Seropositivity of agents causing abortion in local goat breeds in

RMV_nov.book Page 545 Vendredi, 8. décembre 2006 4:33 16
Seropositivity of agents causing abortion in
local goat breeds in Eastern and South-eastern
Anatolia, Turkey
5
&
&
&
V. SOYDAL ATASEVEN1*, LALE ATASEVEN2, TOLGA TAN3, CAHIT BABÜR4, T. ÇIGDEM
OGUZOGLU
1
Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mustafa Kemal, Kampus/Hatay -TURKEY
2
Department of Microbiology, Division of Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ankara-TURKEY
3
Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of ADU, Aydîn-TURKEY
4
Department of Parasitology, Refik Saydam Hygiene Center Presidency Ministry of Health, Ankara-TURKEY
5
Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ankara, Dî¤s kapî/Ankara-TURKEY
*Corresponding author: Tel:90.326.2455706 Fax: 90.326. E-mail address: [email protected] (V.S.Ataseven, DVM,PhD)
SUMMARY
RÉSUMÉ
The epidemiological information has not been available on the seroprevalence of agents causing abortion and genital tract infection in indigenous
goats of Eastern and South-eastern regions of Turkey, yet. In these regions,
the goats have importance for local economy and their production of meat,
milk and mohair. There are also differences of the husbandry and climate
conditions between two regions. The objective of this study was to describe
the seroprevalence and distribution of antibodies to agents causing abortion
involving Bluetongue (BT), Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), Border
disease virus (BDV), Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), Toxoplasma gondii, Brucella spp. in two local goat herds in Eastern and South-eastern
regions of Turkey. None of the goats from the two herds had detectable antibodies against CAEV, although seropositivity towards BT, BVDV, BDV,
Brucellosis and Toxoplasmosis infections were found to be 14.5%, 30.2%,
63.6%, 26.5% and 72.7%, respectively. The abortion cases were found significantly associated with serological status of the herd from the South-eastern
region of Turkey.
Seropositivité vis-à-vis d'agents causant l'avortement dans les espèces
caprines locales dans l’Anatolie Est et Sud-Est, Turquie
Keywords : abortion, goat, serology.
Mots-clés : avortement, caprin, sérologie
Introduction
South-eastern (the province of Siirt) of Turkey, there is not
any information about serological evidence of reproductive
diseases of indigenous goats localized in these regions. The
previous studies about foetal loss were generally conducted
in cattle and sheep.
The small ruminant foetus could be exposed to viral (bluetongue virus, pestiviruses and caprine arthritis encephalitis
virus), bacterial (Brucella spp., Salmonella spp.) and
protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii) infections from early embryonic term to the end of gestation period, and these diseases
causes abortion, foetal loss and congenital abnormalities in
goats [3, 8, 18, 35, 44, 46]. Also, the International Embryo
Transfer Society has recommended to searching these viral,
bacterial and protozoa agents for the safety of animal
husbandry, reproduction and production [18].
In this study, seropositivity of Border disease virus (BDV),
Bovine viral diarrhoea disease virus (BVDV), Bluetongue
(BT), Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV), Brucellosis and Toxoplasmosis causing abortion and genital tract
The goat population in Turkey has reported as 6.700.000
by the State Institute of Statistic of Prime Ministry of Turkey
[14]. According to this report, 7.3% of meat production and
2.3% of milk production has been provided from goats in
Turkey. The meat production and the milk production per
goat are 16.3 kg and 61 kg, respectively. Totally 60% of
products obtained from goats were consumed in the internal
market [14]. Siirt mohair goats are a variety with different
hair colour of Angora goats. These goats were originated
from a wild goat named as Capra prisca. These goats were
bred for producing mohair and blanket, but rarely milk [19].
