nfluence of the combination of landscape, hoyran lake and wind

nfluence of the combination of landscape, hoyran lake and wind

Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü
Matbaa ve Basımevi
PK. 401 Kalaba - Ankara / TÜRKİYE
ISBN: 978-975-561-432-8
INFLUENCE OF THE COMBINATION OF LANDSCAPE, HOYRAN LAKE
AND WIND DIRECTIONS OVER THE CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS IN
THE CEDAR FOREST OF BARLA MOUNTAIN AND THE HABITAT OF
THE RED ANTS (Formica rufa L.)
Mustafa AVCI(1), M. Doğan KANTARCI(2), Fikriye ÖÇAL(1)
ABSTRACT
The northern part of Eğirdir Lake has been distinguished as “Hoyran Lake”. The
humidified air mass evaporating from the lake during the summer months are pushed to the
southwest though the northeastern winds and to the north facing slopes of the Barla Mountain
and rest there. The humid air of the lake has enabled the growth of a cedar forest on the north
facing slopes of Barla Mountain (Kantarcı,M.D.1982,1985,1990). Such climate characteristics
have enabled the expansion of the red ants (Formica rufa L.) (Hymenoptera Formicidae) in
Garip Forest.
Within the scope of the study entitled “examination of the habitat/living environment
preferred by the red ants” which was conducted in the Barla Montain Cedar Forest during the
years between 2010 and 2011 (Avcı, M. et al 2011), the hourly temperatures, wind directions
and air humidity rates have been measured at the altitude of 1500 m. The measurements were
conducted in the months VI, VII, VIII, IX and X in 2010. The comparison of such
measurements with those of the data obtained from Yalvaç Meteorology Station during the
same months has presented an interesting pattern of relations.
The relationship between the landscape/climate characteristics of Garip Forest and the
habitat/living environment of the red ants where they chose to create their nests have been
studied.
90 sample areas have been scanned in the total research area of 582,3 ha. A total of 132 ant
nests have been identified in 41 sample areas. While the prevailing tree type in the research
area is cedar, it is possible to observe stands where Black Pines and Junipers are mixed
together. The ants have particularly expanded over the pure cedar stands where, as a source of
nutrition, pests are abundantly available.
Majority of the identified nests are located in the pure wooded cedar stands with the
enclosure of 40-70% and >70%. The red ant nests are mostly concentrated between the
altitudes of 1500 and 1700 m and on the north facing slopes with inclination of 15°-26°. The
parent rock in our study is lime stone and the ground is calcareous clay loam/clay ground and
it is in clastic form (porous and ventilable). The ants seem to have preferred the bottom parts
of the trees and overturned trunks and the trunks lying among the bushes in open spaces as the
location for their nests.
Key words: Hoyran Lake, wind direction, Garip Forest, climate, Formica rufa, ecological
relations.
(1) Prof. Dr. Mustafa AVCI, Süleyman Demirel Üni. Orman Fakültesi Orman Entomolojisi ve Koruma A. D.Isparta. e-mail: [email protected] – Tlf. 0246-2113963
(1) Fikriye ÖÇAL; Süleyman Demirel Üni. Orman Fakültesi, Isparta.
(2) Prof. Dr. M. Doğan KANTARCI (EM); İstanbul Üni. Orman Fakültesi Toprak İlmi ve Ekoloji A. D.
Bahçeköy-İstanbul. E-mail: [email protected] – Tlf. 0532-416 65 97
1. INTRODUCTION
Climate characteristics are examined and assessed within the scope of climatology as much
as they are used and evaluated within the scope of other sciences and application areas.
Chief among such areas of science are ecology and other science disciplines that use
ecological knowledge. This is because ecology examines and analyses the characteristics and
relations of living beings within their own habitat/living environment. One of the four
elements of habitat is the climatic characteristics. Arithmetic scales of science are
transformed into that of biometric scales in ecological terms. The present study has been
conducted in order to identify the relationship between the climate characteristics and the
habitat conditions of red wood ants. However the climate characteristics are not totally
dependent on the atmospheric events. Geological features, parent rock and soil properties
significantly influence the local climate conditions as well. The living population, which is
the research subject of this study, is, on the one hand, dependent on the climate conditions
changing in line with the geological conditions and, on the other hand, the tree and bush types
that constitute the forest itself, as well as the places where food is found and other living
populations that may harm them. If the main reason for the existence of such living
population is a lake or the direction of winds then the equation gets a bit more complicated.
The parent rock and soil properties are influential in the habitat where the living population is
nested. Presenting a system of such complicated ecological relations is only possible by
relying on the extensive knowledge and scientific appreciation on the part of the reader.
2. RESEARCH AREA
The research area is the cedar forest that is situated on the north facing slopes of Barla
Mountain between the Gelincik and Kıroğ mountain. That cedar forest is called the “Garip Forest”,
named after the village situated in the lowland by the same name and remains in the form of a forest
belt among the black pine-cedar-juniper forests. The name of Prof. Dr. Bekir Sıtkı Ecimen (Bekir
Baba), that from the forestry faculty İstanbul is, given to the Cedar Forest (see Map 1) (OGM1987).
The cedar forest covers an area of 1150 to 2000 meters starting from Senirkent Lowland in the Garip
Forest on the northern slope of Barla Mountain (Figure 1).
- The lower section of the cedar belt covers an area of 1150 to 1400 meters. Blackthorns (Paliurus
spina-christi syn. P. aculeatus), kermes oaks (Quercus coccifera) and prickly junipers (Juniperus
oxycedrus) are abundant in those lower parts. Moreover the black pines (Pinus nigra) are also rather
abundant in those lower belts.
- The middle section of the cedar belt covers an area of 1400 to 1700 meters. The cedar seems to be
more dominant in the middle section, and the bush types disappear or diminish toward higher areas.
However Berberis Thunbergii (Berberis crataegina) seems to be expansive in those areas. The Toros
juniper (Juniperus excelsa) and aromatic juniper (Juniperus foetidissima) accompanying the cedar in
the lower parts are significantly increased in number in the middle section.
- The upper section of the cedar belt covers an area of 1700 to 2000 meters. The cedar forest gradually
diminishes in size toward the higher parts. Here Toros juniper and aromatic juniper and Berberis
Thunbergii bushes are seen in addition to the cedar. Moreover the mountain juniper (Juniperus
sabina) are situated in the higher belt. Whereas the black pine is rather scattered on those parts
(Kantarcı, M.D. 1982-90, Karatepe, Y. 2004).
Map 1. The interaction effect of Hoyran lake, landscape and wind directions over the
Garip-Cedar Forest in Barla Mountain
DRY AND COOLER
NORTHEAST WIND
THE AIR MASSES BLOW
OVER HOYRAN LAKE AND
BRING THE MOISTURE
TO CEDAR FOREST
364 mm
CEDAR
FOREST
PRECIPITATION 629,9 mm
445,2 mm
739,5 mm
514 mm
542,6mm
673,6 mm
*
KAYNAK: YAĞIŞ MİKTARLARI Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Gnl. Md’lüğü 1974 Meteoroloji Bülteninden alınmıştır.
