Marek Stachowski (Krak6w) AEJ AJIR apa6c~~x cJIoB). MHT

Marek Stachowski (Krak6w) AEJ AJIR apa6c~~x cJIoB). MHT

Turk Dilleri Arajtrrmalan 7 (1997): 41-54
Marek Stachowski
(Krak6w)
1. OAHO#113
rIepT,
RPKO O T n u r I a w w H x A o n r a H c K y m n e K c m y OT
RKYTCKO#, RBJIReTCR 3HaYMTeJIbHO M e H b I I I e e KOJIHrIeCTBO CJIOB
H IIepCHACKOrO IIpOHCXOm4eHHR.
B AOJIraHCKOM
apa6c~oro
R 3 b l K e HX H a M YAaJIOCb
H ~ # T H O r I e H b MaJIO, I I p H M e p H O AeCHTb, T O r A a K a K B RKYTCKOM HX BCeX
StachM PEJ Ana n e p c H A c K H x H StachM
AEJ AJIR a p a 6 c ~ ~cJIoB).
x
M H T ~ ~ ~ C .IT0
H O naxe
,
TOJIbKO HaYuHaIOrQHeCR
HCCJIeAOBaHHR apa6c~oroH IlepCHACKOrO IIJIaCTOB JIeKCHKH T H P K C K H X
B M e C T e OKOJIO T P H A u a T H (CM.
R3bIKOB ~ X H O # C H ~ H P W , Il03BOJIMJIH - H e C M O T P R H a OTCYTCTBHe
60JIbmHx
cno~apeiimna R K y T c K o r o c n 0 B a p . s 3. l l e ~ a p c ~ or o BbIaBHTb
a p a 6 c ~ ~11x I I e p C H n C K H X CJIOB, P a C n p O C T p a H e H H b I X ,
OKOJIO C O p O K a
I l p a B A a , AOCTaTOrIHO H e P a B H O M e P H O B C H ~ M P C K A XTIOPKCKHX R 3 b l K a X
(StachM APS 258-259). T ~ CaMbIM
M
I I e p e A H a M H B 0 3 H H K a e T BOIIPOC 0
TOM, K a K 0 6 ' b R c H H ~ bCTOJIb H ~ ~ O J I ~rIHCJIO
L ~ O ~~ P ~ ~ C K HH IIepCHACKHX
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CJIOB B AOJIraHCKOM R3bIKe.
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x o T e n o c b 6 b 1 n o n y e p K H y T b n p e a ~ a p ~ ~ e n b n bx ra #p a K T e p B c e x H a m H x
3 a ~ e r I a H H # . XOTRMHTepeC K a p a 6 ~ ~ H1 IlepC11nCKHM
1 ~
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~ a 3 a OH,
~,
K C o x a n e n M m , HHKorAa
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no6naronap~~b
npo@eccopa E. X e n ~ ~ c r o r o
(- ~ ~ T I O I UCKe ~~ b )nBJI5IIoulerOCX
,
HaCTOnIUMM COBpeMeHHbIM spiritus mOVeflS
M3y9eHMn HapOUOB M X3bIKOB Tati~brpa,3a er0 OpTaHH3aUMOHHYH) HHHUMBTMBY,
Bnaronapn ~ o ~ o p oamop
ti
MOr nposecm neToM 1995 r. noneaym pa6ol.y Ha
Tan~bIpe.
MAREK STACHOWSKI
42
C K a 3 a T b , YTO BPRA JIM M O X H O
6b1
CerOAHR H a 3 B a T b XOTb OaHOrO
COBpeMeHHOrO BOCTOKOBeRa I I p O n O n X a T e J I e M B n a n H ~ M p r l o B a K
, OTOP~I~~
eUe B 1930 r. H 3 n a n B e C b M a MHTepeCHYH) CTaTbH) II0 3~0fiT e M e (CM.
6 ~ 6 n ~ o r p a 4 ~ 1T0a) .~ x Me 3a p y 6 e x o ~POCCHH
pa60~b1T a x c o r o T H n a
IJORBnRIoTCR P e n K O . M T a K , O Y e H b QeHHaH ~ 0 ~ 0 r p a @ ME.
R m e p ~ e p a06
apa6c~~
M xIIepCMnCKMX 3aHMCTBOBaHHRX B YYBaIIICKOM R3bIKOM (CM. B
6~6n~orpa@
Schern.)
~ ~ : H e n o M o x e T MccnenoBaTenIo CM~HPCKHX
RBbIKOB, T a K K a K IIYTH IIPOHMKHOBeHMR MYCYJIbMaHCKMX
CnOB B
Y y ~ a I I l c ~ HHf iH a I I p M M e p B A O J I ~ ~ H C KHJIM
M~~
R K ~ T C K MR3bIKH
~~
pa3JIMYHbI.
n p M 3TOM T U a T e n b H a H p a 3 p a 6 0 T ~ an
y ~ e nPOHHKHOBeHMR
l
M aHaJIH3
@OH~THY~CKMX
Y e P T MPaHM3MOB OnHO3HaYHO I I O K a 3 b I B a e T (CM. H a l I p .
Blas. passim),
IIepCMnCKMMM,
3n-b
YTO HeKOTOpbIe H 3 HHX IIBJIHJIMCb B ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B M T ~ J I ~ HHOe C T M
a
KYPnCKHMtl 3aHMCTBOBaHHRMH, T a K YTO OCTOPOXHOCTb
O Y e H b K MeCTY.
O n H o f i M3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 H ~ npMYHH
b 1 ~
H e 6 0 n b m o r o KOJIMYeCTBa
apa6c~~x
H n e P C m C K H X CnOB B JIOJITaHCKOM H3bIKe M O X e T RBHTCR, KOHeYHO, OTHO-
BepHo.
MOXHO
M
6e3 C O M H ~ H M ~ ~
C npyrofi CTOPOH~I, naxe 6e3 ( < n o n r a H c K o r o lIeeapc~oro>>
6b1 O X M n a T b , YTO B nOCTYnHbIX HSLM M3naHMRX HB#~YTCZICJlOBa,
C H T e n b H a R H ~ H ~ ~ Y ~ H H, QOoCJ I T~ ~~H c K oJIeKCHKH.
~~
3T0
OTHOCRIQHeCR K ~ I O B C ~ ~ H
X H~3 H
BHH
, KO
a K~H~
anp.:
(1.1) ' u e ~ a ' cp. a m . , x a K . , mop. pa < nepc. biiha 'TO me';
(1.2) 'OKHO' - cp. qyn. tariica < nepc. daric'e 'TO me';
(1.3) ' ~ e ~ p ~ ' Kb H' M ~ ~ ' cp. TYB. daptar < npec, daftar 'TO xe';
(1.4) ' ~ e n p m ~ e n spar'
b ,
- cp. am., 6p6. tuiman < nepc. duimiin 'TO
xe';
(1.5) ' 6 y ~ a r a ' - cp. x a K . n z t a n . xayas, a m . xagas, I I y n . kagas
'6y~ara' mop. kagat ' ~ H ~ B H M K M
< 'HePC. k a g d ' 6 y ~ a r a ' ;
(1.6) ' M H C K ~ ,6nmno' - cp. a n T . tabizq, TYB. tavak, x a K . tabax < apa6.
tabaq 'TO me';
(1.7) ' ~ b I n o '- cp, a n T . samyn, T ~ B savag,
.
x a K . sabyn, Y y n . sabyn <
apa6. sdbiin 'TO me';
(1.8) 'napon' - cp. am. qalyq, Y y n . , mop. kalyk, x a K . xalyx < apa6.
halq 'TO me';
(1.9) ' ~ a s e c ~ t le ' cp. anT. qabar, 6p6. xabar, x a K . xabar < apa6.
habar 'TO x e ' ;
(1.10) ' M M Y ~ ~ C T B OC, O ~ C T B ~ H H O C T~ ' CP. a n T . , TO@., TYB. ma1 ' 1 .
