Dissertation-socialuri ganwyobis struqtura da Secvla

Dissertation-socialuri ganwyobis struqtura da Secvla

iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti
nino
laRiZe
socialuri ganwyobis struqtura da Secvla
fsiqologiaSi filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris
akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili
disertacia
naSromi Sesrulebulia iv. javaxiSvilis sax.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
samecniero xelmZRvaneli:
fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori revaz qvarcxava
Tbilisi
2009
sarCevi:
Sesavali
3
Tavi 1 socialuri ganwyobis cneba fsiqologiaSi
10
1.1. sakiTxis istoria
10
1.2. socialuri ganwyobis struqtura
20
1.2 a) socialuri ganwyobis struqturis mravalmxrivoba
21
1.2 b) socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis
34
struqtura
1.3. socialuri ganwyoba da qceva
1.3 a)
rodis gansazRvraven socialuri ganwyobebi qcevas
1.3 b) socialur ganwyobaze qcevis gavlenis
46
48
61
eqsperimentuli Seswavlis ZiriTadi Sedegebi
1.3 g) ganwyobaze qcevis zemoqmedebis amxsneli Teoriebi
62
Tavi 2 socialuri ganwyobis struqtura (empiriuli kvleva)
70
Tavi 3 socialuri ganwyobis Secvla
79
3.1. komunikatori
79
3.2. komunikacia
83
3.3. obieqti
92
3.4. situacia
96
Tavi 4 socialuri ganwyobis Secvla (empiriuli kvleva)
101
zogadi daskvnebi
112
gamoyenebuli literatura
113
danarTi
121
2
Sesavali
ganwyobebis *
socialuri
fundamentur
socialuri
interess
ganwyoba
kvleva
warmoadgens,
xom
socialuri
rac
centraluri
fsiqologebis
savsebiT
cnebaa
bunebrivia
sxva
_
adamianebTan,
situaciebTan da ideebTan mimarTebaSi Cveni fiqrebis, SegrZnebebis da
qcevis asaxsnelad.
jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi gordon olportma (olporti
1935) SeniSna, rom Tanamedrove eqsperimentul da Teoriul literaturaSi
arcerTi termini ar Semosula ase swrafad. es popularoba gasagebia:
adamianis qcevaze socialuri garemos gavlenis asaxsnelad fsiqologiis
ganviTarebis garkveul etapze sakmarisi ar iyo mxolod individebis
Tandayolil
cvladis
Tvisebebze
daSveba,
miTiTeba;
romelic
saWiro
Tavisufali
gaxda
iqneboda
iseTi
hipoTeturi
rogorc
upirovno
socialuri Zalebis abstraqtuli Sinaarsebisagan, ise Tandayolilobis
ideisagan.
aseTad
mecnieris
mier
miiCnies
iqna
socialuri
gaziarebuli,
ganwyobis
radgan
cneba.
is
fsiqologiis
mravali
sxvadasxva
mimdinareobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira da amitom SesaniSnavad
emsaxureboda maT miznebs.
socialuri ganwyoba nebismieri proporciiT SeiZleba Seicavdes
rogorc instinqts, aseve Cvevasac, SeniSnavs g. olporti. amis gamo igi ar
xdeba arc instinqtTeoriebis
da arc mxolod garemoseuli gavlenis
Teoriebis kuTvnileba. socialuri ganwyobis aseTma bunebam gansazRvra
am
cnebis
sakmaod
didi
popularoba
Tanamedrove
socialur
fsiqologiaSi.
ise rogorc Cveva, ganwyobac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi CaTvlili iyo
sagnebis
mimarT
individis
ara
pirvelad
reaqciad,
aramed
Semdgom
SemuSavebulad, sxva fsiqikuri procesebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebul
movlenad.
cnobierebis aqtivobis mimarT ganwyobis pirveladi Rirebulebis
aRiarebis safuZvelze agebulia ganwyobis uznaZiseuli Teoria.
*
socialuri ganwyobis cnebaSi vgulisxmobT inglisurenovan
literaturaSi gavrcelebul termins Attitude.
3
fsiqologTa
romelime
Soris
fsiqikur
dResac
movlenas
gavrcelebulia
sxva
fsiqikuri
debuleba,
rom
procesebis
Tu
mimarT
pirveladad CavTvliT, maSin igi Tandayolil movlenad unda miviCnioT.
Tumca savsebiT SesaZlebelia, ganwyoba moTxovnilebis mqone individisa
da Sesatyvisi garemos Sexvedris safuZvelze aRmocenebul pirvelad
fsiqikur
movlenad
CaiTvalos
da
amavdroulad
ar
iqnes
miCneuli
Tandayolil instinqtur movlenad.
socialuri ganwyobis cnebam popularobis piks 1930-ian wlebSi
miaRwia, Semdeg interesi ganelda da daaxloebiT 1950-ian wlebidan kvlav
iqca socialuri fsiqologiis kvlevebis mniSvnelovan sferod. Tumca
unda iTqvas, rom moxda aqcentebis mcired gadanacvleba. ,,axla Cven
ufro dakavebulebi varT ganwyobis cvlilebis dinamikis sakiTxebiT,
vidre
ganwyobis
sistemebis
mimarT:
ganwyobebs
Soris
gazomviT...
amis
meti
interesia
magaliTia
ganwyobebis,
rogorc
sakiTxebis
irgvliv
sxvadasxva
urTierTobebis
kvlevis
Tanamimdevruli
Teoria,
romelic ikvlevs urTierTobebs sxvadasxva sakiTxebis mimarT ganwyobebs
Soris an rwmenasa da qcevas Soris, agreTve rogor funqcionirebs
ganwyobebi pirovnebis SigniT” _ miuTiTebda uiliam mak-guaieri (makguaieri 1969: 141).
u. mak-guaieris socialuri fsiqologiis saxelmZRvanelos mesame
gamocemam
ganwyobebis
(1985w.)
TvalnaTeli
mniSvnelobis
gaxada
STambeWdavi
fsiqologiaSi
zrda.
ganwyobis
socialuri
fsiqologiis
Sesaxeb alis iglim da Seli Ceikenma 1993 wels gamoaqveynes naSromi (The
Psychology of Attitudes),
romelic
sxva
msgavsi
Sromebisagan
gamoirCeva
sakiTxis ufro detaluri da farTo gaSuqebiT (albarasini ... 2005).
Semdgom dekadaSi igi Zlieri stimuli aRmoCnda socialur ganwyobasTan
dakavSirebuli kvlevebis warmoebisaTvis, risi Sedegicaa uamravi naSromi
da kritikuli mimoxilva.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnieruli interesi periodulad icvleboda,
dReisaTvis kvlav aqtualuria fsiqologiis im obieqtis kvleva, rasac
socialuri
socialuri
ganwyoba
arsisa
da
ewodeba.
amas
cxovrebis
asabuTebs
gagebisaTvis
Semdegi:
adamianis
mocemuli
fsiqikuri
4
struqturis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelovneba da misi Znelad gansazRvra
(druJinini 1999).
ganwyobis cnebis gareSe fsiqologiaSi dRes ukve SeuZlebelia
adamianis
qcevis
mimarTulebis,
faruli
motivebis,
aracnobieri
tendenciebis ganxilva; aseve, warmoudgenelia iseT sakiTxebze msjeloba,
rogoricaa:
sazogadoebrivi
azris
formireba,
socialuri
gavlena,
RirebulebiTi orientaciebi da sxva.
1999 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi p. Sixirevi socialur ganwyobas
momaval
aTwleulSi
uwinaswarmetyvelebs.
kvlevis
is
amtkicebs,
centraluri
rom
obieqtis
,,socialuri
rols
ganwyobis
(anu
atitudis) kvlevebi _ amerikuli socialuri fsiqologiis miniaturuli
aslia...” (Sixirevi 1999: 100).
didma
qarTvelma
eqsperimentuli
fsiqologma
muSaobis
dimitri
safuZvelze
uznaZem
Camoayaliba
Teoriuli
ganwyobis
da
Teoria,
romelSic gaaerTiana im droisaTvis fsiqologiaSi ganwyobis Sesaxeb
arsebuli monapovrebi. rogorc aRniSnavs S. nadiraSvili: ,,dReisaTvis
ukve momzadebulia myari Teoriuli
da eqsperimentuli monacemTa baza,
romelSic SeiZleba gaerTiandes bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi mopovebuli
monacemebi ganwyobis fsiqologiis Sesaxeb” (nadiraSvili 2001: 5-6).
dRes, zemoaRniSnulisa da mravali samecniero Sromis miuxedavad,
arsebobs mosazreba, rom socialuri ganwyoba kvlav saWiroebs Seswavlas.
amis erT-erTi dadasturebaa socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis problema.
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT didi raodenobis empiriuli masala
moipoveba, Tumca bevri urTierTgamomricxavi daskvnaa gakeTebuli.
qarTuli
fsiqologiuri
skolis
warmomadgenlebidan
mocemul
problemaze muSaobdnen: S. nadiraSvili, d. Carkviani, m. baliaSvili,
r. qvarcxava, b. aruTinova, d. nadiraSvili, T. CxeiZe.
zogadad,
kvlevebis
Sedegad
gamoyofilia
sxvadasxva
faqtori,
romlebic ukavSirdeba komunikators, komunikaciis arxs, Setyobinebas,
informaciis
mimRebs
da
situacias.
arsebuli
masalebis
gacnobis
Sedegad, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba dagvrCes STabeWdileba, rom sakiTxi
amowurulia,
yvelaferi
garkveulia.
Tumca,
Tundac
is
faqti,
rom
socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis Semswavleli kvlevebi dResac grZeldeba,
5
TavisTavad metyvelebs arsebul mdgomareobasa da sakiTxis aqtualobaze.
marTlac, Tu kargad gavecnobiT sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebs, vnaxavT,
rom erTmniSvnelovani daskvnebi araa miRebuli. faqtia isic, rom rig
SemTxvevebSi
laboratoriul
grZelvadiani,
anu
pirobebSi
pirovneba
drois
miRebuli
mcire
Sedegebi
monakveTSi
araa
ubrundeba
eqsperimentul zemoqmedebamde arsebul sawyis ganwyobas.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare gagviCnda interesi, CavRrmavebodiT
aRniSnul problematikas. miT ufro, rom socialuri ganwyobis Secvla
dakavSirebulia
propaganda,
iseT
TemebTan
socialuri
rogoricaa:
gavlenebi,
rac
winasaarCevno
Cveni
azriT,
kampaniebi,
kidev
ufro
aqtualurs xdis sakiTxs.
rogorc cnobilia, socialuri ganwyobebis Sida struqtura da
ganwyobebs
Soris
urTierTobis
formirebis
gansxvavebul
gzebs.
struqtura
kerZod,
asaxavs
socialuri
ganwyobebis
ganwyobis
Sida
struqtura formirdeba gamocdilebiT, ganwyobis obieqtze pirdapiri an
iribi kognituri, afeqturi an qceviTi reaqciis safuZvelze. meores mxriv,
socialur
ganwyobaTaSoris
gansxvavebuli
saSualebiT.
ganwyobebis
amdenad,
erTmaneTisagan
Cven
urTierTobis
struqtura
Sesabamis
obieqtebs
viziarebT
mosazrebas,
izolirebulad
ar
arseboben.
formirdeba
Soris
isini
rom
qmnian
kavSiris
ganwyobebi
garkveul
sistemebs, rogorc maT xSirad uwodeben _ Tanavarskvlavedebs, mtevnebs
(clusters).
TanavarskvlavedebSi
xdeba
socialuri
ganwyobebis
urTierTqmedeba, Tumca ara erTnairi ZaliT, rac asaxavs socialur
ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis garkveul kanonzomierebas.
Cveni
mosazrebiT,
socialuri
ganwyobis
Secvla
unda
eqvemdebarebodes socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis
kanonzomierebebs. anu socialuri ganwyobis Secvla dakavSirebuli unda
iyos
ganwyobaTaSoris
urTierTobis
struqturaSi
mis
adgilTan,
mis
faqtorul wonasTan.
sakiTxis aqtualobidan gamomdinare gadavwyviteT ganwyobaTaSoris
urTierTobis struqturis specifikis ufro safuZvliani Seswavla.
