საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტი მირონ ფირც

საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტი მირონ ფირც

საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტი
ხელნაწერის უფლებით
მირონ ფირცხელანი
“saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis
axali sistemebis damuSaveba da danergva”
დოქტორის აკადემიური ხარისხის მოსაპოვებლად
წარდგენილი დისერტაციის
ავტორეფერატი
თბილისი
2012 წელი
სამუშაო
შესრულებულია
საქართველოს
ტექნიკური
უნივერსიტეტის
ენერგეტიკისა და ტელეკომუნიკაციის ფაკულტეტის ელექტროენერგეტიკის,
ელექტრონიკის და ელექტროტექნიკის დეპარტამენტის ელექტროენერგიის
წარმოების, გადაცემისა და განაწილების მიმართულებაზე
სამეცნიერო ხელმძღვანელი: დემურ ჩომახიძე, ეკონომიკურ მეცნიერებათა
დოქტორი, სრული პროფესორი
რეცენზენტები:
I
––––––––––––––––––––
II
––––––––––––––––––––
დაცვა შედგება –––––––– წლის „–––––„ ––––––––––––––––––, –––––––––––
საათზე
საქართველოს
ტექნიკური
ტელეკომუნიკაციის
უნივერსიტეტის
ფაკულტეტის
ელექტროენერგეტიკისა
სადისერტაციო
საბჭოს
და
კოლეგიის
სხდომაზე, კორპუსი VIII, აუდიტორია –––––––
მისამართი: 0175, თბილისი, კოსტავას 77
დისერტაციის გაცნობა შეიძლება სტუ–ს ბიბლიოთეკაში,
ხოლო ავტორეფერატისა – სტუ–ს ვებგვერდზე
სადისერტაციო საბჭოს მდივანი –––––––––––––––––––––––––
2
naSromis saerTo daxasiaTeba
1. Temis aqtualobas gansazRvravs eleqtroenergetikisadmi
mudmivad
mzardi
moTxovnileba,
romelic
pirovnebis,
sazogadoebisa da TviT saxelmwifos keTildReobasTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
Tanamedrove
msoflioSi
eleqtroenergetikiT
uzrunvelyofa nebismieri qveynisTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovan
problemas warmoadgens. aqve xazi unda gavusvaT im faqts, rom
msoflios
energetikuli
resursebi
TandaTan
ileva.
alternatiuli wyaroebis migneba da gamoyeneba jer kidev
gadauwyvetelia. qveynis eleqtroenergiiT uzrunvelyofa erovnuli
usafrTxoebis erT-erTi mTavari Semadgeneli nawilia. rogorc
cnobilia eleqtroenergias aqvs rogorc moxmarebis pirdapiri
daniSnuleba, aseve igi warmoadgens Semosavlis udides wyaros.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi swored am ori mimarTulebiT aris
aqtualuri eleqtroenergiis gamoyeneba.
saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergetikis damoukidebeli ganviTareba
kidev ufro aqtualuria imis gamoc, rom sabWoTa sistemis daSlis
Semdgom energosistema TiTqmis izolirebul mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCnda. mas ar gaaCnia sakuTari gazi da mazuTi. amdenad, mTavari
yuradReba gadatanili unda iqnas hidroresursebze da naxSiris
aTvisebaze. aris Tu ara es ori komponenti sakmarisi da Tu aris
ra uzrunvelyofa unda hqondes mas. postsabWoTa sivrceSi
energetikis ganviTarebis srulyofili koncefciis Camoyalibeba
bevrma qveyanam jer kidev ver SeZlo, rac TiToeuli qveynis
ganviTarebis
Semaferxebeli
faqtoria.
gamonakliss
arc
saqarTvelo
warmoadgens.
amdenad,
saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikaSi
marTvis
axali
sistemebis
damuSavebadanergva namdvilad rom saWiro da aqtualuri Temaa.
2.
samuSaos
mizans
warmoadgens
saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSaveba da
danergva. am Temis kvleva sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiTaa aqtualuri,
kerZod:
a)
sworad
iqnas
gaanalizebuli
saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikaSi Catarebuli reformebis Sedegad daSvebuli
Secdomebi da Sedegebi;
b)
gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba
mieqces
qveynis
energousafrTxoebas;
g) eleqtroenergetikaSi Camoyalibdes marTvis da finansirebis
weliwadSi,
axali modeli, rac Seqmnis pirobas, uaxloes
aTvisebul iqnas axali simZlavreebi (saSualod 3000 megavatis
farglebSi);
3
d) eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva (SesaZleblobis farglebSi)
daeqvemdebaros Tavisufali bazris principebs. eleqtroenergiis
gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi (konstituciis me-3 muxlis
Tanaxmad) moxmardes rogorc saxelmwifo biujets, aseve kerZo
mesakuTres aqciebis procentuli sakuTrebis mixedviT da dargis
ganviTarebas;
e) Camoyalibdes administraciuli marTvis axali modeli da
kadrebis momzadebis axali sistema;
v) Sejerdes saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva mosazrebebi. rac garanti gaxdeba saqarTvelos
energousafrTxoebis dacvisa da saxelmwifo biujetis Sevsebisa.
mxareTa
Soris
mizanSewonilia
Sedges
mecnierul
doneze
Camoyalibebuli azrTa gaziareba-Sejereba, samoqmedo gegmis
Camoyalibeba da marTvis axali sistemebis damuSaveba. am sistemis
praqtikuli gamoyeneba. yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare saWiro
gaxda dargis ganviTarebis Seswavla sam sxvadasxva droSi:
sabWoTa periodi, reformebis periodi da dRevandeloba.
3. kvlevis obieqts da sakvlev masalas warmoadgens:
saqarvelos eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis amsaxveli Semdegi
ZiriTadi
indikatorebi:
usafrTxoeba,
axali
simZlavreebis
aTviseba, energetikuli sawarmoebis (generaciis, eleqtrosistemis
ganawilebis)
da
momxmareblebis
finansuri
urTierToba,
administrirebis forma, maRali kvalificiuri inJinris momzadeba,
arasaxelmwifo
sapensio
fondis
Seqmna.
sakvlev
masalad
gamoyenebuli iqna:
“saqenergos” saarqivo masalebi, postsabWoTa periodSi
Catarebuli
reformebis
Sedegebi,
saqarTveloSi
ucxouri
kompaniebis Semosvlis Sedegad ganviTarebuli dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi movlenebis amsaxveli dokumenturi masala, dargSi
amJamad arsebuli mdgomareobis analizis Sedegad miRebuli
daskvnebi.
msoflios
sxvadasxva
qveynebis
energetikuli
ganviTarebis amsaxveli magaliTebi da sakuTari gamocdileba.
kvlevis
meTodad
gamoyenebulia:
aRweriTi,
teqnikuri
da
struqturuli kvlevis meTodebi.
4. naSromis mecnieruli siaxle mdgomareobs, saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSavebaSi, rac
gulisxmobs: saqarTvelos energosistemis usafrTxoebis normebis
gazrdas, axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis meTodikis Camoyalibebas,
Tavisufali bazris principiT eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis
axali meqanizmis Seqmnas, administraciuli marTvis axali wesis
SemoRebas,
energetikuli
sawarmoebis
maRalkvalificiuri
kadrebiT
uzrunvelyofas
da
Rvawlmosil
energetikosTa
arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas.
4
naSromSi kvlevis safuZvelze ganxilulia dargSi arsebuli
mdgomareoba, gamokveTilia Semaferxebeli faqtorebi da amis
safuZvelze SemuSavebulia axali meTodika da modelebi, rac
jamSi kompleqsuri midgomis pirobebSi qmnis axal sistemas.
axali meTodebis da modelebis Camoyalibebis mTavari
mimarTulebebi
gulisxmobs
Tavisufali
bazris
daSvebas,
konkurenciis
maRal
dones,
pirovnebis
da
organizaciis
SemoqmedebiTi
moRvaweobis
pirobebis
Seqmnas, ukukavSirebis
arsebobas da xarisxis menejmentis danergvas.
5. naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba uaRresad didia. kerZod,
axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis Sedegad iqmneba Warbi energia,
romlis Sida bazarze gayidva momxmarebelTan mimarTebaSi iwvevs
erTeuli kilovatsaaTis gaiafebas, xolo mwarmoeblisaTvis da
gadamyidvelisaTvis saerTo gasayidi energiis moculobis gazrdas;
eqsportis momgebian fasebSi ganxorcielebas; Tavisufali bazris
Seqmnas, romelic konkurenciis pirobebSi ukukavSirebis meTodiT,
maqsimalurad
dazRveuli
iqneba
korufciisgan.
maRali
kvalifikaciis
mqone
inJiner-teqnikuri
personalis
miRebis
SesaZleblobas; rogorc saxelmwifo biujetis, aseve mesakuTreTa
Semosavlebis gazrdas; kerZo mesakuTreTa bazarze, saSualo fenis
Camoyalibebis
SesaZleblobas;
dargSi
momuSave
Rvawlmosil
energetikosTa arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondiT uzrunvelyofas;
satranzito funqciis mopovebas da mezobel qveynebTan mimarTebaSi
kargi urTierTobis damyarebas. jamSi es yvelaferi qveynis
energousafrTxoebis myar garantias qmnis.
6. naSromis struqtura Sedgeba Sesavalisagan, 6 Tavisagan,
daskvnebisagan,
literaturis
mimoxilvisagan,
gamoyenebuli
samecniero literaturisa da sakanonmdeblo bazis wyaroTa
nusxisagan, Seicavs cxrilebs, grafikebsa da sailustracio sqemebs.
naSromi Seicavs 164 nabeWd gverds.
SesavalSi dasabuTebulia sakvlevi problemis arCevani,
gansazRvrulia kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi, xazgasmulia naSromis
mecnieruli siaxle, misi Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba.
7. naSromSi miRebuli meTodika emyareba: saerTaSoriso
gamocdilebas; Teoriuli kvlevis Sedegad Camoyalibebul sistemas;
struqturuli
erTeulebis
praqtikuli
muSaobis
Sedegebs;
logikuri msjelobis Sedegad miRebul daskvnebs, rac jamSi
naSromis utyuarobis safuZvels warmoadgens.
