017942 0.019398 0.020827 1702.8 1914.9 2253.3 2497.5 2755.3 2925.8 3065.6 3190.9 3308.3 3531.6 3749.0 3965.8 4184.4 4406.1 4631.2 3.8290 4.1145 4.5044 4.9449 5.4744 5.7857 6.0170 6.2078 6.3740 6.6613 6.9107 7.1355 7.3425 7.5357 7.7175 0.001560 0.001731 0.002009 0.002487 0.003890 0.005118 0.006108 0.006957 0.007717 0.009073 0.010296 0.011441 0.012534 0.013590 0.014620 3.7642 4.0029 4.2746 4.5896 5.1762 5.5563 5.8245 6.0373 6.2179 6.5225 6.7819 7.0131 7.2244 7.4207 7.6048 0.001503 0.001633 0.001816 0.002086 0.002952 0.003955 0.004833 0.005591 0.006265 0.007456 0.008519 0.009504 0.010439 0.011339 0.012213 1609.7 1745.2 1892.9 2055.1 2393.2 2664.6 2866.8 3031.3 3175.4 3432.6 3670.9 3902.0 4130.9 4360.5 4591.8 2902.4 3111.4 3276.7 3423.6 3561.3 3693.8 3823.5 4079.3 4334.6 4592.0 4852.8 5117.6 5386.5 P 30.0 MPa P 40.0 MPa 1742.6 1931.4 2199.0 2511.8 2906.5 3154.4 3350.4 3521.6 3679.2 3972.6 4252.5 4527.3 4801.1 5075.9 5352.8 h kJ/kg P 17.5 MPa (354.67C) P 25.0 MPa 1849.4 2578.7 2805.0 2950.6 3165.9 3339.2 3493.5 3637.7 3776.0 4043.8 4307.1 4570.2 4835.4 5103.5 5375.1 u kJ/kg 1738.1 2068.9 2452.9 2618.9 2824.0 2974.5 3103.4 3221.7 3334.3 3551.2 3764.6 3978.6 4195.2 4415.3 4639.2 1791.9 2152.8 2611.8 2821.0 3084.8 3279.7 3446.8 3599.4 3743.9 4020.0 4288.8 4555.8 4823.9 5094.2 5367.6 P 35.0 MPa P 50.0 MPa 1638.6 1787.8 1960.3 2160.3 2528.1 2769.5 2947.1 3095.6 3228.7 3472.2 3702.0 3927.4 4152.2 4378.6 4607.5 1716.6 1874.4 2060.7 2284.7 2722.6 3025.4 3252.6 3443.5 3614.6 3925.8 4216.8 4499.4 4778.9 5058.1 5338.5 1762.4 1988.6 2373.5 2671.0 2997.9 3218.0 3399.0 3560.7 3711.6 3996.3 4270.6 4541.5 4812.4 5085.0 5360.2 3.8724 4.2144 4.7751 5.1946 5.6331 5.9093 6.1229 6.3030 6.4623 6.7409 6.9853 7.2069 7.4118 7.6034 7.7841 P 60.0 MPa 1699.9 1843.2 2001.8 2180.2 2570.3 2901.9 3156.8 3366.8 3551.3 3880.0 4182.1 4472.2 4757.3 5040.8 5324.5 3.7149 3.9317 4.1630 4.4140 4.9356 5.3517 5.6527 5.8867 6.0814 6.4033 6.6725 6.9099 7.1255 7.3248 7.5111 ek 11/6/08 898 10:15 | Page 898 Termodinamik TABLO A–7 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v› buhar› T °C u kJ/kg v m3/kg h kJ/kg s v (kJ/kg.K) m3/kg P 5 MPa (263.94C) Doymufl 0.0012862 0 0.0009977 20 0.0009996 40 0.0010057 60 0.0010149 80 0.0010267 100 0.0010410 120 0.0010576 140 0.0010769 160 0.0010988 180 0.0011240 200 0.0011531 220 0.0011868 240 0.0012268 260 0.0012755 280 300 320 340 1148.1 1154.5 0.04 5.03 83.61 88.61 166.92 171.95 250.29 255.36 333.82 338.96 417.65 422.85 501.91 507.19 586.80 592.18 672.55 678.04 759.47 765.09 847.92 853.68 938.39 944.32 1031.6 1037.7 1128.5 1134.9 u kJ/kg 1785.8 0.23 82.71 165.17 247.75 330.50 413.50 496.85 580.71 665.28 750.78 837.49 925.77 1016.1 1109.0 1205.6 1307.2 1416.6 1540.2 1703.6 1826.6 20.03 102.57 185.16 267.92 350.90 434.17 517.84 602.07 687.05 773.02 860.27 949.16 1040.2 1134.0 1231.5 1334.4 1445.5 1571.6 1740.1 s v kJ/kg K m3/kg P 10 MPa (311.00C) 2.9207 0.0001 0.2954 0.5705 0.8287 1.0723 1.3034 1.5236 1.7344 1.9374 2.1338 2.3251 2.5127 2.6983 2.8841 0.0014522 0.0009952 0.0009973 0.0010035 0.0010127 0.0010244 0.0010385 0.0010549 0.0010738 0.0010954 0.0011200 0.0011482 0.0011809 0.0012192 0.0012653 0.0013226 0.0013980 P 20 MPa (365.75C) Doymufl 0.0020378 0 0.0009904 20 0.0009929 40 0.0009992 60 0.0010084 80 0.0010199 100 0.0010337 120 0.0010496 140 0.0010679 160 0.0010886 180 0.0011122 200 0.0011390 220 0.0011697 240 0.0012053 260 0.0012472 280 0.0012978 300 0.0013611 320 0.0014450 340 0.0015693 360 0.0018248 380 h kJ/kg 1393.3 0.12 83.31 166.33 249.43 332.69 416.23 500.18 584.72 670.06 756.48 844.32 934.01 1026.2 1121.6 1221.8 1329.4 1407.9 10.07 93.28 176.37 259.55 342.94 426.62 510.73 595.45 681.01 767.68 855.80 945.82 1038.3 1134.3 1235.0 1343.3 u kJ/kg P 15 MPa (342.16C) 3.3603 0.0003 0.2943 0.5685 0.8260 1.0691 1.2996 1.5191 1.7293 1.9316 2.1271 2.3174 2.5037 2.6876 2.8710 3.0565 3.2488 0.0016572 0.0009928 0.0009951 0.0010013 0.0010105 0.0010221 0.0010361 0.0010522 0.0010708 0.0010920 0.0011160 0.0011435 0.0011752 0.0012121 0.0012560 0.0013096 0.0013783 0.0014733 0.0016311 P 30 MPa 4.0146 0.0005 0.2921 0.5646 0.8208 1.0627 1.2920 1.5105 1.7194 1.9203 2.1143 2.3027 2.4867 2.6676 2.8469 3.0265 3.2091 3.3996 3.6086 3.8787 0.0009857 0.0009886 0.0009951 0.0010042 0.0010155 0.0010290 0.0010445 0.0010623 0.0010823 0.0011049 0.0011304 0.0011595 0.0011927 0.0012314 0.0012770 0.0013322 0.0014014 0.0014932 0.0016276 0.0018729 0.29 82.11 164.05 246.14 328.40 410.87 493.66 576.90 660.74 745.40 831.11 918.15 1006.9 1097.8 1191.5 1288.9 1391.7 1502.4 1626.8 1782.0 29.86 111.77 193.90 276.26 358.86 441.74 525.00 608.76 693.21 778.55 865.02 952.93 1042.7 1134.7 1229.8 1328.9 1433.7 1547.1 1675.6 1838.2 h s kJ/kg (kJ/kg.K) 1585.5 0.18 83.01 165.75 248.58 331.59 414.85 498.50 582.69 667.63 753.58 840.84 929.81 1021.0 1115.1 1213.4 1317.6 1431.9 1567.9 1610.3 15.07 97.93 180.77 263.74 346.92 430.39 514.28 598.75 684.01 770.32 858.00 947.43 1039.2 1134.0 1233.0 1338.3 1454.0 1592.4 3.6848 0.0004 0.2932 0.5666 0.8234 1.0659 1.2958 1.5148 1.7243 1.9259 2.1206 2.3100 2.4951 2.6774 2.8586 3.0410 3.2279 3.4263 3.6555 P 50 MPa 0.0003 0.2897 0.5607 0.8156 1.0564 1.2847 1.5020 1.7098 1.9094 2.1020 2.2888 2.4707 2.6491 2.8250 3.0001 3.1761 3.3558 3.5438 3.7499 4.0026 0.0009767 0.0009805 0.0009872 0.0009962 0.0010072 0.0010201 0.0010349 0.0010517 0.0010704 0.0010914 0.0011149 0.0011412 0.0011708 0.0012044 0.0012430 0.0012879 0.0013409 0.0014049 0.0014848 0.0015884 0.29 80.93 161.90 243.08 324.42 405.94 487.69 569.77 652.33 735.49 819.45 904.39 990.55 1078.2 1167.7 1259.6 1354.3 1452.9 1556.5 1667.1 49.13 0.0010 129.95 0.2845 211.25 0.5528 292.88 0.8055 374.78 1.0442 456.94 1.2705 539.43 1.4859 622.36 1.6916 705.85 1.8889 790.06 2.0790 875.19 2.2628 961.45 2.4414 1049.1 2.6156 1138.4 2.7864 1229.9 2.9547 1324.0 3.1218 1421.4 3.2888 1523.1 3.4575 1630.7 3.6301 1746.5 3.8102 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 899 Ek 1 | 899 TABLO A–8 Doymufl buz - su buhar› Özgül hacim, m3/kg ‹ç enerji, kJ/kg Entalpi, kJ/kg Entropi, kJ/(kg.K) Doymufl Doymufl S›cakl›k.,bas›nc›, buz, T °C Pdoy kPa vi Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl buhar, buz, Sübl., buhar, buz, Sübl., buhar, buz, Sübl., buhar, vg ui uig ug hi hig hg si sig sg 0.01 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 205.99 206.17 241.62 283.84 334.27 394.66 467.17 554.47 659.88 787.51 942.51 1131.3 1362.0 1644.7 1992.2 2421.0 2951.7 3610.9 4432.4 5460.1 6750.5 8376.7 0.61169 0.61115 0.51772 0.43748 0.36873 0.30998 0.25990 0.21732 0.18121 0.15068 0.12492 0.10326 0.08510 0.06991 0.05725 0.04673 0.03802 0.03082 0.02490 0.02004 0.01608 0.01285 0.001091 0.001091 0.001091 0.001090 0.001090 0.001090 0.001089 0.001089 0.001088 0.001088 0.001088 0.001087 0.001087 0.001087 0.001087 0.001086 0.001086 0.001086 0.001085 0.001085 0.001085 0.001084 333.40 333.43 337.63 341.80 345.94 350.04 354.12 358.17 362.18 366.17 370.13 374.06 377.95 381.82 385.66 389.47 393.25 397.00 400.72 404.40 408.07 411.70 2707.9 2707.9 2709.4 2710.8 2712.2 2713.5 2714.8 2716.1 2717.3 2718.6 2719.7 2720.9 2722.0 2723.1 2724.2 2725.2 2726.2 2727.2 2728.1 2729.0 2729.9 2730.7 2374.5 2374.5 2371.8 2369.0 2366.2 2363.5 2360.7 2357.9 2355.2 2352.4 2349.6 2346.8 2344.1 2341.3 2338.5 2335.7 2332.9 2330.2 2327.4 2324.6 2321.8 2319.0 333.40 333.43 337.63 341.80 345.93 350.04 354.12 358.17 362.18 366.17 370.13 374.06 377.95 381.82 385.66 389.47 393.25 397.00 400.72 404.40 408.07 411.70 2833.9 2833.9 2834.5 2835.0 2835.4 2835.8 2836.2 2836.6 2836.9 2837.2 2837.5 2837.7 2837.9 2838.1 2838.2 2838.3 2838.4 2838.4 2838.5 2838.4 2838.4 2838.3 2500.5 2500.5 2496.8 2493.2 2489.5 2485.8 2482.1 2478.4 2474.7 2471.0 2467.3 2463.6 2459.9 2456.2 2452.5 2448.8 2445.1 2441.4 2437.7 2434.0 2430.3 2426.6 1.2202 1.2204 1.2358 1.2513 1.2667 1.2821 1.2976 1.3130 1.3284 1.3439 1.3593 1.3748 1.3903 1.4057 1.4212 1.4367 1.4521 1.4676 1.4831 1.4986 1.5141 1.5296 10.374 10.375 10.453 10.533 10.613 10.695 10.778 10.862 10.947 11.033 11.121 11.209 11.300 11.391 11.484 11.578 11.673 11.770 11.869 11.969 12.071 12.174 9.154 9.154 9.218 9.282 9.347 9.413 9.480 9.549 9.618 9.689 9.761 9.835 9.909 9.985 10.063 10.141 10.221 10.303 10.386 10.470 10.557 10.644 1 60 0 h = 40 3 2400 1800 4 2600 00 328200 3000 50% 5 550 0 20 00 3200 3400 4000 3800 3600 4500 6 h = 4200 kJ/ kg 00 00 0k 6 % 70 24 00 DSo aytu mra ute dbu vha apro r 22 100 k g/m 3 0 10 80 0 6 0 80 0 60 0 50 0 40 0 35 00 3 0 25 0 20 0 15 5 Entropi, (kJ/kg.K) 18 0 0 J/ k g 20 0 7 h= 26 3 kg/m 3 10 kg /m 3 7 k J/k g Ku ruQ luuk aldiet r ye=ce 80% 9s0i=%% 00 8 0.3 kg/m 3 1 kg/m 3 9 90 8 9 2650 h = 2600 2650 kJ/kg 2550 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000 h = 5000 kJ/kg 1100 0 10 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 10 1200 Kaynak: NBS/NRC Steam Tables/1 by Lester Haar, John S. Gallagher, and George S. Kell.. Copyright © 1984. “Reutledge/ Taylor § Francis Books, Inc.”den izin al›narak bas›lm›flt›r. 2 20 % = %0 1%01 80 0 0 0 Ku u rul eitsyi eacl Qeru d k S 1 00 0 0 100 ıvidı iqsu dul m e t y uroa atD 0 120 0 140 1600 4 kJ/ 2200 kg h= 0 0 0 2 00 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 3 1 20 60% fiEK‹L A–9 Su için T-s diyagram› Sııcaklık, °C = kg /m 3 sity Den 50 0 10 0 1000 2 300 k g/m 3 1100 1 14 30 % kg/m 3 0 1200 0 P= 300 20 00 b 1 000 ar 5 100 000 80000 0 50 4 00 6000 30000 0 20 0 15 00 00 0 16 40% 30 kg /m 3 40 30 20 15 10 3k g/m 3 8 6 4 3 2 1.5 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 5 0.08 0. 1 6 0. 0 0.04 3 0.0 0 2 . 0 15 YDoe 0.1 | 0.0 900 nusni t l y u k = =00.0 .011k kgg//mm33 10:15 .00 8 11/6/08 0. 0 006 0 .0 . 0 04 0. 03 00 2 ek Page 900 Termodinamik 11/6/08 10:15 Page 901 Ek 1 5000 2 3 4 5 6 7 C 1100°°C T 8 9 | 10 5000 C 0° 10 =1 C 1000°°C 0°C 400° 98% Ku 96% rul uku Q 94% adleitr yec=e 92% s9i0= %% 90 88 86% % 84% 82% 80 78% % 76 74 % 72 % 70 % 68 % % 0°C T = 300° 2000 3000 0. 0. 3 0 0. .08 0.12 0 0. 6 0.1 5 04 0.0 0.0 5 0. 3 01 0. 5 01 0 0. .8 0.4 6 8 6 4 0°C 500° 3 2 1.5 1.0 5 Yoe D nusin tylu=k 0=. 0.1 kg /m 3 01.0k1 gk/m 3 3 g /m /m 3 6000°°C 3000 1 kg 150 00 200 00 250 00 C 800°°C 300 00 bar 4000 C 700°°C P= Doenus Y 100 intylu= 00 k=1010 0 0kgk/gm 800 /m3 3 0 600 500 0 40000 3000 20 15 00 800 10 00 00 6 40000 5 00 300 200 1 00 k g/ m 3 80 150 60 100 40 50 30 20 15 10 k 10 g/ m 3 C 900°°C 4000 Entalpi, kJ/kg ek 02 0. P = r ba 08 0 . 0 2000 % 66 % 64 % 62 % 60 % 58 56% 54% 52% 50% 48% 46% 44% 42% 40% 1000 2 3 4 5 6 Entalpi, kJ/(kg.K) 7 8 9 1000 10 fiEKIL A-10 Su için Mollier diyagram› Kaynak: NBS/NRC Steam Tables/1 by Lester Haar, John S. Gallagher, and George S. Kell. Copyright © 1984.”Routledge/Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.”izin al›narak bafl›lm›flt›r. 901 ek 11/6/08 902 10:15 | Page 902 Termodinamik TABLO A–11 Doymufl so¤utucu ak›flkan- 134a - S›cakl›k tablosu Özgül, hacim m3/kg ‹ç enerji kJ/kg Entalpi kJ/kg Entropi, kJ/(kg.K) Doyma Doymufl S›cak., bas›nc›., s›v› T °C Pdoy kPa vf Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 40 38 36 34 32 51.25 56.86 62.95 69.56 76.71 0.0007054 0.0007083 0.0007112 0.0007142 0.0007172 0.36081 0.32732 0.29751 0.27090 0.24711 0.036 2.475 4.992 7.517 10.05 207.40 206.04 204.67 203.29 201.91 207.37 208.51 209.66 210.81 211.96 0.000 2.515 5.037 7.566 10.10 225.86 224.61 223.35 222.09 220.81 225.86 227.12 228.39 229.65 230.91 0.00000 0.01072 0.02138 0.03199 0.04253 0.96866 0.95511 0.94176 0.92859 0.91560 0.96866 0.96584 0.96315 0.96058 0.95813 30 28 26 24 22 84.43 92.76 101.73 111.37 121.72 0.0007203 0.0007234 0.0007265 0.0007297 0.0007329 0.22580 0.20666 0.18946 0.17395 0.15995 12.59 15.13 17.69 20.25 22.82 200.52 199.12 197.72 196.30 194.88 213.11 214.25 215.40 216.55 217.70 12.65 15.20 17.76 20.33 22.91 219.52 232.17 218.22 233.43 216.92 234.68 215.59 235.92 214.26 s237.17 0.05301 0.06344 0.07382 0.08414 0.09441 0.90278 0.89012 0.87762 0.86527 0.85307 0.95579 0.95356 0.95144 0.94941 0.94748 20 18 16 14 12 132.82 144.69 157.38 170.93 185.37 0.0007362 0.0007396 0.0007430 0.0007464 0.0007499 0.14729 0.13583 0.12542 0.11597 0.10736 25.39 27.98 30.57 33.17 35.78 193.45 192.01 190.56 189.09 187.62 218.84 219.98 221.13 222.27 223.40 25.49 28.09 30.69 33.30 35.92 212.91 211.55 210.18 208.79 207.38 238.41 239.64 240.87 242.09 243.30 0.10463 0.11481 0.12493 0.13501 0.14504 0.84101 0.82908 0.81729 0.80561 0.79406 0.94564 0.94389 0.94222 0.94063 0.93911 10 8 6 4 2 200.74 217.08 234.44 252.85 272.36 0.0007535 0.0007571 0.0007608 0.0007646 0.0007684 0.099516 0.092352 0.085802 0.079804 0.074304 38.40 41.03 43.66 46.31 48.96 186.14 184.64 183.13 181.61 180.08 224.54 225.67 226.80 227.92 229.04 38.55 41.19 43.84 46.50 49.17 205.96 204.52 203.07 201.60 200.11 244.51 245.72 246.91 248.10 249.28 0.15504 0.16498 0.17489 0.18476 0.19459 0.78263 0.77130 0.76008 0.74896 0.73794 0.93766 0.93629 0.93497 0.93372 0.93253 0 2 4 6 8 293.01 314.84 337.90 362.23 387.88 0.0007723 0.0007763 0.0007804 0.0007845 0.0007887 0.069255 0.064612 0.060338 0.056398 0.052762 51.63 54.30 56.99 59.68 62.39 178.53 176.97 175.39 173.80 172.19 230.16 231.27 232.38 233.48 234.58 51.86 54.55 57.25 59.97 62.69 198.60 197.07 195.51 193.94 192.35 250.45 251.61 252.77 253.91 255.04 0.20439 0.21415 0.22387 0.23356 0.24323 0.72701 0.71616 0.70540 0.69471 0.68410 0.93139 0.93031 0.92927 0.92828 0.92733 10 12 14 16 18 414.89 443.31 473.19 504.58 537.52 0.0007930 0.0007975 0.0008020 0.0008066 0.0008113 0.049403 0.046295 0.043417 0.040748 0.038271 65.10 67.83 70.57 73.32 76.08 170.56 168.92 167.26 165.58 163.88 235.67 236.75 237.83 238.90 239.96 65.43 68.18 70.95 73.73 76.52 190.73 189.09 187.42 185.73 184.01 256.16 257.27 258.37 259.46 260.53 0.25286 0.26246 0.27204 0.28159 0.29112 0.67356 0.66308 0.65266 0.64230 0.63198 0.92641 0.92554 0.92470 0.92389 0.92310 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 903 Ek 1 | 903 TABLO A–11 Doymufl so¤utucu ak›flkan- 134a - S›cakl›k tablosu (Devam) Specific volume, m3/kg Doyma Doymufl S›cak., bas›nc›., s›v›, T °C Pdoy kPa vf Internal energy, kJ/kg Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg · K Doymufl buhar, vg Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 20 22 24 26 28 572.07 608.27 646.18 685.84 727.31 0.0008161 0.0008210 0.0008261 0.0008313 0.0008366 0.035969 0.033828 0.031834 0.029976 0.028242 78.86 81.64 84.44 87.26 90.09 162.16 160.42 158.65 156.87 155.05 241.02 242.06 243.10 244.12 245.14 79.32 82.14 84.98 87.83 90.69 182.27 180.49 178.69 176.85 174.99 261.59 262.64 263.67 264.68 265.68 0.30063 0.31011 0.31958 0.32903 0.33846 0.62172 0.61149 0.60130 0.59115 0.58102 0.92234 0.92160 0.92088 0.92018 0.91948 30 32 34 36 38 770.64 815.89 863.11 912.35 963.68 0.0008421 0.0008478 0.0008536 0.0008595 0.0008657 0.026622 0.025108 0.023691 0.022364 0.021119 92.93 95.79 98.66 101.55 104.45 153.22 151.35 149.46 147.54 145.58 246.14 247.14 248.12 249.08 250.04 93.58 96.48 99.40 102.33 105.29 173.08 171.14 169.17 167.16 165.10 266.66 267.62 268.57 269.49 270.39 0.34789 0.35730 0.36670 0.37609 0.38548 0.57091 0.56082 0.55074 0.54066 0.53058 0.91879 0.91811 0.91743 0.91675 0.91606 40 42 44 46 48 1017.1 1072.8 1130.7 1191.0 1253.6 0.0008720 0.0008786 0.0008854 0.0008924 0.0008996 0.019952 0.018855 0.017824 0.016853 0.015939 107.38 110.32 113.28 116.26 119.26 143.60 141.58 139.52 137.42 135.29 250.97 251.89 252.80 253.68 254.55 108.26 111.26 114.28 117.32 120.39 163.00 160.86 158.67 156.43 154.14 271.27 272.12 272.95 273.75 274.53 0.39486 0.40425 0.41363 0.42302 0.43242 0.52049 0.51039 0.50027 0.49012 0.47993 0.91536 0.91464 0.91391 0.91315 0.91236 52 56 60 65 70 75 1386.2 1529.1 1682.8 1891.0 2118.2 2365.8 0.0009150 0.0009317 0.0009498 0.0009750 0.0010037 0.0010372 0.014265 0.012771 0.011434 0.009950 0.008642 0.007480 125.33 131.49 137.76 145.77 154.01 162.53 130.88 126.28 121.46 115.05 108.14 100.60 256.21 257.77 259.22 260.82 262.15 263.13 126.59 132.91 139.36 147.62 156.13 164.98 149.39 144.38 139.10 132.02 124.32 115.85 275.98 277.30 278.46 279.64 280.46 280.82 0.45126 0.47018 0.48920 0.51320 0.53755 0.56241 0.45941 0.43863 0.41749 0.39039 0.36227 0.33272 0.91067 0.90880 0.90669 0.90359 0.89982 0.89512 80 85 90 95 100 2635.3 2928.2 3246.9 3594.1 3975.1 0.0010772 0.0011270 0.0011932 0.0012933 0.0015269 0.006436 0.005486 0.004599 0.003726 0.002630 171.40 180.77 190.89 202.40 218.72 92.23 82.67 71.29 56.47 29.19 263.63 263.44 262.18 258.87 247.91 174.24 184.07 194.76 207.05 224.79 106.35 95.44 82.35 65.21 33.58 280.59 279.51 277.11 272.26 258.37 0.58800 0.61473 0.64336 0.67578 0.72217 0.30111 0.26644 0.22674 0.17711 0.08999 0.88912 0.88117 0.87010 0.85289 0.8 Kaynak: A–11 - A–13 Tablolar›, S? A-? Klean ve F? L? Alvarado taraf›ndan gelifltirilen “ Engineering Equation Solver” (EES) yaz›l›m› kullan›larak üretilmifltir. Hesaplarda R134a rutini kullan›lm›flt›r. Bu rutin R. Tillner-Roth ve H? D? Baehr taraf›ndan gelifltirilen temel durum denklemlerine dayal›d›r (“An International Standart Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2- Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for Temperatures from 170 K 455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994). Doymufl s›v›n›n entalpi ve entropisine40°C (and 40°F) s›cakl›kta s›f›r de¤eri verilmifltir. ek 11/6/08 904 10:15 | Page 904 Termodinamik TABLO A–12 Doymufl so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a — Bas›nç tablosu Özgül Hacim, m3/kg Doyma Doymufl Bas›nç., S›cak., s›v›, P kPa Tsat °C vf Doymufl buhar, vg ‹ç enerji, kJ/kg Entalpi, kJ/kg Entropi, kJ/kg · Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl buz, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf Buhar., sfg Doymufl buhar,, sg 60 70 80 90 100 36.95 33.87 31.13 28.65 26.37 0.0007098 0.0007144 0.0007185 0.0007223 0.0007259 0.31121 0.26929 0.23753 0.21263 0.19254 3.798 7.680 11.15 14.31 17.21 205.32 203.20 201.30 199.57 197.98 209.12 210.88 212.46 213.88 215.19 3.841 7.730 11.21 14.37 17.28 223.95 222.00 220.25 218.65 217.16 227.79 229.73 231.46 233.02 234.44 0.01634 0.03267 0.04711 0.06008 0.07188 0.94807 0.92775 0.90999 0.89419 0.87995 0.96441 0.96042 0.95710 0.95427 0.95183 120 140 160 180 200 22.32 18.77 15.60 12.73 10.09 0.0007324 0.0007383 0.0007437 0.0007487 0.0007533 0.16212 0.14014 0.12348 0.11041 0.099867 22.40 26.98 31.09 34.83 38.28 195.11 192.57 190.27 188.16 186.21 217.51 219.54 221.35 222.99 224.48 22.49 27.08 31.21 34.97 38.43 214.48 212.08 209.90 207.90 206.03 236.97 239.16 241.11 242.86 244.46 0.09275 0.11087 0.12693 0.14139 0.15457 0.85503 0.83368 0.81496 0.79826 0.78316 0.94779 0.94456 0.94190 0.93965 0.93773 240 280 320 360 400 5.38 1.25 2.46 5.82 8.91 0.0007620 0.0007699 0.0007772 0.0007841 0.0007907 0.083897 0.072352 0.063604 0.056738 0.051201 44.48 49.97 54.92 59.44 63.62 182.67 179.50 176.61 173.94 171.45 227.14 229.46 231.52 233.38 235.07 44.66 50.18 55.16 59.72 63.94 202.62 199.54 196.71 194.08 191.62 247.28 249.72 251.88 253.81 255.55 0.17794 0.19829 0.21637 0.23270 0.24761 0.75664 0.73381 0.71369 0.69566 0.67929 0.93458 0.93210 0.93006 0.92836 0.92691 450 500 550 600 650 12.46 15.71 18.73 21.55 