UNICEF Panel_Binark

Lingering Disease of New Media
Environments in Turkey:
The necessity of devoloping new media literacy policy
Mutlu Binark, Ph.D.
Hacettepe University Faculty of Communication
Dept. of Informatics and Information Technologies
[email protected]
www.yenimedya.wordpress.com
Outline of the presentation
General Data
The new phenomenons
The problematics
The positive developments
Why we need the techo-social policy for new media literacy in
Turkey? and the necessity of the multistakeholder approach
TUİK Information Society
Statistics, 2004-2014
%
200
4
200
5
2006
(*)
200
7
200
8
200
9
201
0
201
1
201
2
2013
Bilgisayar Kullanımı - Computer
Usage
-
87,8
-
88,7
90,6
90,7
92,3
94,0
93,5
92,0
İnternet Erişimi - Internet
Access
-
80,4
-
85,4
89,2
88,8
90,9
92,4
92,5
90,8
Web Sitesi Sahipliği - Having
Website
-
48,2
-
63,1
62,4
58,7
52,5
55,4
58,0
53,8
23,6
22,9
-
33,4
38,0
40,1
43,2
46,4
48,7
49,9
53,5
Erkek - Male
31,1
30,0
-
42,7
47,8
50,5
53,4
56,1
59,0
60,2
62,7
Kadın - Female
16,2
15,9
-
23,7
28,5
30,0
33,2
36,9
38,5
39,8
44,3
18,8
17,6
-
30,1
35,9
38,1
41,6
45,0
47,4
48,9
53,8
Erkek - Male
25,7
24,0
-
39,2
45,4
48,6
51,8
54,9
58,1
59,3
63,5
Kadın - Female
12,1
11,1
-
20,7
26,6
28,0
31,7
35,3
37,0
38,7
44,1
7,0
8,7
-
19,7
25,4
30,0
41,6
42,9
47,2
49,1
60,2
2014
Girişimlerde Bilişim Teknolojileri
Kullanımı
ICT Usage in Enterprises
Hanelerde Bilişim Teknolojileri
Kullanımı
ICT Usage in Households and
Individuals
Bilgisayar Kullanımı (Toplam)Computer Usage (Total)
İnternet Kullanımı (Toplam) Internet Usage (Total)
Hanelerde İnternet erişimi Households with access to the
Internet
Percentage of households have devices
connected to the Internet, 2014
%
Tüm haneler içinde
As a percentage of all
households
Evden İnternet erişimi olan haneler
içinde
As a percentage of households with
Internet access
Toplam
Total
Toplam
Total
Masaüstü bilgisayar
Desktop computer
19,1
31,7
Taşınabilir bilgisayar (Dizüstü,
tablet, netbook vb)
Portable computer (Laptop, netbook,
tablet)
30,9
51,3
Cep telefonu (Akıllı telefonlar dahil)
Mobile phone (incl. smart phone)
48,8
81,0
Oyun konsolu
Game console
1,5
2,4
İnternete bağlanabilen TV
Smart TV
5,2
8,6
Diğer
Others
0,1
0,2
İnternete bağlı araçlar
Devices connected to the Internet
Internet activities of individuals who have accessed the Internet in the
last 3 months, by private purposes, 2014
%
Toplam
Total
Erkek
Male
Kadın
Female
E-Posta gönderme / alma
Sending / receiving e-mails
53,9
57,3
48,8
İnternet üzerinden telefonla görüşme/ video görüşmesi (webcam ile)
Telephoning over the Internet / video calls (via webcam) over the Internet
37,1
37,7
36,1
İnternet üzerindeki sosyal gruplara (Facebook, twitter vb) katılma
Participating in social networks
78,8
81,1
75,3
Online haber, gazete ya da dergi okuma
Reading online news / newspapers / news magazines
74,2
77,9
68,7
Mal ve hizmetler hakkında bilgi arama
Finding information about goods or services
67,2
68,8
64,8
İnternet üzerinden web radyo dinleme ya da web televizyon izleme
Listening to web radio
46,8
47,5
45,8
Amaçlar - Activities
Oyun, müzik, film, görüntü indirme veya oynatma
Playing or downloading games, images, films or music
58,7
61,3
54,8
Başkaları ile İnternet üzerinde oyun oynama
Playing networked games with other persons
22,5
28,2
13,9
Kendi oluşturduğunuz metin, görüntü, fotoğraf, video,