8. naSromis aprobacia moxda: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
erovnuli akademiis samecniero konferenciaze “mTiani regionebis
socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi da maTi mogvarebis gzebi”,
Tbilisi, 16.01.2011 w.
5
saqarTvelos energetikis muSakTa profesiuli kavSirebis mier
organizebul konferenciaze “saqarTvelos energetikis ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebi”, Tbilisi, 15.02.2012 w.
sadoqtoro
programiT
gaTvaliswinebul
or
seminarze
(saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti).
publikacia, sadoqtoro naSromis ganxilva (Teoriuli da
praqtikuli xasiaTis), kvlevaTa Sedegebi gamoqveynebulia 7
samecniero naSromSi.
naSromis Sinaarsi
Tavi I. saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis miRwevebi,
Catarebuli reformebi da Sedegebi
pirvel TavSi ganxilulia saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergetikis
ganviTarebis sawyisi etapebi, moyvanilia istoriuli faqtebi.
cxrilebis saxiT warmodgenilia erTiani energosistemis 1940-1990
wlebis
(warmatebuli
periodis)
monacemebi,
kerZod:
eleqtrosadgurebis da agregatebis raodenoba, dadgmuli da muSa
simZlavreebi,
eleqtrogadacemis
xazebis
sigrZeebi
Zabvebis
mixedviT. eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebis da moxmarebis dinamika
1887-1996
wlebi.
am
monacemebis
mixedviT,
saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikam piks miaRwia 1989 wlisaTvis, rodesac jamuri
simZlavre 4550 megavats, xolo saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba 14,5
miliard kilovatsaaTs Seadgenda. miuxedavad amisa, qveynis mzardi
moxmarebidan gamomdinare, sistema 5 miliard kilovatsaaTis
deficits ganicdida. energetikulma sazogadoebam ver uzrunvelyo
iseTi mniSvnelovani obieqtebis mSeneblobis damTavreba, rogoric
xudoni da namaxvan hesebi iyo, romelTa saSualo jamuri simZlavre
1200 megavats aRemateboda. Semdgom wlebSi am faqtma gansakuTrebiT
uaryofiTad imoqmeda energosistemis muSaobaze.
1990 wlidan (rogorc ki sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala) daiwyo
erTiani energetikuli sistemis daSla. saqarTvelos energosistema
damoukidebel
reJimSi
muSaobisaTvis
mzad
ar
aRmoCnda.
Tbosadgurebi, sawvavis da marag-nawilebis deficitis gamo, mxolod
minimalur energias gamoimuSavebdnen. hidrosadgurebis moqmedi
simZlavre, orjer CamorCeboda dadgmul simZlavres. sadistribucio
kompaniebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar asrulebdnen Tavis movaleobas.
miwodebuli energiis anazRaureba 30%-s ar aRemateboda. inJinerteqnikuri personali wlebis ganmavlobaSi kuTvnil xelfasebs ver
iRebda.
xSiri
iyo
gaficvebi.
eleqtroenergiis
miwodeba
moTxovnilebas ver akmayofilebda. saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba
14,5
miliard
kilovatsaaTidan
7
miliard
kilovatsaaTamde
Semcirda. xelisuflebam gamosavali energetikuli obieqtebis
6
privatizaciaSi
naxa.
1999
wlis
4
ivlisis
brZanebuleba,
“eleqtroenergetikuli seqtoris restruqturizaciis Sesaxeb” gaxda
safuZveli reformebis dawyebisa. erTiani “saqenergo”-s sistema
cal-calke organizaciebad (generacia, gadacema, dispetCerizacia,
realizacia,
maRali
Zabvis
500
kv.
e.g.xazebi)
daiSala.
eleqtroenergiis realizacia municipalurma organizaciebma da
sxva kerZo jgufebma Caigdes xelSi. dargis finansireba kidev ufro
Semcirda.
Seiqmna kanoni “eleqtroenergetikis Sesaxeb”. 1997 wlis
gadawyvetilebiT
Camoyalibda
energetikis
damoukidebeli
maregulirebeli komisia (semeki). faqtiurad, semeki energetikis
mTavari mamoZraveli Zala gaxda.
reformebis Semdeg etapze (1999 w.) gaiyida Tbilisis saqselo
sawarmo Telasi (marTvaSi Semovida aqciebis 75%-is mflobeli,
amerikuli
kompania
“AES
Telasi”,
romelmac
Tbilisis
gamanawilebel qselTan erTad generaciis sadgurebi, gardabnis me-9,
me-10 blokebi da xrami-1, 2) iyida. raionuli gamanawilebeli
kompaniebi gaerTiandnen erT msxvil sadistribucio kompaniaSi,
romelsac
saqarTvelos
gaerTianebuli
sadistribucio
energokompania ewoda (am droisaTvis kidev funqcionirebda
aWaris
gamanawilebeli kompania
da
kaxeTis
gamanawilebeli
kompania).
1999
wels
Camoyalibda
saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergiis
sabiTumo bazari, romlis funqcia ganisazRvreboda generaciis
sadgurebidan, gadacema-dispetCerizaciis meSveobiT, momxmarebelze
miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis aRricxvaSi, angariSsworebaSi da
sxvadasxva
finansuri
operaciebis
CatarebaSi.
rogorc
sadistribucio kompaniebis, aseve sabiTumo bazris muSaoba didi
xarvezebiT xasiaTdeboda. saqarTvelos energosistemaSi Semovidnen
axali ucxouri kompaniebi (maT Soris, gamanawilebeli kompania “PA
consulting” da eleqtrosabiTumo
“Iberdrola”), romelTac
daevalaT
bazris
axali
mmarTveli
aRricxvis
mowesrigeba
da
miwodebuli
eleqtroenergiis
anazRaureba.
maTi
moRvaweobis
Sedegad eleqtroenergetikis dargis teqnikuri da finansuri mxare
araTu mowesrigda, piriqiT, kidev ufro gauaresda. 2007 wels
finansurma davalianebam 1,7 miliard lars gadaaWarba. daskvnis
saxiT SeiZleba gakeTdes Semdegi Sefaseba: Catarebuli reformebi
ar iyo srulyofili, adgili hqonda naCqarev, ara swori
gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. dargis finansuri mxare ukiduresad
mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. gamanawilebeli kompaniebis da
eleqtrosabiTumo bazris jamurma davalianebam 2 miliard lars
gadaaWarba. yovelive amis Sedegad gaCerda simZlavreebi, Semcirda
7
gamomuSaveba, gaizarda rogorc saxelfaso davalianeba, aseve
mTeli sazogadoebis ukmayofileba.
pirvel TavSi dokumentalurad aris aRwerili is xarvezebi,
rac
saqarTvelos
(am
periodis)
energosistemisaTvis
iyo
damaxasiaTebeli, kerZod: erTi bunebrivi monopolisti (“saqenergo”)
Seicvala ramodenime (SedarebiT ufro mcire) monopoliiT (Telasi,
energopro-jorjia, kaxeTis gamanawilebeli qseli).
- wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar mowesrigda saaRricxvo sistema;
- bazarze Tavisufali bazris principebiT eleqtroenergiis
yidva-gayidva ar iqna daSvebuli;
- tarifis sidide konkurenciis gareSe (xelovnurad) imdenad
gaizarda,
rom
dResac
momxmarebelTa
seriozul
aRSfoTebas iwvevs;
- eleqtroenergiis warmoebis da gadacema-dispetCerizaciis
mimarT, saerTo tarifSi wilobrivi norma arasamarTlianad
iqna dawesebuli;
- saxelmwifo biujetSi gacilebiT naklebi Semosavlebi
Sedis, vidre es gegmiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli;
- dargSi profesionali kadrebis SesamCnevi deficiti gaCnda;
- eleqtroenergiis miwodeba moTxovnas CamorCeba, rac axali
simZlavreebis aTvisebis naklebobiT aixsneba; (ZiriTadad
aixsneba arsebuli simZlavreebis mwyobridan gamoyvaniT)
- adgili
aqvs
energetikidan
miRebuli
ZiriTadi
Semosavlebis sazRvargareT gadinebas, rac qveynis biujets
asustebs.
mTlianobaSi yovelive aman dargis ganviTareba Seaferxa.
kvlevis mizani, swored am uaryofiTi movlenebis Seswavla,
gaanalizeba da mis safuZvelze marTvis axali sistemebis
damuSaveba iyo.
Tavi II. saqarTvelos energosistemis usafrTxoebis
aspeqtebi
meore
TavSi
ganxilulia,
saqarTvelos energosistemis
usafrTxoebis
aspeqtebi.
gansazRvrulia
TviT
mcneba
energousafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, misi mniSvneloba qveynis masStabiT.
magaliTebi moyvanilia msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis mecnierebis
naazrevis mixedviT. damuSavebulia terminologia. “saqarTvelos
energosistemis usafrTxoebis aspeqtebi” ganxilulia energetikuli
resursebi/maragebi rogorc msoflio masStabiT, aseve calkeuli
qveynebis magaliTze. Camoyalibebulia rekomendaciebi, Tu ra
mimarTulebiT viTardeba sxvadasxva qveynis energetika. rogoria ama
Tu im qveynis, anda mTlianad regionis (aziis, evropis, afrikis,
8
amerikis da a. S.) sasargeblo wiaRiseulis, am SemTxvevaSi, navTobis,
gazis, myari sawvavis, atomuri energiis wyaros da aratradiciuli
energetikuli wyaroebis maragebis aTvisebis tempi. mosalodneli
gauTvaliswinebeli
Sedegebi
da
a.
S.
ganxilulia
saxelmwifoTaSorisi
politikuri
Tu
wminda
ekonomikuri
SeTanxmebebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi. naCvenebia ama Tu im qveynisaTvis,
ama Tu im regionisaTvis, ra SeiZleba iyos misaRebi da rogori
formiT iqneba miRebuli energousafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis
aucilebeli
pirobebi.
yovelive
amis
fonze
ganxilulia
saqarTvelos
energousafrTxoebis
sakiTxebi,
romlebic
warmodgenili Teoriis mixedviT, erovnuli usafrTxoebis donezea
ayvanili. kvlevis Sedegad naCvenebia marTvis axali sistemebis
pirobebSi
saqarTvelos
energousafrTxoebis
uzrunveyofis
SesaZlebloba.
naCvenebia
saqarTvelos
upiratesoba
kavkasiis
regionSi, rogorc SemakavSirebeli rgoli evropasa da azias Soris.
amave dros ganxilulia is safrTxeebi, rac sxvadasxva politikuri,
ekonomikuri Tu Sida problemebiT SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli.
