Chromosome numbers of species of the genus Jurinea Cass

Transkript

CARYOLOGIA
Vol. 62, no. 1: 16-23, 2009
Chromosome numbers of species of the genus Jurinea Cass.
(Asteraceae) in Turkey
Dogan1,* Bekir, Ahmet Duran2, Esra Martın3 and Erdogan Esref Hakkı4
Selcuk University, Faculty of Education, Department of Science Education, 42090, Meram, Konya, Turkey.
Selcuk University, Faculty of Education, Department of Biology Education, 42090, Meram, Konya, Turkey.
3 
Nigde University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 51350, Nigde, Turkey.
4 
Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, 42070, Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey.
1 
2 
Abstract — Chromosome numbers of 13 Jurinea species, collected from different localities in Turkey, were determined for the first time. All the Jurinea species investigated were diploid with chromosome numbers counted
as 2n = 34. The basic chromosome number of the genus was x = 17. In this study, polyploidy was determined in
nine taxa of Jurinea. Polyploid cells were 2n = 4x = 68 and they were tetraploid. The mitotic metaphase plates
were given all the taxa of Jurinea. The research has made contribution to the cytotaxonomic revision of the genus
Jurinea in Turkey.
Key words: Cardueae, Carduinae, Compositae, Jurinea, Turkey.
INTRODUCTION
The Asteraceae with its approximately 1,620
genera and more than 23,600 species is the largest
family of flowering plants (Stevens 2001). Asteraceae is widely distributed within diverse regions
ranging from Southwest of US, Mexico, Southern
Brazil, South Africa, Middle and Southwest Asia
as well as Australia. South America is accepted to
be phylogenetically the geographic origin of the
family (Bremer 1994).
Asteraceae is represented with the largest
number of species in the Flora of Turkey with
a total number of recorded species being 1209.
From these species, 447 are endemic, with an endemism ratio of 37%. With a total number of 134
genera this family constitutes the second largest
family of Turkish flora (Davıs et al. 1988; Özhatay
and Kültür 2006).
Jurinea Cass. is one of the most important
genera within Asteraceae and it comprises about
200 species in total (Susanna et al. 2006). Native
distribution of Jurinea is specifically involving
Central Asia, Iran, Turkey and the Mediterranean
basin. Jurinea is located within the monophyletic
tribe Cardueae which is constituted of five sub-
* Corresponding author: e-mail: doganbekir2000@yahoo.
com
tribes, namely, Carduinae, Centaureinae, Carlininae, Cardopatiinae Less., and Echinopinae. Jurinea
is a genus located within the subtribe Carduinae
(Susanna et al. 2006).
The genus Jurinea is represented with 18 species within Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian
phytogeographic regions of Turkey. Five of these
species are endemic to Turkey resulting in an endemism ratio of 27.8% (Danin and Davıs 1975;
Dogan 2007; Dogan et al. 2007). Jurinea taxa
endemic to our country are; J. alpigena C.Koch,
J. cadmea Boiss., J. pontica Hausskn. et Freyn ex
Hausskn., J. brevicaulis Boiss., J. cataonica Boiss.
et Hausskn.
In the Flora of Turkey (Danin and Davıs 1975),
it is also denoted that within the genus Jurinea
there are some species which are not endemic to
Anatolia but are found rather rarely. These species
are; J. eriobasis DC., J. kilaea Azn., J. mesopotamica Hand.-Mazz., J. ramulosa Boiss. & Hausskn.,
J. multiflora (L.) B. Fedtsch. and J. stoechadifolia
DC. Some of these species, namely J. eriobasis, J.
mesopotamica and J. multiflora, have been placed
to the category of data deficient (DD) (Ekim et al.
2000). Additionally, J. stoechadifolia and J. cypria
Boiss. were defined, by Duman and Aytac (1999)
and by Raus and Everest (2002) respectively, as
new records for Turkey.
Based on the studies of Rana and Sharma
(2000), J. dolomiaea was determined as a me-
chromosome numbers of species of the genus jurinea cass. (asteraceae) in turkey
dicinal and aromatic plant species. Similarly J.
macrocephala was described as an economically
important species due to its potential usage in
pharmaceutical industry (Dobrıyal et al. 1997).
Negı et al. (2002) have also denoted that this species is equally important for the perfume and fragrance industries.
There are many karyological studies on the genus Jurinea as Baksay (1956); Blanca & Cueto
(1992); Borhıdı (1968); Chıchırıcco et al. (1979);
Chouksanova et al. (1968); Dıaz De La Guardıa
(1995); Gagnıdze and Gvınıashvılı (1997); Holub et al. (1971); Humphrıes et al. (1978); Jee et
al. (1989); Kıeft and Van Loon (1978); Küpfer
(1969a, b); Kuzmanov and Ancev (1973); Lungeanu (1973); Magulaev (1982); Sokolovskaıa
and Probatova (1980); Vır Jee and Kachroo
(1985); Vogt and Oberprıeler (1993).
