Ev Tozu Akarlarının Yaygınlığının Mesken Tipi, Kişi Sayısı, Evcil

Ev Tozu Akarlarının Yaygınlığının Mesken Tipi, Kişi Sayısı, Evcil

Animal Health Prod and Hyg (2013) 2(2) : 198 - 202
Research Article
Investigation of Relation among Type of Dwelling, Presence of Pets-Flowers and Number of
People of House Dust Mites
Osman Selçuk Aldemir1, Feyzullah Güçlü2
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University,Aydın, Turkey. 2Department of Parasitology,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University,Konya, Turkey.
1
ABSTRACT
Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and species of house dust mites (HDM). Also, in this
epidemiological and identical study was carried out to investigate the correlation of the type and conditions of dwelling, presence
or absence of pets or flowers inside the house, number of people sharing to the same houses with occur located in house dust
mites having medical importance in various saci-economical habitats.
Material and Method: In order to isolate house dust mites, a new technique which has less time and labour than others techniques
was employed. A number of 280 house dust samples from different saci-economical habitats in Konya Province (Region) were
investigated.
Results and Conclusion: A total of 512 Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were detected consisting of 379 male ( 74.02 %) and 133
female (25.98 %) from 124 house (44.28 %) . A very high rate of house dust mites was found in August. But on January, February
and March were not found parasite. It was shown that 55.26 % house dust mites obtained from detached houses, 42.56 % house
dust mites obtained from flats, 49.33 % house with central heating system and 22.64 % house with primitive heating system,
37.19 % in concrete house, 48.29 % in Brichet house and 66.66 % in Wooden house were determined. Five samples (7,14 %) in 70
samples obtained from carpets; 119 samples (56.66 %) in 20 samples obtained from bedroom were positive for mites. Also 9.67
% in the family of 2 people and 33.06 % in the family of 6 people and up were detected to house dust mites. Consequently, in this
study has been determined to relation among the number of people, presence of pets-flowers, type of dwelling with house dust
mites
Keywords: House dust mites, Diagnose, Prevalence.
Ev Tozu Akarlarının Yaygınlığının Mesken Tipi, Kişi Sayısı, Evcil Hayvan ve Çiçek
Varlığı ile Bağlantılarının Araştırılması
ÖZET
Özbilgi/Amaç: Medikal öneme sahip olan ev tozu akarlarının günlük yaşantımızı geçirdiğimiz yaşanılan ortamlarda bulunan kişi
sayısı, evcil hayvan varlığı, çiçek varlığı, konut tipi, konutun ısıtma şekli gibi kriterler göz önüne alınarak, görülme sıklıklarının ve
türlerinin araştırılması çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır.
Materyal ve Metot: Ev tozu akarlarını izole etmek amacıyla, diğer yöntemlere oranla daha az zaman ve emek sarf edilen yeni
ve tarafımızca modifiye edilmiş bir teknik kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla; farklı sosyo- ekonomik koşullara sahip 280 evden alınan toz
örnekleri incelenmiştir.
Bulgular ve Sonuç: Toplanan 280 evin 124’ünde (% 44,28) 379’u (% 74,02) erkek ve 133’ü (% 25,98) dişi olmak üzere toplam
512 adet Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus türü ev tozu akarı tespit edilmiştir. Akarların mevsimsel insidansına göre dağılımına
bakıldığında; Ocak, Şubat ve Mart aylarında hiçbir parazite rastlanılmazken, Ağustos ayında ise parazitlere en yüksek oranda
rastlanılmıştır. Konutların yapı şekline göre akar görülme sıklığına bakıldığında ise; betonarme evlerde % 37.19, ahşap evlerde
% 66.66 görülürken apartman dairelerinde % 42.16 ve müstakil evlerde %55.26 oranlarında olduğu saptanmıştır. Konutların
ısıtma sistemine göre akar varlığı değerlendirildiğinde; merkezi ısıtma sistemi ile % 49.33 oranında görülürken, soba gibi ilkel
ısıtma sistemleri ile ısıtılan evlerde % 22.64 oranlarında akar saptanmıştır. Konutların beş ayrı yerinden örnekler alınmıştır. Bu
örneklerin alınış yerlerine göre akar görülme oranlarına göre; halıdan alınan örneklerin % 7,14’sinde, yataktan alınan örneklerin
% 56.66’sında akarlar saptanmıştır. Ayrıca aynı evde yaşayan kişi sayısına göre akar görülme oranına bakıldığında 2 kişilik
bir aile de % 9.67 oranında akar saptanırken, 6 kişi ve yukarısı bir ailede ise % 33.06 oranında ev tozu akarı tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç olarak , bu çalışma ile; günlük yaşantımızı geçirdiğimiz yaşanılan ortamlarda bulunan kişi sayısı, evcil hayvan varlığı, çiçek
varlığı, konut tipi, konutun ısıtma şekli gibi kriterlerlerle ev tozu akarlarının görülme sıklığı arasında manidar bir sonuç elde
edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ev tozu akarları (House Dust Mites), Teşhis, Prevalans
Correspondence to: Osman Selcuk Aldemir, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes
University, 09016-Işıklı, Aydın, Turkey. Email: [email protected]
Aldemir ve Güçlü
Presence of Pets-Flowers and Number of People of House Dust Mites
199
.
