4-Introduction to IP

Transkript

Ip/MPLS Teknolojileri Giriş
Murat AKIN
[email protected]
IPD Network Support Engineer
QA&CC, SPS&Deployment
Alcatel-Lucent Turkiye
December 2009
Agenda
1.
Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş Türkiye
2.
Introduction to IP (Internet Protocol)
3.
OSI Reference Model
4.
Basics of Networking
5.
Basics Routing
6.
Ipv6
7.
Sorular & Bilgilendirme
© Alcatel-Lucent 2009 All Rights Reserved
1
3 | Technical Sales Forum | May 2008
Alcatel-Lucent Global
Alcatel-Lucent’ın vizyonu dünyanın iletişim şeklini geliştirerek insanların hayatını
zenginleştirmektir. Eşi olmayan çözümleri sunar, müşterilerle ilişkilerini geliştirir ve
yeteneğiyle insanların yaşamlarını zenginleştirir.
Alcatel, elektrik, elektronik, ulaştırma ve telekomünikasyon alanlarda faaliyet
göstermek üzere kurulmuştur. Bugün sadece telekomünikasyon sektöründe
çalışmaktadır.
Çin’de tesis kuran ilk yabancı kuruluştur.
2000 yılında ATM’de dünya lideri olan Newbridge’i satın alır.
2006’da Nortel’in UMTS birimini satın alır, aynı yıl Alcatel ve Lucent Technologies
firmaları birleşerek Alcatel-Lucent (ALU) ismini alır.
130 ülkede faaliyet göstermektedir.
100 farklı ulusa ait, 77.000 çalışanı bulunmaktadır.
16 milyar € yıllık geliri (2008), 2.5 milyar € ARGE bütçesi bulunmaktadır.
26.000’den fazla patente sahiptir. (2008 patenti, 2700’den fazla)
4 | EPC update for EMEA | March 2009
Copyright © Alcatel-Lucent 2009. All Rights Reserved.
“
5 | Presentation Title | Month 2008
- Alcatel-Lucent Global
1965 yılında, PTT bünyesinde ARGE laboratuvarı olarak kuruldu.
1984 senesinde Teletaş Telekomünikasyon Endüstri A.Ş. olarak Anonim Şirkete
dönüştürüldü. Aynı yıl Alcatel Bell firmasından alınan lisans ile Sistem 12 sayısal
santrallarının AR-GE ve üretim faaliyetleri başladı.
1988 yılında halka açılan ilk Türk şirketi olan Alcatel Teletaş, 1993 yılında
telekomünikasyonda dünya devi Alcatel’in önemli bir üretim ve AR-GE birimi oldu.
Alcatel Teletaş'ın %35' i halka açık olarak ĐMKB'de işlem görmektedir. Geri kalan %
65 ise Alcatel N.V.' ye aittir.
IP (Service Routers)
400+ Mühendis
Wireline Access (ISAM, GPON)
Yurtiçi / Yurtdışı Destek
Wireless (3G/4G, Femto, Wimax, LTE)
TAC / TEC Centers - EMEA
Converged Networks (NGN / IMS )
Tiger Teams !!!