1. ekonomikuri ganzomileba – mocemuli ganzomilebis mTavari
maxasiaTebeli gamarTulad funqcionirebadi energetikuli bazris
arsebobaa. saxelmwifom an saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebebma xeli unda
Seuwyon imas, rom energiis miwodeba xdebodes SeuzRudavad da
sabazro fasebSi. liberalizirebuli bazari da antimonopoliuri
politika ki Tavis mxriv swored saimedo energomomaragebis
winapirobas qmnis. aseve aucilebelia grZelvadiani savaWro
xelSekrulebebis gaformeba mimwodeblebsa da momxmareblebs
Soris da energodiversifikaciis politikis gatareba, rac aseve
xels uwyobs stabiluri energetikuli urTierTobebis damyarebas.
2. geopolitikuri
ganzomileba
–
energoresursebis
transportireba xdeba Sori distanciidan da xdeba mravali qveynis
nacionaluri
sazRvrebis
gadakveTa,
saukeTeso
gamosavali
energousafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis iqneboda saerTaSoriso
savaWro sistemis Camoyalibeba. magram imdenad, ramdenadac ar
arsebobs
universaluri
energetikuli
savaWro
organizacia,
saukeTeso gamosavalia SemuSavdes erTiani wesebi da regulaciebi.
magaliTisaTvis, SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnas evropis energetikuli
qartiis xelSekruleba. am kuTxiT Zalze didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
natos,
evrokavSirisa
da
euTos
farglebSi
gafarToebul
TanamSromlobas.
3. usafrTxoebis politikis ganzomileba – saerTaSoriso
terorizmi,
mekobreoba
Znelia
Tavidan
aviciloT
mxolod
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis ZalisxmeviT. aucilebelia, qveynebis
mxridan SemuSavdes da gatardes
konkretuli usafrTxoebis
politika,
raTa
Tavidan
aviciloT
teroristuli
aqtebi,
9
energoresursebis
dataceba,
Tavdasxmebi
energetikul
infrastruqturaze da sxv. unda moxdes arsebuli riskebis Sefaseba,
krizisuli
situaciebis
erToblivi
marTva,
kritikuli
infrastruqturis dacva (maT Soris erToblivad SeTanxmebuli
samxedro qmedebebis meSveobiT), informaciebis gaziareba im qveynebs
Soris, romlebic msgavsi safrTxeebis winaSe dganan.
4.
Sida politikuri ganzomileba moiazrebs qveynis Sida
energetikuli sistemis gamarTuli funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofas
(uwyvet energomomaragebas, energorusersebis Sida rezervebis
arsebobas, alternatiuli energowyaroebis aTvisebas da sxv.).”
5. ekologiuri ganzomilebis Tanaxmad, gamogonili da
danergili unda iqnas iseTi teqnologiebi, romlebic xels
Seuwyoben energoresursebis sufTad gamoyenebas. am kuTxiT didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba sufTa da ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebis
aTvisebis xelSewyobas.
6.
socialuri
ganzomileba
gulisxmobs
ara
zogadad
xelmisawvdomobas energoresursebze, aramed mosaxleobis Raribi
fenis
SesaZleblobas
gamoiyenos
igi,
rac
rig
qveynebSi
xorcieldeba energoresursebze saxelmwifos mxridan fasebis
subsidirebiT.
amjerad Cveni kvlevis gansakuTrebul sagans warmoadgens
energetikuli usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT erovnuli usafrTxoebis
ganxilva. TviT sityva usafrTxoeba, rogorc es saerTaSoriso
doneze aris miRebuli niSnavs, “qveynisa da am qveyanaSi mcxovrebi
mosaxleobis (sazogadoebis) SesaZleblobas, uzrunvelyon TavianTi
damoukidebloba
da
SeinarCunon
TviTmyofadoba
mtrulad
ganwyobili Zalebis mier gamowveuli cvlilebebis winaaRmdeg,” an
meorenairad ”usafrTxoeba es aris ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis mimarT
safrTxeebis ararseboba”. rac Seexeba energetikul usafrTxoebas,
rogorc aRvniSneT, igi erovnuli usafrTxoebis erT-erT ZiriTad
safuZvels warmoadgens, kerZod, energoresursebisa da maT Soris
eleqtroenergiis
uwyvetad
miwodeba
samxedro
seqtoris
ganviTarebisTvis, qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis da sxva.
zemoT CamoTvlili dargebis ganviTarebisTvis, gadamwyveti da
Seucvleli mniSvnelobisaa. aqedan gamomdinare, igi ar miekuTvneba
mxolod da mxolod romelime erT seqtors, aramed mas didi
gavlena aqvs nebismieri sxva seqtoris ganviTarebazec.
“tradiciulad erovnuli usafrTxoeba gulisxmobs qveynis
SigniT politikur simSvides, mosaxleobisa da saarsebo pirobebis
dacvas da kulturul-politikuri erTianobis SenarCunebasa da
saerTod, yvela im sasicocxlo pirobas, romelic uzrunvelyofs
eris mdgrad ganviTarebas da arsebobas”; doqtor aleqsandre
rondelis ganmartebiT: “erovnuli usafrTxoeba, upirvles yovlisa,
10
gulisxmobs saxelmwifos suverenitetis, mTlianobis, politikuri
institutebis, kulturuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas”. uolter
lipmanis
ganmartebiT: “saxelmwifo
usafrTxo mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba maSin, rodesac mas omis Tavidan asacileblad umTavresi
Rirebulebebis msxverplad gaReba ar uxdeba da aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi aseT omSi gamarjvebiT am Rirebulebis SenarCuneba
ZaluZs”.
zemoT ganxiluli Teoriebis gaTvaliswinebiT kidev erTxel
SeiZleba
davakonkretoT
Semdegi:
“erovnuli
usafrTxoebis
cnebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs ori _ konservatoruli da axali
midgoma.
Zveli,
tradiciuli
midgomis
Tanaxmad,
erovnuli
usafrTxoebis ZiriTad komponents mxolod samxedro usafrTxoeba
warmoadgens. xolo axali midgomis Tanaxmad, samxedrosTan erTad
“ZiriTadi komponentebia: ekonomikuri, socialuri, ekologiuri,
politikuri da sxva”.
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT: “energetikuli usafrTxoeba
Tavisi
mravalmxrivi
komponentebiT
erovnuli
usafrTxoebis erT-erT ganzomilebas warmoadgens”.
ekonomikur-politikur-samxedro
damokidebulebis
msgavsad
“rodesac erTi qveynis 30%-iT damokidebuleba meore qveynisaTvis
ar aris safrTxis momtani, maSin rodesac antagonistur qveynebs
Soris 10%-iT damokidebulebac ki safrTxed miiCneva.”
ganxiluli Teoriebis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
energousafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis
qveynebs SeuZliaT gaxdnen evropa-aziis “gzasayarze” regionaluri
urTierTobis
mtkice
SemakavSirebeli
rgoli,
rogorc
energousafrTxoebis, aseve sxva dargebis TvalsazrisiT (samxedro,
ekonomikuri, kulturuli da a.S.). imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom da
Sesabamisad kavkasiis qveynebma es “misia” pirnaTlad Seasrulon,
saWiroa, pirvel rigSi, “TviT SigniT” moawesrigon urTierTobebi,
rac arc Tu ioli saqmea. Tumca, vidre es saukuneobrivi
saWirboroto sakiTxebi ar mogvardeba, manamde ganviTarebaze da
miT umetes did masStabebze msjeloba fuWad drois dakargva iqneba.
ra safrTxeebi SeiZleba arsebobdes saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi:
1. pirveli safrTxe: rogorc cnobilia, postsabWoTa qveynebze,
rogorc, ganviTarebad qveynebze, gansakuTrebul interess iCenen
e.w. “transnacionaluri kompaniebi”, aseTi kompaniebi xSirad
saerTaSoriso “aRiarebasac” aRweven da advilad Sedian ama, Tu im
qveynis saxelisuflebo struqturebTan (maT Soris “pirvel
eSelonebSi”) karg damokidebulebaSi, romlebic piradi mogebis
mizniT fuls deben ama, Tu im dargSi (Cvens SemTxvevaSi
energetikaSi), gazrdili satarifo fasebiT ipyroben qveynis Sida
bazars. minimum droSi cdiloben maqsimumi mogebis miRebas.
11
danarCeni “teqnikis” saqmea, anu igeben “tenderebs” da isakuTreben
energetikul obieqtebs, rac qveynisTvis seriozuli Semosavlebis
dakargvas niSnavs.
2. meore safrTxe es aris: uSualod arsebuli energetikuli
obieqtebis (simZlavreebis elsadgurebis, qvesadgurebis, gadacemis
xazebis da a.S.) pirdapiri miyidvis gziT, (iafad) mtrulad
ganwyobili qveynebis xelSi Cagdeba, rac faqtobrivad qveynis
energetikul potencialze Zalauflebis dakargvas da kritikul
momentSi qveynis samxedro usafrTxoebis dacemas niSnavs.
3. mesame safrTxe: ucxoeli investorebi sxvadasxva mizezTa
gamo adgilobriv gamocdil kadrebs ar endobian, aTavisufleben
samuSaodan da maT nacvlad samuSaoze ahyavT dabalanazRaurebadi,
naklebad gamocdili specialistebi, anda sxva qveynis moqalaqeebi.
adgilobrivi profesionalebi ”ikargebian”. investorebis mxridan
ar xdeba axali kadrebis swavleba.
4. meoTxe safrTxe: ucxour kompaniebs araviTari survili ara
aqvT,
ganaviTaron
adgilobrivi
mrewveloba,
anu
mTeli
mowyobiloba-danadgarebi da masalebi undaT, rom SeukveTon
maTTvis saintereso sazRvargareTul qarxnebSi (maTi mTavari
mizania yvelafridan mogeba naxon, maTTvis adgilobrivi qveynis
interesebs araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs).