HMYUeCTBO; 2. CKOT' < apa6. l?d' H M Y U ~ ~ C T B OC, O ~ C T B ~ H H O C T .~ ' .
-
APAECKMX M IIEPCMACKMX ... B AOJIrAHCKOM EI3bIKE
M ~ a v erOBOpR:
HeH3YYeHHOCTbIO A O ~ ~ ~ H C KJIeKCHKH
O#
HeB03MOXHO
O ~ % H C H M TOTCYTCTBHe
~
' 6 y ~ a r a 'HJIH
43
a p a 6 c e ~ xU
I I e p C U n C K H X CJIOB T H n a 'OKHO',
' M ~ I J I o 'T, a K K a K 3 T H PYCCKMe CJIOBa M O X H O H ~ # T H B
I I p e n H a 3 H a Y e H H O M nJIR HaYaJIbHbIX IJIKOJI nOnraHCK0-PYCCKOM H PYCCKOnOJIraHCKOM CJIOBape
(APA)
H e C n M 6 b 1 3 T H IIOHRTHR 0 6 0 3 ~ a Y a n H ~ b
~ ~ ~ ~ C KH nHH M
IIepCHnCKHMH
H
CJIOBaMH, M H 6 b 1 0 6 3TOM
6naronapa APA
3HaJIH.
Apyrue
B 0 3 M O X H b I e IIPMYHHbI M O X H O
npo60sa~bH C K a T b
B XPOHO-
JIOrHH HJIH nHaJIeKTaJIbHOM P a C I I p e R e n e H H H ~ ~ H M c T B o B ~ HTOT
~ ~ ~n~Y .T b
6onee HaneXCHbIM, HO AJIR - XOTR 6b1 YaCTHYHOrO TO# n p o 6 n e ~ b 1 H ~ X H O npemne B c e r o cpenn a p a 6 c ~ ~Hx
HaM K a m e T c a
pemeHHa
n e p c H n c K H x c n o B n o n r a H c K o r o a s b ~ B~b Ian e n H T b c a M b I e H a n e x H b I e .
2. C O M H H T ~ ~CJIOBOM
~ H ~ I HMa M K a X e T C R H a I I P H M e P EOJIr. amma, yn0~ p e 6 n a e ~ oB M
e e c T e c da B H a v a n e ~ o c ~ n ~ qT Man ~
a nonr.
~ i i amma da
ulakan! 'OX, K ~ K O # 6 0 n b m o # ! ' ( Y C T H O ~ c o o 6 q e ~ ~E.e A. Eerry
[HY~~HHKI]
- n3).Y R H B M T ~ TO,
~ ~ YTO
H O AOJIr. amma da B n o n H e (T.e. H
no 4 0 p ~ He no y n o ~ p e 6 n e c~o ~B n~w)a e T c OCM. amma da (< OCM. amma
< apa6. ammd 'aber, doch', Stach. AL I 18). O n ~ a ~ nop M, OTCYTCTBMM
6 o n b m o r o YMCJIa O ~ ~ I K H O B ~ H HCYIUeCTBMTeJIbHbIX
~IX
(M T e M CaMbIM: I I p H
OTCYTCTBMH
r n y 6 0 ~ 0 r 0BJIHRHHR apa6ceoro
a s b ~ ~
H aa
nonra~c~~fi)
T p Y n H O I I O B e p H T b B 3aHMCTBOBaHHe T a K O r O B O C K J I H q a T e n b H O r O C n O B a .
Eonee y 6 e n ~ ~ e n b ~Hoa Mi i K a m e T c r r ~ m ~ o n o r ~ ~CeB cR ~~Lnonr.
a a amma
C RKYTCKHM MOnaJIbHbIM CJIOBOM ama (KOTOPO~, B 0 3 M O X H 0 , RBJIReTCR
p e 3 y n b T a T O M IIepeOCMbICJIeHMR RKYT. [< MOHT., CM. 5 61 UmU ' 0 6 ~ ~ H O B ~ H H ~ I #IIPocTo#'),
,
~ I I O T ~ ~ ~ J I H ~MeXCny
M ~ I MApYrMMM CO 3 H a Y e H M e M
' ~ e y m e n n ,na p a 3 ~ e ;ym, me, ~ y ~, a ~ o
~ B o Z ~ H O- m
~ ~m - B ,QOJIrPHCKOM R 3 b I K e
~ e q - TeOq e
, K ~ K ' ,n p M Y e M
MbI P a H e e
BCerO rOTOBbI
M H T e p I I p e T H p O B a T b K a K 3MOIJHOHaJIbHO O ~ O C H O B ~ H H YnJIMHeHHe
O~
B
IIPOH3HOIUeHHM 3THMOJIOTHYeCKM K p a T K O r O COTJIaCHOTO
-m-.
%a H a m a n o r w K a H a x o n H T , O K ~ ~ ~ I B ~ ~n oTnCT Rs e, p w e H M e B ~ ~ I I M C R X
C3sy @ Y ~ ~ H C H P OKOTOpaR
,
ROJIr. ama or I I e p e B O n H T K a K ' 0 u e H b n0JIr0'
(Fuj. 271), a nonr. a m ulakan hamyr tiista K a K ' o u e ~ b6onbmo# nomnb
ynan = nomen C M J I ~ H ~ Inomnb'
#
(Fuj. 272). H Y M ~ ~H M
a OCHOBaHMM
,
C K a 3 a H H O r O BbIIIIe (M IIpeXne B C e r O H a OCHOBaHMM I I e p e B O A O B E. A.
Eeny) M o m e M a m or nepeswm K a K ' K ~ Knonro!', a ama ulakan hamyr
t ~ s t aK a K 'KaK025 C M J I ~ H ~ IA#O X n b IIOlIIeJI!'. ~ T M XO ~ % R C ~ H M #K, a K MbI
MAREK STACHOWSKI
44
-
llOJIaraeM, nOCTaTOYH0 AJIR TOrO, Y T O ~ BbIYepKHJJTb
~I
CJIOBO
amma
H 3 CnHCKa a p a 6 c ~ ~
~~MMCTBOB~HH#
x
B AOJIraHCKOM R3bIKe.
McKJIIOYHT~ ~3 Hamero cnMcKa n p s m e ~ TaKme
c~
e q e M cnenyIoqHe
cnosa: nonr. ambar (B:ambarddk, npmnaraTenbeoe [JIa6. 211) ' a ~ 6 a p ' ,
aragy 'BMHO', hajtan hajtdn ' u r e i i ~ a ~hdkyr
',
'caxap', hundiik ' c y ~ ~ y ~ '
M kum-s ' K Y M ~XOTR
~ ' , BCe OH# HeCOMHeHHhIe 3aMMCTBOBaHMR M 3 nepCHncKoro (hdkyr << nepc. Sekar) M a p a 6 ~ ~ 0 (aragy
r0
<< apa6. 'araq;hajtan hajtsn << arab. Sajtdn [< sawon. saje&in, Stach. AL 111 1021; hundiik
<< apa6. sundziq - jandcq; kumds << apa6. qumdi) RS~IKOB.