24.20 0.0007985 0.0008059 0.0008130 0.0008199 0.0008266 0.045619 0.041118 0.037408 0.034295 0.031646 68.45 72.93 77.10 81.02 84.72 168.54 165.82 163.25 160.81 158.48 237.00 238.75 240.35 241.83 243.20 68.81 73.33 77.54 81.51 85.26 188.71 185.98 183.38 180.90 178.51 257.53 259.30 260.92 262.40 263.77 0.26465 0.28023 0.29461 0.30799 0.32051 0.66069 0.64377 0.62821 0.61378 0.60030 0.92535 0.92400 0.92282 0.92177 0.92081 700 750 800 850 26.69 29.06 31.31 33.45 0.0008331 0.0008395 0.0008458 0.0008520 0.029361 0.027371 0.025621 0.024069 88.24 91.59 94.79 97.87 156.24 154.08 152.00 149.98 244.48 245.67 246.79 247.85 88.82 92.22 95.47 98.60 176.21 173.98 171.82 169.71 265.03 266.20 267.29 268.31 0.33230 0.34345 0.35404 0.36413 0.58763 0.57567 0.56431 0.55349 0.91994 0.91912 0.91835 0.91762 900 950 1000 1200 1400 35.51 37.48 39.37 46.29 52.40 0.0008580 0.0008641 0.0008700 0.0008934 0.0009166 0.022683 0.021438 0.020313 0.016715 0.014107 100.83 103.69 106.45 116.70 125.94 148.01 146.10 144.23 137.11 130.43 248.85 249.79 250.68 253.81 256.37 101.61 104.51 107.32 117.77 127.22 167.66 165.64 163.67 156.10 148.90 269.26 270.15 270.99 273.87 276.12 0.37377 0.38301 0.39189 0.42441 0.45315 0.54315 0.53323 0.52368 0.48863 0.45734 0.91692 0.91624 0.91558 0.91303 0.91050 1600 1800 2000 2500 3000 57.88 62.87 67.45 77.54 86.16 0.0009400 0.0009639 0.0009886 0.0010566 0.0011406 0.012123 0.010559 0.009288 0.006936 0.005275 134.43 142.33 149.78 166.99 183.04 124.04 117.83 111.73 96.47 80.22 258.47 260.17 261.51 263.45 263.26 135.93 144.07 151.76 169.63 186.46 141.93 135.11 128.33 111.16 92.63 277.86 279.17 280.09 280.79 279.09 0.47911 0.50294 0.52509 0.57531 0.62118 0.42873 0.40204 0.37675 0.31695 0.25776 0.90784 0.90498 0.90184 0.89226 0.87894 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 905 Ek 1 | 905 TABLO A–13 K›zg›n so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/(kg.K) P 0.06 MPa (Tdoy 36.95°C) Doymufl 0.31121 20 0.33608 10 0.35048 0 0.36476 10 0.37893 20 0.39302 30 0.40705 40 0.42102 50 0.43495 60 0.44883 70 0.46269 80 0.47651 90 0.49032 100 0.50410 209.12 220.60 227.55 234.66 241.92 249.35 256.95 264.71 272.64 280.73 288.99 297.41 306.00 314.74 227.79 240.76 248.58 256.54 264.66 272.94 281.37 289.97 298.74 307.66 316.75 326.00 335.42 344.99 0.9644 1.0174 1.0477 1.0774 1.1066 1.1353 1.1636 1.1915 1.2191 1.2463 1.2732 1.2997 1.3260 1.3520 P 0.18 MPa (Tdoy 12.73°C) Doymufl 0.11041 10 0.11189 0 0.11722 10 0.12240 20 0.12748 30 0.13248 40 0.13741 50 0.14230 60 0.14715 70 0.15196 80 0.15673 90 0.16149 100 0.16622 222.99 225.02 232.48 240.00 247.64 255.41 263.31 271.36 279.56 287.91 296.42 305.07 313.88 242.86 245.16 253.58 262.04 270.59 279.25 288.05 296.98 306.05 315.27 324.63 334.14 343.80 0.9397 0.9484 0.9798 1.0102 1.0399 1.0690 1.0975 1.1256 1.1532 1.1805 1.2074 1.2339 1.2602 P 0.28 MPa (Tdoy 1.25°C) Doymufl 0.07235 0 0.07282 10 0.07646 20 0.07997 30 0.08338 40 0.08672 50 0.09000 60 0.09324 70 0.09644 80 0.09961 90 0.10275 100 0.10587 110 0.10897 120 0.11205 130 0.11512 140 0.11818 229.46 230.44 238.27 246.13 254.06 262.10 270.27 278.56 286.99 295.57 304.29 313.15 322.16 331.32 340.63 350.09 249.72 250.83 259.68 268.52 277.41 286.38 295.47 304.67 314.00 323.46 333.06 342.80 352.68 362.70 372.87 383.18 0.9321 0.9362 0.9680 0.9987 1.0285 1.0576 1.0862 1.1142 1.1418 1.1690 1.1958 1.2222 1.2483 1.2742 1.2997 1.3250 v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/(kg.K) P 0.10 MPa (Tdoy 26.37°C) 0.19254 0.19841 0.20743 0.21630 0.22506 0.23373 0.24233 0.25088 0.25937 0.26783 0.27626 0.28465 0.29303 0.30138 215.19 219.66 226.75 233.95 241.30 248.79 256.44 264.25 272.22 280.35 288.64 297.08 305.69 314.46 234.44 239.50 247.49 255.58 263.81 272.17 280.68 289.34 298.16 307.13 316.26 325.55 334.99 344.60 0.9518 0.9721 1.0030 1.0332 1.0628 1.0918 1.1203 1.1484 1.1762 1.2035 1.2305 1.2572 1.2836 1.3096 P 0.20 MPa (Tdoyt 10.09°C) 0.09987 0.09991 0.10481 0.10955 0.11418 0.11874 0.12322 0.12766 0.13206 0.13641 0.14074 0.14504 0.14933 224.48 224.55 232.09 239.67 247.35 255.14 263.08 271.15 279.37 287.73 296.25 304.92 313.74 244.46 244.54 253.05 261.58 270.18 278.89 287.72 296.68 305.78 315.01 324.40 333.93 343.60 0.9377 0.9380 0.9698 1.0004 1.0303 1.0595 1.0882 1.1163 1.1441 1.1714 1.1983 1.2249 1.2512 P 0.32 MPa (Tdoy 2.46°C) v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/(kg.K) P 0.14 MPa (Tdoy 18.77°C) 0.14014 219.54 239.16 0.9446 0.14605 0.15263 0.15908 0.16544 0.17172 0.17794 0.18412 0.19025 0.19635 0.20242 0.20847 0.21449 225.91 233.23 240.66 248.22 255.93 263.79 271.79 279.96 288.28 296.75 305.38 314.17 246.36 254.60 262.93 271.38 279.97 288.70 297.57 306.59 315.77 325.09 334.57 344.20 0.9724 1.0031 1.0331 1.0624 1.0912 1.1195 1.1474 1.1749 1.2020 1.2288 1.2553 1.2814 P 0.24 MPa (Tdoy 5.38°C) 0.08390 227.14 247.28 0.9346 0.08617 0.09026 0.09423 0.09812 0.10193 0.10570 0.10942 0.11310 0.11675 0.12038 0.12398 231.29 238.98 246.74 254.61 262.59 270.71 278.97 287.36 295.91 304.60 313.44 251.97 260.65 269.36 278.16 287.06 296.08 305.23 314.51 323.93 333.49 343.20 0.9519 0.9831 1.0134 1.0429 1.0718 1.1001 1.1280 1.1554 1.1825 1.2092 1.2356 P 0.40 MPa (Tdoy 8.91°C) 0.06360 231.52 251.88 0.9301 0.051201 235.07 255.55 0.9269 0.06609 0.06925 0.07231 0.07530 0.07823 0.08111 0.08395 0.08675 0.08953 0.09229 0.09503 0.09775 0.10045 0.10314 237.54 245.50 253.50 261.60 269.82 278.15 286.62 295.22 303.97 312.86 321.89 331.07 340.39 349.86 258.69 267.66 276.65 285.70 294.85 304.11 313.48 322.98 332.62 342.39 352.30 362.35 372.54 382.87 0.9544 0.9856 1.0157 1.0451 1.0739 1.1021 1.1298 1.1571 1.1840 1.2105 1.2367 1.2626 1.2882 1.3135 0.051506 0.054213 0.056796 0.059292 0.061724 0.064104 0.066443 0.068747 0.071023 0.073274 0.075504 0.077717 0.079913 0.082096 235.97 244.18 252.36 260.58 268.90 277.32 285.86 294.53 303.32 312.26 321.33 330.55 339.90 349.41 256.58 265.86 275.07 284.30 293.59 302.96 312.44 322.02 331.73 341.57 351.53 361.63 371.87 382.24 0.9305 0.9628 0.9937 1.0236 1.0528 1.0814 1.1094 1.1369 1.1640 1.1907 1.2171 1.2431 1.2688 1.2942 ek 11/6/08 906 10:15 | Page 906 Termodinamik TABLO A–13 K›zg›n so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a (Devam) T °C v m3/kg u kJ/kg h s kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K) P 0.50 MPa (Tdoy 15.71°C) Doym. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 0.041118 0.042115 0.044338 0.046456 0.048499 0.050485 0.052427 0.054331 0.056205 0.058053 0.059880 0.061687 0.063479 0.065256 0.067021 0.068775 Doym. 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 0.025621 0.027035 0.028547 0.029973 0.031340 0.032659 0.033941 0.035193 0.036420 0.037625 0.038813 0.039985 0.041143 0.042290 0.043427 0.044554 Doym. 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 0.016715 0.017201 0.018404 0.019502 0.020529 0.021506 0.022442 0.023348 0.024228 0.025086 0.025927 0.026753 0.027566 0.028367 0.029158 238.75 242.40 250.84 259.26 267.72 276.25 284.89 293.64 302.51 311.50 320.63 329.89 339.29 348.83 358.51 368.33 259.30 263.46 273.01 282.48 291.96 301.50 311.10 320.80 330.61 340.53 350.57 360.73 371.03 381.46 392.02 402.72 0.9240 0.9383 0.9703 1.0011 1.0309 1.0599 1.0883 1.1162 1.1436 1.1705 1.1971 1.2233 1.2491 1.2747 1.2999 1.3249 P 0.80 MPa (Tdoy 31.31°C) 246.79 254.82 263.86 272.83 281.81 290.84 299.95 309.15 318.45 327.87 337.40 347.06 356.85 366.76 376.81 386.99 267.29 276.45 286.69 296.81 306.88 316.97 327.10 337.30 347.59 357.97 368.45 379.05 389.76 400.59 411.55 422.64 0.9183 0.9480 0.9802 1.0110 1.0408 1.0698 1.0981 1.1258 1.1530 1.1798 1.2061 1.2321 1.2577 1.2830 1.3080 1.3327 P 1.20 MPa (Tdoy 46.29°C) 253.81 257.63 267.56 277.21 286.75 296.26 305.80 315.38 325.03 334.77 344.61 354.56 364.61 374.78 385.08 273.87 278.27 289.64 300.61 311.39 322.07 332.73 343.40 354.11 364.88 375.72 386.66 397.69 408.82 420.07 0.9130 0.9267 0.9614 0.9938 1.0248 1.0546 1.0836 1.1118 1.1394 1.1664 1.1930 1.2192 1.2449 1.2703 1.2954 v m3/kg u kJ/kg h kJ/kg s kJ/(kg.K) P 0.60 MPa (Tdoy 21.55°C) v m3/kg u kJ/kg h s kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K) P 0.70 MPa (Tdoy 26.69°C) 0.034295 241.83 262.40 0.9218 0.029361 244.48 265.03 0.9199 0.035984 0.037865 0.039659 0.041389 0.043069 0.044710 0.046318 0.047900 0.049458 0.050997 0.052519 0.054027 0.055522 0.057006 249.22 257.86 266.48 275.15 283.89 292.73 301.67 310.73 319.91 329.23 338.67 348.25 357.96 367.81 270.81 280.58 290.28 299.98 309.73 319.55 329.46 339.47 349.59 359.82 370.18 380.66 391.27 402.01 0.9499 0.9816 1.0121 1.0417 1.0705 1.0987 1.1264 1.1536 1.1803 1.2067 1.2327 1.2584 1.2838 1.3088 0.029966 0.031696 0.033322 0.034875 0.036373 0.037829 0.039250 0.040642 0.042010 0.043358 0.044688 0.046004 0.047306 0.048597 247.48 256.39 265.20 274.01 282.87 291.80 300.82 309.95 319.19 328.55 338.04 347.66 357.41 367.29 268.45 278.57 288.53 298.42 308.33 318.28 328.29 338.40 348.60 358.90 369.32 379.86 390.52 401.31 0.9313 0.9641 0.9954 1.0256 1.0549 1.0835 1.1114 1.1389 1.1658 1.1924 1.2186 1.2444 1.2699 1.2951 P 0.90 MPa (Tdoy 35.51°C) 0.022683 0.023375 0.024809 0.026146 0.027413 0.028630 0.029806 0.030951 0.032068 0.033164 0.034241 0.035302 0.036349 0.037384 0.038408 0.039423 248.85 253.13 262.44 271.60 280.72 289.86 299.06 308.34 317.70 327.18 336.76 346.46 356.28 366.23 376.31 386.52 269.26 274.17 284.77 295.13 305.39 315.63 325.89 336.19 346.56 357.02 367.58 378.23 389.00 399.88 410.88 422.00 0.9169 0.9327 0.9660 0.9976 1.0280 1.0574 1.0860 1.1140 1.1414 1.1684 1.1949 1.2210 1.2467 1.2721 1.2972 1.3221 P 1.40 MPa (Tdoy 52.40°C) P 1.00 MPa (Tdoy 39.37°C) 0.020313 0.020406 0.021796 0.023068 0.024261 0.025398 0.026492 0.027552 0.028584 0.029592 0.030581 0.031554 0.032512 0.033457 0.034392 0.035317 250.68 251.30 260.94 270.32 279.59 288.86 298.15 307.51 316.94 326.47 336.11 345.85 355.71 365.70 375.81 386.04 270.99 271.71 282.74 293.38 303.85 314.25 324.64 335.06 345.53 356.06 366.69 377.40 388.22 399.15 410.20 421.36 0.9156 0.9179 0.9525 0.9850 1.0160 1.0458 1.0748 1.1031 1.1308 1.1580 1.1846 1.2109 1.2368 1.2623 1.2875 1.3124 P 1.60 MPa (Tdoy 57.88°C) 0.014107 256.37 276.12 0.9105 0.012123 258.47 277.86 0.9078 0.015005 0.016060 0.017023 0.017923 0.018778 0.019597 0.020388 0.021155 0.021904 0.022636 0.023355 0.024061 0.024757 264.46 274.62 284.51 294.28 304.01 313.76 323.55 333.41 343.34 353.37 363.51 373.75 384.10 285.47 297.10 308.34 319.37 330.30 341.19 352.09 363.02 374.01 385.07 396.20 407.43 418.76 0.9389 0.9733 1.0056 1.0364 1.0661 1.0949 1.1230 1.1504 1.1773 1.2038 1.2298 1.2554 1.2807 0.012372 0.013430 0.014362 0.015215 0.016014 0.016773 0.017500 0.018201 0.018882 0.019545 0.020194 0.020830 0.021456 260.89 271.76 282.09 292.17 302.14 312.07 322.02 332.00 342.05 352.17 362.38 372.69 383.11 280.69 293.25 305.07 316.52 327.76 338.91 350.02 361.12 372.26 383.44 394.69 406.02 417.44 0.9163 0.9535 0.9875 1.0194 1.0500 1.0795 1.1081 1.1360 1.1632 1.1900 1.2163 1.2421 1.2676 10:15 Page 907 Ek 1 350 400 110 0 105 0 10 00 95 0 90 0 85 0 80 0 kg/m 3 115 0 1250 300 1200 1350 250 1300 1450 200 1400 10 150 1500 100 20 450 500 550 600 650 0 0 60 10 100 120 4 90 70 60 50 40 2 40 2 32 24 20 T = 0° 0°C 0°C 1 750 20 /m33 kg/m 2000 kg luhk == 20 sity enun Do¤ Y 160 0 50 60 R-134a 907 300 400 70 | 700 80 4 1 16 12 0.4 8 0.4 2.4 8 2.4 0 2 2.3 2.2 4 s= 2.0 8 1.92 2.00 1.76 1.84 1.68 1.60 1.52 1.36 1.44 1.28 1.12 1.20 0.96 1.04 0.80 0.72 2.4 0.1 250 350 500 550 300 280 260 240 0.04 0.6 600 650 2.7 2 2.6 4 2.5 6 s= 2.4 8 400 450 Entalpi, kJ/kg 220 200 180 T = 160°C 160 160°°C 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 –20 –20 ––40 40 300 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.6 ––60 60 200 sdaotuyrm ate ufldbvua hpaorr 1.2 0.02 150 0.2 1.6 X=0 .5 0.64 0.04 0.01 100 4 3.2 –40 –40 0.1 0.88 –20 –20 0.2 2.1 6k J/k gK 6 satu doryam tedufllis q›v uid › s 11/6/08 Basınç, MPa ek 700 0.02 0.3 0.01 750 fiEKIL A–14 So¤utucu ak›flkan 134a’n›n P-h diyagram›. Not: Diyagram için kullan›lan referans noktas›, R- 134a tablolar›nda kullan›landan farkl›d›r. Bu nedenle problemler çözülürken özelik verilerinin tamam› ya tablolardan, ya da diyagramlardan al›nmal›, her ikisi birlikte kullan›lmamal›d›r. “ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA’n›n izni al›narak bas›lm›flt›r. Termodinamik (a) Dü ü k basınçlar, 0 < PR < 1.0 TR = 5.00 3.00 1.0 5 070 0.7 . 5 0.6 0.60 0.9 8.0 0 .0 0 6 5.0 0 2.00 4.0 0 3.5 0 3.0 0 2 .6 0 2 .4 0 .2 0 2 2.0 0 1.8 0 0. 80 1.60 1.40 1 .6 0 .5 0 1 1.4 0 1.3 0 0.8 5 0.8 0. 9 0 1.30 1.2 0 1.20 1.15 1 .1 0 1.00 Pv RT 0.90 TR = 2.5 Z 1.00 TR = 15 TR = 3.00 NOTE 0.7 0.9 5 v R= 1.00 Z 0.95 20 5 0.6 15 0.4 0.90 0.00 10 0.80 vRr 0.05 0.75 0.10 PR 1953 0.3 0.0 0.85 12 0 0.7 v SANK‹-‹ND‹RGENM‹fi HAC‹M, v = ––—––– R RTcr / Pcr D‹YAGRAM No. 1 00..60 T ‹ND‹RGENM‹fi SICAKLIK, T = —– R Tcr 1.0 R = 30 P Pcr ‹ND‹RGENM‹fi BASINÇ, P = —– 0.5 0 .7 T 2.00 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.90 R NELSON — OBERT GENELLEfiT‹R‹LM‹fi SIKIfiTIRILAB‹L‹RL‹K D‹YAGRAMI 0.6 1.10 0.80 1.0 5 ---DEVIATION > 1.0% 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 ‹ND‹RGENM‹fi BASINÇ, P R (b) Orta bas›nçlar, 0 < PR < 7 3.50 1.10 TR = 5.00 00 2.50 2.00 00 00 60 1.40 1. 20 1. 1.80 2. 53. 1.00 3. 0.90 0 | Page 908 SIKI TIRILAB L RL K FAKTÖRÜ, Z = —– 908 10:15 RT 11/6/08 Pv SIKIfiTIRILAB‹L‹RL‹K FAKTÖRÜ, Z = —– ek 0 1 .0 80 70 0 .9 0 . 0 . 0 .6 0.80 1.60 0 .5 0 =0 v R 0.45 0 0.4 1.50 1.40 0 0.3 1.30 0.25 0 .3 0.70 5 =0 vR 0.60 .2 0 1.20 0.50 NELSON — OBERT 1.15 GENELLEfiT‹R‹LM‹fi SIKIfiTIRILAB‹L‹RL‹K D‹YAGRAMI 1.10 0.40 R ‹ND‹RGENM‹fi SICAKLIK, v SANK‹-‹ND‹RGENM‹fi HAC‹M, v = —– R RTcr / Pcr 1.05 0.30 0.5 1.0 D‹YAGRAM No. 2 1953 TR = 1.00 0.20 0.0 P Pcr T TR = —– Tcr ‹ND‹RGENM‹fi BASINÇ, P = —– 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 ‹ND‹RGENM‹fi BASINÇ, P R fiEK‹L A–15 Nelson–Obert’in genellefltirilmifl s›k›flt›r›labilirlik diyagram›. “Dr. Edward E. Obert, University of Wisconsin”in izni al›narak kullun›lm›flt›r. 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 909 Ek 1 | 909 TABLO A–16 Yüksek seviyede atmosferin özelikleri S›cakl›k, °C Bas›nç, kPa Yer Çekimi g, m/s2 Ses h›z›, m/s Yo¤unluk, kg/m3 viskozite, m, kg/(m.s) Is›l ‹letkenlik, W/m · K 0 200 400 600 800 15.00 13.70 12.40 11.10 9.80 101.33 98.95 96.61 94.32 92.08 9.807 9.806 9.805 9.805 9.804 340.3 339.5 338.8 338.0 337.2 1.225 1.202 1.179 1.156 1.134 1.789 105 1.783 105 1.777 105 1.771 105 1.764 105 0.0253 0.0252 0.0252 0.0251 0.0250 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 8.50 7.20 5.90 4.60 3.30 89.88 87.72 85.60 83.53 81.49 9.804 9.803 9.802 9.802 9.801 336.4 335.7 334.9 334.1 333.3 1.112 1.090 1.069 1.048 1.027 1.758 105 1.752 105 1.745 105 1.739 105 1.732 105 0.0249 0.0248 0.0247 0.0245 0.0244 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 2.00 0.70 0.59 1.89 3.19 79.50 77.55 75.63 73.76 71.92 9.800 9.800 9.799 9.799 9.798 332.5 331.7 331.0 330.2 329.4 1.007 0.987 0.967 0.947 0.928 1.726 105 1.720 105 1.713 105 1.707 105 1.700 105 0.0243 0.0242 0.0241 0.0240 0.0239 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4.49 5.79 7.09 8.39 9.69 70.12 68.36 66.63 64.94 63.28 9.797 9.797 9.796 9.796 9.795 328.6 327.8 327.0 326.2 325.4 0.909 0.891 0.872 0.854 0.837 1.694 105 1.687 105 1.681 105 1.674 105 1.668 105 0.0238 0.0237 0.0236 0.0235 0.0234 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 10.98 12.3 13.6 14.9 16.2 61.66 60.07 58.52 57.00 55.51 9.794 9.794 9.793 9.793 9.792 324.6 323.8 323.0 322.2 321.4 0.819 0.802 0.785 0.769 0.752 1.661 105 1.655 105 1.648 105 1.642 105 1.635 105 0.0233 0.0232 0.0231 0.0230 0.0229 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800 17.5 18.8 20.1 21.4 22.7 54.05 52.62 51.23 49.86 48.52 9.791 9.791 9.790 9.789 9.785 320.5 319.7 318.9 318.1 317.3 0.736 0.721 0.705 0.690 0.675 1.628 105 1.622 105 1.615 105 1.608 105 1.602 105 0.0228 0.0227 0.0226 0.0224 0.0223 6000 6200 6400 6600 6800 24.0 25.3 26.6 27.9 29.2 47.22 45.94 44.69 43.47 42.27 9.788 9.788 9.787 9.786 9.785 316.5 315.6 314.8 314.0 313.1 0.660 0.646 0.631 0.617 0.604 1.595 105 1.588 105 1.582 105 1.575 105 1.568 105 0.0222 0.0221 0.0220 0.0219 0.0218 7000 8000 9000 30.5 36.9 43.4 41.11 35.65 30.80 9.785 9.782 9.779 312.3 308.1 303.8 0.590 0.526 0.467 1.561 105 1.527 105 1.493 105 0.0217 0.0212 0.0206 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 49.9 56.5 56.5 56.5 56.5 26.50 19.40 14.17 10.53 7.57 9.776 9.770 9.764 9.758 9.751 299.5 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 0.414 0.312 0.228 0.166 0.122 1.458 105 1.422 105 1.422 105 1.422 105 1.422 105 0.0201 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195 Yükseklik, m Kaynak: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. De¤erler 45°enlemindeki koflullar›n y›l boyu ortalamalar›na dayal›d›r ve y›l›n herhangi bir an›na ve hava yap›s›na ba¤l› olarak de¤iflir. Deniz seviyesindeki (z 0) koflullar P 101.325 kPa, T 15°C, r 1.2250 kg/m3, g 9.80665 m/s2 olarak al›nm›flt›r. ek 11/6/08 910 10:15 | Page 910 Termodinamik TABLO A–17 Havan›n mükemmel-gaz özeliktleri T K h kJ/kg Pr u kJ/kg vr s° kJ/(kg.K) T K h kJ/kg Pr u kJ/kg vr s° kJ/(kg.K) 200 210 220 230 240 199.97 209.97 219.97 230.02 240.02 0.3363 0.3987 0.4690 0.5477 0.6355 142.56 149.69 156.82 164.00 171.13 1707.0 1512.0 1346.0 1205.0 1084.0 1.29559 1.34444 1.39105 1.43557 1.47824 580 590 600 610 620 586.04 596.52 607.02 617.53 628.07 14.38 15.31 16.28 17.30 18.36 419.55 427.15 434.78 442.42 450.09 115.7 110.6 105.8 101.2 96.92 2.37348 2.39140 2.40902 2.42644 2.44356 250 260 270 280 285 250.05 260.09 270.11 280.13 285.14 0.7329 0.8405 0.9590 1.0889 1.1584 178.28 185.45 192.60 199.75 203.33 979.0 887.8 808.0 738.0 706.1 1.51917 1.55848 1.59634 1.63279 1.65055 630 640 650 660 670 638.63 649.22 659.84 670.47 681.14 19.84 20.64 21.86 23.13 24.46 457.78 465.50 473.25 481.01 488.81 92.84 88.99 85.34 81.89 78.61 2.46048 2.47716 2.49364 2.50985 2.52589 290 295 298 300 305 290.16 295.17 298.18 300.19 305.22 1.2311 1.3068 1.3543 1.3860 1.4686 206.91 210.49 212.64 214.07 217.67 676.1 647.9 631.9 621.2 596.0 1.66802 1.68515 1.69528 1.70203 1.71865 680 690 700 710 720 691.82 702.52 713.27 724.04 734.82 25.85 27.29 28.80 30.38 32.02 496.62 504.45 512.33 520.23 528.14 75.50 72.56 69.76 67.07 64.53 2.54175 2.55731 2.57277 2.58810 2.60319 310 315 320 325 330 310.24 315.27 320.29 325.31 330.34 1.5546 1.6442 1.7375 1.8345 1.9352 221.25 224.85 228.42 232.02 235.61 572.3 549.8 528.6 508.4 489.4 1.73498 1.75106 1.76690 1.78249 1.79783 730 740 750 760 780 745.62 756.44 767.29 778.18 800.03 33.72 35.50 37.35 39.27 43.35 536.07 544.02 551.99 560.01 576.12 62.13 59.82 57.63 55.54 51.64 2.61803 2.63280 2.64737 2.66176 2.69013 340 350 360 370 380 340.42 350.49 360.58 370.67 380.77 2.149 2.379 2.626 2.892 3.176 242.82 250.02 257.24 264.46 271.69 454.1 422.2 393.4 367.2 343.4 1.82790 1.85708 1.88543 1.91313 1.94001 800 820 840 860 880 821.95 843.98 866.08 888.27 910.56 47.75 52.59 57.60 63.09 68.98 592.30 608.59 624.95 641.40 657.95 48.08 44.84 41.85 39.12 36.61 2.71787 2.74504 2.77170 2.79783 2.82344 390 400 410 420 430 390.88 400.98 