5. mexuTe safrTxe: privatizaciis dros, an sxva formiT kerZo
sakuTrebaSi gadasvlis pirobebSi, anda ama Tu im obieqtis
aSenebis da garemontebis mizniT tenderis gamocxadebis dros, imis
gamo, rom adgilobriv specialists, an specialistTa jgufs, ar
gaaCnia
sawyisi
fuladi
resursi,
tenderebSi
ver
iReben
monawileobas, ris gamoc umuSevrad rCebian, anda gamarjvebuli
ucxouri kompaniis iaffasiani muSaxeli xdebian.
6. meeqvse safrTxe: saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebi da
bankebi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi, axal-axal sesxebs aZleven
ZiriTadad im ucxour kompaniebs, romlebTanac didi xnis
urTierToba akavSirebT, rac SemdgomSi xSirad korufciis sababi
xdeba.
7. meSvide safrTxe: dargidan miRebuli ZiriTadi mogeba
gaedineba ucxoeTSi. yvelaferi es ki Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos
energosistemisTvis qmnis seriozul safrTxeebs.
saqarTvelos energetikam bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi
Svidive safrTxe “gaiara”. ver vityviT, rom sirTuleebi Rirseulad
daZlia. saboloo jamSi balansi uaryofiTia. (amis Tqmis safuZvels
Semdegi statistika iZleva: dRevandeli mdgomareobiT saxelmwifos
sakuTrebaSi
odesRac
arsebuli
energetikis
dargis
90%
gasxvisebulia da arasaimedo partniorebis xelSia. (ZiriTadaT
rusuli
kompaniebis
sakuTrebaa).
dadgmuli
simZlavre
da
12
gamomuSaveba TiTqmis 2-jer Semcirda, katastrofulad iklo
finansurma Semosavlebma. warmodgenili masalis kvleva safuZvels
iZleva vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis garantiebi
arasaTanado
donezea,
saWiroa
axali
(sworad
gaTvlili)
RonisZiebebis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba.
energetikis marTvis axali wesebis danergva gulisxmobs
saqarTvelos
energosistemis optimaluri variantebis SerCeviT,
umokles droSi, jer arsebuli xarvezebis gamosworebas da Semdgom
kvlav ganviTarebas. am TvalsazrisiT migvaCnia, rom aucilebeli da
saWiroa qvemoT warmodgenili RonisZiebebis gatareba:
1. saqarTveloSi energetikis ganviTarebisa da usafrTxoebis
dacvis pirveli pirobaa, sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis
keTili nebis arseboba.
2. ZalaSi unda darCes da amoqmeddes konstituciis me-3
muxlis “i” punqti, ris mixedviTac energobieqtebis
sakontrolo paketi saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi unda darCes.
3. eleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobis axali meTodiT unda
daCqardes
axal-axali
simZlavreebis
(hidroeleqtrosadgurebis) aTviseba, romelTa finansirebis wyaro
SeiZleba iyos:
- dargidan Semosuli mogebis nawili;
- calkeuli iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis mier
Sesyiduli aqciebi;
- saerTaSoriso organizaciebis (bankebis) mier gaRebuli
SedarebiT iaffasiani sesxebi;
4. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva sabazro principebs unda
eqvemdebarebodes.
5. dargidan miRebuli Semosavlebi cxadia damsaxurebis da
sakuTrebis mixedviT unda ganawildes, magram mTavari wili
(51%) mainc saxelmwifo biujetSi unda Sediodes.
Camoyalibebuli
daskvnebi
emyareba,
rogorc
msoflios
sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebis gaziarebis Sedegad miRebul
codnas, aseve qarTuli sinamdvilis gaTvliswinebiT sakuTari
kvlevis Sedegebs.
Tavi III. axali simZlavreebi
mesame
TavSi:
“axali
simZlavreebi”
–
ganxilulia
saqarTveloSi
eleqtroenergiis
maqsimaluri
gamomuSavebis
periodebi. axsnilia arsebuli dadgmuli simZlavreebis mwyobridan
gamosvlis mizezebi, ris Sedegadac faqtobrivad, saSualo wliuri
gamomuSaveba 50%-iT Semcirda. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra
bunebrivi
potenciali
arsebobs
saqarTveloSi
rogorc
13
hidroresursis, aseve myari sawvavis (naxSiris) saxiT, SerCeulia
axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis yvelaze xelsayreli da optimaluri
varintebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvilebulia dasavleT
saqarTvelos mTis mdinareebze (enguri, caniswyali, kodori, rioni)
da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mdinare mtkvarze. aucilebel
pirobad
aris
dasmuli
Tbosadguris
mSenebloba,
romelic
ZiriTadad qarTul
naxSirze imuSavebs, Tumca saSualeba eqneba
sxva sawvavis gamoyenebisac. kvlevis Sedegad mivediT im daskvnamde,
rom Tu energosistemis marTvis axali sistema ZalaSi Seva,
uaxloes 5-10 weliwadSi SesaZlebelia damatebiT iqnas aTvisebuli,
saSualod 3000 megavati simZlavre, romlis wliuri gamomuSaveba,
saSualod 13 14 miliard kilovatsaaTs gadaaWarbebs. amave TavSi
dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli qveynis energousafrTxoebasTan
dakavSirebuli metad mtkivneuli sakiTxi, kerZod, visi sakuTreba
iqneba axali simZlavreebi?
ra Tqma unda, axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis saqmeSi
dadebiTad Sefasdeba ucxouri investiciebis Cadeba, magram aqve
Cndeba kiTxva: ra moculobiT? radganac, Tu sakuTrebis mTliani
mflobeli ucxoeli mesakuTrea, am SemTxvevaSi jer erTi, eWvqveS
dgeba erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxi da meore, mogeba mTlianad
misi sakuTreba xdeba.
sazRvargareTis qveynebis magaliTma da aseve saqarTvelos
bolo 10 wlianma gamocdilebam aCvena, rom energosistemis
calkeuli obieqtebis mflobeli SeiZleba iyos, rogorc kerZo, ise
saxelmwifo struqturebi. mTavaria, marTvis rogori meqanizmi iqneba
Cadebuli. Aam etapze Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom msoflioSi
gamokveTilia Semdegi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi:
1. energosistemaSi
Semavali
obieqtebis
umetes
nawils
saxelmwifo ganagebs;
2. energosistemaSi Semavali obieqtebis marTva da sakuTreba
ZiriTadad kerZo seqtoris xelSia;
3. energosistemaSi Semavali obieqtebis marTva da sakuTreba
ormxriv
daqvemdebarebaSia
(saxelmwifo
da
kerZo
struqtura).
msoflios umravlesma qveynebma aRiares dargis strategiuloba.
Uupiratesad miCneulia marTvis Sereuli forma, sadac generaciis,
eleqtrosistemisa da ganawileba-gayidvis sakuTrebis (aqciebis)
sakontrolo
pakets
saxelmwifo,
xolo
danarCens
kerZo
struqturebi floben, anu ormxrivi pasuxismgeblobaa dawesebuli.
mogebis ganawileba da samomavlod dargis kvlav ganviTareba
garantirebulia. Kkvlevis Sedegad mtkicdeba, rom Cvennairi
14
qveynisTvis aseTi sqema ufro marTebulia, miT umetes kanonTan, anu
konstituciasTan winaaRmdegoba TiTqmis gamoiricxeba.
garda
imisa,
rom
konstituciis
me-3
muxliT
qveynis
energetikuli
usafrTxoebaa
nagulisxmevi,
agreTve
didi
mniSvneloba aqvs ekonomikur mxares. Eelenergiis gayidvis Sedegad
miRebuli Semosavlebi qveynis biujetis Sevsebis erT-erTi didi
wyaro unda iyos. Cvens mier ganxilul magaliTze, axali
elsadgurebis aSenebiT, damatebiT saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba
sul mcire 10 13 miliard kilovat saaTiT unda gaizardos,
paralelurad unda Catardes Zveli simZlavreebis reabilitacia,
ris Sedegadac damatebiT saSualod 5 miliard kilovatsaaTis
gamomuSaveba iqneba SesaZlebeli. jamSi saqarTvelos energosistemis
jamurma
gamomuSavebam
uaxloes
7
weliwadSi
25
miliard
kilovatsaaTs unda gadaaWarbos, saidanac savaraudod 13 miliardi
kvt.sT. sazRvargareT gaiyideba.
ras niSnavs Warbi eleqtroenergia, es aris:
1. Sida bazris gaiafeba;
2. msxvili da wvrili mewarmeobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba;
3. eqsportis gazrda.
4. gadasaxadebis saxiT, biujetSi, damatebiTi Semosavlebis
miReba.
aSkarad Cans, rom elenergiis warmoebis gazrdis Sedegad
miRebuli Semosavlebi sakmaod didia.
zemoT ganxiluli daskvnebidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia
axali simZlavreebis aTviseba, risTvisac saWiroa:
1. mowesrigdes kanoni “eleqtroenergetikis da bunebrivi
gazis Sesaxeb”, kerZod waxalisdes da SeRavaTiani pirobebi
mieces energetikuli obieqtebis (elsadgurebis, e.g.xazebis,
qvesadgurebis) mSeneblobas;
2. adgilobriv mosaxleobas (visac wyalsacavi zians ayenebs)
sakuTrebaSi mieces axlad aSenebuli elsadgurebidan
elenergiis gamomuSavebis garkveuli procenti;
3. konstituciasTan mimarTebaSi dazustdes energetikuli
obieqtebis sakuTrebis forma;
4. Seiqmnas elenergiis yidva-gayidvis (samarTliani, wminda
sabazro principebze dafuZnebuli) sistema;
5. maregulirebeli komisia realurad gaxdes neitraluri
“arbitri”, romelic Tavis gadawyvetilebebs miiRebs ara
politikuri
an
“Cinovnikuri”
niSniT,
aramed
samarTlianobis principiT.