Optics (SDH, WDM, WT)
Teknolojiyi sadece uygulayan değil,
çözümler üreten global bir firma
Application Development (SW)
IPTV & IPTC Competence Centers
6 | EPC update for EMEA | March 2009
Dünyanın her yerinde farklı projelerde
çalışma imkanı, farklı kıtaları ve kültürleri
tanıma şansı
Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş – Uluslarası Destek Merkezi – Avustralya
Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş – Uluslarası Destek Merkezi – Yeni Zelanda
IP/MPLS Project
Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş – Uluslarası Destek Merkezi – Italya
Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş – Uluslarası Destek Merkezi – Burkina Faso
Alcatel-Lucent Teletaş – Uluslarası Destek Merkezi – Germany
IP Devision
MURAT AKIN
Impsat, AT&T /
USA
FT, PSN, CEGETEL, Orange
VTG, Monaco Telecom / France
Teleonor / Norway
KPN / Netherlands
Telefonica / Spain
Telmex, Avantel,
Maxcom / Mexico
Telecom Austria, H3G
/ Austria
Belgacom / Belgium
PT, Vodafone / Portugal
BT, Isle of Man / England
Lattelecom / Latvia
TT, Telcom, Sabanci T.,
Doruknet, AtlasOnline,
Eser T. / Turkey
Slovak Telecom / Slovakia
Net COLOGNE,
EWETEL, MNET, TSI,
Deutsche Telecom /
Germany
China Telecom / China
HIPCC / India
Combelga, USI / Russia
PTK/Kosovo
WIND / Italy
Maroc Telecom, Maroc Connect
/ Morocco
OND OPTICS – AND_DSL – IPD – CONV_FIX_NGN
Globacom / Nigeria
UTS / Caribbean
Entel / Chile
QualityNET / Kuwait
CTE Telecom / El Salvador
Brasil Telecom,
Impsat / Brasil
Jordan Telecom / Jordan
Impsat / Peru
Copaco / Paraguay
Bezeq / Israel
Titan / Australia
Impsat, T2 / Argentina
Antel / Uruguay
Singtel, Telstra / Singapore
TNZ / New Zealand
2
Introduction to IP (Internet Protocol)
Why IP for Network Infrastructure for Services
IP traffic continues to grow 50-100% each year due to continued growth
in Web, peer-to-peer, IPTV and Internet video traffic
Bandwidth per subscriber is climbing with HSI services shifting to 100M
per subscriber from today’s typical 1–4M for Internet access
Residential
Worldwide IP MPLS VPN service and Ethernet service revenues will
continue to grow from $25B in CY07 to $47B in CY11
Business
With expanding portfolio of business services, Service Providers are
looking to converge multiple services onto one network to contain
costs
Adoption of HSDPA along with availability of new 3G smart phones (e.g.
BlackBerry, iPhone) is driving increasing traffic on wireless networks for
mobile data/video/web applications
LTE will support even more BW per subscriber putting further demand
on wireless backhaul and core networks
14 | 7750 SR Overview
Mobility
History of TCP/IP Protocols
Developed in the 1970s by pioneering network engineers Vinton Cerf and
Bob Kahn
Intended to provide a common framework to allow the interworking of
diverse network hardware and computer systems
Included in early releases of the UNIX operating system
During the 1980s, primarily used by U.S. universities and research
institutions
During the 1990s, increasingly adopted by commercial enterprises
Provides the underlying technological framework of the Internet today
Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks
Internet – US National Backbone for IP
16 | EPC for EMEA | March 2009
Sadece Evlerimizde Değil, Mobil Dünyasında da Yüksek Hızlı Đletişim
NGN + IMS
2G
SMS
9.6240 kb/s
2.5/2.75G
128384 kb/s
Web
ATM
3G
2-14.4
Mb/s
TV Yayını
TDM
IP/MPLS Omurga
IP/Ethernet
UMA
3G HSxPA
100+ Mb/s
WiMAX
3G LTE
Gerçek Zamanlı
Multimedia
Mobil Dünyasında
Kablosuz Erişim Şebekesi
Sabit ve Mobil
iletişim dünyaları
arasındaki kesişim
Servis
Tipleri
IP Teknolojisinin Gelişimi
Tükiye – Erişim Hızları
2008
Türkiye’de
Telekomünikasyon
1995
1980
1970
cartoon
Yaş
Yaşası
asın !!