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
Figure 1. Cedar Forest at the northern slope of Mount Barla and the meteorological
measuring tool and the nest of forest ants
The research area has been distinguished as “Senirkent Habitat Region”, which covers the basin of
Senirkent and Gençali Lowlands (Kantarcı, 1990). The region is under the influence of the dry
prevailing wind originating from northeast that passes over the “Yalvaç Region” and blowd the humid
air masses above the Hoyran Lake towards southwest. The humid air causes increase in precipitation
as it gets cold through ascending towards the northern slopes of Barla Mountain and thus causes the
region to retain a humid character. For this reason the precipitation recorded as 364 mm in Gençali,
on the shore of the Hoyran Lake, rises up to 733 mm in Senirkent and 740 mm in Uluborlu (Map 1).
3. METHOD
3.1. The areas where ant nests are located in the Garip Forest have been systematically
scanned. The properties of the spots where the ant nests are located, liveliness and sizes of such nests
have been identified (See Maps 2, 3, 4).
Map 2.
2. The
The study
Map
study network
network in
inCedar
Cedarforest
foreston
onthe
thenorthern
northernflank
flankBarla
BarlaMountain
Mountain
Map3.3.The
Thelocations
locationsofof
ants
nestsinin
cedar
forest
northern
flank
Barla
Mountain
Map
thethe
ants
nests
cedar
forest
onon
thethe
northern
flank
of of
Barla
Mountain
Map 4. The
The habitat
habitat of
ofthe
thered
redants
ants in
in Cedar
Cedarforest
foreston
onthe
thenorthern
northern flank
flankofofBarla
BarlaMountain
Mountain
3.2. In the Cedar Forest (Garip Forest) of Barla Mountain has been measured in terms of hourly and
daily temperature, precipitation, humidity and wind directions during June, July, August, September
and October in 2010 in the measuring point at 1515 meters altitude. At the same time such
measurements have been compared to the measurements performed at the meteorology stations
located in Senirkent and Yalvaç. The average temperature values and the amount of precipitation in
Garip Forest have been calculated according to the 100 m levels.
3.3. Periodic temperature values and precipitation changes have evaluated during the
warming/aridification period in accordance with the measurements of the Senirkent and Yalvaç
meteorology stations. The values in the warming and aridification process have been employed in the
calculation of the average temperature and precipitation values of Garip Forest.
4. FINDINGS
4.1. Meteorological measurements in the Garip forest
A temporary meteorology station has been placed on a tree in the open area of the
cedar stand at 1515 meters altitude in Garip Forest (See Figure 1). The (air) distance between
that spot and the Senirkent Meteorology Station is 14 km. The temporary meteorology station
has been operated in the months VI, VII, VIII, IX and X. The station could not be operated in
the months earlier than and after such months due to the climate and land road conditions.
Findings obtained have been given in the Tables 1, 2, 3 and Figures 3, 4, 5, 6 comparative to
the data obtained from the Senirkent and Yalvaç stations.
Figure 3.1. The wind directions and blowing ratio at 1500 m altitude in Cedar forest
on the northern flank of Mount Barla (20.6. - 30.6.2010)
BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (Garip Ormanı 1500 m)
SAATLİK RÜZGÂR YÖNLERİ ESME ORANLARI 20.6.2010 - 30.6.2010
0,7
0,6
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
0,4
E-NE
E-NE
N
0,3
E-NE
E-NE
N
0,2
N
N
0,1
0
N
0
-0,2
SW
-0,3
HOURS
23.00
22.00
21.00
20.00
19.00
18.00
17.00
16.00
15.00
14.00
13.00
12.00
11.00
10.00
09.00
08.00
07.00
06.00
05.00
04.00
03.00
02.00
-0,1
01.00
0,0
00.00
NIGHTS MOUNTAIN BREZE - DAYTIME LAKE BREEZE
0,5
SW W-SW W-SW
SW
SW W-SW SW
-0,4
-0,5
W-SW
-0,6
W-SW W-SW
-0,7
W-SW
-0,8
-0,9
-1,0
W-SW
W-SW
KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. tarafından 2010 yılında Kapıdağ’da yapılan sıcaklık ölçmelerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir.
W-SW W-SW
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
Figure 3.2. The wind directions and blowing ratio at 1500 m altitude in Cedar forest
on the northern flank of Mount Barla (1-31.7.2010)
BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (Garip Ormanı 1500 m)
TEMMUZ 2010 AYINDA SAATLİK RÜZGÂR YÖNLERİ VE ESME ORANLARI
1
0,9
0,8
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
W
-0,2
SW
-0,3
SW
SW
W-SW
HOURS
23.00
22.00
21.00
20.00
19.00
18.00
17.00
16.00
15.00
14.00
W
B
W W B
B B
W
SW SW SW
B SW
W-SW
GB GB GB GB
GB GB
13.00
09.00
08.00
07.00
W W
06.00
04.00
03.00
W
02.00
01.00
0,1
05.00
E-NE
NE NE
NW
0,2
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
NE
NE
KB
NW
NE
NW
NE NW NW
NE
11.00
0,3
0
NE
NE NE
E-NE
E-NE
NE
10.00
NE
0,4
-0,1
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
0,5
00.00
NIGHTS MOUNTAIN BREEZE – DAYTIME LAKE BREEZEİ
0,6
12.00
0,7
-0,4
-0,5
-0,6
-0,7
-0,8
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW
W-SWW-SW
W-SW
W-SW W-SW
W-SW
W-SW W-SW
-0,9
-1
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. tarafından 2010 yılında Kapıdağ’da yapılan sıcaklık ölçmelerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir.
Figure 3.3. The wind directions and blowing ratio at 1500 m altitude in Cedar forest
on the northern flank of Mount Barla (1-31.8.2010)
BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (Garip Ormanı 1500 m) AĞUSTOS 2010 AYINDA SAATLİK RÜZGÂR YÖNLERİ VE ESME ORANLARI
0,9
0,8
E-NE
0,7
0,6
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
0,4
E-SE
E-SE
E-SE
E-SE
E-SE
E-SE
B
-0,2
HOURS
W-SW
B
B
23.00
B
22.00
21.00
B
20.00
19.00
B
18.00
17.00
B
16.00
B
15.00
14.00
13.00
12.00
11.00
10.00
E
E-SE
E-SE
09.00
B
08.00
B
07.00
B
06.00
B
05.00
B
04.00
B
03.00
-0,1
02.00
0
01.00
E
E-SE
E-SE
E-NE
E-SE
E-SE
0,1
DGD
0,2
E-SE
0,3
00.00
NIGHTS MOUNTAINS BREEZE - DAYTIME KAKE BREEZE
0,5
B
B
-0,3
-0,4
W-SW
-0,5
-0,6
-0,7
-0,8
-0,9
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW W-SWW-SW
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW W-SW
KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. tarafından 2010 yılında Barla Dağı Sedir Ormanında (1500 m) yapılan rüzgâr yönü ölçmelerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir.