6
davuSviT Semdegi hipoTeza: socialuri ganwyobebis struqturaSi
centraluri Rirebulebis mimarT ganwyobis Secvla unda iwvevdes masTan
dakavSirebuli danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarTac ganwyobebis Secvlas.
hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad davisaxeT Semdegi miznebi:
eqsperimentulad
struqturis
urTierTobis
gvekvlia:
1.
kanonzomierebebi;
struqturis
ganwyobaTaSoris
2.
gavlena
socialur
socialuri
urTierTobis
ganwyobaTaSoris
ganwyobis
Secvlaze.
amisaTvis CamovayalibeT amocanebi:
1.
Rirebulebebisadmi
arsebuli
socialuri
ganwyobebis
faqtorebis mixedviT dajgufeba;
2.
TiToeul
faqtorTan
korelirebuli
Rirebulebebisadmi
arsebuli socialuri ganwyobebisaTvis faqtoruli wonebis
gansazRvra;
3.
TanavarskvlavedSi
faqtoruli
wonis
safuZvelze
centraluri (anu sabaziso) da periferiuli socialuri
ganwyobebis dadgena;
4.
cdispirebis
sakvlevi
dajgufeba
mcire
Rirebulebisadmi
sadiskusio
socialuri
jgufebad
ganwyobebis
valentobis identurobis mixedviT;
5.
socialuri ganwyobis faqtoruli wonis gavlenis dadgena
Tanavarskvlavedis
danarCeni
socialuri
ganwyobebis
Secvlaze.
dasacavad gamotanili debulebebia:
1. socialuri
ganwyobis
Secvlas
gansazRvravs
socialur
ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis kanonzomierebebi;
2. socialuri
kerZod,
ganwyobebis
TanavarskvlavedSi
urTierTqmedeba
araerTgvarovania.
zogierTi
ufro
maTgani
met
zegavlenas axdens sxva danarCenebze;
3. socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis mizezi, garda ukve dadgenili
kanonzomierebebisa
SesaZlebelia
iyos
Sinaarsobrivad
dakavSirebuli ganwyobebis urTierTqmedebac;
7
4. socialuri
ganwyobis
Secvlaze
agreTve
gavlenas
axdens
eqsperimentis mimdinareobis dros Seqmnili situacia;
5. socialuri ganwyobebi TanavarskvlavedSi jgufdebian faqtorTan
korelirebis mixedviT;
6. rac
metia
Rirebulebisadmi
faqtoruli
wona,
TanavarskvlavedSi
anu
sxva
miT
arsebuli
meti
zegavlena
gaerTianebul
sityvebiT
rom
socialuri
vTqvaT,
sxva
aqvs
socialur
ganwyobis
mas
Tavis
ganwyobebze.
Rirebulebisadmi
arsebuli
socialuri ganwyobis faqtoruli wona pirdapirproporciulia
Tanavarskvlavedis sxva ganwyobebze misi zemoqmedebis Zalisa.
aqtualobis miuxedavad, aRniSnul sakiTxze mwiri eqsperimentuli
monacemebi
moipoveba.
amasTanave,
socialuri
ganwyobis
struqturaze
dasavlur socialur fsiqologiaSi dRemde Catarebul kvlevaTagan arc
erTs ar aqvs fundamenturobis pretenzia.
yvelaze axlos Cvens mier dasmul sakiTxTan dgas l. fergiusonisa
(fergiusoni 1939) da T. CxeiZis (CxeiZe 1985) kvlevebi, Tumca bolomde
naTels ver hfens mas. l. fergiusonis mier Catarebuli muSaobis didi
mniSvnelobis miuxedavad unda vTqvaT, rom kvlevis diapazoni ar iyo
farTo _ igi mxolod aTi ganwyobis SeswavliT Semoifargla. amave dros,
ar
dainteresebula
ganwyobaTaSoris
urTierTobis
struqturis
kanonzomierebebisa da socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis eqsperimentuli
kvleviT. T. CxeiZem kvleva Caatara agreTve mcire raodenobis (oTxi)
socialur
obieqtebze,
romlebic,
misi
azriT,
Sinaarseulad
iyvnen
msgavsebi. am SemTxvevaSi T. CxeiZis ZiriTadi interesi iyo konsistentobis
tendenciis Seswavla masSi cnobierebis monawileobis TvalsazrisiT.
dasanania, magram am sakiTxis Seswavlis mimarTulebiT winsvla
naklebia.
mocemuli
gadaidgmeba
im
problemis
kvleviT,
faqtorebis
vfiqrobT,
gamosavlenad,
kidev
romlebic
erTi
nabiji
monawileoben
socialuri ganwyobis SecvlaSi. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom adre
monacemTa
damuSavebis
mwiri
SesaZleblobebis
gamo
Zneli
iyo
srulyofili Sedegebis miReba, Tanamedrove kompiuteruli programebis
gamoyenebiT ki monacemTa statistikuri damuSavebis xarisxi gacilebiT
8
maRalia, naTeli xdeba aseTi kvlevis aucilebloba, mniSvneloba. swored
amis gamo davinteresdiT aRniSnuli problemiT.
Cven, 44 Rirebulebis mimarT socialuri ganwyobebis semantikuri
diferencialis
gamoyenebiT
meTodiT
gamovyaviT
davadgineT
kvlevis
Sedegad,
socialur
TanavarskvlavedSi
faqtoruli
ganwyobaTa
TiToeuli
analizis
Tanavarskvlavedebi;
Rirebulebisadmi
arsebuli
socialuri ganwyobis faqtoruli wonebi, ris safuZvelzedac gamovyaviT
centraluri da periferiuli socialuri ganwyobebi.
mocemuli Sromis siaxle mdgomareobs SemdegSi: eqsperimentulad
davasabuTeT,
rom
socialuri
ganwyobis
Secvla
damokidebulia
socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturaSi mis adgilze, mis
faqtorul
wonaze.
kerZod,
rac
metia
Rirebulebisadmi
arsebuli
socialuri ganwyobis faqtoruli wona, miT meti zegavlena aqvs mas
Tavis TanavarskvlavedSi gaerTianebul sxva socialur ganwyobebze.
vfiqrobT, miRebuli Sedegebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia yvela im
sferoSi, romelic exeba socialuri ganwyobebis Secvlas (socialuri
gavlena, reklamis fsiqologia, propaganda, pedagogiuri fsiqologia),
agreTve,
maTi
Setana
SeiZleba
socialuri
fsiqologiis
swavlebis
kursSi, rac warmoadgens mocemuli Sromis praqtikul Rirebulebas.
winamdebare Sroma Sedgeba Semdegi nawilebisagan: Sesavali, oTxi
Tavi,
zogadi
daskvnebi,
gamoyenebuli
literaturis
CamonaTvali,
danarTebi. pirveli Tavi _ socialuri ganwyobis cneba fsiqologiaSi _
Seexeba socialur ganwyobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Teoriul
analizs,
kerZod,
fsiqologiaSi
socialuri
ganwyobis
Semotanis
istorias, socialuri ganwyobis struqturas, socialuri ganwyobisa da
qcevis
urTierTobas.
struqturis
mizanTan
empiriul
meore
Tavi
kvlevas.
dakavSirebuli
warmoadgens
mesame
literaturis
Tavi
socialuri
eZRvneba
Teoriul
ganwyobis
Cveni
kvlevis
analizs,
kerZod,
socialuri ganwyobis Secvlas. meoTxe Tavi ki warmoadgens socialuri
ganwyobis Secvlis empiriul kvlevas.
9
Tavi 1
socialuri ganwyobis cneba fsiqologiaSi
1.1. sakiTxis istoria
socialuri
pirvelad
u.
ganwyobis
Tomasma
da
(attitude)
f.
cneba
znaneckim
socialur
Semoitanes.
mecnierebebSi
maT
Seiswavles
poloneli glexebis aSS-Si gadasaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri
Seguebis problema. u. Tomasisa da f. znaneckis azriT (Tomasi ... 1972),
socialuri adaptaciis procesi ori mniSvnelovani faqtoris, kerZod,
sazogadoebrivi struqturis mimarT adamianis damokidebulebis da TviT
individisadmi
socialuri
sistemis
TaviseburebaTa
mimarTebis
gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs. am SemTxvevaSi, faqtobrivad, pirovnebasa da
sazogadoebas
Soris
msjelobasTan
socialuri
gvaqvs
arsebuli
saqme.
Rirebulebis
mimarTebis
aRniSnuli
da
kavSiris
socialuri
specifikis
Sesaxeb
aRsawerad
avtorebi
ganwyobis
cnebebs
iyeneben.
pirveli cneba am avtorebis mier SemoTavazebulia, rogorc socialuri
struqturis
aRmweri,
maxasiaTeblis
xolo
gamomxatveli.
socialuri
ganwyoba
subieqturi
mniSvnelobis
Rirebulebisadmi
meore,
u.
Tomasisa
,,individis
individis
rogorc
da
mier
gancdas”,
f.
adamianis
znaneckis
socialuri
anu
cnobierebis
calkeuli
mixedviT,
Rirebulebis
,,garkveuli
mimarTebas”
socialuri
warmoadgens.
amdenad, socialuri ganwyobis pirvelive ganmartebaSi igulisxmeboda
socialuri obieqtisadmi adamianis mimarTeba, anu damokidebuleba.
u. Tomasisa da f. znaneckis mier socialuri ganwyobis cnebis
Semotanis
Semdeg
daiwyo
misi
intensiuri
kvleva,
rac
amJamadac
grZeldeba. arsebuli empiriuli monacemebi zogadad imaze metyvelebs,
rom socialuri ganwyobis formirebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba
subieqtis
gamocdilebas,
xolo
misi
amoqmedeba
aqtualuri
moTxovnilebebiT da arsebuli socialuri situaciis Ria da faruli
maxasiaTeblebiT
garesamyaros
saSualebaa.
ganisazRvreba.
aRqmis,
subieqtis
socialuri
gaazrebis
fsiqikuri
da
ganwyoba
Sefasebis
aqtivobis
subieqtis
sakmaod
procesSi
mier
efeqturi
socialuri
10
ganwyobis
amoqmedeba,
saboloo
jamSi,
misTvis
mniSvnelovani
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas ganapirobebs.
ganwyobis problemasTan dakavSirebiT cnobilia g. olportis (1935),
j. daSilis (1940), j. gibsonis (1941), f. olportis (1955), s. moskoviCis
(1962), u. mak-guaieris (1969), m. rokiCis (1968) da sxva mravali avtoris
Tvalsazrisebi (asmolovi ... 1977). xSirad xdeba u. mak-guaieris sityvebis
citireba ,,kvlevis sagnis Sinagani momxibvlelobis” Sesaxeb, romelic
yovelTvis iqneba mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSi (mak-guaieri 1969).
asxvaveben erTmaneTisagan ,,mentaluri” da ,,motoruli” ganwyobis
cnebebs.
mentaluri
ganwyobis
cneba
erT-erTma
pirvelma
gamoiyena
herbert spenserma ,,pirvel principebSi” 1862w. h. spenseri werda, rom
garkveuli
sakiTxebis
ganxilvis
dros
swori
msjeloba
ZiriTadad
damokidebulia im sulier ganwyobaze (Attitude of mind), romelsac adamianebi
ikaveben
sawinaaRmdego
azris
mosmenis
dros.
am
swori
ganwyobis
SenarCunebazea damokidebuli msjelobis mimarTuleba, misi saSualebiT
xalxi arkvevs WeSmaritebasa da siyalbes. ufro gvian, roca fsiqologiam
uari
Tqva
mkacr
mentalistur
Tvalsazrisze,
popularuli
gaxda
motoruli ganwyobis cneba (nadiraSvili 1983).
motoruli da sensoruli reaqciis dros Seiswavlida l. lange. igi
ganwyobas ganixilavda, rogorc warsuli gamocdilebiT ganpirobebul
mzaobas (deviatkini 1999).