Artı
Artık evimizde
internetimiz ve
bir ee-mail
hesabı
hesabımız var
Şehirlerarası
ehirlerarası arama
yapmak iç
için saatlerce
beklediğ
beklediğimiz gü
günler
33Kbps & 56Kbps
High Speed DialDialUp
Artik telefon
sırası
rası
beklemiyoruz
Internete bağ
bağlı
olmanı
olmanın ötesinde
görüntü
ntü ve dosya
paylaşı
mı
paylaşım
yapabildiğ
yapabildiğimiz gü
günlere
geldik
2 Mbps – Yüksek Hı
Hızlı
zlı
Đnternet
IP Header
19 | EPC for EMEA | March 2009
3
OSI & TCP/IP Reference Model
OSI — Interesting Facts
Never intended for educational purposes
Formed the basis of the OSI protocol suite, to create a widely adopted suite
of protocols to be used by international networks
The 7-layer model created by Bachman and Canepa was the only model
submitted to the ISO subcommittee in March 1978
Introduced to compete with IBM’s SNA, due to the company‘s closed
architecture
OSI Model – 7 Layers
OSI
Application
Presentation
Upper Layers
Session
Transport
Network
Lower Layers
Data Link
Physical
Packetized Data Transfer
5 1 23
IP & Routing Overview
When an application needs to send
data remotely it hands the data over to
the Application Layer.
The remote Application receives the
original data, sent by the Source
application.
DATA
DATA
Application
Application
DATA
Presentation
Session
DATA
Presentation
DATA
Transport
DATA
Network
Session
DATA
DATA
Transport
Network
DATA
DATA
DATA
Data Link
DATA
Data Link
DATA
DATA
Physical
Physical
… 01010011000111000 …
7750 Service Router
Alcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007
Physical Wire
The OSI and TCP/IP Model
5 1 24
A layered network model allows:
Simplifying complex procedures
Vendor interoperability
Better fault isolation
A modular plug-and-play functionality
The OSI Model
The TCP/IP Model
Application
Presentation
Application
Session
Transport
Layer 3
versus
Network
Transport
Internet
Data Link
Network Interfaces
Physical
7750 Service Router
Layer 2
The Network Layer
5 1 25
The OSI Model
The TCP/IP Model
Application
Presentation
Application
Session
Layer 3
Transport
Transport
Network
Internet
Layer 2
Data Link
Network Interfaces
Physical
The Internet Protocol:
• provides a globally unique addressing scheme
• provides a standardized packet format to route the packets to their destinations
7750 Service Router
TCP/IP Suite vs. OSI
OSI
TCP/IP Suite
Application
Application
Presentation
Services
Session
Transport
Transport
Internet
Network
Protocol
Data Link
Network
Interfaces
Physical
TCP/IP Layering — Application Layer
TCP/IP Layers
Application
Services
Application
User interface to the network
User Applications
Transport
E-mail
Telnet
FTP
Internet
WWW
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
TCP/IP Layering — Transport Layer
TCP/IP Layers
Application
Services
Transport
Communication between applications
Reliable data transfer
Flow control
Transport
Sequencing of data
Internet
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
TCP/IP Layering — Internet Protocol Layer
TCP/IP Layers
Application
Services
Internet Protocol
Common services and addressing
Unique network addressing
scheme to identify hosts
Transport
Internet
Routing protocols for path
determination
End-to-end forwarding of
datagrams
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
TCP/IP Layering — Network Interfaces
TCP/IP Layers
Application
Services
Network Interfaces
Physical transfer of data
Ethernet
Transport
ATM
Frame Relay
PPP
Internet
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
Application Encapsulation
TCP/IP Layers
From: [email protected]
Application
To: [email protected]
Services
Transport