müzik vb. içerikleri herhangi bir web sitesine paylaşmak
üzere yükleme
Uploading self-created content (text, photos, music, videos,
software etc.) to any website to be shared
47,8
48,9
46,2
Web sitesi veya blog oluşturma
Creating websites or blogs
4,7
5,5
3,4
Web sitesi üzerinden bir hekimden randevu alma (sağlık
kuruluşu veya hastane vb)
Making an appointment w ith a practitioner via the website
(e.g. of a hospital or a health care centre)
31,6
30,3
33,6
Seyahat veya seyahat ile ilgili konaklama için online
hizmetleri kullanma
Using services related to travel or travel related
accommodation
23,4
25,1
20,8
Mal veya hizmet satışı
Selling of goods or services, e.g. via auctions (e.g. eBay)
16,5
18,3
14,0
İnternet bankacılığı
Internet banking
28,2
33,1
20,9
For the age group the uses of
computer, İnternet and mobile
phones (2013)
%
6-15 ages
6-10 ages
11-15 ages
Total
Erkek
Kadın
Total
Erkek
Kadın
Ttal
Erkek
Kadın
Computer
60,5
62,6
58,3
48,2
49,7
46,8
73,1
75,4
70,6
Internet
50,8
53,7
47,8
36,9
38,3
35,4
65,1
68,9
61,0
Mobile phones
24,3
26,1
22,4
11,0
11,0
11,0
37,9
41,0
34,5
The uses of mobile phones regarding with different
age groups (2013)
%
6-15 ages
6-10 ages
11-15 ages
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
24,3
26,1
22,4
11,0
11,0
11,0
37,9
41,0
34,5
Speaking
92,8
92,2
93,6
83,8
80,0
87,6
95,5
95,4
95,6
Texting
65,4
65,0
65,9
29,4
29,4
29,4
76,2
74,5
78,2
Playing games
66,8
71,8
60,7
80,0
85,0
74,9
62,9
68,2
56,0
İnternet
30,7
32,3
28,8
11,8
15,5
8,1
36,3
36,7
35,8
The uses of mobile
phones
The reasons of
The New Phenomenons
New social eco-system
Networked publics (Boyd)
Being connected and mobile (Hinton & Hjörth)
Persistence-visibility-speradability and searchability
Interactivity
Personalization and content creation
Increase of user-generated content
participatory culture (Jenkins), citizen journalism, trolling,
homophiliy, hate speech, immaterial labour and commercializaion,
big data and data mining-data sorting…
Self-mass communication (Castells)
Figure 1. Direniş - Devrim 27 June 2013
(http://www.facebook.com/)
Figure 2. Çapulcu check list 9 June 2013
((http://www.facebook.com/)
Problematics
Legislative level: Law 5651 and recent regulations
Political economy of infrastructure (the monopoly of TurkTelekom)
Naturalization of securitization discourse and the dissemination of surveillance
technologies (DPI, CCTVs, biometric data, Phorm, NetClean, Procera etc.) in
everyday lives: superpanopticon (Poster) & surveillance assamblages (Deleuze &
Guattari) cause:
the legitimization of new type of governmentality +creating “permanent
moral panic” + fear society +consumer surveillance +banopticon (marginalization of some part of
population) (Bigo)
Lack of protection of personal information and Data Retention Law in Turkey
Existence of hate speech on new media environtments
Increasing roles of trolls (such as “esatÇ, wakeup attack, fuatavni, sosyal pencere” etc.)in
political communication and public persuasion
Labelling and even demonization of cyberspace and social media by governmental
authorities (PM Erdoğan, PM Davutoğlu, and Justice and Development Party’s Technicians
of Opinion)
Addiction discourse and moral panic
Variation of new media experince +The existence of digital divide an inequality (based on
age, gender, class etc.)