Semdgom eqsperimentul gamokvlevebSi ganwyoba Seiswavleboda ara
rogorc motoruli aqtivobisaTvis aRmocenebuli mzaoba, aramed rogorc
adamianis
yovelgvari
aqtivobisaTvis
mosamzadebeli
fsiqofizikuri
mdgomareoba.
viurcburgis skolis eqsperimentul gamokvlevebSi ganwyobis cnebam
ukiduresi subieqtivisturi da fsiqologisturi elferi miiRo (n. axi,
a. meseri, o. kiulpe) (nadiraSvili 1983). maT SromebSi xazi gaesva ara
individis motoruli momzadebis faqts, romelic gansazRvravs samoZrao
reaqciebis
aRmocenebas,
reaqciis
dros
da
sxva
msgavs
motorul
aqtivobas, aramed subieqtis cnobierebis organizacias.
viurcburgis skolis warmomadgenlebis mier ganwyoba sabolood
gagebuli iyo, rogorc cnobierebis daxasiaTebisaTvis gamosadegi, magram
11
cnobierebis
TvalsaCino
cnobierebisa
da
Sinaarsebis
aracnobierebis
gareSe
mocemuli
sazRvarze
gancda.
mdebare
igi
fsiqikuri
mdgomareobaa. ganwyobis fenomeni cnobierebaSi warmodgenili TvalsaCino
monacemebiT ar SeiZleba daxasiaTdes da amoiwuros.
g. olporti aRniSnavs, rom (nadiraSvili 1983), ganwyobis fenomeni
aracnobier fsiqikur movlenaTa sferos pirvelad z. froidma miakuTvna
da fsiqologiaSi am cnebas fundamenturi mniSvneloba mianiWa. fsiqikuri
cxovrebis energetikul bazas, z. froidis azriT, swored es aracnobieri
fsiqikuri
qmnis,
romlis
Sinaarsis
wvdoma,
cnobierebaSi
amotana
specifikur muSaobas, fsiqikis sagangebo analizs moiTxovs.
iTvleba,
rom
mTlianobis
principidan
gamomdinare,
socialuri
ganwyobis koncepcia jerovnad ver iqna da verc iqneboda damuSavebuli
fsiqologiis
Semdeg
egzistencialur,
mimarTulebebSi:
humanistur
fenomenologiur
fsiqologiaSi,
aqtebis
fsiqologiaSi,
fsiqologiaSi,
u. jemsis funqcionalur mimarTulebaSi. Tuki g. olporti Tvlis, rom
erT-erTi
pirveli
adreuli
fsiqologi,
romelmac
gamoiyena
termini
“Attitude” iyo g. spenseri _ pozitivizmis fuZemdebeli, a. deviatkini am
upiratesobas a. bines aniWebs (deviatkini 1999). aq mniSvnelovania ara
imdenad prioritetis istoriuli faqti, ramdenadac is, rom a. bines
pozicias n. lange ganixilavs f. brentanos funqcionaluri fsiqologiis
aqtebTan,
e.
huserlis
fenomenologiasTan
mimarTebaSi,
sadac
intencionalobis cneba erT-erT centralur rols asrulebs.
araferi
mowodebul
msgavsi
terminSi
ar
aris
“Attitude”,
u.
Tomasisa
romelic
da
maT
f.
znaneckis
gamoiyenes
Cvens
mier
mier
zemonaxseneb cnobil SromaSi amerikaSi poloneli glexebis Sesaxeb.
wesad iqca ganwyobis problemebis ganxilvis dawyeba aRniSnuli naSromis
moxseniebiT.
Znelia
mniSvnelovania,
raime
yuradReba
axlis
Tqma
mivaqcioT
amasTan
TviT
dakavSirebiT,
socialuri
magram
ganwyobis
konstruqcias: ,,Rirebuleba” + ,,Rirebulebisadmi damokidebuleba”.
u. mak-guaieri SeniSnavs, rom Tu kvlevis dasawyisSi mkvlevarebi
dakavebulni iyvnen ganwyobis gansazRvris sakiTxebiT, 20-30-ian wlebSi
gazomvis problema gaxda ufro aqtualuri. Semdeg dadga socialuri
12
ganwyobis
formirebisa
da
Secvlis
kanonzomierebebis
kvlevis
jeri.
bolos ki _ ganwyobis komponentebis da funqciisa (mak-guaieri 1969).
ase da amgvarad, pirveli problema, romelsac met-naklebad ixilavs
TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari, gaxlavT ganwyobis gansazRvris problema. am
sakiTxs uamravi Sroma eZRvneba. u. Tomasi da f. znanecki gansazRvravdnen
ganwyobas
,,rogorc
fsiqologiur
socialur
samyarosTan
process,
mimarTebebSi
da
romelic
pirvel
ganixileba
rigSi,
socialur
RirebulebebTan kavSirSi” (Sixirevi 1999: 100).
g. olportma ganwyobis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebis ganzogadebis
safuZvelze
gaakeTa
mentaluri
da
Semdegi
nervuli
gansazRvreba:
mdgomareoba,
ganwyoba
organizebuli
aris
mzaobis
gamocdilebiT,
romelic individis reaqciebze yvela obieqtis Tu situaciis mimarT,
romelTanac is aris dakavSirebuli,
axdens mimarTulebis mimcem an
dinamikur gavlenas (olporti 1935). g. olporti definiciaSi xazs usvams
ganwyobis qceviseul tendenciebs, upasuxos situacias garkveuli maneriT.
es aris mdidari da yovlismomcveli definicia, jer isev mniSvnelovani
da
arsebiTi,
imis
miuxedavad,
rom
wlebis
ganmavlobaSi
mravali
definicia arsebobda (horovici ... 1995).
g. olportis pozicia bevrwilad uaxlovdeboda l. terstounis
(deviatkini
1999)
kombinirdeba
da
Sexedulebebs,
romelic
am
msvlelobaSi
procesis
Tvlida,
rom
informacia
formirdeba
saboloo
socialuri ganwyoba.
socialuri ganwyobis gansazRvrebis mcdelobaTa klasificireba
moaxdina antoni grinvaldma (grinvaldi ... 1968: 362) yvela zemoaRniSnuli:
,,ganwyobis
winamorbedi
definiciebi
SeiZleba
mivakuTvnoT
erT-erTs
Semdegi oTxi klasidan: 1. avtori warmoadgens da amtkicebs ganwyobis
Sesaxeb
sakuTar
gansazRvrebebs.
amasTan
igi
amtkicebs,
rom
es
gansazRvreba SeiZleba ar iyos ukve cnobilis identuri (l. dubi (dubi
1947); C. osgudi (osgudi ... 1955). 2. avtori ganixilavs sxva gansazRvrebebis
uamrav variants da erT-erT maTgans aZlevs upiratesobas (C. insko (insko
1967) an gvTavazobs axal gansazRvrebas (g. olporti (olporti 1935).
3.
avtori
uSvebs
ganwyobis
gansazRvrebis
mravalferovnebas,
radgan
sxvadasxva gansazRvrebaTa Soris konsensuss ver poulobs (u. mak-guaieri
13
(mak-guaieri 1969); m. smiti (deviatkini 1999). 4. avtori, romelic cdilobs
ganwyobis
sxvadasxva
gansazRvrebebis
Cveulebriv
sasaubro
enaze
gadatanas da misi meSveobiT sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis konvergenciis
saSualebis SemuSavebas (d. kempbeli (kempbeli 1963)”. Tavad a. grinvaldi
ki cdilobda ganwyobis yvela cnobili Teoriis gaerTianebas im mizniT,
rom Seeqmna ,,kompleqsuri fsiqologiuri Teoria, romelic Sedgenili
iqneboda bazisuri fsiqologiuri Teoriebis safuZvelze” (grinvaldi ...
1968: 386).
p.
Sixirevis
situaciis
azriT,
dadebiTi
,,socialuri
an
uaryofiTi
ganwyoba
aris
Sefasebis
obieqtis
mimarT
an
individis
winsawarganwyobis myari, latenturi mdgomareoba, romelic am obieqtis
cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebiT
iqmneba
da
axdens
maregulirebel,
maorganizebel gavlenas perceptualur, emociur, azrovnebis procesebze
da gamoixateba mocemul situaciaSi mocemul obieqtTan mimarTebaSi
qcevis TanamimdevrulobaSi (rogorc verbalurSi, aseve araverbalurSi)”
(Sixirevi 1973).
aqve
aRvniSnavT,
rom
dReisaTvis
mkvlevarTa
umravlesoba
socialuri ganwyobis Semdeg ganmartebas iziarebs: socialuri ganwyoba
gamoxatavs
socialuri
damokidebulebas,
movlenebisadmi
romelic
mis
adamianis
SexedulebebSi,
SefasebiT
grZnobebSi
da
mizanmimarTul qcevaSi mJRavndeba (maiersi 2001).
Tu socialuri ganwyoba aris gamocdilebis Sedegad warmoqmnili,
is,
savaraudod,
daswavliT
unda
formirdebodes
sxvadasxva
gamocdilebebidan da gavlenebidan. Sexeduleba, rom Cveni ganwyobebi
Cndeba mxolod gamocdilebidan, zogierT avtors sakiTxis gamartivebad
miaCnia, vinaidan, sul ufro meti faqti grovdeba, sadac Cans, rom zog
ganwyobas aqvs genetikuri elementi (teseri 1993).
am
periodamde
aragamokveTilad
socialuri
moCanda,
axla
ganwyoba
ki
am
ufro
cnebam
universalurad
SeiZina
ufro
da
meti
struqturirebuloba.
sanam socialuri ganwyobis miseul gansazRvrebas SemogvTavazebda,
g. olportma gaaanaliza manamde arsebuli 16 definicia. misma kolega
14
h. nelsonma 1939w. gaaanaliza ukve 30 msgavsi gansazRvreba da es moxda
mxolod oTx weliwadSi! (deviatkini 1999).
f.
olportis
azriT,
qcevis
aracnobier
Semadgenel
nawils
warmoadgens socialuri ganwyoba, romelic amzadebs qcevas da aZlevs
mas mimarTulebas, amave dros axdens zogi reaqciis aqtivizirebas da
zogis _ damuxruWebas (deviatkini 1999).
m. smiti, j. bruneri da r. uaiti Tvlian, rom ganwyoba _ ,,es aris
gamocdilebisadmi
predispozicia,
romelic
iwvevs
obieqtebis
mimarT
garkveuli moqmedebebisadmi individis motivirebas” (deviatkini 1999: 6).
Carlz
osgudi
,,winaswarganwyoba
mdgomareobebze,
socialuri
ganwyobis
reagirebaze,
iseTebze,
mTavar
romelic
Tvisebad
xedavs:
damokidebulia
sxva
rogoricaa:
SefasebiT
pasuxze
winaswarganwyobis mzaoba” (osgudi ... 1957).
i. sarnofi gansazRvravs ganwyobas, rogorc obieqtTa garkveul
klasze dadebiTad an uaryofiTad reagirebis midrekilebas (deviatkini
1999).
daswavlis
Teoriis
warmomadgenlebisaTvis,
romlebic
fsiqologiaSi umetesad bihevioristul Tvalsazriss icaven, ganwyoba
aris
gamocdilebis
procesSi
SeZenili
iseTive
fsiqikuri
fenomeni,
rogoricaa codna da Cveva. am Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, individis qaoturi
elementaruli aqtebidan daswavlis kanonebis mixedviT xdeba garkveuli
moqmedebebis Camoyalibeba, maT Soris, ganwyobis formirebac.
erT-erTi pirveli avtori, romelmac daswavlis Teoriis principebi
gadaitana socialuri ganwyobis kvlevis sferoSi, iyo leonard dubi
(1947). man 1947w. gamoaqveyna statia “The bahavior of attitudes”, romelSic
socialuri
ganwyoba
gansazRvra,
rogorc
daswavlis
implicituri
mosalodneli reaqcia. am gansazRvrebaSi ufro xazgasmulia is, Tu ra
aris TviT socialuri ganwyoba da ara is, Tu ra tendenciebs Seicavs igi.
definicia ar Seicavs Ria qcevas, Tumca uSvebs, rom socialuri ganwyoba
gavlenas
daswavlis
moaxdens
individis
stimul-reaqciis
konceptualizirebulia,
vidre
eqsplicituri).
qcevaze.
definicia
tradiciebidan
rogorc
l.
es
dubi,
reaqcia
g.