HO ~3 HMX
aragy RBJIReTCR TMIIMYHbIM ~ P O A R Y M MCJIOBOM, 3aCBMAeTenbCTBOBaHHhIM
B nomM OAHO#
M TO# me c a ~ o #@ o ~ e ~ n u e c ~ a
o So ip ~ eB caMbIx
p a s n a s ~ b ~R x~ ~ I KC~ MX ~ M a~ ambar,
M , ~ hiZkyr M hundiik nonan'w B non~ ~ H C KR3bIK
M # 663 COMH~HII#
qepe3 IIOCpenCTBO PyCCKOI'O, TaK YTO HM
OAHO M 3 3mX CnOB He MMeeT 3HaZIeHMR AJIR MCCJIenOBaHMR flpeBHMX (T.e.
A 0 IIpMXOAa AOJIraH Ha Ta#MbIp) KOHTaKTOB AOJIraHCKOrO R3bIKa C TeMM
%3bIKaMM,KOTOPbIe MOrJIM nepeAaTb eMy CJIOBa MyCynbMaHCKOrO MMFa.
-
-
cJIoI3a:
(3.1) nonr. atligga 'xoporna#, c u a c ~ n t i s ~=# RKYT.
'
atagga 'in gutem
Zustand, unversehrt, gliicklich, wohlbehalten' = ~P.-TIOPK.
asangii ' 1.
unversehrt, vollstandig; 2. Gesamtheit' < np. - T I O ~ K . asan (= M O H ~ .esen)
'gesund' < nepc. asan 'ner~tr#'.3
(3.2) nonr. bolot ' M ~ Y '= H K ~ T bolot
.
'1. altertiimliches kurzes Schwert;
2. Streitkolben' (= Mow. bolot bofod - bolad - bolud 'c~anb')< nepc.
pulad ' c ~ a n b(StachM PEJ 111 M cnen.).
~b,
= HKP. kapsE- 'TO me' <
(3.3) Aonr. b p s & ' p a c c ~ a s ~ s a~OBOPMTL'
*kap < nepC. gap '1. 6ecena, ~OJITOBHR; 2. XBICTOBCTBO; 3. (AM~JI.)
CJIOBO'
(StachM PEJ 112).
MOXHOJIM Ha OCHOBaHMM BCWO SIMIUb TpeX CJIOB PMCKOBaTb ~ o o 6 ~ 4 e
KaKMe-TO B~IBOAH?
TO A ~ # C T B # T OYeHb
~ ~ ~ HOnaCHOe
O
AenO M MbI no3TOMy OrPaHMYMMCR TOJIbKO OCTOPOmHbIMM AOI'NKaMM.
-
Cp. Hanp. C O ~ H OCTOpOHbI
#
3BeHK. araki(Eionn. 45
~ p y r o #qeperd. araka 'Wein' (Veenker 24).
0 cy++u~ce-ga - -gii CM. StachM PEJ 107 A cnen.
S.V. B O ~ K U 43
, S.V. 8 ~ ~ H0 C)
APAECKMX M nEPCMACKMX
4.
... B AOJIrAHCKOM
R3bIKE
Y H T ~ T ~ ~H K
a s,e p H o ~ ~ O C M J I OB Crnasa,
~
YTO B n p M M e p a x
UPIOTCR MOHrOJIbCKMe COOTBeTCTBMR AOJIraHCKHX CJIOB,
(3.1) M (3.2)
a B (3.3) HeT.
K a ~ o R3bIK
l
RBJIReTCR T O r A a IIOCpeAHMKOM n p M I I e p e n a Y e n e p C . gap B
*kap (3.3)? H ~ M
K a X e T C R , YTO T a K H M R3bIKOM M O X e T 6 H ~
( u p e ~ ~ eK- M) ~ ~ M ~ C K MKOTOPH#
#,
MH H e c K o n b K o n e T ~ a s a u
npeunoxunu
B ~auec~g
n oec p e n H M K a R n R Rpyroro cnosa, a m e m o : nepc. kakul
'Haarschopf, Haarlocke' > KMpr. kokikiil 'YeJIKa; KOCMYKM CIIYCKaIOqMeCR
H a BMCKM' (Ion. 1419) > RKV. kiiyiil(- koyol) ' Y e n ~ a ,~ y 6 (StachM
'
PEJ
113). K w p r ~ 3 c ~ IIOCpeflCTBO
oe
K a 3 m O C b H a M TOrfla M3-3a -k- (> RKYT. -7-)
UOJIr.
CaMbIM Y ~ ~ O ~ HM3
~ IIQCTOPMYeCKM
M
(XOTR BOKaJIH3M KMpT.
-
b
@ O H ~ T M Y ~ C K O TOYKM
#
3PeHMR
k 0 k d H e IIO3BOJIReT XOpOUIO ~
~ ' ~ R C HRKYTCKM#
M T ~
B a p M a H T C 0 - o ) . ~OXO OX^ O ~ C T O M TReno M C UOJIr., RKYT.
*k@, UJIR
K o T o p o r o m p r . kap ' 1. CJIOBO, pa3ro~op;2. c y r b Rena, c e p b e s ~ pa3~l
r o ~ o p '(Ion. I 374) < nepc. gap (3.3) K a x e T c R ~ 3 - 3 aH a Y a n b H o r o kBMeCTO g- O Y e H b ~ J I ~ ~ o I I ~ M R T H
B ~@I OMH ~ T M Y ~ C K O M
IIJIaHe. n p a ~ ~Cae -,
MaHTMYeCKH KHprM3CKOe CJIOBO HeMHOXKO OTJIMYaeTCR OT ~ O J I r a H C K O r O ,
HO KMprM3CKOe 3 H a Y e H M e ( 2 ) ,
3HaYeHMR
(I), T e M
H a B e p H O e , pa3BMJIOCb BTOPMYHO M3
6 o n e e , YTO M B IIepCMRCKOM UCTOYHMKe OTCYTCTBYeT
IIpM3HaK CePbe3HOCTM.
Ecnw B T ~ K O #CwTyaUwM ~ P M H R T ~YTO
, apa6c~weM
I I O I I ~ a J I UB R P ~ B H ~ - R K Y T C K H #R3bIK (M O'TTJ'Aa
nepcMncKMe
cnosa
B ~ ~ o J I I ' ~ H c K M #H
) e TOJIbKO
Y e p e 3 MOHrOJIbCKOe M ~ Y C C K O HO
~ , ~M Y e p e 3 KHprM3CKOe nOCpeUCTB0, TO
T a ~ m IIe n O C p e A C T B 0 MOHT. kokul- kikiil H e p e U I a e T TO# I I p 0 6 J I e M b l ( U H T ~ ~ ~ C H O
B n p O q e M , 9 T O Doerfer 306,
101 3 T I I M O n O r M 3 U p Y e T ~ 3 6 kdkil
.
H e I I p R M O H3
n e p c H A c K o r o a s ~ ~ aa ~3
, M O H ~ O J I ~ C K O ~ OM)O. X H O 6 n B cornacuu c Poppe
passim p e K O H C T P Y A P O B a T b MOHT. *k0k0l (BMCCTO kokul, L e S s i n g 4 8 3 b ) H a
OCHOBaHIIM R K Y T . k0y0l ( T ~ M6onee, eCnM y 9 e C T b C O B p e M e H H O e MOHT. xBxBA id.),
9 T O K a X e T C H B n O J I H e AOIIYCTIIMblM (II T O T A a KIIPTW3CKOC IIOCpeACTBO RBJIReTCff
U ~ J I M ~ H I I[~nrr
M
RKYT.
koyol,
HO H e
Anrr RKYT. koyiifl, a
O~%HCH~HHMMIH
I )O
. TaKoe npeAnonoxeHHe T o m e
koyol
Bcero He pemaeT.