Figure 1. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.
Şekil 1. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.
Introduction
There are significant increases in allergic diseases nowadays.
Allergens have been found in respiratory tract and skin and the
reason of allergy could be explained many factors including
house dust (Aygan, 2001; August, 1984; Barnetson et al., 1987;
Zee et al., 1988).
Allergic diseases are called as a structure which is IgE and
it could be formed by this antibodies. IgE producing is important
by the environmental factors IgE antibodies are synthesized
as a response from specific antigenic stimulation from B
lymphocyte and plasma cells. IgE molecules present on surface
mast and basophile cells. Mast and basophile cells is made
sensible by IgE molecules eventually, Ca can passed these cells
easily. When the Ca molecules was in side the cells, histamine
and heparin are secreted from the cells. Mucosal oedema,
contracted of muscles, increasing of mucosal secretion and
capillary permeability, thus decreasing of blood pressure is
caused by free histamine. Moreover acute dermatitis can be
seen when antigens of house dust mites passed through to
the skin (Budak, 1992; Fonseca et al., 2003; Smith et al., 2001;
Woodford, 1981)
The major of two allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and
bronchial asthma have been occurred by pollens, molds, bird
feathers, animal hairy, cotton, wood, silk, textile fibers and
house dusts (Budak, 1992; Mitchell et al., 1986; Murray et al.,
1980; Van Bronsiljk, 1981). This severe itching and burning
in noise, continues sneeze and cough were based on from
aeroallergens while the houses being cleaned by vacuumcleaner in houses. The result of the activity of the children who
are sensitive to house dust allergy, the dust might be resprated
and the symptoms of the allergy may be severe (Budak, 1992;
Gürbüz and Mutluay, 1978; Korgaard, 1982). It was reported
that the activities of the children in their house mixed the dust
to respiratored air and allergic children could be affected by
dusts, and also the severity of the allergy was depended on
mixed dusts amounts. Removing of dusts from respratoried air
reduced the severity of allergic symptoms. House dusts have
approx 0.01 to 150 micrometer diameter and originated from
live and dead many matters which are divided into small solid
particles. These dusts are heterogen forms, and contain certain
allergens. The allergens in house dusts are found two forms
such as organic and inorganic allergens (Budak, 1992; Noris et
al., 1988; Stewart and Robinson, 2003). The inorganic allergens
have been occurred by using of furniture, due to their cellulose
fibre which damaged physically and chemically(August, 1984;
Gondo et al., 1996; Murray et al., 1980).
The most common genus of mites found in house dust in North
America and Europe is Dermatophagoides of which there are
two species, D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae are classified as;(
Arlian et al., 1982; Budak, 1989; Budak, 1984; Downs et al.,
2001)
Phylum : Artropoda
Subphylum : Chelicerata
Class: Arachnoidea
Order : Acarina
Suborder : Acaridida
Family :Pyroglyphidae
Genus:Dermatophagoides
Aldemir ve Güçlü
Presence of Pets-Flowers and Number of People of House Dust Mites
200
Table 1. Occurrence and Percentages of mites according to the types of dwelling, construction and heating.
Tablo 1. Konutun türüne ve ısıtma şekline gore ev tozu akarlarının görülme oranları.
Type of accommodation
Number of the houses
Number of the houses with
examination
mites
Flats
242
103
Detached houses
38
21
Concrete house
121
45
Brichet house
147
71
Wooden house
12
8
Central heating
227
112
Primitive heating
53
12
Species : Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
Table 2.
Number of mites according
Species
: Dermatophagoides
farinae to the monthly distribution.
Tablo 2. Ev tozu akarlarının aylara göre bağlı dağılımı.