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
Figure 3.4. The wind directions and blowing ratio at 1500 m altitude in Cedar forest
on the northern flank of Mount Barla (1-30.9.2010)
KAPIDAĞ'DA (Barla Dağı) EYLÜL 2010 AYINDA SAATLİK RÜZGÂR YÖNLERİ VE ESME ORANLARI
1
0,9
0,8
E-NE
0,7
E-NE
0,5
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
N-NE
0,3
0,2
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
N-NE
0,4
0,1
-0,2
-0,3
SW
SW
SW
SW
W-SW
-0,4
SW SW
23.00
22.00
21.00
W
20.00
19.00
18.00
W
W
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
W-SW
W-SW
SW
HOURS
17.00
16.00
15.00
B
14.00
13.00
12.00
11.00
10.00
09.00
08.00
07.00
BW
06.00
05.00
W
04.00
03.00
02.00
-0,1
E-NE
01.00
0
00.00
NIGHTS MOUNTAIN BREEZE – DAYTIME LAKE BREEZEİ
0,6
W BWBW
SW
SW
-0,5
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW
-0,6
-0,7
W-SW
W-SW W-SW W-SW
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW W-SWW-SW
-0,8
-0,9
W-SW
-1
KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. tarafından 2010 yılında Kapıdağ’da yapılan sıcaklık ölçmelerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir.
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
Figure 3.5. The wind directions and blowing ratio at 1500 m altitude in Cedar forest
on the northern flank of Mount Barla (1-31.10.2010)
0,5
BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (Garip Ormanı 1500 m) EKİM 2010 AYINDA SAATLİK RÜZGÂR YÖNLERİ VE ESME ORANLARI
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE E-NE
E-NE
-0,2
W
SW
W
SW
SW SW
W W
SW SW
NW
W
W W
SW SW
-0,3
23.00
22.00
21.00
NW NW NW
20.00
19.00
W
W SW W SW
W
W
W
SW SW
W
SW
SW
SW
HOURS
W-SW
SW
SW SW
18.00
17.00
16.00
KB
E-NE
E-NE
E-NE
E
E
E NWNW
13.00
12.00
11.00
10.00
07.00
06.00
05.00
04.00
W
E
NW NW
E
W-SW
-0,1
03.00
02.00
01.00
0
E-NE E-NE E-NE
NW
09.00
NW
0,1
08.00
E
NW NW
E
E
15.00
E-NE
0,2
00.00
NIGHTS MOUNTAIN BREEZE – DAYTIME LAKE BREEZEİ
0,3
14.00
0,4
W
W
SW
SW SW
-0,4
W-SW
-0,5
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW
-0,6
W-SW
-0,7
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW W-SW
W-SW
W-SW
W-SW W-SW W-SW
-0,8
KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. tarafından 2010 yılında Kapıdağ’da yapılan sıcaklık ölçmelerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir.
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
Table 1 Course of the air humidity ratio at the time of day in the Months 2010
in Cedar forest (1500 m) on the north flank of Mount Barla
Figure 4. Comparison of the air humidity at the time of day in the Months 2010
in Cedar forest (1500 m) on the north flank of Mount Barla
60,8
46,8
31,3
56,9
81,6
58,1
43,0
29,0
52,8
78,1
56,5
41,0
26,4
48,8
74,5
60,2
39,3
25,1
44,9
72,2
66,0
37,3
24,7
42,8
68,9
72,2
43,7
31,1
40,8
69,0
75,7
52,0
34,4
41,4
71,7
75,8
54,5
36,0
45,2
77,4
76,5
57,9
37,8
50,6
77,8
76,6
60,4
39,6
51,2
77,7
79,5
64,3
42,4
52,7
77,8
81,5
67,0
44,0
55,4
77,2
81,5
69,4
46,5
58,0
78,5
77,2
44,0
78,5
77,8
77,7
39,6
42,4
77,8
37,8
65
77,4
69,0
70
36,0
67,8
26,7
75
71,7
68,9
24,7
14.00
72,2
25,1
13.00
80
34,4
20.00
19.00
18.00
17.00
16.00
15.00
11.00
10.00
09.00
08.00
07.00
06.00
05.00
04.00
03.00
02.00
01.00
0
HOURS
00.00
5
KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. 2010 ölçmelerinden derlenip, değerlendirilmiştir.
20.06.2010
21.06.2010
22.06.2010
23.06.2010
24.06.2010
25.06.2010
26.06.2010
27.06.2010
28.06.2010
29.06.2010
30.06.2010
YALVAÇ
DAILY %
70,8
63,3
52
71,9
78,8
87,3
68,7
65,6
79,1
67
68
46,5
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
Table 2. The air humidity in Cedar forest
(1500 m) in Barla Mountain, in Senirkent
and in Yalvaç in June 2010
CEDAR-1500 m
DAILY %
71,3
41,7
49,3
75,0
76,6
93,9
82,8
75,1
84,2
68,8
75,1
Figure 5. Comparison of the air humidity
ratio between Cedar Forest 1500 m,
Senirkent and Yalvaç of June 2010
BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (1500 m) İLE SENİRKENT (1000 m) VE YALVAÇ'TA (1100 m)
HAZİRAN 2010 AYINDAN GÜNLÜK ORTALAMA HAVA NEMİ ORANLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
AIR HUMIDITY %
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
SENİRKENT
DAILY %
59,6
48,4
41,4
58,9
61,8
90,6
60,8
59,1
76,9
60,8
66,3
23.00
10
22.00
15
20-30.VI.2010
1-31.VII.2010
1-31.VIII.2011
1-30.IX.2012
1-31.X.2010
21.00
20
31,1
25
29,0
30
31,3
35
34,6
40
38,0
45
42,0
50
45,4
55
51,6
60
56,5
RATİO OF AIR HUMIDITY %
67,3
38,8
26,7
42,1
67,8
BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANINDA 2010 YILI YAZ VE SONBAHAR AYLARINDA
ORTALAMA HAVA NEMİ ORANLARININ GÜN BOYUNCA SAATLİK DEĞİŞİMİ
74,5
62,5
51,0
34,6
60,9
86,1
26,4
67,2
55,4
38,0
71,8
89,0
12.00
68,1
59,7
42,0
71,3
88,5
78,1
84,7
51,9
72,9
64,8
45,4
68,5
88,4
81,6
82,9
50,2
73,5
68,8
51,6
68,5
86,9
86,1
82,1
49,5
85
81,4
90
48,4
95
82,1
81,2
56,5
67,5
85,4
89,0
80,7
79,2
51,9
65,8
84,7
88,4
79,8
77,7
50,2
62,8
82,9
86,9
1-31.X.2010 81,4
78,8
76,3
49,5
61,1
82,1
88,5
00.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00
85,4
HOURS
20-30.VI.2010 77,8
1-31.VII.2010 74,0
1-31.VIII.2011 48,4
1-30.IX.2012 58,9
KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. 2010 ölçmelerinden derlenip, değerlendirilmiştir.
