A RESEARCH ON HEALTHY LIVING BEHAVIORS OF ARCHERY

Transkript

International Journal of Science Culture and Sport
July 2014 : Special Issue 1
ISSN
: 2148-1148
Doi
: 10.14486/IJSCS78
A RESEARCH ON HEALTHY LIVING BEHAVIORS OF ARCHERY
COACHES AND BOXING COACHES
Ziya Bahadır*, Zehra Certel**, Ramazan Topuz***
*School of Physical Education and Sports, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039 Turkiye
** School of Physical Education and Sports, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07058 Turkiye
***Zeki Altındağ Anatolian High School, Konya, Turkiye
Abstract
The aim of the research was to assess healthy living behaviors of archery coaches and
boxing coaches in terms of sportive branch, sportive experience and gender. The study was
conducted with boxing coaches (n=119) and archery coaches (n=131). As the data collection
tool; “The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) which was developed by Walker et
al. and validity and reliability tests of which were performed by Bahar et al. (2008) was
employed. In the study; it was found out that mean score of boxing coaches on Physical
activity subscale was higher than archery coaches. Besides; no statistically significant
differences existed between archery coaches and boxing coaches in terms of gender and
sportive experience.
Key Words: Healthy Living Style, Boxing, Archery, Coach.
Okçuluk ve Boks Antrenörlerinin Sağlıklı Yaşam Davranışları Üzerine Bir
Araştırma
Özet
Araştırmanın amacı, okçuluk ve boks antrenörlerinin sağlıklı yaşam biçimi
davranışlarının spor dalı, spor yaşı ve cinsiyetlerine göre incelenmesidir. Araştırma, boks
(n=119) ve okçuluk (n=131) antrenörleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada veri
toplama aracı olarak 1996 yılında Walker ve ark. tarafından geliştirilen ve Bahar ve Ark
(2008) tarafından geçerlik ve güvenirliği yapılan “Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Ölçeği
(SYBD-II)” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada; boks antrenörlerinin fiziksel aktivite boyutu puan
ortalamaları okçuluk antrenörlerine göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca araştırmada
okçuluk ve boks antrenörlerin cinsiyet ve spor deneyimlerine göre ise bir farklılığa
rastlanmamıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi, Boks, Okçuluk, Antrenör.
Copyright©IntJSCS (www.iscsjournal.com) - 88
Special Issue on the Proceedings of the 3rd ISCS Conference
SI(1): 88-96
1. Introduction
A healthy society is made up only by healthy individuals. Therefore; it is necessary to
help individuals to acquire positive behaviors in order to prevent, to maintain and to improve
their wellness and health status and to assist them to make correct decisions about their own
health (Kong, 1995). World Health Organization argue that 70-80% of the death rates in
developed countries and 40-50% of the death rates in developing countries are caused by
unhealthy living styles; which points out the importance of developing a healthy life style.
According to health definition made by World Health Organization; health is a state of
complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity (WHO).
A healthy lifestyle is to control all of the one’s own behaviors that may affect his
health and to select and to organize the behaviors appropriate for his own health status while
organizing daily activities. An individual who changes these behaviors into attitudes can not
only maintain his healthy status but also raise it to a higher level. Health behavior is whole of
one’s behaviors in which he believes and uses so that they can stay healthy and get protection
against diseases (cited Özkan and Yılmaz, 2006). Healthy lifestyle behaviors are a
combination of assessments on dietary habits, self-realization, health responsibility, exercise
habits, interpersonal support and stress management. Also; healthy life style behaviors are
described as a course of actions in which one believes and does so as to remain healthy and to
get protection against diseases (Cited by Aslan et al., 2012).
Being healthy is the basic human right and to attain and to maintain it is the basic aim
of the health care personnel as well as it is one’s own responsibility. One should control
himself and desire to get these behaviors in order to gain these health promoting behaviors
because it is essential to provide and to maintain health promoting behaviors in order to
improve health. Literature includes studies on healthy lifestyle behaviors (Tambağ, 2012;
Aslan et al., 2012; Lüleci et al., 2012; Cihangiroğlu and Deveci, 2011; İlhan et al., 2007;
Özkan and Yılmaz, 2006). The authors studied healthy life behaviors and the affecting factors
with various sample groups. However; there was not a relevant study conducted with coaches.
Therefore; the aim of the research was to assess healthy living behaviors of archery coaches
and boxing coaches in terms of sportive branch, sportive age and gender.
2. Method
Study Group
The study was conducted with 250 coaches who participated in 1 st stage coaching
courses for boxing (n=119) and archery (n=131) held in 2013. Mean age of the participant
coaches was 31.22±9.26 years. Table 1 included personal information on the coaches.