Internet
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
Message Body
Transport Encapsulation
TCP/IP Layers
Application
Message Body
Services
Source:
Transport
1223
Header
Destination: 25
Internet
Protocol
Network
Interfaces
Message Body
Body
IP Encapsulation
TCP/IP Layers
Application
Message Body
Services
Source:
Transport
Internet
Protocol
1223
Header
Destination: 25
Source:138.120.191.122
Dest.: 197.199.45.12
Network
Interfaces
Message Body
Body
Header
Header
Body
Data Link Encapsulation
TCP/IP Layers
Application
Message Body
Services
Source:
Transport
Internet
Protocol
1223
Header
Message Body
Body
Destination: 25
Source:138.120.191.122
Header
Header
Dest.: 197.199.45.12
Body
Network
Interfaces
DA: 00-D0-F6-A4-26-5C
SA: 00-20-60-37-BB-5F
Hdr
Hdr
Hdr
Body
F
C
S
The Internet Protocol – IP Addressing
5 1 35
Public address range*
Private address range
Multicast address range
Scientific address range
Loopback address range
Default address range
Class A: 1.H.H.H 126.H.H.H
Class B: 128.N.H.H 191.N.H.H
Class C: 192.N.N.H 223.N.N.H
Class A: 10.H.H.H
Class B: 169.254.H.H
Class B: 172.16.H.H 172.31.H.H
Class C: 192.168.N.H
Class D: 224.H.H.H 239.H.H.H
Class E: 240.H.H.H 255. H.H.H
127.H.H.H
0.H.H.H
*Minus the Private address ranges
7750 Service Router
The Internet Protocol – IP packet header structure
5 1 36
4
0
Version
16
8
IHL
Type of Service
Identification
Time To Live
31
19
Total Length
Flags
Protocol
Fragment Offset
Header Checksum
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
Options
7750 Service Router
Padding
4
Basics of Networking
Network Devices — Examples
Switch
Router
Repeater
Hub
Module 1 |
38
All rights reserved © 2006–2007 Alcatel-Lucent
Layer 1 Devices
A repeater retransmits the Ethernet signal down a wire and
amplifies it to be used again. The repeater extends the reach of
Ethernet in a LAN.
A hub works exactly like a repeater, with the exception that it
functions less as a distance extender and more like a port
concentrator of several hosts in one physical area.
Repeater
Hub
Module 1 |
39
Layer 1 Devices — Repeater
Repeater
Connects network segments
Retimes and regenerates signals to proper amplitudes
Disadvantage — propagation delay due to broadcasting
Disadvantage — physical limit to the number of repeaters used
Module 1 |
40
Layer 1 Devices — Hub
Hub
A single Ethernet segment device that can operate at
10/100/1000 Mb
Can act as a repeater
Disadvantage — Same as repeater
Used in small home networks or isolated segments in larger
networks
Module 1 |
41
AT6
Bridging and Bridges
Bridging is a layer 2 (L2) concept.
Bridging is primarily associated with Ethernet.
A bridge (or switch) operates at L2 of the OSI model.
A bridge is an intelligent device that does an L2 address lookup.
Application
Presentation
Session
OSI Model
L2 Network Device
Transport
Network
Data Link
Bridge
Bridge
Physical
Module 1 |
42
Slide 42
AT6
did some rewording
anandt, 21/06/2006
AT7
Switches
L2 Network Device
Switch
A switch is a multiple Ethernet segment device that can have
dedicated 10/100/1000 Mb ports.
Traffic in isolated segments is “switched” via a high-speed,
bandwidth-dedicated backplane called a “fabric”.
The majority of modern switches function in store/forward.
Module 1 |
43
Slide 43
AT7
this is the original slide, I do not like this since it really doesnt explain the difference between a bridge and a switch.
It also assumes that a switch is ethernet based
anandt, 21/06/2006
L3 Devices — Routers
Routing
A router, unlike a bridge, operates up to L3 of the OSI model.
A router connects two different network segments.
