Contents - Mount Washington Avalanche Center

Transkript

2012 International Snow Science Workshop
Contents
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Avalanche Hazard Mitigation
O1.1
Vulnerability: Caught in an Avalanche – then What Are the Odds? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Bruce Jamieson, Alan S. Jones
O1.2
The Urban Avalanche Interface and Community Impacts, A Case Study:
Ketchum, Sun Valley and the Wood River Valley, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Janet Kellam
O1.3
Vision Zero: Applying Road Safety to Avalanche Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Dale Atkins, Magnus Granhed
O1.4
Practioners View on the Quick Study of Snowpack: How to Explain
the Vocabulary for Pole Probes and Slope Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Theo Meiners, et al
Avalanche Formation, Failure, and Dynamics
O2.1
The Influence of Near-Surface Warming on Slab Stiffness and
Crack Propagation Propensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Benjamin Reuter, Jürg Schweizer
O2.2
Thermal Temperature in Avalanche Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Cesar Vera, Thomas Feistl, Walter Steinkogler, Othmar Buser, Perry Bartelt
O2.3
Back-Calculations of Observed Avalanches Against Natural Deflecting Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Dieter Issler, Carl Harbitz, Ulrik Domaas, Kalle Kronholm, Marc Christen
O2.4
Dense Avalanche Friction Coefficients: Influence of Nivological Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Mohamed Naaim, Yves Durand
Avalanche Forecasting 1
O3.1
On Indicator Path Avalanches for Local Avalanche Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Juerg Schweizer, Claudia Alig, Christoph Mitterer
O3.2
Measurements at Recent Deep Slab Avalanches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Michael Conlan, Dave Tracz, Bruce Jamieson
O3.3
Depth Hoar, Avalanches, and Wet Slabs: a Case Study of the Historic Wet
Slab Avalanche Cycle at Bridger Bowl, Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Alex Marienthal, Jordy Hendrikx, Doug Chabot, Pete Maleski, Karl Birkeland
O3.4
Comparing Local Stream Flow Peaks to the Onset of Wet Avalanche Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Mark E. Saurer
Snowpack Structure, Variability and Metamorphism 1
O4.1
Analyzing the Atmosphere-Snow Energy Balance for Wet-Snow Avalanche Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Christoph Mitterer, Jürg Schweizer
O4.2
Tracking Melt-Freeze Crust Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Ryan Buhler, Bruce Jamieson, Sascha Bellaire
i
O4.3
Weak Layer Detection in Simulated Snow Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Fabiano Monti, Jürg Schweizer, Charles Fierz
O4.4
Using High-speed Video to Better Understand Extended Column Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Karl W. Birkeland, Alec van Herwijnen
O5.1
Measurements of ECT Scores and Crack-Face Friction in Non-Persistent
Weak Layers: What are the Implications for Practitioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Ron Simenhois, Karl Birkeland, Alec van . Herwijnen
O5.2
Storm Snow Avalanches: Characteristics and Forecasting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Edward H. Bair, Ron Simenhois, Alec van Herwijnen, Karl Birkeland, Jeff Dozier
O5.3
Slab Avalanche Crown Surface Fractography: Observations and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Dave Gauthier
O5.4
Stability Index Considering Slab Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Shinji Ikeda, Takafumi Katushima, Yasuhiko Ito, Yukari Takeuchi, Tomoyuki Noro
O5.5
The Underestimated Role of the Stauchwall in Full-Depth Avalanche Release. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Perry A. Bartelt, Christine Pielmeier, Stefan Margreth, Stephan Harvey, Thomas Stucki
Hazard Mitigation and Risk Management 1
O6.1
Avalanche Analysis and Management in the Ski Resort Rosa Khutor
Regarding the 2014 Sochi Olympics Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Fanny Bourjaillat, Philippe Berthet-Rambaud, Stefan Margreth, Leonid Andreev,
Alexander Boyco, Jean-Luc Vallier
O6.2
An Experimental Dynamic Response Study of Hard Slab Seasonal
Snow to Explosive Avalanche Hazard Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Josephine Bones, Daniel Miller, Scotty Savage
O6.3
French Recommendations for Artificial Triggering of Avalanches Over Inhabited Sites. . . . . . . . . . . 149
Francois Rapin, Richard Lambert
O6.4
Re-evaluation of Avalanche Mitigation Measures for Juneau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Stefan Margreth, Tom Mattice
O7.1
Avalanche Forecasting for Safe Travel in the Backcountry: the 5-Step Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Mike Wiegele
O7.2
SNAPS - Snow, Ice and Avalanche Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Harpa Grímsdóttir, Magni H. Jónsson, Krister Kristensen, Hedda Breien
O7.3
The AvalX Public Avalanche Forecasting System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Grant Statham, Scott Campbell, Karl Klassen
O7.4