Related to the genus Jurinea, there aren`t any
cytological studies on the species of the Flora of
Turkey. This is the first record on the somatic
chromosome numbers of 13 species of the genus
that are natively distributed in Turkey.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Samples of the genus Jurinea were collected
from different localities of Turkey, with their
akenes, during 2004-2006 vegetation periods.
Collected samples are maintained as herbarium
material at the KNYA and Selcuk University Faculty of Education herbaria.
For somatic chromosome numbers, root tips
were obtained from seeds germinated for ten days
on wet filter paper in petri dishes. Root tips were pretreated with α-monobromonaphthalene for
16 h at 4ºC, fixed in ethanol: glacial acetic acid
(3:1) for 24 h and stored at 4ºC until use. Root
tips were washed in distilled water to remove the
fixative, hydrolysed in 1N HCl for 13 min at room
temperature and stained in 2% aceto-orcein for
2 h. Permanent slides were made with the standard liquid nitrogen method; slides were dried for
24 h at room temperature and mounted in depex.
Chromosome counts were made using Bs200Pro
Image Analysis Software (Martın et al. 2006).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the genus Jurinea, the chromosome number
of all the species analysed were found as 2n = 34.
Analyses were performed in the following species: J. consanguinea DC., J. alpigena C. Koch,
17
J. cadmea Boiss., J. mollis (L.) Reichb., J. macrocalathia C. Koch., J. pontica Hausskn. & Freyn
ex Hausskn., J. pulchella DC., J. cypria Boiss., J.
macrocephala DC., J. aucherana DC., J. ramulosa
Boiss. & Hausskn., J. cataonica Boiss. & Hausskn.,
J. ancyrensis Bornm. In nine of the studied species
polyploidy was detected in different cells of the
preparate (2n = 4x = 68). Cytological results of
the Jurinea species obtained from this study were
given below. The orders of the species are according to their list given in the revision of the genus
Jurinea in Turkey (Dogan 2007).
Jurinea consanguinea - Konya: Sultan Daglari,
North of Hidirlik dag hotel, 1130 m, 37º14.913’N,
038º49.427’E, 18.07.2006, BD 1001; its chromosome number was 2n = 34 (Fig. 1). According to
our best knowledge, this is the first report on the
chromosome number of the species.
Jurinea alpigena - Karabuk: Yenice, Keltepe, 16301680 m, 41º03.796’N, 032º27.781’E, 21.07.2006,
BD 1510; chromosome number was found as
2n = 34 (Fig. 2). This is the first report on the
chromosome number of the species. J. alpigena is
a species endemic to Turkey.
Jurinea cadmea - Izmir: Odemis, Bozdag, 16501750 m, 38º20.671’N, 028º06.403’E, 19.07.2006,
BD 1503; it presented a chromosome number of
chromosome number of the species. The species
is endemic to Turkey.
Jurinea mollis - Kirklareli: 1 km after the crossroad for Vize-Sergen, Quercus sp. forest, 310-320
m, 41º37.312’N, 027º40.950’E, 07.07.2005, BD
1504; it exhibited 2n = 34 (Fig. 4).
Jurinea macrocalathia - Tekirdag: Malkara, North
of Kumbag, 5-25 m, 40º51.852’N, 027º27.604’E,
BD 1507; it exhibited 2n = 34 (Fig. 5). With this
study, the chromosome number of the species is
given for the first time.
Jurinea pontica - Kocaeli: Esme, 500 m before
the signboard of the Sakarya province, 40-50 m,
40º44.118’N, 033º36.871’N, 09.07.2005, BD 1011;
chromosome number was determined to be 2n =
34 (Fig. 6). This is the first report on the chromosome number of the species. This species is endemic to Turkey.
Jurinea pulchella - Van: Yuzuncu Yil University campus, around the heating center, 1650 m,
05.08.2005, BD 1025; 2n = 34 (Fig. 7). We report
the first chromosomal counting data of the species.
Jurinea cypria - Mersin: Mut, plateau of Kozlar,
edge of Ayı stream, 1330 m, 30.08.2006, BD 1521;
chromosome number of the species.
18
dogan, duran, martın and hakkı
Fig. 1 — J. consanguinea (2n = 34), Bar: 10 µm.; Fig. 2 — J. alpigena (2n = 34), Bar: 10 µm.; Fig. 3 — J. cadmea (2n =
34), Bar: 10 µm.; Fig. 4 — J. mollis (2n = 34), Bar: 10 µm.; Fig. 5 — J. macrocalathia (2n = 34), Bar: 10 µm.; Fig. 6 — J.
pontica (2n = 34), Bar: 10 µm.; Fig. 7 — J. pulchella (2n = 34), Bar: 10 µm.; Fig. 8 — J. cypria (2n = 34), Bar: 10 µm.