30.06.2010
29.06.2010
28.06.2010
27.06.2010
26.06.2010
25.06.2010
24.06.2010
23.06.2010
22.06.2010
21.06.2010
20.06.2010
DAYS
SENİRKENT GÜNLÜK
DAYLY %%
DAYLY %%
YALVAÇ GÜNLÜK
DAYLY %%
SEDİR-1500 m GÜNLÜK
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
Table 3. The air humidity in Cedar forest (1500 m) Barla, Mountain, in Senirkent
and in Yalvaç in july 2010
Figure 6. Comparison of the air humidity ratio between Cedar Forest 1500 m, Senirkent
and Yalvaç of July 2010
95
SENİRKENT GÜNLÜK
%
DAYLY %
90
DAYLY %
YALVAÇ GÜNLÜK
%
85
DAYLY %
SEDİR-1500 m GÜNLÜK
%
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. 2010 ölçmelerinden derlenip, değerlendirilmiştir.
31.07.2010
29.07.2010
27.07.2010
25.07.2010
23.07.2010
21.07.2010
19.07.2010
17.07.2010
15.07.2010
13.07.2010
0
DAYS
11.07.2010
5
09.07.2010
72,8
64,1
60,5
57,4
57,7
63,5
59,3
58,4
71,7
70,9
61,6
54,0
54,1
54,5
60,4
66,4
58,0
48,8
52,8
65,8
65,3
61,3
59,7
58,7
47,2
55,7
51,4
58,2
60,5
48,4
34,2
07.07.2010
63,3
55,5
48,4
45,6
49,9
55,5
53,9
47,8
56,2
57
55,1
48,8
45,5
44,6
47
52,4
40,8
37,2
24,3
40,5
BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (1500 m) İLE SENİRKENT (1000 m) VE YALVAÇ'TA (1100 m)
TEMMUZ 2010 AYINDA GÜNLÜK ORTALAMA HAVA NEMİ ORANLARI
05.07.2010
54,6
50,7
50,8
53,2
48,9
50,2
42,8
46
52,6
54,2
49,2
43,9
42
39,4
43,4
52,3
42,8
43,4
50,6
54,8
49,7
44
44,1
47,1
43,4
47,9
41
44,6
45,9
44,3
37,4
100
03.07.2010
SEDİR-1500 m
DAYLY %
01.07.2010
YALVAÇ
DAYLY %
AIR HUMIDITY %
01.07.2010
02.07.2010
03.07.2010
04.07.2010
05.07.2010
06.07.2010
07.07.2010
08.07.2010
09.07.2010
10.07.2010
11.07.2010
12.07.2010
13.07.2010
14.07.2010
15.07.2010
16.07.2010
17.07.2010
18.07.2010
19.07.2010
20.07.2010
21.07.2010
22.07.2010
23.07.2010
24.07.2010
25.07.2010
26.07.2010
27.07.2010
28.07.2010
29.07.2010
30.07.2010
31.07.2010
SENİRKENT
DAYLY %
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
Table 4. The air humidity in Cedar forest (1500 m)Barla, Mountain, in Senirkent and
in Yalvaç in August 2010
Figure 7. Comparison of the air humidity ratio between Cedar Forest 1500 m,
Senirkent and Yalvaç of August 2010
100
BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (1500 m) İLE SENİRKENT (1000 m) VE YALVAÇ'TA (1100 m)
AĞUSTOS 2010 AYINDA GÜNLÜK ORTALAMA HAVA NEMİ ORANLARI
95
90
85
SENİRKENT GÜNLÜK
%
DAYLY %
80
DAYLY %
YALVAÇ GÜNLÜK
%
75
DAYLY %
SEDİR-1500 m GÜNLÜK
%
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. 2010 ölçmelerinden derlenip, değerlendirilmiştir.
31.08.2010
30.08.2010
29.08.2010
28.08.2010
27.08.2010
26.08.2010
25.08.2010
24.08.2010
23.08.2010
22.08.2010
21.08.2010
20.08.2010
19.08.2010
18.08.2010
17.08.2010
16.08.2010
15.08.2010
14.08.2010
13.08.2010
12.08.2010
11.08.2010
10.08.2010
09.08.2010
08.08.2010
07.08.2010
06.08.2010
05.08.2010
04.08.2010
03.08.2010
0
DAYS
02.08.2010
5
01.08.2010
YALVAÇ SEDİR-1500 m
DAYLY %
DAYLY %
30,5
38,8
36,3
30,3
53,1
57,4
53,3
47,4
45,8
27,2
45,3
31,6
37,6
28,9
34,3
31,1
31,1
40,8
39,8
31,1
40,1
41,1
32
39,2
36
52,3
35,2
43,7
36,6
43,9
27
28,9
26,7
27,6
30,3
33,9
35,3
39,1
37,8
34,8
41,6
36,4
43,2
34,7
47,6
38,8
AIR HUMIDITY %
01.08.2010
02.08.2010
03.08.2010
04.08.2010
05.08.2010
06.08.2010
07.08.2010
08.08.2010
09.08.2010
10.08.2010
11.08.2010
12.08.2010
13.08.2010
14.08.2010
15.08.2010
16.08.2010
17.08.2010
18.08.2010
19.08.2010
20.08.2010
21.08.2010
22.08.2010
23.08.2010
24.08.2010
25.08.2010
26.08.2010
27.08.2010
28.08.2010
29.08.2010
30.08.2010
31.08.2010
SENİRKENT
DAYLY %
32,8
35
32,6
30,8
46,1
45,3
42,6
42,9
39
42,3
36,4
32,4
29,3
29,5
34,3
36,5
30,2
33,9
36,3
34
38,1
36,2
34,6
33
27
29,5
36,2
34,7
37,5
35,7
38,8
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
Table 5. The air humidity in Cedar forest (1500 m)Barla, Mountain, in Senirkent
and in Yalvaç in September 2010
Figure 8. Comparison of the air humidity ratio between Cedar Forest 1500 m,
Senirkent and Yalvaç of September 2010
YALVAÇ
DAYLY %
44,5
43,4
41,7
42
49,2
56,8
50,7
37,9
34,5
40,5
58,5
65,8
53,2
45,4
44,8
58,4
43,1
34,8
42,2
50,4
52,5
48,6
45,4
44,4
51,6
54,5
55
48,9
62,2
67,6
BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (1500 m) İLE SENİRKENT (1000 m) V E YALVAÇ'TA (1100 m)
EYLÜL 2010 AYINDA GÜNLÜK ORTALAMA HAVA NEMİ ORANLARI
SEDİR-1500 m
DAYLY %
66,5
71,3
53,5
44,3
40,5
59,2
70,0
57,9
48,0
41,4
36,6
54,8
82,4
69,1
59,4
55,3
72,3
62,3
36,8
40,2
57,7
66,8
60,1
47,4
45,1
57,3
51,3
58,2
53,8
56,6
100
95
DAYLY %
SENİRKENT GÜNLÜK
%
90
DAYLY %
YALVAÇ GÜNLÜK
%
85
DAYLY %
SEDİR-1500 m GÜNLÜK
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
DAYS
01.09.2010
02.09.2010
03.09.2010
04.09.2010
05.09.2010
06.09.2010
07.09.2010
08.09.2010
09.09.2010
10.09.2010
11.09.2010
12.09.2010
13.09.2010
14.09.2010
15.09.2010
16.09.2010
17.09.2010
18.09.2010
19.09.2010
20.09.2010
21.09.2010
22.09.2010
23.09.2010
24.09.2010
25.09.2010
26.09.2010
27.09.2010
28.09.2010
29.09.2010
30.09.2010
01.09.2010
02.09.2010
03.09.2010
04.09.2010
05.09.2010
06.09.2010
07.09.2010
08.09.2010
09.09.2010
10.09.2010
11.09.2010
12.09.2010
13.09.2010
14.09.2010
15.09.2010
16.09.2010
17.09.2010
18.09.2010
19.09.2010
20.09.2010
21.09.2010
22.09.2010
23.09.2010
24.09.2010
25.09.2010
26.09.2010
27.09.2010
28.09.2010
29.09.2010
30.09.2010
DAYLY %
60,9
48,9
50
45,1
42,8
52
54,2
47,8
47,6
42,2
41,2
50,1
54,6
47,4
50,6
47,1
64,3
51,9
41,5
43,4
50,9
58,8
50,7
41,9
41,2
51,2
49,8
49
43,4
52,9
AIR HUMIDITY %
SENİRKENT
KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. 2010 ölçmelerinden derlenip, değerlendirilmiştir.