L3 Network Device
Application
Presentation
OSI Model
•
Examine the IP header of the incoming packet for
the destination IP address
•
Look up this address in its routing table
•
Determine the best path to the destination IP
address
•
Determine the egress interface for the above path
•
Forward the data out of this egress interface
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Router
Basic router functions:
Session
Router
Module 1 |
44
AT8
L2 Encapsulations
DATA
TCP/UDP
DATA
DATA
Ethernet
TCP/UDP
IP
DATA
POS
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
IP
IP
ETHERNET
ETHERNET
PPP
IP
4
2
1
PPP
5
3
6
DATA
DATA
TCP/UDP
Ethernet/ ATM
TCP/UDP
IP
IP
ATM
ETHERNET 10
7
8
DATA
9
TCP/UDP
IP
ETHERNET
Module 1 |
45
Slide 45
AT8
Details on packet encapsulations, showing how the L2 headers and exchanged and where they are not relevant
anandt, 21/06/2006
Switches & Routers - products positioning
Routers (7750SR):
Core routing
Edge routing
Enterprise & campus routing
Switches (ALU 7210 SAS):
Home / Enterprise network
Business CPE
Business aggregation
5620 SAM / 5650 CPAM Network Management
7210 SAS
7210 SAS
7210 SAS
7450 ESS
Ring Topology
7750 SR
7210 SAS
7210 SAS
Star Topology
IPD
Team
Event
–Dublin
Nov4-6
2008
14 |Focus
Alcatel
–Lucent
7210
Service
Access
Switch R1.0 | September 2008
5
Basics Routing
Routing Protocols
Static
Explicitly define next
Dynamic
IGP
EGP
hop on every router/
Define default route
Distance Vector
RIPv1 and RIPv2
Link State
Path Vector
OSPF
BGP
IS-IS
Module 5 |
48
The Routing Protocols
AS 1
Interior Routing Protocol
Distance Vector: RIPv1 & RIPv2
Link State: OSPF & IS-IS
AS 2
Exterior Routing Protocol
Path Vector: BGPv4
Module 5 |
49
Routing - Movement of Data
IP – 1.1.1.2
IP – 2.2.2.2
MAC = A
MAC = D
Gateway =
1.1.1.1 - B
IP – 2.2.2.1
MAC = C
IP – 1.1.1.1
MAC = B
IP – 3.3.3.2
IP – 3.3.3.1
Source
Dest.
S
D
1.1.1.2
2.2.2.2
A
B
ARP Cache
2.2.2.2 = D
F
C
Data
S
Source
Dest.
WAN
1.1.1.2
2.2.2.2
PPP
F
C
Data
S
Source
Dest.
S
D
1.1.1.2
2.2.2.2
C
D
F
C
Data
S
Module 5 |
50
Static Routing
192.168.11.0/30
192.168.11.1
192.168.22.0/30
A
Node1
10.12.1.0/29
Node2
B
B
10.12.1.1
10.12.1.2
Routing Table:
Routing Table:
192.168.11.0/30 – Direct via interface A
10.12.1.0/29 – Direct via interface B
192.168.22.0/30 – static via 10.12.1.2
A 192.168.22.1
192.168.11.0/30 – static via 10.12.1.1
The Administrator must configure the static routes manually:
Node1>config>router# static-route 192.168.22.0/30 next-hop 10.12.1.2
Module 5 |
51
Default Routing
A Stub is a
network segment
with only one exit
point
Network Cloud
192.168.22.0/30
192.168.11.0/30
A
Node1
Node2
10.12.1.0/29
B
B
10.12.1.1
10.12.1.2
Routing Table:
Routing Table:
192.168.22.0/30 – static via 10.12.1.2
x.x.x.x/x – static or dynamic via interface A
A 192.168.22.1
0.0.0.0/0 – static via 10.12.1.1
The Administrator must configure the default route (0.0.0.0/0) manually:
Module 5 |
52
Routing Protocol Basics
Network A
How does
Network A send
data to Network
B?
?
?
?
?
Network B
Module 5 |
53
Path Determination
Network A
Network A can reach Network B via Path
1 or Path 2. Which one is preferred?