15
#3.1 sqemiT da #3.1 cxriliT naCvenebia marTvis axali
sistemis danergvis SemTxvevaSi, axali simZlavreebis
aTvisebis
SesaZlebloba:
simZlavre,
warmoeba,
eleqtroenergiis
gadacemis
xazebis
sigrZe
da
adgilmdebareoba:
axali hesebis da 220-500 kilovoltiani e.g.xazebis da
qvesadgurebis sqema #3.1
farihesi
latalihesi
e.g.x
tobarhesi
“kavkasioni”
tobari
xaiSi
(xudoni)
hesi
sakvanZo qvesadguri
e.g.x.”bavari”
engurhesi
sakvanZo
qvesadguri
raWis hesebi
namaxvanhesi
enguris
kaSxali
lajanurhesi
tyibulis Tesi
mS. hesi
zestafonis 500/220/110/35kv
sakvanZo qvesadguri
“salxino”
menji
afxazeTi
ruseTi
wyaltubo
quTaisi
“qarTli 1”
e.g.x.”mesxeTi”
baTumi
500/400 qvesadguri
axalcixe
sakvanZo qv.
qsani 500/220
qarTli-2
qarTli 2
TurqeTi
sakv.qv
gardabani
500/220
“muxrani-500”
somxeTenergo
azenergo
16
axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis cxrili #3.1
# el.sadguris
dasaxeleba
simZlavre
megavati
gamomuSaveba
mln.kvt.sT
el.xazis
sigrZe km.
mimarTuleba
1
2
latali hesi
fari hesi
100
500
480
2400
18
20
latali-fari
fari-tobari
3
tobari hesi
500
2400
10
tobari-xaiSi
4
xaiSi
(xudoni) hesi
600
2500
130
xaiSi-namaxvani
5
6
namaxvan hesi
md.mtkvarze
300
150
1500
800
60
arsebuli
namaxvani-koxra
arsebuli
7
md. rionze
mcire da saS.
400
1600
50
oni-zestafoni
8
Tbosadguri
300
1500
arsebuli
9
jami
2850
13180
298
arsebuli
Tavi IV. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis axali forma
meoTxe TavSi: “eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis axali forma”
– ganxilulia eleqtroenergetikaSi arsebuli mTavari sawarmoebi
(generacia,
gadacema-dispetCerizacia
da
ganawileba),
maTi
sakuTrebis
forma,
daniSnuleba
da
mizani.
Sedarebulia
Semosavlebis da gasavlebis sidide. xazi aqvs gasmuli im faqts,
rom kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebi, romelTac maRali
tarifis kuTvnilebis gamo maRali Semosavlebi da mogeba gaaCniaT,
saxelmwifo biujetSi minimalur gadasaxadebs ixdian. yuradRebaa
gamaxvilebuli TviT kompaniebs Soris konkurenciis ararsebobis
Sesaxeb (bunebrivad arsebuli “saqenergos” monopoliis daSlis
erT-erTi mizezi swored konkurenciis ararseboba da Tavisufali
bazris uaryofa saxeldeba). konkurenciis ararseboba gadamyidvel
kompaniebs saSualebas aZlevs maRali tarifiT miyidon el. energia
momxmareblebs, maT Soris, Rarib mosaxleobasac. tarifis sidide
ar ganirCeva, arc sezonurobiT da arc pikuri datvirTvebis
mixedviT.
gaangariSebulia
generaciis,
eleqtrogadacemadispetCerizaciis da gamanawilebeli kompaniebis warmoebis da
momsaxurebis
TviTRirebuleba.
TviTRirebulebis
dadgenis
safuZvelze, naCvenebia ama Tu im sawarmos (organizaciis)
momgebianoba, rac saboloo jamSi kvlav warmoebis safuZveli unda
gaxdes. mogebis miReba damokidebulia sworad dagegmvaze da
marTvaze, rac uSualod administraciis damsaxurebaa. kvlevis
Sedegad naCvenebia tarifis sididis gansazRvris meTodikis
aramarTlzomiereba. kerZod, abonenti rac ufro met energias
17
moixmars, miT ufro didia tarifis sidide (aseTi meTodi deficitis
mqone qveynebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli). am TavSi naCvenebia
privatizebis dros araswori meqanizmis gamoyenebis Sedegebi, ris
gamoc saxelmwifo biujetma didi zarali ganicada. ganxilulia,
rogorc
saxelmwifo
sakuTrebis,
aseve
kerZo
sakuTrebis
SemTxvevebi. Camoyalibebulia dadebiTi da uaryofiTi movlenebi.
aRiarebulia rogorc sakuTrebis erTi formisaTvis, aseve meore
formisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xarvezebi. Camoyalibebulia mosazreba
marTvis axali wesebis danergvaze da mecnierul midgomaze, rom
yovelive aman sabolood asaxva hpovos kanonSi. sqema #4.1-ze
gamosaxulia
eleqtroenergiis
yidva-gayidvis
kerZo
saaqcio
sazogadoebis struqtura, romelic mkacr sakonkurso pirobebSi
uzrunvelyofs eleqtroenergiis rogorc Sesyidvas, aseve gayidvas.
ra aris kerZo (Sps, s.s.) struqturis Camoyalibebis mizezebi:
a) qveyanaSi jer kidev arsebuli eleqtroenergiis deficiti;
b) warmoebuli da momxmareblamde miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis
gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebis arasamarTlianad
ganawileba.
aRniSnulis
gamo
zaraldebian:
energetikuli
sawarmoebi, saxelmwifo biujeti da rigiTi moqalaqeebi.
g) saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis normebis dabali done;
d) teqnikuri kargvebis maRali maCvenebeli;
e) axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis dabali maCvenebeli;
v) momxmarebelTan urTierTobis dabali kultura;
z) Sida moxmarebis eleqtroenergiis tarifis mudmivad maRali
done;
ra dadebiTi
Sedegebi SeiZleba miviRoT kerZo saaqcio
sazogadoebis amoqmedebis Sedegad: zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebis
maqsimalurad
aRmofxvra.
maT
Soris:
qveyanaSi
gaizrdeba
eleqtroenergiis warmoeba, aRmoifxvreba deficiti, gaizrdeba
saeqsporto wili, Sida moxmarebis bazarze konkurenciisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebidan
gamomdinare
Semcirdeba
tarifi.
saboloo jamSi gaizrdeba saxelmwifos Semosavlebi. gaizrdeba
dargSi
dasaqmebul
mewarmeTa
ricxvi,
moimatebs
uSualod
eleqtrosadgurebze da qvesadgurebze momuSave inJiner-teqnikuri
personalis Semosavlebi. Semcirdeba teqnikuri da komerciuli
kargvebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqceva energousafrTxoebis
amaRlebis uzrunvelyofas da sxva.
kerZo struqturis ukeTesad muSaobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebia: a)
mcodne da gamocdili kadrebis yola. b) sakuTrebis formis Secvla;
g) konkurenciis maRali done.
18
warmatebis misaRwevad aucilebelia daculi iyos ramodenime
piroba:
1. k.s.sazogadoeba Tavis qmedebaSi unda iyos Tavisufali
(yovelgvari xelovnurad Seqmnili zewolebisgan dazRveuli);
2. muSa gundi profesionali kadrebisgan unda dakompleqtdes;
3. qveyanaSi Warbi eleqtroenergia unda arsebobdes, (an
ukidures SemTxvevaSi gare momwodebelTan garantirebuli
xelSekruleba unda hqondes).
4. k.s.sazogadoebis saqmianoba unda iyos gamWvirvale.
5. k.s.sazogadoebam aucileblad unda Camoayalibos xarisxis
menejmentis sistema.
rac Seexeba uSualod yidva-gayidvis saaqcio sazogadoebis
SerCevas, igi unda Catardes konkursis wesiT, rac maregulirebelma
komisiam
(yovelgvari
mikerZoebis
gareSe)
sazogadoebriv
organizaciebTan erTad aucileblad unda uzrunvelyos.
Tavi V. energetikuli sawarmoebis marTva
mexuTe Tavis ganxilvis mTavari sakiTxi aris energetikuli
sawarmoebis marTvis axali sistemis Camoyalibeba da praqtikul
cxovrebaSi danergvis SesaZleblobis axsna.
ganxilulia arsebuli sawarmoebis administraciuli marTvis
naklovani mxareebi da amis Sesacvlelad (gamosasworeblad)
Semotanilia SromiTi (koleqtivis) amxanagobis mcneba.
saqme imaSia rom SromiTi amxanagoba, romelic ZiriTadad
inJiner-teqnikuri personalisagan Sedgeba, nebismier energetikul
sawarmooSi
mTavari
warmarTveli
Zalaa.
eleqtroenergiis
gamomuSavebis, gadacemis, dispeCerirebis da ganawilebis mTavari
„Semoqmedia“.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis
Semdgom, marTvis da sakuTrebis sistemebi TiTqosda Seicvala,
mSromeli adamianebis, Zveli profesionalebis damsaxurebis da
faqtoris gaTvaliswineba, an saerTod ar xdeba, anda umniSvnelod.
Sedegad agebs sawarmo (naklebad gamocdili administraciebis da
xelmZRvanelis
moRvaweoba
ar
aris
gamarTlebuli),
xSir
SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs, ama Tu im sakiTxis, ara xarisxovnad, an
ara
obieqturad
gadawyvetilebis
miRebas.