da
(Tumca
olportis
gamomdinareobs
socialuri
ufro
ganwyoba
implicituri,
msgavsad,
socialur
15
ganwyobas
miawers
Tvisebas,
romelic
rogorc
axdens
dinamikur,
qcevis
ise
mimarTulebis
Camoyalibebasac
da
mimcemis
mimarTulebis
micemasac. ganwyobis bihevioraluri Teoriebis umravlesoba Tanxmdeba
maTi formirebis gzebis gagebaSi. l. dubis Teoria gaxda fundamenti sxva
mkvlevarebisaTvis (m. fiSbeini, k. hovlandi, i. jainisi, h. keli, a. loti
da sxva).
karl
hovlandma
masobrivi
komunikaciebis
kvlevisas
daiwyo
socialuri ganwyobebis problemebis Seswavla. komunikaciuri procesi
mas
esaxeboda,
rogorc
individis
stimulebi
da
reaqciebi
da
maTi
gamaSualebeli fsiqikuri procesebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganwyobis cnebas aRiarebda mravali mecnieri,
arsebobda am cnebis sxvadasxva definicia, iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic
cdilobdnen
ganwyobis
cnebis
gandevnas.
aq
pirvel
rigSi
unda
davasaxeloT velisa da fenomenologisturi Teoriebis warmomadgenlebi,
romelTac surdaT misi Secvla iseTi cnebebiT, rogorebicaa: velis
efeqtebi, ganzraxva da sxva. velis Teoriis mimdevrebi _ v. keleri da
m.
verthaimeri
_
cdilobdnen
aRqmisa
da
azrovnebis
procesSi
gamovlenili ganwyobiseuli kanonzomierebis dayvanas velis efeqtebze.
velis Teoriis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma _ k. levinma (levini
1951) velSi (rogorc erT-erTi ganzomileba) Semoiyvana pirovneba Tavisi
warsuli
gamocdilebebiTa
da
moTxovnilebebiT,
romlebic
garkveul
daZabulobas qmnian adamianis sasicocxlo velSi. adamianis qceva am
daZabulobaTa moxsnas emsaxureba da Tavisi funqciiT es cnebebi iseTive
rols asruleben adamianis fsiqikaSi, rac ganwyobis cnebas ekisreba. am
gziT k. levins surda fsiqologiuri cnebebis sistemidan ganwyobis
cnebis amogdeba da misi Sesatyvisi kanonzomierebis gagebas cdilobda
sasicocxlo velis cnebiT.
iyo
mcdeloba,
Sinaarsebze,
ganwyobis
romlebic
cneba
daeyvanaT
garkveuli
iseT
cnobierebis
mimarTulebiT
moqmedebis
ganzraxvasTan arian dakavSirebuli. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT ganwyobis
Sinaarseuli
mxare
cnobier-fsiqikuri
movlenaa,
xolo
im
meqanizmis
aqtivoba, romlis safuZvelzedac am Sinaarsebis realizacia xdeba da
saTanado
qceva
aRiZvreba,
fiziologiur
procesebs
warmoadgenen.
es
16
Tvalsazrisi
adamianis
fiziologiur
procesad
gansxvavebuli
Sexeduleba
qcevas
cnobier
yofs.
mas
mimarTulebebi,
fsiqikaze
(a.
fsiqikur
aRiarebdnen
rogoricaa:
boWoriSvili,
da
aracnobier
iseTi
mkveTrad
fenomenologisturi
(boWoriSvili
1966)
da
biheviorizmi (d. mileri, i. galanteri da k. pribrami (mileri ... 1965).
dReisaTvis socialur fsiqologiaSi uamravi literatura arsebobs
im faqtorebze, romlebic exeba ganwyobis aRmocenebas, fiqsirebasa da
cvlilebas,
aseve,
adamianis
aqtivobaze
ganwyobis
zegavlenis
kanonzomierebebs.
ganwyobis
yuradReba
maformirebeli
miaqcia
socialur
faqtorebidan
faqtors
t.
niukombma
(deviatkini
1999).
sagangebo
misi
azriT
ganwyobis Camoyalibebisa da SecvlisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
adamianTa Soris urTierTobas.
m. Serifma da h. kentrilma ganwyobebis SemuSavebisa da ganmtkicebis
kanonzomierebaTa Seswavlis dros yuradReba gadaitanes gare stimulebis
aRqmisa da Semecnebis Taviseburebebze (nadiraSvili 1983).
f. haiderma ganwyobis emociur-afeqturi mxare Seiswavla. adamianis
qcevis gagebas f. haideri geStaltTeoriis poziciebidan fiqrobda. amave
dros,
k.
levinis
Taviseburebidan
mimarTulebis
msgavsad,
gaerkvia
igi
cdilobda
adamianis
ganmsazRvreli
is
qcevis
ganwyobebi,
sasicocxlo
mimarTuleba
romlebic
mas
velis
da
am
Seeqmneba
sinamdvilis movlenebis mimarT (nadiraSvili 1983).
adamianTa
wamowia
urTierTobis
ganwyobis
gamokvlevebs
Sesaxeb
gamokvlevebSi
emociur-afeqturi
adamianTa
ganwyobebis
mxare.
amis
kvlevad
ar
f.
haiderma
win
gamo
xSirad
mis
Tvlidnen,
magram
rodesac es gamokvlevebi ganwyobis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneboda, ganwyobis
cnebaSi mxolod emociur-afeqturi aspeqti igulisxmeboda, rac ganwyobis
cnebis calmxriv, araswor gagebas iwvevs.
d. kreCma, r. kraCfildma da e. balaCim (nadiraSvili 1985) mogvces
ganwyobis sistemuri ganxilvis nimuSi. maT ganwyobis cnebaSi gaaerTianes
yvela
is
aspeqti,
romelic
sxva
mkvlevarebis
mier
fragmentulad,
erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad Seiswavleboda. d. kreCis, r. kraCfildisa
da e. balaCis mixedviT, socialuri ganwyoba izolirebul movlenas ar
17
warmoadgens, igi ganwyobaTa mTeli sistemis elementia. yoveli calkeuli
ganwyoba, maTi azriT, aris obieqtis pozitiuri an negatiuri Sefasebis,
sasiamovnod an usiamovnod gancdis, misadmi mtrulad an
moqmedebis
yoveli
tendenciebis
qceva
mTeli
garkveuli
sistema
ganwyobis
(baliaSvili
zemoqmedebas
sasikeTod
1980).
ganicdis
adamianis
da
qcevis
Sesrulebis Semdeg xdeba masTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobis gaZliereba,
Sesusteba an Secvla. Tu gvinda adamianebze sasurveli gavlenis moxdena,
saWiroa,
vicodeT
maTi
ganwyobebi
da
am
ganwyobebis
gaZlierebis,
Sesustebisa da Secvlis kanonebi.
ueWvelad
didia
socialuri
ganwyobis
Teoriaze
biheviorizmis
gavlena. S. nadiraSvili Tvlis, rom g. olports, r. kraCfilds, g. merfs,
d. kreCs, a. laCinss, t. niukombs da sxvebs bihevioristuli pozicia
ukaviaT,
amasTan,
ebrZvian
elementarizms
da
ganixilaven
ganwyobas,
rogorc gancdaTa safuZvelze warmoSobil meorad fsiqikur fenomens
(nadiraSvili 1974).
j.
gibsonis
cnobil
SromaSi
(nadiraSvili
1983),
mocemulia
ganwyobis cnebis kritikuli analizi. a. asmolovis Tanaxmad ,,ucxour
fsiqologiaSi ganwyobis cnebaSi Cadebuli sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebis
klasifikaciis mcdeloba swored j. gibsons ekuTvnis (asmolovi 1977).
j.
gibsonis
(frangiSvili
kritikuli
1967)
da
a.
analizis
safuZvelze
asmolovma
(asmolovi
a.
frangiSvilma
1977)
SemogvTavazes
ganwyobis kvlevebSi ZiriTadi poziciebis klasifikacia.
j. gibsonis klasifikaciis bazaze a. asmolovi gamoyofs ramdenime
ZiriTad pozicias: 1. o. kiulpe, XX saukunis dasawyisSi, atarebda ra
aRqmaze eqsperimentebs, ganwyobis cnebis qveS gulisxmobda ,,obieqtebis
Tvisebebis
an
urTierTobebis
winaswar
Seqmnil
molodins”;
2. o. zangvilis pozicia bevrwilad ganagrZobs o. kiulpes xazs. ganwyoba
aq gagebulia, rogorc ,,konceptualuri sqema, ara mosalodneli, aramed
gamowveuli
seriebSi
stimulis
ganwyoba
paterniT”;
3.
warmodgenilia,
reaqciis
rogorc
droze
eqsperimentTa
,,specifiuri
moZraobiT
reagirebis ganzraxva”; 4. karl kofkas ganwyoba warmoudgenia, rogorc
,,Cveuli
fsiqikuri
operaciebis
Sesrulebis
ganzraxva”;
5.
sipola,
a. laCinsi aRniSnavdnen, rom ganwyoba aris ,,fsiqikuri operacia an
18
meTodi amocanebis Seswavlisa an gadaWris procesSi aqtualizirebuli
da ara ganzrax warmoSobili”; 6. kurt levini Tvlida, rom ganwyoba
,,Sewyvetili
ganwyobis
aqtivobis
cnebis
qveS
damTavrebis
gulisxmobda
tendenciaa”;
,,Sesabamisi”
7.
mak-farlendi
pirobebis
gaqrobis
Semdeg aqtiurobis gangrZobis tendencias (perseveracia)” (asmolovi 1977:
61-65).
arsebobs d. sirsis (fridmeni ... 1981) klasifikacia: 1. definiciebi,
romlebSic xazgasmulia socialuri ganwyobis qceviseuli tendenciebi. am
mxriv tipiuria g. olportis mier mocemuli definicia; 2. definiciebi,
romelSic xazgasmulia socialuri ganwyobis draiviseuli buneba, e.i. is,
Tu ras warmoadgens socialuri ganwyoba da ara maTi tendenciebi. am
mxriv tipiuria l. dubis definicia; 3. definiciebi, romlebic aerTianeben
zemoT
miTiTebul
orive
princips.
magaliTad,
d.
kreCisa
da
r. kraCfildis definicia.
S. nadiraSvili, ganixilavs ra yvela zemoaRniSnul Sexedulebas,
aRniSnavs,
rom
aq
SeimCneva
,,ganwyobis
zogadfsiqologiuri
gagebis
gaxleCvis tendencia” sxvadasxva fsiqikuri warmonaqmnebis formiT _ imiT,
rasac hqvia “set” da “Attitude”. S. nadiraSvili miuTiTebs, rom saubaria
saerTo
kanonzomierebis
mqone
erTi
da
igive
meqanizmis
sxvadasxva
aspeqtze, Tumca aseTi midgomiT es saerTo kanonzomiereba ikargeba da
cneba
“set”
aqtivobis
sensomotorul
sferoSi
sferoSi
dispoziciuri
da
cneba
ganwyobis
“Attitude”
moqmedebas
socialuri
miekuTvnebian
(nadiraSvili 1987).
ganwyobis integrirebul TeoriebSi ganwyobas dakisrebuli aqvs
qcevis aRmZvreli TiTqmis yvela faqtoris gaerTianebis funqcia, magram
sazRvargareTul fsiqologiaSi ganwyobis cneba mainc ver iqca adamianis
qcevis ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel da amxsnel cnebad.
socialuri
ganwyobis
fsiqologiaSi
yvela
kvleva
pirobiTad
SeiZleba movaTavsoT fsiqologiis ori mTavari mimarTulebis sazRvrebSi
_ bihevioristuli da kognituri. calke unda gamovyoT d. uznaZis skola,
romelsac gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs.