Nowcast with a Forecast – Snow Cover Simulations on Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Sascha Bellaire, Bruce Jamieson
ii
Snowpack Structure, Variability and Metamorphism 2
O8.1
Analysis of Surface Hoar Growth Under Simulated Meteorological Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Brad T. Stanton, Dan Miller, Ed Adams
O8.2
Formation of Depth Hoar Resulting From Thermal Optimization of Snow Microstructure . . . . . . . . 186
Patrick Staron, Ed Adams, Dan Miller
O8.3
Modelling Surface Hoar Formation and Evolution on Mountain Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Simon Horton, Sascha Bellaire, Bruce Jamieson
O8.4
Directional Mechanical Properties of Radiation Recrystallized Snow
Layers from Experimental Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
David J. Walters, Edward E. Adams
Education, Regulation, and Legal Risks
O9.1
Incorporating Terrain Into Public Avalanche Information Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Karl Klassen
O9.2
Yukon Avalanche Association – the First Year and the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Michael A. Smith, Eirik Sharp
O9.3
Snow Immersion Suffocation, the Silent Killer at U.S. Ski Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Paul Baugher
O9.4
Mitigating Your (Legal) Risk as a Forecaster – Where are Your Own Liabilities/Risks/Tensions? . . . 227
Tracey L. Knutson
O9.5
Who Is Involved in Avalanche Accidents? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Benjamin Zweifel, Frank Techel, Christian Björk
O10.1
The MLK Event at Crystal Mountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Chris Morin
O10.2
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Snow Avalanches Starting in Forested Terrain . . . . . . . . . . 244
Michaela Teich, Natalie Zurbriggen, Perry Bartelt, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey, Christoph Marty, Melanie
Ulrich, Peter Bebi
O10.3
A Mechanism for Cooling-Related Slab Avalanche Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
James A. Floyer
O10.4
Effects of El Niño and La Niña on Snow Avalanche Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
David McClung
Instrumentation and Measurement
O11.1
Spatial Variability of Snow Stratigraphy From Microwave Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Hans-Peter Marshall, Andy Gleason, Achim Heilig, Gary Koh, Matthew Sturm
O11.2
Remote Sensing Tools for Snow and Avalanche Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Yves Buehler
O11.3
Using a Thermal Imager to Quantify Buried Thermal Structure in Natural Snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Cora Shea, Bruce Jamieson, Karl Birkeland
iii
O11.4
Different Surveys Techniques to Assess the Snow Erosion and
Deposition at the Punta Seehore Test Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Eloïse Bovet, Bernardino Chiaia, Margherita Maggioni, Danilo Godone, Michele Freppaz
Hazard Mitigation and Risk Management 2
O12.1
Close Encounters with Avalanches During Rain-On-Snow: Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Wayne Carran, Howard Conway, Ann Carran, Milford Team
O12.2
Snow Safety Control Operations: an Interactive Web-Based Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Phoebe B. McNeally, Jim Collinson, Randy Trover, Peter Schory
O12.3
Avalanche Impact Performance of a Light-Weight Diversion Structure
Snettisham Transmission Line, Southeast Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Chris Wilbur, Mike Janes, Art Mears
O12.4
Evaluation and Mitigation of Icefall Hazards for Civil Engineering Works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
David J. Scarpato, Martin J. Woodard
Avalanche Accidents and Rescue
O13.1
Resuscitation of the Avalanche Victim: an Evidence-Based Guideline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Jeff Boyd, Hermann Brugger, Fidel Elsensohn, Peter Paal,
Giacomo Strapazzon, Eveline Winterberger, Ken Zafren
O13.2
Analysis of State-Of-The-Art Approaches for “Marking” During Multi-Burial
Beacon Search Versus the Aspects of Fully Maintaining the EN300718 Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Michael Schober, Markus Eck, Michael Rust
O13.3
On the Effectiveness of Avalanche Balloon Packs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Pascal Haegeli, Benjamin Zweifel, Frederic Jarry, Spencer Logan,
Hanno Bilek, Marek Biskupic, Hermann Brugger, Markus Falk
O13.4
The Cumulation of Avalanches in Certain Periods – an Analysis of
Backcountry Accidents in Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Peter Hoeller
O13.5
Historical Analysis of Avalanche Fatalities in Denali National Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Kevin Wright, Tucker Chenoweth
WORKSHOP PRESENTATIONS
Workshop on Rescue Devices
WS1.1 Transceiver Performance when Searching for Multiple Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Jürg Schweizer, Manuel Genswein, Fred Jarry, Dominique Létang
WS1.2 The Effect of External Interference on Avalanche Transceiver Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
John W. Barkhausen
WS1.3 The Avalanche Airbag System and Modern Avalanche Transceivers.