411.12 421.26 431.43 3.481 3.806 4.153 4.522 4.915 278.93 286.16 293.43 300.69 307.99 321.5 301.6 283.3 266.6 251.1 1.96633 1.99194 2.01699 2.04142 2.06533 900 920 940 960 980 932.93 955.38 977.92 1000.55 1023.25 75.29 82.05 89.28 97.00 105.2 674.58 691.28 708.08 725.02 741.98 34.31 32.18 30.22 28.40 26.73 2.84856 2.87324 2.89748 2.92128 2.94468 440 450 460 470 480 441.61 451.80 462.02 472.24 482.49 5.332 5.775 6.245 6.742 7.268 315.30 322.62 329.97 337.32 344.70 236.8 223.6 211.4 200.1 189.5 2.08870 2.11161 2.13407 2.15604 2.17760 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1046.04 1068.89 1091.85 1114.86 1137.89 114.0 123.4 133.3 143.9 155.2 758.94 776.10 793.36 810.62 827.88 25.17 23.72 23.29 21.14 19.98 2.96770 2.99034 3.01260 3.03449 3.05608 490 500 510 520 530 492.74 503.02 513.32 523.63 533.98 7.824 8.411 9.031 9.684 10.37 352.08 359.49 366.92 374.36 381.84 179.7 170.6 162.1 154.1 146.7 2.19876 2.21952 2.23993 2.25997 2.27967 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1161.07 1184.28 1207.57 1230.92 1254.34 167.1 179.7 193.1 207.2 222.2 845.33 862.79 880.35 897.91 915.57 18.896 17.886 16.946 16.064 15.241 3.07732 3.09825 3.11883 3.13916 3.15916 540 550 560 570 544.35 555.74 565.17 575.59 11.10 11.86 12.66 13.50 389.34 396.86 404.42 411.97 139.7 133.1 127.0 121.2 2.29906 2.31809 2.33685 2.35531 1200 1220 1240 1277.79 1301.31 1324.93 238.0 254.7 272.3 933.33 951.09 968.95 14.470 13.747 13.069 3.17888 3.19834 3.21751 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 911 Ek 1 | 911 TABLO A–17 Havan›n mükemmel-gaz özelikleri (Devam) T K h kJ/kg Pr u kJ/kg vr s° kJ/(kg.K) T K h kJ/kg Pr u kJ/kg vr s° kJ/(kg.K) 1260 1280 1348.55 1372.24 290.8 310.4 986.90 1004.76 12.435 11.835 3.23638 3.25510 1600 1620 1757.57 1782.00 791.2 834.1 1298.30 1316.96 5.804 5.574 3.52364 3.53879 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1395.97 1419.76 1443.60 1467.49 1491.44 330.9 352.5 375.3 399.1 424.2 1022.82 1040.88 1058.94 1077.10 1095.26 11.275 10.747 10.247 9.780 9.337 3.27345 3.29160 3.30959 3.32724 3.34474 1640 1660 1680 1700 1750 1806.46 1830.96 1855.50 1880.1 1941.6 878.9 925.6 974.2 1025 1161 1335.72 1354.48 1373.24 1392.7 1439.8 5.355 5.147 4.949 4.761 4.328 3.55381 3.56867 3.58335 3.5979 3.6336 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1515.42 1539.44 1563.51 1587.63 1611.79 450.5 478.0 506.9 537.1 568.8 1113.52 1131.77 1150.13 1168.49 1186.95 8.919 8.526 8.153 7.801 7.468 3.36200 3.37901 3.39586 3.41247 3.42892 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2003.3 2065.3 2127.4 2189.7 2252.1 1310 1475 1655 1852 2068 1487.2 1534.9 1582.6 1630.6 1678.7 3.994 3.601 3.295 3.022 2.776 3.6684 3.7023 3.7354 3.7677 3.7994 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1635.97 1660.23 1684.51 1708.82 1733.17 601.9 636.5 672.8 710.5 750.0 1205.41 1223.87 1242.43 1260.99 1279.65 7.152 6.854 6.569 6.301 6.046 3.44516 3.46120 3.47712 3.49276 3.50829 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2314.6 2377.7 2440.3 2503.2 2566.4 2303 2559 2837 3138 3464 1726.8 1775.3 1823.8 1872.4 1921.3 2.555 2.356 2.175 2.012 1.864 3.8303 3.8605 3.8901 3.9191 3.9474 Not: Pr (ba¤›l bas›nç) ve vr (ba¤›l özgül hacim) özelikleri, izantropik durum de¤iflimlerinin çözümlemesinde kullan›lan boyutsuz büyüklüklerdir. Bas›nç ve özgül hacim özelikleriyle kar›flt›r›lmamal›d›r. Kaynak: Kenneth Wark, Termodinamik, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 785–86, tablo A–5. ‹lk olarak “J. H. Keenan and J. Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1948)”adl› kaynakta yay›nlanm›flt›r. ek 11/6/08 912 10:15 | Page 912 Termodinamik TABLO A–18 N2 , Azotun mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmoI.K) T K 0 220 230 240 250 0 6,391 6,683 6,975 7,266 0 4,562 4,770 4,979 5,188 0 182.639 183.938 185.180 186.370 260 270 280 290 298 7,558 7,849 8,141 8,432 8,669 5,396 5,604 5,813 6,021 6,190 300 310 320 330 340 8,723 9,014 9,306 9,597 9,888 350 360 370 380 390 _ h kJ/kmol _ u kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmol .K) 600 610 620 630 640 17,563 17,864 18,166 18,468 18,772 12,574 12,792 13,011 13,230 13,450 212.066 212.564 213.055 213.541 214.018 187.514 188.614 189.673 190.695 191.502 650 660 670 680 690 19,075 19,380 19,685 19,991 20,297 13,671 13,892 14,114 14,337 14,560 214.489 214.954 215.413 215.866 216.314 6,229 6,437 6,645 6,853 7,061 191.682 192.638 193.562 194.459 195.328 700 710 720 730 740 20,604 20,912 21,220 21,529 21,839 14,784 15,008 15,234 15,460 15,686 216.756 217.192 217.624 218.059 218.472 10,180 10,471 10,763 11,055 11,347 7,270 7,478 7,687 7,895 8,104 196.173 196.995 197.794 198.572 199.331 750 760 770 780 790 22,149 22,460 22,772 23,085 23,398 15,913 16,141 16,370 16,599 16,830 218.889 219.301 219.709 220.113 220.512 400 410 420 430 440 11,640 11,932 12,225 12,518 12,811 8,314 8,523 8,733 8,943 9,153 200.071 200.794 201.499 202.189 202.863 800 810 820 830 840 23,714 24,027 24,342 24,658 24,974 17,061 17,292 17,524 17,757 17,990 220.907 221.298 221.684 222.067 222.447 450 460 470 480 490 13,105 13,399 13,693 13,988 14,285 9,363 9,574 9,786 9,997 10,210 203.523 204.170 204.803 205.424 206.033 850 860 870 880 890 25,292 25,610 25,928 26,248 26,568 18,224 18,459 18,695 18,931 19,168 222.822 223.194 223.562 223.927 224.288 500 510 520 530 540 14,581 14,876 15,172 15,469 15,766 10,423 10,635 10,848 11,062 11,277 206.630 207.216 207.792 208.358 208.914 900 910 920 930 940 26,890 27,210 27,532 27,854 28,178 19,407 19,644 19,883 20,122 20,362 224.647 225.002 225.353 225.701 226.047 550 560 570 580 590 16,064 16,363 16,662 16,962 17,262 11,492 11,707 11,923 12,139 12,356 209.461 209.999 210.528 211.049 211.562 950 960 970 980 990 28,501 28,826 29,151 29,476 29,803 20,603 20,844 21,086 21,328 21,571 226.389 226.728 227.064 227.398 227.728 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 913 Ek 1 | 913 TABLO A–18 N2 , Azotun mükemmel gaz özelikleri (Devam) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmoI.K) T K 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 30,129 30,784 31,442 32,101 32,762 21,815 22,304 22,795 23,288 23,782 228.057 228.706 229.344 229.973 230.591 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 33,426 34,092 34,760 35,430 36,104 24,280 24,780 25,282 25,786 26,291 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 36,777 37,452 38,129 38,807 39,488 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 _ h kJ/kmol _ u kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmol .K) 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 56,227 56,938 57,651 58,363 59,075 41,594 42,139 42,685 43,231 43,777 247.396 247.798 248.195 248.589 248.979 231.199 231.799 232.391 232.973 233.549 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 59,790 60,504 61,220 61,936 62,654 44,324 44,873 45,423 45,973 46,524 249.365 249.748 250.128 250.502 250.874 26,799 27,308 27,819 28,331 28,845 234.115 234.673 235.223 235.766 236.302 1960 1980 2000 2050 2100 63,381 64,090 64,810 66,612 68,417 47,075 47,627 48,181 49,567 50,957 251.242 251.607 251.969 252.858 253.726 40,170 40,853 41,539 42,227 42,915 29,361 29,378 30,398 30,919 31,441 236.831 237.353 237.867 238.376 238.878 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 70,226 72,040 73,856 75,676 77,496 52,351 53,749 55,149 56,553 57,958 254.578 255.412 256.227 257.027 257.810 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 43,605 44,295 44,988 45,682 46,377 31,964 32,489 33,014 33,543 34,071 239.375 239.865 240.350 240.827 241.301 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 79,320 81,149 82,981 84,814 86,650 59,366 60,779 62,195 63,613 65,033 258.580 259.332 260.073 260.799 261.512 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 47,073 47,771 48,470 49,168 49,869 34,601 35,133 35,665 36,197 36,732 241.768 242.228 242.685 243.137 243.585 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 88,488 90,328 92,171 94,014 95,859 66,455 67,880 69,306 70,734 72,163 262.213 262.902 263.577 264.241 264.895 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 50,571 51,275 51,980 52,686 53,393 37,268 37,806 38,344 38,884 39,424 244.028 244.464 244.896 245.324 245.747 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 97,705 99,556 101,407 103,260 105,115 73,593 75,028 76,464 77,902 79,341 265.538 266.170 266.793 267.404 268.007 1700 1720 1740 54,099 54,807 55,516 39,965 40,507 41,049 246.166 246.580 246.990 3150 3200 3250 106,972 108,830 110,690 80,782 82,224 83,668 268.601 269.186 269.763 Kaynak: A–18 - A–25 Tablolar›, “Kenneth Wark, Termodinamik, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 787–98. Adl› kaynaktan uyarlanm›flt›r. Tablolar ilk olarak “JANAF, Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971” adl› kaynakta yay›nlanm›flt›r. ek 11/6/08 914 10:15 | Page 914 Termodinamik TABLO A–19 O2 Oksijenin mükemmell gaz özelikleri _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmol .K) T K 0 220 230 240 250 0 6,404 6,694 6,984 7,275 0 4,575 4,782 4,989 5,197 0 196.171 197.461 198.696 199.885 260 270 280 290 298 7,566 7,858 8,150 8,443 8,682 5,405 5,613 5,822 6,032 6,203 300 310 320 330 340 8,736 9,030 9,325 9,620 9,916 350 360 370 380 390 _ h kJ/kmol _ u kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmol .K) 600 610 620 630 640 17,929 18,250 18,572 18,895 19,219 12,940 13,178 13,417 13,657 13,898 226.346 226.877 227.400 227.918 228.429 201.027 202.128 203.191 204.218 205.033 650 660 670 680 690 19,544 19,870 20,197 20,524 20,854 14,140 14,383 14,626 14,871 15,116 228.932 229.430 229.920 230.405 230.885 6,242 6,453 6,664 6,877 7,090 205.213 206.177 207.112 208.020 208.904 700 710 720 730 740 21,184 21,514 21,845 22,177 22,510 15,364 15,611 15,859 16,107 16,357 231.358 231.827 232.291 232.748 233.201 10,213 10,511 10,809 11,109 11,409 7,303 7,518 7,733 7,949 8,166 209.765 210.604 211.423 212.222 213.002 750 760 770 780 790 22,844 23,178 23,513 23,850 24,186 16,607 16,859 17,111 17,364 17,618 233.649 234.091 234.528 234.960 235.387 400 410 420 430 440 11,711 12,012 12,314 12,618 12,923 8,384 8,603 8,822 9,043 9,264 213.765 214.510 215.241 215.955 216.656 800 810 820 830 840 24,523 24,861 25,199 25,537 25,877 17,872 18,126 18,382 18,637 18,893 235.810 236.230 236.644 237.055 237.462 450 460 470 480 490 13,228 13,525 13,842 14,151 14,460 9,487 9,710 9,935 10,160 10,386 217.342 218.016 218.676 219.326 219.963 850 860 870 880 890 26,218 26,559 26,899 27,242 27,584 19,150 19,408 19,666 19,925 20,185 237.864 238.264 238.660 239.051 239.439 500 510 520 530 540 14,770 15,082 15,395 15,708 16,022 10,614 10,842 11,071 11,301 11,533 220.589 221.206 221.812 222.409 222.997 900 910 920 930 940 27,928 28,272 28,616 28,960 29,306 20,445 20,706 20,967 21,228 21,491 239.823 240.203 240.580 240.953 241.323 550 560 570 580 590 16,338 16,654 16,971 17,290 17,609 11,765 11,998 12,232 12,467 12,703 223.576 224.146 224.708 225.262 225.808 950 960 970 980 990 29,652 29,999 30,345 30,692 31,041 21,754 22,017 22,280 22,544 22,809 241.689 242.052 242.411 242.768 242.120 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 915 Ek 1 | 915 TABLO A–19 O2 Oksijenin imükemmel gaz özelikleri (Devam) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmol .K) T K 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 31,389 32,088 32,789 33,490 34,194 23,075 23,607 24,142 24,677 25,214 243.471 244.164 244.844 245.513 246.171 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 34,899 35,606 36,314 37,023 37,734 25,753 26,294 26,836 27,379 27,923 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 38,447 39,162 39,877 40,594 41,312 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 _ h kJ/kmol _ u kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmol .K) 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 58,880 59,624 60,371 61,118 61,866 44,247 44,825 45,405 45,986 46,568 263.861 264.283 264.701 265.113 265.521 246.818 247.454 248.081 248.698 249.307 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 62,616 63,365 64,116 64,868 65,620 47,151 47,734 48,319 48,904 49,490 265.925 266.326 266.722 267.115 267.505 28,469 29,018 29,568 30,118 30,670 249.906 250.497 251.079 251.653 252.219 1960 1980 2000 2050 2100 66,374 67,127 67,881 69,772 71,668 50,078 50,665 51,253 52,727 54,208 267.891 268.275 268.655 269.588 270.504 42,033 42,753 43,475 44,198 44,923 31,224 31,778 32,334 32,891 33,449 252.776 253.325 253.868 254.404 254.932 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 73,573 75,484 77,397 79,316 81,243 55,697 57,192 58,690 60,193 61,704 271.399 272.278 273.136 273.891 274.809 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 45,648 46,374 47,102 47,831 48,561 34,008 34,567 35,129 35,692 36,256 255.454 255.968 256.475 256.978 257.474 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 83,174 85,112 87,057 89,004 90,956 63,219 64,742 66,271 67,802 69,339 275.625 276.424 277.207 277.979 278.738 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 49,292 50,024 50,756 51,490 52,224 36,821 37,387 37,952 38,520 39,088 257.965 258.450 258.928 259.402 259.870 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 92,916 94,881 96,852 98,826 100,808 70,883 72,433 73,987 75,546 77,112 279.485 280.219 280.942 281.654 282.357 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 52,961 53,696 54,434 55,172 55,912 39,658 40,227 40,799 41,370 41,944 260.333 260.791 261.242 261.690 262.132 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 102,793 104,785 106,780 108,778 110,784 78,682 80,258 81,837 83,419 85,009 283.048 283.728 284.399 285.060 285.713 1700 1720 1740 56,652 57,394 58,136 42,517 43,093 43,669 262.571 263.005 263.435 3150 3200 3250 112,795 114,809 116,827 86,601 88,203 89,804 286.355 286.989 287.614 ek 11/6/08 916 10:15 | Page 916 Termodinamik TABLO A–20 CO2, Karbon dioksitin mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmoI.K) T K 0 220 230 240 250 0 6,601 6,938 7,280 7,627 0 4,772 5,026 5,285 5,548 0 202.966 204.464 205.920 207.337 260 270 280 290 298 7,979 8,335 8,697 9,063 9,364 5,817 6,091 6,369 6,651 6,885 300 310 320 330 340 9,431 9,807 10,186 10,570 10,959 350 360 370 380 390 _ h kJ/kmol _ u kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmol .K) 600 610 620 630 640 22,280 22,754 23,231 23,709 24,190 17,291 17,683 18,076 18,471 18,869 243.199 243.983 244.758 245.524 246.282 208.717 210.062 211.376 212.660 213.685 650 660 670 680 690 24,674 25,160 25,648 26,138 26,631 19,270 19,672 20,078 20,484 20,894 247.032 247.773 248.507 249.233 249.952 6,939 7,230 7,526 7,826 8,131 213.915 215.146 216.351 217.534 218.694 700 710 720 730 740 27,125 27,622 28,121 28,622 29,124 21,305 21,719 22,134 22,522 22,972 250.663 251.368 252.065 252.755 253.439 11,351 11,748 12,148 12,552 12,960 8,439 8,752 9,068 9,392 9,718 219.831 220.948 222.044 223.122 224.182 750 760 770 780 790 29,629 30,135 30,644 31,154 31,665 23,393 23,817 24,242 24,669 25,097 254.117 254.787 255.452 256.110 256.762 400 410 420 430 440 13,372 13,787 14,206 14,628 15,054 10,046 10,378 10,714 11,053 11,393 225.225 226.250 227.258 228.252 229.230 800 810 820 830 840 32,179 32,694 33,212 33,730 34,251 25,527 25,959 26,394 26,829 27,267 257.408 258.048 258.682 259.311 259.934 450 460 470 480 490 15,483 15,916 16,351 16,791 17,232 11,742 12,091 12,444 12,800 13,158 230.194 231.144 232.080 233.004 233.916 850 860 870 880 890 34,773 35,296 35,821 36,347 36,876 27,706 28,125 28,588 29,031 29,476 260.551 261.164 261.770 262.371 262.968 500 510 520 530 540 17,678 18,126 18,576 19,029 19,485 13,521 13,885 14,253 14,622 14,996 234.814 235.700 236.575 237.439 238.292 900 910 920 930 940 37,405 37,935 38,467 39,000 39,535 29,922 30,369 30,818 31,268 31,719 263.559 264.146 264.728 265.304 265.877 550 560 570 580 590 19,945 20,407 20,870 21,337 21,807 15,372 15,751 16,131 16,515 16,902 239.135 239.962 240.789 241.602 242.405 950 960 970 980 990 40,070 40,607 41,145 41,685 42,226 32,171 32,625 33,081 33,537 33,995 266.444 267.007 267.566 268.119 268.670 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 917 Ek 1 | 917 TABLO A–20 CO2, Karbon dioksitin mükemmel gaz özelikleri (Devam) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmoI.K) T K 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 42,769 43,859 44,953 46,051 47,153 34,455 35,378 36,306 37,238 38,174 269.215 270.293 271.354 272.400 273.430 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 48,258 49,369 50,484 51,602 52,724 39,112 40,057 41,006 41,957 42,913 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 53,848 54,977 56,108 57,244 58,381 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 _ h kJ/kmol _ u kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmoI.K) 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 86,420 87,612 88,806 90,000 91,196 71,787 72,812 73,840 74,868 75,897 301.543 302.217 302.884 303.544 304.198 274.445 275.444 276.430 277.403 278.361 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 92,394 93,593 94,793 95,995 97,197 76,929 77,962 78,996 80,031 81,067 304.845 305.487 306.122 306.751 307.374 43,871 44,834 45,799 46,768 47,739 297.307 280.238 281.158 282.066 282.962 1960 1980 2000 2050 2100 98,401 99,606 100,804 103,835 106,864 82,105 83,144 84,185 86,791 89,404 307.992 308.604 309.210 310.701 312.160 59,522 60,666 61,813 62,963 64,116 48,713 49,691 50,672 51,656 52,643 283.847 284.722 285.586 286.439 287.283 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 109,898 112,939 115,984 119,035 122,091 92,023 94,648 97,277 99,912 102,552 313.589 314.988 316.356 317.695 319.011 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 65,271 66,427 67,586 68,748 66,911 53,631 54,621 55,614 56,609 57,606 288.106 288.934 289.743 290.542 291.333 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 125,152 128,219 131,290 134,368 137,449 105,197 107,849 110,504 113,166 115,832 320.302 321.566 322.808 324.026 325.222 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 71,078 72,246 73,417 74,590 76,767 58,606 59,609 60,613 61,620 62,630 292.114 292.888 292.654 294.411 295.161 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 140,533 143,620 146,713 149,808 152,908 118,500 121,172 123,849 126,528 129,212 326.396 327.549 328.684 329.800 330.896 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 76,944 78,123 79,303 80,486 81,670 63,741 64,653 65,668 66,592 67,702 295.901 296.632 297.356 298.072 298.781 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 156,009 159,117 162,226 165,341 168,456 131,898 134,589 137,283 139,982 142,681 331.975 333.037 334.084 335.114 336.126 1700 1720 1740 82,856 84,043 85,231 68,721 69,742 70,764 299.482 300.177 300.863 3150 3200 3250 171,576 174,695 177,822 145,385 148,089 150,801 337.124 338.109 339.069 ek 11/6/08 918 10:15 | Page 918 Termodinamik TABLO A – 21 CO, Karbon monoksitin mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmo.K) T K 0 220 230 240 250 0 6,391 6,683 6,975 7,266 0 4,562 4,771 4,979 5,188 0 188.683 189.980 191.221 192.411 260 270 280 290 298 