„zemdgomis“
mier
erTpirovnulad daniSnuli xelmZRvaneli rgoli, bunebrivia pirvel
rigSi emsaxureba da iTvaliswinebs („damniSnavis“) interesebsa da
ara sawarmosa, an saxelmwifosi. gamomdinare aqidan ama Tu im
energetikuli sawarmos interesebi bolomde ver iqneba daculi.
martivi pirobaa, administracia SromiTi koleqtivis aqtiuri
mxardaWeris gareSe, ver ganaxorcielebs, sawarmosTvis da Semoqmedi
koleqtivisTvis misaReb RonisZiebebs. gansakuTrebiT es exebaT im
sawarmoebis administraciebs, sadac faqtiurad erTpirovnuli
marTvis sistemaa SemoRebuli.
energetikuli sawarmoebis marTva imden sirTulesTan aris
dakavSirebuli, rom fizikurad erTi kacisTvis „am simZimis aweva“
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, amitom yvela SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iqnas Semoqmedi xalxis, codnis da energiis gamoyenebis
SesaZlebloba.
saqarTveloSi amJamad arsebobs sakuTrebis sxvadasxva forma
(saexelmwifo,
kerZo
da
Sereuli).
bunebrivi
mdgomareobiT
TiToeuli mesakuTre dainteresebuli unda iyos, ama Tu im
sawarmoSi
momuSave
Semoqmedi
xalxis
samuSao
pirobebis
gaumjobesebiT da axali teqnikis danergviT, rom sawarmom
maqsimaluri mogeba miiRos. sawarmoSi mogebis maqsimaluri Sedegis
momtani, swori administraciuli marTvis meqanizmis Seqmnaa.
sawarmos mogeba da marTva urTierT mWidro kavSirSia. wesiT, ama
Tu im sawarmos, rac ufro meti mogeba eqneba, miT ufro didi iqneba
Semoqmedi
xalxis
dainteresebac.
maTi
yovelTviuri,
Tu
yovelwliuri
Semosavali
amis
mixedviT
unda
izrdebodes.
cnobilia, rom sawarmos maqsimaluri mogebis miRebis miRweva,
marTvis swori meqanizmis Camoyalibebis da funqcionirebis
SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli.
mexuTe TavSi warmodgenilia sqema, sadac axsnilia, Tu rogori
forma unda hqondes administraciuli marTvis erTobliv meqanizms.
ama Tu im energetikul organizacias (eleqtrosistemas, s.s. Telass,
energo projorjias da a.S.) aqvs qvemdebare sawarmoebi, romlebic
samuSao
obieqtebis
mixedviT
sxvadasxva
adgilas
arian
ganTavsebuli. TiToeuli obieqti qmnis calke SromiTi amxanagobis
sabWos. asevea calke Camoyalibebuli samsaxurebi, romelTac Tavis
daqvemdebarebaSi (profilis
mixedviT)
momsaxure personalis
garkveuli raodenoba hyavT. (ix. sqema 5.1 Tan erTvis).
kvlevis Sedegad kidev erTxel dadasturda, rom konkretuli
saqmis gadasawyvetad, yvelaze saukeTeso mosazreba, uSualod am
saqmis mcodne, Semoqmed inJiner-teqnikur personals gaaCnia. amdenad
am xalxis codnis da gamocdilebis gamoyenebaa nagulisxmevi
marTvis axali sistemis Camoyalibebis SemTxvevaSi.
yvela sawarmo (romelic Sedis mTavar saTao ofisSi) Tavisi
rigebidan irCevs sakuTar warmomadgenels, romelTa bazaze iqmneba
warmomadgenelTa nakrebi sabWo, romelic Semdgom, aseve arCevis
gziT, uSualod mmarTvel jgufTan saTanamSromlod asaxeleabs
Tavis warmomadgenlebs. arCeuli kandidatebi urTierT SeTanxmebis
(administraciis, SromiT koleqtivisa da mesakuTres Soris)
safuZvelze qmnis mTavar sabWos, sadac mimdinareobs sawarmos
20
ZiriTadi sakiTxebis ganxilva da gadawyvetilebebis miReba. SromiTi
koleqtivis warmomadgenlebi garda imisa, rom daicvan momsaxure
inJiner-teqnikuri personalis interesebi, agreTve Tavis Tavze
iReben saerTo pasuxismgeblobasac. roca mmarTvel jgufsa da
SromiT koleqtivs Soris, garkveulia urTierT-valdebulebebi,
dadebiTi efeqti gacilebiT didia. am SemTxvevaSi sawarmos
(mTlianobaSi organizaciis) wliuri Sedegebi gacilebiT ukeTesia.
swored am fenomenzea damyarebuli organizaciis marTvis axali
sistemis Camoyalibeba.
SromiTi amxanagobis sabWos samsjelo aucileblad unda iyos
Semdegi sakiTxebis ganxilva:
1. wliuri angariSebi
2. mimdinare da momavali wlis samoqmedo gegma.
3. organizaciis biujeti.
4.sagadasaxado davalebebis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba, mogebis
dazusteba da ganawileba.
5. sawarmos
teqnikur-ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba
da
sareabilitacio gegmis Sedgena.
6.inJiner-teqnikuri da damxmare personalis xelSekrulebebis
da ricxovnobis gansazRvra, saxelfaso ganakveTis dadgena;
7. SromiTi pirobebis gaumjobeseba.
8. garemos dacva.
9.SromiTi
waxaliseba
da
sxva
materialuri
daxmarebis
gansazRvra.
10. sapensio fondis Seqmna. sapensio fondSi sawarmos wliuri
mogebidan garkveuli Tanxebis gadaricxvis gansazRvra.
11. „arapirdapiri“ xarjebis gawevis SesaZleblobis ganxilvadamtkiceba.
12. ganvlili wlis Semajamebeli sxdomis organizeba da
mTliani
(organizaciis)
SromiTi
koleqtivis
winaSe
angariSgeba.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom energetikuli
organizaciis marTvis, am axali sistemis danergviT, moigebs
rogorc
mesakuTre
(saxelmwifo,
kerZo)
aseve
mmarTveli
administracia da TviT Semoqmedi inJiner-teqnikuri personali.
21
energetikuli sawarmoos marTvis axali sqema
sqema#5.1
mmarTveli
samdivno
saz.urT.samsax.
Efinansuri
mimarTulebis
samsaxurebi
SromiTi (koleqtivi)
amxanagoba
Eteqnikuri
mimarTulebis
samsaxurebi
SromiTi (koleqtivi)
amxanagoba
sxvadasxva
mimarTulebis
samsaxurebi
kadrebi,
iuridiuli,
sameurneo,…
samsaxurebi
aRricxvis da a.S.
SromiTi (koleqtivi)
amxanagoba
xarisxis
marTvis
sistema
adgilobrivi
eqsploataciis
xelmZRvaneli
adgilobrivi
eqsploataciis SromiTi
(koleqtivi) amxanagoba
K
mTavari sabWo
saproeqto, samSeneblo,
saremonto da gawyobis
sawarmoebis samsaxurebi
SromiTi (koleqtivi)
amxanagoba
mesakuTre
SromiTi
(koleqtivebis)
amxanagobis sabWo
dasturi
kvlevis dros gavecaniT msoflios mowinave sawarmoebis (iaponiis,
amerikis, evropis) mmarTvelobiTi sistemis wesebs. aSkarad Cans, rom
inJiner-teqnikur personals did angariSs uweven.
Tavi VI. energetikuli sawarmoebis sakadro politika da
sapensio fondi
aRniSnuli Tavi energetikuli sawarmoebis sakadro politikis
Camoyalibebaze, ganviTarebaze da mis
misaRwevad optimaluri
variantebis SerCevaze mogviTxrobs.
am TavSi warmodgenilia kvlevis periodSi (bolo 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi) Catarebuli da miRebuli Sedegebis ganxilva.
22
cnobilia, rom reformebis Catarebis Sedegad saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikaSi (da ara marto) bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi
gaCnda maRalkvalificiuri inJiner-teqnikuri personalis deficiti.
umaRles da teqnikur saswavleblebSi sxvadasxva
mizezTa gamo
imdenad daeca swavlis done, rom axalgazrda kursdamTavrebulebi
(maTi dabali codnis gamo) samuSaoze ver ewyobian. dadga dro,
roca energetikuli sawarmoebi kvalificiur kadrebs
ver
Rebuloben da amiT specialistebis deficits ganicdian.
am TavSi axsnilia yvela is ZiriTadi mizezi, ris gamoc,
axalgazrdebi saWiro codnas ver Rebuloben. moyvanilia cocxali
magaliTebi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemaSi gaxsnili
swavlebis centris muSaobis praqtikidan. (analizi gakeTebulia
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis, energetikis fakultetis
studentebis, quTaisis universitetis energetikis fakultetis da
yofili sasoflo-sameurneo institutis enrgetikuli jgufis
studentebis gamokiTxvis safuZvelze).
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi energetikis dargi, saerTo
dasaqmebis fonze erT-erTi warmatebulia da mas momavalic didi
aqvs, ar xdeba dargis kargi gagebiT reklamireba (axsna-ganmarteba)
moswavle-axalgazrdobasTan muSaoba, daintereseba da a.S. TviT
dargSi saWiro specialobebis aTviseba erT-erTi rTuli saqmea da
amitomac maincdamainc ar miuwevT guli, anu adgili aqvs
sizarmaces da ara seriozulobas.
maRali donis inJinruli codnis miReba erT-erTi aucilebeli
Tviseba unda iyos. sxva SemTxvevaSi energetikul sawarmoSi muSaoba
miuRebelia. erT Secdomas SeiZleba adamianis sikvdili moyves, an
avariis Sedegad sawarmom didi zarali ganicados. cxadia students
swavlis normaluri pirobebi unda gaaCndes, rac dafinansebasTan
da swor saswavlo programasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
nebismieri studentisaTvis dafinansebis moZieba rTulia. am
saqmeSi mas e.w. “avansis” wesiT, saxelmwifo, kerZo sawarmoo
(romelic momavalSi misi samuSao adgili gaxdeba) da mSoblebi
unda
daexmaron.
ratom
aseTi
ganrigi?
saxelmwifo
yvela
SemTxvevaSi dainteresebuli unda iyos, rom qveyanas ganaTlebuli,
maRalkvalificiuri kadrebi hyavdes, romlebic momavalSi misi
interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT
dasaqmdebian.