H ~ H C HOCTaeTCR
~M
B O n p O C , n O 9 e M y R e P C . -U- BOCIIPAHIIMajTOCb M o ~ r o n a H~ e ~ l
-u-, HO II K a K * - 0 - ( I I ~ J I ~ T ~ ~ H ~ ~rJIaCHblX
L I M H ) a-U > *a-u M O X H O
O ~ I I C H I I HT e~ n O C T a T 0 9 H O 3 a n H I I M ILPOII3HOIUeHHeM IlePCIlACKIIX COrJIaCHblX k II
O C O ~ ~ H H1 O
[cp. O C M . kabul-ii < kabul], n a 6 ~ a n u 3 a u 1 1 ~*a-u
)
> 8-ii [ X O T R c K o p e e
B c e r o o x A A a n o c b 6 n *a-i - O C O ~ ~ H HB OM O H ~ O J I ~ C K O M
B , KOTOPOM yaapeme
n a A a e T H a nepsn# cnor] B n A n H H e M *ii H a *a, HO npH4HHJ-a nepexoaa 8-u ( ~ J I I I*au?) > MOHT. *o-0 HCRCHU.
n p ~ 3TOM
l
H ~ O ~ X O ~ I Ipa3nusa~b
M O
M e x n y cnoeatm, nonasmwa B C I I ~ H P C K O p y C C K H e AHaJIeKTbI y X e BO B p e M R X M 3 H M P Y C C K O r O H a C e J I e H H f f B C I I ~ I I H~ I I
TOJIbKO K a K
5
r n a c H n e RKYT.
erne
46
MAREK STACHOWSKI
IIpOKJIaRbIBaeM HOB~II
nYTb B
rOCIIOnCTByIO4MX A 0 CMX I I O p ~006paXeHMR~
0 MYCYnbMaHCKOHeMYCYJrbMaHCKMX KOHTaKTaX, CP. HaIIp. MHeHMe B. m0TTa: "Der Islam,
d i e Religion aller iibrigen Tiirken, ist niemals bis zu ihnen [ ~ . e K. X K Y T ~ M ]
gedrungen und w a h r s c h e i n l i c h h a t ihnen kein m u h a m m e d a n i s c h e s V o l k
jemals eine langere Periode hindurch nahe gewohnt" ( S c h o t t 333 M cnen.).
3T0
0603Ha~aeT,YTO
IIOCKOJIbKy
ewe naneeo
EcnM
MbI TeM CaMbIM
OHM TaKXe M O r n H IIOIIaCTb B RKYTCKM#,
He
3 a ~ p b 1 ~l l. o ~ aH, a n p m e p ,
HMKTO H e
a
3aTeM B nOn-
sanan Bonpoca (H
B3RTb BO BHMMaHMe H ~ O ~ ~ I K H O B ~ H H aKTUBHOCTb
YIO
TaTaPCKMX
BTO~OWIlOJIOBHHbI XVIn B ( K a p p . 35 H
IIPOAYKTbl B03MJIH M e X A y APYrMMM B X ~ K ~ C H I ~ ,
TOprOBqeB, O C O ~ ~ H HHaqMHaR
O
C
cne~.),KOTOpbIe
CBOM
XVIII B. 3aCBMneTeJIbCTBOBaHO HanpMMep CJIOBO araka
( B e p ~ 69).
.
Eb1n0 JIM O H 0 " I I ~ O M ~ X ~ T O ~ BH ~~HI OMMH"a IIYTM
KOTTCKOM R3bIKe
'BMHO'
6
CnOBaMM. 3aMMCTBOBaHHHMH MM eIUe DO llCpeCeneHMa Ha BOCTOK OT YpZlJlbCKoro
xpe6~a.T.e. " n o c ~ 6 ~ p c ~ n~ ~ M
n "M C T B O B ~PHaM
s y~~M
e eM~.caMo
c a co602i, YTO
TO pasnsuae, BeeneHHoe B HPYYHH#
O ~ M X O I IM nocnenoBaTenbHo nponnnmclpnpOBaHHOe ~ ~ K T I I Y C C K M CJIOBapHhIM
M
MaTepMakIOM B M O H O ~ ~ & A.
~ ME. AIIHKMH~
(CM.AHMK.7-1 1 , 14 M cnen., a T a m e Hanp, cnoea z u u ~ p a[ ~ o c MPYCCK.
~ . < TaT.
< apa6.1 Ha clp. 46 M ceum [noc~6.p y c c ~ <
. T I ~ ~<Kapa6.J
.
Ha cTp. 74), MMeeT
npMHunnnanbHoe sHaveHwe nna HanexHoro BoccTaHosneHwa XpOHOnOrMM
~ ~ M M C T B O BB~CH~H6 #n p eHa
. nonax BCnOMHMM 3fleCb 06 e q e OJIHOM ~ p a H ~ s M e ,
KOTOPM#
B B O C T O Y HCM6Mpb
Y~
nOnan B O 3 M O X H O sepes pyCCKOe IlOCpeUCTBO:
HpaH. (cp. RpesHewpaa. *puraSu-) > 061ueIIepM. *purl (> KOMM, Y ~ M purl)
.
'HOX'
(? > p y c c ~nwan.
.
nypm) > seeHK.purtu 'TO x e ' (nocnen~utinepexon B AHMK.YP
19, NQ 23 CTOMT IIOR BOnpOCOM; OTHOCMTenbHO o 6 q e n e p ~ .*purl CM. K3CK 233).
~ p ~ . ~ piisiin
r . '6naronony~~b1#'
(mu. II 466), bolor ' c ~ a n b6, y n a ~ 'bolor
,
kylyr
' ~ Y J I ~ T HMeY'
M # (mu. I 13).
O T H O C R T ~ ~TO#
~ HB03MOXHOCTM
O
CP. TMIIOJIOm4eCKM IIapaJInenbHyIO CMTyauam C rMIIo~e30#m . Knanpo~a,pa3~MTofiE. X~JIMMCKMM
0 IIpOHMKHOBeHMM
KaBKa3CKOrO Ha3BaHMR IIOnKM. B YpanbCKMe S 3 M K M MMeHHO Yepe3 ~ H M C ~ ~ C K O
~
CB~IIPII?
Y x ~Tenepb M O X e M H a OCHOBaHIlIl
B e c b M a n o s e p x H o c T H o r o n p o c M o T p a e ~ ~ c e f i c ~M
o arToe p M a n a y s e p e H H o
c ~ a 3 a na, o B H e M H a x o n x - r c x p a 3 n ~ ~ ~ TbI o1peK c K M e cnosa ( ~ a n pK. O ~ .
XVIII B. kumyS ' n e ~ b r [~B 'e p H . 691 'cepe6p01 [Xen. AM 2001 = a p m .
XVIII B. komySok 'cepe6po' [ T ~ Mx e ] = n y M n . XVIII B. kiimiic' 'sono~o'
[Xen. AM 208: <kummutsch>], K O ~ bdru
.
' B O ~ K ' [ B e p H . 691, acc. kolla
' J I a T y H b ' [ B e p H . 10018 Il np.), K O T O P b I e B H e BCRKOrO C O M H e H I l R
BaHI4e I43 TIOPKCKIlX R3bIKOB
-
YKJIapbIBaIoTCR B HeCKOJIbKO XpOHOJIOrHYeCKIlX nJIaCTOB.
M
TaK Hanp.