7,558 7,849 8,140 8,432 8,669 5,396 5,604 5,812 6,020 6,190 300 310 320 330 340 8,723 9,014 9,306 9,597 9,889 350 360 370 380 390 _ h kJ/kmol _ u kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmoI.K) 600 610 620 630 640 17,611 17,915 18,221 18,527 18,833 12,622 12,843 13,066 13,289 13,512 218.204 218.708 219.205 219.695 220.179 193.554 194.654 195.713 196.735 197.543 650 660 670 680 690 19,141 19,449 19,758 20,068 20,378 13,736 13,962 14,187 14,414 14,641 220.656 221.127 221.592 222.052 222.505 6,229 6,437 6,645 6,854 7,062 197.723 198.678 199.603 200.500 201.371 700 710 720 730 740 20,690 21,002 21,315 21,628 21,943 14,870 15,099 15,328 15,558 15,789 222.953 223.396 223.833 224.265 224.692 10,181 10,473 10,765 11,058 11,351 7,271 7,480 7,689 7,899 8,108 202.217 203.040 203.842 204.622 205.383 750 760 770 780 790 22,258 22,573 22,890 23,208 23,526 16,022 16,255 16,488 16,723 16,957 225.115 225.533 225.947 226.357 226.762 400 410 420 430 440 11,644 11,938 12,232 12,526 12,821 8,319 8,529 8,740 8,951 9,163 206.125 206.850 207.549 208.252 208.929 800 810 820 830 840 23,844 24,164 24,483 24,803 25,124 17,193 17,429 17,665 17,902 18,140 227.162 227.559 227.952 228.339 228.724 450 460 470 480 490 13,116 13,412 13,708 14,005 14,302 9,375 9,587 9,800 10,014 10,228 209.593 210.243 210.880 211.504 212.117 850 860 870 880 890 25,446 25,768 26,091 26,415 26,740 18,379 18,617 18,858 19,099 19,341 229.106 229.482 229.856 230.227 230.593 500 510 520 530 540 14,600 14,898 15,197 15,497 15,797 10,443 10,658 10,874 11,090 11,307 212.719 213.310 213.890 214.460 215.020 900 910 920 930 940 27,066 27,392 27,719 28,046 28,375 19,583 19,826 20,070 20,314 20,559 230.957 231.317 231.674 232.028 232.379 550 560 570 580 590 16,097 16,399 16,701 17,003 17,307 11,524 11,743 11,961 12,181 12,401 215.572 216.115 216.649 217.175 217.693 950 960 970 980 990 28,703 29,033 29,362 29,693 30,024 20,805 21,051 21,298 21,545 21,793 232.727 233.072 233.413 233.752 234.088 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 919 Ek 1 | 919 TABLO A–21 CO, Karbon monoksitin mükemmel gaz özelikleri (Devam) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmoI.K) T K 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 30,355 31,020 31,688 32,357 33,029 22,041 22,540 23,041 23,544 24,049 234.421 235.079 235.728 236.364 236.992 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 33,702 34,377 35,054 35,733 36,406 24,557 25,065 25,575 26,088 26,602 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 37,095 37,780 38,466 39,154 39,844 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 _ h kJ/kmol _ u kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmoI.K) 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 56,756 57,473 58,191 58,910 59,629 42,123 42,673 43,225 43,778 44,331 253.991 254.398 254.797 255.194 255.587 237.609 238.217 238.817 239.407 239.989 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 60,351 61,072 61,794 62,516 63,238 44,886 45,441 45,997 46,552 47,108 255.976 256.361 256.743 257.122 257.497 27,118 27,637 28,426 28,678 29,201 240.663 241.128 241.686 242.236 242.780 1960 1980 2000 2050 2100 63,961 64,684 65,408 67,224 69,044 47,665 48,221 48,780 50,179 51,584 257.868 258.236 258.600 259.494 260.370 40,534 41,226 41,919 42,613 43,309 29,725 30,251 30,778 31,306 31,836 243.316 243.844 244.366 244.880 245.388 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 70,864 72,688 74,516 76,345 78,178 52,988 54,396 55,809 57,222 58,640 261.226 262.065 262.887 263.692 264.480 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 44,007 44,707 45,408 46,110 46,813 32,367 32,900 33,434 33,971 34,508 245.889 246.385 246.876 247.360 247.839 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 80,015 81,852 83,692 85,537 87,383 60,060 61,482 62,906 64,335 65,766 265.253 266.012 266.755 267.485 268.202 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 47,517 48,222 48,928 49,635 50,344 35,046 35,584 36,124 36,665 37,207 248.312 248.778 249.240 249.695 250.147 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 89,230 91,077 92,930 94,784 96,639 67,197 68,628 70,066 71,504 72,945 268.905 269.596 270.285 270.943 271.602 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 51,053 51,763 52,472 53,184 53,895 37,750 38,293 38,837 39,382 39,927 250.592 251.033 251.470 251.901 252.329 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 98,495 100,352 102,210 104,073 105,939 74,383 75,825 77,267 78,715 80,164 272.249 272.884 273.508 274.123 274.730 1700 1720 1740 54,609 55,323 56,039 40,474 41,023 41,572 252.751 253.169 253.582 3150 3200 3250 107,802 109,667 111,534 81,612 83,061 84,513 275.326 275.914 276.494 ek 11/6/08 920 10:15 | Page 920 Termodinamik TABLO A–22 H2, Hidrojenin mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmol .K) T K _ h kJ/kmol _ u kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmoI.K) 0 260 270 280 290 0 7,370 7,657 7,945 8,233 0 5,209 5,412 5,617 5,822 0 126.636 127.719 128.765 129.775 1440 1480 1520 1560 1600 42,808 44,091 45,384 46,683 47,990 30,835 31,786 32,746 33,713 34,687 177.410 178.291 179.153 179.995 180.820 298 300 320 340 360 8,468 8,522 9,100 9,680 10,262 5,989 6,027 6,440 6,853 7,268 130.574 130.754 132.621 134.378 136.039 1640 1680 1720 1760 1800 49,303 50,622 51,947 53,279 54,618 35,668 36,654 37,646 38,645 39,652 181.632 182.428 183.208 183.973 184.724 380 400 420 440 460 10,843 11,426 12,010 12,594 13,179 7,684 8,100 8,518 8,936 9,355 137.612 139.106 140.529 141.888 143.187 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000 55,962 57,311 58,668 60,031 61,400 40,663 41,680 42,705 43,735 44,771 185.463 186.190 186.904 187.607 188.297 480 500 520 560 600 13,764 14,350 14,935 16,107 17,280 9,773 10,193 10,611 11,451 12,291 144.432 145.628 146.775 148.945 150.968 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 63,119 64,847 66,584 68,328 70,080 46,074 47,386 48,708 50,037 51,373 189.148 189.979 190.796 191.598 192.385 640 680 720 760 800 18,453 19,630 20,807 21,988 23,171 13,133 13,976 14,821 15,669 16,520 152.863 154.645 156.328 157.923 159.440 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 71,839 73,608 75,383 77,168 78,960 52,716 54,069 55,429 56,798 58,175 193.159 193.921 194.669 195.403 196.125 840 880 920 960 1000 24,359 25,551 26,747 27,948 29,154 17,375 18,235 19,098 19,966 20,839 160.891 162.277 163.607 164.884 166.114 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 80,755 82,558 84,368 86,186 88,008 59,554 60,941 62,335 63,737 65,144 196.837 197.539 198.229 198.907 199.575 1040 1080 1120 1160 1200 30,364 31,580 32,802 34,028 35,262 21,717 22,601 23,490 24,384 25,284 167.300 168.449 169.560 170.636 171.682 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 89,838 91,671 93,512 95,358 97,211 66,558 67,976 69,401 70,831 72,268 200.234 200.885 201.527 202.157 202.778 1240 1280 1320 1360 1400 36,502 37,749 39,002 40,263 41,530 26,192 27,106 28,027 28,955 29,889 172.698 173.687 174.652 175.593 176.510 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250 99,065 100,926 102,793 104,667 106,545 73,707 75,152 76,604 78,061 79,523 203.391 203.995 204.592 205.181 205.765 ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 921 Ek 1 | 921 TABLO A–23 H2O, Su buhar›n›n mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmoI.K) T K 0 220 230 240 250 0 7,295 7,628 7,961 8,294 0 5,466 5,715 5,965 6,215 0 178.576 180.054 181.471 182.831 260 270 280 290 298 8,627 8,961 9,296 9,631 9,904 6,466 6,716 6,968 7,219 7,425 300 310 320 330 340 9,966 10,302 10,639 10,976 11,314 350 360 370 380 390 _ h kJ/kmol _ u kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmol .K) 600 610 620 630 640 20,402 20,765 21,130 21,495 21,862 15,413 15,693 15,975 16,257 16,541 212.920 213.529 214.122 214.707 215.285 184.139 185.399 186.616 187.791 188.720 650 660 670 680 690 22,230 22,600 22,970 23,342 23,714 16,826 17,112 17,399 17,688 17,978 215.856 216.419 216.976 217.527 218.071 7,472 7,725 7,978 8,232 8,487 188.928 190.030 191.098 192.136 193.144 700 710 720 730 740 24,088 24,464 24,840 25,218 25,597 18,268 18,561 18,854 19,148 19,444 218.610 219.142 219.668 220.189 220.707 11,652 11,992 12,331 12,672 13,014 8,742 8,998 9,255 9,513 9,771 194.125 195.081 196.012 196.920 197.807 750 760 770 780 790 25,977 26,358 26,741 27,125 27,510 19,741 20,039 20,339 20,639 20,941 221.215 221.720 222.221 222.717 223.207 400 410 420 430 440 13,356 13,699 14,043 14,388 14,734 10,030 10,290 10,551 10,813 11,075 198.673 199.521 200.350 201.160 201.955 800 810 820 830 840 27,896 28,284 28,672 29,062 29,454 21,245 21,549 21,855 22,162 22,470 223.693 224.174 224.651 225.123 225.592 450 460 470 480 490 15,080 15,428 15,777 16,126 16,477 11,339 11,603 11,869 12,135 12,403 202.734 203.497 204.247 204.982 205.705 850 860 870 880 890 29,846 30,240 30,635 31,032 31,429 22,779 23,090 23,402 23,715 24,029 226.057 226.517 226.973 227.426 227.875 500 510 520 530 540 16,828 17,181 17,534 17,889 18,245 12,671 12,940 13,211 13,482 13,755 206.413 207.112 207.799 208.475 209.139 900 910 920 930 940 31,828 32,228 32,629 33,032 33,436 24,345 24,662 24,980 25,300 25,621 228.321 228.763 229.202 229.637 230.070 550 560 570 580 590 18,601 18,959 19,318 19,678 20,039 14,028 14,303 14,579 14,856 15,134 209.795 210.440 211.075 211.702 212.320 950 960 970 980 990 33,841 34,247 34,653 35,061 35,472 25,943 26,265 26,588 26,913 27,240 230.499 230.924 231.347 231.767 232.184 ek 11/6/08 922 10:15 | Page 922 Termodinamik TABLO A–23 H2O, Su buhar›n›n mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol (Devam) _ s° kJ/(kmol .K) 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 35,882 36,709 37,542 38,380 39,223 27,568 28,228 28,895 29,567 30,243 232.597 233.415 234.223 235.020 235.806 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 40,071 40,923 41,780 42,642 43,509 30,925 31,611 32,301 32,997 33,698 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 44,380 45,256 46,137 47,022 47,912 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 _ h kJ/kmol _ u kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmol .K) 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 70,535 71,523 72,513 73,507 74,506 55,902 56,723 57,547 58,375 59,207 258.151 258.708 259.262 259.811 260.357 236.584 237.352 238.110 238.859 239.600 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 75,506 76,511 77,517 78,527 79,540 60,042 60,880 61,720 62,564 63,411 260.898 261.436 261.969 262.497 263.022 34,403 35,112 35,827 36,546 37,270 240.333 241.057 241.773 242.482 243.183 1960 1980 2000 2050 2100 80,555 81,573 82,593 85,156 87,735 64,259 65,111 65,965 68,111 70,275 263.542 264.059 264.571 265.838 267.081 48,807 49,707 50,612 51,521 52,434 38,000 38,732 39,470 40,213 40,960 243.877 244.564 245.243 245.915 246.582 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 90,330 92,940 95,562 98,199 100,846 72,454 74,649 76,855 79,076 81,308 268.301 269.500 270.679 271.839 272.978 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 53,351 54,273 55,198 56,128 57,062 41,711 42,466 43,226 43,989 44,756 247.241 247.895 248.543 249.185 249.820 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 103,508 106,183 108,868 111,565 114,273 83,553 85,811 88,082 90,364 92,656 274.098 275.201 276.286 277.354 278.407 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 57,999 58,942 59,888 60,838 61,792 45,528 46,304 47,084 47,868 48,655 250.450 251.074 251.693 252.305 252.912 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 116,991 119,717 122,453 125,198 127,952 94,958 97,269 99,588 101,917 104,256 279.441 280.462 281.464 282.453 283.429 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 62,748 63,709 64,675 65,643 66,614 49,445 50,240 51,039 51,841 52,646 253.513 254.111 254.703 255.290 255.873 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 130,717 133,486 136,264 139,051 141,846 106,605 108,959 111,321 113,692 116,072 284.390 285.338 286.273 287.194 288.102 1700 1720 1740 67,589 68,567 69,550 53,455 54,267 55,083 256.450 257.022 257.589 3150 3200 3250 144,648 147,457 150,272 118,458 120,851 123,250 288.999 289.884 290.756 T K ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 923 Ek 1 | 923 TABLO A–24 O, Tek atomlu oksijenin mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmoI.K) T K 0 298 300 500 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 0 6,852 6,892 11,197 21,713 32,150 34,234 36,317 38,400 40,482 42,564 43,605 44,646 45,687 46,728 47,769 48,811 49,852 0 4,373 4,398 7,040 13,398 19,679 20,931 22,183 23,434 24,685 25,935 26,560 27,186 27,811 28,436 29,062 29,688 30,314 0 160.944 161.079 172.088 186.678 195.143 196.488 197.751 198.941 200.067 201.135 201.649 202.151 202.641 203.119 203.588 204.045 204.493 _ h kJ/kmol _ u kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmol .K) 50,894 51,936 52,979 54,021 55,064 56,108 57,152 58,196 59,241 60,286 61,332 62,378 63,425 65,520 67,619 69,720 71,824 73,932 30,940 31,566 32,193 32,820 33,447 34,075 34,703 35,332 35,961 36,590 37,220 37,851 38,482 39,746 41,013 42,283 43,556 44,832 204.932 205.362 205.783 206.196 206.601 206.999 207.389 207.772 208.148 208.518 208.882 209.240 209.592 210.279 210.945 211.592 212.220 212.831 _ h kJ/kmol _ u kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmol .K) 77,015 78,801 80,592 82,388 84,189 85,995 87,806 89,622 91,442 93,266 95,095 96,927 98,763 102,447 106,145 109,855 113,578 117,312 57,061 58,431 59,806 61,186 62,572 63,962 65,358 66,757 68,162 69,570 70,983 72,400 73,820 76,673 79,539 82,418 85,309 88,212 248.628 249.364 250.088 250.799 251.499 252.187 252.864 253.530 254.186 254.832 255.468 256.094 256.712 257.919 259.093 260.235 261.347 262.429 TABLO A–25 OH, Hidroksilin mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol _ s° kJ/(kmoI.K) 0 298 300 500 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 0 183.594 183.779 198.955 219.624 232.506 234.642 236.672 238.606 240.453 242.221 243.077 243.917 244.740 245.547 246.338 247.116 247.879 0 9,188 9,244 15,181 30,123 46,046 49,358 52,706 56,089 59,505 62,952 64,687 66,428 68,177 69,932 71,694 73,462 75,236 0 6,709 6,749 11,024 21,809 33,575 36,055 38,571 41,123 43,708 46,323 47,642 48,968 50,301 51,641 52,987 54,339 55,697 T K 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 ek 11/6/08 924 10:15 | Page 924 Termodinamik TABLO A–26 25°C s›cakl›k ve 1atm bas›nçta Oluflum entalpisi, oluflum Gibbs fonksiyonu ve mutlak entropi _ _ _ gf° s° Kimyasal h°f Madde Formül kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmol.K) Karbon Hidrojen Azot Okflijen Karbon monoksit Karbon dioksit Su buhar› Su Hidrojen peroksit Amonyak Metan Asetilen Etilen Etan Propilen Propan n-Bütan n-Oktan n-Oktan n-Dodekan Benzen Metil alkol Metil alkol Etil alkol Etil alkol Okflijen Hidrojen Azot Hidroksil C(s) H2(g) N2(g) O2(g) CO(g) CO2(g) H2O(g) H2O() H2O2(g) NH3(g) CH4(g) C2H2(g) C2H4(g) C2H6(g) C3H6(g) C3H8(g) C4H10(g) C8H18(g) C8H18() C12H26(g) C6H6(g) CH3OH(g) CH3OH() C2H5OH(g) C2H5OH() O(g) H(g) N(g) OH(g) 0 0 0 0 110,530 393,520 241,820 285,830 136,310 46,190 74,850 +226,730 +52,280 84,680 +20,410 103,850 126,150 208,450 249,950 291,010 +82,930 200,670 238,660 235,310 277,690 +249,190 +218,000 +472,650 +39,460 0 0 0 0 137,150 394,360 228,590 237,180 105,600 16,590 50,790 +209,170 +68,120 32,890 +62,720 23,490 15,710 +16,530 +6,610 +50,150 +129,660 162,000 166,360 168,570 174,890 +231,770 +203,290 +455,510 +34,280 5.74 130.68 191.61 205.04 197.65 213.80 188.83 69.92 232.63 192.33 186.16 200.85 219.83 229.49 266.94 269.91 310.12 466.73 360.79 622.83 269.20 239.70 126.80 282.59 160.70 161.06 114.72 153.30 183.70 Kaynak: JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Co., 1971); Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, NBS Technical Note 270-3, 1968; and API Research Project 44 (Carnegie Press, 1953). ek 11/6/08 10:15 Page 925 Ek 1 | 925 Üst ›s›l de¤er,3 kJ/kg Alt ›s›l de¤er,3 kJ/kg TABLO A–27 Bilinen baz› yak›tlar›n ve hidrokarbonlar›n özellikleri Yak›t (hal) Kimyasal Formülü Mol kütlesi, kg/kmol Karbon (s) Hidrojen (g) Karbon monoksit (g) Metan (g) Metanol () Asetilen (g) Etan (g) Etanol () Propan () Bütan () 1-Penten () ‹zopentan () Benzen () Heksen () Heksan () Toluen () Heptan () Oktan () Dekan () Benzin () Hafif dizel () A¤›r dizel () Do¤al gaz (g) C H CO CH4 CH4O C2H2 C2H6 C2H6O C3H8 C4H10 C5H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C8H18 C10H22 CnH1.87n CnH1.8n CnH1.7n CnH3.8nN0.1n 12.011 2.016 28.013 16.043 32.042 26.038 30.070 46.069 44.097 58.123 70.134 72.150 78.114 84.161 86.177 92.141 100.204 114.231 142.285 100–110 170 200 18 11 Yo¤unluk,1 kg/L Buharlaflma entalpisi,2 kJ/kg 2 — — — 0.790 — — 0.790 0.500 0.579 0.641 0.626 0.877 0.673 0.660 0.867 0.684 0.703 0.730 0.72–0.78 0.78–0.84 0.82–0.88 — — — — 509 1168 — 172 919 335 362 363 — 433 392 366 412 365 363 361 350 270 230 — atm bas›nç ve 20°C s›cakl›kta. 2S›v› yak›tlar için 25°C s›cakl›kta, gaz yak›tlar için 1 atm bas›nç ve normal kaynama s›cakl›¤›nda. 325°C s›cakl›kta. Is›l de¤erleri kJ/kmol cinsinden elde etmek için yak›t›n mol kütlesi ile çarp›n›z. Özgül ›s›,1 cp kJ/kg · K 0.708 14.4 1.05 2.20 2.53 1.69 1.75 2.44 2.77 2.42 2.20 2.32 1.72 1.84 2.27 1.71 2.24 2.23 2.21 2.4 2.2 1.9 2 32,800 141,800 10,100 55,530 22,660 49,970 51,900 29,670 50,330 49,150 47,760 48,570 41,800 47,500 48,310 42,400 48,100 47,890 47,640 47,300 46,100 45,500 50,000 32,800 120,000 10,100 50,050 19,920 48,280 47,520 26,810 46,340 45,370 44,630 44,910 40,100 44,400 44,740 40,500 44,600 44,430 44,240 44,000 43,200 42,800 45,000 ek 11/6/08 926 10:15 | Page 926 Termodinamik TABLO A–28 Kp denge sabitinin do¤al logaritmas› nA A + nB B ∆ nC C + nD D reaksiyonu için Kp denge sabiti Kp ≡ PCnC PDnD fleklinde tan›mlan›r PAnA PBnB Temp., K 298 500 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 H2 ∆ 2H O2 ∆ 2O N2 ∆ 2N 164.005 92.827 39.803 30.874 24.463 19.637 15.866 12.840 10.353 8.276 6.517 5.002 3.685 2.534 1.516 0.609 0.202 0.934 2.486 3.725 4.743 5.590 186.975 105.630 45.150 35.005 27.742 22.285 18.030 14.622 11.827 9.497 7.521 5.826 4.357 3.072 1.935 0.926 0.019 0.796 2.513 3.895 5.023 5.963 367.480 213.372 99.127 80.011 66.329 56.055 48.051 41.645 36.391 32.011 28.304 25.117 22.359 19.937 17.800 15.898 14.199 12.660 9.414 6.807 4.666 2.865 H2O ∆ H2 + 1/2O2 H2O ∆ 1/2H2 + OH CO2 ∆ CO + 1/2O2 92.208 52.691 23.163 18.182 14.609 11.921 9.826 8.145 6.768 5.619 4.648 3.812 3.086 2.451 1.891 1.392 0.945 0.542 0.312 0.996 1.560 2.032 106.208 60.281 26.034 20.283 16.099 13.066 10.657 8.728 7.148 5.832 4.719 3.763 2.937 2.212 1.576 1.088 0.501 0.044 0.920 1.689 2.318 2.843 103.762 57.616 23.529 17.871 13.842 10.830 8.497 6.635 5.120 3.860 2.801 1.894 1.111 0.429 0.169 0.701 1.176 1.599 2.490 3.197 3.771 4.245 1/ N 2 2 + 1/2O2 ∆ NO 35.052 20.295 9.388 7.569 6.270 5.294 4.536 3.931 3.433 3.019 2.671 2.372 2.114 1.888 1.690 1.513 1.356 1.216 0.921 0.686 0.497 0.341 Kaynak: J. Van Wylen and Richard E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Termodinamik, English/SI Version, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986), p. 723, table A.14. “JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Thermal Research Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, 1971)” adl› kaynaktan verilen termodinamik verilere dayal›d›r. 11/6/08 10:15 Page 927 Ek 1 7.5 | 927 0.50 7.0 0.55 T 0.60 R 6.5 0.65 0.70 6.0 SaD tuory amte ud 5.5 0.75 0.80 lsiqı vuıi d 0.90 5.0 0.85 0.90 1.10 1.15 0.92 3.5 0.94 1.20 0.96 1.25 3.0 1.30 0.98 2.5 1.40 1.5 1.70 1.80 aorr bvuahp 95 atued 0. yrm u t o a SD .90 0 0.5 1.60 1.90 2.00 2.20 0 3 1. 