Norduz goats are originated from Norduz valley of Gürpînar
town in the province of Van, Turkey. These indigenous goats
have importance for milk and hair productivity [28]. Despite
the importance of goats as economical income for especially
rural people, with their milk (cheese production), meat and
mohair production in Eastern (the province of Van) and
Revue Méd. Vét., 2006, 157, 11, 545-550
Aucune information épidémiologique n’est disponible sur la séroprévalence dans l’Est et le Sud-Est de la Turquie. Dans ces régions, les chèvres ont
une incidence sur l’économie locale (production de viande, de lait et de mohair). Entre ces deux régions, il y a également des différences dans les conditions d’élevage et le climat. L’objectif de cette étude était de décrire la
séroprévalence et la distribution des anticorps vis-à-vis des agents abortifs
tels que la Fièvre catarrhale ovine (BT), la Diarrhée virale bovine (BVD), la
Border Disease (BD), la toxoplasmose et la brucellose dans deux troupeaux
caprins des régions de l’Est et du Sud Est de la Turquie. Les chèvres des deux
troupeaux ont été séronégatives en CAEV et les séropositivités vis-à-vis de
BT, BVD, BD, brucellose et toxoplasmose ont été respectivement de 14.5%,
30.2%, 63.6%, 26.5% et 72.7%. Les avortements ont été significativement
associés au statut sanitaire du troupeau du Sud-Est de la Turquie.
RMV_nov.book Page 546 Vendredi, 8. décembre 2006 4:33 16
546
infection in local goat breeds in Eastern and South-eastern
Anatolia (the provinces of Van and Siirt) in Turkey was
investigated.
SOYDAL ATASEVEN (V.) AND COLLABORATORS
neutralization test against NADL strain. Both cell lines were
determined negative for pestiviruses contamination.
DETECTION OF PESTIVIRUS ANTIGEN
Materials and Methods
The commercial ELISA kit (IDEXX Laboratories,
Sweden) was performed in plasma or serum for detection of
pestiviruses as described by the manufacturer.
ANIMALS
Totally 275 blood samples were randomly collected from
the animals in two different herds. From the herd I and II, 94
out of Norduz goats of Van and 181 out of mohair goats of
Siirt were sampled, respectively (Table I). The goats were not
vaccinated against any agent investigated in this study. There
was high level of abortion in Herd II. The animals with abortion were not determined because of they didn’t have the ear
numbers.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
DETECTION OF BRUCELLA ANTIBODIES
Serological screening of the herds revealed that seroprevalence of Bluetongue, Brucella spp., Toxoplasma gondii,
Border disease and BVDV were 14.5%, 26.5%, 72.7%,
63.6% and 30.2%, respectively. All of the sampled goats
were negative for CAEV antibodies. Detected seroprevalence values of these infections for sampled herds were
presented in Table I.
Brucella tube agglutination test antigen, which produced
from B.abortus S99 strain and standardised against Standard
Anti-Brucella abortus antibodies was obtained from Pendik
Veterinary Control and Research Institute, Istanbul. Sera
reacted with titre >1:20 (++) in SAT were considered as positive for Brucellosis in unvaccinated goats as described by the
manufacturer.
DETECTION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII ANTIBODIES
The Sabine-Feldman Dye Test was performed as described
by SABIN and FELDMAN [38]. Sera having titre ≥1:4 are
accepted as seropositive.
DETECTION OF CAEV ANTIBODIES
The prevalence of CAEV antibody was determined by
using a commercially available agar gel immunodiffusion kit
(AGID), (Pourquier Institute, France). The kit was consisted
p28 of CAEV as antigen. The test was carried out as
described by the manufacturer.
The statistical significance of differences concerning to
antibodies against Brucella spp., Toxoplasma gondii, CAEV,
BDV, BVDV and bluetongue virus between Herd I and Herd
II was evaluated by using chi-square test.
Results
Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis presented the highest
value in herd II with no significant difference between the
two herds (Table I). Border Disease was the second abortive
infection (63.6%) according to the serology, but none of the
goats sampled were found positive for pestivirus antigens.
