EFFECT OF MATERNAL BODY WEIGHT OF QUAIL

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Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2-3 1996
EFFECT OF MATERNAL BODY WEIGHT OF QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix
Japonica) ON PROGENY PERFORMANCE
S. YALÇIN1, Y. AKBAŞ1, S. ÖTLEŞ2, I. OĞUZ1
SUMMARY
1. The effect of maternal body weight of Japanese quail on the progeny
performance was investigated.
2. Forty five female and male Japanese quail were weighted individually and
divided into three groups (light: 180-210 g, medium:211-240 g, and heavy:241-270
g) based on individual body weights. Egg quality characteristics were measured
individually for each bird/maternal weight group. Hatching weight, body weights
at 4 and 5 weeks, and carcass part weights of the offsprings from each maternal
weight group were obtained. Nutrient composition of breast meat was analyzed.
3. The response to maternal body weight for egg quality characteristics could be
explained by second order polynomial equation.
4. Body weights of progenies at 4 and 5 weeks of age were lighter when birds were
produced from light females than those birds produced from medium and heavy
females. Breast part weight of progenies was significantly and linearly affected by
the maternal weight group. Nutrient composition of breast was not affected by
maternal weight group.
5. The results suggested that removing females lighter than flock average, may
improve uniformity in weight of birds at the hatchery and processing plant.
INTRODUCTION
Body weight differences during the prebreeding period have been associated with
changes in egg production and egg weight in broiler breeder hens (Leeson and
Summers, 1987, Lilburn and Myers-Miller, 1990). Flock uniformity also has
importance after sexual maturity because of high positive correlation between body
weight and egg weight, egg weight and chick weight at hatching (Shanawany,
1987; McNaughton et al., 1987; Wilson, 1991).
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Aegean University, Izmir,
Turkey
2
Faculty of Food Science, Aegean University, Izmir, Turkey
1
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Triyuwanta et al. (1992) reported that body weight of the progeny at hatching were
enhanced by increasing maternal body weight and this positive maternal effect was
still present at 40 days of age in dwarf broilers. Similarly, Yalçın et al. (1993)
observed that females's body weight has an effect on body weight of broilers at
hatch, 5, 6, and 7 weeks of age. Murrani (1978) also reported that a marked egg
weight advantage was still evident in the broiler stock at day 56. Although, the
effects of maternal weight are well documented in chickens, reports on quail are
scarce. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of
maternal body weight of Japanese quail on the progeny performance.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
At 20 weeks of age, forty five female and male Japanese quail were randomly
placed into cages with a ratio of one male and one female. Female quail were
weighted individually and divided into three groups based on individual body
weights. The groups were classified as light (180-210 g), medium (211-240 g), and
heavy (241-270 g) weight.
Eggs were gathered daily from each bird/weight group during one week. Weights
of egg, yolk, white, shell and eggshell thickness were measured for each egg. Then,
eggs collected from each bird/weight group over a 10 days period were set.
The offsprings were wingbanded, weighed and placed on wire floored cages. The
diets used contained 25 g/kg protein and 12.3 MJ ME/Kg, and 20 g/Kg protein and
12 MJ ME/Kg from 0 to 3 weeks and from 3 to 5 weeks of age, respectively. Feed
and water were supplied ad libitum during the experimental period. Offsprings
were submitted to 23 h of light and 1 h of darkness, daily.
Birds were individually weighed at 4 and 5 weeks of age. At 5 weeks of age, the
birds were sexed and processed. After carcass weights were recorded individually,
carcass parts were obtained. Leg quarters were obtained by separating the femur
from ilium and by separating the tibiatarsus and metatarsus at the hock joint. Wings
were removed by cutting through the shoulder joint at the proximal end of the
humerus. The breast was obtained by cutting through the ribs, thereby separating
from the back. The remaining portion of the carcass was termed as neck plus back.
Breast was used for carcass nutrient composition analysis. Dry matter content was
determined by oven-drying at 103°C, total fat content was obtained by Soxhlet
extraction using n-hexane, and total nitrogen content was determined by using
kjeldahl method and crude protein was expressed as 6.25 multiplied by N (AOAC,
1980).