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
Table 6. The air humidity in Cedar forest (1500 m) Barla, Mountain, in Senirkent
and in Yalvaç in October 2010
Figure 9. Comparison of the air humidity ratio between Cedar Forest 1500 m,
Senirkent and Yalvaç of October 2010
SENİRKENT
YALVAÇ
SEDİR-1500 m
DAYLY %
DAYLY %
DAYLY %
01.10.2010
53
57,9
68,1
02.10.2010
52,9
54,8
71,9
03.10.2010
51,3
52,8
66,3
04.10.2010
53,7
55,7
69,0
05.10.2010
47,7
51,6
60,1
06.10.2010
45,8
46,1
52,3
07.10.2010
60,8
62,9
74,6
75
08.10.2010
72,8
71,5
96,4
70
09.10.2010
66,6
66,5
90,8
10.10.2010
49,6
55
70,1
11.10.2010
45
46,5
56,4
12.10.2010
83,9
85
86,8
13.10.2010
71,7
73,7
78,9
14.10.2010
66,7
85,6
72,0
15.10.2010
61,5
81,7
73,2
16.10.2010
82,9
88,4
87,0
17.10.2010
77
82,2
88,0
18.10.2010
77,7
86,2
83,6
35
19.10.2010
67
89,4
67,4
30
20.10.2010
78,9
92,1
82,6
21.10.2010
71,5
82,2
86,0
22.10.2010
76,3
77,8
87,7
20
23.10.2010
74,3
76,3
87,2
24.10.2010
15
75,6
78,3
88,2
25.10.2010
73,9
77
80,6
26.10.2010
83,1
85,4
83,4
5
27.10.2010
86,6
91,6
92,3
28.10.2010
90,6
97,9
89,4
0
29.10.2010
75,1
87,5
96,5
30.10.2010
73,1
74,2
95,3
31.10.2010
75,8
71,5
79,6
BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (1500 m) İLE SENİRKENT (1000 m) VE YALVAÇ'TA (1100 m)
EKİM 2010 AYINDA GÜNLÜK ORTALAMA HAVA NEMİ ORANLARI
100
95
90
85
80
65
AIR HUMIDITY %
60
55
50
SENİRKENT GÜNLÜK
%
DAYLY %
45
DAYLY %%
YALVAÇ GÜNLÜK
40
DAYLY %
SEDİR-1500 m GÜNLÜK
%
25
KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. 2010 ölçmelerinden derlenip, değerlendirilmiştir.
31.10.2010
29.10.2010
27.10.2010
25.10.2010
23.10.2010
21.10.2010
19.10.2010
17.10.2010
15.10.2010
13.10.2010
11.10.2010
09.10.2010
07.10.2010
05.10.2010
03.10.2010
DAYS
01.10.2010
10
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
4.2. Data from the Senirkent meteorology station
Temperature and precipitation data of the Senirkent Meteorology Station have been
examined in four different periods between 1964-1970, 1970-1982, 1983-1993, 1994-2011.
4.3. Calculation of the average temperature values and the amount of
precipitation according to altitude in Garip Forest
Temperature and precipitation values obtained at the 1500 m altitude in Garip Forest
have been compared to those measured in the Senirkent and Yalvaç stations during the same
period. According to such comparison, it was concluded that the average temperature values
and the amount of precipitation based on altitude in Garip Forest would best be calculated
according to the data obtained from Senirkent. The temperature and precipitation change
between Senirkent (1000 m) and Garip Forest at 1500 m altitude have been estimated as -0,62
C°/100 m and 25,8 mm/100 m respectively. Temperature and precipitation values of Garip
Forest have been calculated according to the monthly average temperature and precipitation
values measured in Senirkent during the 1994-2011 periode (Table 7, 8, 9 and figure 10, 11).
Figure 10. Variation and comparison of the annual mean, maximum and minimum mean
temperatures in the 1970-2011 periode.
20
1994-2011
MEAN 19,3 C
1982-1993
MEAN 17,9 C
1970-1981
MEAN 17,9 C
19
18
17
1964-1970
MEAN 17,3 C
16
15
1994-2011
MEAN 13,0 C
1970-1981
MEAN 12,4 C
14
13
12
11
1964-1970
MEAN 12,4 C
1982-1993
MEAN 12,1 C
10
9
1964-1970
MEAN 7,6 C
8
7
6
5
1970-1981
MEAN 6,6 C
4
1994-2011
MEAN 6,4 C
1982-1993
MEAN 5,7 C
3
2
KAYNAK: Devlet Meteoroloji işleri Gnl. Md’lüğü 1974 ve 2011 verilerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir.
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
0
YEARS
1984
1
1982
17,8
17,4
17,3
17,6
17,5
17,5
17,5
18,5
18,4
18,7
18,1
18,5
17,2
17,2
18,1
18,1
18,8
17,6
17,7
18,6
18,6
17,7
16,5
18,3
19,1
18,4
18,6
17,8
19,5
19,7
18,7
20,3
19,4
18,8
19,2
19,3
18,6
20,2
20,1
19,5
20,9
19,9
1980
13,0
12,4
12,0
12,4
12,1
11,8
11,7
12,6
12,7
13,1
12,5
12,8
11,6
11,6
12,3
12,6
12,9
12,1
12,4
12,7
12,5
11,9
10,5
12,1
13,2
12,5
12,6
11,7
13,3
13,3
12,2
13,9
12,6
12,7
12,7
13,3
12,3
13,5
13,4
13,3
14,5
14,3
ORT.DÜŞ.
C°C
MEAN MIN.
ORTALAMA
MEAN
CC°
MEAN MAX.