Jurinea macrocephala - Konya: Halkapinar, Aydos
mountain, Kayasaray village, 1 km East of Karasirt,
1700 m, 37º22.249’N, 034º17.308’E, 31.07.2005,
BD 1017; 2n = 34 (Fig. 9). This is the first report
on the chromosome number of the species.
Jurinea aucherana - Erzincan: Old Cayirli road,
1-1.5 km apart from Botas petroleum pipeline, slopes of the hill on the left, 1760-2095 m,
39º53.429’N, 039º45.778’E, 22.08.2006, BD 1519;
2n = 34 (Fig. 10). We report the first, to our best
knowledge, chromosomal counts of the species.
19
Jurinea ramulosa - Kahramanmaras: Ahirdagi,
1390 m, 37º37.057’N, 036º52.074’E, BD 1513;
chromosome number as 2n = 34 (Fig. 11). In our
study we report the chromosome number of the
species for the first time.
Jurinea cataonica - Erzincan: Old Cayirli road, 10
km, slopes aside the road, 1750 m, 39º47.954’ N,
039º30.343’ E, 07.08.2005, BD 1029; chromosome
numbers were determined as 2n = 34 (Fig. 12).
This is the first report on the chromosome number
of the species. This species is endemic to Turkey.
Fig. 9 — J. macrocephala (2n = 34), Bar: 10 µm.; Fig. 10 — J. aucherana (2n = 34), Bar: 10 µm.; Fig. 11 — J. ramulosa
(2n = 34), Bar: 10 µm.; Fig. 12 — J. cataonica (2n = 34), Bar: 10 µm.; Fig. 13 — J. ancyrensis (2n = 34), Bar: 10 µm.
20
Table 1. Chromosome counts in taxa of the genus Jurinea in the world.