Useful Rescue Devices with Gadget Functions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Franz Kroell
WS1.4 Avalanche Airbag Survey: A U.S. Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Steve Christie
iv
WS1.5 Handler Perceptions of Optimal Scenting Conditions for Avalanche Rescue Dogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Ryan R. Gould, Eeva Latosuo
Workshop on Social Media and Web-based Information
WS2.1 Geoavalanche – Spatial Data Infrastructure for Avalanche Awareness Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Francesco Bartoli
WS2.2 Interactive Avalanche Information System (IAIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Richard W. Steiner, Mark Dundas, Peter Petri
WS2.3 Internet and Social Networking: a Chance for Avalanche Education? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Thierry Vallée
WS2.4 @UtahAvalanche: Was Social Media Invented for Avalanche Forecasting? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Paul D. Diegel, Bruce Tremper
Workshop on Technology
WS3.1 Automated Avalanche Deposit Mapping From VHR Optical Imagery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Matthew J. Lato, Regula Frauenfelder, Yves Bühler
WS3.2 A Phase-tracking Snow Micro-structure Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Andrew E. Slaughter, Nicholas Zabaras
WS3.3 Remote-Sensing Derived Avalanche Inventory Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Regula Frauenfelder, Rune Solberg, Siri Ø. Larsen, Arnt-Børre Salberg, Heidi Bjordal
WS3.4 The Role of Information Technology in Public Avalanche Forecasting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Kristina Welch
WS3.5 Axisymmetric Measurements of Extended Deformation Around
the Snow Micropenetrometer Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Anthony M. LeBaron, Daniel A. Miller, Alec van Herwijnen
Workshop on Dynamics Modeling
WS4.1 Slushflow Formation, Flow Regimes and Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Erik Hestnes, Steinar Bakkehøi, Krister Kristensen
WS4.2 Stopping Behaviour of Snow Avalanches in Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Thomas Feistl, Peter Bebi, Yves Bühler, Marc Christen, Michaela Teich, Perry Bartelt
WS4.3 On Avalanche (Front) Velocity Measurements at the Ryggfonn Avalanche
Test Site and Comparison with Observations From Other Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Peter Gauer
WS4.4 Back-Analysis of an Avalanche Destructive Impact on Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Valerio De Biagi, Barbara Frigo, Bernardino Chiaia
WS4.5 Modeling and Visualizing Avalanche Flow Using Genetic Algorithms and OpenGL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Donna M. Delparte, Michael Peterson, Jahrain Jackson, John D. Perkins
WS4.6 Objective Comparison of Two Numerical Avalanche Dynamics Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Jan-Thomas Fischer, Walter Steinkogler, Matthias Granig, Marc Christen
Workshop on Spatial Variability
WS5.1 Zoning with the Avalanche Terrain Exposure Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Cam P. Campbell, Brian Gould, James Newby
v
WS5.2 Avalanche Trigger Locations in Complex Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Zach Guy, Karl W. Birkeland
WS5.3 Potential Dry Slab Avalanche Trigger Zones on Wind-Affected Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Markus Eckerstorfer, Wesley R. Farnsworth, Karl Birkeland
WS5.4 Spatial Variability of Snowpack on Small Wind Effected Slopes, Central Svalbard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Wesley R. Farnsworth, Markus Eckerstorfer, Hanne H. Christiansen
WS5.5 The New Challenge Is No More to Improve Prediction, But to
Better Manage the Unexpected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Alain Duclos
Workshop on Human Factors
WS6.1 Spatial, Temporal, and Space-Time Analysis of Fatal Avalanche Accidents in
Colorado and the United States, 1991 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Spencer Logan, Frank Witmer
WS6.2 Monitoring Lift-Served Backcountry Access Gates in Real Time:
SkinTrack’s First Season at Ski Loveland, Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Marc J. Rubin, Tracy Camp
WS6.3 TALKING THE TALK: Human Factors, Group Communication, and the Next
Frontier in Snow Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Bruce Edgerly, Paul Baugher
WS6.4 The Human Factor Revisited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Ida S. Kristensen, Krister Kristensen
WS6.5 Perception of Risk in Avalanche Terrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Krister Kristensen, Manuel Genswein, Munter Werner
Workshop on Sledding
WS7.1 How Do You Stress the Snowpack? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Scott Thumlert, Bruce Jamieson, Thomas Exner
WS7.2 Lessons from Boulder Mountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Mary L. Clayton
WS7.3 Reaching Snowmobile Riders with Effective Training Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Debra McGhan, Dorothy Adler, Merletta Morris
WS7.4 Exploring Opportunities for Snowmobile Avalanche Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Miranda Murphy
Workshop on Highways
WS8.1 Risk Prevention Along Secondary Roads by Means of Analysis of Small Scale
Avalanche Risk. Management Experience Through Winter Seasons 2008-2009-2010-2011. . . . . . . 528
Massimo Raviglione, Michela Barberis
WS8.2 Artificial Release and Detection of Avalanches: Managing Avalanche Risk
on Traffic Infrastructures, A Case Study from Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Arnold Kogelnig, Samuel Wyssen, Richard Koschuk
vi
WS8.3 Local Management of Avalanche Hazard on the Aosta Valley’s Roads
and Identification of Event Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Valerio Segor, Paola Dellavedova, Betty Sovilla, Luca Pitet
WS8.4 I-90 Snoqualmie Pass: Operating a Highway Avalanche Program During a
Major Construction Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
John Stimberis
WS8.5 The Use of Classifications Trees As a Tool for Forecasting Avalanche Activity
on the Seward Highway, Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Jordy Hendrikx, Matt Murphy, Terry Onslow
POSTER PRESENTATIONS
P1.01
A Characterization of Snow Gliding and Potential Predisposing Factors in a
Full-Depth Slab Avalanche Release Area (Valle D’aosta, NW Italian Alps). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Elisabetta Ceaglio, Michele Freppaz, Gianluca Filippa,
Stefano Ferraris, Ermanno Zanini, Valerio Segor
P1.02
How Snow Cover Properties Influence Avalanche Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Walter Steinkogler, Betty Sovilla, Michael Lehning
P1.03
Objective Comparison of Two to Three Dimensional Avalanche Model
Output and Field Data Using the AIMEC Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Jan-Thomas Fischer, Reinhard Fromm, Peter Gauer, Betty Sovilla
P1.05
Cooling and Avalanches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Penelope H. Goddard
P1.06
Properties of Weak Layers Composed of Precipitation Particles in
Avalanche Starting Zones in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Shinji Ikeda, Tomoyuki Noro
P1.07
Back-Calculation of Small-Size Avalanches with the 2d Avalanche Dynamics
Model RAMMS: Four Events Artificially Triggered at the Seehore Test Site in
Aosta Valley (NW Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Margherita Maggioni, Michele Freppaz, Marc Christen, Perry Bartelt, Ermanno Zanini
P1.08
Tracking Wetting Front Advance From Upward-Looking Ground-Penetrating Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Lino Schmid, Christoph Mitterer, Achim Heilig, Jürg Schweizer, Olaf Eisen
P1.09
Automated Detection and Monitoring of Glide-Snow Events Using
Satellite Based Optical Remote Sensing and Terrestrial Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Sebastian Feick, Christoph Mitterer, Lisa Dreier, Stephan Harvey, Jürg Schweizer
P1.10
Towards a Better Understanding of Glide-Snow Avalanche Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Christoph Mitterer, Jürg Schweizer
P1.11