KOA.balthu
' ~ o n o p '( B e p ~ 9. 0 ) 9 n p a ~ n o n o n o 6 ~c 0T a p r n e Y e M K O ~ . ,
a p m . , acc. kulun ' x ~ P ~ ~ ~ H o( BKe p' H . 8 8 ) l O 11. M o x e T 6b1Tb, n a x e
~ ~ H I I MT a~K ~o eTx e c a M o e M e c T o H a n y m 113 Klra H a Cesep, K a K araka.
K a ~ o eM e m o s a ~ s ~ Ba 3e ~~0 i ixpoaonorm KOTT. koaS - koaS
' K p a c I 4 B b I i i ' ( B e p H . 76), C B R 3 a H H O e 6e3 C O M H ~ H HC~ ~TIOPKCKIlMIl
c n o s a M s : Y y n . kuas
kds, TYB. kas 'TO ~ e = ' TO@. k d s ' P B C ~ H O K ,
K ~ ~ T M H K XaK.
~ ' , X O S 'Zeichnung', KOTOPbIe n P O I l C X O n R T I l n H < n e p C .
kLigad ' 6 y ~ a r a '(StachM APS 25 1 , 9 '2.13) I l n H < nepc. x0.f ' n p ~ ~ ~ ~ b I
~ ~ l n b ~ iEe3
i ' ? H a n e x H b I x cnosapeii T M n a " e ~ ~ c e i i c ~IJIIHQI~~C"
oii
He
-
C M O X e M ynOBJIeTBOpHTeJIbH0 OTBeTIlTb H a BOnpOC 0 P O n H 3T#X R3bIKOB.
5. K B ~ T ~ ~ C nKY IT Ib #nPOHIlKHOBeHIlR a p a 6 I l 3 ~ 0Il~@ a p c I 4 3 ~ 0H ~a C e B e p
B a X e H no TOG IIPHYHHe, YTO OH, L[OJIXHO 6 b I T b , CTapIUe MOHrOJIbCKOrO Il
T e M 6onee P y C C K O r O IIyTeG. ~ ~ ~ B ~ o I I o ~ oK a~XH
e T~C RI M
naTIlpOBaTb
3aIlMCTBOBaHBR, IIpOIIIenLIIIle no KIlPTH3CKOMY IIyTIl, IIpI4MepHO X-XI1
CTOJIeTIleM, T O T n a K a K MOHrOJIbCKOe IIOCpenCTBO OXBaTbIBaeT XIII-XIV
BB., a p y c c K o e H a w H a e T c R T o n b K o B XVI/XVII B.
H ~ B ~ J I H K KOJIHYeCTBO
o~
a p a 6 I l 3 ~ 0Il~ @ ~ P C H ~ M O M
B O X H O BOCIIPIIH m i a - r b K a K y ~ a s a a ~Hl e
a ~ l oxr p a H w e H H o e p a c n p o c T p a H e m e H a -reppH~ o p 1 4 1 l R K Y T C K O ~ O~ 3 b 1 ~
BOa B p e M e H a no yxona n p e n K o B n o n r a H H a
nocpencTBo ( X e n . KU 243, NQ 2 8 ) .
A ~ H HCJIOBO
O~
IIORBnReTCR B CnMCKe aCCaHCKMX CJIOB, H e MMeIOQMX CBOMX
C O O T B ~ T C T B MB~ KOTTCKOM.
lo
O H O , OnHaKO, HeCOMHeHHO MReHTMgHO C KOTT. k0lb
' ~ e n b '( B e p ~ .83) M nyMn. X V I I I B. k61a ' ~ e ~ JIaTyHb'
b ;
(Xen, AM 208) M
n 0 3 T O M Y er0 M O X H O BbI'IepKHYTb M 3 CnMCKa. 0 6 3TMMOnOrMM CJIOBa kola,
KoTopoe nonano B e a n c e # c ~ ~1 e 1 3 n~p a~ ~ ~
~ o n o n o 6sepes
~ 0 TmpKcKoe Mnn
MOHrOnbCKOe IIOCpeRCTBO M 3 K M T ~ ~ ~ C K113bIKa
O ~ O CM. Tenepb R y b . 2 2 6 - 2 2 8 .
Cp. KOTT. X V I I I B. baltu = a p m . X V I I I B. baltok '~onop'(Xen. AM 202).
C p . eqe n y M n . X V I I I B. < c h i I a n kutt>, T.e. kylun kut 'xepe6eH0~'< kylun id. +
kut ' n o n r a n b , xepe6eq, ~ e p n (Xen.
~ ' AM 2 1 0 ) .
i i ,
MAREK STACHOWSKI
48
Tait~bIp.3 ~ OI'paHHYeHHOCTb,
a
B 0 3 M O X H 0 , CBR3ilHa C
(no sp&le# ~ e p e )
ABYMR 3MHI'pa4HOHHbIMM B O n H a M H IIpaRKJTOB. @ o H ~ T H ¶ ~ c K J ~ #m m H 3
RKJ'TCKHX
C n O B OAH03HaYHO IIOKa3bIBaeT, YTO B IIpOIIIJlOM C p I e C l . e o W H
A B e ( M ~ Mflame
~TJ'TMIO
ABa
6onbme) 3MHI'paUHOHHbIX
BOJIH, I I p K B e C m H X C
co60fi B
P a 3 H b I X APeBHeTIOPKCKUX flHaJleKTa. EcJIU 6 6 1 a p a f k ~ w eH
cnosa n p m a a n e m a n H n e p ~ o l 3~-x3 BOJIH. M O ~ 6O ~ 0
6b1 c K o p e e B c e r o o m n n a T b trx 6 o n b m o # pacnpoc-rpaemocm H a ~ c e l
T e P P H T O P H H , ~ I H R T O # RKYTCKHMH 3aBOeBaTeJlRMM. BO~MOXEO.
rTTO BOT
m e m o 3 ~ 0 Bl o n H e H n p m a A n e x a T -re cnosa, K o T o p H e nonam H B
nepcmcKue
~ ~ o J I ~ ~ H cR3bIK,
K H ~ T O r A a K a K O C T a n b H b I e a p a 6 ~ 3 ~ bH1 @ i p C n 3 ~ 6 1
KYTCKOrO R 3 b I K a A 0 YXOAa A O J l r a H H a
T a # ~ 6 1 p6ht7n (KaK
R-
npH-
H a A J I e X a q H e BTOPO# BOJIHe, T.e. K a K OTHOCHTeJIbHO HOBbIe 3aWMCTBOB ~ H M ~r e) o r p a @ m e c ~
o r~p a H w e H b 1
~ o ~ e # m Be pee m .
O I I H ~ b 1 ~ a e ~ a3 fAfe C b C H T y a u H f f
M
pacnpoclpmmitcb
RBnReTCR
XKmb
TOJLKO
B
0 ~ 0 f iH 3 BO-
0 6 p a 3 H ~ b 1~0fleJIel.
~
MOXHOI I p e A C T a B H T b
6onee
c&. K O E e ~ O ,U Z m e K O
nonb3y TO# npo3pawofi M o n e n #
cqeaapm. Ho B
r O B O p H T , K a X e T C f f , CJIOBO kapSi-, T.e. T O T @KT.
¶TO CO B p e M e H H
3aMMCTBOBaHHR *kap IIPOIIIJIO A O C T a T O s H O M H O r O B p e M e H H n J I R
B03HHKHOBeHMff IIPOMCXOAHOrO k@Ss- H ,
TOrO.
nnR H
HCYe3HeHHR H 3 R3blKa C a M O r O *k@.
cnoxHbIe
6. Aria IIOnHOTbl
H m H X H ~ J I O X ~ H H #YMeCTHO nC&EHl%.