One type of diet +Lack of new media literacy + Lack of multistakeholders approach
Establishment of Access Providers
Union in 2014
in 4 hours removing the Internet
content due to “violation of honour and
dignity of people” by filling a complaint
through TİB w/o any court order
Websites can be shut down by either IP
address blocking or URL blocking
Legalization of DPI
Web hosting companies are obliged to
keep records of all Internet activities of
all users for about two years
To protect from Telecommunication
Directorate (TİB) personnel from
potential illegalities
For banned websites see Engelli web
http://engelliweb.com/
Demonization of social media during
Gezi Park protests…
PM Erdoğan himself labelled social media as “a pain in the neck” in
a TV program he attended in June 2nd 2013. He said that “There
is a pain in the neck called Twitter.You can find all the lies and
exaggeration here. To me, social media is a pain in the neck”[1].
Similarly, Ali Şahin, AKP’s Vice President in charge of Social Media
made the following statement: “Social media is a tool full of lies
and slander. It is much more dangerous than a bomb-laden vehicle.
The latest developments have proven that there is a need to
regulate social media”.
[1]http://www.radikal.com.tr/politika/basbakan_erdogan_twitt
er_denen_bir_bela_var-1135952, Access Date: 14.06.2014.
The ban of Twitter an YouTube in
March 2014…
In his speech in Bursa meeting
on March 20, 2014, PM
Erdoğan said: “You know
Twitter. There is a verdict
against it now. We are going
to eradicate all of them”
http://www.hurriyet.com.tr
/gundem/26050109.asp,
Access Date: 14.06.2014.
After the Corruption
Operation on December 17,
2013 against AKP, some tape
records of Erdoğan, some of
his family members and
ministers were shared on
social media. Following this,
the Presidency of
Telecommunication blocked
access to Twitter and YouTube
(March 2014) respectively
without any court decision …
Stigma on social media by newly
selected PM…
“İnternetten bilgi sahibi olunmaz. Bilgi sahibi olunsa bile ahlak
sahibi olunmaz”
“From internet one can’t get information, even receive
information, can’t receive any ethos/moral”
A.Davutoğlu, Prime Minister
Source: http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber-internetten-ahlak-sahibiolunmaz-162943/
September 3, 2014
Demonization of Internet continues…
At the openning cerenomy of Turkish National Assembly in October 1st, 2014
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan says that: “The abuse of the press and Internet are
not be withheld silently and without reacted. Internet becames a part of lives and
education of our students through the disseminaton of computers”.
Source: http://t24.com.tr/haber/meclis-cumhurbaskani-erdoganinkonusmasiyla-yeni-yasama-yilina-basladi,272502
In a meeting with a joint delegation from the Committee to Protect Journalists and
the International Press Institute in October 2nd,2014, citing his concern that
criminal and terrorist organizations, including the militant group Islamic State, are
using the Internet to recruit followers, President Erdoğan defended his
government's efforts to control online speech. He said that: "I am increasingly
against the Internet every day“.
Source: https://edri.org/turkey-constitutional-court-overturns-internet-lawamendment/
Source:https://www.cpj.org/2014/10/turkeys-leaders-defend-press-freedomrecord-but-ag.php
Hate speech especially towards…
Types of Hate Speech:
Political Hate Speech
Hate speech against women
Hate speech against foreigners and immigrants
Sexual-identity based hate speech
Religious belief and sect based hate speech
Hate speech against disabled people and diverse diseases
Hate speech in Turkey fluctuates according to the topics on the agenda, methods like “exaggeration,
distortion, defamation, humiliation, discrediting, insulting”
Especially recently towards all people of Israel or all Jews, LGBTIs, Kurdish politicians, Syrian
refugees
“#wedontwantanysyrians” and when we search “#kobani” at Twitter we see hate speech
against Kurdish people
See: Alternative Informatics Association Internet Ungovarnance Report
See: https://yenimedya.wordpress.com/2012/01/31/using-social-media-for-hate-speech-is-not-freedom-of-expression/
Some Positive Developments in Turkey
:
Increase of production of UGC since Gezi Park protests such as memes, videos, etc.