International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (IntJSCS)
July 2014
Table 1. Personal information of the coaches
Variables
Branch
Gender
Education
Sportive Experience
Marital Status
Income Status
TOTAL
Boxing
Archery
Female
Male
N
119
131
36
214
%
47.6
52.4
14.4
85.6
Primary school
High school
University
Master degree
1-10 years
11-20 years
≥ 21 years
Married
Single
Low
Moderate
High
24
67
144
15
137
74
39
104
146
30
198
22
9.6
26.8
57.6
6.0
54.8
29.6
15.6
41.6
58.4
12.0
79.2
8.8
250
100
Data Collection Tool
As the data collection tool; “The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II)”
which was developed by Walker et al. and validity and reliability tests of which were
performed by Bahar et al. (2008) was employed.
HPLP-II was developed by Walker et al. (1996) and measures health promoting
behaviors in relation with one’s healthy lifestyle. Validity and reliability tests of the scale
were performed by Bahar et al. (2008). HPLP-II is a four point Likert type with 52 items. The
lowest score is 52 and the highest score is 208. Higher scores mean that one performs the
health behaviors questioned in the scale at a high level. The scale has six subscales:
Spiritual growth focuses on how much one knows himself, his life objectives and selfdevelopment abilities and how much he is satisfied with himself (9 items).
Nutrition involves one’s selection and organization of a healthful diet and meals and his
values in selecting foods (9 items)
Physical activity indicates how much exercises –unchangeable part of a healthy life- are done
by the individual (8 items).
Health responsibility involves one’s accountability for and participation in his own wellbeing (9 items).
SI(1): 88-96
Interpersonal relations entails communication with significant others and duration of this
communication (9 items).
Stress management entails the identification of stress resources and stress control
mechanisms (8 items).
Bahar et al. (2008) found Cronbach Alpha coefficient of The HealthPromoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) as .92. For the subscales; the reliability coefficient
was .77 for health responsibility, .79 for physical activity, .68 for nutrition, .79 for spiritual
growth, .80 for interpersonal relationships and .64 for stress management. In the present
study; Cronbach Alpha coefficients became as follows: .71 for spiritual growth, .72 for
nutrition, .76 for physical activity, .79 for health responsibility, .73 for interpersonal
relationships, .63 for stress management and .91 for total scale.
Analysis of the data
For the analyses of the data; such descriptive statistical methods as arithmetic means,
weighted means and standard deviations were employed and Kolmogorow Smirnow test was
used to know whether or not the data followed a normal distribution. Also; parametric tests –
t-test and Anova test- were used, too. In order to explore the source of the difference; Tukey
test was performed.
3. Findings
Findings Relating Healthy Life Style Behaviors
Table 2 demonstrated mean scores, minimum scores and maximum scores obtained by
the participant coaches from HPLP-II scales and its subscales.
Table 2. Mean scores, minimum scores and maximum scores and Standard Deviation
obtained by the participant coaches from HPLP-II scales and its subscales
Scale
Spiritual growth
n
250
X±SD
3.17±.43
Min-max scores
1.78-4.00
Nutrition
Physical activity
Health responsibility
Interpersonal
relations
Stress management
250
250
250
250
2.52±.50
2.79±.58
2.57±.54
2.96±.46
1.11-4.00
1.13-4.00
1.22-4.00
1.44-4.00
250
2.66±.47
1.25-4.00
SYBD-II
250
2.78±.37
1.57-4.00
July 2014
When the data in Table 2 were analyzed and mean scores obtained by the coaches
from HPLP-II were respectively listed; these were (X=3.17±.43) for Spiritual growth,
(X=2.96±.46) for Interpersonal relations, (X=2.79±.58) for Physical activity, (X=2.66±.47)
for Stress management, (X=2.57±.54) for Health responsibility and (X=2.52±.50) for
Nutrition. HPLP-II total score was (X=2.78±.37). Table 3 showed t-test analyses of the scores
obtained by the participant coaches from HPLP-II scales and its subscales in terms of sportive
branch.
Table 3. Comparison of the scores obtained by the participant coaches from HPLP-II scales
and its subscales in terms of sportive branch
Scale
Spiritual growth
Nutrition
Physical activity
Health responsibility
Interpersonal relations
Stress management
SYBD-II
Sportive
branch
Boxing
Archery
Boxing
Archery
Boxing
Archery
Boxing
Archery
Boxing
Archery
Boxing
Archery
Boxing
Archery
n
X
Sd
119
131
119
131
119
131
119
131
119
131
119
131
119
131
3.18
3.15
2.56
2.49
2.88
2.70
2.51
2.62
2.92
3.00
2.66
2.65
2.79
2.77
.42
.44
.51
.48
.52
.62
.53
.55
.44
.47
.42
.50
.33
.42
t
p
.590
.556
1.150
.251
2.505
.013*
-1.722
.086
-1.245
.214
.303
.762
.404
.687
*P<.05
When the data of Table 3 were analyzed in terms of sportive branch variable; it was
noted that among means scores of the healthy lifestyle behaviors; there was a statistically
significant difference only in Physical activity (t=2.505; p=.013; p<.05). As far as other
subscale scores were concerned; no statistically significant difference existed. Table 4
included the data relating the scores obtained by the participant coaches from HPLP-II scales
and its subscales in terms of sportive experience (sportive age).
SI(1): 88-96
Table 4. Comparison of the scores obtained by the participant coaches from HPLP-II scales
and its subscales in terms of sportive experience (sportive age).
