Paper (pdf 158 kB) - The International Potash Institute

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Effects on Enhanced Potassium Doses on Yield,
Quality and Nutrient Uptake of Tomato
B. YAGMUR, B. OKUR, A. R. ONGUN
Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Soil Sciences
35100 Bornova-İzmir/Turkey
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Turkey produces 7 million tons of tomatoes in 160 thousand ha of land per year and occupies
7 % of the world production. Of the production, 73% is consumed fresh, 25 % is processed
and 2 % is exported. According to the 1998 statistics, 1.011.361 t of total 8.200.000 t tomato
produced in Turkey is production under greenhouse conditions. Tomato production with share
of 51 % is the first order in the vegetable production.
The objective of the study was to examine the effect of K fertilization on greenhouse tomato
yield and quality parameters. Enhanced levels of K (0-120-240-360 kg K2O ha-1) and required
amounts of N (240 kg N ha-1) and P (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) were applied ⅓ as a base and the
remaining as side dressing.
Results showed that the highest dose of K yielded the highest. Similarly the highest K dose
was also positively effective on some fruit parameters as average fruit weight, fruit width, ten
fruit weight and acidity. On the other hand, 240 K2O ha-1 dose had positive impacts on total
soluble solids, Vitamin C and color of fruits.
1. Introduction
In 18 800 ha of the total 899 000 ha vegetable area in Turkey production is under greenhouse
conditions (Abak et al., 2000). 95 % of greenhouse crops comprise vegetables, 4 %
ornamental plants and 1 % fruits (Anonymous, 1999). 51 % of vegetable production in
greenhouse conditions is tomato production (Tuzel and Eltez, 1997; Sevgican et al., 2000).
The important tomato producers are China with 18 million tons, USA with 10 million tons,
Italy and Turkey with 7 million tons and Spain 3.5 million tons. At present the production
level of the country, the contribution of tomato to world production is 7 %. 73 % of tomato
produced in Turkey is consumed as fresh, 25 % is used for paste processing and 2 % is
exported.
Per 100 g tomato contains 0.55 mg vitamin B6, 1700 IU Vitamin A, 0.10 mg Vitamin B1 and
21 mg Vitamin C (Sevgican, 1981).
The major problems appeared in greenhouse growing are fertilization and irrigation. Correct
fertilization and irrigation in almost all of the greenhouses is not made. The effect of
inorganic fertilization on the yield and quality is important with respect to balanced nutrition
of plants (Mengel and Kirkby, 1982).
In this research, tomato was grown under greenhouse conditions to determine the effects of K
fertilization on yield and some quality properties and estimate the optimum fertilizer
application.
IPI regional workshop on Potassium and Fertigation development in West Asia and North Africa; Rabat, Morocco, 24-28 November, 2004
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2. Materials and methods
The experiment was carried in a grower’s greenhouse in İncirliova, Aydin. As the material,
Fantastic 144 (F 144) tomato variety was used. Soil samples were taken 0-30 cm depth before
the experiment. Irrigation water and leaf samples were taken during experiment and fruit
samples at harvest time. The plots were arranged in random plots design with four replicates
as four K treatments 0,120, 240, 360 kg ha-1 K2O. All plots received 240 kg ha-1 N and 120 kg
ha-1 P2O5. One third of N, P and K were incorporated as a basal dressing and the second third
of fertilizers was applied after sowing as fertigation. (NH4)2SO4 (21 % N), TSP (43 % P2O5)
and K2SO4 (50 % K2O) in was used in the base dressing and KNO3 (13 % N, 46 % K2O),
MAP (12 % N, 61 % P2O5) and NH4NO3 (33 % N) in the fertigation.
The experimental treatments are as follows:
N0P0K0-Control
N1P1K1-240 kg N ha-1, 120 kg P2O5 ha-1, 120 kg K2O ha-1
N1P1K2-240 kg N ha-1, 120 kg P2O5 ha-1, 240 kg K2O ha-1
N1P1K3-240 kg N ha-1, 120 kg P2O5 ha-1, 360 kg K2O ha-1
The soil was analyzed for its physical and chemical properties using the standard methods
(Jackson 1967; Bouyoucus, 1962; Soil Survey Staff, 1951; Black, 1965; Bingham, 1949;
Pratt, 1965; Bremner, 1965; Lindsay and Norvell, 1978). Some of the analytical data are
given in Table 1.
pH
Water soluble salt
CaCO3
Sand
Loam
Clay
Texture
Org. Matter
Total-N
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
7.72
0.080
6.90
64.60
23.00
12.40
Sandy-loam
2.14
0.108
Available
Table 1. Some physical and chemical properties of the experimental soil.
P
K
Ca
Mg
Na
Fe
Cu
Zn
Mn
(mg kg-1)
(mg kg-1)
(mg kg-1)
(mg kg-1)
(mg kg-1)
(mg kg-1)
(mg kg-1)
(mg kg-1)
(mg kg-1)
4.12
215.00
3400.00
210.00
65.00
12.40
1.05
1.12
14.30
Table 2. Some physical and chemical properties of irrigation water.
pH
7.50
EC
µmhos cm-1 1100
Na
me l-1
3.40
-1
K
me l
0.02
Ca+Mg me l-1
7.50
Class of irrigation water C3S1
Cl
SO4
HCO3
B
SAR
me l-1
me l-1
me l-1
2.70
1.54
5.90
trace
1.75
In leaves, primary and secondary elements, in fruit pH, color, total soluble solids (Brix, TSS),
dry matter, acidity and Vitamin C contents together with fruit weight were measured
according to Hortwirth (1960), Joslyn (1970), Pearson (1970), Hunter (1973) and Kacar
(1972).