1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 0 0 1.50 00 2.0 2.40 2.60 0 1.5 2.80 3.00 2.00 4.00 0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10 20 30 ndirgenmi basınç, PR 0.500 0.400 = TR 0 0.9 0 9 = 0. 80 TR 0 0. 1.0 tDuo ryam teud bvu ahpa ro ur 0.300 0.200 1.10 1.20 Sa –– –– hideal – h hideal – h = ————– Zh = ————– RuTkr RTkr 0.1 Entalpi sapması –– –– hideal – h hideal – h = ————– Zh = ————– RuTkr RTkr 0.80 4.5 4.0 0.85 0.94 0.92 0.98 0.96 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 0.75 Entalpi sapması ek 0.100 1.40 1.60 fiEKIL A–29 2.00 Genellefltirilmifl entalpi sapma diyagram› 0.000 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 PR 0.20 0.25 0.30 Kaynak: John R. Howell and Richard O. Buckius, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, SI Version (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), p. 558, fig. C.2, and p. 561, fig. C.5. | Page 928 Termodinamik Entropi sapması 10.0 9.0 TRr 8.0 0.500 ur pr o .90 vha =0 bdu e t TR ua r u m ayt DSo 0 1.0 0.400 0.300 0. 80 928 10:15 sideal – s sideal – s = ————– Zs = ————– Ru R 11/6/08 0.200 0.100 0.000 0 1.10 1.20 1.40 1.60 2.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 PR 7.0 0.55 0.60 ›va›s fldsg atue tuyrm SDao sideal – s sideal – s = ————– Zs = ————– Ru R 0.50 Entropi sapmas› 6.0 0.65 0.70 5.0 0.75 0.75 0.80 0.80 0.85 4.0 0.90 0.90 0.94 0.92 0.98 0.92 1.00 1.02 0.96 0.85 0.96 0.94 3.0 0.94 0.98 1.04 1.02 1.06 1.08 0.98 1.06 1.10 1.15 2.0 1.20 1.30 fiEKIL A–30 1.0 aorr ufld bvuahp mte 0 SDaotuyra 0.9 Genellefltirilmifl entropi sapma diyagram› Kaynak: John R. Howell and Richard O. Buckius, Fundamentals of Engineering Termodinamik, SI Version (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), p. 559, fig. C.3, and p. 561, fig. C.5. 1.0.95 00 ek 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40.5 4 1.0 .10 1 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.0 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.80 2.00 3.00 2.50 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 ‹ndirgenmifl bas›nç, PR 10 20 30 2.5 5 10 10 15 a m oy D °C 70 ı lı ak sıc u r ku 15 20 0.8 4 20 25 6 0.8 6 % 40 30% Kuru termometre sıcaklı ı °C % 50 %10 b sıca klı ı m a ı l ne etre om term 8 2 0.8 0 0.8 0.7 8 °C 40 2 4 6 8 50 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0.95 1.0 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 | “American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA”n›n izniyle bas›lm›flt›r. 30 20% ısla k 30 26 28 30 0.36 Ek 1 fiEKIL–31 1 atm toplam bas›nç için psikrometrik diyagram % 20 0% 25, 0.8 Center for Applied Thermodynamic Studies, University of Idaho Üniversitesi tarafından hazırlanmı tır. 10 2.0 5 30 50 i( lp ta 60 n E , h) g /k kJ va ha 80 30 0 0.9 40 Entalpi ∆h —————— = —— Nem oranı ∆ – 0.2 kur 0 0 90 100 2m kg 20 4.0 0.4 –• 1.0 1.5 – 5.0 2.0 4.0 – 2.0 ∆HS – • Duyulur ısı —————– = —— – 24.0 0.0 Toplam ısı ∆HT – .0 1.0 1.0 3/ 0 5.0 10.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.1 • 0.2 3.0 3 0. Deniz Seviyesi .5 % –0 90 ©1992 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. % 10:15 80 11/6/08 70 ASHRAE Psikometrik Diyagram No. 1 Normal Sıcaklık Barometrik Basınç: 101.325 kPa ∆HS Duyulur ısı —————– = —— Toplam ısı ∆HT Nem oranı (), g nem/ kg kuru hava ek Page 929 929 0.9 4 uh ava 0.9 11/6/08 930 10:15 | Page 930 Termodinamik k1 Ma* Ma B 2 (k 1)Ma2 0.5(k1) (k1) A 1 2 k1 ca b a1 Ma2bd A* Ma k 1 2 k (k1) P k1 a1 Ma2b P0 2 1 (k1) r k1 a1 Ma2b r0 2 1 T k1 a1 Ma2b T0 2 TABLO A–32 k 1.4 olan bir mükemmel gaz için bir-boyutlu, izantropik s›k›flt›r›labilir ak›fl fonksiyonlar› Ma Ma* A/A* P/P0 r/r0 T/T0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 5.0 0 0.1094 0.2182 0.3257 0.4313 0.5345 0.6348 0.7318 0.8251 0.9146 1.0000 1.1583 1.2999 1.4254 1.5360 1.6330 1.7179 1.7922 1.8571 1.9140 1.9640 2.2361 2.2495 5.8218 2.9635 2.0351 1.5901 1.3398 1.1882 1.0944 1.0382 1.0089 1.0000 1.0304 1.1149 1.2502 1.4390 1.6875 2.0050 2.4031 2.8960 3.5001 4.2346 25.000 1.0000 0.9930 0.9725 0.9395 0.8956 0.8430 0.7840 0.7209 0.6560 0.5913 0.5283 0.4124 0.3142 0.2353 0.1740 0.1278 0.0935 0.0684 0.0501 0.0368 0.0272 0.0019 0 1.0000 0.9950 0.9803 0.9564 0.9243 0.8852 0.8405 0.7916 0.7400 0.6870 0.6339 0.5311 0.4374 0.3557 0.2868 0.2300 0.1841 0.1472 0.1179 0.0946 0.0760 0.0113 0 1.0000 0.9980 0.9921 0.9823 0.9690 0.9524 0.9328 0.9107 0.8865 0.8606 0.8333 0.7764 0.7184 0.6614 0.6068 0.5556 0.5081 0.4647 0.4252 0.3894 0.3571 0.1667 0 3.0 A/A* 2.5 S›k›flt›r›labilir ak›fl fonksiyonlar› ek 2.0 Ma* 1.5 1.0 T/T0 0.5 r/r* P/P0 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Ma 2.0 2.5 11/6/08 10:15 Page 931 Ek 1 T01 T02 | 931 TABLO A–33 (k 1)Ma21 2 Ma2 B 2kMa21 k 1 k 1.4 olan bir mükemmel gaz için bir-boyutlu normal flok fonksiyonlar› P 2 1 kMa21 2kMa21 k 1 P 1 1 kMa22 k1 r 2 P 2 P 1 (k V1 2 r1 T2 T1 2 (k 1)Ma1 V2 1)Ma21 T2 2 Ma21(k 1) T1 2 Ma22(k 1) P 02 Ma1 1 Ma22(k 1) 2 (k 1)/[2(k 1)] c d P 01 Ma2 1 Ma21(k 1) 2 P 02 (1 kMa21)[1 Ma22(k 1) 2]k (k1) P1 1 kMa22 Ma1 Ma2 P2/P1 r2/r1 T2/T1 P02/P01 P02/P1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 4.0 5.0 1.0000 0.9118 0.8422 0.7860 0.7397 0.7011 0.6684 0.6405 0.6165 0.5956 0.5774 0.5613 0.5471 0.5344 0.5231 0.5130 0.5039 0.4956 0.4882 0.4814 0.4752 0.4350 0.4152 0.3780 1.0000 1.2450 1.5133 1.8050 2.1200 2.4583 2.8200 3.2050 3.6133 4.0450 4.5000 4.9783 5.4800 6.0050 6.5533 7.1250 7.7200 8.3383 8.9800 9.6450 10.3333 18.5000 29.000 1.0000 1.1691 1.3416 1.5157 1.6897 1.8621 2.0317 2.1977 2.3592 2.5157 2.6667 2.8119 2.9512 3.0845 3.2119 3.3333 3.4490 3.5590 3.6636 3.7629 3.8571 4.5714 5.0000 6.0000 1.0000 1.0649 1.1280 1.1909 1.2547 1.3202 1.3880 1.4583 1.5316 1.6079 1.6875 1.7705 1.8569 1.9468 2.0403 2.1375 2.2383 2.3429 2.4512 2.5632 2.6790 4.0469 5.8000 1.0000 0.9989 0.9928 0.9794 0.9582 0.9298 0.8952 0.8557 0.8127 0.7674 0.7209 0.6742 0.6281 0.5833 0.5401 0.4990 0.4601 0.4236 0.3895 0.3577 0.3283 0.1388 0.0617 0 1.8929 2.1328 2.4075 2.7136 3.0492 3.4133 3.8050 4.2238 4.6695 5.1418 5.6404 6.1654 6.7165 7.2937 7.8969 8.5261 9.1813 9.8624 10.5694 11.3022 12.0610 21.0681 32.6335 5.0 P02/P1 P2 /P1 4.0 Normal flok fonksiyonlar› ek r2 /r1 3.0 T2 /T1 2.0 1.0 Ma2 P02 /P01 0 1.0 1.5 2.0 Ma1 2.5 3.0 11/6/08 932 10:15 | Page 932 Termodinamik T0 (k 1)Ma [2 (k 1)Ma2] T 0* (1 kMa2)2 TABLO A–34 P0 2 (k 1)Ma2 k (k1) k1 a b P*0 1 kMa2 k1 Ma T0/T 0* P0/P 0* T/T* P/P * V/V* 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 0.0000 0.0468 0.1736 0.3469 0.5290 0.6914 0.8189 0.9085 0.9639 0.9921 1.0000 0.9787 0.9343 0.8842 0.8363 0.7934 0.7561 0.7242 0.6970 0.6738 0.6540 1.2679 1.2591 1.2346 1.1985 1.1566 1.1141 1.0753 1.0431 1.0193 1.0049 1.0000 1.0194 1.0777 1.1756 1.3159 1.5031 1.7434 2.0451 2.4177 2.8731 3.4245 0.0000 0.0560 0.2066 0.4089 0.6151 0.7901 0.9167 0.9929 1.0255 1.0245 1.0000 0.9118 0.8054 0.7017 0.6089 0.5289 0.4611 0.4038 0.3556 0.3149 0.2803 2.4000 2.3669 2.2727 2.1314 1.9608 1.7778 1.5957 1.4235 1.2658 1.1246 1.0000 0.7958 0.6410 0.5236 0.4335 0.3636 0.3086 0.2648 0.2294 0.2004 0.1765 0.0000 0.0237 0.0909 0.1918 0.3137 0.4444 0.5745 0.6975 0.8101 0.9110 1.0000 1.1459 1.2564 1.3403 1.4046 1.4545 1.4938 1.5252 1.5505 1.5711 1.5882 2 Ma(1 k) 2 T a b T* 1 kMa2 1k P P* 1 kMa2 r* (1 k)Ma2 V r V* 1 kMa2 k 1.4 olan bir mükemmel gaz için Rayleigh ak›fl fonksiyonlar› 3.5 P0 /P0* 3.0 Rayleigh ak›fl fonksiyonlar› ek 2.5 2.0 V/V * 1.5 1.0 T0 /T 0* 0.5 T/T * P/P* 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Ma 2.0 2.5 3.0 indeks 11/6/08 10:13 Page 933 D‹Z‹N A A, 5 A- bombas›, 57 Aç›k besleme sulu ›s›t›c›, 568–570 Aç›k çevrim, 487 Aç›k gaz türbin motoru çevrimi, 508 Aç›k sistem, 10–11 Adyabatik alev s›cakl›¤›, 770–773 Adyabatik doyma s›cakl›¤›, 723–724 Adyabatik hal de¤iflimi, 61 Adyabatik verim, 370 Adyabatik yanma s›cakl›¤›, 770 Aerodinamik direnç katsay›s›, 531 Aerodinamik olarak tasarlanm›fl araçlar, 531, 532 AFUE, 79 A¤›r dizel, 925 A¤›rl›k, 7 A¤›rl›klar ve Ölçüler Genel Konferans› (CGPM), 5 AID, 764 Ak›fl alan›ndaki ak›flkan h›z›, 832–834 Ak›fl ekserjisi, 437–438 Ak›fl enerjisi, 58, 226, 227, 438 Ak›fl halindeki ak›flkan, 227–228 Ak›fl ifli, 58, 226–227, 254 Ak›fl, yo¤unluk de¤iflimleri. S›k›flt›r›labilir ak›fllara bak›n›z. Ak›flkan ak›m›n›n ekserjisi, 437–438 Ak›flkan ak›m›n›n genleflmesi, 448–451 Ak›flkan dinami¤i, 823. S›k›flt›r›labilir ak›fla bak›n›z. Ak›flkan sürtünmesi, 557 Akkor lambalar, 80 Aktar›m enerjisi, 227 Alt çevrim, 587 Alt ›s›l de¤eri (AID), 764 Alt indis f, 127 Alt indis fg, 127 Alt indis ort, 130 Alt ölü nokta (AÖN), 493 Alternatif yak›tlar, 573, 753 Amagat’›n eklenen bas›nçlar yasas›, 684 Amino asitler, 194 Amonyak, 617, 884, 924 Amonyak, 617, 884, 924 Amonyak-su so¤urmal› so¤utma sistemi, 631, 632 Amper (A), 5 Anlaml› basamaklar, 38 AÖN, 493 Ara ›s›tmal› kademeli genleflme, 517 Ara so¤utma, 517 Ara so¤utmal› kademeli s›k›flt›rma, 367–368, 517 Ara so¤utmal›, ara ›s›tmal›, rejeneratörlü Brayton çevrimi, 515–516 Ara so¤utucu, 367 Araç. Otomobile bak›n›z Ara ›s›tma Brayton çevrimi, 517–521 buhar güç çevrimi, 564–568, 574–576 çok kademeli genleflme, 517 gaz türbini, 519–521 Ara ›s›tmal› Rankine çevrimi, 564–568, 574–576 Ara ›s›tmal› rejeneratörü Rankine çevrimi, 574–576 Ard›fl›k so¤utma sistemleri, 620 Argon, 182, 884, 885 Art yak›c›, 527 Asetilen, 924, 925 Asit ya¤muru, 88–89 Afl›r› doymufl, 870 Afl›r› kilo, 198 At›k hava, 757 At›k ›s›, 399–400 atm, 22,30 Atmosfer, 425 Atmosferik bas›nç, 29–31 Atmosferik hava, 718, 720 Atom bombas›, 57, Atom, 55–56 Ayd›nlatma sistemleri, 80 Ayd›nlatma verimi, 80 Ay›rma ifllemleri, 701–704 Ay›rma santralleri, 697 Ayr›k e¤ik flok, 854–855 Ayr›flma, 798 Azot oksit (NOx), 87 Azot, 117, 627, 884, 885, 912–913, 924 B Ba¤›l bas›nç, 359 Ba¤›l nem, 149, 719, 720, 725–726 Ba¤›l yo¤unluk, 13 Ba¤›nt›lar. Termodinamik özellik ba¤›nt›lar›na bak›n›z Bahçe hortum f›skiyesi, 224–225 Balonla uçmak, 161–162 bar, 22 Barometre, 29, 31 Barometrik bas›nç, 29 Bas›nç atmosferik, 29–31 azalma, 141 bas›nç kuvvetleri taraf›ndan yap›lan ifl, 253–255 buhar, 149, 718 Dalton yasas›, 684 derinlik, 23-26 doyma, 115-118 doymufl d›v› - tank, 128 durma, 825 genellefltirilmifl çizelge, 143–144 gösterge, 22, 23 hidrostatik, 32–33 kar›flan, 685 kazan, 561–564 k›smi, 685 kritik, 119 mutlak, 22, 23 OEB, 493 ozmotik, 705 ölçüm birimi, 21 sanki kritik, 686 tan›m, 21 üçlü nokta, 123 vakum, 22, 23 yo¤uflturucu, 560–561 Bas›nç dönüfltürücüler, 29 Bas›nç düflüsü, 24 Bas›nç düflüfl testi, 393 Bas›nç göstergesi, 22 Bas›nç oran›, 509 Bas›nç oran›, 685 Bas›nç ölçüm cihazlar›, 26–29 Basit s›k›flt›r›labilir sistem, 15 Bazal metobolik h›z, 193 Beattie-Bridgeman hal denklemi, 145 Becquerel, Edmond, 649 Benedict-Webb-Rubin hal denklemi, 145 Benzen, 86, 87, 884, 924, 925 Benzin ›s›tma de¤eri, 79 | 933 indeks 11/6/08 934 | 10:13 Page 934 D‹Z‹N Benzin, 497, 532, 753, 925 Benzinli motor, 497, 500 Bernouilli denklemi, 363 Besin, 194–198, 889 Besin, 194–198, 889 Besleme suyu ›s›t›c›s› (FWH), 568, 571 Besleme suyu, 568, 569 Beyin, 193 Bileflik ›s›- güç üretimi santrali, 579–583 Bileflik ›s›- güç üretimi, 578- 583 Bilgisayar yaz›l›m› (EES), 36–38 1090 MW Tohoku birleflik santrali, 584 1250 hp kompresör ünitesi 1350 MW birleflik güç santrali çevrimi, 585 1990 y›l› uluslar aras› s›cakl›k ölçe¤i (ITS–90), 20 1-Penten, 925 1-Penten, 925 Bir depodan su boflalt›lmas›, 225–226 Bir sistemin enerji de¤iflimi, 72 Birim dönüflüm oran›, 9 Birim mol için özellikler, 138 Birim sistemleri, 4-5 Birimler, 3 Birinci Carnot ilkesi, 358 Birinci türden devir daim makineleri (DDM1), 293 Birinci yasa analizi bombada yanma, 769–770 sürekli-ak›fl yanmas›, 767–769 tepkimeli sistemler, 765–770 Birincil boyutlar, 3 Birleflik gaz-buhar güç çevrimi, 583–586 Birleflik gaz-buhar güç santrali, 584–585 Birleflik gaz-su buhar› güç çevrimi, 585–586 Bitkisel kaynakl› proteinler, 194 Bitkisel ya¤lar, 194 BMI, 198 Bo¤az, 831, 832 Bo¤uk ak›fl, 837 Bo¤uk Rayleigh ak›fl, 867 Boltzmann ba¤›nt›s›, 347 Boltzmann sabiti, 347 Bomba kalorimetresi, 194 Bor, 493 Boru ve gövde tipi ›s› de¤ifltiriciler, 242 Boru ve kanal ak›fl›, 244–246 Borusal yak›c›, 868–869 Bofla harcanm›fl ifl potansiyeli. Ekserji yok olufluna, Tersinmezli¤e bak›n›z Bofla harcanm›fl zihinsel uyan›kl›k, 467 Bourdan tüp, 29 Bourdan-Eugene, 29 Boyle, Robert, 137 Boyutlar, 3 Boyutlar›n türdeflli¤i, 8 Boyutsal homojenlik, 8 Brayton çevrimi, 507–513 Brayton, George, 507 Bridgman çizelgesi, 680 Bridgman, P.W., 680 British thermal unit (Btu), 7 Bromin, 884 Btu, 7 Buhar bas›nc›, 149, 718 Buhar çevrimi, 487 Buhar güç çevrimi, 551–578 ara ›s›tma, 564–568, 574–576 Carnot buhar çevrimi, 552–553 ideal ile gerçe¤in karfl›laflt›r›lmas›, 557–560 ideal rejenerativ Rankine çevrimi, 574–576 ikinci yasa analizi, 576–578 kazan bas›nc›, 561–564 k›zg›n buhar›n yüksek s›cakl›klara ç›kar›lmas›, 561, 562–564 Rankine çevrimi, 553–557 rejenerasyon, 568–576 verim art›fl›, 560–564 yo¤uflturucu bas›nc›, 560–561 Buhar lülesi, 869–872 Buhar noktas›, 18, 20 Buhar püskürtülmesi, 550 Buhar türbini ile güç üretimi, 237–238 Buhar türbini. Türbine bak›n›z güç üretimi, 237–238 ikinci-yasa analizi, 460–462 Buhar üreticisi, 554 Buhar, 137. Gaza bak›n›z Buhar›n yüksek s›cakl›lara k›zd›r›lmas›, 561, 562–564 Buharlaflma entalpisi, 127 Buharlaflma gizli ›s›s›, 116, 127 Buharlaflma odas›, 623–625 Buharlaflma, 114 Buharlaflma, 151 göldeki s›cakl›k düflümü, 152 hacim/enerji de¤iflimi, 128–129 mol oran›, 813 sudaki so¤utma etkisi, 150, 152 Buharlaflmal› so¤utma, 734–735 Buharlaflmal› so¤utucu, 151, 734 Buharlaflmal› so¤utucu, 734, 735 Buhar-s›k›flt›rmal› so¤utma çevrimi, 287 gerçek, 614–616 ideal, 610–616 yenilikçi, 620–628 Buji atefllemeli (SI) motorlar, 494 Buz kalorimetresi, 164 Buz noktas›, 17, 19 Buz, 112 Bütan, 87, 884, 885, 924, 925 Bypass oran›, 526 C c, 5 cp, 178–180, 664–665 cv , 178–180, 664–665 candela (cd), 5 Carnot buhar çevrimi, 552–553 Carnot çevrimi, 299–301, 346, 490–492 Carnot ›s› motoru, 305–309 Carnot ›s› pompas›, 309–311, 609 Carnot ilkeleri, 302–303 Carnot so¤utma çevrimi, 301 Carnot so¤utucusu, 309–310, 609 Carnot verimi, 305 Carnot, Sadi, 300 Carre, Ferdinand, 632 Cd, 5 Celsius (oC), 20 Celsius ölçe¤i, 18, 20 Celsius, A., 18 Centi (c), 5 CFC, 616–618 Charles, J., 137 CI motorlar, 494 Ci¤er, 193 C›va, 715 Clapeyron eflitli¤i, 658–661 Clapeyron, E., 659 Clapeyron-Clausius eflitli¤i, 660 Clausius eflitsizli¤i, 332, 333 Clausius ifadesi, 292–293 Clausius, Rudolph, 2, 53, 332–333 CNG, 752, 753 CO. Karbon monoksite bak›n›z (CO) CO2. Karbon dioksite bak›n›z (CO2) Columbia uzay gemisi felaketi, 851 COPIP, 289 COP, 288–289 COPS, 288–289 COPso¤urma, 288–289 COPtersinir,so¤urma, 633 Coulomb itici gücü, 57 Cullen, William, 154 Curie, Pierre and Jacques, 29 Ç Çevre ifli (Wçevre), 428 Çevre, 10, 424 Çevre, 424, 425 Çevresel kirlilik. Kirlili¤e bak›n›z Çevrim aç›k, 487 alt, 587 ard›fl›k so¤utma, 620 bileflik gaz-buhar, 583–586 bileflik gaz-su buhar› güç, 585–586 Brayton, 507–513 buhar gücü. Buhar gücü çevrimine bak›n›z buhar, 487 buhar-s›k›flt›rmal› so¤utma, 287, 610–616 Carnot buhar, 552–553 Carnot, 299–301, 490-492 Çevrim ba¤›nt›s›, 656 dizel, 500–503 Ericcson, 503–507 ekserji yok oluflu, 528 gaz güç, 487–550. Gaz güç çevrimine bak›n›z gaz so¤utma, 628–631 gaz, 487 gaz-türbin, 513–514 güç, 487–489. Güç çevrimlerine bak›n›z hava-standard›, 493 ikili buhar, 586–588 kapal›, 487 karma (ikili), 501 model, 370 mükemmel (ideal), 488 Otto, 499–499 Rankine, 535–537 so¤utma. So¤utma çevrimine bak›n›z tan›mlanm›fl, 16 tepkili, 521-525 termodinamik, 487 tersinir Brayton, 628 tersinir Carnot, 609–610 tersinir Stirling, 503–507 üst, 587 indeks 11/6/08 10:13 Page 935 D‹Z‹N Çim biçme makineleri, 495 Çiy noktas› s›cakl›¤›, 721–722 Çi¤, 721 Çocuklar, 467 Çok ak›flkanl› manometre, 28, 37–38 Çözülebilirlik, 811, 813 D d, 5 da, 5 Daimler Chrysler, 782 Dalga aç›s›, 852 Dalton’un eklenen bas›nçlar yasas›, 684 DDM1, 293 DDM2, 293 Decane, 925 Deci (d), 5 Deka (da), 5 Demir külçe ›s›tma potansiyeli, 431–432 so¤utma, su, 191 so¤utma, tersinmezlik, 429–431 suya b›rak›lma, 453–455 Deney problemleri alüminyumun özgül ›s›s›, 218 bak›r mentefle kalorimetresi, 218 bisiklet fireni, 218 elektrik kalorimetresi, 218 geçici so¤utma, 218 havan›n politropik genleflmesi, 218 kurflunun parçalanmas›, 218 s›cakl›¤›n fonksiyonu olarak suyun yo¤unlu¤u, 50 Denge belirli s›cakl›k, 801–802 eflzamanl› tepkimeler, 804–806 faz, 14, 150, 808–814. Kimyasal ve faz dengesine bak›n›z ›s›l, 14,17 inert gazlar, 803–804 kimyasal, 14, 794–796. Kimyasal ve faz dengesine bak›n›z mekanik, 14 tan›m, 14 Denge sabiti (Kp), 796–801, 806,807, 926 Deniz suyu, 705–707 Denklem Bernoulli, 363 Clapeyron, 658–661 Clapeyron-Clausius, 660 genel enerji, 252–255 sürekli ak›fl enerji, 554 T ds, 350 vant't Hoff, 806 Depo, 281 Derifliklik, 150 Esistem,72 Ssistem, 378 (dz/dx)y, 653–654 D›fltan tersinir hal de¤iflimi, 299 D›fltan yanmal› motorlar, 507 Diesel, Rudolph, 500 Diyet, 196–200, 308 Diferansiyel bas›nç dönüfltürücüler, 29 Diferansiyel kütlesel debi, 222 Difüzyon ifllemi, 150 Diklorodiflorometan (R–12), 884 Dikloroflorometan (R–21), 884 Dinamik s›cakl›k, 825 Dirençli ›s›t›c›, 186, 434 Dizel çevrimi, 500–503 Dizel motoru, 500–501, 531 Dumanl› sis, 87–88 Dodecane, 752, 924 Do¤al ak›fll› so¤utma kulesi, 738 Do¤al gaz santralleri, 551 Do¤al gaz, 925 Do¤al tafl›n›m, 93 Do¤rudan temasl› besleme suyu ›s›t›c›s›, 568 Do¤rudan temasl› ›s› de¤ifltiriciler, 242 Do¤rusal yay, 68 Do¤rusallaflt›rma, 141 Doldurulmas› depolama sisteminin s›k›flt›r›lm›fl hava ile, 463–465 sabit hacimli bir kab›n - buhar ile, 248–250 Donanma, 509 Doygun buhar, 870 Doymufl buhar e¤risi, 120 Doymufl buhar, 114, 127–129 Doymufl buz- su buhar›, 899 Doymufl hava, 149- 719 Doymufl s›v› - buhar kar›fl›m› bölgesi, 120 Doymufl s›v› - buhar kar›fl›m›, 114, 129–132 Doymufl s›v› e¤risi, 120 Doymufl s›v›, 114, 127–129 Doymufl su bas›nç tablosu, 892–893 s›cakl›k tablosu, 890–891 Dönme aç›s›, 852 Dönme e¤risi, 668 Dönme enerjisi, 55 Dönme kinetik enerjisi, 55 Dördüncü fayda, 391 Dört zamanl› buji atefllemeli motor, 494 Dört zamanl› motor, 494–495 Durma bas›nc›, 825 Durma entalpisi, 824 Durma özellikleri, 824–827 Durma s›cakl›¤›, 825 Dufl, 240-241 Duvar, entropi üretimi, 382–383 Duyulur diyet, 198 Duyulur enerji, 55 Duyulur ›s›, 728 Duyulur iç enerji, 751 Düdüklü tencere, 48, 250 Düz vites, 531 Düzenli bak›m, 536–537 Düzgün ak›fll› aç›k sistem, 247 dz, 653, 654 E E mc2, 220 Ein, E= mc2, 220 Eg, 73 Eç, 73 Enerji etkileflimi, 56, 73, 174 Enerji etkinlik oran› (EER), 290 EER, 290 EES, 36–38 EGBÇ santrali, 317 | 935 Egzersiz, 196, 