Numberinofthe middle
There are significant increases in allergic diseases
Months
Dermatophagoides
of Turkey. House
dust mites are responsible
from substantial
♂
part of allergic diseases. So this studypteronyssinus
has been planned
to
January the prevalence and species of house
0 dust mites in
determine
February
0
Konya
(Turkey)
March
0
30
May
37
InJune
this study, a total of 280 house dust 42samples were
investigated
in one year. For this purpose, 53
this study was
January
carried
of house
Augustout to investigate monthly distribution
74
dust
mites, the correlation of the type and60conditions of
September
accommodation,
presence or absence of pets or
October
40flowers inside
the
house, number of people sharing to the same
November
33 house with
occurs
located in house dust mites having medical
December
10 importance
in Total
various saci-economical habitats using a new
technique.
379
April
Material
and Method
After cleaning of houses by vacuum-cleaner with water pool,
ten ml of samples (water with dust) were collected into
centrifugal tubes which as a small bubble clustered from surface
of water pool and the samples were brought to laboratory
for identification of species. The samples were centrifuged
for five minutes at 2000 rpm. The sediment were transferred
from centrifugal tubes into petri dish and examined under a
stereo microscope. The mites in the positive samples were
collected by pastor pipette and placed, following that, they
were dropped in Hoyer’s medium (made from 50 ml distilled
water, 30 g crystalline gum Arabic, 200 g chloral hydrate and
20 ml glycerine). Sclerotized mites were first cleared by placing
them for one day in lacto phenol (50 parts lactic acid, 25 parts
phenol crystals, and 25 parts distilled water). After washing in
several changes of water to remove all traces of lacto phenol,
the specimens were orientated in a drop of mounting medium
on a slide and covered with a cover glass. Mounted specimens
were then baked in a 50 °C incubator for five days and then
identified by light microscopy.
%
42.56
55.26
37.19
48.29
66.66
49.33
22.64
posterior idiosoma of the male. Males were more sclerotized
with enlarged legs I and III. The male aedeagus was located
between the apodemes of leg IV. The female had a well-defined
genital opening anterior to the bursa copulatrix located near
Number
Total Dermatophagoides
the anus. Figure
1. of
Dermatophagoides
pteronyssinus
14
54
♀ % house dust mites obtained from
pteronyssinus
It was shown
that 55.26
0 42.56 % house dust mites obtained
0
detached houses,
from flats
0 Also according to heating0system of houses
were determined.
0 to 49.33 % house with central
0 heating system
were determined
9
39
and 22.64 % house
with primitive heating system.
The rate of
House dust mites
in concrete house,
13 were determined 37.19 %50
14 house and 66.66 % in Wooden
56
48.29 % in Brichet
house. The
occurrence and
samples
20percentages of mites in investigated
73
were summarized
27 in the Table 1 according
101to the types of
accommodation,
22 constriction and heating system.
82
Five samples (7,14
11 %) in 70 samples obtained44from carpets; 119
samples (56.663%) in 20 samples obtained from
13 bedroom were
positive for mites.
133 The interaction of numbers
512mites with their
occurrences were summarized in figure 2. It was shown that
9.67 % in the family of 2 people and 33.06 % in the family of
6 people and up were detected to house dust mites. Also in
the presence of pets in houses of which mites the houses in
which were found 29.16 % while in the presence of flowers, the
corresponding value was 36.77 %.
.
House dust mites were collected from April to October. A very
high rate of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was found in
August. A very low rate of these parasites was October. But on
January, February and March were not found parasite. It was
summarized the incidence of mites according to the monthly
distribution in table 2.
Results
In this study, a number of 280 house dust samples from
different saci-economical habitats were investigated by using a
new modified technique. At the end of the study, a total of 512
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were identified consisting of
379 male ( 74.02 %) and 133 female (25.98 %) from 124 house
(44.28 %).
Both male and female adult house dust mites were globular
in shape, creamy white and had striated cuticle. The female
measured approximately 400-430 µm in length and 300-330
µm in width. The male was approximately 390-420 µm long
and 220-245 µm wide. A pair of suckers was on the ventral
Figure 2. Interaction of number of mites with their occurrences.
Şekil 2. Aynı evde yaşayan kişi sayısına bağlı olarak ev tozu akarlarının
görülme oranları.
Flats
Detached houses
Concrete house
Brichet house
Wooden house
Central heating
Aldemir
ve Güçlü
Primitive
heating
242
38
121
147
12
227
53
201
Table 2. Number of mites according to the monthly distribution.