Mechanics of Weak Layer Snow Under Cyclic Loading Studied By FEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Evgeny A. Podolskiy, Guillaume Chambon, Mohamed Naaim, Johan Gaume
P1.12
Lautaret Avalanche Test Site : Outcomes From the 11th April 2012 Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Xavier Ravanat, Bellot Hervé, Frederic Ousset, Emmanuel Thibert, Mohamed Naaim
vii
P1.13
Avalanche Simulations in Forested Terrain: a Framework Towards a
Bayesian Probabilistic Model Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Michaela Teich, Irene Vassella, Perry Bartelt, Peter Bebi, Thomas Feistl, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey
Hazard Mitigation and Risk Management
P1.16
Influence of Forest on Snow Avalanche Hazard – Norwegian Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Hedda Breien, Øyvind A. Høydal
P1.17
EconoMe-Develo – a Software Tool for Assessing Natural Hazard Risk and
Economic Optimisation of Mitigation Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Michael Bruendl
P1.18
Relative Influence of Mechanical and Meteorological Factors on
Avalanche Release Depth Distributions: an Application to French Alps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
Johan Gaume, Guillaume Chambon, Nicolas Eckert, Mohamed Naaim
P1.19
Multiple Linear Regression Modeling and the Correlation Between Surface
Area, Snow Density and Burial Depth of Improvised Snow Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Salvatore G. Candela, Eeva Latosuo
P1.21
The Results From Two Years of Testing the Wyssen Avalanche Tower in Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Njål Farestveit, Sara Skutlaberg
P1.23
A CBA of Artificial Avalanche Release Devices in Ski Resort:
Monterosaski (AO – Italy) Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Barbara Frigo, Monica Barbero, Valerio De Biagi
P1.25
Rapid Assessment of Large-Magnitude Snow Avalanche Events in Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
Sara E. Simonson, Scott Toepfer, Ethan M. Greene, Steven R. Fassnacht,
Thomas J. Stohlgren, Hal Hartman
P1.26
Avalanche Protection on Highway E8 to the City of Tromsoe, Northern Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Ole-Andre Helgaas, Oyvind S. Hellum, Dag T. Andreassen
P1.29
National Database for Mitigative Measures Against Rapid Gravity Mass Flows and Rock Falls . . . . 680
Arni Jonsson, Egil Syre, Kristine Ekseth, Helge C. Smebye, Eivind M. Paulsen
P1.30
The Use of Commercial CAD Software in Snow Avalanche Run-Out Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Arni Jonsson, Sigurjon Hauksson
P1.31
Terrain Analysis of Hatch Peak at Hatcher Pass, Alaska using ATES and GIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Rebekah L. King, Eeva Latosuo
P1.32
A Rule Based Risk Management System Based on Maps and Danger Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
Kalle Kronholm, Jo Gunnar Ellevold
P1.33
Possibility of Increasing the Slope Distance Between Avalanche Prevention Bridges. . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
Hiroki Matsushita, Masaru Matsuzawa, Hiroshi Nakamura
P1.35
Vulnerability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures Submitted to Out-of-Plane
Loadings: Application to a Protective Structure Impacted By Snow Avalanches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Isabelle Ousset, David Bertrand, Michaël Brun, Ali Limam, Mohamed Naaim
P1.36
Global Variation in Reference Altitude for the Snow, Depending on
Latitude and Regional Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Francois Rapin
viii
P1.37
A Classification of All the French Avalanche Paths Which Threaten Inhabited Buildings . . . . . . . . . . 708
Francois Rapin
P1.38
Evaluation of Dynamical Actions on Active Snow-Nets Placed in Detachment
Area Testing in Site During Winter Seasons 2008-2009-2010-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Massimo Raviglione, Maurizio Iori
P1.39
Statistical Avalanche Runout Models: How Well Can Computers Predict Beta? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
Alexandra Sinickas, Bruce Jamieson
P1.40