Prr, B H e
HaIIlerO
ewe ABe OTHOCHTeJIbHO M a T e H a m e rpJTlIII4 CnOB.
TO c OAHO# C T P O H ~ I cnom as ' n ~ m a ena',
,
rmpoe m - n e p ~ ~H ex
B C e M H HCCJleflOBaTeJIRMH n p H 3 H a e T C R H p a H U 3 M O M . a B O - B T O P H X
BHHMaHHff OCTanHCb
HaXOAHTCR B ~ O J I ~ I I I H H C T B
TIOPKCKHX
~
R3bIKOB. TilK ¶TO.
A ~ ~ C T B H T ~ J I ~3aHMCTBOBaHHe.
HO
TO O s e H b npeBHW, He
eCnH 3T0
n03Xe
flpeBHeTIOpKCKOe, I4 II03TOMY AJIR H ~ I I I ~T e#M b I H e U
M
m 3HaqeHHR.
G o n e e , YTO
YeM
T ~ M
as, A a X e e C n H MPaHH3M, TO H e 0 6 ~ 3 a T e J J h ~WW~M.
0
H ~ K o H ~ LBCIIOMHHM
I
0 CJIOBaX, KOTOPbIX MhI 3 n e C b H e paCCMaTpHBaJIH
Bname,
n o T o M y YTO HX
a p a 6 c ~ o eH n n
nepcmcKoe nponcxoxneaHe
RBJIReTCR XBHO# O L I I H ~ K O B
~ . 3TY I'pIIIIJ' I I p H Y H C M e M H W . JO.?r.,
RKJ'T.
ama ' O ~ ~ I K H O B ~ H H ~III#~, o c T o ~KOTOpOe
',
H e apa6ns.w (EOnpeKH n0n.
68), a MOHrOJIH3M (Kan. I 10; O~LIIHPHYH)DHCKYCCHH) CM. B SWhM AEJ);
A o n r . , RKYT. arb& 'IIuJIMT~', KOTOpOe (BOIIFKH V E W 4%) H e O ~ P C H ~ M ,
a HCKOHHO TIOpKCKOe CnOBO (= M a x ~ Kamr.
.
irba- 'TO x e ' , Kai. EJE
APAECKMX M IIEPCMACKMX ... B AOJTrAHCKOM II3bIKE
49
122); nonr., RKYT. kiiort 'cepb~ii'( y c ~ ~ coo61qease
oe
A. A. E a p 6 o n ~ a o l
[AynMHKa] - n 3 ) , KoTopoe perynRpHo pa3s~nocb< *k&k < * kogarak
(? *kogarik) < *k6k ' c s ~ s i i 3; e n e ~ b r i i II
' ~He
~ MMeeT C B R ~ Mc O ~ U ~ T I O P K .
kiikiirt 'cepa' < nepc. gugird; nonr., HKyT. ' M ~ c T ~ PKOTOpOe
',
(BoII~~KH
NCm. 40) He H C K ~ X ~ H HBapHaHT
~ I ~
IIepC. ustad 'TO me', a MCKOHHO
TIopKCKOe IIpOH3BOflHOeOT rnarona u- ' M O Y ~ ,Y M ~ T (TMEN
~ '
n 145).
~ ~ K O H ~ I I 3TY
I T ~ 3aMeTKy XOYeTCH XeJIaHIIeM, Y T O ~ ~HaIIIJIIICb
I
MOJIOnbIe aneIITb1 JIHHTBIICTHKII, KOTOPbIe C ~ O P O M a p a 6 ~ 3 ~H 0 ~
@ ~ P C H ~ M OBBH3bIKaX CII~HPH
H aHaJIH30M IIX IIyTeii IIPOHIIKHOBeHMR Ha
CeBep 3aHRJIHCb 6b1 He IIOIIYTHO, a maTeJIbH0 II rny6oeo.
Jl~~epa~ypa
AHWK.= AHIIKIIH,A.E.: 3mu~o,zozuvec~uii
c-zoeapb 3aucmeoeanuu' e
pycc~uxduaze~maxCubupu. n p o b n ~ i Bi H ~ Y C K ,HOBOCII~H~CK
1995,
89 c q .
AHIIK.YP = AHHKIIH,
A.E.: "06 YpanbCKOM BKnaAe B JIeKCMKy PyCCKIIX
rosopo~".Uralo-lndogermanica I, M o c ~ s a1990: 16-22.
= EoJInb~peB,E.B.: P ~ C C K O - ~ ~ ~ HC~ZoeUpb,
K U ~ ~ ~COKBUO ~C 'H ~ M ~ C K
1994,498 c q .
BepH. = B e p ~ e pT.K.:
,
cpaenume,zbnax 4onemuKa enuceiic~uxx3~KO8,
T a r a ~ p o r1990,255 c ~ p .
Bnan. = BnanHMIIpuo~,E.: "Apa6c~11ecnosa B MOH~OJI~CKOM".
3~n~cK2.4
Ko,~zezuueocmo~oeedoe5 (1930): 73-82.
APA = AKceHosa, E.E. / E e n b ~ m ~ o s H
a ,. n . / Komeseposa, T. M.:
Cd208apb~ O , ' ~ Z ~ H C K O - ~ ~ CUC~K~UC~ C' K O - ~ O , ~ Z ~ H C
C K~UH
~ 'K
, T - ~ ~ T ~ P 6ypr 1992, 192 c q .
Kan. = K a n y m ~ n b c ~ HC., [= Kaiuzyfiski,'S.]: " ~ T I I M O ~ O ~ I I Y ~ C K I I ~
IICCJIenOBaHIIR IIO RKYTCKOMY H3bIKY. A B ~ c J I o X C HO~CIH~O B ~ I " , I.
Rocznik Orientalistyczny 3912 (1978): 5-14.
K3CK = ~ ~ I T K I B.M.
I H , / T y n a e ~ E.M.:
,
Kpam~uu'smu~o,zozurec~uu'
C~W8apbK O A U S b l K U , M O C K B
1970,386
~
CTp.
na6. = J I a 6 a ~ a y c ~ aK.M.:
c,
Ao,zzanc~ue necnu (= Oonbenop HapoAoB
TaZiMbIpa 4), A y n # ~ ~
1993,88
a
cq.
n3 = n o n e s ~ 3an11c11
e
amopa.
0 pa3BIITMM *@VC > *f?C > iiijc CM. StachM GJV 5 19.3; OTHOCMTenbHO -I.t < *rk Cp. H a n p . RKYT. xort- < *kork- ' ~ O R T ~ C R RKYT.
',
art < *ark ' ~ M c T H ~ ' .
50
MAREK STACHOWSKI
n o n . = l l o n o ~T.B.:
,
C,aoea "neu3secmnozo npoucxoxdenun" nKymcKozo
n s ~ (cpaonume,tbno-ucmopurec~oe
~ a
ucc,zedosanue), IIKYTCK1986,
148 c-rp.
m a . = D Q ~ XKM
.K.H
: Kupzusc~o-~YCCKUU
,
c,Wsapb, T . I: M o c ~ s a1965,
503 c-rp.; T. 11: Opyn3e 1985,476 c ~ p .
Xen. AM = XenllM~KMfi,E.A.: " A P X M B HMaTepHanbI
~I~
XVIII BeKa no
e ~ n c e f iH
c ~~ H~ K~~ M
h'a~eoasuamc~ue
".
n s ~ ~nue n, ~ n r p a n1986:
179-213.
Xen. KU = X ~ ~ M M CE.A.:
K M "Keto-Uralica".