Tablo 2. Ev tozu akarlarının aylara göre bağlı dağılımı.
Number of
Months
Dermatophagoides
pteronyssinus ♂
January
0
February
0
March
0
April
30
May
37
June
42
January
53
August
74
September
60
October
40
November
33
December
10
Total
379
Discussion
House dust mites inhabit areas and items of the house,as well
as the workplace, that comply with their survival requirements,
such as carpets, curtains, mattresses,pillows, soft toys, books,
and other pieces of upholstered furniture. Common house dust
mites such as Blomia tropicalis (Bt) and Dermatophagoides
pteronyssinus (Dp)are inevitably found in every household,
predominantly in areas of the world with high relative humidity
and warm temperatures(Gürbüz and Mutluay, 1978; Mitchell,
1985).
.
House dust mites 23-94.5 % in Europe, 16.9-77.5% in North
America, 47-100% in South America and 26.4-88.1% in Far
East(Mora et al., 2003; Mosbech et al., 1988).
Nowadays, a lot of techniques are used in the diagnosis
of house dust mites(August, 1984; Barnetson et al., 1987;
Hirschmann, 1986; Pauli, 2000). However in the present study
a new modified technique was choosen for considered to have
less time and labour by vacuum-cleaner with water pool.
In this study, in 124 ( 44.28 %) of the 280 sample of house
dusts, D. pteronyssinus were detected. In the some studies
(Arlian et al., 1982; Murray et al., 1980; Sidenius et al.,
2002) according to monthly distribution of house dust mites
have been reported that the highest level is July and October.
Conversely, some researchers (Gondo et al., 1996; Mitchell
and Wilkins, 1985; Roberts, 1984) have expressed that the
density of house dust mites increased in the autumn (May and
October). Similarly, Budak (1989) in September and October,
Aygan (2001) in October and November, the highest density of
house dust mites have reported.
In this study, the highest rate of house dust mites was found in
August. A very low rate of these parasites was October. But on
January, February and March were not found parasite.Previous
studies reported that house dusts were seen detached houses
rather than apartments 4, 5. On the contrary more mites were
seen in apartments than detached houses. In parallel with
the result of Budak (1989), house-dust mites were seen to
preferably live in Brigit made houses rather than concrete
buildings.
House-dust mites were also reported not to survive longer
than 11 days in the conditions of 26-27ºC and 70-75% relative
humidity 22. Mites found in the houses can reflect the ecological
biotopes. Thus, especially in bedrooms and things located in
the bedrooms are the places where mites normally copulate,
103
42.56
21
55.26
45
37.19
71
48.29
8
66.66
112
49.33
Presence
12of Pets-Flowers and Number of People
22.64of House Dust Mites
Number of
Dermatophagoides
pteronyssinus ♀
0
0
0
9
13
14
20
27
22
14
11
3
133
Total Dermatophagoides
pteronyssinus
0
0
0
39
50
56
73
101
82
54
44
13
512
fed, lay eggs etc(Mosbech et al., 1988; Murray et al., 1980). In
another study (Murray et al., 1980), sampling from such places
revealed that, 13000 mites/gr dusts were determined.
In this study mites detected from 124 housed end 56.66 % were
from bedroom while 7,14% from carpets from the other rooms
of the houses. This, bedroom and pillows, blankets sheet ete)
could be said to be appropriate environments for mite life.
If the numbers of the people in the house increases, the
hygiene inside houses may not be obtained regularly. So it was
shown that incidence of house dust mites was a relationship
with the numbers of people.
Consequently, in this study has been determined to relation
among the number of people, presence of pets-flowers,
type of dwelling with house dust mites. Dermatophagoides
pteronyssinus is show with a high percentage (seen 44.28% of
the samples).
In order to kill mites by acarisid makes virtually no sense.
Because, this could also lead to killing of natural enemies of
mites to invade environment(Arlian et al., 1982; Hirschmann,
1986; Mitchell, et al., 1986; Pauli, 2000). In addition, killing
of mites would not the resolution since faeces of them
contains some allergic glicoproteins with a 24.000 Dalton MW.
Inhalation of these substances needs to be prevented(Lind,
et al., 1987; Mosbech et al., 1988; Murray et al., 1980; PlattsMills, 1983; Roberts, 1984; Saraçlar, 1989). To remove of the
mites by vacuum cleaner with water system inside the houses
is presently seen the most effective way.
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