The distribution of the seroprevalence of the different
diseases was the same in the 2 herds except for Brucellosis
and BVDV: Brucellosis was the third in herd I and BVDV the
4th while it was the inverse in herd II. In addition, there were
significantly more seropositive goats for BT in herd II than in
herd I. Differences among seroprevalence values of herds
were significant only for bluetongue infection (p<0.001).
Seventy two of sampled animals (62.0%) were detected
seropositive for at the least one agent. A total of 10 goats in
two herds had no detectable infections (3.6%). The infection
rates were described in Table I and Figure 1.
DETECTION OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS ANTIBODIES
The commercial AGID kit was obtained from VMRD Inc.,
USA. The test was performed as described by the manufacturer.
DETECTION OF BORDER DISEASE AND BVD VIRUS
ANTIBODIES
The presence of Border disease and BVDV antibodies were
determined by using neutralisation peroxidase linked antibodies (NPLA) test as described by HYERA et al.[23]. The
cytopathogenic Moredun strain of BDV genotype 1 [33, 45]
and NADL as reference strain of BVD genotype 1 virus [21,
36] were used for NPLA tests. SFT-R (sheep thymus) cell
line was used for neutralization test against Moredun strain.
The primary foetal calf kidney cell culture was also used for
Discussion
In the current study, some important reproductive diseases
for goat breeding which causes loss of production and
economical loss were investigated. Additionally, among
these diseases, Toxoplasma and Brucella infections threaten
the public health especially by ingestion of contaminated
milk and milk productions. Socio-economical improvement
of the people living in the area (farmers, merchants) could be
effected adversely due to these diseases causes blocking in
animal and animal products trade.
CAEV infection causes leucoencephalomyelitis, progressive arthritis, pneumonia and mastitis in both young and adult
goats [37], and also infects genital tract tissues in all goats
[18], although there is no data concerning to abortus and/or
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SEROPOSITIVITY OF AGENTS CAUSING ABORTION IN LOCAL GOAT BREEDS IN ANATOLIA, TURKEY
General Data
Location
Age
Remarks
Sampling Time
Ratios of multiple
infections
Toxoplasmosis
Bluetongue
Border Disease
BVDV
Brucellosis
CAE
Ratios of one
infection
Toxoplasmosis
Bluetongue
Border Disease
BVDV
Brucellosis
CAE
The Norduz goat of Van
Herd I (n:94)
The Mohair goat of Siirt
Herd II (n:181)
Eastern Anatolia-Province of Van
>2
Healthy
February 2005
Southeastern Anatolia-Province of Siirt
>2
Abortus in herd
July 2004
Mean seropositivity
Animal No.
%
in two herds (%)
137
75.7
72.7
36
19.9*
14.5
119
65.7
63.6
62
34.3
30.2
44
24.3
26.5
Mean seropositivity
Animal No.
%
in two herds (%)
31
39.2
62.0
1
1.3
1.3
10
12.7
24.1
3
3.8
3.8
4
5.1
8.9
-
Animal No.
%
63
4
56
21
29
-
67
4.3
59.6
22.3
30.9
-
Animal No.
%
18
9
3
-
22.8
11.4
3.8
547
*The statistical differences were significant (p<0.001).
TABLE I. - Data and distribution of antibodies against 6 agents in two goat herds.
FIGURE 1.- The status of none and multiple infections in two goat herds
from the Eastern and South-Eastern Anatolia provinces of Van and Siirt, respectively.
foetal abnormalities in goats. CAEV infection is widespread
around the world [32]. In Turkey, seroprevalence of the
infection were only reported as 1.9% in 1994 by BURGU et
al. [9]. In this study, both the goat herds were negative for
CAEV antibodies. It is probably for the restriction on
marketing of goats.