Tumca
biujetis
SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare sruli finansireba SeiZleba ver
uzrunvelyos. nebismier energetikul sawarmos (da aseve yvela im
organizacias, visac energetikis ganxriT sxvadasxva saxeobis
inJiner-energetikosi sWirdeba) interesebSi Sedis, drois ama Tu im
periodSi, maRalkavlificiuri energetikos-inJineri hyavdes, cxadia
maTi momzadeba sawarmos damoukideblad ar SeuZlia, amitom
sawarmom unda daukveTos umaRles saswavlebels. raodenoba aqac
23
SezRuduli iqneba da ganisazRvreba moTxovnis mixedviT. rCeba
mesame kategoria, romelmac damfinansebeli an ver moiZia, an
mxolod nawilobriv, am SemTxvevaSi studenti iZulebuli iqneba,
ojaxis,
an
sxva
romelime
kerZo
damfinanseblis
xarjze
uzrunvelyos swavlis safasuris gadaxda.
damfinansebeli (saxelmwifo, kerZo sawarmoo, an individi),
umaRles-teqnikuri sasawavlebeli da studenti deben sammxriv
xelSekrulebas, sadac mkafiod iqneba Camoyalibebuli mizani,
pirobebi da sagarantio normebi. TiToeuli damfinansebeli
moTxovnaSi uTiTebs, Tu ra saxeobis (mimarTulebis) specialisti
unda moumzados umaRlesma saswavlebelma. urTierTSeTanxmebis
safuZvelze ganisazRvreba momzadebis dro da xarisxi. dafinansebis
uzrunvelyofis
SemTxvevaSi,
umaRlesi
saswavlebeli
iRebs
valdebulebas damkveTis moTxovnis Sesabamisad aswavlos da
moamzados maRalkvalificiuri specialisti (Cvens SemTxvevaSi
inJiner-energetikosi).
saswavlo procesis (rogorc Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli
swavlis)
damTavrebis
Semdeg,
kursdamTavrebuli
midis
damfinanseblis
sawarmoSi,
gadis
winaswar
dadgenil
sakvalifikacio
swavlebas
da
iwyebs
muSaobas.
sammxrivi
xelSekrulebis pirobebidan gamomdinare, axalgazrda inJineri,
sakuTari xelfasidan yovelTviurad iwyebs swavlisTvis aRebuli
Tanxis dafarvas.
saswavlebels (roca amocana cnobilia) ufleba unda hqondes
abiturientTa miRebis wesi Secvalos. kerZod, gamomdinare iqidan,
rom miznobrivad maRalkvalificiuri kadri unda moamzados,
maRali donis SerCevis saSualebac unda gaaCndes.
axali miRwevebis da gamocdilebis gacnobis da aTvisebis
mizniT mowinave sawarmoebi, yovelwliurad cdiloben, gaagzavnon
TavianTi kadrebi ucxoeTis gamorCeul sawarmoebSi.
naSromSi xazi aqvs gasmuli im faqts, rom qarTveli inJinerteqnikuri personali, inJinrul codnas, Tu kargad floben,
samagierod komerciul, socialur da politikur saqmianobis
codnaSi dabal dones aCveneben. maT dRemde ar aqvT gaTavisebuli
eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebis
mniSvneloba. „sse“-Si swavlebis centris gaxsnis erT-erTi mizani am
xarvezis gamosworebac aris. Tumca
(masStabSi am xarvezis
gamosworeba, mxolod sse-is xarjze ar iqneba SesaZlebeli). amdenad
saWiroa umaRlesi saswavlo programebis
Secvla da axalis
Camoyalibeba.
Aam TavSi, sakadro politikis ganxilvis dros yvelgan
xazgasmulia sawarmoSi (dargSi) dasaqmebuli adamianebis, miTumetes
24
profesionali kadrebis, normaluri SromiTi pirobebis Seqmnaze da
gansakuTrebiT Rvawlmosil adamianTa dafasebaze.
jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc
maSin ambobdnen, muSur-glexuri mTavrobebi ganagebdnen, mSromelTa
samuSao pirobebis Seqmna da Rirseuli pensiiT uzrunvelyofa
naklebad xdeboda. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom, mosaxleobis
didi nawili moeloda, rom es sakiTxi gacilebiT ukeTesad
gadawydeboda. moxda piriqiT, umuSevroba katastrofulad gaizarda,
anazRaureba Semcirda, gansakuTrebiT misi msyidvuelobiTi unari,
xolo pensiaSi gasvla, siRaribis zRvars dabla aRmoCenas niSnavs.
energetikul sawarmoebs, im SemTxvevaSi Tu marTvis axali
sistemebi dainergeba, Tavisuflad SeuZliaT iseTi mogebis miReba,
rom maTTvis normaluri samuSao pirobebis Seqmna da kargi sapensio
fondis Camoyalibeba namdvilad problemas ar warmoadgens.
dRevandel sinamdvileSi arsebobs saxelmwifo pensia, romelic
ZiriTadad moxucebulobis asaks miRweul moqalaqeebs urigeben. am
pensiis msyidvelobiTi unari ufro mcirea, vidre sabWoTa periodis.
es Tanxa saarsebo minimumze dabalia, faqtiurad amas cxovreba ar
hqvia, es ufro gaZlebazea gaTvlili. eleqtroinJiners, romelmac
ormoci weli rTul samuSaoze gaatara, pensiaSi gasvlis Semdgom,
faqtiurad siRaribeSi uwevs cxovreba. amis gamo Rvawlmosil,
asakian TanamSromlebs eSiniaT pensiaze gasvla, maSin rodesac
ganviTarebuli
qveynebis
analogiuri
specialobis
mqone
TanamSromlebs piriqiT uxariaT. maTi pensiis odenoba imdenad
didia, rom garda sayofacxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobesebisa,
saSualeba eZlevaT sxvadasxva qveynebSi imogzauron, Svilebs
daexmaron, momvlelebi daiqiraon, Raribebs daexmaron da sxv. erTi
sityviT saamuri cxovrebis, anu bednieri siberis dro udgebaT.
aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos energosistemaSi da
saerTod qveyanaSi analogiuri pirobebis Seqmna? vfiqrobT, rom
aris.
energosistemis marTvis axali wesebis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli
TanamSromeli, romelic dasaqmebuli iqneba energetikul sawarmoSi,
muSaobis dawyebis dRidan, rogorc minimumi aucileblad unda
zrunavdes
sami
ZiriTadi
fondis
Seqmnze
(jandacvis,
urTierTdaxmarebis da sapensio). am fondebis Seqmna SeiZleba,
rogorc administraciasTan urTierTobiT, aseve mis gareSec.
am fondebis finansirebis wyaro SeiZleba iyos:
1. TiToeuli
TanamSromlis
Senatani.
(yovelTviuri
xelfasidan, garkveuli procentis gadaxda).
2. (SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi) sawarmos wliuri mogebidan
garkveuli wili.
25
3. sxvadasxva
sainvesticio
fondi,
sadazRvevo
fondi,
saxelmwifo xazina da a.S.
saxelmwifo diaxac dainteresebuli unda iyos Tavisi
moqalaqeebis
keTildReobiT,
im
moqalaqeebis
vinc
saerTo
dovlaTisa da myari ekonomiuri bazis Seqmnas, mravali aTeuli
weli moaxmara – es maT daimsaxures.
aqvs Tu ara SesaZlebloba nebismier energetikul sawarmos,
daexmaros Tavis TanamSromlebs zemoT naxsenebi fondebis SeqmnaSi?
saxeobaTa mixedviT, eleqtroenergetikaSi sami saxis sawarmo
muSaobs: eleqtroenergiis warmoeba (generacia), eleqtrogadacemadispetCerizacia da gamanawilebeli, anu gadamyidveli kompania.
TiToeuli sawarmo Tavis Semosavals, warmoebuli, gatarebuli da
realizebuli eleqtroenergiis safasuris xarjze iRebs. nebismieri
maTgani mogebazea dagegmili. iyo wlebi (1993-2007), rodesac
energetikuli sawarmoebi Tavisi kuTvnili Semosavalis 30%-ze mets
ver iRebdnen. energetikosebis saxelfaso davalianeba aTeul
milionebs Seadgenda. dRes es mdgomareoba Secvlilia. TiTeuli
sawarmo, TiToeuli TanamSromeli droulad iRebs srul kuTvnil
Semosavlebs. es ki imis saSualebas iZleva, rom SromiTi
koleqtivis
gadawyvetilebiT,
administraciasTan
SeTanxmebiT,
energetikul sawarmosa da mis TanamSromlebs, SeuZliaT garkveuli
Tanxebi, survilis DSemTxvevaSi, sapensio fondSi gadaricxon.
sapensio fondis siZliere gansazRvravs TiToeuli pensioneris
yovelTviur
sapensio
Semosavals.
rac
ufro
didi
iqneba
yovelTviuri da yovelwliuri Senatanebi, miT ufro gaizrdeba
fondebis Semosavali da TiToeuli pensioneris sargo.
ZiriTadi daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi
energetika rom qveynis ganviTarebis safuZvelia, amaze aravin
daobs. ufro metic, igi erovnuli usafrTxoebis rangSia ayvanili.
ra mdgomareobaa saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli kuTxiT?
pirvel TavSi warmodgenili dokumenturi masalis safuZvelze
SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi:
saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergiis warmoeba daiwyo mecxramete
saukunis meore naxevarSi, ramac cxoveli interesi gamoiwvia.
uaxloes momavalSi eleqtroenergia gaxda nebismieri sxva dargis
ganviTarebis safuZveli.
aRizardnen adgilobrivi kadrebi. qarTvelma inJiner-teqnikurma
personalma
damoukideblad
aiTvisa
eleqtrosadgurebis,
qvesadgurebis, eleqtrogadacemis xazebis proeqtireba, mSenebloba,
montaJ-gawyoba da eqspluatacia. 1950 wlisaTvis qveynis erTiani
energosistema
miliard
kilovatsaaTze
met
eleqtroenergias
gamoimuSavebda. saqarTvelom ganviTarebis piks 1989 wels miaRwia,
26
roca dadgmuli simZlavre 4000 megavats, xolo gamomuSaveba 14
miliard kilovatsaaTs aRemateboda. erTiani sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Sedegad daiSala erTiani energosistemac. saqarTvelos
energosistema am faqts moumzadebeli Sexvda, ris gamoc arsebuli
simZlavreebi da Sesabamisad gamomuSavebac ganaxevrda. Sedegad,
Catarebulma reformebma dadebiTi Sedegi ver gamoiRo. generaciis
sadgurebisa da eleqtrosistemisadmi gadamyidveli kompaniebis
mxridan finansurma davalianebam 1,5 miliard dolars gadaaWarba.
saxelmwifo
sakuTreba
kerZo
kompaniebs
gadaecaT
(garda
eleqtrosistemisa). tarifebis sidide 1990 welTan SedarebiT 200%iT (da metiT) gaizarda. bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi raime
seriozuli
simZlavreebis
aTviseba
ar
ganxorcielebula.
eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva ver gadavida Tavisufali bazris
principze. administraciuli mmarTveloba kvlav sabWoTa sistemiT
xorcieldeba (erTpirovnulad). profesiuli kadrebis deficiti
yovelwliurad
izrdeba.
bunebrivia
aseT
pirobebSi
dargis
gaZlierebaze
laparaki
zedmetia.
saWiroa
fundamentaluri
cvlilebebi.
yovelive
zemoTqmulma
ganapiroba
saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergetikaSi
marTvis
axali
sistemebis
damuSaveba.