~,
Kemc~uiiC ~ O P H UJIeK,
HMHvan 1982: 238-251.
B l b . = Blasing, U.: "Kurdische und Zaza-Elemente im tiirkeitiirkischen
Dialektlexicon. Etymologische Betrachtungen, ausgehend vom
Nordwestiranischen". Dutch Studies NELL 2 ( 1995): 173-218.
Doerfer = Doerfer, G.: "Die ozbekischen Lehnworter in der Sprache der
Araber von Buchara". Central Asiatic Journal 12 (1968/69): 296308.
Fuj. = Fujishiro, S.: "Materials of the Dolgan language in Taymyr" [aa
snoa. a s ~ ~ eGengogaku
].
Kenkyu 11 (1992): 261-284.
Kai. EJE = Kaiuiynski, S.: "Einige jakutische Etymologien". Studia
Orientalia 47 ( 1977): 121- 130.
Kapp. = Kappeler, A,: Russland als Vielvolkerreich. Entstehung -Geschichte -- Zerfall, Miinchen 19932,395 c-rp.
Lessing = Lessing, F.D.: Mongolian-English dictionary, Bloomington
1973, XV + 1220 c-rp.
NCm. = NCmeth, Gy.: "Az osjakut hangtan alapjai". Nyelvtudoma'nyi
Kiitleme'nyek 43 (1914): 3-81.
Poppe = Poppe, N.: "On some vowel correspondences in Mongolian loanwords in Turkic". Central Asiatic Journal 13 (1969): 207-214.
Ryb. = Rybatzki, V.: "Bemerkungen zur turkischen und mongolischen
Metallterminologie". Studia Orientalia 73 (1994): 193-251.
Schern. = Scherner, B.: Arabische und neupersische Lehnworter im
Tschuwaschischen. Versuch einer Chronologie ihrer Lautveranderungen, Wiesbaden 1977, XXX + 232 c-rp.
Schott = Schott, W.: " ~ b e die
r jakutische Sprache". Archiv fur wissenschaftliche Kunde von RuJland 3 (1 843): 333-342.
Stach. AL = Stachowski, S.: Studien iiber die arabischen Lehnworter im
APAGCKMX M IIEPCMHCKMX
... B H O n r A H C K O M
SI3bIKE
51
Osmanisch-Turkischen, T . I: A-I
Wroclaw - Warszawa Krakdw - Gdarisk 1975, 145 c ~ p . ;T. 11: N-T,
Wrociaw =
Warszawa - Krak6w - Gdalisk - L6di 1981,147 c ~ p .
StachM AEJ = Stachowski, M.: "Arabische Etymologien in der Geschichte
der jakutischen Wortforschung". Zeszyty Naukowe UJ. Prace
Jgzykoznawcze 117 (1995): 125-138.
StachM APS = Stachowski, M.: "Beitrage zur Kenntnis der arabischen und
persischen Lehnworter in den sudsibirischen Turksprachen". Folia
Orientalia 29 (1992- 1993): 247-259.
StachM GJV = Stachowski, M.: Geschichte des jakutischen Vokalismus,
Krakdw 1993,208 c ~ p .
StachM PEJ = Stachowski, M.: "Persische Etymologien in der Geschichte
der jakutischen Wortforschung". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 14211 (1992): 105-119.
TMEN = Doerfer, G.: Turkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen, T. 11: Wiesbaden 1965,4 + 671 c ~ p .
Veenker = Veenker, W.: Materialien zu einem onomasiologisch-semasiologischen vergleichenden Worterbuch der uralischen Sprachen (=
Hamburger Uralistische Forschungen I), Hamburg 1975, XXVI +
445 CTp.
VEWT = Rasanen, M.: Versuch eines etymologischen Worterbuchs der
Turksprachen, Helsinki 1969, XVI + 533 c ~ p . '
Dolgancadaki Arapqa ve Farsqa Alinma Sozciiklerin
Kuzeye Nasil Gittikleri Hakkinda
Dolgancayi Yakut~adanayiran en onemli ozelliklerden biri, Dolgancada
Arapqa ve Farsqa sozcuklerin daha az olmasidir. Yakut~adatoplam 30 adet
Arap-Fars kokenli sozcuk bulunurken, Dolgancada sadece 10 sozcuk
bulabildik (Far. iqin bkz. StachM PEJ, Ar. iqin StachM AEJ). Guney
Sibirya Turk dilleri iqin her ne kadar E. Pekarsky'nin Yakutqa sozlugu gibi
buyuk bir sozluk yoksa da, yeni yeni gun igigina ~ikarilanGuney Sibirya
dillerinde Arapqa ve Farsqa alinma sozcukler aragtirildi&nda, Sibirya
Turk dillerinde, tam olmamakla birlikte, 40'a yakin Arap-Fars kokenli
52
MAREK STACHOWSKI
ogenin bulunmasi qok ilginqtir (StachM APS 258-259). Dolayisiyla
Dolgancadaki bu az sayidaki Arapqa-Farsqa sozcugun Dolgancaya nasil
girdigini aqiklamak gibi bir sorun karglmlza qikiyor.
Konuya geqmeden bu konuda daha once yazllmlg yazilarl hatlrlatmak
istiyorum. Musluman olmayan Asya halklannln dillerinde kullanllan Arapqa, Farsqa sozcuklere ilgi qok eskiden beri vardi, fakat yayginlagmamlgti. Daha 1930'da bu konuda ilginq bir makale yazan Vladimirtsov'un
izinde giden dogubilimcilerin olmadlginl soylemek bu konu iizerindeki
qaligmalarin yayglnlagmadigini gostermek iqin yeterlidir saninm. Bu tip
qaligmalar Rusya diginda da nadirdir; B. Scherner'in (bkz. bibl. Schern.)
Cuvag dilindeki Arapqa, Farsqa sozcukler hakkindaki degerli qallgmasi da
Sibirya dilleri uzerindeki aragtirmalara yardimcl olmaz, qunku bu tur
sozcuklerin Cuvag, Dolgan ve Yakut dillerine girig yollan farklidir. 0 r negin Turkiye Turk~esindekibu sozcuklerin girig yollannln ve ses ozelliklerin ara~tlrilmaslsonucu (bkz. Blas., a.g.e.), bu sozcuklerin lumilerinin
Farsqa degil Kurtqe alintilar oldugu ortaya qlkmlgtir.
Dolgancada az da olsa Arapqa ve Farsqa sozcugun olmaslnin bir nedeni
de, tahminen, bu dilin sozvarliglnin yeterli olarak incelenmemesine baglldir. Diger taraftan "Pekarsky'nin Dolgancasi" olmasa bile elimize geqen
yayinlardan gunluk birtakim sozcukler bulabilirdik.
Diger bir deyigle, Dolganca incelenmemig olsaydi okno, bumaga, mllo
gibi A r a p ~ a Farsqa
,
sozciiklei-in varliglndan soz etmek mumkun olmazdl.
Bu Rusqa sozcukleri Dolganca-Rusga, Rusga-Dolgunca (DRD) ilkokul
sozluklerinde bulmak mumkundur. Eger bu sozcuklerin Arapqa ve Farsqa
olduklan soz konusu sozluklerde belirtilseydi. biz de bunu DRD sayesinde
ogrenirdik. Bir bagka konu da, dilin tarihi sureci iqerisinde alintllarln
agizlara gore dagilimldir. Bize gore bu noktaya dikkat edilmesi allntilan
aragtlrmada en guvenilir yoldur. Ancak sorunu qozmek iqin once en azlndan Dolgancadaki Arapqa, Farsqa sozcuklerin iqinden en guvenilir olanlarlnl seqmek gerekir.