Revue Méd. Vét., 2006, 157, 11, 545-550
Bluetongue (BT) infection caused a low productive fertilization, abortus and congenital abnormalities as described
arthrogryposa-hydrancephaly, although several researchers
reported subclinical problems [22, 29, 44]. The vectorclimate and reservoir factors are most important in the epidemiology of BT infection [29, 40]. The virus is present in a
broad band of countries extending approximately between
40°N and 35°S [29]. BT infection is transmitted by biting
Culicoides mosquitoes. One thousand species of Culicoides
spp. were identified: 57 species of those were only detected
including C.imicola, C.obselotus in Turkey [15, 26, 29]. A
total of 24 serotypes of BT virus have already been determined on the worldwide with only type 2, 4, 9, 16 recognized
within Turkey [8, 16, 29]. ERTURK [16] reported a seroprevalence of 26% in goat sera from Diyarbakîr province in
South-eastern-anatolia region for specific anti-BT antibodies.
On the other hand, seropositivity were also determined in
several countries in the world [22, 29]. In present study,
14.5% of sampled animals have BT virus specific antibodies.
Howewer, the seroprevalence were 4.3% and 19.8% in herd
I and II, respectively. The difference of the seroprevalence
between herds was statistically significant. These differences
could be discussed in relation with climatic conditions on
living place, breed of goats and the presence of abortus in
herd. The mohair goats in Siirt (Herd II) and the Norduz goats
in Van (Herd I) originated from different geographical
RMV_nov.book Page 548 Vendredi, 8. décembre 2006 4:33 16
548
regions and different husbandry practices. The province of
Van is higher altitudes (5453 ft) than province of Siirt (2936
ft). The climate conditions in the province of Siirt is hot, and
is humid especially during summer, due to the presence of
more dam lakes; on the other hand, the climate conditions in
the province of Van are much cold, especially during winter.
The fly prevalence in the province of Siirt rise to maximum
level especially in summer, compared to the province of Van.
Statistical differences detected for bluetongue infection could
be due to long liveliness of Culicoides spp. vectors in the
province of Siirt because of climate conditions. This climatic
situation should be affected the prevalence of bluetongue
infection. On the other hand, the effect of breed on the seroprevalence of BT can not be speculated because, animals
used in this study were from different locations and climatic
conditions which effects adversely the evaluation of breed
sensitivity.
Toxoplasma gondii causes more important reproductive
disease in both human and all animals as a zoonotic protozoon. T.gondii infection is also seen widespread in the
different countries in goats, and seroprevalence of T.gondii
has been reported to range between 11.6 to 96.0% in goats [7,
27, 31]. The seroprevalence of T.gondii in goats was reported
to be 51.6% for the first time in Turkey by Weilland and
Dalchow [47]; this investigation included both mohair and
hair goats. In the latter studies, the rates of seroprevalence
were shown to range between 12.1 to 63.1% by several
researchers in Turkey [5, 34]. In the province of Van, there is
only one study in goats (33.3%) about prevalence of T.gondii
[43], although seroprevalence of T.gondii in human was
found to range between 63.1 to 73.3 in the province of Van
[6, 13]. In the current study, the seroprevalence of T.gondii
was found to be 72.7% in sampled goats. This rate were
higher than the result by several researchers [5, 31, 34]. Additionally, seroprevalence of the infection in herd II (75.7%)
were seen relatively higher than herd I (67.0%). Even though
statistical importance were not observed, abortus cases often
reported in herd II should be taken into consideration. As a
matter of fact, high seropositivity (39.2%) determined in herd
II for only T.gondii supports above observation.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection, and is transmitted by
direct or indirect contact with infected animals, soiled pasture
and corrals, ingesting infected milk and with semen from
male to female animals [2, 4, 30, 35]. The goats, sheeps,
cattle and water buffalos are major animals in the spread
among humans in Turkey [11]. Brucellosis is an important
public health problem in particularly both regions due to
traditional feeding habits such as usage of raw milk and milk