Taxon
J. ancyrensis Bornm.
J. alpigena C. Koch
J. arachnoidea Bunge
J. arachnoidea Bunge
J. aucherana DC.
J. bellidioides Boiss.
J. bocconii (Guss.) Guss.
J. cadmea Boiss.
J. cataonica Boiss. & Hausskn.
J. ceratocarpa (Dcne.) Benth.
J. ceratocarpa (Dcne.) Benth.
J. ciscaucasica (Sosn.) Iljin
J. ciscaucasica (Sosn.) Iljin
J. consanguinea DC.
J. consanguinea DC. subsp. bulgarica (Vel.) Koz.
J. coronopofolia Somm. & Levier
J. cyanoides Reichenb.
J. cypria Boiss.
J. elegans (Stev.) DC.
J. filicifolia Boiss.
J. fontqueri Cuatrec.
J. humilis (Desf.) DC.
J. iljinii Grossh.
J. kilaea Azn. subsp. kilaea
J. macrocalathia C. Koch.
J. macrocephala DC.
J. mollis (Torner) Reichenb.
J. mollis (Torner) Reichenb. anatolica (Boiss.) Stoj. & Stef.
J. mollis (Torner) Reichenb. moschata (DC.) Nyman
J. mollis (Torner) Reichenb. transsilvanica (Spr.) Soo
J. pontica Hausskn. & Freyn ex Hausskn.
J. pulchella DC.
J. ramulosa Boiss. & Hausskn.
J. simonkaiana Nyar
J. sintenisii Bornm.
J. stoechadifolia (Bieb.) DC.
J. stoechadifolia (Bieb.) DC.
J. transchanica Regel et Schmalh.
J. transsilvanica (Spr.) Schur
J. turcica B.Dogan & A.Duran sp. nov.
J. tzar-ferdinandii Dav.
J. venusta Iljin
2n
Locality
34
34
34
36
34
34
34
34
34
36
36
32
34
34
30
34
30
34
36
36
34
24, 58
34
34
34
34
34
34
30
34
34
30
34
34
34, 35
36
34
30
34
30
34
34
34
36
32
32
32
32
30
34
30
34
Turkey
Turkey
Russia
Russia
Turkey
Russia
Italy
Turkey
Turkey
India
India
Russia
Russia
Turkey
Bulgaria
Russia
Germany
Turkey
Russia
U.S.A
Spain
Morocco
Spain
Spain
Morocco
Spain
Spain
Russia
Bulgaria
Turkey
Turkey
Hungary
Greece
Italy
Slovakia
Romania
Turkey
Bulgaria
Italy
Hungary
Turkey
Turkey
Turkey
Romania
Russia
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Russia
Hungary
Turkey
Bulgaria
Russia
Authors
Present study
Present study
Magulaev, 1976
Spasskaya and Plaksına, 1995
Present study
Magulaev, 1976
Mıcelı et al. 1978
Present study
Present study
Jee et al. 1989
Vır Jee and Kachroo, 1985
Sokolovskaıa and Probatova, 1980
Magulaev, 1976
Present study
Kuzmanov and Georgıeva, 1977
Magulaev, 1976
Poddubnaja-Arnoldı, 1931
Present study
Magulaev, 1986
Gagnıdze and Gvınıashvılı, 1997
Dıaz De La Guardıa, 1995
Humphrıes et al. 1978
Blanca and Cueto, 1992
Küpfer, 1974
Vogt and Oberprıeler, 1993
Küpfer, 1969b
Küpfer, 1969a
Magulaev, 1982
Kuzmanov and Ancev, 1973
Present study
Present study
Baksay, 1956
Snogerup, 1995
Kıeft and Van Loon, 1978
Holub et al. 1971
Lungeanu, 1973
Present study
Kuzmanov and KOZUHAROV, 1967
Chıchırıcco et al. 1979
Borhıdı, 1968
Present study
Present study
Present study
Lungeanu, 1973
Chouksanova et al. 1968
Kuzmanov et al. 1990
Sz.-Borsos, 1970
Present study
Magulaev, 1976
Jurinea ancyrensis - Elazig: Keban, KebanAgli road, 3th km, on the slopes, 800-850 m,
38º48.692’N, 038º 43.929’E, 21.08.2006, BD 1516;
2n = 34 (Fig. 13). This study presents the first report on the chromosome number of the species.
This species is endemic to Turkey.
In this study, the chromosome numbers of the
natively distributed 13 species of the genus Jurinea
were all determined as 2n = 34. The chromosomal
numbers were remarkably consistent among the
species studied. Our data confirmed the chromosomal counts for J. mollis (Kochjarova 1990) and
they are the first reports for the remaining species studied. Chromosomal counting was not possible for the species J. kileae, J. brevicaulis and J.
stoechadifolia due to the fact that we were unable
to germinate the achenes of these species. Four
of the species studied are endemic to Anatolia (J.
alpigena, J. cadmea, J. pontica and J. cataonica).
Although it was rare, during our cytogenetic
analyses few cells revealed polyploidy in some of
our preparates. This study has clearly indicated
that the chromosomal counting is not a parameter
that can be used in differentiation of the Jurinea
species. Beside the chromosomal numbers, chromosomal morphologies should also be studied.
However, the somatic chromosomes of the Jurinea species are very small and it is difficult to
determine the exact positions of the centromer.
Hence, it was not possible to determine the precise chromosomal morphologies.
In the present study, all the Jurinea species
studied were determined to be comprised of a basic chromosome number of x = 17. However, in
nine of the species tetraploidy was evidenced with
2n = 4x = 68. Tetraploid cells were determined in
the same preparates where diploid chromosomes
were counted.
In general, Jurinea presents low level of variation in chromosome number, with 2n = 34 in
most of the species. Some species of Jurinea
are disploids, with 2n = 24, 30, 32, 35, 36 and
58 (Missouri Botanical Garden, http://mobot.
mobot.org/W3T/Search/ipcn.html and Index to
Chromosome Numbers in the Asteraceae, http://
www-asteraceae.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/index. html). In
all the 13 Jurinea species collected from the natural Flora of Turkey cytological studies revealed an
even number of chromosomes (2n = 34).
According to literature survey, all the cytological studies on Jurinea are related to the chromosomal counts. Overall available data on these previous studies were given in Table 1. No study was
found on the karyotypic evaluation in the genus
Jurinea.
21
From the Jurinea species that are naturally
grown in Turkey, only J. mollis was previously
studied by different research groups and its somatic chromosome number was reported as 2n =
30, 34, 35 and 36 (Missouri Botanical Garden,
http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/ipcn. html
and Index to Chromosome Numbers in the Asteraceae, http://www-asteraceae.cla.kobe-u.ac.jp/
index.html). In accordance with the literature,
our study also revealed the chromosome number
of this species as 2n = 34.
In the present study, somatic chromosome
numbers of 13 Jurinea species from the family of
Asteraceae were determined for the first time.
We believe this study will play a positive role to
enlighten this taxonomically complex genus with
morphologically unsolved problems.
Acknowledgements — We express our thanks to
TUBITAK (Project no. TBAG-105-T-355) and The
Scientific Investigation Projects Coordinate Office of
The Selcuk University (Project no: 05401046) for financial support.
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Received May 20th 2008; accepted December 19th 2008

Chromosome numbers of species of the genus Jurinea Cass

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