Scale
Spiritual
growth
Nutrition
Physical
activity
Health
responsibility
Interpersonal
relations
Stress
management
SYBD-II
Sportive
experience
(sportive
age)
1-10 years
11-20 years
≥21 years
1-10 years
11-20 years
≥21 years
n
X
Sd
137
74
39
137
74
39
3.16
3.19
3.13
2.45
2.52
2.75
.43
.44
.41
.49
.49
.47
1-10 years
11-20 years
≥21 years
1-10 years
11-20 years
≥21 years
1-10 years
11-20 years
≥21 years
1-10 years
11-20 years
≥21 years
1-10 years
11-20 years
≥21 years
137
74
39
137
74
39
137
74
39
137
74
39
137
74
39
2.75
2.85
2.81
2.53
2.55
2.72
2.96
2.98
2.94
2.65
2.68
2.63
2.75
2.80
2.83
.59
.55
.59
.52
.53
.63
.46
.44
.50
.48
.42
.49
.39
.35
.38
F
P
.309
.734
5.437
.005*
Difference
1-3
.740
.478
1.948
.145
.103
.902
.125
.882
.817
.443
P<.05
When the data presented in Table 4 were analyzed in terms of sportive experience
(sportive age); it was seen that among the means scores of healthy lifestyle behavior; there
was a statistically significant difference only in Nutrition (F=5.437; p=.005; p<.05). As far as
other subscale scores were concerned; no statistically significant difference existed. Those
coaches with a sportive experience of ≥21 years had higher mean scores in Nutrition as
compared to those with a sportive experience of 1-10 years.
T test was conducted in order to assess mean scores relating healthy lifestyle behaviors
of the coaches in terms of gender. According to the t-test results; mean scores were as
follows: Spiritual growth (t=-1.160; p=.247), Nutrition (t=-.830; p=.407), Physical activity
(t=-1.763; p=.079), Health responsibility (t=1.039; p=.300), Interpersonal relations (t=1.070;
p=.286), Stress management (t=-.279; p=.781) and HPLP-II (t=-.445; p=.657). No statistical
difference was seen in the subscales (p>.05).
July 2014
4. Discussion and Conclusion
The results of the study which was conducted to assess healthy living behaviors of
archery coaches and boxing coaches in terms of sportive branch, sportive age and gender were
presented below.
Of the healthy lifestyle behaviors; the coaches received the highest mean score in
Spiritual growth (X=3.17) whereas the lowest score in Nutrition (X=2.52). In the study of
Bozhüyük (2010) on the students of health sciences; it was seen that the students received the
highest mean score in Spiritual growth (X=2.86±.47) whereas the lowest score in Physical
activity (X=15.94±4.38). In this study, too, the highest mean score was obtained in Spiritual
growth. Yet, because of our sample group made up by coaches, it seemed normal that a higher
mean score was obtained in Physical activity.
Physical activity of healthy lifestyle behaviors of the boxing coaches was higher than
archery coaches. When sportive branches were considered; archery encourages mastering
body and improves self-confidence, attention and concentration and motivation. Athletes try
to go beyond their capacities. Boxing, on the other hand, requires mutual physical struggle
and activates all of the muscles. In this sense, in our study Physical activity was found to be
higher among the boxing coaches.
When healthy lifestyle behaviors of the coaches were examined in terms of sportive
experiences; it was noted that there was a difference in Nutrition. Coaches with shorter
sportive experiences had lower mean scores in Nutrition. Thus; it may be argued that both
archery coaches and boxing coaches knew the importance of healthy lifestyle behaviors but
those with longer sportive experiences paid more attention to Nutrition. The reason may be
related to the fact that weight gain gets easy due to slowing down of the metabolism with age.
Healthy lifestyle behaviors of the coaches did not differ in terms of gender. It may be
said that healthy lifestyle behaviors of the male and female coaches were similar. The studies
of Ünalan et al. (2007) and Oyur Çelik et al. (2009) report similar results. In the study of
Yıldırım (2005) conducted with university students; there was a statistically significant
difference in Exercise subscale in terms of gender variable and mean Exercise scores of the
male university students were higher than mean exercise scores of the female university
students. In the study of Bozhöyük (2010); when the difference between female students and
male students was assessed; male students obtained higher scores in Physical activity and the
difference was found statistically to be significant. In our study; the reason why there was no
difference between genders may have resulted from the fact that the students received similar
education.
As a result; boxing and archery coaches are very sensitive to healthy lifestyle
behaviors because they are born in sports. In the study of Bahadır et al. (2013) on the students
who studied at the school of physical education and sports; it was seen that those who did
sports regularly had higher mean scores in all of the subscales of healthy lifestyle behaviors as
SI(1): 88-96
compared to those did not do sports regularly. As far as the study results were concerned; we
were of the opinion that in the coaching courses organized by the federations, teaching such
subjects as nutrition and health protective behaviors more will help coaches be aware of
healthy lifestyle behaviors
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A RESEARCH ON HEALTHY LIVING BEHAVIORS OF ARCHERY

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