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Data were analyzed using Harvey's LSMLWM (1987). The statistical model
included maternal body weight group, sex effect and interaction of these two main
effects. Orthogonal polynomials for linear and quadratic responses to maternal
weight groups were calculated. Treatment means were compared by Tukey's test
(Steel and Torrie, 1980) when significant F values were obtained.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Egg weight was 10.50, 11.70, and 11.29 g for the light, medium and heavy female
quail, respectively (Table 1). The response to maternal body weight for egg weight
was found to be quadratic manner (Table 2). The highest weights of yolk, white
and shell were obtained for eggs from medium weight females while the
differences did not significant for eggs from light and heavy weight birds. These
effects could be explained by second order polynomial equations (Table 2). Shell
thickness was not influenced by maternal body weight groups. Similarly,
Triyuwanta et al. (1992) reported that maternal weight had no significant effect on
shell breaking strength.
Table 1. Effect of maternal body weight on egg quality characteristics in quail
Maternal body
weight group
Egg weight
g
Yolk weight
g
White weight
g
Shell weight
g
Shell
thickness
mm
.213±.002a
.217±.002a
.211±.004a
Light
10.50±.10c 3.58±.04b
6.05±.09b
.869±.007b
a
a
a
Medium
11.70±.13
3.85±.06
6.92±.10
.928±.011a
b
b
b
3.60±.09
6.81±.15
.884±.016b
Heavy
11.29±.19
Source of variation
Statistical analysis (Mean squares)
Weight group
33.663*** 1.781**
19.370**
.0792***
.00045
Linear
38.992***
.521*
28.249**
.0428*
.00001
Quadratic
28.334*** 3.041**
10.491**
.116***
.00090
*P<.05 **P<.01 ***P<0.001, Light: 180-210 g; Medium: 211-240 g; Heavy: 241-270 g
a,b,c
Means for each trait with no common superscripts differ significantly
Hatch weight was significantly affected by maternal body weight. The weights of
day old chicks were 7.47, 8.24 and 8.47 g for the chicks hatched from light,
medium and heavier females, respectively (Table 3). The effect of maternal body
weight on hatch weight could be explained by a first order polynomial equation
(Table 2). Yannakopoulos and Tserveni-Gousi (1987) found that egg weight did
not affect the hatching weight if egg weight was above 11 g. The results of no
significant differences between chicks hatched from medium and heavy breeders
may be attributable to the egg weight.
Body weights at 4 and 5 weeks of age were lighter when birds were produced from
light females than those birds produced from medium and heavy females (Table 3).
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Similar results reported by Triyuwanta et al. (1992) in dwarf broilers and by Yalçın
et al. (1993) in broilers. For the body weights at 4 and 5 weeks of age, the
responces to maternal body weight were best fit by first order polynomial
equations (Table 2). Sex effect was significant at 4 and 5 weeks of age.
Table 2. Linear (Y= B0+ B1 X) or quadratic (Y=B0 + B1 X + B2 X2) responses of
several traits to maternal body weight groups
Traits
Egg weight
Yolk weight
White weight
Shell weight
Body weight
Hatch
4 week
5 week
Carcass
Breast weight
Wing weight
B0
11.70
3.85
6.92
.93
B1
.3920
.0083
.3760
.0076
B2
-.801
-.262
-.488
-.051
8.10
111.68
136.60
.573
7.55
7.49
-
32.88
9.92
2.24
0.09
.103
Carcass weights of progenies were not affected by maternal body weight (Table 4).
However, carcass weights of progenies were 91.69, 98.49, and 98.36 g, for the
progenies hatched from light, medium and heavy female quail, respectively. Breast
weight of progenies was significantly and linearly affected by the maternal weight,
being lower for the quail hatched from light females (29.83 g versus 34.95 and
33.88 g for the birds hatched from light, medium and heavy weight females).
Second order polynomial coefficients of the maternal body weight group were
found to be significant for the weights of wing (Table 2). Sex had a significant
effect on the weights of carcass, breast, and leg, being heavier in females.