19
1.2. socialuri ganwyobis struqtura
socialuri ganwyobebis struqtura aris ganwyobis Teoriis erTerTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.
socialuri ganwyobis obieqtTan dakavSirebiT adamianebis gonebaSi
pozitiuri da negatiuri gamocdilebebia Senaxuli. amdenad, adamianebi
kavSirs
amyareben
socialuri
ganwyobis
obieqtsa
da
Sesabamis
wina
gamocdilebas Soris. aseT kavSirebs SeiZleba axasiaTebdes garkveuli
kanonzomiereba,
sxvadasxva
rac
fsiqologebs
struqturuli
saSualebas
Tviseba.
aZlevs,
socialuri
miaweron
ganwyobis
maT
Sida
struqturaSi (intra-attitudinal structure) swored es aspeqti igulisxmeba. amas
garda,
vinaidan
ganwyobebi,
adamianebs
SesaZlebelia
uyalibdebaT
es
mravalricxovani
ukanasknelni
gonebaSi
socialuri
daukavSirdnen
erTmaneTs. aseT, ufro globalur struqturebs, romlebic erTze met
socialur ganwyobas moicavs, ewodeba ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis
struqturebi (inter-attitudinal structure) (igli ... 1998; qvarcxava ... 1985).
socialuri
ganwyobebis
Sida
struqtura
da
ganwyobebs
Soris
urTierTobis struqtura asaxavs ganwyobebis formirebis kontrastul
gzebs. socialuri ganwyobis Sida struqtura formirdeba gamocdilebiT,
ganwyobis obieqtze pirdapiri an iribi kognituri, afeqturi an qceviTi
reaqciis
safuZvelze.
gulisxmobs
ganwyobis
am
dros
obieqtsa
xdeba
da
informaciis
masze
reaqcias
Senaxva,
romelic
Soris
kavSirs.
Sefaseba ganzogaddeba am kavSiridan da socialuri ganwyoba Sesabamisad
formirdeba SedarebiT martivi kavSirebis generalizaciiT.
arsebobs socialuri ganwyobis Camoyalibebis sxva, alternatiuli,
saSualebac
_
gansxvavebuli
ganwyobebis
Sesabamis
obieqtebs
Soris
kavSiri. aRniSnuli kavSirebi inaxeba TviTon socialur ganwyobasTan
erTad. socialuri ganwyobebis struqturebis umetesobas rogorc wesi
aqvT orive aspeqti _ ganwyobis Sida da ganwyobebs Soris urTierTobis.
is, rom socialur ganwyobebs aqvs struqturis sxvadasxva formebi,
srulebiTac ar niSnavs maT statikurobas. Tu gaviziarebT azrs, rom
socialuri ganwyobis struqtura aris aspeqti mentaluri mdgomareobis,
romelic warmoSobs socialur ganwyobas, obieqtis mimarT individis
20
socialuri ganwyobis struqtura SesaZlebelia savsebiT gansxvavebuli
iyos
drois
sxvadasxva
momentSi,
obieqtTan
dakavSirebiT
axali
gamocdilebis arqonis pirobebSic ki.
imis
gasarkvevad,
struqtura
(available)
Tu
cvalebadi,
da
struqturis
saWiroa
xelmisawvdomi
arsebuloba
potenciurad
struqturis
ratomaa
misi
calkeuli
gavmijnoT
(accessible)
gulisxmobs
gaaqtiurebis
xelmisawvdomoba
socialuri
ganwyobis
erTmaneTisagan
arsebuli
struqturebi
mis
Senaxvas
SesaZleblobis
aris
misi
(higinsi
1996).
mexsierebaSi,
arsebobas,
aqtivaciis
anu
xolo
potenciali,
anu
zustad droulad gaaqtiurebisaTvis mzaoba.
1.2 a) socialuri ganwyobis struqturis mravalmxrivoba
socialuri
SemecnebiT,
ganwyobis
grZnobad
da
struqturis
qceviT
Semadgeneli
Tvisebebs
moicavs
komponentebi
(brekleri
1984).
socialuri ganwyobis es Semadgeneli nawilebi gancalkevebulad ki ar
moqmedeben, aramed isini raime socialuri obieqtis mimarT pirovnebis
urTierTdakavSirebul
mTlianobas
qmnian
da
SemecnebiT,
imave
grZnobad
obieqtis
mimarT
da
qceviT
adamianis
sistemur
tendenciis,
winaswari mzaobis saxiT warmodgebian.
ganwyobis
kognituri
komponenti,
romelsac
perceptualurs,
informaciulsa da stereotipul komponentsac eZaxian, dakavSirebulia
imasTan, Tu rogor aRiqmeba obieqti, misi konceptualuri konotacia, an
obieqtis
,,stereotipi”.
rwmenebi.
am
esaa
Sexedulebis
arasasurvelobis,
ganwyobis
mixedviT
obieqtis
xdeba
sargebloba-mavneblobis
Sesaxeb
obieqtisadmi
da
a.S.
adamianebis
sasurveloba-
TvisebaTa
miwera.
mocemuli komponenti Seicavs pirovnebis Sexedulebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra xasiaTis qceva aris am obieqtis Sesatyvisi, mowonebas imsaxurebs igi,
Tu
gakicxvas.
kognituri
komponenti
azrovnebis,
anu
mizansa
da
saSualebas Soris mimarTebis damyarebis process efuZneba, ufro zustad,
_ obieqtis Tvisebebsa da adamianis miznebs Soris, rogorc es saerTod
RirebulebiTi msjelobisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
21
am
komponentis
tipiur
sazoms
warmoadgens
zedsarTavebis
sakontrolo sia _ eTnikuri jgufebis stereotipebis gamosamJRavneblad
(gilberti
1951).
d.
kacma
da
e.
stotlandma
1959w.
SemogvTavazes
socialuri ganwyobis kognituri komponentis gaanalizeba Sexedulebebis,
maTi elementebis raodenobis, struqturis donisa da am elementebis
ierarqiis
da
im
obieqtebis
intensiobis
saSualebiT,
romlebzedac
mimarTulia kognituri elementi (igli ... 1998).
kognituri komponentis gaanalizebis odnav sxva xerxi SemogvTavaza
m.
rokiCma
1960w.
darwmunebis
(fridmeni
gradientis
...
1981),
romlis
centralizaciis,
arsic
mdgomareobs
SeRwevadobis
ganxilvaSi.
C. osgudis (osgudi ... 1957) semantikuri diferencialis Tanaxmad misi
Sefasebis faqtori konotaciuri analizis dros SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnes afeqturi komponentis sazomad, xolo sxva faqtorebs SeuZliaT
asaxon kognituri komponenti. esenia Zalis, aqtivobis da sxva faqtorebi.
ganwyobis afeqturi (anu ,,grZnobadi”, anu ,,emociuri”) komponenti
gamoxatavs,
upirveles
grZnobebs:
yovlisa,
mocemuli
siamovneba-usiamovnebas,
armowonebas,
siyvarul-siZulvils
obieqtisadmi
simpaTia-antipaTias,
da
a.S.
iTvleba,
subieqtis
mowoneba-
rom
emociuri
datvirTva aZlevs socialur ganwyobas motivaciur Zalas.
zogierTi
mkvlevari afeqtur komponents mxolod SefasebiT komponentad Tvlis da
amitom
mas
kognitur
ganixilavs,
da
qceviT
rogorc
ganwyobis
komponentebs
birTvs,
ganixilavs,
maSin,
rogorc
rodesac
Tavisebur
,,wamonazards”, romelic formirdeba mis irgvliv matricis msgavsad,
romlisganac isini amoizrdebian (mak-guaieri 1969: 156).
ganwyoba yovelTvis aucileblad unda ganixilebodes konkretuli
individisa da misi garemomcveli samyaros CarCoebSi. is yovelTvis aris
,,ganwyoba mimarTuli raimeze”. ganwyoba ar SeiZleba iyos ,,ubralod”
ganwyoba, ,,Teoriuli konstruqcia”. socialuri ganwyobis samkomponentian
struqturad dayofas ar iwoneben a. asmolovi, m. kovalCuki, p. Sixirevi
(asmolovi ... 1977; Sixirevi 1979).
qceviTi
(moqmedebis
tendenciis)
komponenti
Seicavs
socialur
sferosTan dakavSirebul qceviT mzaobebs _ daxmarebis, dacvis, zianis
miyenebis,
dasjis
da
sxv.
moqmedebis
tendenciis
komponenti
niSnavs
22
mzaobas da ar emTxveva, ar faravs realur qcevas. Tumca avtorebi
Tvlian,
rom
socialuri
ganwyobis
wvlili
qcevaSi
didia,
saWirod
scnoben, xazi gausvan aSkara qcevasa da moqmedebis tendencias Soris
gansxvavebas, rasac asabuTeben im debulebaze dayrdnobiT, rom qcevas,
garda
socialuri
ganwyobisa,
aqvs
iseTi
determinantebi,
rogoricaa
garegani socialuri Tu fizikuri viTarebebiT iZuleba. garda amisa,
socialuri ganwyobebi erTnairad ar saWiroebs qcevaSi gamovlinebas,
realizacias _ arseboben socialuri ganwyobebi, romlebic emsaxurebian
pirovnebis iseT funqcias, romelsac aSkara gamoxatva ar sWirdeba. es
funqcia
socialuri
ganwyobis
mxolod
arsebobiTac
amrigad,
socialuri
ganwyobis
qceviTi
komponenti
kmayofildeba.
mkveTrad
unda
gaimijnos realuri qcevisagan.
qceviT komponents a. deviatkini (deviatkini 1999) aRniSnavs, rogorc
moqmedebisaken
ganwyobis
ganwyobis
cnebis
samkomponentianad
tendencias
sazRvrebidan.
aqvs
a.
da
gamotanili
deviatkinsac
warmodgenili,
magram
aqvs
socialuri
socialuri
qceviTi
ganwyoba
komponenti
mas
Canacvlebuli aqvs ekologiuri komponentiT da Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli
avtoris
mixedviT,
socialuri
ganwyoba
Sedgeba
Semdegi
sami
komponentisagan: ekologiuri, kognituri, afeqturi. amasTan dakavSirebiT
a. deviatkinma Camoayaliba socialuri ganwyobis struqtura. socialur
ganwyobas aqvs sami done:
1. ganwyobis ekologiuri komponentis done;
2. socialuri ganwyobis ,,atituduri” komponentis done;
3. moqmedebisaken tendenciis done.
pirveli _ ekologiuri komponentis
samyaros
SesaZleblobaTa
analizis
done _ uzrunvelyofs gare
funqcias
da
SesaZleblobaTa
arCevans. es aris sakuTriv ganwyobis done, sadac xdeba moTxovnilebisa
da
SesaZleblobis
komponentis
dones
,,Sexvedra”.
aqvs
socialuri
samyaros
ganwyobis
Sesaleblobebis
ekologiuri
pirveladi
(ekologiuri) arCevanis Tviseba, individis socialuri ganwyobis saerTo
struqturaSi
formirebuli
ganwyobebis
CarTvis
Tviseba.
socialuri
ganwyobis ekologiur komponents aqvs intencionalobis Tviseba, romelic
23
mas
aZlevs
individis
socialur-ekologiur
niSaSi
arsebuli
SesaZleblobebis gaanalizebis saSualebas.
meore
done
_
,,atitudis”
done,
afeqturi
da
kognituri
komponentebis done. am dones aqvs ,,atitudis” yvela funqciis Tviseba,
amave dros tradiciulad Tavis TavSi Seicavs kognitur da afeqtur
komponentebs.
mesame done _ moqmedebisaken tendenciis done. es ukve mTlad
socialuri ganwyoba araa, magram arc qcevaa, rogorc misi realizacia. aq
SeiZleba
moqmedebdes
rogorc
ganwyobiTi,
aseve
ganwyobisgare
meqanizmebi. moqmedebisaken tendenciis done a. deviatkinma calke doned
gamoyo
imitom,
rom
xazi
gaesva
misi
gansakuTrebuli
kavSirisaTvis
individis qcevasTan.
socialuri
ganwyobis
gansazRvrebis
amgvari
poziciebidan
gaanalizebam avtori miiyvana daskvnamde, rom socialuri ganwyoba unda
iyos organizmis fsiqosomaturi funqcia, romelsac aqvs garemomcveli
samyaros SesaZleblobebis analizis Tvisebebi, socialuri ganwyobebis
konsistentur
sistemaSi
ukve
formirebuli
socialuri
ganwyobebis
izomeba
bipolarul
CarTvis Tvisebebi.
socialuri ganwyobis ganzomilebiTi struqtura
tradiciulad,
socialuri
ganwyobebi
ganzomilebaze, romelic varirebs ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT ukiduresi
keTilganwyobidan
arakeTilganwyobamde.
socialuri
ganwyobis
Sida
struqturis codna gvexmareba ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT reaqciebis ukeT
winaswarmetyvelebaSi.
debatebis
adamianebi
acnobiereben,
zemoaRniSnuli
amitomac,
(ZiriTadad
am
ori
_
rom
socialuri
maTi
sapirispiro
SezRuduli
da
sakuTari
polusidan
mimarTulebiT
politikuri)
socialuri
erT-erTs
aRiqvamen
dros
ganwyobebi
warmoadgenen.