Infrasonic Monitoring of Snow Avalanches in the Alps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Giacomo Ulivieri, Emanuele Marchetti, Maurizio Ripepe, Igor Chiambretti, Valerio Segor
P1.41
Spatio-Temporal Reconstruction of Snow Avalanche Activity Using
Dendrogeomorphological Method in Bucegi Mountains-Romanian Carpathians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Mircea Voiculescu, Alexandru Onaca, Patrick Chiroiu
Avalanche Accidents and Rescue
P2.01
Skiers, Trees and Avalanches: A Murderous Triad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
Dale Atkins
P2.02
Applying Search Theory and Coordinated Incident Management to Avalanche Rescue . . . . . . . . . . 740
Donald Bogie, Andrew Hobman
P2.03
Rescue Compass – a Tool for Decision Making in Avalanche Rescue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
Michael Bruendl, Hans-Juerg Etter
P2.04
GIS Tools for Avalanche Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
Giovanna Burelli, Franco Cucchi, Valerio Segor
P2.06
How Effective are Avalanche Airbags? Field Tests of Avalanche Safety Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Lorenz Meier, Stephan Harvey, Jürg Schweizer
P2.08
ARS Avalanche Rescue Dog Handler Course in Andermatt, Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
Sean C. Hopewell
P2.10
Organizational Survey for Avalanche Professionals: an Interactive Poster Installation . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Scott Savage, Jerry Johnson
P2.12
Three Different Shapes of Avalanche Balloons – a Pilot Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770
Marek Biskupic, Jozef Richnavský, Milan Lizuch, Filip Kyzek,
Igor Žiak, Pawel Chrustek, Emily S. Procter
P2.13
Could Fatal Avalanche Accidents in Norway From 2005 – 2012 Been Prevented
Using the Reduction Method, the Basic Reduction Method and the ALPTRUTH Method? . . . . . . . . 775
Linda Hallandvik, Stian Langeland, Magnus Berger Skjøstad,
Vetle Aase Øvrebotten, Roland van den Tillaar
Avalanche Education
P2.14
Association of Professional Patrollers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
Scott Hoffman, Rich Bailey
P2.15
Partner Rescue Skills: an Organizational and Individual Assessment Over
the 2010-11 and 2011-12 Winter Seasons at Big Sky Resort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
Jonathan Binger, Chelan Babineau-Z
P2.16
Infrared Imagery: Visual Aids for Snow Science Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786
Paul A. Brusseau, Eeva Latosuo
ix
P2.17
Know Before You Go: Adapting Youth Avalanche Education For Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
Sean Fallon, Eeva Latosuo
P2.18
Practical Outputs for Avalanche Experts From Two Research Projects
in Aosta Valley (NW Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
Barbara Frigo, Margherita Maggioni, A Debernardi, Valerio Segor,
Luca Pitet, Bernardino Chiaia, Michele Freppaz, Ermanno Zanini
P2.19
How Mountain Snowmobilers Adjust Their Riding Preferences in Response to
Avalanche Hazard Information Available at Different Stages of Backcountry Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800
Pascal Haegeli, Luke Strong-Cvetich, Wolfgang Haider
P2.20
A Searchable Digital Archive of ISSW Proceedings is Available Online!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
Jason Clark, Rich Marriott, Stephan G. Custer, Edward E. Adams,
Sheila Bonnand, Tamara Miller, Scott Young, Jordy Hendrikx
P2.22
Avalanche Education in the United States: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
David W. Lovejoy
P2.23
How to Explain Avalanche Dynamics to Children and… Their Parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
Florence Naaim-Bouvet, Thierry Faug, Frederic Ousset, Xavier Ravanat, Paolo Caccamo
P2.25
Adherence to Risk Prevention and Safety Measures in Backcountry Winter Recreationists . . . . . . . 827
Emily Procter, Giacomo Strapazzon, Hanspeter Staffler, Anton Preindl,
Florian Seebacher, Ludwig Castlunger, Isabel Ebner, Hermann Brugger
P2.26
Educating Ski Patrollers at Chimbulak (Shymbulak) Ski Resort, Kazakhstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Alexander Prokop, Dirninger Peter
P2.27