SemuSavebuli iqna axali meTodebi da modelebi. TiToeuli maTgani
Rrma kvlevis Sedegia. naSromis mTavari amosavali wertili
saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa iyo, romlis
miRweva
axali
simZlavreebis
aTvisebaze,
eleqtroenergiis
Tavisufali bazris principiT vaWrobaze, administraciuli marTvis
axal modelze, inJinerTa momzadebis axal meTodze, Rvawlmosil
energetikosTa arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis Seqmnaze da jamSi,
xelSemwyobi politikis gatarebazea damokidebuli. TiToeuli
sakiTxi, Tavisi sirTulidan gamomdinare, seriozul Seswavlas da
specialur midgomas saWiroebda. gamomdinare aqedan, Catarda
xangrZlivi kvleva, ris Sedegadac TiToeuli Tavis mixedviT
miviReT Semdegi daskvna:
1) saqarTveloSi
axali
simZlavreebis
aTviseba
hidroresursebisa da naxSiris bazaze unda ganxorcieldes.
eleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba unda Catardes geologiis da
ekologiis normebis sruli dacviT ise, rom gaTvaliswinebuli
iqnas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis social-ekonomikuri interesebi.
SenarCunebuli iqnas kulturuli da sulieri memkvidreoba. axali
simZlavreebis mSeneblobaSi, mTavari roli saxelmwifos (rogorc
aqciebis umetesi nawilis mesakuTres) unda ekuTvnodes. mSeneblobis
dafinansebaSi da Semdgom wilobrivad sakuTrebis miRebaSi,
upiratesoba sakuTari qveynis moqalaqeebs (da maT Soris,
energetikosebs) unda eZleodes. aseTi meTodi qveyanaSi saSualo
27
fenis Seqmnas Seuwyobs xels. axali simZlavreebis aTviseba, mesame
TavSi Camoyalibebul meTodikas unda emyarebodes, ris mixedviTac
yovel 5-10 weliwadSi saSualod 2,5 aTasi megavati unda Seematos
eleqtrosistemas, saidanac Semosavali saSualod 1,4 miliardi
lari iqneba. dargidan Semosuli Semosavlebis didi nawili
qveyanaSi unda rCebodes.
2) dargis ganviTarebis saqmeSi erT-erT mtkivneul mxares
sawarmoebis
administrirebis
arsebuli
forma
warmoadgens,
romelic kvlav erTpirovnul gadawyvetilebebs efuZneba. meoTxe
TavSi warmodgenilia energetikuli sawarmoebis administrirebis
axali forma, rac sakvanZo sakiTxebis farTo masStabSi (inJinerteqnikuri personalis warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT) ganxilvas
gulisxmobs. energetikuli sawarmos marTvis aseTi forma teqnikur
gaumjobesebas da maqsimalur finansur mogebas uzrunvelyofs.
3) eleqtroenergiis warmoebis mTavari daniSnuleba (pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT) momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaa, xolo
mwarmoebelTa
(generacia,
gadacema,
dispetCerizacia,
gayidva)
interesi maqsimumi Semosavlis miRebaa. msoflio praqtikidan
gamomdinare,
eleqtroenergiis
yidva-gayidvis
sxvadasxva
wesi
arsebobs. Cvens SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba Tavisufali bazris
princips
eZleva.
yidva-gayidvis
kerZo
saaqcio
sazogadoeba
mwarmoeblebs, gadamyidvelebs da momxmareblebs (saxelSekrulebo
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze) konkurenciis wesis pirobebSi srulad
uzrunvelyofs, rogorc misaReb fasebs, aseve maRali donis
momsaxureobas. am SemTxvevaSi monopolizmi, uxarisxo denis
miwodeba da momsaxurebis dabali kultura miuRebelia. yidvagayidvis aseTi meTodi dargis ganviTarebis myari safuZveli xdeba.
4) swori
administraciuli
marTva,
nebismieri
sawarmos
stabiluri
ganviTarebis
sawindaria.
Tu
TiToeuli
wevris
Semoqmedeba, interesi da swrafva Tanxvedria mmarTveli rgolis
gadawyvetilebebis, Sedegi yovelTvis ukeTesia.
5) Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi eleqtroenergetikuli sawarmoebis
(da aseve sxva dargebis) mudmivad mzardi winsvlis uzrunvelyofis
faqtori
maRalkvalificiuri
kadrebis
(inJiner-teqnikuri
personalis) momzadebaa. Tu sawarmos (organizacias) am nawilSi
Seferxeba aqvs, is yoveldRiur konkurencias ver gauZlebs, amdenad
am naSromSi SemoTavazebuli swavlebis forma aucilebelia
warmatebis misaRwevad.
6) arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondebis Seqmna, romelic am Tavis
erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani
sakiTxia,
aucileblad
unda
iqnas
gadawyvetili. mesakuTre TviTon unda iyos dainteresebuli, rac
sawarmos
da
mTlianobaSi
dargis
ganviTarebis
erT-erTi
mastimulirebeli faqtoria.
28
zemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxTa gadawyvetis Sedegad vRebulobT,
qveynis energetikis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas, kerZod, yovel
xuT-aT weliwadSi simZlavreebis mateba 2,5 aTasi megavatiT
ganisazRvreba,
gamomuSavebuli
eleqtroenergiis
yidva-gayidva
Tavisufali bazris principiT ganxorcieldeba, administrirebis
swori forma Camoyalibdeba, swavlebis da dasvenebis normaluri
pirobebi Seiqmneba da Tu yovelive amis politikuri neba iarsebebs,
dargis ganviTarebas win veraferi daudgeba.
naSromis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli perioduli gamocemebis nusxa
1. fircxelani m. saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis teqnikuri da
ekonomikuri analizi, reformebis Sedegebi da gamosavali. s.t.J.
“energia” #2, (26). Tbilisi. 2003.
2. fircxelani
m.
marTvis
axali
forma
saqarTvelos
energosistemaSi. s.t.J. “energia” #1 (29). Tbilisi. 2004.
3. fircxelani m. momavali zamTris SesaZlo gamomuSaveba da misi
finansuri uzrunvelyofa s.t.J. “energia” #3 (31). Tbilisi. 2004.
4. fircxelani m. miTi da realoba xudonhesis mSeneblobis garSemo.
gaz.”lalxori”. Tbilisi. 2008.
5. fircxelani m. eleqtroenergetika - mTis gadarCenis wyaro.
saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa
erovnuli
akademiis
mTianeTis
problemaTa kompleqsuri Seswavlis komisiis gamocema. Tbilisi.
2010.
6. fircxelani m. raWis hidroeneregtikuli resursebi. saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa
erovnuli
akademiis
mTianeTis
problemaTa
kompleqsuri Seswavlis komisiis gamocema. Tbilisi. 2012.
7. fircxelani m. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis axali forma.
samecniero Jurnali “biznes inJineringi” #2. Tbilisi. 2012
29
Summary
The project work" Production and introduction new managerial system of Georgian energy"
consists of: title page, pages for signatures, pages of the copyrights, short contents-summary
on two languages, exhibits of the schemes and drawings, the main text, entering, list of the
used literature, estimations, conclusion.
The General aspects of the work are discussed in entrance part: urgency of the subject,
purpose and problems of the study, practical importance of the study, scientific novelty,
innovation revealed in the course of studies (the model, methodic), explanation of the
possibility of using the introduction result, reached in the course of studies, in practice.
The acting indicators of the power system were worked out on base of the international
experience. The weak sides were revealed in power system, which were disturbing normal
operation in this sphere. As a result of studies was revealed that after disintegration of the
general power system, the reforms, made in sphere of the power system, had many defects.
As a result: financial losses have increased to more than milliard dollars, covering of
indebtedness on salary of engineer-technical personnel stayed insolvable problem nowadays,
process of buying-selling of electric powers is realized in monopoly, the system of tariff is
formed only in interests of the companies-sellers that disgruntles the simple consumers,
partly act the old methods and the forms of administration, which don't provide the real
preparing of the young personnel and worthy pension for the old energy workers.
The Production of electicity, its transmission, distribution-sale is rather complex process. It
needs system approach - each of the section must be created and transformed into united
system. For this purpose, the different stages of the development of energy in country was
studied, also analyses the experience of the other countries. The positive and negative
moments were revealed during the work, the new legal concept was also worked out.
The scientific, legal, economic and technical ideas were used in project, also the concepts and
features, as well as comparing analysis and methods of systematizations and categorizations.
The normative basis of the study is formed by international and national normative acts,
conventions, agreements, other legislative acts of the commissions on energy, constitution of
Georgia, civil code, the ''Georgian Law on Elecricity and Natural Gas'', resolutions of
Government, the Law "On producing", the Law "About checking of the producers' activity",
the other laws and resolutions.
During the studies were revealed the positive and negative sides of working of energy
producers, analyses the results of the reforms and worked out list of activities, which is
necessary to conduct. The scientific novelty is in production of new managerial system,
development of theories about safety of the Georgian power system, mastering the new
methods of the new powers, new scheme of administrative control of energy production,
principle of free market in electric powers, advantage of the selling structure, new methods of
preparing specialists, creation of non-government pension fund for workman of energy, also
possible improvements of the powers and social-economic situation of population in the
mountain region and etc.
<
Probability of the positive effect is so great that factor of the risk is practically expelled.
Practical use of new system needs time. It depends on government, skilled personnel,
working in the sphere of energy and certainly, the support of society.
The system of power energy must be well developed, because lots of things depend on it. The
price of products decreases or increases covering the expenses on electricity.
The electricity is useful not only for development of industry it is also useful for development
of military-production complex. Modern powerful military technology uses much electrisity.
The electricity became the integral part to our lives. The daily life of the person seems
impossible without it.
30