172.16.1.0/24
172.16.3.1/30
Router 2
172.16.3.2/30
172.16.3.13/30
172.16.3.14/30
Path 1
Path 2
172.16.3.5/30
172.16.3.6/30
Router 4
172.16.3.10/30
Router 3
Network B
172.16.3.9/30
172.16.2.0/24
Module 5 |
54
Network A
172.16.1.0/24
Router 1
to Router 3
to Router 2
Metrics
Network
172.16.3.0/30
172.16.3.0/30
172.16.3.12/30
172.16.3.12/30
172.16.1.0/24
172.16.3.4/30
172.16.3.4/30
172.16.3.8/30
172.16.3.8/30
172.16.2.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
Next-hop router
to Router 2
172.16.3.14
to Router 3
172.16.3.2
to Net A
172.16.3.2
172.16.3.14
172.16.3.14
172.16.3.2
172.16.3.2
172.16.3.14
Module 5 |
55
Metric
0
3
0
3
0
1
2
1
2
2
2
Routing Principles
5 1 56
Int B
Int A
IP packet
IP packet
1. Check Routing Table
Destination Address
10.0.0.1
2. Change TTL
3. Change Checksum
IP Address
Egress Interface
2.0.0.0/8
10.0.0.0/8
Int A
Int B
7750 Service Router
4. Send out the correct
interface
The Full Routing Cycle
5 1 57
The Router
Route Table
Ethernet DA:
00-12-79-22-22-22
Ethernet SA:
00-12-79-11-11-11
Type: 0x800 (IP)
Destination
Address
Next Hop
192.168.22.0/30
192.168.11.0/30
Interface B
Interface A
IP SA:
192.168.11.2
IP DA
DATA
00-12-79-44-44-44
Ethernet SA:
00-12-79-33-33-33
Type: 0x800 (IP)
ARP Cache
IP DA:
192.168.22.2
Ethernet DA:
IP Address
Eth Address
192.168.22.2
192.168.11.2
00-12-79-44-44-44
00-12-79-11-11-11
IP SA:
192.168.11.2
IP DA:
192.168.22.2
DATA
Interface A
MAC Address:
Interface B
IP DA
00-12-79-22-22-22
MAC Address:
00-12-79-33-33-33
FCS
ARP Request
ICMP unreachable
7750 Service Router
FCS
Other Protocols – ARP
5 1 58
MAC: 00-12-79-11-11-11
Who has IP address
10.0.0.1?
Destination
Address:
FF-FF-FF-FF-FFFF
(broadcast)
Source
Address:
00-12-79-11-1111
Type
code
for ARP
0x0806
ARP data:
IP: 10.0.0.1
Type:
request (code
1)
The Ethernet ARP request Frame
Broadcast an ARP
request
Hey, I have IP
address 10.0.0.1!
Send out an ARP
reply
Destination
Address:
00-12-79-11-1111
Source
Address:
00-12-79-22-2222
The Ethernet ARP reply
7750 Service Router
Type
code
ARP data:
for
IP: 10.0.0.1
Type: reply
ARP
(code 2)
0x080
6
Frame
MAC: 00-12-79-22-22-22
6
IPv6
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent January 2009
Module Objectives
• After successful completion of this module, you should be
able to:
Summarize the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6
Describe IPv6 addressing
Explain the different IPv6 address types
Describe the changes required in OSPF and IS-IS to support
IPv6
Module 5 |
60
Section Objectives
• This section will discuss the basic concepts of IPv6:
Main features of IPv6
IPv6 addressing
OSPF and IS-IS for IPv6 networks
ICMPv6
Module 5 |
61
IPv6 Features
Provides a huge address space
More than 3.4x10e38 addresses
Hierarchical address allocation provides efficient routing
Small routing table
Supports anycast addresses and eliminates broadcast
addresses
Efficient IP header: 40-byte header with 8 fields
Fewer fields and simpler forwarding
Built-in security: IPsec implemented in IPv6
Authentication header and encapsulation security payload
Better QoS support
Flexible extension header
Daisy chain of next headers
Module 5 |
62
IPv6 Header
IPv6 header
8 fields, 40 bytes
Version
Traffic class
Flow label
Payload length
Next header
Hop limit
Source address
Destination address
Module 5 |
63
IPv6 Header (continued)
IPv4 vs IPv6 header
IPv4 header: 12 fields, 20 bytes
IPv6 header: 8 fields, 40 bytes
Version
IHL
Type of service
Identification
Time to live
Total length
Flags
Protocol
Fragment offset
Version
Traffic class
Flow label
Payload length
Next header
Hop limit
Header checksum
Source address
Source address
Destination address
Options
Padding
Destination address
Module 5 |
64
Next header:
Same as the IPv4 protocol
field
8-bit field
Points to the next
extension header
Extension headers are not
usually examined by the
intermediate router.