TavianT
pirad
ganwyobebs. am Tvalsazrisis gaziarebiT, C. judma da j. kulikma (judi ...
1980)
scades
adamianebi
daemtkicebinaT,
iazreben
TavianTi
rom
sakuTar
gagebis
socialur
bipolaruli
ganwyobebs
kontinuumis
24
farglebSi da gamomdinare aqedan, erT polusze ganaTavseben socialuri
ganwyobis
relevantur
informacias,
romelsac
isini
eTanxmebian
da
sawinaaRmdego polusze _ informacias, romelsac ar eTanxmebian, magram
amis miuxedavad, mxars uWeren, rasac sxvebi iwoneben.
ganzomilebiTi
a.
pratkanisma
struqturis
(pratkanisi
Sesaxeb
1989). kerZod,
_
Sexeduleba
is
azri,
ganavrco
rom
socialur
ganwyobas SeiZleba hqondes bipolaruli an unipolaruli struqtura,
anu
adamianebma
SeiZleba
warmoadginon
TavianTi
codna
socialuri
ganwyobis kontinuumis orive mxares erTdroulad, an mxolod im erT
mxares, romelsac isini emxrobian. Tu davuSvebT, rom adamianebi arian
unipolarulebi,
amis
SesabamisobaSia
ganwyobisaTvis
maT
gamo
ZiriTadad
sakuTar
Seusabamo
floben
poziciasTan,
informaciis
codnas,
maTTvis
kodireba
romelic
rTuli
(igli
...
iqneba
1998).
amis
sapirispirod, Tu davuSvebT adamianebis bipolarulobas, igulisxmeba,
rom maTTvis nacnobia rogorc misaRebi, ise sapirispiro Tvalsazrisebi.
ankongenialuri
(Seusabamo)
informacia
SeiZleba
gadamuSavdes
iseve
iolad, rogorc kongenialuri (Sesabamisi). a. pratkanisis monacemebis
mixedviT, bipolaruli struqturebi SeiZleba iyos saerTo iseT sadao
socialur sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa aborti, maSin, roca unipolaruli
struqturebi SeiZleba saerTo iyos sxvadasxva saxis TemebisaTvis (mag.;
sporti, musika), romlebze ganwyobebis mimarT winaaRmdegobas adamianebi
naklebad ganicdian. a. pratkanisma agreTve warmoadgina mtkicebulebebi,
rom
socialuri
ganwyobis
unipolarulisagan,
struqturis
gavlenas
bipolaruloba,
axdens
ganwyobisaTvis
gansxvavebiT
relevanturi
informaciis gadamuSavebaze.
azri, rom socialur ganwyobebs xSirad aqvs sadao sakiTxebze
bipolaruli
struqturebi,
arsebiTia
m.
Serifisa
da
k.
Serifis
socialuri gansjis TeoriisaTvis (Serifi ... 1961) Serifebma ivaraudes,
rom
adamianebi
sakuTar
socialur
ganwyobebs
warmoadgenen
ganzomilebiTi sqemis pirobebSi, rasac maT uwodes fsiqosocialuri
skala anu Sinagani (internaluri) Sesabamisobis skala. Semdgom maT
SemogvTavazes,
rom
adamianebi
socialur
ganwyobasTan
dakavSirebul
kontinuums yofen sam zonad: miRebis-Tanxmobis, uaryofis-armiRebis da
25
Caurevlobis
(neitralobis)
diapazonad.
miReba-Tanxmobis
diapazoni
Seicavs informacias im sakiTxze, romelic pirovnebas misaRebad miaCnia,
uaryofisa _ Seicavs misTvis miuRebel informacias, xolo Caurevlobis
(neitralobis) _ Seicavs iseT informacias, romelic arc misaRebia da
arc miuRebeli.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
socialuri
ganwyobis
kvlevaSi
samdiapazonianma midgomam gauZlo xangrZlivi drois gamocdas (jonsoni
... 1995), es dayofa unda miviCnioT socialuri ganwyobis ganzomilebis
mxolod erT-erT versiad ufro zogad struqturul TvisobriobaSi.
f. kerlingerma da ramdenime sxva mkvlevarma (igli ... 1998) aCvenes,
rom opoziciuri socialuri ganwyobebis mqone adamianebi umeteswilad
sakuTar ganwyobebs afuZneben sxvadasxva mosazrebebze. isini SesaZloa,
arc
ki
uaryofdnen
sxva
opoziciuri
aSkarad
socialuri
konfliqtis
banakis
dros
rwmenebs.
SeiZleba
es
umetesad
gamoikveTos
iseT
sakiTxze, sadac adamianebis socialuri ganwyobebi xdeba bipolaruli, im
gagebiT, rom isini yofen codnas kongenialuri da arakongenialuri
ideebis
Tanavarskvlavedebad
ise,
rogorc
amas
gvTavazobs
miReba-
uaryofis ganzomilebis cneba.
socialur ganwyobebTan dakavSirebuli rwmenebi
iTvleba, rom socialuri ganwyobebi asaxavs adamianTa rwmenebs
ganwyobis
obieqtis
rwmenebi
mimarT.
ganwyobis
amdenad,
fundamentur
socialuri
ganwyobis
safuZvels
TeoriaSi
warmoadgens.
am
TvalsazrisiT, rwmenebi aris kavSirebi, romelsac pirovneba amyarebs
ganwyobis obieqtsa da sxvadasxva atributebs Soris.
socialuri
ramdenadaa
ganwyobis
SesaZlebeli
zogierTi
socialuri
Teoretikosi
ganwyobis
interesdeba,
winaswarmetyveleba
rwmenebis SefasebiTi mniSvnelobidan. am mxriv yvelaze popularulia
miCiganis universitetis socialuri fsiqologebis jgufis (rozenbergi
1956) molodini-Rirebulebis modeli, rac gulisxmobs, rom socialuri
ganwyobebi
rwmenebis
funqciaa.
socialuri
ganwyoba
=
∑molodini
X
Rirebuleba.
26
algebruli
midgomebi,
rogoricaa
n.
andersonis
informaciis
integraciis Teoria (andersoni 1981), rwmenebis socialur ganwyobebTan
urTierTobis
warmosaCenad
uzrunvelyofen
maTematikuri
modelebis
ufro farTo speqtrs. am mxriv, molodini-Rirebulebis modeli erT-erTi
im gantolebaTagania, romelsac SeuZlia asaxos rwmenasa da ganwyobas
Soris urTierToba adekvaturi maTematikuri modeliT.
ganwyobis
rwmenebis
Sida
struqturis
SefasebiTi
obieqtis
konsistentoba
yovlismomcveli
rwmenebSi,
mniSvnelovan
SeiZleba
Sefaseba,
iyos
an
aspeqts
SeWiduloba
romelic
met-naklebad
warmoadgens
(kohesiuroba).
vlindeba
pirovnebis
konsistenturi
pirovnebis
abstraqtul SefasebasTan an saerTo ganwyobasTan. amasTanave, pirovnebis
rwmenebis SefasebiTi mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba erTmaneTTan met-naklebad
konsistenturni iyvnen.
am or struqturul TvisebaSi, romlebSic rwmenaTa Sesabamisoba
mxedvelobaSia
miRebuli,
ar
ganwyobisSida
Sesabamisobis
dafuZnebuli
iyos
aris
mTlianad
problema,
ganwyobis
amowuruli
radgan
obieqtTan
SefasebiTi
ganwyobebi
afeqtur
SeiZleba
da
qceviT
gamocdilebaze iseve, rogorc kogniturze. amitom, socialur ganwyobebsa
da
maT
Semadgenel
rwmenebs
Soris
konsistentobasTan
erTad
mniSvnelovania ganwyobebsa da maT Semadgenel afeqtebs da qcevebs Soris
konsistentobis
mxedvelobaSi
SeiZleba
met-naklebad
iyos
miReba.
amdenad,
Sesabamisi
socialuri
yovlismomcvel
ganwyobebi
SefasebasTan,
romelic gamoxatulia ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT afeqturi kavSirebiT an
qceviTi kavSirebiT. rogorc rwmenebi SeiZleba icvlebodes erTmaneTTan
TavianTi SefasebiTi konsistentobiT, afeqtebi, iseve, rogorc qcevebi
SeiZleba Sinaganad iyvnen konsistenturi an arakonsistenturebi. amas
garda,
SefasebiTi
reagirebis
konsistentoba
klasebSic.
mag.;
SeiZleba
pirovnebis
agreTve
rwmenebma
icvlebodes
ganwyobis
obieqtis
mimarT SeiZleba igulisxmos sxvadasxva abstraqtuli Sefaseba obieqtze,
vidre pirovnebis afeqturma kavSirebma. ambivalentobis termini xSirad
gamoiyeneba SefasebiT pasuxSi arakonsistentobis aRsawerad, romelic
xvdeba reaqciis klasebSi, anu rodesac individi SeiZleba aRvweroT,
27
rogorc
ori
ganwyobis
matarebeli:
erTi
_
dadebiTis,
meore
_
uaryofiTis.
konsistentoba socialur ganwyobasa da SefasebiTi reaqciebis sam klass
Soris
socialur ganwyobebsa da masTan dakavSirebul rwmenebs, afeqtebs
da qcevebs Soris absoluturi konsistentobis arsebobis varaudis kargi
mizezi arsebobs. socialuri ganwyoba xom yalibdeba ganwyobis obieqtis
mimarT kognituri, afeqturi da qceviTi reaqciebis bazaze da erTxel
Camoyalibebuli
dakavSirebuli
ganwyoba
adamianis
gavlenas
Semdgomi
axdens
ganwyobis
fiqrebis,
grZnobebis
obieqtTan
da
qcevebis
ganwyobasTan Sesabamisobaze. faqtiurad, rwmena-ganwyobis urTierTobis
raodenobrivi modelis Tanaxmad, adamianebi ganwyobebs ayalibeben maTi
rwmenebis SefasebiTi mniSvnelobis integraciiT. arsebiTad, es modelebi
varaudoben absolutur konsistentobas rwmenebsa da ganwyobebs Soris.
amdenad,
adamianebma
SeiZleba
Camoayalibon
sakuTari
ganwyobebi
ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT afeqturi da qceviTi reaqciebis SefasebiTi
mniSvnelobis integraciiT. rac Seexeba am modelebSi rwmena-ganwyobis
urTierTobis ganxilvas, afeqtsa da ganwyobas da qcevasa da ganwyobas
Soris
sruli
ganwyobebi
rwmenebis,
kosistentoba
Cveulebriv
afeqtebis
gamoricxavs
iseT
igulisxmeba.
korelaciaSi
da
qcevebis
miuxedavad
arian
maTTan
SefasebiT
konistentobas,
imisa,
dakavSirebuli
mniSvnelobasTan,
rogoricaa
rom
ganwyobis
es
ar
struqturis
Tviseba, iyos cvalebadi. Semdgom es Tvisebebi iqneba aRniSnuli, rogorc
SefasebiT-kognituri konsistentoba, SefasebiT-afeqturi konsistentoba
da SefasebiT-qceviTi konsistentoba.
SefasebiT-kognituri
konsistentoba
miuTiTebs
konsistentobis
xarisxze, romelic arsebobs pirovnebis mier ganwyobis obieqtis mTlian,
abstraqtul
SefasebiT
mniSvnelobas
SemogvTavaza
struqturis
Sefasebasa
m.
da
Soris.
rozenbergma
cvalebadi
obieqtis
Sesaxeb
pirovnebis
konsistentobis
(rozenbergi
Tviseba.
man
da
es
1960),
misma
rwmenebis
forma
pirvelad
rogorc
ganwyobis
momdevno
mkvlevarebma
28
ganixiles
Tvisebad,
SefasebiT-kognituri
aramed
individualur
konsistentoba
ara
gansxvavebad,
zogadpirovnul
romelic
specifiuria
calkeuli socialuri ganwyobisaTvis.
struqturis
gamoyenebulia
aRniSnul
m.