products [39]. Ceylan et al. [11] reported that 27.2% of 558
tested humans were positive in SAT for Brucellosis in the
province of Van. B.melitensis causes Brucellosis in small
ruminants [4, 46]. This microorganisms also causes Mediterranean fever in human. Brucellosis in goats are endemic (0.927.7 %) in most countries in Mediteranean site, Middle East
and Central Asia [1, 2, 12, 24, 41, 46]. In a seroepidemiological study conducted by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs in Turkey through out 79 provinces; 34958 cattle and
31044 sheep randomly sampled and Brucella prevalence
were recorded as 1.43 % and 1.97 % , respectively. In the
SOYDAL ATASEVEN (V.) AND COLLABORATORS
provinces of Siirt and Van, the prevalence of Brucellosis in
sheep were 5.2 % and lower than 1%, respectively. But in the
study goats were not taken into account [25]. In Turkey, seroepidemiological studies about Brucellosis were generally
investigated in sheep and cattle [4, 17, 20, 25, 42, 46], rarely
in goat, and only a few of them were conducted in the regions
of Van and Siirt [20, 25, 42]. GURTURK et al.. [20] examined 7 out of 11 sheep herd with the anamnesis of abortus and
found that 30 out of 76 sera (39.47%) were seropositive in
Van region. Thus, ESENDAL et al. [17] reported that among
250 ovine-caprine sera, 111 (44.0%) out of them were positive in SAT. There was only one research in the local goats in
the province of Van and the rates of seropositivity to Brucellosis were detected 21.5% by Rose Bengal and Sat [11]. The
current study presented that the ratios of infection in small
ruminants in both areas were significantly higher than those
from other regions of Turkey. There was not difference
between herd I without abortus and herd II with abortus for
the seropositivity rates of Brucella infections.
The studies with regard to pestiviruses are limited in such
cases. BURGU et al. [10] reported that BVDV specific
neutralising antibodies were detected in 25% and 21.5% of
pregnant ewes and in post-partum ewes, respectively. In the
present study, seropositivity ratios for BVDV and BDV in
two different goat herds were 22.3%, 59.6% and 34.3%,
65.7%, respectively. However, high seropositivity observed
for BVDV could be due to cross reaction known between
BVDV and BDV (unpublished data). High seropositivity
determined for BDV shows that BDV infection is widespread
and at least in herd II has some sort of role in the abortus cases
as much as Brucellosis. When the rates of only one infection
are evaluated, Toxoplasma and BDV specific antibodies are
found at higher level than other infections in both herds. This
result is not a certain finding with regard to importance of
BDV infection for presence of abortus. Although pestivirus
antigen could not be determined in both herds studied in the
present study, determination of high percentage of BVDV
and BDV seropositivity in non-vaccinated animals are the
sign of natural infection.
Over sixty seven (67.4%) per cent of the samples were
seropositive for two or more infection. Determination of
certain infection time were impossible. However, high seroprevalence and plural positivity suggest influence between
these diseases because of the development of clinical symptoms such as infection and abortus.
Conclusion
Evaluation of BT, BDV, BVDV, Brucella and Toxoplasma
infections together or separately, had high seropositivity in
goats. As a result, clinically presence of infections causing
high level of abortus in goats were put forward in the light of
findings obtained in the present study, and supporting datum
on epidemiological information with regard to bluetongue
infection were obtained. The current study is the first serological study with the detection of antibodies against different
reproductive diseases in domestic goats of Siirt and Van.
Thus, the results were very important for the diseases, localRevue Méd. Vét., 2006, 157, 11, 545-550
RMV_nov.book Page 549 Vendredi, 8. décembre 2006 4:33 16
SEROPOSITIVITY OF AGENTS CAUSING ABORTION IN LOCAL GOAT BREEDS IN ANATOLIA, TURKEY
isation and the local breeds, and beneficial to discuss the
aspect in future studies.
19.–
Acknowledgement
20.–
The assistance of Prof.Dr.H.Okut (University of Yüzüncü
Yîl, Van/Turkey) for statistical data is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also thank to Dr. Roland Riebe from
Federal Research Institute for Animal Health-Island Riems
for providing SFT-R cell lines.
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