Rise of citizen journalism and establishment of indepenent news portals i.e. 140
Journos, Dokuz8/Nine8, Ankara Eylem vakti, Seyri-Sokak, Çapul.tv
Rise of info on the usage of VPN, tor and torrent since the recent bans
Constitutional Court’s recent decisions on Internet bans as a violation of human
rights, and unblock Twitter and YouTube to protect free speech and right to access
information
Organizing a workshop among academicians and other stake holders to work on
new media literacy in every level in April, 11, 2014 with the Unicef –Turkiye
Some micro level research (Binark & Bayraktutan; Arslan-Yeğen& Binark; Asrak-
Hasdemir &Uzun; Arslan-Yeğen, Akça-Koca, Sayımer &Balabanlı)
Organizing Internet Ungovernance Forum during IGF2014 by the
collobaration of global and local NGOs leaded with Alternative Informatics
Association
See: https://iuf.alternatifbilisim.org/
The campaign of
https://aletetme.org/en/
DO NOT MAKE USE OF
child-protection concerns
for censorship and surveillance activities!
NETCLEAN IS NOT THE SOLUTION
WHAT TO DO THEN?
As NGOs working in the fields of children's rights, human rights and
informatics; demand
The cancellation of the purchase of the software,
In the absence of any evidence that blocking stops either accidental or deliberate access
to, we urge the Turkish Government to focus on developing awareness programs that aim
to mitigate “consumer demand” for child pornography as identified in international
documents instead of ineffective and untransparent Internet restrictions,
Development of legal measures for the prevention of child pornography,
The public spending in this area to be done in a transparent way and with the
participation of the interested parties,
That priority be given to the research, education, and awareness efforts
against child abuse as mentioned in the “2013-2017 Turkey Children's Rights
Strategy Document”
And executing the child protection arrangements without infringing the
citizens' rights for accessing information and freedom of expression.
What shall we do? Developing a civic
techno-social informatics policy
need to empower NGO’s awareness in regard with all these problematics and need to increase collobaration
among NGOs
need to disseminate new media literacy among child, youth and adults in regarded with Universal
Declaration of Human Rights
in this context need to develop cognitive authority, care of security and privacy, ethical and responsible usage
and reusage (curatorship, reproduction and redistribution of existing media) of digital media.
need to be aware that: “digital natives” are in deed “digital naives” in some aspect (Hargittai 2010, Boyd
2014) because of economic and social inequality…
only access does not solve the digital divide: there is a literacy divide such as technical
skills, knowledge skills etc.
Besides EU kids online research highlights that most children approach online
opportunities in a more passive way for information, playing games and entartainment
purposes.
See: EU Kids Online Final Recommendations for Policy, September 2014 ISSN: 2045-256X
Need to empower techno-social informatics policy within the context of freedom of expression and information,
asssed by the former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression Frank La Rue, in his
annual report to UN Human Rights Council in 2011 (A/HRC/17/27 Geneva:OHCHR, 16 May, 2011)
And more …
need to develop the politics of resistance in everyday life (i.e. “not giving up
info”, “self-disclosure” etc.)
need to develop the awareness raising of privacy advocacy
need to train in being critical of the content that we consume
need to develop open ethics among different stake holders
to listen the voice of children and young people as a natural part of the
stakeholders, assesing the chldren rights in regarded with Convention on the
Rights of the Child
to develop a policy initiative that the implications of the Internet for the
exercise of human rights and the freedom of expression in a digital context
Need to develop transparent policy making
need to careful on using “digital native discourse” because of deemphasizing the
learning and skill development
Indeed there is a need for lifelong learning in the era of new media
Need more macro level and micro level research!
The necessity for the techo-social policy
for the new media literacy in Turkey
Inequalites of using digital skills amon women and elder people
Needs to aware of the “value” creation through the software algorithms
Siva Vaidhyanathan notes in The Googlization of Everything “we are not Google’
customers:we are its product” (2011:3)
Users are actually the source of value creation (meta) (Terrananova, Fisher,
Fuchs)
See:Julian Assange When Google Meets Wikileaks (2014)
Multistakeholders approach for new media literacy
[email protected]
www.yenimedya.wordpress.com
www.alternatifbilisim.org