Tvisebaze
rozenbergis
kvlevebis
termini
_
umetesobaSi
afeqtur-kognituri
konsistentoba (igli ... 1998). m. rozenbergi termin ,,afeqts”
iyenebs
,,Sefasebis” sinonimad.
struqturis am Tvisebis gamokvleviT (rozenbergi 1956) da imis
CvenebiT, rom socialuri ganwyobebi, amoqmedebulebi, rogorc zogadi
Sefasebebi,
Cveulebriv,
konsistenturebi
arian
rwmenaTa
SefasebiT
mniSvnelobasTan, damtkicda ganwyobis molodini-Rirebulebis modelis
sicocxlisunarianoba. es Sroma friad mniSvnelovania _ winaswar cxadi
gaxda, rom konsistenturi ganwyobebi arakonsistenturebTan SedarebiT,
naklebad saalbaToa, rom Seicvalos socialuri gavlenis mcdelobisas
da
ufro
mdgradebi
arian
droSi.
Semdgom
kvlevebSi
gameorda
es
Sedegebi da agreTve gamoCnda, rom maRali konsistentobis ganwyobebi
ukeT winaswarmetyveleben qcevas (igli ... 1998).
marTalia, m. rozenbergma (rozenbergi 1960) dauSva, rom SefasebiTkognituri arakonsistentoba SesaZlebelia, radgan adamianebi floben
rwmenebs, romlebic absoluturad Seusabamoa maT sakuTar ganwyobebTan,
man
meore
interpretacia
arakonsistentoba
SemogvTavaza
miuTiTebs
,,uSinaarso
_
saxeldobr,
(cariel)”
rom
aseTi
ganwyobaze
an
p. konversis (horovici ... 1995) terminebiT ,,araganwyobaze”.
dabali
da
maRali
konsistentobis
ganwyobebi
gansxvavdebian
struqturulad. maRali SefasebiT-kognituri konsistentobis ganwyobebi
arian Zlierebi, radganac maT Tan axlavs damxmare kogniciebis kargad
organizebuli kompleqti. Tumca, ganwyobebs dabali SefasebiT-kognituri
konsistentobiT SeiZleba ar axldeT amgvari SeTanxmebuli kogniciebi,
ar SeiZleba maTi, rogorc araganwyobebis, aSkarad uaryofa (Ceikeni ...
1995).
mosazreba, rom ganwyobis komponentebi SeiZleba moicavdes afeqts
da qcevas, iseve rogorc kognicias, gulisxmobs imas, rom es damatebiTi
Tvisebebi
agreTve
aris
ganwyobis
Sida
struqturis
potenciurad
29
mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi. pirveli am damatebiTi Tvisebebidan _ SefasebiTafeqturi
konsistentoba
ganwyobis
obieqtis
_
exeba
konsistentobas
yovlismomcvel
pirovnebis
Sefasebasa
da
mier
obieqtTan
dakavSirebuli emociebis SefasebiT Sinaarss Soris. SefasebiT-afeqturi
konsistentoba
empiriulad
konsistentobisagan.
dakavSirebuli
maSin,
iyo
damaxsovrebasTan,
gansxvavdeba
roca
ganwyobis
SefasebiT-kognituri
SefasebiT-kognituri
mimarT
Seusabamo
SefasebiT-afeqturi
konsistentoba
informaciis
konsistentoba
ukeT
ukavSirdeboda
Sesabamisi informaciis ukeT damaxsovrebas (Ceikeni ... 1995; zimermani ...
1996).
sxva
aRmoCenebi
gvTavazobs,
rom
dabali
SefasebiT-kognituri
konsistentobis ganwyobebi SeiZleba aRweril iqnas rogorc uSinaarso
(uazro),
mxolod
maSin,
roca
isinic
dabalia
SefasebiT-afeqtur
konsistentobaSi (Ceikeni ... 1995).
SefasebiT-qceviT konsistentobas adgili aqvs maSin, roca ganwyobis
obieqtis
yovlismomcveli
gamocdilebis
Rirebulebis
SefasebiT
mimarT
Sefaseba
Sinaarss.
jerovania
Seesabameba
naTelia,
kiTxva:
rom
axdens
masTan
am
Tu
qceviTi
struqturuli
ara
ganwyoba
adamianebze gavlenas, moiqcnen am ganwyobis Sesabamisad?
r.
facios
obieqtTan
gamokvlevam
pirdapir
(facio
gamocdilebaze
1989)
naTelyo,
dafuZnebuli
rom
ganwyobis
ganwyobebi
ufro
Zlieria ramdenime mniSvnelobiT (ufro SesaZlebelia Semdgomi qmedebis
winaswarmetyveleba),
vidre
iribi
gamocdilebis
safuZvelze
Camoyalibebuli ganwyobebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miviRebT, rom pirdapir
gamocdilebaze
dafuZnebuli
ganwyobebi
maRalia
SefasebiT-qceviT
konsistentobaSi, es aRmoCenebi SesabamisobaSia aRmoCenebTan, romlebic
aRniSnaven,
rom
SefasebiT-kognituri
da
SefasebiT-afeqturi
konsistentobebi aris agreTve ganwyobis siZlieris wyaro. amas garda,
vinaidan ganwyobis obieqtTan qceviTi urTierTqmedeba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs
mis mimarT emociur reaqciebs iseve, rogorc mis Sesaxeb informacia
(milari ... 1996), pirdapir gamocdilebas SeuZlia warmoqmnas ufro Zlieri
ganwyobebi
agreTve
ara
ufro
mxolod
didi
ufro
Zlieri
afeqturi
da
qceviTi
kognituri
gamovlenisas,
aramed
gamovlenis
dros,
30
gansakuTrebiT im mosazrebiT, rom gamovlenis samive tipi konsistenturia
saerTo ganwyobasTan.
sabolood, SefasebiTi konsistentobis am sami formis aRmoCeniT
miRebul
iqna
gansxvavebis
teqnologia
warmosaCenad.
ganwyobis
kerZod,
Camoyalibebis
ganwyobis
safuZvlebis
upirvelesi
safuZvelia
reaqciis tipi _ kognituri, afeqturi, an qceviTi, romlebic warmoqmnian
umcires SefasebiT Seusabamobas mTlian ganwyobasTan.
kognituri
konsistentobis
TeoriebSi
aqcentia
gakeTebuli
ambivalenturi (an arakonsistenturi) struqturebis arastabilurobaze
da
droebiTobaze,
radgan
aRmqmeli
upiratesobas
aniWebs
kognituri
struqturebis konsistentobas (abelsoni ... 1968). am perspeqtivaze uars
ambobs
v.
skoti
(skoti
1969),
romelic
ambivalentobas
ganixilavs,
rogorc ganwyobis potenciurad ufro mdgrad struqturul Tvisebas. am
Tvisebis Sesafaseblad k. kaplanma (kaplani 1972) Semdgom SemogvTavaza
mniSvnelovani
teqnika.
k.
kaplanis
saxeli
ukavSirdeba
socialuri
ganwyobis tradiciul bipolarul gazomvas. man moaxdina semantikuri
diferencialis
teqnikis
modifikacia,
raTa
mieRo
erTpolusiani,
gancalkevebuli Sefasebebi respodentTa ganwyobebis dadebiTobaze da
uaryofiTobaze.
erTpolusiani
sazomiT
k.
kaplanma
Seafasa
ambivalenturoba maTematikuri formuliT.
k. kaplanis Semdeg bevrma mkvlevarma gaiziara misi unipolaruli
teqnika.
zogierTma
maTganma
ambivalentobis
gazomvis
alternatiuli
formulebic ki SemogvTavaza imisaTvis, rom gamosworebuliyo k. kaplanis
formulaSi arsebuli naklovanebebi (igli ... 1998).
kvlevam
daamtkica,
ambivalenturia
obieqtebTan
ambivalentoba
gamokvlevam
ganwyobis
mimarTebaSi
rom
mravalkomponentian
(tompsoni
ganxilulia,
aCvena,
rom
zogierTi
...
rogorc
ukiduresi
1995).
adamiani
(an/da
ufro
metad
mravalfunqciur)
Sromebis
umetesobaSi
individualuri
gansxvaveba.
ganwyobebi
zogadad
naklebad
ambivalenturebi arian, vidre zomieri ganwyobebi. k. kaplanis (kaplani
1972) azriT, saSualo qulebi bipolaruli ganwyobis skalebze SeiZleba
warmoadgendes rogorc ambivalentobas, aseve indiferentobas.
31
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganwyobis obieqtis mimarT gazomvis Sedegad
miRebuli
pozitiuroba
fsiqometruli
da
negatiuroba
TvalsazrisiT
sinamdvileSi
ekvivalenturi,
SeiZleba
adamianebis
iyos
ganwyobebis
negatiurma aspeqtebma SeiZleba sabolod ufro Zlieri zegavlena iqonion
qcevaze, vidre dadebiTma (kaCiopo ... 1994). aRmoCnda, rom ambivalentoba
SeiZleba ufro metad iyos dakavSirebuli negatiurobis aqtivaciasTan,
vidre dadebiTobisa (kaCiopo ... 1997).
socialuri ganwyobis valentoba
koncefcia, rom socialuri ganwyoba aris samkomponentiani sistema,
aRZravs
sakiTxs
Tanmimdevrulad,
im
zomis
harmoniulad
Sesaxeb,
romliTac
ukavSirdebian
es
erTmaneTs.
komponentebi
maT
Soris
konsistentobis sakiTxi dgeba. erTi komponentis valentobis xarisxi
emTxveva Tu ara danarCeni komponentebisas? erTnairia Tu ara samive
komponentis sirTulis xarisxi? sxva sityvebiT, ra korelacia arsebobs
am komponentebs Soris valentobisa da sirTulis mxriv? gamokvlevebma
daadastura valentobis mixedviT komponentebs Soris konsistentobis
tendenciis arseboba. gansakuTrebiT maRali Sesatyvisoba komponentebs
Soris
napovnia
kontinuumis
boloebze.
sirTulis
Sesaxeb
kvlevebis
Sedegebi orazrovania.
ganwyobis struqturis samive komponenti xasiaTdeba valentobisa da
sirTulis garkveuli xarisxiT. valentoba aris socialuri ganwyobis
komponentebis
ukiduresi
pozitiurobisa
pozitiurobidan
Tu
negatiurobis
nulovani
valentobis
garkveuli
zonaze
done,
gavliT
ukidures negatiurobamde yovel komponentSi _ SefasebaSi, grZnobasa da
moqmedebis tendenciaSi.
komponentis meore maxasiaTebeli _ sirTule _ exeba calkeul
komponentSi Semaval elementTa ricxvs da mravalferovnebas. iTvleba,
rom rac ufro rTulia komponentebi, miT ufro uZneldeba pirovnebas
sakuTari socialuri ganwyobebisaTvis sityvieri gansazRvrebebis micema,
gansakuTrebiT _ zustis.
sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebisa da Sesatyvisi sagnebis zemoqmedebiT
aRmocenebuli
ganwyobebi
sxvadasxva
mimarTulebis
qcevebs
aRZravs.
32
zogierTi
ganwyobis
safuZvelze
sagnebisadmi
miswrafebis,
dadebiTi
damokidebulebis gamomxatveli qceva sruldeba, zogis safuZvelze ki
piriqiT
_
uaryofiTi
damokidebulebis,
ganridebis
qceva.
garkveul
situaciebsa da sagnebze ganwyobis fiqsaciis dros adamians maT mimarT
swored amgvari dadebiTi an uaryofiTi damokidebuleba ufiqsirdeba.
ganwyobis es niSani _ dadebiTi an uaryofiTi damokidebuleba sagnisa da
movlenebis mimarT _ did rols TamaSobs garemoSi orientaciis saqmeSi.
misi
saSualebiT
fsiqologiuri
xdeba
individis
klasifikacia.
mier
sinamdvile
sinamdvilis
individisaTvis
pirveladi
dadebiT
da
uaryofiT movlenebad jgufdeba, romelTa mimarT mas eqmneba Sewynarebis
an ukugdebis damokidebuleba, dadebiTi an uaryofiTi ganwyoba (maRraZe
1980).
socialur fsiqologiaSi ganwyobis sakiTxebis intensiuri kvleva
daiwyo l. terstounis mier ganwyobis sazomi skalis SemuSavebis Semdeg
(nadiraSvili
1983).
am
meTodis
saSualebiT
SesaZlebeli
aRmoCnda
pirovnebis ganwyobis Tvisobrivi da raodenobrivi maCveneblebis dadgena,
ramac
Tavis
mxriv,
SesaZlebeli
gaxada
pirovnebis
ganwyobebze
sazogadoebrivi gavlenisa da mis Sedegad ganwyobis formirebisa Tu
Secvlis kanonzomierebaTa kvleva.