197, 199 Egzoz stroku, 495 Egzoz supab›, 493 E¤itim, 466 E¤ri floklar, 852–856, 858–859 Einstein, Albert, 220 Ekserji yok oluflu,. Tersinmezli¤e bak›n›z ak›flkan ak›mlar›n›n kar›fl›m›, 462–463 bir gaz›n kar›flt›r›lmas›, 451–453 bir insan›n zihinsel uyan›kl›¤›, 467 denklem, 444 gaz ›s› geçifli, 455–457 ›s› iletimi, 447–448 insan, 468 kapal› sistem, 528 kendili¤inden oluflan ifllemler, 702 kimyasal reaksiyon, 775 mükemmel gaz kar›fl›mlar›, 692–693 su buhar›n›n genifllemesi, 448–451 tan›m, 428 Ekserji, 423–425. Ekserji dengesine bak›n›z. genel (kapal› sistem), 446–447 kapal› sistemler, 444–457 kontrol hacimleri, 457–465 sürekli ak›fl sistemleri, 458–459 tersinir ifl, 459 Ekserjinin azalma ilkesi, 443–444 Ekzotermik tepkime, 762 Elektrik alan gücü, 70 Elektrik gücü, 65 Elektrik güç üretimi, 509 Elektrik oca¤›, 82 Elektrik polarisazyon ifli, 70 Elektrikli ›s›tma. Is›tmaya bak›n›z ev, 245–246 gaz-sabit bas›nç, 174–176 Elektrikli tafl›tlar, 91 Elling, Aegidius, 543 Emme stroku, 495 Emme sübap›, 493 En fazla dönme s›cakl›¤›, 668 Endüstriyel f›r›nlar, 281 Enerji ak›fl halindeki ak›flkan, 227–228 ak›fl, 226, 227 at›k, 308 dinamik biçimler, 56 dönme, 55 duyulur, 55 genel enerji denklemi, 252–255 iç. ‹ç enerjiye bak›n›z kalite, 307 kimyasal, 55 kinetik, 53-54 korunumu, 255. Termodinami¤in birinci yasas›na bak›n›z kullan›lamayan, 427 makroskopik biçimler, 53 mekanik, 58–59 nükleer, 55, 56-57 potansiyel, 54 Rayleigh ak›fl›, 861 rüzgar, 59, 105–106 statik biçimler, 56 sürekli ak›fl sistemleri, 230–232 toplam, 53 yer de¤ifltirme, 55 yeflil, 91 indeks 11/6/08 936 | 10:13 Page 936 D‹Z‹N zamanla de¤iflen aç›k sistemler, 246–252 Enerji çözümlemesi. Kontrol hacimlerinin kütle ve enerji çözümlemesine bak›n›z Enerji dengesi hal de¤iflimindeki sistem, 74 kapal› sistem, 173–178 Enerji dönüflüm verimleri, 78–86 Enerji etkinlik cihazlar›, 81 Enerji geçifli ›s› ile, 60–61, 73 kütle ak›fl› ile, 73 biçimleri, 73–78 ifl ile, 62–67, 73 Enerji yükseltici, 295 Enerjiden yararlanma oran›, 579 Enerjinin dinamik biçimi, 56 Enerjinin korunumu ilkesi, 71–72. Termodinami¤in birinci yasas›na bak›n›z Enerjinin statik biçimleri, 56 Entalpi sapma grafi¤i, 927 Enerjinin korunumu, 255 Entalpi sapma çarpan›, 671 Entalpi sapmas›, 670 Entalpi, 127–128 atmosferik hava, 720 belirli bir haldeki kimyasal bileflen durma, 824 düdüklü tencere, 251 genellefltirilmifl entalpi sapma grafi¤i gerçek gazlar, 670–671 kar›fl›m, 698 kat›lar, 189–190 kinetik enerji, 825 mükemmel gaz, 182 özellik ba¤›nt›lar›, 662–663 özellik çizelgeleri, 924 özgül, 127 s›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v›, 190 s›v›lar, 189-190 statik, 824 tepkime sistemleri, 763 yanma ifllemi, 807 yüksek bas›nçlardaki oksijen, 673–674 Entalpi-entropi çizelgeleri, 344 Entegre gazifakasyonlu birleflik çevrim (EGBÇ) santrali, 317 Entropi dengesi, 370–380, 383 Entropi sapma çarpan›, 672 Entropi sapma grafi¤i, 927 Entropi sapmas›, 672 Entropi üretimi, 336, 382–383 Entropi, 331–342 denge, 377–380 Ssistem, 378 duvar, 382–383 entropi ilkesindeki art›fl, 335–337 Fanno e¤risi, 849–850 gerçek gazlar, 671–673 göle düflen s›cak külçe, 385–386 günlük yaflam, 348–350 ›s› geçifli, 338–339, 378–379, 388–390 iki hal aras›ndaki DS, 334 ilgi noktalar›, 337-338 izantropik hal de¤iflimi, 343–344 izantropik verim, 370–377 izotermal hal de¤iflimi, 334–335 kap içindeki madde, 341 kapal› sistem, 381 kar›fl›m odas›, 386–388 kar›fl›m, 698–701 kat›, 351–354 k›s›lma ifllemi s›ras›ndaki hal de¤iflimi, 383-384 kompresör ifli, 366–370 kontrol hacimleri, 381–382 kütle ak›fl›, 379 moleküler düzensizlik, 346 mutlak, 347, 774, 924 mükemmel gaz, 354–361 özellik grafikleri, 662–663 Rayleigh ak›fl›, 861–862 sabit-bas›nç hal de¤iflimi, 342–343 saf maddeler, 339–343 sistem, 378 Süretim, 380 s›v›, 351–354 flok, 848 T ds ba¤›nt›lar›, 350–351 tan›mlanm›fl, 333–334 tek-ak›m, adyabatik, sürekli ak›fl düzene¤i, 382 tepkime sistemleri, 773–775 tersinir sürekli ak›fl ifli, 362–366 yüksek bas›nçlardaki oksijen, 673–674 Ericcson çevrimi, 503–507 Esas boyutlar, 3 Efl zamanl› tepkimeler, 804–806 Eflde¤erlik oran›, 757 Etan, 884, 885, 924, 925 Etanol, 752, 753, 925 Etil alkol, 884, 924 Etil eter, 617 Etilen, 884, 885, 924 Etki katsay›l› hal denklemi, 145–146 Etki katsay›s›, 146 Etkinlik katsay›s› (COP), 288–289 Etkinlik, 515–516 Etkinlik, 78 Evdeki pencerelerin bu¤ulanmas›, 722–723 F Fahrenheit, G., 18 Fahrenheit ölçe¤i, 18 Fan gaz bas›nc›, 236 havan›n ivmelenmesi, 75 ›s›tma etkisi, 76 mekanik verim, 83 Fan ifl girifli, 730 Fanjet motoru, 525 Faydal› ifl (Wf), 428 Faydal› pompa gücü, 83 Faz dengesi, 14, 150, 808–815 Faz diyagram›, 124–126 Faz dönüflümleri, 112–113 Faz kural›, 809 Fermi, Enrico, 56 F›r›n ›s›tma, ›s› geçifli ile, 65 ›s›tma, ifl geçifli ile, 64–65 patates, 64 tafl›n›m, 81 F›r›n, ekserji geçifli, 427 Fiziksel ekserji, 466 Fizyon tepkimesi, 56, 57 Fonno e¤risi, 846, 849–850 Ford Motor fiirketi, 507 Formaldehit, 86 Fosil yak›tlar, 86 Fotoelektrik etkisi, 649 Fotovaltayik günefl hücreleri, 109 Fotovaltayik hücreler, 649 Fourier yasas›, 92 Fowler, R, H., 17 Freon, 617 Füsyon gizli ›s›s›, 116, 164 Füzyon entalpisi, 164 Füzyon tepkimesi, 57 FWH, 568–571 G g, 24, 697 G, 5 Gay-Lussac, J., 137 Gaz, 113,137 dengesiz genleflme, 298 doymufl buhar, 114, 127–129 elektrikli ›s›tma - sabit bas›nç, 174–176 genleflme - yaya karfl›, 171–173 gerçek, 670–673 ›s› geçifli, 455–457 ›s›tma, direnç ›s›t›c›s›, 186 ›s›tma, kar›flt›rma ile, 184–185 inert, 803-804 kar›fl›mlar. Gaz kar›fl›mlar›na bak›n›z kar›flt›rma, 451–453 kat›laflma, 628 k›zg›n buhar, 115, 132–133 kompresör ifl girifli, 364–365 mükemmel. Mükemmel gaza bak›n›z pervane ifli, 348 s›v›laflt›rma, 626–628 su buhar›. Su buhar›na bak›n›z. tek atomlu, 182 Gaz bas›nc›, 147–148 Gaz çevrimi, 487 Gaz güç çevrimi, 487–550 ara so¤utmal›, ara ›s›tmal›, rejeneratörlü Brayton çevrimi, 515–516 Brayton çevrimi, 507–513 Carnot çevrimi, 490–492 dizel çevrimi, 500–503 dört zamanl› motor, 494–495 Ericcson çevrimi, 503–507 gaz-türbin çevrimi, 513–514 gaz-türbin motoru, 521–527 gerçek-ideal gaz çevrim fark›, 513–514 hava standard› kabulleri, 492 iki zamanl› motor, 495–496 ikinci-yasa çözümlemesi, 527–530 Otto çevrimi, 494–499, 529–530 pistonlu motorlar, 493–494 so¤uk-hava-standard› kabulleri, 493 Stirling çevrimi, 503–507 tepkili çevrim, 521–525 Gaz kar›fl›mlar›, 681–715. Kar›fl›ma bak›n›z Amagat'›n eklenen bas›nçlar yasas›, 684 bileflim, 682–684 Dalton'un eklenen bas›nçlar yasas›, 684 indeks 11/6/08 10:13 Page 937 D‹Z‹N Gibbs-Dalton yasas›, 690 kütle oran›, 682 mol kütlesi, 682 mol oran›, 682 özellikler, 689–697 yayg›n özellikler, 689 ye¤in özellikler, 689 Gaz oca¤›, 82 Gaz sabiti, 137, 682, 884 Gaz so¤utma çevrimi, 628–631 Gaz türbini çevrimi, 513–514, 583 Gaz türbini, 543 Gaz-buhar kar›fl›mlar›, 717–750. Kar›fl›mlara bak›n›z. adyabatik doyma s›cakl›¤›, 723–724 atmosferik hava, 718, 720 ba¤›l nem, 719, 720, 725–726 çiy noktas› s›cakl›¤›, 721–722 evdeki pencerelerin bu¤ulanmas›, 722–723 iklimlendirme. ‹klimlendirmeye bak›n›z insan konforu, 727–729 kuru hava, 718 kuru termometre s›cakl›¤›, 720 odadaki su buhar› miktar›, 720–721 psikometrik diyagram, 726–727 yafl-termometre s›cakl›¤›, 724–725 Gaz›n dengesiz genleflmesi, 298 Gaz›n kar›flt›r›lmas›, 451–453 Gazlar›n kat›laflmas›, 628 Gazlar›n s›v›laflt›r›lmas›, 626–628 Geçici ak›fll› aç›k sistemler, 246 Geçirgenlik, 813 Genel enerji denklemi, 252–255 Genel kar›flma hal de¤iflimi, 697–699 Genellefltirilmifl diyagram, 142–144 Genellefltirilmifl entalpi sapma diyagram›, 671, 927 Genellefltirilmifl entropi sapma diyagram›, 672, 927 Genellefltirilmifl kuvvet, 69 Genellefltirilmifl s›k›flt›r›labilirlik diyagram›, 142- 908 Genellefltirilmifl yer de¤ifltirme, 70 General Electric LM2500 gaz türbini, 509 General Electric LM5000 gaz türbini, 233, 543 General Electric WR-21 gaz türbini, 509 General Electric, 511 General Motors fiirketi, 507 Genleflen ak›fl, 856 Genleflme dalgalar›, 856–857, 859–860 Genleflme fan›, 856 Genleflme stroku, 495 Gerçek gazlar, 670–673 Gerçek olmayan diferansiyeller, 63 Gerçek s›n›r, 11 Gerçek türevler, 63 Geri ifl oran›, 510 Geri kazan›lan ekserji, 434 Gibbs ba¤›nt›lar›, 657 Gibbs denklemi, 350 Gibbs faz kural›, 809 Gibbs fonksiyonu, 657, 775, 795, 797 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 775, 924 Gibbs serbest enerjisi, 697 Gibbs-Dalton yasas›, 690 Giga (G), 5 Girdiler, 754 Gizli enerji, 55 Gizli ›s›, 116, 728 Gizli iç enerji, 751 gmol, 138 Gorrie, Jhon, 648 Göl içerisine at›lan s›cak kütle, 385–386 Görünür gaz sabiti, 682 Görünür mol kütlesi, 682 Gösterge bas›nc› dönüfltürücüler, 29 Gösterge bas›nc›, 22, 23 Gram-mol (gmol), 138 Groves, William, 781 Guericke, Otto van, 391 Güç azaltma faktörü, 397 Güç çevrimi, 487, 489 birleflik gaz-buhar, 585–586 buhar. Buhar güç çevrimlerine bak›n›z gaz, 487–550. Gaz güç çevrimlerine bak›n›z kabuller/basitlefltirmeler, 489 tan›m, 487 T-s diyagram›, 490 Güç stroku, 495 Güç, 62 Günefl (PV) hücreleri, 649 Günefl havuzu, 32, 325 Günlük kalori ihtiyac›, 195 Günlük yaflam, Günlük yaflamdaki aktiviteler bak›n›z Günlük yaflamdaki aktiviteler. diyet, 196–200, 308 ekserji, 468 egzersiz, 196, 197, 199 entropi, 348–350 ekserji yok oluflu, 468 g›da, 194–198 ikinci yasa ile ilgili yönler, 465–469 nitelik ve niceli¤in karfl›laflt›r›lmas›, 308–309 H h, 5 hfg, 127 H-bombas›, 57 Hacim bileflen, 685 kontrol, 10–11 kritik özgül, 119 ölü, 493 özgül, 13 sanki-indirgenmifl özgül, 143 yer de¤ifltirme, 493 Hacim ›s›tmas›, 79, 400 Hacimsel genleflme katsay›s›, 665 Hafif dizel, 925 Hal de¤iflimi adyabatik doyma, 723 adyabatik, 61 ayr›flma, 798 düzgün ak›fl, 247 ›s› çekme, 490 ›s› verme, 490 izantropik, 343 izobarik, 16 izometrik, 16 izotermal, 16 sanki dengeli, 15 sürekli ak›fl. Sürekli ak›fl sistemlerine bak›n›z | 937 tan›m, 15 tersinir kar›fl›m, 703 tersinir, 296–299, 365–366 tersinmez, 299 tuzdan ar›nd›rma, 704–707 zamanla de¤iflen aç›k sistemler, 246–252 Hal de¤iflimi diyagramlar›, 16 Hal denklemi Beattie-Bridgeman, 145 Benedict-Webb-Rubin, 145 etki katsay›l›, 145–146 mükemmel-gaz, 137–138, 684 Rayleigh ak›fl, 862 tan›m, 137 van der Waals, 144–145 Hal önermesi, 14, 652 Hal, 14 Halojenlefltirilmifl CFCs, 618 Hareketli s›n›r ifli, 166–169 Hareketli s›n›r, 11 Hareketsiz sistemler, 54, 72 Hava ak›mlar›n›n adyabatik kar›flt›r›lmas›, 735–737 Hava hareketi, 729 Hava kaçaklar›, 392–395 Hava kirlili¤i, 86–87, 91 Hava tafl›t› gaz-türbin motoru, 509–521 kinetik enerji, 824 propjet motoru, 526–527 ramjet motoru, 527 scramjet motoru, 527 flok dalgalar›/ genleflme dalgalar›, 856 tepkili çevrimler, 521–525 turbofan motoru, 525–526 turboprop motoru, 527 yüksek h›zl› havan›n s›k›flmas›, 826–827 Hava verimsizli¤i, 757 Hava- yak›t oran› (HY), 754 Hava, 112, 718. Gaz- buhar kar›fl›mlar›na bak›n›z atmosferik, 718, 720 eksik,757 fazla, 757 gaz sabiti, 884 kritik-nokta özellikleri, 884 kuramsal, 756 kuru, 718 mol kütlesi, 884 mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›lar›, 885 mükemmel-gaz özellikleri, 910–911 stokiyometrik, 756 Hava-kaynakl› ›s› pompalar›, 290 Hava-standard› çevrimi, 493 Hava-standard› kabulleri, 492 Hava-su-buhar kar›fl›m›, 717 Hava-yak›t oran›, 754 Hayvansal ya¤lar, 194 HC (hidro karbon), 87, 925 Hekzan, 884, 925 Hekto (h), 5 Helmholtz fonksiyonu, 657 Helyum, 112, 182, 627, 884, 885 Henry sabiti, 811, 812 Henry yasas›, 811 Heptan, 925 her santimetre kare için kilogram kuvvet (kgf/cm2), 22 indeks 11/6/08 938 | 10:13 Page 938 D‹Z‹N HHV, 79, 764 H›z sabitleyici, 532 Hidrojen (H2) ayr›flma s›cakl›¤›, 798–799 gaz sabiti, 884 kritik nokta özellikleri, 884 kritik s›cakl›k, 627 mol kütlesi, 884 mutlak s›cakl›k, 924 mükemmel gaz özellikleri, 920 mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›lar›, 885 oluflum entalpisi, 924 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 924 özellikler, 925 Hidrojen bombas›, 57 Hidrojen füzyonu, 57 Hidrojen gaz›n›n nikel bir levhaya difüzyonu, 814 Hidrojen peroksit, 924 Hidrojen yak›t hücreleri ile çal›flan tafl›t, 782 Hidrojenin ayr›flma s›cakl›¤›, 798–799 Hidrojen-oksijen yak›t hücresi, 781 Hidrokarbon (HK), 87, 925 Hidrokarbon buharlar, 792 Hidrokarbon yak›tlar, 752 Hidroksil, 923, 924 Hidrolik türbin jeneratör, 84-85 Hidropnömatak darbeli vakum motoru, 295 Hidrostatik bas›nç, 32–33 Hilsch borusu, 646 Hilsch, Rudolph, 646 Hipersonik ak›fl, 829 h-s diyagram›, 345 Hugoniot, Pierre Henry, 845 HY, 755 I Is› ara ›s›tma, Ara ›s›tmaya bak›n›z at›k, 399–400 duyulur, 728 enerji düzensizli¤i, 348 enerji geçifli, 60–61 gizli, 116, 728 hal de¤iflimi, 578–579 ifl, karfl›laflt›rma, 63 özgül. Özgül ›s›ya bak›n›z tan›m, 60 tarihsel geliflim, 61–62 Is› ak›fl›, 60 Is› çekilen sistemler, 633 Is› çekilmesi, 60 Is› çekme ifllemi, 490 Is› de¤ifltiricisi, 242 Is› deposu, 281 Is› geçifli katsay›s›, 61 Is› geçifli, 92–96 ak›fl h›z›, 865 ekserji geçifli, 440–442 enerji geçifli, 60–61, 73 entropi geçifli, 378–379 entropi üretimi, 338–339, 388–390 f›r›n›n ›s›tmas›, 65 gaz›n, 455–457 ›fl›n›m, 94–95 iletim, 92–93 insan, 728, 729 kifliden, 95–96 Rayleigh ak›fl›. Rayleigh ak›fl›na bak›n›z. tafl›n›m, 93–94 tersinmezlik, 298 Is› içeri¤i, 127 Is› ile ekserji geçifli (X›s›), 440–442 Is› iletimi, 92–93, 447–448 Is› kayb›, 557 Is› motoru, 282–287, 429, 434, 488 Is› oran›, 555 Is› pompas›, 289–292, 434, 608, 618–620. So¤utma çevrimine bak›n›z. Is› verilmesi ifllemi, 490 Is› verilmesi, 60 Is›l denge, 14, 17 Is›l enerji deposu, 281 Is›l enerji, 56 Is›l ›fl›n›m, 94 Is›l iletim, 92, 93 Is›l kirlilik, 281 Is›l verim, 283–284. Verime bak›n›z benzinli motor, 497 Birleflik gaz-buhar güç santrali, 584, 585 Brayton çevrimi, 512, 515 buhar güç çevrimi, 559–560 Carnot çevrimi, 491 dizel motor, 501 Ericcson çevrimi, 506 GE LM5000 gaz türbini, 543 Otto çevrimi, 497 Rankine çevrimi, 555 rejenerasyon, 507 Rejenerasyonlu Brayton çevrimi, 516 tan›m, 488 verimdeki art›fl, 491, 560–564 Is›tma de¤eri, 79, 764 Is›tma. Elektrik ile ›s›tmaya bak›n›z basit ›s›tma ifllemi, 730 f›r›n - ›s› geçifli, 65 f›r›n - ifl geçifli, 64–65 f›r›ndaki patates, 64 gaz - direnç ›s›t›c›s›, 186 gaz - kap - kar›flt›rma, 184–185 gaz - sabit bas›nç, 174–176, 187–188 jeotermal, 91 konut, 245–246, 292-292, 310-311 nemlendirme, 731–732 Rayleigh ak›fl, 863 Islak bölge, 120 Islak so¤utma kulesi, 737–739 Islak T-shirt, 150 Ifl›n›m ›s›t›c›lar›, 729 Ifl›n›m, 94–95 ITS–90, 20 ‹ ‹ç enerji duyulur, 751 gerçek gazlar, 571 gizli, 751 hakk›nda fiziksel gözlemler, 55–56 kat›, 189 k›zg›n buhar, 133 kimyasal, 751 mükemmel gazlar›n, 182, 183–184 özellik ba¤›nt›lar›, 661–662 s›cakl›k, 666–667 s›v›, 189 tan›m, 53 vaan der Waal gaz, 665–666 ‹ç içe borulu ›s› de¤ifltiriciler, 242 ‹çten tersinir hal de¤iflimleri, 298–299 ‹çten tersinir izotermal hal de¤iflimleri, 345 ‹çten yanmal› motorlar, 492 ‹deal ara buhar almal› Rankine çerimi, 568–576 ‹deal ara ›s›tmal› ara buhar almal› Rankine çevrimi, 574–576 ‹deal ara ›s›tmal› Rankine çevrimi, 564–568 ‹deal bileflik ›s›-güç(kojenerasyon) santrali, 579–583 ‹deal buhar-s›k›flt›rmal› so¤utma çevrimi, 610–614 ‹deal çevrim, 488 ‹deal çift kademeli s›k›flt›rma, 369, 370 ‹deal mekanik fayda, 26 ‹deal Otto çevrimi, 699–701 ‹deal Rankine çevrimi, 553–557 ‹ki fazl› sistem, 281 ‹ki kademeli ard›fl›k so¤utma sistemleri, 620–623 ‹ki kademeli s›k›flt›rmal› so¤utma sistemleri, 623–625 ‹ki zamanl› motor, 495–496 ‹kili buhar çevrimi, 586–588 ‹kili jeotermal güç santrali, 599, 600 ‹kinci (s), 5 ‹kinci Carnot ilkesi, 302, 303 ‹kinci izantropik ba¤›nt›, 358 ‹kinci türden devir daim makineleri (DDM2), 293 ‹kinci yasa analizi adyabatik yanma, 777–778 buhar güç çevrimi, 576–578 buhar türbini, 460–462 gaz güç çevrimi, 527–530 izotermal yanma, 778–780 Otto çevrimi, 529–530 Rankine çevrimi, 577–578 tepkimeye giren sistemler, 775–780 ‹kinci yasa verimi, 432–434 ay›rma ve kar›flt›rma ifllemleri, 703–704 günlük yaflam, 465–469 insan, 468 mutluluk, 468 mümkün de¤erler de¤iflimi, 703 sürekli ak›fl cihazlar›, 459–460 tan›m, 297 ‹kincil birimler, 9 ‹kincil boyutlar, 3 ‹ki-nokta ölçe¤i, 18 ‹klimlendirme cihaz›, 290 ‹klimlendirme, 536 buharlaflmal› so¤utma, 734–735 duyulur ›s›tma, 730 duyulur so¤utma, 730 hava ak›mlar›n›n adyabatik kar›flt›r›lmas›, 735–737 ›slak so¤utma kulesi, 737–739 ifllemleri, listelenmifl, 729 kütlenin korunumu, 730 nem alma, 731–732 nemlendirme, 731–732 so¤urmal› so¤utma, 633 indeks 11/6/08 10:13 Page 939 D‹Z‹N flartland›r›lm›fl havan›n d›fl hava ile kar›flt›r›lmas›, 736–737 tafl›t, 535 ‹letim, 92–93, 447–448 ‹nç karedeki pound-kuvvet (lbf/in2), 22 ‹ndirgenmifl bas›nç, 141 ‹ndirgenmifl s›cakl›k, 141 ‹nert gazlar, denge bileflimi, 803–804 ‹ngiliz birimi, 4, 5 ‹nsan konforu, 727–729 ‹nsan vücut ya¤›, 195 ‹nsan. Günlük yaflamdaki aktivitelere bak›n›z besin, 194–198 birinci yasa verimi, 468 çocuklar, 467 ›s› geçifli, 95–96, 728, 729 ikinci-yasa verimi, 468 kas hücreleri, 194 konfor, 727–729 metabolizma, 193 mutluluk, 468 sürüfl al›flkanl›klar›, 534–536 terleme, 728–729 zihinsel uyan›kl›k, 467 ‹nsanl›k. ‹nsana bak›n›z ‹statistiksel termodinamik, 3 ‹fl ak›fl, 226–227, 254 bas›nç kuvvetleri, 253–255 bir cismin kald›r›lmas›, 68, 69 çevre, 428 ekserji geçifli, 442 elektrik polarizasyon, 70 elektrik, 65 enerji geçifli, 62–65, 73 esnek kat› çubuklar, 67–68 faydal›, 428 ›s›, karfl›laflt›rma, 63 ivme, 68, 69 kay›p. Ekserji yok olufluna bak›n›z kompresör, 366-370 manyetik, 70 mekanik biçimler, 66–70 mil, 66-67 ölçüm birimi, 7 potansiyel. Ekserjiye bak›n›z s›n›r, 166-169 s›v› tabakalar›n gerilmesi, 68 tan›m, 7 tersinir sürekli ak›fl, 362–366 tersinir, 428, 459, 702 toplam, 252 yay, 67 ‹fl ak›flkan›, 282 ‹fl girifli ara so¤utmal› tek kademeli kompresör fan, 730 gaz, 364–365 ideal iki kademeli s›k›flt›rma, 369, 370 izantropik s›k›flt›rma, 369, 370 izotermal s›k›flt›rma, 369, 370 politropik s›k›flt›rma, 369 s›v›, 364 tek kademeli kompresör, 517 tersinir ay›rma ifllemleri, 702 tersinir hal de¤iflimi, 365–366 ‹fl ile ekserji geçifli (Xifl), 442 ‹fl potansiyeli. Ekserjiye bak›n›z ‹flaret kural›, 63 ‹tici güç, 150 ‹yi yal›t›lm›fl bir odada yanan mum, 64 ‹zantropik ak›fl bir boyutlu, 829–836, 930 lüleden, 836–845 mükemmel gazlar, 834–836 ‹zantropik genleflme, 679 ‹zantropik hal de¤iflimi, 370 ‹zantropik s›k›flt›rma, 369, 370 ‹zantropik verim gerçek buhar güç çevriminin ideal çevrimden fark›, 558 gerçek gaz çevriminin ideal çevrimden fark›, 513–514 kompresörler ve pompalar, 373–375 lüle, 375–377 türbin, 371–372 ‹zentalpik düzenek, 239 ‹zgrafisi, 856 ‹zokorik hal de¤iflimi, 16 ‹zometrik hal de¤iflimi, 16 ‹zopentan, 925 ‹zotermal hal de¤iflimi, 16, 334–335 ‹zotermal s›k›flt›r›labilirlik, 665 ‹zotermal s›k›flt›rma, 170, 369, 370 ‹zotermal verim, 373 J Jeneratör verimi, 80, 83 Jeotermal ›s› pompalar›, 290 Jeotermal ›s›tma, 91 Jet motoru, 521–527, 824 "Jhon Gorrie: Pioneer of Cooling and Ice Making" 648 Joule Thomson katsay›s›, 239, 668, 669 Joule, James P., 62, 180 K K, 18 k, 5 Kabul, 63 Kabuller hava-standard›, 492 problem-çözüm tekni¤i, bölümde oldu¤u gibi, 34 so¤uk-hava-standard›, 493 Kahve, s›cak, so¤uk odada, 280 kal, 7 Kalori (kal), 7 Kalori hesab›, 196–200, 308 Kalori, 195 Kalorik teorisi, 61 Kalorik, 61 Kalorimetre bombas›, 194 buzu, 164 Kan bas›nc›, 43 Kanal ak›fl›, 244–246 Kapal› besleme suyu ›s›t›c›lar›, 