Avalanche Accident Risk Reduction Tools in a North American Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834
Bob Uttl, Joanna McDouall, Christina Mitchell, Carmela White
P2.28
Evaluating the Avaluator Avalanche Accident Prevention Card 2.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840
Bob Uttl, Joanna McDouall, Christina Mitchell
P2.29
New Public Avalanche Awareness Opportunities – Are You Beeping? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Scott Waller, Andy Hill, Dick Willy
Avalanche Forecasting
P2.33
Social Data Sharing with Avalanche Lab: What If You Could Crowd Source
Your Avalanche Forecast? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Jesse F. Crocker
P2.34
Linking Avalanche Problems to Avalanche Danger—A First Statistical
Examination of the Conceptual Model of Avalanche Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
Pascal Haegeli, Markus Falk, Karl Klassen
P2.35
Real Time Snow Slope Stability Modeling of Direct Action Avalanches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866
Scott Havens, Hans Peter Marshall, Chris Covington, Bill Nicholson, Howard Conway
P2.36
Time-Lapse Photography as an Approach to Understanding Glide Avalanche Activity . . . . . . . . . . . 872
Jordy Hendrikx, Erich H. Peitzsch, Daniel B. Fagre
P2.37
Seasonal Change in Conditions for Occurrence of Wet Snow Avalanches in Hokkaido . . . . . . . . . . . 878
Hiroki Matsushita, Masaru Matsuzawa, Hiroshi Nakamura, Shinji Ikeda, Yasuhiko Ito
P2.39
Timing of Wet Snow Avalanche Activity: an Analysis From Glacier
National Park, Montana, USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884
Erich H. Peitzsch, Jordy Hendrikx, Daniel B. Fagre
x
P2.40
Geomatics Use in Fieldwork for Public Avalanche Forecasting: Yukon Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892
Eirik A. Sharp, Mike A. Smith, Ilya Storm
P2.41
Monitoring Glide Avalanches Using Tme-lapse Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
Alec van . Herwijnen, Ron Simenhois
P2.42
Observations on the Development / Destruction of Potential Sliding Layers
in a Path Controlled with Large Amounts of Explosives and Artillery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904
Mike P. Stanford, Brandon Levy
P2.43
Public Avalanche Forecast Challenges: Canada’s Large, Data Sparse Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
Ilya Storm
P2.45
Investigating the Snow-Climate of Turnagain Pass, Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Wendy Wagner
Instrumentation and Measurement
P3.01
Hysteresis in the Water Retention Curve of Snow Measured Using an MRI System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918
Satoru Adachi, Satoru Yamaguchi, Toshihiro Ozeki, Katsumi Kose
P3.03
Can We Estimate Mass Flux During Snowfall Using a Scanning Terrestrial LiDAR? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
Edward H. Bair, Robert E. Davis, David C. Finnegan, Adam L. LeWinter, Jeff Dozier, Ethan Guttmann
P3.04
The Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
Timothy J. Garrett, Edward H. Bair, Cale J. Fallgatter, Konstantin Shkurko,
Robert E. Davis, Daniel Howlett
P3.05
Quantifying Snow Transport Using Snow Fences and Sonic Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934
Svetlana Stuefer, Matthew Sturm
P3.07
SNOWCATCHER – a New Snow Avalanche Protection Measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937
Engelbert Gleirscher, Jan-Thomas Fischer, Elisabeth Rainer,
Gernot Stelzer, Lambert Rammer, Martin Kern
P3.08
Snowpack Effects Induced by Blasts: Experimental Measurements vs Theoretical Formulas. . . . . . 943
Barbara Frigo, Marilena Cardu, Bernardino Chiaia
P3.09
Snow Cover Dynamics and Ecology: an Analysis of MODIS Time Series in the Italian Alps . . . . . . . . 948
Danilo Godone, Silvia Terzago, Gianluca Filippa, Simona Fratianni,
Gabriele Garnero, Secondo Barbero, Enrico Rivella, Michele Freppaz
P3.10
Monitoring Snowpack Temperature Gradient Using Automatic Snow Depth Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956
Orn Ingolfsson, Harpa Grimsdottir, Magni H. Jonsson
P3.11