ORT.YÜK.
C° C
21
1978
8,3
7,7
7,0
7,3
6,0
5,8
5,4
6,2
6,4
6,9
6,4
6,3
5,4
5,4
6,0
6,3
6,2
5,9
6,4
6,0
5,7
6,0
4,1
5,4
6,8
6,2
6,4
5,6
6,9
6,8
5,4
7,2
6,1
6,1
5,9
6,7
5,8
6,4
6,4
6,9
8,0
7,0
SENİRKENT'TE ORTALAMA, ORTALAMA DÜŞÜK VE
ORTALAMA YÜKSEK SICAKLIK DEĞERLERİNİN DÖNEMSEL DEĞİŞİMİ
1976
MAX.
C°
C°
TEMP. C°
22
1974
MIN.
C°
1000
m
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
MEAN
1972
ANNUAL
1970
SENİR- ANNUAL ANNUAL
KENT MEAN MEAN
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
Figure 11. The variation of the monthly and Annuale Precipitation in Senirkent
in the 1970-2011 periode
PERIODICALY VARIATION OF THE ANNUALE PRECIPITATION IN SENİRKENT
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1964-1970
MEAN 733,5 mm
1994-2011
MEAN 691,1 mm
1970-1981
MEAN 676,2 mm
1982-1993
MEAN 590,5 mm
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
mm
669,3
871,7
484,5
493,3
605,4
760,5
651,9
325,6
831,3
864,9
642,9
912,9
633,4
596,4
562,4
639,8
615,7
681,6
720,7
451,2
440,7
749,5
477,0
517,5
634,1
690,6
760,3
656,6
750,3
608,5
624,7
848,8
607,0
901,5
573,9
613,8
780,0
628,8
416,7
965,2
799,9
578,4
PRECIPITATION mm
ANNUALY
PERIODICALY VARIATION OF THE MONTHLY PRACIPITATION IN SENİRKENT
1964-1970
1994-2011
DIFFERENCE
1964/1970-1994/2011
FARK
1964-1970/1994-2011
PRECIPITATION mm
SENİRKENT
1000 m
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
-7,5
I
II
4,2
2,9
2,9
III
IV
-5,5
V
VI
12,1
VII
-3,9
21,2
IX
X
3,2
VIII
1,9
XI
XII
-44,9
-28,8
MOUNTH
VARIATION OF
PERIODE
1964-1970
1970-1981
1982-1993
1994-2011
THE MONTHLY AND ANNUALY PRECIPITATION IN SENİRKENT
ANNUAL
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
mm
109,3 92,4 77,5 74,4 48,1 37,6
7,9
8,8 28,2 33,3 67,0 148,8
733,5
111,0 81,8 69,1 54,2 67,2 37,5 11,3
8,3 12,8 57,5 66,5
99,2
676,2
55,3 66,3 65,5 77,5 51,9 36,6 13,4 11,6
7,9 37,4 81,7
85,6
590,5
80,5 84,9 81,7 77,3 51,0 32,1 20,0 12,0 24,3 54,5 68,9 103,9
691,1
DIFFERENCE
-28,8 -7,5
4,2
2,9
2,9 -5,5 12,1
3,2 -3,9 21,2
1,9 -44,9
-42,4
WINTER PRECIPITATION (SNOW) IS DECREASED
1964-1970/1994-2011
KAYNAK: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Gnl. Md’lüğü 1974 ve 2011 verilerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir.
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
Table 7. Comparison of the mean temperature between Cedar Forest, Senirkent and Yalvaç
Figure 12. Comparison of the mean temperature between Cedar Forest,Senirkent and Yalvaç
DIFFERENCE
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
SENİRKENT
- CEDAR
FOREST
3,7
3,6
2,8
2,8
3,3
27,5
25,4
24,6
23,9
19,0
24,7
21,7
DIFFERENCE
DIFFERENCE
C°/100m
0,74
0,73
0,57
0,56
0,67
YALVAÇ CEDAR
FOREST
1,93
2,7
1,2
1,4
1,7
SEDİR ORM. 1500 m
YALVAÇ 1100 m
C°/100m
0,48
0,70
0,30
0,35
0,44
4,0
Comment:
1.Mess point in Cedar Forest is west of Hoyran lake,
and is among the North-East Windeffeckt.
2.Yalvaç is less cold and dry north-easterly wind
effect on Sultan Mountains (Map 1).
3. Senirkent located at 1000m in the lowlands
and is still warm.
DIFFERENCE (C /100 m)
3,7
3,5
21,1
3,3
3,6
2,8
3,0
19,7
17,2
DIFFERENCE
SENİRKENT 1000 m
2,8
2,7
SENİRKENT/KAPIDAĞ
C°
SENİRKENT/CEDAR FOREST
C
2,5
18,3
SENİRKENT TO 1500 C°/100m
m C /100m
SENİRKENT/KAPIDAĞ
YALVAÇ/CEDAR FOREST
C
YALVAÇ/KAPIDAĞ
C°
12,9
15,3
11,3
9,6
TEMPERATURE C
29,0
28,0
27,0
26,0
25,0
24,0
23,0
22,0
21,0
20,0
19,0
18,0
17,0
16,0
15,0
14,0
13,0
12,0
11,0
10,0
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
CEDAR
FOREST SENİRKENT YALVAÇ
1500 m
1000 m
1100 m
15,3
19,0
17,2
21,7
25,4
23,9
24,7
27,5
24,6
18,3
21,1
19,7
9,6
12,9
11,3
TEMPERATURE C
YEAR
2010
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
2,0
YALVAÇ TO 1500C°/100m
m C /100m
YALVAÇ/KAPIDAĞ
1,93
1,7
1,5
1,2
1,0
0,74
0,73
1,4
0,57
0,48
0,30
0,0
JUNE
HAZİRAN
JULY
TEMMUZ
AUGUST
AĞUSTOS
SEPTEMBER
EYLÜL
OCTOBER
EKİM
0,67
0,56
0,7
0,5
JUNE
HAZİRAN
KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. Tarafından 2010 yılında Kapıdağ’da yapılan sıcaklık ölçmelerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir.