The hop-by-hop option
header carries
information that must be
examined by every node
along the path.
Example
Version
Traffic class
Payload length
Flow label
Next header
Hop limit
IPv6
header
NH = 43
Source address
Destination address
Next header
Routing
header
Extension header•1
NH = 44
Next header
Fragment
header
Extension header•2
NH = 6
Upper layer header and payload
Module 5 |
65
TCP data
Source and destination address:
Each address is128 bits.
Version
Traffic class
Flow label
Payload length
Next header
Hop limit
Source address
Destination address
Module 5 |
66
IPv6 Addressing
Defined in RFC 3513
Represented by colon-hexadecimal format
2001:0211:0000:0000:ab01:0000:0000:0011
Compressed representation:
Leading-zero compression
2001:211:0:0:ab01:0:0:11
Multiple successive zero fields can be compressed (only once).
2001:211::ab01:0:0:11
Types of addressing:
Unicast addressing
Multicast addressing
Anycast addressing
Module 5 |
67
IPv6 Prefixes
Unicast addressing:
Link-local FE80::/10
Site-local FEC0::/10 (deprecated by IETF)
Aggregatable global 2000::/3
IPv4-compatible ::/96
Unspecified address ::/128
IPv6 loopback address ::1/128
Module 5 |
68
IPv6 Prefixes (continued)
Aggregatable global IPv6 address:
Globally routable and reachable IPv6 address
IANA-assigned aggregatable address: 2000::/3
IPv6 addresses are currently being allocated by IANA in this
range.
Multiple-level hierarchy allows efficient routing aggregation:
— Provider topology, site topology, host topology
Global routing prefix
Site
48 bits
16 bits
IPv 6 interface ID
64 bits
Module 5 |
69
Anycast Addressing
Assigned to multiple interfaces of multiple nodes
A packet destined to an anycast address is routed to the
nearest one.
Unicast addresses with host bits set to zero
Can be used, for example, to select the nearest server and
provide redundancy
Module 5 |
70
Multicast Addressing
Assigned FF00::/8
Flag indicates a permanently assigned or transient multicast
address
Scope is used to limit the multicast group
No broadcast addressing
Larger number of multicast groups
1111 1111
8 bits
Flags
Scope
4bits
4bits
Group ID
112 bits
Module 5 |
71
Multicast Addressing (continued)
Solicited-node multicast address:
Provides efficient querying for ICMPv6
Each unicast address has a corresponding solicited-node
multicast address.
Multicast messages can be sent to the solicited-node multicast
address group to reduce the number of receivers.
Format: FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx/104 (xx:xxxx from the last 24 bits
of the unicast address)
Example: Unicast address 2001:1000:10:C2B4:FFFF:FE01:0203
Solicited-node: address FF02::1:FF01:0203
The multicast packet is then sent to Ethernet multicast address
33.33.FF.01.02.03.