Measurement Campaigns to Investigate Blowing Snow and Snow Drift
Conditions at a High Altitude Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961
Gilbert Guyomarc’h, Hervé Bellot, Yves Durand, Florence Naaim-Bouvet,
Alexander Prokop, Vincent Vionnet
P3.12
Meteorological Tower Design for Severe Weather and Remote Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968
Kelly Elder, et al
P3.14
How to Detect Snow Fall Occurrence During Blowing Snow Event? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
Florence Naaim-Bouvet, Hervé Bellot, Kouichi Nishimura,
Christophe Genthon, Cyril Palerme, Gilbert Guyomarc’h
P3.15
Positioning of Avalanche Protection Measures Using Snow
Depth Mapping via Terrestrial Laser Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
Alexander Prokop, Christina M. Delaney
xi
P3.16
Automatically Finding Avalanches in Geophone Data: a Pattern Recognition Workflow. . . . . . . . . . 989
Marc J. Rubin, Tracy Camp, Alec van Herwijnen
Snow Structure, Variability and Stability
P3.17
The Effectiveness of Boot Packing for Snowpack Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
Matt Wieland, Jordy Hendrikx, Karl Birkeland
P3.18
Modeled Snow Cover in Pyrenees Mountains and Cross-Comparisons
Between Remote-Sensed and Land-Based Observation Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
Yves Durand, Gerald Giraud, Daniel Goetz, Malou Maris, Valentin Payen
P3.19
Examining the Drivers that Control the Spatial Variability of Surface
Hoar and Near-Surface Facets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1005
Jordy Hendrikx, Tom Leonard, Irene Henninger, Doug McCabe, Ian Hoyer
P3.20
What Can Avalanche Burials Hear? – Acoustic Characteristics of Snow
Packs and Their Relation to Input Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1011
Ken-Ichi Sakakibara, Katuhiro Maki, Kimiko Yamakawa, Shigeaki Amano
P3.22
Analysis of Continuous Snow Temperature Profiles From Automatic
Weather Stations in Aosta Valley (NW Italy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1017
Margherita Maggioni, Gianluca Filippa, Michele Freppaz, Ermanno Zanini
P3.25
Laser Induced Fluorescence - Particle Tracking Velocimetry (LIF-PTV)
Measurements of Water Flow Through Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1023
Benjamin A. Walter, Stefan Horender, Nander Wever, C Gromke, Michael Lehning
P3.26
A Modified Extended Column Test to Reduce Slab Degradation: Preliminary Results. . . . . . . . . . . .1028
Maggi Kraft, Matt Wieland, Jordy Hendrikx
P3.28
The Effects of Explosives on the Physical Properties of Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1033
Robyn Wooldridge, Jordy Hendrikx, Dan Miller, Karl Birkeland
P3.29
Surface Hoar Distribution at the Scale of a Helicopter Skiing Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1040
Matthew J. Borish, Karl W. Birkeland, Stephan Custer, Stuart Challender, Jordy Hendrikx
P3.30
The Propagation Saw Test (PST): a Review of Its Development,
Applications, and Recent Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1047
Dave Gauthier, Bruce Jamieson
P3.31
Relationship Between Preferential Flow in Snow Cover and Weather Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1054
Satoru Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Hirashima, Atsushi Sato, Satoru Adachi
P3.32
Testing and Implementing a Wind Redistribution Model in Mountainous
Terrain Using a High-Resolution LIDAR-Derived DEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1059
Andrew Hedrick, Hans-Peter Marshall, Scott Havens, Adam Winstral, Achim Heilig
P3.33
Changes in Stability Test Usage By Snowpilot Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1065
Karl W. Birkeland, Doug Chabot
P3.34
Temporal and Spatial Changes of a Seasonal Snowpack Within a Small Sheltered Slope . . . . . . . .1069
Achim Heilig, Hans-Peter Marshall, Samantha Evans
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1075
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Contents - Mount Washington Avalanche Center

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Report on the NASA Snow Remote Sensing Workshop Boulder