JULY
TEMMUZ
AUGUST
AĞUSTOS
0,44
0,35
SEPTEMBER
EYLÜL
OCTOBER
EKİM
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
Table 8. The variations of monthly temperature according to the elevations on the
north flank of Mount Barla by the mean temperature values in 1994-2011 Senirkent
Table 9. The variations of monthly precipitations according to the elevations on the
north flank of Mount Barla by the mean precipitation values in 1994-2011 Senirkent
The values each 100 m level is calculated according to the temperature measurements of the
State Meteorology Service in Senirkent (2011) and M. Avcı et al. in the Cedar Forest (1500 m)
ANNUALY
ELEVATION m
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
MEAN C°
1000
2,1
3,3
6,8
11,4
17,0
21,6
25,2
24,8
19,2
13,4
7,3
3,6
13,0
1100
1,8
3,0
6,4
10,8
16,4
20,9
24,6
24,2
18,6
12,8
6,9
3,2
12,5
1200
1,5
2,7
5,9
10,2
15,8
20,3
24,0
23,7
18,1
12,1
6,5
2,9
11,9
1300
1,2
2,4
5,5
9,7
15,2
19,6
23,4
23,1
17,5
11,5
6,1
2,5
11,4
1400
0,9
2,1
5,0
9,1
14,7
18,9
22,8
22,6
16,9
10,9
5,6
2,1
10,8
1500
0,6
1,8
4,6
8,5
14,1
18,3
22,2
22,0
16,4
10,2
5,2
1,8
10,3
1600
0,3
1,5
4,1
7,9
13,5
17,6
21,6
21,5
15,8
9,6
4,8
1,4
9,7
1700
0,0
1,2
3,7
7,3
12,9
16,9
21,0
20,9
15,3
9,0
4,4
1,0
9,2
1800
-0,3
0,9
3,2
6,8
12,3
16,2
20,4
20,4
14,7
8,3
4,0
0,7
8,6
1900
-0,6
0,6
2,8
6,2
11,7
15,6
19,8
19,8
14,1
7,7
3,6
0,3
8,1
2000
-0,9
0,3
2,3
5,6
11,1
14,9
19,2
19,2
13,6
7,1
3,1
-0,1
7,5
2100
-1,2
0,0
1,9
5,0
10,6
14,2
18,6
18,7
13,0
6,4
2,7
-0,4
7,0
2200
-1,5 -0,3 1,4 4,4
10,0 13,6
(DECREASED OF TEMPERATURE - 6,2 C /100 m)
18,0
18,1
12,4
5,8
2,3
-0,8
6,4
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
The values each 100 m level is calculated according to the precipitation measurements of the
State Meteorology Service in Senirkent (2011) and M. Avcı et al. in the Cedar Forest (1500 m)
ELEVATION m
II
III
IV
80,5
84,9
81,7
77,3 51,0 32,1 20,0 12,0 24,3 54,5 68,9
103,9
691,1
83,5
88,0
84,8
80,2 52,9 33,3 20,8 12,5 25,2 56,5 71,4
107,7
716,9
86,5
91,2
87,8
83,1 54,8 34,5 21,5 12,9 26,2 58,6 74,0
111,6
742,7
89,5
94,4
90,9
85,9 56,7 35,7 22,3 13,4 27,1 60,6 76,6
115,5
768,6
1400
92,5
97,6
93,9
88,8 58,6 36,9 23,0 13,8 28,0 62,6 79,2
119,4
794,4
1500
95,5 100,7
97,0
91,7 60,5 38,1 23,8 14,3 28,9 64,7 81,7
123,3
820,2
1600
98,5 103,9
100,0
94,6 62,4 39,3 24,5 14,7 29,8 66,7 84,3
127,1
846,1
1700
101,5 107,1
103,1
97,5 64,3 40,5 25,3 15,2 30,7 68,7 86,9
131,0
871,9
1800
104,5 110,2
106,1 100,4 66,3 41,7 26,0 15,6 31,6 70,8 89,5
134,9
897,7
1900
107,5 113,4
109,2 103,3 68,2 43,0 26,8 16,1 32,5 72,8 92,0
138,8
923,5
2000
110,5 116,6
112,2 106,2 70,1 44,2 27,5 16,5 33,4 74,8 94,6
142,7
949,4
2100
113,5 119,8
115,3 109,1 72,0 45,4 28,3 17,0 34,3 76,9 97,2
146,6
975,2
116,6 122,9 118,3 111,9 73,9 46,6 29,0 17,4 35,3 78,9 99,8
(CHANGE OF PRECIPITATION 25,8 mm/100 m)
150,4
1001,0
1000
1100
1200
1300
I
V
VI
VII
2200
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
ANNUALY
PRECIPT. mm
M. DOĞAN KANTARCI
4.4. Locations and properties of the ant nests
The southern border of the natural area of expansion for the red ant (F. rufa), which is
commonly seen in some areas of the coniferous forests in Turkey and being one of the most
significant biological struggle factors, is Isparta-Senirkent Garip cedar forest (Aktaç, 1987).
A 250 x 250 m square network has been used for identifying the locations and
properties of the ant nests in Garip Forest (See Map 2). Sample areas are located in the center
of such squares and lined with 250 m interval. The research area of is 582,3 hectares. There
are 90 sample areas within that area. Each sample is 50x50 = 2500 m2. There are no ant
nests in 49 of such sample areas. A total of 132 nests have been spotted within the 41 sample
areas where ant nests have been found. Properties of the nests and their respective locations
are shown in the Map 5.
Map 5. The characteristics of the habitat of ants in Cedar forest on the northern flank Barla Mountain
0 0,25 050
1
RESEARCH AREA
DISTANCE OF SAMPLE PLOTS
NUMBER OF SAMPLE AREA
ANTS NESTS NOT INCLUDED
ANTS NESTS INCLUDED
TREE SPECIES
CEDAR
CEDAR+BLACK PINE
1,5
582,3 ha
250 m
90
(50x50 m)
49
41
132 NESTS
SAYI
100
ORAN %
76
26
19
BLACK PINE
6
5
SUMME
ELEVATION m
< 1500 m
132
100
NEST AREA
WOOD LOG
WOOD BOTTOM
WOOD TURNED
22
17
1500–1700 m
94
71
> 1700 m
16
12
0o-15o
43
33
16o -26o
75
57
27o
14
10
SLOPE %
-38o
2 km
LOG IN BUSH
VITALITE
VITAL/ACTIVE
POWERLESS/
SCATTERED
PIGS LOSS
YES
NO
ELEVATION m
1550-1600
SAYI
91
13
11
16
ORAN %
69
10
9
12
1250-1300
1600-1650
1300-1350
1650-1700
1350-1400
1700-1750
79
53
60
1400-1450
1750-1800
1450-1500
1800-1850
1500-1550
1850-1900
40
30
102
23
77
EXPO.-ANGLE
NUMBER
RATIO %
292,6o-45o
145,1o-167,5o
95
5
96
4
0-22,5
22,6-45,0
45,1-67,5
67,6-90,0
90,1-122,5
122,6-145,0
145,1-167,5
167,6-180,0
180,1-202,5
202,6-225,0
225,1-247,5
247,6-270,0
270,1-292,5
292,6-315,0
315,1-337,5
337,6-360,0
51
21
5
3
23
29
39
16
4
2
17
22
5. CONCLUSION
5.1. According to the meteorological data obtained in the Cedar (Garip) Forest:
(1) Directions of the winds blowing over Hoyran Lake and the north facing slopes of Barla
Mountain (Garip Forest) during the day and night are different. Such winds blow from lake
to the mountain during daytime in the form of a “Lake breeze”, whereas they blow from
mountain to the lake at nighttime in the form of a “Mountain breeze”. The lake breeze brings
the humidity vaporizing from water surface to the mountain slopes. Formation of the cedar
belt (Cedrus libani) in Garip Forest depends on the humidity brought by the lake breeze (Map
1, figure 1).