The results were statistically analyzed by TARIST pocket program (Acikgoz et al., 1993)
IPI regional workshop on Potassium and Fertigation development in West Asia and North Africa; Rabat, Morocco, 24-28 November, 2004
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3. Results and Discussion
The effect of the different rates of K on the yield and nutrient content of tomato are given in
Table 3.
Table 3. The effect of potassium on the yield and nutrient content of tomato.
Dose
kg K2O ha-1
0
120
240
360
LSD 0.01
LSD 0.05
Yield
t ha-1
5.90
7.22
7.85
8.52
1.05
Increase
(%)
100
122
133
144
Total (%)
N
P
K
Ca
3.14 0.39 2.87 3.70
3.40 0.40 3.25 3.76
3.54 0.42 3.72 3.74
3.60 0.40 4.20 3.74
0.140
0.134
Mg
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.42
Na
850
850
800
850
Total (mg kg-1)
Fe
Cu Zn
114
17 32
120
18 35
142
18 35
140
18 38
4.987
Mn
81
87
89
89
4.994
The highest yield was obtained at the rate of 360 kg K2O ha-1 (N1P1K3) is 8.52 t ha-1 and the
lowest yield at the control parcel (N0P0K0) as 5.90 t ha-1. The effect of different rates of K on
the yield is significant at 1 % level. Yield with enhanced K doses increased 22 %, 33 % and
44 % respectively.
Total nitrogen content of the varied from 3.14 to 3.60 %, P 0.39 to 0.42 %, K 2.87 to 4.20 %,
Ca 3.70 to 3.76 %, Mg 0.40 to 0.42 %, Na 800 to 850 mg kg-1, Fe 114 to 140 mg kg-1, Cu 17
to 18 mg kg-1, Zn 32 to 38 mg kg-1 and Mn 81 to 89 mg kg-1.
Total
Table 4. Comparison of leaf nutrients with the cited reference values.
N
P
K
Ca
Mg
Fe
Cu
Zn
Mn
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(mg kg-1)
(mg kg-1)
(mg kg-1)
(mg kg-1)
Reuter-Robinson (1986)
4.0-6.0
0.65-1.20
4.0-6.0
1.5-2.5
0.40-0.80
100-300
5-15
30-200
50-500
Bergmann (1993)
4.0-5.5
0.40-0.65
3.0-6.0
1.5-3.5
0.40-0.90
–
6-12
30-80
40-100
IFA (1992)
2.8-4.9
0.40-0.70
2.7-5.9
2.4-7.2
0.35-0.80
101-291
10-16
20-85
55-220
Ongun (2001)
3.02-3.40
0.31-0.47
3.83-4.40
4.46-5.31
0.42-0.57
39.6-122.7
15.06-18.88
32.93-49.74
69.4-102.3
When the figures in the Table 4 are compared with our findings; results showed that the
nutrient status of tomato was optimum except Mg and Zn. Significant relationships were
found between the fertilizer rates and N, K, Fe and Mn contents in leaves.
Increasing K rates increased % TSS, terrible acidity, Vitamin C content, average fruit weight,
average fruit diameter and ten fruit weight but decreased pH and color parameter (Table 5).
TSS and Vitamin C contents increased up to 240 kg K2O ha-1 but decreased at 320 kg K2O ha1
.
Significant relationships were determined between the enhanced fertilizer rates and TSS,
average of fruit weight and ten fruit weight, acidity, Vitamin C and average fruit diameter.
Similar results were also obtained by the other researchers (Karakas, 1994; Aydin, 1996 and
Yagmur, 1997).
IPI regional workshop on Potassium and Fertigation development in West Asia and North Africa; Rabat, Morocco, 24-28 November, 2004
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Table 5. The effect of K doses on some quality parameters of tomato.
Dose
kg K2O ha-1
0
120
240
360
LSD 0.01
LSD 0.05
pH
4.10
4.07
4.10
4.10
TSS Acidity
(%) (%)
4.32 0.30
4.66 0.35
5.34 0.36
5.02 0.39
0.109
0.058
Color
(a/b)
2.02
2.01
2.03
2.02
Vit. C
Fruit
Fruit diameter
(mg 100 g-1) weight (g)
(cm)
19.12
110
5.95
21.10
116
6.12
28.54
122
6.15
26.18
128
6.16
5.912
Ten fruit
weight (g)
482
500
524
546
9.413
0.149
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, results revealed that K fertilization did not affect the pH and color parameters
of tomato, but significantly affected the average fruit weight, fruit diameter, average ten fruit
weight and titrable acidity. The optimum dose for these parameters was 360 kg K2O ha-1 and
for TSS, Vitamin C and color 240 kg K2O ha-1.
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IPI regional workshop on Potassium and Fertigation development in West Asia and North Africa; Rabat, Morocco, 24-28 November, 2004
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IPI regional workshop on Potassium and Fertigation development in West Asia and North Africa; Rabat, Morocco, 24-28 November, 2004