There were no significant effects of maternal body weight and sex on carcass
nutrient composition of meat (Table 4). However, sex differences were significant
for fat and dry matter content of meat for progenies hatched from medium and
heavy female breeders led to a significant maternal body weight group by sex
interaction.
The results showed that egg quality characteristics, hatching weight, body weights
at 4 and 5 weeks and breast part weight were significantly affected by maternal
body weight of female quail. On the other hand, improved breeder flock
uniformity, especially removing females lighter than flock average, may improve
uniformity in weight of birds at hatchery and at the processing plant.
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Table 3. Effect of maternal body weight of quail on body weight of the progeny
Body weightg
Hatch
Male
Female
Mean
4 week
Male
Female
Mean
5 week
Male
Female
Mean
Light
Maternal body weight groups
Medium
Heavy
7.79± .21
7.27± .19
7.47± .15b
8.13± .29
8.35± .29
8.24± .22a
7.91± .36
9.21± .41
8.47± .28a
90.99±4.54
105.53±4.18
102.99±3.35b
103.57±5.70
130.50±7.54
113.36±4.96a
108.03±7.54
121.81±8.71
113.94±6.21a
124.90±4.76
133.14±4.21
129.50±3.28b
130.71±5.97
134.00±7.89
143.67±6.45
153.33±9.11
136.69±4.55ab
142.29±.621a
4 week
5 week
904.658*
688.418*
1346.481*
1371.082*
462.835
5.747
1869.358***
1555.950*
410.764
88.681
Source of variation
Hatch
Weight group
8.266***
Linear
7.939***
Quadratic
.327
Sex
1.038
Weight*Sex
4.350
*P<.05 **P<.01 ***P<0.001
a, b
Means for ages with no common superscripts differ significantly
13
Table 4. Effect of maternal body weight of quail on the weight of carcass, carcass
parts, and nutrient composition of the progeny
Maternal body weight group
Medium
Heavy
91.67±5.21
93.70±5.82
105.32±5.21
103.20±6.72
98.49±3.62
98.36±4.34
Carcass g
Light
Male
90.64±5.21
Female
92.74±5.21
Mean
91.69±3.62
Wing, g
Male
9.95± .68
9.57± .68
Female
9.93± .68
10.28± .68
9.93± .46b
Mean
9.94± .46b
Breast, g
Male
28.82±1.98
31.99±1.99
Female
30.84±1.98
37.92±1.99
b
34.95±1.37a
Mean
29.83±1.33
Leg, g
Male
30.75±1.85
28.90±1.85
Female
30.75±1.85
34.20±1.85
Mean
30.75±1.33
31.55±1.33
Neck+back, g
Male
19.45±1.38
19.10±1.38
Female
18.64±1.38
22.14±1.38
Mean
19.04± .97
20.62±. 97
Nutrient composition of carcass
Protein, g/Kg
Light
Medium
Male
181.0±2.1
181.4±2.1
Female
180.8±2.1
180.6±2.1
Mean
180.9±1.4
180.7±1.4
Fat, g/Kg
Male
47.8± .7a
46.4± .7b
a
48.6± .7a
Female
46.2± .7
Mean
47.0± .6
47.5± .6
Dry matter, g/Kg
Male
257.2±1.4a
258.0±1.4a
a
254.1±1.4b
Female
255.6±1.4
Mean
256.4±1.1
256.1±1.1
Source of
Carcass
Wing Breast
Leg
Neck+
variation
Back
Weight group
44.43
.095* 71.210*
9.994
6.357
Linear
216.40
.124* 82.732*
19.388
2.209
Quadratic
72.44
.066* 59.688
.600
10.507
Sex
461.25*
.592
67.863*
92.614*
5.835
Wight*Sex
85.196
.346
9.595
24.804
9.476
*P<.05 **P<.01 ***P<0.001,
a, b
10.02± .76
10.23± .88
10.13± .55a
32.04±2.22
35.69±2.56
33.88±1.64a
29.96±2.07
35.96±2.39
32.78±1.60
19.29±1.54
19.89±.178
19.61±1.16
Heavy
174.5±2.3
177.7±2.7
175.9±1.7
47.3± .7a
45.0± .9b
46.3± .7
255.2±1.6b
260.3±1.8a
257.4±1.3
Protein
Fat
56.900
83.597
30.204
1.774
10.943
3.856
2.269
5.443
1.968
13.175*
Dry
matter
6.293
6.444
6.142
.072
41.693*
Means for traits no common superscripts differ significantly
ÖZET
14
Bıldırcınlarda (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) Ana Ağırlığının Yavru
Performansına Etkisi
1. Bu çalışmada, Japon bıldırcınlarında ana ağırlığının yavru performansı üzerine
etkisi araştırılmıştır.