570–571 Kapal› çevrim gaz türbin motoru, 508 Kapal› çevrim, 487 | 939 Kapal› sistem (kütle ak›fl› olmayan) ekserjisi, 436 Kapal› sistem ekserjisi, 436 Kapal› sistem, 10–11 Kapan, 571 Karbon dioksit (CO2) oluflum entalpisi, 924 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 924 gaz sabiti, 884 kirleticiler, 89 kritik-nokta özellikleri, 884 mol kütlesi, 884 mutlak entropi, 924 mükemmel gaz özellikleri, 916–917 mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›lar›, 885 Karbon monoksit oluflum entalpisi, 924 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 924 gaz sabiti, 884 kirleticiler, 89 kritik-nokta özellikleri, 884 mol kütlesi, 884 mutlak entropi, 924 mükemmel gaz özellikleri, 916–917 mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›lar›, 885 özellikler, 925 Karbon tetraklorid, 884 Karbon, 112, 924, 925 Karbonhidratlar, 194 Kar›flan bas›nc›, 685 Kar›flan hacmi, 685 Kar›fl›m ak›flkan ak›mlar›n›n kar›fl›m›, 462-463 ay›rma ifllemi, 701–704 denge sabiti, mükemmel gaz kar›fl›mlar›, 796–801 doymufl s›v› - buhar kar›fl›m›, 114, 129–132 farkl› fazlar›n bileflimi, 815 faz dengesi - doymufl kar›fl›m, 809 gaz, 681–715. Gaz kar›fl›mlar›na bak›n›z gaz-buhar, 717–750. Gaz buhar kar›fl›mlar›na bak›n›z genel kar›fl›m ifllemi, 697–699 hava ak›mlar›n›n adyabatik kar›fl›m›, 735–737 hidrojen buharlar›, 792 ideal, 699–700 ikinci yasa verimi, 703–704 iklimlendirilmifl havan›n d›fl ortam havas› ile kar›fl›m›, 736–737 kar›fl›m entalpisi, 698 kar›fl›m entropisi, 698, 701 kimyasal potansiyel, 698 tersinir kar›flma ifllemi, 703 tuzdan ar›nd›rma, 704–707 Kar›fl›m entalpisi, 698 Kar›fl›m odas›, 240–241, 386-388 Karlanma, 618 Karma (ikili) çevrim, 501 Karfl› bas›nç, 836–844 Karfl›l›kl› haller ilkesi, 141 Karfl›l›kl›l›k ba¤›nt›lar›, 656 Kas hücreleri, 194 Kat› çubuklar, 68 Kat›, 112–113 entalpi de¤iflimleri, 189–190 entropi de¤iflimleri, 351–354 iç enerji de¤iflimleri, 189 indeks 11/6/08 940 | 10:13 Page 940 D‹Z‹N özellik diyagramlar›, 121–124 özellikler, 889 Kat›-hal bas›nç alg›lay›c›lar, 29 Kavitasyon, 558 Kay kural›, 686 Kay, W. B., 686 Kay›p ifl. Ekserji yok olufluna bak›n›z Kaynak, 281 Kaynama, 151 Kazan bas›nc›, 561–564 Kelly, J. W., 295 kelvin (K), 18 Kelvin ölçe¤i, 18, 19, 304 Kelvin, Lord, 2, 18, 53, 304 Kelvin-Planck ifadesi, 287, 292–293 Kendili¤inden tutuflma, 497 Kar›fl›m entropisi, 698, 701 kg, 5 kgf, 6 kgf/cm2, 22 kgmol, 138 K›s›lma ifllemleri, 383–384 K›s›lma vanalar›, 239 K›s›lma, 668 K›smi bas›nç, 685 K›smi mol özellikleri, 698 K›smi türev [( dz/dx)], 653, 654 K›smi türev ba¤›nt›lar›, 655–656 K›zg›n buhar bölgesi, 120 K›zg›n buhar, 115, 132–133 K›zg›n su, 894–897 Kilo (k), 5 Kilo kalori, 195 Kilogram (kg), 5 Kilogramkuvvet (kgf), 6 Kilogram mol (kgmol), 138 Kilo paskal (kPa), 22 Kimyasal denge kriteri, 794–796 Kimyasal denge ve faz dengesi, 793–822 belli bir s›cakl›ktaki denge bileflimi, 801–802 bir kar›fl›m›n farkl› fazlar›n›n bileflimi, 815 denge sabiti (Kp), 796–801, 806–807 eflzamanl› tepkimeler, 804–806 faz dengesi, 808–815 faz kural›, 809 Henry yasas›, 811 hidrojen ayr›flma s›cakl›¤›, 798–799 inert gazlar - denge bileflimi, 803–804 kimyasal denge kriteri, 794–796 mol oran›, 810–813 nikel bir levhaya hidrojen gaz›n›n difüzyonu, 814 Rault yasas›, 812 suda çözünmüfl hava, 814 van't Holf denklemi, 806 yanma iflleminin tepkime entalpisi, 807 Kimyasal denge, 14 Kimyasal enerji, 55 Kimyasal iç enerji, 751 Kimyasal olarak do¤ru hava miktar›, 756 Kimyasal potansiyel, 698, 705 Kimyasal tepkimeler, 751–792 adyabatik alev s›cakl›¤›, 770–773 birinci yasa analizi, 765–770 bombada yanma, 769–770 entropi de¤iflimi, 773–775 gaz yak›tlar›n›n nemli hava ile yanmas›, 758–760 ›s› de¤eri, 764 ikinci yasa analizi, 775–780 kararl› ak›m yanmas›, 767–769 tepkime entalpisi, 763 ters yanma analizi, 760–761 tersinir ifl - yanma iflleminde, 776 yanma entalpisi, 763, 764–765 yanma eflitli¤inin denklefltirilmesi, 755–756 yanma ürünlerinin çi¤lenme nokta s›cakl›¤›, 757–758 yanma, 753 Kinetik enerji, 53–54, 56, 425 Kinetik teori, 61 Kirchhoff'un ›fl›n›m yasas›, 95 Kirlilik, 86–91 asit ya¤muru, 88–89 dumanl› sis, 87–88 hava, 86–87, 91 ozon, 87–88 sera etkisi, 89–91 ›s›l, 281 yenilenebilir enerji, 91 Kifli. ‹nsana bak›n›z kJ/kg. oC, 180 kJ/kmol. K, 180 kJ/s, 62 Klasik termodinamik, 3 Klorin, 884 Kloroflorom, 884 Kloroflorokarbonlar (CFC), 616–618 Koenig'in termodinamik karesi, 680 Kompakt florosan lamba, 80 Kompresör ifli, 366–377 Kompresör, 236 at›k ›s›, 399–400 bas›nç düzene¤i, 398–399 elektrik kullan›m›, 392 elektrik maliyeti, 392 girdi için d›fl kaynakl› hava kullanmak, 397–398 hava kaçaklar›, 392–395 izantropik verim, 375–377 maliyet azalt›lmas›, 391–400 s›k›flt›r›lm›fl hava, 236–237 tam kapasitede daha küçük motor, 397 yüksek verimli motor, 395–397 Kompresöre güç girdisi, 374–375 Kömür, 752 Kontrol hacimlerinin kütle ve enerji çözümlemesi, 219–278 ak›fl halindeki ak›flkan, 227–228 ak›fl ifli, 226–227, 254 genel enerji denklemi, 252–255 kütle ile aktar›lan enerji, 228, 229 kütlenin korunumu ilkesi, 222–223 sürekli ak›fl cihazlar›. Sürekli ak›fl cihazlar›na bak›n›z. sürekli ak›fl sistemlerinin enerji analizi, 230–232 sürekli olmayan ak›fl sistemlerinin enerji analizi, 230–232 Kontrol hacmi, 10–11 Kontrol kütlesi, 10 Korunmayan enerji, 308 Koyu renkli olmayan camlar, 532 Kömür santralleri, 551 Kp, 796–801, 806–807, 926 kPa, 22 Kripton, 884 Kritik bas›nç üzerinde çal›flan Rankine çevrimi, 565 Kritik bas›nç, 119 Kritik nokta özellikleri, 884 Kritik nokta, 119 Kritik oran, 835 Kritik özellikler, 835 Kritik özgül hacim, 119 Kritik s›cakl›k, 119 Kullan›labilirlik, 424, 425. Ekserjiye bak›n›z Kullan›lamayan enerji Kuramsal hava, 756 Kuramsal yanma, 756 Kurflunlu benzin, 497 Kuru hava, 718 Kuru so¤uma, 554 Kuru termometre s›cakl›¤›, 720 Kuruluk derecesi, 129, 307–309 Kuvvet birimleri, 6 Kuvvet, 6 Kuvvetli e¤ik floklar, 855 Kuyu, 281 Kükürt dioksit (SO2), 88 Kükürt dioksit, 884 Küresel ›s›nma, 89 Küresel iklim de¤iflimi, 89 Kütle ak›fl› olmaya sistemin ekserjisi, 436 Kütle ak›fl›, 73, 379, 442–443 Kütle analizi, 682 Kütle ile ekserji geçifli (Xkütle), 442–443 Kütle ile enerji aktar›m›, 228, 229 Kütle, 7 Kütlenin korunumu, 754 denklemler, 222 herhangi bir hal de¤iflimine u¤rayan sistem, 24 iklimlendirme, 730 sürekli ak›fl hal de¤iflimleri, 223 tek ak›fll› sürekli ak›fl sistemleri, 230 Kütlenin korunumu ilkesi, 222–223, 754 Kütlesel debi, 54, 220–223 Kütüphane, 349 kW, 62 Kyoto sözleflmesi, 90 L Ibf, 6 Ibf/in2, 22 Lapace, Pierre, 845 Lastikler, 532, 533–534 Lattice, 93 Laval lülesi, 832, 846 Laval, Carl G. B. de, 832 Lavoisier, Antonie, 61 Linde-Hampson sistemi, 627 LM2500 gaz türbini, 509 LM5000 gaz türbini, 233, 543 LNG türbini, 353 LPG, 752, 753 Lüle bahçe hortumu, 224–225 izantropik ak›fl, 836–841 izantropik verim, 375–377 Laval, 831, 846 su buhar›n›n ivmesi, 235–236 indeks 11/6/08 10:13 Page 941 D‹Z‹N subuhar›, 869–872 Venturi, 831 yak›nsak, 836–841 yak›nsak-›raksak. Yak›nsak-›raksak lülelere bak›n›z Lüledeki su buhar›n›n ivmesi, 235–236 M m, 5 M, 5, 138 Ma, 828-829, 858 Mach aç›s›, 856 Mach dalgas›, 856 Mach, Ernst, 828 Mach say›s› (Ma), 828–829, 858 Magnetohidrodinamik (MHD) jeneratör, 792 Makroskopik enerji, 53 Makroskopik kinetik enerji, 56 Maliyet, azaltma, s›k›flt›r›lm›fl hava, 391–400 Mann, William, 391 Manometre, 26-28 Manyetik alan kuvveti, 70 Manyetik iki kutuplu moment, 70 Manyetik ifl, 70 Maxwell ba¤›nt›lar›, 656–658 Mayer, J. R., 665 Mega (M), 5 Mekanik denge, 14 Mekanik enerji, 58–59 Mekanik enerji, 83 Mekanik verim, 83 Melez güç sistemleri (MGS), 782 Mesken camlar›n bu¤ulanmas›, 722–723 elektrik ile ›s›tma, 245–246 iklimlendirme. ‹klimlendirmeye bak›n›z nem, 719–720, 725-726 su buhar›, odadaki hava miktar›, 720–721 Metabolizma, 193 Metan, 752, 780, 884, 885, 924, 625 Metanol, 752, 753, 925 Metil alkol, 752, 884, 924 Metil klorid, 884 Metre (m), 5 Metrekaredeki Newton (N/m2), 21 Metrik Çal›flma Yasas›, 5 Metrik Dönüflüm Yasas›, 5 Metrik sistem, 5–6 MGS, 782 MHD jeneratör, 792 Mikron (m), 5 Mikroskopik enerji, 53 Mikroskopik kinetik enerji, 56 Mil ifli, 66–67 mili (m), 5 Model çevrim, 370 Modelleme, 488 Mol (mol), 5 Mol analizi, 682 Mol kütlesi, 682, 884 Mol oran›, 682, 810–813 mol, 5 Molekül, 2, 112–113 Moleküler a¤›rl›k, 138 Moleküller aras› ba¤lar, 112 Mollier diyagram›, 345 Mollier, Richard, 127, 345 Motor benzin, 497, 500 CI, 494 d›fl yanmal›, 507 dizel, 500–501 dört zamanl›, 494–495 Ericcson, 503–507 gaz, türbin, 507–511 ›s›. Is› motoruna bak›n›z içten yanmal›, 492 iki zamanl›, 495 otomotiv, 489 pistonlu, 493–494 ramjet, 527 roket, 842 scramjet, 527 SI, 494 Stirling, 503–507 tan›mlanm›fl, 487 turbofan, 525–526 turbojet, 521–525 turboprop, 526 Motor verimi, 83, 396 Motor vuruntusu, 497 Motorlu araçlar. Otomobile bak›n›z Motosikletler, 495 Motorun boflta çal›flt›r›lmas›, 533, 535 Mpa, 22 Mutlak bas›nç dönüfltürücüler, 29 Mutlak bas›nç, 22, 23 Mutlak entropi, 347, 774, 924 Mutlak gaz s›cakl›k ölçe¤i, 19 Mutlak nem, 719 Mutlak s›cakl›k, 304 Mutluluk, 468 m, 5 Mühendis, 468 Mühendislik denklem çözücüsü (EES), 36–38 Mühendislik yaz›l›m paketleri, 35–38 Mükemmel çözelti, 699–701 Mükemmel gaz, 137, 138 bir boyutlu izantropik ak›fl, 930 entalpi de¤iflimleri, 182 entropi de¤iflimi, 354, 361 iç enerji de¤iflimleri, 182, 183–184 izantropik ak›fl, 834–836 izantropik hal de¤iflimi, 358–361 izantropik s›k›flt›rma, 361 izotermal s›k›flt›rma, 170 Joule-Thomson katsay›s›, 669 normal flok fonksiyonlar›, 931 özellikler. Mükemmel gaz özelliklerine bak›n›z özgül ›s› ba¤›nt›lar›, 182–183 özgül ›s› fark›, 667 Mükemmel gaz hal denklemi, 138, 684 Mükemmel gaz ifadesi, 137 Mükemmel gaz izantropik ba¤›nt›lar, 358 Mükemmel gaz özellikleri azot, 912–913 hava, 910–911 hidrojen, 920 hidroksil, 923 karbon dioksit, 916–917 karbon monoksit, 918–919 oksijen, 914–915 su buhar›, 921–922 | 941 tek atomlu oksijen, 923 Mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›s›, 181, 664 Mükemmel gaz s›cakl›k ölçe¤i, 18 Mükemmel gaz so¤utma çevrimi, 630–631 Rayleigh ak›fl fonksiyonlar›, 932 Mükemmel gaz›n özgül ›s› fark›, 667 Mükemmel hal de¤iflimi, 731 Mükemmel kar›fl›m, 699–701 N n, 5 N, 6 N.m, 7 N/m2, 21 Nano (n), 5 NECAR IV, 782 Nelson-Obert genellefltirilmifl s›k›flt›r›labilirlik çizelgesi, 908 Nem alma, 732–734 Nem oran›, 719 Nem, 719–720, 725-726. Nem alma; nemlendirmeye bak›n›z Nemlendirme, 731–732 Neon, 182, 884, 885 Net ›s› girifli, 174 Net ifl ç›k›fl›, 174 Net kütle debisi, 223 Newcomen, Thomas, 2 newton (N), 6 Newton, Sir Isaac, 5 newton-metre (N.m), 7 Newton'un so¤utma yasas›, 93 Nitrik oksit (N2O), 884 Nokta fonksiyonlar›, 63 Normal gerilme, 22, 68 Normal flok dalgalar›, 845–851, 931 Nükleer enerji, 55, 56–57 Nükleer fizyon tepkimesi, 57 Nükleer güç, 56 Nükleer santraller, 551 O O, 87, 88 Odadaki hava kütlesi, 139 OEB, 493 Oksijen (O2), 885 gaz sabiti, 884 kritik nokta özellikleri, 884 molar gaz, 884 mutlak entropi, 924 mükemmel gaz özellikleri, 914 mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›lar›, 885 oksitleyici olarak, 753 oluflum entalpisi, 924 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 924 Oksijenlenmifl yak›t, 792 Oktan say›s›, 497, 532 Oktan, 752, 885, 924, 925 Okyanus Is›l Enerji Dönüfltürücü (OIED) güç santrali, 317–318 Oluflum entalpisi, 763, 924 OP–16, 511 Opra optimal Radyal Türbin, 511 Oran indeks 11/6/08 942 | 10:13 Page 942 D‹Z‹N birim dönüflüm, 9 bypass, 526 geri ifl, 510 hava-yak›t, 754 kritik, 835 nem, 719 özgül hacim, 359–360 özgül ›s›, 183 s›k›flt›rma, 493, 496 Orbiter uzay arac› - Mach 3, 852 Orsat analizi, 685, 757 Orsat gaz analizörü, 757 Ortalama efektif bas›nç (OEB), 493 Ortalama h›z, 221 Ortalama mol kütlesi, 682 OTEC güç santrali, 317–318 Otobüsler, 752. Otomobile bak›n›z Otomobil aerodinamik tasar›m, 531, 532 alternatif yak›tlar, 573, 752 araban›n rampaya ç›kmas›, 69 arac›n a¤›rl›¤›, 531 benzin, 497, 532 boflta çal›flt›rma, 533, 535 dizel motor, 531 do¤al gaz, 752 doldurmak, 532 düz vitesli, 531 düzenli bak›mlar, 536–537 elektrikli tafl›tlar, 91 emisyonlar, 87,90 garajda park etme, 533 hava kirlili¤i, 86–87, 90 h›z sabitleyici, 532 h›z, 534 hidrojen yak›t hücresi ile çal›flan otomobil, 782 iki-zamanl› motor, 496 iklimlendirme, 536 ivme, 69 izantropik s›k›flt›rma, 360–361 koyu renkli olmayan camlar, 532 lastikler, 532, 533–534 mil ile güç iletimi, 67 motor, (yanma odas›n›n kesit görünüflü verilmifl), 489 nükleer yak›t, 57–58 önden çekiflli araçlar, 532 sürüfl al›flkanl›klar›, 534–536 tafl›t tekerlerinin paralellik ayar›, 534 tafl›t›n çal›flt›r›lmas›, 533 ya¤, 536-537 yak›t verimi, 530, 537 yüksek h›zlarda sürüfl, 535 yüksek vites, 531 Otto çevrimi, 494–499, 529–530 Otto, Nikolaus A., 494 Ozmotik bas›nç, 705 Ozmotik yükselme, 705 Ozon, 87–88 Ö Ö¤le yeme¤i, 199 Ö¤retim, 466 Ölçüm birimleri, 6–7 Ölü hacim, 493 Ölü hal, 424 Önden çekiflli, 532 Özellik ba¤›nt›lar›. Termodinamik özellik ba¤›nt›lar›na bak›n›z Özellik diyagramlar›, 118–126 entropi, 344–346 kat›lar, 121–124 P-T diyagram›, 124–126 P-V diyagram›, 120–124 P-V-T yüzeyi, 125–126 T-V diyagram›, 118–120, 121–124 Özellik tablo ve çizelgeleri azot, 912–913 besinler, 889 bir boyutlu izantropik ak›fl, 930 denge sabiti, 926 doymufl buz - su buhar›, 899 doymufl so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a s›cakl›k tablosu, 902–903 doymufl su - bas›nç tablosu, 892–893 doymufl su - s›cakl›k tablosu, 890–891 gaz sabiti, 884 genellefltirilmifl entalpi sapma grafi¤i, 927 genellefltirilmifl entropi sapma grafi¤i, 927 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 924 hava, 910–911 hidrojen, 920 hidrokarbonlar, 925 hidroksil, 923 karbon dioksit, 916–917 karbon monoksit, 918–919 kat›lar, 889 k›zg›n so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a, 905–906 k›zg›n su, 894–897 kritik nokta özellikleri, 884 mol kütlesi, 884 mutlak entropi, 924 mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›lar›, 885–887 Nelson-Obert genellefltirilmifl s›k›flt›r›labilirlik çizelgesi, 908 normal flok fonksiyonlar›, 931 oksijen, 914–915 oluflum entalpisi, 924 P-h diyagram›- so¤utucu ak›flkan 134a, 907 Rayleigh ak›fl fonksiyonlar›, 932 SI birimleri, 883–932 s›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v› su, 898 s›v›lar, 888 su buhar›, 921–922 su için Mollier diyagram›, 901 su için T-s diyagram›, 900 tek atomlu oksijen, 923 yak›tlar, 925 yüksek seviyelerdeki atmosfer, 909 Özellikler ba¤›ms›z, 15 buhar tablolar›, 135–137 diyagramlar. Özellik diyagramlar›na bak›n›z doymufl s›v› - buhar kar›fl›m›, 131–132 durma, 824–827 gaz kar›fl›mlar›, 689–697 kritik, 835 mükemmel gaz. Mükemmel gaz özelliklerine bak›n›z özgül, 12 polar mol, 698 sembol üzerindeki gösterim, 138 s›v› metan, 352 sistemin, 12–13 tablolar. Özellik tablolar›na ve termodinamik ba¤›nt› çizelgelerine bak›n›z. Termodinamik özellik ba¤›nt›lar›na bak›n›z tan›m, 12 yayg›n, 12, 689 ye¤in, 12, 689 Özellik sembolü üzerindeki çizgi (notasyon), 138 Özgül a¤›rl›k, 13, 14 Özgül a¤›rl›k, 7, 14 Özgül entalpi, 127 Özgül Gibbs fonksiyonu (g), 697 Özgül hacim oran›, 359–360 Özgül hacim, 13 Özgül ›s› alüminyum, 218 cp, 178–180, 664–665 cv, 178–180, 664–665 özellik tablolar›, 885–887 tan›m, 178 Özgül ›s› oran›, 183 Özgül nem, 719, 720, 725–726 Özgül özellikler, 12 Özürlü kifli, 468 Özürlü insan, 468 P p, 5 Pa, 21 Paket buzlama, 118 Paket yaz›l›mlar, 35–38 Papin, Denis, 391 Pascal yasas›, 25 Pascal, Blaise, 25 Paskal (Pa), 21 Patlama dalgas›, 849 Patlama enerjisi, 215, 417 Patm, 30 Pdoy, 115-118 Peltier etkisi, 635 Peltier, Jean Charles Athanase, 635 Pelton türbin, 391 Perkins, Jacob, 612 Pervane mekanizmas›, 280 Phillips Araflt›rma Laboratuarlar›, 507 Piezoelektrik bas›nç alg›lay›c›lar, 29 Piko (p), 5 Piston silindir düzene¤i, 166 Pistonlu motorlar, 493–494 Piflirme düdüklü tencere, 250–252 f›r›n, F›r›na bak›n›z. ocak, 82 verimi, 80–81 Piflirme verimi, 80-81 Planck ›fl›n›m yasas›, 20 Polarizasyon ifli, 70 Politropik genleflme, 171 Politropik hal de¤iflimi, 171 Politropik s›k›flt›rma, 369 Pompa - motor, 84 Pompa verimi, 83 Pompa, 236 Potansiyel enerji, 54, 425 indeks 11/6/08 10:13 Page 943 D‹Z‹N Potansiyel fark›, 65 Pound-kuvvet (Ibf), 6 Prandtl-Meyer fonksiyonu, 857 Prandtl-Meyer genleflme dalgalar›, 856–857, 859–860 Problem çözüm teknikleri, 33–35 fiziksel yasalar, 34 genel çizim, 33 hesaplamalar, 34 kabuller/yaklafl›mlar, 34 özellikler, 34 problem ifadesi, 33 sorgulama, do¤rulama, irdeleme, 34 Propan, 752, 884, 885, 924, 925 Propilen, 884, 924 Propjet motoru, 526–527 Proses ›s›s›, 578–579 Proteinler, 194 psi, 22 Psia, 22 Psig, 22 Psikometrik çizelge, 726–727 P-T diyagram›, 124–126 Püskürtme havuzu, 738 P-V diyagram›, 120–124 PV günefl hücreleri, 109 PV hücre, 649 PV ile çal›flt›r›lan pompa, 649 P-V-T yüzeyi, 125-126 R R, 18 R–11, 617, 618, 884 R–115, 618 R–12, 617, 618, 884 R-134a, 884 R–21, 617, 884 R–22, 617 R–502, 617 Radyal lastikler, 532 Ramjet motoru, 527 Rangue, Georges, 646 Rangue-Hilsch borusu, 646 rankine ( R ), 18 Rankine çevrimi, 553–557. Buhar güç çevrimine bak›n›z Rankine ölçe¤i, 18, 19 Rankine, William, 18, 53, 845 Rault yasas›, 812 Rayleigh ak›fl, 860–869 ak›fl h›z›na ›s› geçiflinin etkisi, 865 bo¤uk, 867 borusal yak›c›, 868–869 enerji denklemi, 861 entropi de¤iflimi, 861–862 hal denklemi, 862 ›s›tma, 863 kütle denklemi, 861 özellik ba¤›nt›lar›, 866–867 özellik tablolar›, 932 Rayleigh çizgisi, 862, 864–865 so¤utma, 863 x-moment denklemi, 861 Rayleigh çizgisi, 846, 862, 864–865 Rayleigh, Lord, 845, 861 Referans de¤erleri, 135 Referans hali, 135 Rejeneratör, 275, 515, 568 Rejeneratörlü Brayton çevrimi, 515–516 Rejeneratörlü Brayton çevrimi, 515–516 Rejeneratörlü gaz ak›flkanl› so¤utma çevrimi, 630 Rejeneratörlü gaz çevrimi, 630 Rejeneratörlü gaz-türbin motoru, 515 Rejeneratörlü Rankine çevrimi, 568–576 Reküperatör, 515 Reynolds aktar›m teoremi, 253, 254 RFG, 88 RIIbeta, 197 Riemann, G. G. Bernhard, 845 Rix, Edward, 391 Rochas, Beau de, 494 Roket motoru, 842 Roket, 527 Ru, 137, 138 Rumford, Count, 62 Rüzgâr enerjisi, 59, 105 Rüzgâr so¤utma faktörü, 729 Rüzgâr türbini, 426–427 Rüzgâr türbinleri, 105–106 S s, 5 S. Entropiye bak›n›z Sabit alanl› bir kanalda ›s› geçifli/ ihmal edilebilir sürtünme. Rayleigh ak›fl›na bak›n›z. Sabit bas›nçta gaz›n elektrik ile ›s›t›lmas›, 174–176 Sabit nokta, 197 Sabit s›n›r, 11 Sabit-bas›nç özgül ›s›s› (cp), 178–180, 664–665 Sabit-hacim gaz termometresi, 18 Sabit-hacim özgül ›s›s› (cv), 178–180, 664–665 Saf madde entropi de¤iflimi, 339–343 faz de¤iflimi ifllemleri, 113–126 fazlar, 112–113 gaz. Gazlara bak›n›z kat›. Kat›ya bak›n›z. s›v›. S›v›lara bak›n›z tan›m, 112 Sal›n›m halindeki bir bilye için enerjinin korunumu, 77–78 Sallanan psikometre, 725 Sanal s›n›r, 11 Sanki dengeli hal de¤iflimleri, 15, 166 Sanki dengeli ifl etkileflimleri, 362 Sanki dengeli olmayan hal de¤iflimi, 15, 16 Sanki indirgenmifl özgül hacim, 143 Sanki statik hal de¤iflimleri, 16, 166 Santigrat ölçe¤i, 18 Savery, Thomas, 2 Scramjet motoru, 527 Seebeck etkisi, 634 Seebeck, Thomas, 634 Sera etkisi, 89–91 Sera gazlar›, 90 Serbest (do¤al) tafl›n›m, 93 Ses alt› h›z›ndaki ak›nt› yönündeki ak›fl, 855 Ses alt› h›z›ndaki ak›fl, 829 Ses h›z›, 827–828 | 943 Ses üstü h›z›ndaki ak›nt› yönündeki ak›fl, 855 Ses üstü h›z›ndaki ak›fl, 