(2) The hourly average humidity rates measured in the cedar forest at the 1500 m altitude to
decrease from the month VI to the month VIII, and increase a little bit in the month IX and
increase even more in the month X (Table 1, figure 4). The hours when the humidity rate is
the highest during daytime in the months VI, VII, VIII is 400 hours, and in the month IX and
X, between 600 and 800 hours. Monthly mean humidity rate can fall as low as 25 % on average
at noon during august. In order to prevent perspiration against the decrease in humidity, the
needles of cedar trees release a bluish wax (Figure 1). The average daily humidity rates of
cedar forests are higher than those measured in Senirkent and Yalvaç at 1500 meter altitude
(Tables 2-6, and figures 5-9).
(3) Temperature values measured in the cedar forest are lower than those measured in
Senirkent and Yalvaç (Table 7, figure 12). Senirkent (1000 m) is hotter than Yalvaç (1100 m).
The temperature difference is highly remarkable and it simply can not be explained with the
difference in height by 100 meters. Yalvaç is under the influence of the cold air mass from
the Sultan Mountains (Map 1). The temperature difference between the 1500 m altitude
Cedar Forest and Senirkent is between 0,56-0,74 C°/100 m. The temperature difference
between the 1500 m cedar forest and Yalvaç is between 0,30-0,70 C° (Table 7, figure 12).
(4) During the period of such measurement, the following amounts of precipitation have been
recorded respectively: Cedar Forest 257,2 mm, Senirkent 236,1 mm, Yalvaç 168,8 mm (Table
7, figure 12).
5.2. According to the data obtained from Senirkent Meteorology Station:
(1) When it is based on the average annual temperature values during the period 1964-1970;
- Average annual temperature values have been calculated as follows: 12,4 C° between 19641970; 12,4 C° between 1970-1981; 12,1 C° between 1982-1993; 13,0 C° between 1994-2011
(Figure 10).
- Average annual high temperature values have been calculated as follows: 17,3 C° between
1964-1970; 17,9 C° between 1970-1981; 17,9 C° between 1982-1993; 19,3 C° between 19942011.
- Average annual low temperature values have been calculated as follows: 7,6 C° between
1964-1970; 6,6 C° between 1970-1981; 5,7 C° between 1982-1993; 6,4 C° between 19942011.
- The decrease in the temperature values during the period between 1982-1993 is the due to
the 5 volcano eruptions occurred during the same period.
- Average annual temperature values have increased by 0,6 C0 during the period between
1994-2011 as compared to the period between 1964-1970.
- Average annual high temperature values have increased by 2 C0 during the period between
1994-2011 as compared to the period between1964-1970.Such increases indicate a significant
warming trend that commenced after 1994.
- Monthly temperature values are estimated as 1,0-1,7 C° in average temperatures; as 0,2-0,7
C° in average low temperatures; and as 1,8-2,7 C° in average high temperatures (Figure 10).
(2) Average annual precipitation in Senirkent have been calculated as 733,5 mm in the period
between 1964-1970; as 676,2 mm in the period between 1970-1982; as 590,5 mm in the
period between 1983-1993; and as 691,1 mm in the period between 1994-2011 (Figure 11).
When the monthly amounts of precipitation are compared, it is seen that the winter
precipitation (snowfall) is decreased during the period between 1994 and 2011. Recurrence
of high precipitations over the monthly average of 50 mm in Senirkent has been calculated as
0,92 during the period between 1970-1982 (11 high precipitations/12 years); as 1,00 during
the period between 1983-1993 (12 high precipitations/12 years); as 1,78 during the period
between 1994 and 2011 (32 high precipitations/18 years). Such estimations indicate that
downpour rates increased over the months in spring, summer and fall.
(3) Average temperature values and precipitation amounts for the 100 m altitude digits in the
Cedar (Garip) Forest have been estimated according to the data obtained from Senirkent
during the period between 1994-2011. It has been estimated that the temperature decreased
by -0,62 C0 at 100 m, and that the precipitation increased by 25,8 mm at 100 m based on the
data gathered from the 1500 m altitude Cedar Forest measurements and Senirkent. Such
values have been employed in the calculation (Table 8 and 9).
5.3. According to the findings concerning the ant nests:
(1) No ant nests could be found in 49 of the 90 sample areas scanned in the research area
(582,3 ha) with 250 m gaps. The number of ant nests in the 41 samples areas where ant nests
were located is 132. The ants have created their nests in the secure areas where pests, as
preys for ants, are located or the areas close by (Map 5).
(2) 76 % of the ant nests are located in the cedar forest, and 19 % of them are in cedar and
black pine mixed forest, and 5 % of them are in the black pine forest. The pests living in the
cedar trees have attracted the ants into those parts. Moreover the cedar needles are more
suitable for ants to create their nests than that of black pine needles.
(3) 71 % of the ant nests are located at the altitudes between 1500-1700 m. Nests in the lower
parts are estimated to be as 17 % (<1500 m) and in the higher parts as 12 % (>1700 m). Such
a habitat expansion indicates the common existence of pests at the altitudes between 1500 m
and 1700 m. The altitude below is too dry for pests, and the altitude above is too cold for
them.
(4) 96 % of the ant nests are concentrated on the north facing slopes. 19 % (2+17) of the nests
are located in the north-northwest facing slope, 61 % (22+39) of them are in the north facing
slope and 16 % of them are in the north-north east facing slope (Map 5).
(5) Ants have created 57 % of their nests on the slopes with 16-26 % inclination. 33 % of the
nests have been found on the slopes with the inclination lesser than 15 %, and 10 % of them
have been found in the slopes with 27 to 38 % inclination. The steep slopes on the northern
direction are colder as they get lesser sunshine, and the slopes with lesser inclination and the
plains are hotter and drier as they get more sunshine. It seems that the pests and the ants
eating them prefer warmer humid slopes with average inclination.
(6) Ants support their nests against the cut down wood blocks, tree bottoms or collapsed trees.
They also prefer the wood blocks among the bushes. There are two reasons for that: First
reason is to ensure the safety of the ant eggs, the young ants and the places where they store
food stuff. Because the estimate of the ant nestles harmed by pigs is 23 %. The second
reason is for inhabiting in the warmer sections of the nests inside the rotten tree roots during
the winter time.
(7) The properties of the land where the ant nests are located present a distribution in line with
the humidity effect of the Hoyran Lake. However one should not lose sight of the fact that
such a distribution is also influenced by the pests, being the primary source of nutrition for
ants. In order to investigate the matter more thoroughly, the relationship between the soil
properties in the forests where the ants are located and the annual tree ring width of the cedar
trees and annual climate changes should also be examined and analyzed.
As a conclusion; Hoyran Lake and the prevailing winds coming from the lake bring
humidity over the north facing slopes of Barla Mountain. Humidity effect originating from
the lake has resulted in the creation of a climate type peculiar to the Garip Forest. Such
climate characteristics have both enabled the expansion of cedar trees in the region, and the
inhabitation of the ants that eat the pests harming the forest. The ants have nested in the land
that is under the influence of the humidity of the lake.
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