Replaces ARP from IPv4
Module 5 |
72
Multicast Addressing (continued)
Well-known multicast addresses:
FF02::1
All-nodes address
FF02::2
All-routers address
FF02::5
All-OSPF routers address
FF02::6
All-OSPF DRs address
FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx/104
Solicited-node address used in ICMPv6
Multicast address over Ethernet:
Multicast MAC 33:33:dst13:dst14:dst15:dst16
(last 4 digits of multicast address)
Module 5 |
73
IPv6 Routing Protocols
IPv6 routing protocols:
OSPFv3
MP-BGP
IS-IS for IPv6
Static routes
The IPv6 routing table is different from IPv4 routing tables:
Same route-selection mechanism
Longest prefix match
The router ID should be configured before IPv6 protocols
are enabled.
Module 5 |
74
IPv6 over IPv4
IPv6 and IPv4 will coexist for a long time.
There are many ways to run IPv6 over IPv4:
Dual stack (router runs IPv4 and IPv6 stacks)
Tunneling:
—IPv6 over IPv4 tunnels (RFC 2893)
—6PE
—IPv6 over GRE tunnel
—IPv6 over MPLS TE tunnel
The 7750 SR implementation of IPv6 over IPv4 is in several
phases.
Module 5 |
75
IPv6 over IPv4 using Static Routing
Phase 1 only allow IPv6 over IPv4 through static routing (RFC 2893)
IPv6 over IPv4 packet encapsulation uses IP protocol id 41
Source / destination IP address uses the system IP address
Module 5 |
76
7
Alcatel-Lucent 7x50 Service Router
Portfolio
Module 5 |
77
The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR Family
Slot
MDA
1 2 3 4 5 A B 6 7 8 9 10
1
IOM
SF/CPM
1
MDA
SFP
MDA
2
Slot
1
2
3
4
5
A
B
2
SR-7
SR-12
MDA
1
A
1
2
SR-1
• Three chassis options – 1, 7, and 12 slots
• Carrier-class reliability combined with high
density in a small footprint
• System capacities scalable from 20 Gbps to
200 Gbps (400 Gbps in future)
• Modular design – removable IOM, SF/CPM,
and MDAs
• Common operating system
Module 5 |
78
The SR-12 Shelf
•
SR-12 features:
Slots for up to ten 20 Gbps IOM
cards
Two hot-swappable SF/CPM
card slots; 200 Gbps or 400
Gbps SF/CPM cards available;
400 Gbps cards have capacity
to handle future 40 Gbps IOM
cards
Up to twenty hot-swappable
MDAs
Hot-swappable cooling fans
Switch fabric/control
redundancy when two SF/CPMs
installed
Power redundancy when two
DC power sources connected
Module 5 |
79
The SR-12 Front and Rear
1
1
2
6
2
3
7
5
4
6
2
1
8
9
7
4
5
80
8
3
Module 5 |
Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR SF/CPM Cards
Redundant SF/CPMs
are supported on the
SR-7 and SR-12
Module 5 |
81
Alcatel-Lucent 7750 Service Router
3RD WAVE – SERVICE ROUTING
Alcatel Lucent 7750 SR
2Terabit Multiservice Edge Router
Purpose built for Service Providers and Enterprises
seeking carrier-class equipment
Suitable for applications including:
Residential Broadband (HSI and 3Play)
Business L2 and L3 VPN services
Mobile backhaul and core transport
Legacy BRAS evolution (BNG)
Taking the Lead in Service Routing Evolution
Industry leading FP2 100Gpbs Silicon
Terabit capacity, performance, scale
Comprehensive multiservice support
Service Routing Specialization
Over 30,000 units shipped to date
Module 5 |
82 | 7750 SR Overview
82
Teşekkürler...
[email protected]
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent January 2009
Staj & Đş Başvuruları & & Tez Programları
için:
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com.tr
http://www.kariyer.net

4-Introduction to IP

Transkript

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