829 Seyreltilmifl gaz ak›fl› teorisi, 13 Seyreltilmifl s›v› çözeltileri, 701 SI motorlar›, 494 SI, 4–5, 883–892. Özellik tablolar› ve çizelgelerine bak›n›z S›cak gaz balonu, 161–162 S›cak yeralt› suyu kullanan jeotermal güç santrali, 603 S›cakl›k ölçekleri, 17–20 S›cakl›k, 17 adyabatik alev, 770–773 adyabatik yo¤uflma, 723–724 ateflleme, 754 çi¤ noktas›, 629 denge sabiti (kp), 806–807 dinamik, 825 doymufl buhar - silindir, 128 durma, 825 ev. Gaz buhar kar›fl›mlar›na bak›n›z indirgenmifl, 141 kritik, 119 kuru termometre, 720 mutlak, 304 Rankine çevrimi, 561, 562–564 sanki kritik, 686 sürekli fonksiyon olarak, 810 termodinamik s›cakl›k ölçe¤i, 303–305 tokatlama, 192 üçlü nokta, 123 yafl termometre, 726–727 yo¤uflma, 115–118 S›cakl›k-entropi diyagramlar›, 344 S›f›r bas›nç özgül ›s›s›, 181, 664 S›k›flabilen ak›fl, 856 S›k›flt›r›labilir ak›fl, 823–881 ak›fl h›z›n›n ak›fl alan› ile de¤iflimi, 832–834 durma özellikleri, 824–827 Fanno e¤risi, 846, 849–850 geri bas›nç, 836–844 kritik s›cakl›k/bas›nç - gaz ak›fl› lülelerde izantropik ak›fl, 836–845 Mach say›s› (Ma), 828–829, 858 özellik ba¤›nt›lar› - mükemmel gaz›n izantropik ak›fl›, 834–836 Prandtl-Meyer genleflme dalgalar›, 856–857, 859–860 Rayleigh ak›fl›, 860–869. Rayleigh ak›fl›na bak›n›z. Rayleigh e¤risi, 846 ses h›z›, 827–828 su buhar› lülesi, 869–872 flok dalgalar›. fiok dalgalar›na bak›n›z tek-boyutlu izantropik ak›fl, 829–836 yak›nsak lüle, 836–841 yak›nsak-›raksak boru- gaz ak›fl›, 829–830 yak›nsak-›raksak lüle. Yak›nsak-›raksak lülelere bak›n›z S›k›flt›r›labilirlik çizelgesi, 908 S›k›flt›r›labilirlik katsay›s› (Z), 139–141, 686 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl do¤al gaz (CNG), 752, 753 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl hava depolama sistemi, 463–465 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl havan›n maliyetinin azalt›lmas›, 391–400 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v› bölgesi, 120 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v› su, 898 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v›, 114, 133–134 indeks 11/6/08 944 | 10:13 Page 944 D‹Z‹N S›k›flt›rma oran›, 493, 496 S›k›flt›rma stroku, 495 S›k›flt›rma-atefllemeli (CI) motorlar, 494 S›n›f›n ayd›nlatma maliyeti, 76–77 S›n›r ifli, 166–169 S›n›r, 10, 11 S›v›, 113 doymufl, 114, 127–129 entalpi de¤iflimleri, 189–190 iç enerji de¤iflimleri, 189 kompresör ifl girifli, 364 özellikler, 888 seyreltilmifl s›v› çözeltileri, 701 s›k›flt›r›lm›fl, 114, 133–134 S›v› azot, 117 S›v› hidrokarbon yak›tlar›, 752 S›v› propan, 163 S›v›-buhar doyma e¤risi, 116 S›v›laflt›r›lm›fl do¤al gaz (LNG) türbini, 353 S›v›laflt›r›lm›fl petrol gazlar› (LPG), 752, 753 Silikon germanyum malzemelerine dayanan termoelektrik güç üreticileri, 635 Sistem aç›k, 10–11 basit s›k›flt›r›labilir, 15 entropi de¤iflimi, 378 hareketsiz, 54 ›s› al›nan, 633 kapal›, 10, 11 özellikler, 12–13 tan›m, 10 yal›t›lm›fl, 10 S›v› metan, 351-353 Siyah cisim ›fl›n›m›, 94 Siyah cisim, 94 SO2, 88 Sodyum doldurulmufl yüksek yo¤unluklu lambalar, 80 So¤uk hava standard› kabulleri, 493 So¤urma, 94 So¤urmal› so¤utma sistemi, 631–634 So¤urmal› su so¤utucular›, 633 So¤utma basit so¤utma ifllemi, 730 buharlaflmal› so¤utma, 734–735 demir külçe-su,191 demir külçe-tersinmezlik, 429–431 güç santrali-so¤utma kulesi, 738–739 ›slak so¤utma kulesi, 737–739 kuru, 554 kutu içecek-termoelektrik so¤utucu, 636 mükemmel olmayan gaz kar›fl›m›, 694–697 nem almal›, 732–734 Rayleigh ak›fl›, 863 s›cak ak›flkan-tank, 74–75 so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a - su, 242–244 So¤utma Brayton çevrimi, 515–517 Ericcson çevrimi, 504 Rankine çevrimi, 568–576 Stirling çevrimi, 504 verim, 507 So¤utma çevrimi, 607–649. So¤utuculara bak›n›z ard›fl›k so¤utma sistemleri, 620–623 çok kademeli s›k›flt›rma yap›lan so¤utma sistemleri, 623–625 gaz so¤utma çevrimi, 628–631 gazlar›n s›v›laflt›r›lmas›, 626–628 gerçek buhar s›k›flt›rma, 610–616 ›s› pompas› sistemleri, 618–620 ideal buhar s›k›flt›rma, 610–614 so¤urmal› so¤utma sistemi, 631–634 so¤utucu ak›flkan, 616–618 tek kompresörlü çok amaçl› so¤utma sistemleri, 625–626 termoelektrik so¤utma, 634–636 ters Carnot çevrimi, 609–610 yenilikçi buhar s›k›flt›rma, 620–626 So¤utma sistemi ile çal›flan kurutucular, 399 So¤utma, 118 So¤utucu ak›flkan, 287, 616–618 So¤utucu ak›flkan-134a doymufl-bas›nç tablosu, 904 doymufl-s›cakl›k tablosu, 902–903 k›zg›n, 905–906 P-h diyagram›, 907 so¤utucuda genleflme, 239–240 su ile so¤utulmas›, 242–244 So¤utucu, 311–315. So¤utma çevrimine bak›n›z amaç, 608 at›lan ›s›, 291 Carnot, 309–310, 609 COP, 288–289, 608 ekserji, 434 ›fl›k anahtar›n›n bozuk olmas›, 314–315 iyi kullan›m ölçütleri, 313–314 nas›l çal›fl›r, 287–288 s›ra d›fl› düflünce, 310 so¤utma kapasitesi, 608 so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a n›n genleflmesi, 239–340 tan›m, 608 termoelektrik, 634–636 So¤utucu-dondurucu ünitesi, 626 So¤utulmufl s›v›, 114 Sonik ak›fl, 829 Sonik h›z, 827 Sosyal bilimciler, 468 Standart atmosfer (atm), 22, 30 Standart atmosferik bas›nç (Patm), 30 Standart referans hali, 762 Standart-hal Gibbs fonksiyon de¤iflimi, 797 Statik entalpi, 824 Stefan Boltzmann sabiti, 94 Stefan Boltzmann yasas›, 94 Stevin, Simon, 25 Stirling çevrimi, 503–507 Stokiyemetrik hava, 756 Stokiyemetrik yanma, 756 Strok, 493 Su bahçe hortumunun f›skiyesi, 224–225 buhar. Su buhar›na bak›n›z çözünmüfl hava, 814 demir külçenin so¤utulmas›, 191 dengesiz genleflme, 176–178 deniz suyundan tatl› su elde edilmesi, 705-707 doymufl buz - su buhar›, 899 doymufl, 890–893 dufl, 241 gaz sabiti, 884 gaz. Su buhar›na bak›n›z k›zg›n, 894–897 kritik özellikler, 884 mol kütlesi, 884 Mollier diyagram›, 901 mutlak entropi, 924 oluflum entalpisi, 924 oluflum Gibbs fonksiyonu, 924 s›cak demir kütlenin b›rak›lmas›, 453–455 s›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v›, 898 so¤utucu ak›flkan R134a n›n so¤utulmas›, 242–244 tank›n boflalt›lmas›, 225–226 T-s diyagram› Su buhar› doygun, 870 genleflme, 448–451 k›zg›n, yüksek s›cakl›klara, 561 kullan›m, 551 özellikler, 885 türbin, 237–238, 460-462 Su buhar› mutlak entropi, 924 mükemmel gaz olarak, 139 mükemmel gaz özellikleri, 921–922 odadaki hava miktar›, 720–721 oluflum entalpisi, 924 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 924 Su buhar› güç santrali, 282, 551 Su buhar› tablolar›, 135–137 Su ceketi, 391 Su hortumu, 391 Su ›s›t›c›s›, verim, 79 Sublimasyon, 124, 813 Suda çözünmüfl hava, 814 Su-lityum bromid so¤urmal› so¤utma sistemi, 631 Su-lityum klorid so¤urmal› so¤utma sistemi, 631 Su-so¤utmal› buhar yo¤uflturucusu, 605 Suyun dengesiz genleflmesi, 176–178 Sürekli ak›fl enerji denklemi, 554 Sürekli ak›fl Ericsson motoru, 505 Sürekli ak›fl hal de¤iflim/sistem ekserji dengesi, 458–459 enerji analizi, 230–232 kütle dengesi, 223–224 tan›m, 16 Sürekli ak›fll› sistemler, 233–246 boru ve kanal ak›fl›, 244–246 entropi, 382 ›s› de¤ifltiriciler, 242 ikinci yasa verimi, 459–460 izantropik verimler, 370–377 kar›flma odas›, 240–241 k›s›lma vanalar›, 239 kompresör, 236–237. Kompresörlere bak›n›z lüle, 233–236. Lüleye bak›n›z türbin, 233, 236–238. Türbine bak›n›z yay›c›, 233–235 Sürekli ortam, 12–13 Sürtünme, 297 Sürüfl al›flkanl›klar›, 534–536 Swamp so¤utucular, 151 fi fiok aç›s›, 852 fiok dalgalar› e¤ik floklar, 852–856, 858-859 indeks 11/6/08 10:13 Page 945 D‹Z‹N normal floklar, 845–851, 931 tekrar s›k›flt›r›lm›fl, 856 yak›nsak-›raksak lüle, 850–851 T T, 5 Tdoy, 115–118 T- çeflit termokupl, 635 T ds ba¤›nt›lar›, 350–351 Tam yanma, 756 Tamamlanmam›fl proteinler, 15 Tamamlanmam›fl yanma, 756 Tank bir gaz›n ›s›t›lmas› - kar›flt›r›lmas›, 184–185 doymufl s›v› bas›nc›, 128 entropi de¤iflimi, 341 hidrokarbon buhar›n›n yanabilir kar›fl›mlar›, 792 mükemmel gaz kar›fl›mlar›, 691–692 sabit hacimli, doldurulmas›, buhar, 248–250 s›cak ak›flkan›n so¤utulmas›, 74–75 s›k›flt›r›lm›fl havan›n ifl potansiyeli, 438–439 su boflalt›lmas›, 225–226 Tafl›nan enerji, 227 Tafl›n›m ›s› geçifli katsay›s›, 93–94 Tafl›n›m ocaklar›, 81 Tafl›n›m, 93–94 Tafl›t tekerlerinin paralellik ayar›, 534 Tafl›t, Otomobile bak›n›z Taylor, G. I., 845 Tehlikeli at›klar›n yok edilmesi, 792 Tek ak›m, adyabatik, sürekli ak›fl cihaz›, 382 Tek atomlu gazlar, 182 Tek atomlu oksijen, 923 Tek boyutlu izantropik ak›fl, 829–836, 930 Tek kademeli ara buhar almal› çevrim, 568 Tek kompresörlü çok amaçl› so¤utma sistemleri, 625–626 Tekrar formülüze edilmifl benzin (RFG), 88 Temiz Hava Hareketi, 87 Tepki verimi, 522 Tepki, 521 Tepkili çevrim, 521–525 Tepkime entalpisi, 763, 807 Tepkime sistemleri, 751. Kimyasal tepkimelere bak›n›z. Tepkimesiz gaz kar›fl›m›, 681. Gaz kar›fl›mlar›na bak›n›z Tepkimesiz sistemler, 751 Tera (T), 5 Terleme, 728–729 Termodinami¤in birinci yasas›. Birinci yasa analizine bak›n›z deneyler, 175, 176, 218 enerjinin korunumu ilkesi, 71–72 kan›t, 174 kapal› sistemler,174 yasa ifadesi, 70 Termodinami¤in ikinci yasas›, ‹kinci yasa analizine ve ikinci yasa verimine bak›n›z Clausius ifadesi, 292–293 Kelvin-Planck ifadesi, 287, 292–293 kullan›m›, 280–281 yasa ifadeleri, 280 Termodinami¤in s›f›r›nc› yasas›, 17 Termodinami¤in üçüncü yasas›, 347, 774 Termodinamik birinci yasa. Termodinami¤in birinci yasas›na bak›n›z ikinci yasa. Termodinami¤in ikinci yasas›na bak›n›z istatistiksel, 3 klasik, 3 s›f›r›nc› yasa, 17 tan›m, 297 üçüncü yasa, 347 Termodinamik çevrim, 487 Termodinamik olas›l›k, 347 Termodinamik özellik ba¤›nt›lar›, 651–680 Clapeyron denklemi, 658–661 Clapeyron-Clausius denklemi, 660 cp, 664-665 cv, 664-665 çevrim ba¤›nt›s›, 656 diferansiyelleri, 652–656 entalpi de¤iflimleri, 662–663, 670–671, 673-674 entropi de¤iflimleri, 663, 671–674 gerçek gazlar, 670–673 Gibbs ba¤›nt›lar›, 657 iç enerji de¤iflimleri, 661–662, 665–667, 671 Joule-Thomson katsay›s›, 668–669 karfl›l›kl›l›k ba¤›nt›s›, 656 k›smi türev ba¤›nt›lar›, 655–656 Maxwell ba¤›nt›lar›, 656–658 Mayer ba¤›nt›s›, 665 mükemmel gaz›n izantropik ak›fl›, 834–836 Rayleigh ak›fl›, 866–867 yüksek bas›nçlardaki oksijen, 673–674 Termodinamik s›cakl›k ölçe¤i, 18, 303–305 Termoelektrik cihaz, 634 Termoelektrik devre, 634 Termoelektrik güç üretici, 635 Termoelektrik so¤utucu, 634–636 Termokupl, 635 Termo-mekanik ekserji, 435 Ters yanma analizi, 760–761 Tersine Brayton çevrimi, 628 Tersine Carnot çevrimi, 301, 609–610 Tersine Stirling çevrimi, 628 Tersinir adyabatik ak›fl, 860 Tersinir adyabatik genleflme, 300 Tersinir adyabatik hal de¤iflimi, 343 Tersinir adyabatik s›k›flt›rma, 301 Tersinir çevrim, 300 Tersinir hal de¤iflimleri, 296–299, 702 Tersinir ifl - yanma ifllemleri, 776 Tersinir ifl (Wter), 428, 459, 702 Tersinir izotermal genleflme, 300 Tersinir izotermal s›k›flt›rma, 300 Tersinir kar›flma ifllemleri, 703 Tersinir sürekli ak›fl ifli, 362–366 Tersinir türbin, 366 Tersinmez hal de¤iflimleri, 296–297. Ekserji yok olufluna bak›n›z ak›flkan sürtünmesi, 557 buhar güç çevrimi, 559–560 demir külçenin so¤utulmas›, 429–431 ›s› motoru, 429 ›s› kayb›, 557 tan›m, 428 q-b-Ma ba¤›nt›s›, 854 Tetraetil kurflun, 497 | 945 Tetrafloroetan (R-134a), 884 Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rumford), 62 Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 2, 18, 53, 304 Titreflim kinetik enerjisi, 55 Tokatlama, 192 Toluen, 925 Toplam enerji, 53 Toplam entalpi, 824 Toplam ›s›, 127 Toplam ifl, 252 Toplam s›cakl›k, 825 Toplam tersinir hal de¤iflimi, 299 Toplam türev (dz), 653, 654 Toplam verim, 80 Torr, 30 Torricelli, Evangelista, 29 Transonik ak›fl, 829 Trikloroflorometan (R–11), 884 T-S diyagram›, 344 T-s diyagram›, 345, 490 Turbofan motoru, 525–526 Turbojet motoru, 521–525 Turboprop motoru, 526 Tutuflma s›cakl›¤›, 754 Tuz meyilli günefl havuzu, 32 Tuzdan ar›nd›rma ifllemleri, 704–707 Türbin verimi, 83 Türbin, 236 güç üretimi, 237–238 izantropik verim, 371–372 LM5000, 233 LNG, 353 tersinir, 366 vana yerlefltirilmesi, 353–354 Türbin-jeneratör, 84 Türetilmifl boyutlar, 3 Türev, 652 Türevler, 652–656 T-V diyagram›, 118–120, 121–124 Twining, Alexander, 612 U U. ‹ç enerjiye bak›n›z Uçucu organik bileflenler (VOCs), 87 Uluslar aras› sistem, 4 Uranyum fizyonu, 57 USCS (United States Customary System), 4 USCS, 4 Ü Üçlü çizgi, 123 Üçlü nokta bas›nc›, 123 Üçlü nokta s›cakl›¤›, 123 Üçlü nokta, 19 Üçüncü izantropik ba¤›nt›, 358 Üniversal gaz sabiti, 137, 138 ÜÖN, 493 Ürünler, 754 Üst çevrim, 587 Üst ölü nokta (ÜÖN), 493 indeks 11/6/08 946 | 10:13 Page 946 D‹Z‹N V Vakum bas›nc›, 22, 23 Vakumlu donma, 118 Vakumlu so¤utma, 117–118 van der Waals hal denklemi, 144–145 van der Waals, Johannes Diderik, 144 van't Hoff denklemi, 806 Venturi lülesi, 831 Verim AFUE, 79 ayd›nlatma sistemleri, 80 Carnot, 305 güç üretici, 80 ikinci yasa. ‹kinci yasa verimine bak›n›z izantropik, 370–377 izotermal, 373 kompresör güç girifli, 374–375 mekanik, 83 motor, 83 piflirme cihazlar›, 80–81 pompa, 83 su ›s›t›c›s›, 79 tepki, 522 ›s›l, 283–284. Is›l verime bak›n›z termoelektrik güç üreticiler, 635 türbin, 83 yanma, 79 Vücut ›s›s›, 60 Vücut kütle dizini (BMI), 198 W Wçevre, 428 Wf, 428 Wters 428, 459, 702 Wilson e¤risi, 870 WR-21 gas türbini 509 X Xenon, 884 X›s›, 440–442 Xifl, 442 Xkütle, 442–443 Y Ya¤, 530 Ya¤lar, 194 Ya¤s›z cipsler, 190–200 Yak›n çevre, 424, 425 Yak›nsak lüle, 836–841 Yak›nsak-›raksak kanal, 829–830 Yak›nsak-›raksak lüle, 831, 841–845 geri bas›nç, 842–844 hava ak›fl›, 844–845 su buhar› ak›fl›, 870–872 flok dalgas›, 850–851 Yak›t hücresi, 780–782 Yak›t ›s›tma de¤eri, 79 Yak›t verimi, 530–537 Yak›t, 752, 925 Yal›t›lm›fl sistem, 10, 443, 444 Yanma entalpisi, 763, 764–765 Yanma verimi, 79 Yanma, 753. Kimyasal tepkimelere bak›n›z Yapay so¤utma havuzu, 738 Yar› kararl› hal, 164 Yafl termometre s›cakl›¤›, 724–725 Yay dalga, 854,855 Yay ifli, 67 Yayg›n özellikler, 12, 689 Yay›c›, 233–235 Yay›c›dan geçen havan›n h›z›n›n azalmas›, 234–235 Yayma oran›, 94, 95 7FA gaz türbini, 543 Ye¤in özellikler, 12, 689 Yenilenebilir enerji, 91 Yenilikçi buhar s›k›flt›rmal› so¤utma sistemleri, 620–628 Yerçekimi kuvveti, 7 Yer de¤ifltirme enerjisi, 55 Yer de¤ifltirme hacmi, 493 Yer-seviyesi ozonu (O3), 87, 88 Yeflil enerji, 91 Y›ll›k yak›t kullan›m verimi (AFUE), 79 Yo¤unluk de¤iflimleri. S›k›flt›r›labilir ak›fla bak›n›z Yo¤unluk, 13 Yo¤uflma bas›nc› (Pyo¤), 115–118 Yo¤uflma e¤risi, 726 Yo¤uflma s›cakl›¤› (Tyo¤), 115–118 Yo¤uflturucu bas›nc›, 560–561 Yo¤uflturucu, 554 Yol, 15 Yola ba¤›ml› fonksiyonlar›, 63 Young, Thomas, 53 Yük köprülü bas›nç dönüfltürücüler, 29 Yüksek bas›nçlardaki oksijen, 673–674 Yüksek h›z, 535 Yüksek ›s›tma de¤eri (HHV), 79, 764 Yüksek seviyedeki atmosfer, 909 Yüksek verim motoru, 85–86, 395, 397 Yüksek vitesli, 531 Yüzde eksik hava, 757 Yüzde fazla hava, 757 Yüzde kuramsal hava, 757 Yüzde yüz kuramsal hava, 756 Yüzey gerilme ifli, 68 Yüzey gerilmesi, 68 Z Z, 139–141, 686 Zamanla de¤iflen aç›k sistemler, 246–252 Zay›f e¤ik flok, 854 Zeuner, Gustav, 231 Zihinsel ekserji, 466 Zihinsel uyan›kl›k, 467 Zorlanm›fl tafl›n›m, 93 son 11/6/08 10:12 Page 2 Semboller a a A A c c cp cv COP COPIP COPSM d, D e E EER F YH g g G h h H – h–y h– f hR HHV HY i I I k ks kt Kp ke KE LHV m m· M Ma ‹vme, m/s2 Özgül Helmholtz fonksiyonu, u Ts, kJ/kg Alan, m2 Helmholtz fonksiyonu, U TS, kJ Ses h›z›, m/s Özgül ›s›, kJ/kg · K Sabit bas›nçta özgül ›s›, kJ/kg · K Sabit hacimde özgül ›s›, kJ/kg · K Etkinlik katsay›s› Is› pompas›n›n etkinlik katsay›s› So¤utma makinesinin etkinlik katsay›s› Çap, m Özgül toplam enerji, kJ/kg Toplam enerji, kJ Enerji etkinlik oran› Kuvvet, N Yak›t-hava oran› Yerçekimi ivmesi, m/s2 Özgül Gibbs fonksiyonu, h Ts, kJ/kg Toplam Gibbs fonksiyonu, H TS, kJ Tafl›n›mla ›s› geçifli katsay›s›, W/m2 · °C Özgül entalpi, u Pv, kJ/kg Toplam entalpi, U PV, kJ Yanma entalpisi, kJ/kmol yak›t Oluflum (formasyon) entalpisi, kJ/kmol Reaksiyon entalpisi, kJ/kmol Üst ›s›l de¤er, kJ/kg yak›t Hava-yak›t oran› Özgül tersinmezlik, kj/kg Elektrik ak›m›, A Toplam tersinmezlik, kJ Özgül ›s›lar›n oran›, cp /cv Yay sabiti Is› iletim katsay›s› Denge sabiti Özgül kinetik enerji, V 2/2, kJ/kg Toplam kinetik enerji, mV 2/2, kJ Alt ›s›l de¤er, kJ/kg yak›t Kütle, kg Kütle debisi, kg/s Mol kütlesi, kg/kmol Mach say›s› mf n N OEP P Pcr Pi Pm Pr PR Pv P0 pe PE q Q · Q QH QL r R rc rp Ru s S süretim Süretim SG t T T Tcr Tkt Tçn Ta TH TL TR Tyt T0 u U Kütle oran› Politropik üs Mol say›s› Ortalama efektif bas›nç, kPa Bas›nç, kPa Kritik bas›nç, kPa K›smi bas›nç, kPa Kar›fl›m bas›nc›, kPa Ba¤›l bas›nç, kPa ‹ndirgenmifl bas›nç, kPa Buhar bas›nc›, kPa Çevre bas›nc›, kPa Özgül potansiyel enerji, gz, kJ/kg Toplam potansiyel enerji, mgz, kJ Birim kütle için ›s› geçifli, kJ/kg Toplam ›s› geçifli, kJ Birim zamanda ›s› geçifli, kW Yüksek s›cakl›ktaki cisimden ›s› geçifli, kJ Düflük s›cakl›ktaki cisimden ›s› geçifli, kJ S›k›flt›rma oran› Gaz sabiti, kJ/kg · K Kesme oran› Bas›nç oran› Üniversal gaz sabiti, kJ/kmol · K Özgül entropi, kJ/kg · K Toplam entropi, kJ/K Özgül entropi üretimi, kJ/kg · K Toplam entropi üretimi, kJ/K Özgül a¤›rl›k yada ba¤›l yo¤unluk Zaman, s S›cakl›k, °C or K Tork, N · m Kritik s›cakl›k, K Kuru termometre s›cakl›¤›, °C Çi¤ noktas› s›cakl›¤›, °C Ak›flkan s›cakl›¤›, °C Yüksek s›cakl›ktaki cismin s›cakl›¤›, K Düflük s›cakl›ktaki cismin s›cakl›¤›, K ‹ndirgenmifl s›cakl›k Yafl termometre s›cakl›¤›, °C Çevre s›cakl›¤›, °C or K Özgül iç enerji, kJ/kg Toplam iç enerji, kJ son 11/6/08 v vcr vr vR V. V V V Vort w W · W Wg Wç Wter x x X xyok Xyok · X yok y z Z Zh Zs 10:12 Page 3 Özgül hacim, m3/kg Kritik özgül hacim, m3/kg Ba¤›l özgül hacim Sanki indirgenmifl özgül hacim Toplam hacim, m3 Hacimsel debi, m3/s Volt, V H›z, m/s Ortalama h›z Birim kütle için ifl, kJ/kg Toplam ifl, kJ Güç, kW Giren veya sistem üzerinde yap›lan ifl, kJ Ç›kan veya sistem taraf›ndan yap›lan ifl, kJ Tersinir ifl, kJ Kuruluk derecesi Özgül ekserji, kJ/kg Toplam ekserji, kJ Özgül ekserji yok oluflu, kJ/kg Toplam ekserji yok oluflu, kJ Birim zamanda toplam ekserji yok oluflu, kW Mol oran› Yükseklik, m S›k›flt›r›labilirlik çarpan› Entalpi sapma çarpan› Entropi sapma çarpan› Yunan Harfleri Yutma oran›, abzorvite ‹zotermal s›k›flt›r›labilirlik, 1/kPa Hacimsel geniflleyebilirlik, 1/K Miktarda sonlu de¤iflim Yayma oran› th Is›l verim II ‹kinci yasa verimi Ak›flkan›n toplam enerjisi, kJ/kg JT Joule-Thomson katsay›s›, K/kPA Kimyasal potansiyel, kJ/kg Stokiometrik katsay› Yo¤unluk, kg/m3 Stefan–Boltzmann sabiti n Normal gerilme, N/m2 y Yüzey gerilmesi, N/m Ba¤›l nem Özgül kapal› sistem ekserjisi, kJ/kg Toplam kapal› sistem ekserjisi, kJ Ak›fl ekserjisi, kJ/kg Özgül veya mutlak nem, kg H2O/kg kuru hava Alt ‹ndisler a Hava mut Mutlak ger Gerçek atm Atmosferik ort Ortalama c Kesit alan cr Kritik nokta ç Ç›k›fl koflullar›nda f Doymufl s›v› fg Özelli¤in doymufl s›v› ile doymufl buhar aras›ndaki fark› g Doymufl buhar g Girifl flartlar›nda üre Üretim H Yüksek s›cakl›k KH Kontrol hacmi i i kar›flan› L Düflük s›cakl›k m Kar›fl›m r Ba¤›l R ‹ndirgenmifl ter Tersinir s ‹zantropik doy Doymufl o Çevre hali sis Sistem v Su buhar› y Yanma 0 Ölü nokta 1 Bafllang›ç ve girifl hali 2 Son hali veya girifl hali Üst ‹ndisler · (üst nokta) Birim zamanda _ (üst çizgi) Birim mol için ° (çember) Standart referans hali * (asterisk) 1 atm bas›nç
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