Dolganca amma sozcugunun da ile kullanildiglnda amma da ulakan!
biqiminde iinlem ozelligi gostermesi bize biraz giipheli geliyor. 1lginq olan
amma da'nin Osmanlica (Turkqe) ile sesqe de benzegmesidir. BU sozun
Arapqa olmasl gagirticl. Bize gore bu s o z c u ~ u nYakutqa'daki ama'dan
qikmasi daha mantiklldlr (Yakutqa ama "sade, basit"); ikinci /m.'nin ise
pekigtirme amaclyla kullanildig~nisoyleyebiliriz.
Bizim bu tahminimiz, Setsu Fujishiro'nun yazilarlnda da dogrulanmak-
APAECKMX M IIEPCMACKMX ... B AOJIrAHCKOM II3bIKE
53
tadir. Ornegin, ama o r "qok uzun", Dolganca ama ulakan hamur tiistii
"gok yagmur yagdi". Buna dayanarak (bir de E.A. Bettu qevirilerine
dayanarak) arna or'u "nasil buyuk" biqiminde ama ulakan hamur riistii'yu
ise, "nasil qok yagmur yagdi" diye qevirebiliriz. Bu nedenle amma'nin
Arapqa olmadigini kabul edebiliriz. Buna benzer biqimde ambar, aragl,
kaftan, hakir, kundiik, kumas gibi Arapqa, Farsqa alinti sozcukleri de
listemizden qikarabiliriz. Aragl birqok Sibirya halkinin dilinde bulunan bir
sozciiktur. Diger sozciikler ise, Rusqa araciligiyla girmigtir. Bunlarin diginda elimizde ilginq iiq sozcuk kaliyor: Dol.atayga "iyi, mutlu" (3.1),
bolot "kiliq" (3.2.), kapsa- "konugmak, bir geyi tasvir etmek, anlatmak"
(3.3); uq sozcukle bir sonuca varmak riskli oldugu iqin sadece tahminle
yetiniyoruz.
3.1, 3.2,'deki orneklerde sozcuklerin Mogolca kargiligi verilmig, 3.3'te
ise verilmemigtir. Farsqa gap, nasil Dolganca kap oldu? Araci nedir,
kimdir? Bizce Eski Kirgizca olabilir. Birkaq yil once Farsqa Ekiil'u ornek
vermigtik, Kirgizca kokiil "kahkiil", Yakutqa koyil(- kopl). Bu durumda
-k- > Yakutqa -y- gibiydi. Peki Kirgizca kokiil lo-ol'yii nasil aqiklariz.
Ayni biqimde kap sozcu~undede g- I k- degigimi sozkonusudur.
Bu durumda Arapqa, Farsqa sozcuklerin sadece Rusqa ve Mogolca
kanaliyla degil, Kirgizca araciligiyla Yakutqa'ya oradan da Dolganca'ya
geqmesi sozkonusu ise, Miisluman olanlarla Musluman olmayanlann iligkilerinde yeni bir yo1 bulmug olmaktayiz. Dolayisiyla 3.1 ve 3.2'nin
Mogol kokenli olmasi gart degildir, qunku onlar da Eski Kirgizca +
Yakutqa + Dolganca biqiminde Dolganca' ya girmig olabilir. "Odunqleme
yoluyla bir dile sozcuk girmesi" konusu burada kapanmamigtir. Cunku
heniiz ''bat1 araciligiyla girme" ihtimali sorusu sorulmamig, yaniti da
verilmemigtir. 18. yuzyil Tatar tuccarlannin mallar~niHakasya'dan goturmeleri "Tatar yolu" ihtimalini artinr, bunu da dikkate almaliyiz.
Yenisey dillerinin rolu belirsiz kaliyor. Kat dilinde araka "garap"
sozciigu goriilmugtiir (18. yuzyil). Bu bir ara koprii mudur, yoksa Sibirya
Tiirk dillerinden alinti midir belli degildir. Bu konuda Yenisey kaynaklarina goz attiktan sonra ancak emin olarak Turkqe sozcuklerin bulundugunu soyleyebiliriz (Ornekler iqin Rusqa makaleye bak.). "Yenisey
Tsintsius" gibi guvenilir bir sozluk olmadan, Yenisey dilleri iqin
Tsintsius'un Manqu-Tunguzca sozliigii gibi bir sozliik hazirlanmadan bu
dillerin rollerini soyleyemeyiz.
Rus ve Mogol yollarindan daha geqerli olmasi "Kirgiz yo1u"nun o-
54
MAREK STACHOWSKI
nemini arttirmaktadir. Ciinkii Kirgizca'nin araciligi X-XII. yuzyil,
Mogolca'nin araciligi XIII-XIV. yuzyil, Rusya'nln araciligi ise, XVIXVII. yiizyllda baglamigtir. Arapqalagma ve Farsqalagmanln az olmasini
Dolganlarin atalannin Taymir'a gittikleri zaman Yakutqa bolgesinde kisitli olarak yayilmalarlna baglayabiliriz. Bu kisitlama en azindan Yakutlarin atalarinin iki goq dalgasina bag11 olabilir. Yakutqa sozciiklerin
sesbilimsel qozumlerinin yapllmasi Yakutqa'ya kendisiyle iki farkli eski
Turk diyalekti getiren iki (ya da daha fazla) eski goqun oldugunu gostermektedir. Eger bu Arapqa ve Farsqa sozcukler birinci goq araciligiyla
olsaydi o zaman bolgede daha biiyuk bir yayilma beklenirdi. Bu sozcukler
Dolganca'ya belki de bu goq sirasinda girmigtir. Yakutqa'daki diger
Arapqa ve Farsqa sozcukler Dolganlar daha Taymr'a gitmeden (bu ikinci
goq olarak kabul edilmektedir) cografi olarak kisitli ve sadece son zamana
yayilmig olmali. Bunlar sadece tahmindir, daha farkll yorumlar da yapilabilir, ancak kapsa- omegi aqikqa bu modeli desteklemektedir [omekler
iqin Rusqa boliime bak.].
Diiguncelerimizi desteklemek iqin bizim ele aldii;;lmiz 2 sozcuk var:
1. as "gida, yemek": Bu sijzciik aragtirmacilarca Iran kokenli olarak
kabul edili yor.
2. Bu sozcuk Tiirk dillerinde bulunmakta. Eger bu sozcuk alintiysa qok
eski olmali. Eski Turkqeden sonra olmamali, bu nedenle bizim konumuzla
ilgili degil. Burada yakindan inceledigimiz s6zcukleri hatirlarsak bunlann
Arapqa, Farsqa olmalari kesin olarak yanligtir. Bu grupta yer alan
ornekler: Dol., Yak. ama "basit, sade" Arap degil, Mogol kokenli ogedir.
Dol., Yak. arba- "keser ile kesmek" Farsqa degil ozbeoz Turkqedir.
Dol., Yak. kiiort "boz, gri" < kork < kogarak < *kok "mavi, yegil" . Bu
sozciigun Turkqe kiikiirt ile bag1 yoktur.
us "usta". Bu sozcuk, Farsqa ustad sozcugii ile ilgili degil, Turkqe u"yapabilmek, -e bilmek" ile ilgilidir.
Yazimi geng dilbilimcilerin Sibirya dillerindeki Arapqa ve Farsqa
sozciiklerle ilgilenmesi ve onlarin kuzeye girig yollarini dolayli degil
derinlemesine ve ozenle gozumlemesi istek ve umidiyle bitiriyorum.