2. Bireysel olarak tartılan 45 adet dişi ve erkek bıldırcın, canlı ağırlıklarına göre 3
gruba (hafif: 180-210 g, orta: 211-240 g, ağır: 241-270 g) ayrılmışlardır. Her
ağırlık grubu için yumurta kalite özellikleri (bıldırcın/ağırlık grubu) incelenmiştir.
Her ana ağırlık grubundan elde edilen yavrularda civciv çıkış ağırlığı, 4. ve 5. hafta
canlı ağırlıkları ve karkas parça ağırlıkları belirlenmiş ve göğüs etinin besin madde
içeriği saptanmıştır.
3. Yumurta kalite özellikleri ana ağırlıklarına göre quadratik değişim göstermiştir.
4. Hafif ağırlık grubundaki dişilerden elde edilen yavrularda, diğer gruplardan elde
edilenlere göre, 4. ve 5. hafta canlı ağırlığı daha düşük bulunmuştur. Yavruların
göğüs ağırlığı üzerine ana ağırlığının linear etkisi olduğu saptanmıştır. Göğüs
etinin besin madde içeriği ana ağırlığından etkilenmemiştir.
5. Araştırma sonuçları, damızlık kademesinde düşük canlı ağırlıktaki dişilerin
kümesten uzaklaştırılmasını ile kuluçkahanede ve kesimhanede bıldırcın
ağırlığında birörnekliğin sağlanabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.
REFERENCES
AOAC (1980) Official methods of analysis (Washington, DC, Association of
Official Analytical Chemists).
HARVEY, W. R. (1987) User's guide for LSMLMW PC-1 version (Columbus, The
Ohio State University, Department of Dairy Science).
LEESON, l. & SUMMERS, J. D. (1987) Effect of immature body weight on laying
performance. Poultry Science, 66: 1924-1928.
LILBURN, M. S. & MYERS-MILLER, D. J. (1990) Effect of body weight, feed
allowance, and dietary protein intake duringthe prebreeder period on early
reproductive performance of broiler breeder hens. Poultry Science, 69: 1118-1125.
McNAUGHTON, J. L., DEATON J. W., REECE , F. N. & HAYNES, R. L.
(1978) Effect of age of parents and hatching egg weight on broiler chick mortality.
Poultry Science, 57: 38-44.
STEEL, R. G. & TORRIE, J. H. (1980) Principles and procedures of statistics, 2nd
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15
SHANAWANY, M. M. (1987) Hatching weight in relation to egg weight in
domestic birds. World's Poultry Science Journal, 43: 107-115.
TRIYUWANTA, C., LETERRIER, C., BRILLARD, J. P. & NYS, Y. (1992)
Maternal body weight and feed allowance of breeders affect performance of dwarf
broiler breeders and tibial ossification of their progeny. Poultry Science, 71: 244254.
WILSON, H. R. (1991) Interrelationships of egg size, chick size, posthatching
growth and hatchability. World's Poultry Science Journal, 47: 5-20.
YALÇIN, S., ÖZKAN, S., SETTAR, P., KOÇAK, Ç. (1993) Etlik piliç kesim
ağırlığı üzerine genotip, ana ağırlığı ve eşey etkisi. Proceedings of the
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16

EFFECT OF MATERNAL BODY WEIGHT OF QUAIL

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