,,pirovnebis
valenturi
fsiqikis
formireba
damokidebulebis
es
momentebi
misi
sinamdvilis
Semecnebasa
gamomuSavebas
ganwyobis
gulisxmobs.
komponentebs
da
misadmi
pirovnebis
warmoadgens.
aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedeba sasurveli mimarTulebiT maT formirebas
gulisxmobs. pirovnebis fsiqikis im momentis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe,
romelic ganwyobis valentobis cnebiT gamoixateba, SeuZlebelia imis
dadgena, Tu rogor moiqceva adamiani garkveul socialur viTarebaSi.
ganwyobaTa
sistemaTa
analizis
safuZvelze,
maTi
valentobis
gansazRvriT, romelic aqvs pirovnebas sinamdvilis mimarT, SesaZlebeli
xdeba pirovnebis bunebis gageba. misi ganwyobaTa sistemis formirebis
funqciobisa da Secvlis kanonebis Seswavla ki SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs
sasurveli
mimarTuleba
gavlena
mieces
movaxdinoT
misi
adamianis
pirovnebis
fsiqikaze:
ganviTarebas;
sasurveli
SevcvaloT
misi
negatiuri pirovnuli Tvisebebi sasurveli mimarTulebiT ... socialuri
33
ganwyobis formirebisa da Secvlis kanonzomierebaTa kvleva ZiriTadad
ganwyobis
valentobisa
da
misi
xarisxebis
cvlilebis
bazaze
gaxda
SesaZlebeli” (nadiraSvili 1985: 196).
pirovnebis
socialur
ganwyobaSi
asaxulia
misi
valenturi
damokidebuleba sinamdvilis mimarT. igi warmoadgens pirovnebis mzaobas,
moaxdinos
Tavisi
mimarTulebis
fsiqofizikuri
qcevis
Zalebis
gansaxorcieleblad.
mis
fokusireba
garkveuli
safuZvelze
pirovnebas
uCndeba tendencia dadebiTad an uaryofiTad Seafasos garkveuli sagnebi
da movlenebi, moimarTos maT mimarT keTilganwyobili, an mtruli qcevis
gansaxorcieleblad (nadiraSvili 2001). pirovnebis es myari mimarTuleba
gamoxatavs mis ZiriTad socialur orientacias, rac mas situaciur,
sasicocxlo moTxovnilebaTa gavlenisagan aTavisuflebs da sinamdvilis
cvalebad mimdinareobaSi myari mimarTulebis aqtivobis mqone pirovnebad
aqcevs.
misi
es
Tavisebureba
kargad
mJRavndeba
adamianis
socialur
saqmianobaSi. Tu situaciuri ganwyobebi uSualod gansazRvravs individis
qcevis
mimdinareobas
moTxovnilebebiTaa
da
am
qcevis
ganpirobebuli,
mimarTuleba
socialuri
ganwyobebi
sasicocxlo
sxvagvarad
moqmedebs qcevaze. qcevasTan maTi urTierToba ufro rTulia.
1.2 b) socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqtura
socialuri
ganwyobebi,
Cveulebriv,
izolirebulad
ar
arian
adamianebis gonebaSi, isini dakavSirebulebi arian sxva ganwyobebTan.
socialuri fsiqologebi ganwyobebis didi sistemebis struqturasa da
dinamikas ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi ganixilavdnen balansis
Teoriis
poziciebidan.
aseve
sruliad
gansxvavebuli
midgomebis
gamoyenebiT, fsiqologebma daaskvnes, rom ganwyobebi dakavSirebulebi
arian sxva ganwyobebTan Tematurad Sesatyvisi struqturebiT, romlebic
cnobilia,
rogorc
ideologiebi.
orive
zemoaRniSnuli
midgoma
_
balansis Teoria da ideologiuri analizi _ naTels hfens ganwyobebs
Soris urTierTobebs (igli ... 1998).
34
balansis Teoria
balansis
Teoria
dakavSirebulia
fric
haideris
saxelTan.
gansakuTrebul popularobas socialur fsiqologTa Soris aRniSnulma
Teoriam
1960-ian
ganwyobaTaSoris
wlebSi
miaRwia.
urTierTobis
f.
haideris
struqturas
azriT,
zogjer
adamianebi
simboluri
eniT
gamoxataven. es ena Seicavs elementebs, romlebic gamoxataven ganwyobis
obieqtebs da damokidebulebebs elementebs Soris. es damokidebulebebi
warmoadgenen aRmqmelis mier ganwyobis obieqtebis Sefasebebs, rasac
f. haideri uwodebs sentimentalur damokidebulebebs, xolo elementebs
Soris
araSefasebiT
damokidebulebebs
_
erTeul
damokidebulebebs.
f. haideri gamoyofs aRmqmels (P), situaciaSi meore pirovnebas (O) da
obieqturad arsebul sagans (X), romlis mimarTac orive _ P da O flobs
ganwyobebs.
elementebs
damokidebulebebis
negatiuri.
Soris
amsaxavi
aRmqmelis
arsebuli
ganwyobebi
ganwyoba
SeiZleba
sxva
sentimentaluri
iyos
pozitiuri
pirisadmi
an
gamoixateba
sentimentaluri damokidebulebiT, romelic akavSirebs P-s da O-s. P-s
ganwyoba
obieqturad
arsebuli
sagnis
mimarT
gamoixateba,
rogorc
sentimentaluri damokidebuleba damakavSirebeli P-si X-Tan. Tavis mxriv,
P-s aRqma O-s ganwyobisa X–is mimarT, warmodgenilia sentimentaluri
damokidebulebiT O-sa da X-s Soris. yvela elementi da damokidebuleba
gaazrebulia ise, rogorc es asaxulia aRmqmelis gonebaSi, Sesabamisad
ufro
metad
aRqmulia,
vidre
realurad
arsebuli.
am
sami
damokidebulebis warmodgeniT P, O da X–s Soris, gamoikveTeba martivi
ganwyobaTaSorisi urTierTobis struqtura triadis formiT. vinaidan es
triada Seicavs sam ganwyobas _ or P-s ganwyobas da P-s aRqmas sxva
pirovnebis ganwyobis Sesaxeb _ balansis Teoriam dasva mniSvnelovani
kiTxvebi ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis Sesaxeb. kidev ufro
martivi ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqtura, romelic f. haiderma
ganixila diadaSi, moicavs mxolod or elements _
P-s da O-s da
warmoadgens P-s ganwyobas O-s mimarT da P-s aRqmas O-s ganwyobisa P-s
mimarT.
35
f. haiderma gaiazra konteqstebi, romlebic moicavs P-s da or sxva
adamians (O da Q). agreTve gaaanaliza konteqstebi, romlebic ar moicavs
sxva pirebs, aramed aRmqmels da or sagans (X da Y). es P-X-Y triadebi
struqturebis
konsistentobis
struqturebisa,
Seswavlis
romlebic
saSualebas
Sedgebian
iZleva,
sakiTxebisadmi
urTierdakavSirebuli ganwyobebisagan.
f. haiderma aRwera ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis ori
SesaZlo
mdgomareoba.
mdgomareoba.
esenia:
pirvelis
balansirebuli
SemTxvevaSi
elementebi
da
da
arabalansirebuli
damokidebulebebi
harmoniuli da stabiluria, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ araharmoniuli da
arastabiluri. f. haideris Tanaxmad, arabalansirebul struqturebs aqvT
balansirebulebad
mecnierma
gardaqmnis
(haideri
1946)
tendencia.
aRniSna,
balansis
rom
es
gansazRvrisas
mdgomareoba
miiRweva
orelementian struqturaSi, Tu orive damokidebulebas erTnairi niSnebi
aqvs
da
_
samelementian
struqturaSi,
rodesac
yvela
samive
damokidebuleba dadebiTia, an ori uaryofiTia da erTi _ dadebiTi.
aRniSnuli
principis
axleburi,
abstraqtuli
formulireba
SemogvTavazes d. kartraitma da f. hararim (igli ... 1998), riTac samze met
elementian struqturebSi balansis gansazRvris saSualeba mogvces.
f. haideris balansis principi warmoadgens adamianebis socialuri
ganwyobebis urTierTqmedebis sqemas, an konceptualur kanons. adamianebs,
amgvarad, SeiZleba hqondeT principi _ Cveulebriv, eTanxmebodnen maT,
vinc moswonT da piriqiT _ ar eTanxmebdnen maT, vinc ar moswonT. am
ideas eTanxmeba kvlevis Sedegic _ informacia advilad daiswavleba da
inaxeba imis mixedviT, ramdenadac esadageba am kanons (fridmeni ... 1981).
amas garda, adamianebi ufro efeqturad gadaamuSaveben im informacias,
romelic
balansirebul
triadebs
exeba,
vidre
arabalansirebuls
(sentisi ... 1979).
balansis Teoriis Tanamedrove midgoma mdgomareobs am
principebis
ufro
zogad
kognitur
principebTan
Teoriis
gaerTianebis
mcdelobaSi, rac arsebiTad damaxasiaTebelia mexsierebis asociaciuri
qselis modelebisaTvis da damakavSirebeli modelebisaTvis (smiti 1998).
ganwyobebis
asociaciuri
qselis
interpretaciebma
SeiZleba
advilad
36
miiRos balansis principebi, radgan es perspeqtiva socialuri ganwyobis
obieqtebs
warmoadgens,
rogorc
kvanZebs,
romlebic
arian
dakavSirebulebi (judi ... 1989).
asociaciuri qselis Teoriis zogierTi versia (andersoni 1983)
kvanZebs (mag.; ganwyobebs) miawers Zalis Tvisebas. Zala asaxavs kvanZis
gaaqtiurebis sixSires warsulSi. rac ufro meti aqvs nafiqri pirovnebas
ganwyobis
obieqtze,
miT
ufro
Zlieri
xdeba
kvanZi.
kvanZebs
Soris
kavSiri Zlieria imdenad, ramdenadac Zlieria sakuTriv orive kvanZi.
ganwyobis kvanZebis dakavSirebis siZliere gansazRvravs cnobierebaSi maT
dauyovnebliv amotivtivebas. C. judi da j. krosniki (judi ... 1989) Tvlian,
rom
es
ganwyobebi
principebis
gaxdebian
mixedviT.
es
SefasebiT
konsistenturebi
winaswarganWvreta
axali
balansis
ar
aris
im
TvalsazrisiT, rom r. abelsonma da m. rozenbergma (igli ... 1998) bevrad
ufro adre daamtkices, rom arabalansuroba gadaiWreba mxolod im
zomiT, rom arakonsistenturi elementebi gaxdeba fiqris sagani.
damtkicebulia, rom balansis Teoria, romelic asaxavs adamianuri
logikis ZiriTad principebs, warmoadgens ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis
struqturis gagebis myar
Tanamedrove
midgomebiT,
dasayrdens
balansi
(safuZvels,
xSirad
ar
midgomas).
funqcionirebs
Tumca,
rogorc
calke mdgomi Teoria, aramed _ integraciul kognitur modelebTan
erTobliobaSi.
balansis
Teoriis
ZiriTadi
debuleba
isaa,
rom
pirovnebis
arabalansirebuli mdgomareoba iwvevs masSi gansazRvruli mimarTulebis
afeqtur tendencias. arabalansirebuli mdgomareoba Seicavs Tavis TavSi
fsiqikis
harmoniul,
arakonfliqtur
mdgomareobad
gardaqmnis
tendencias.
S. nadiraSvili (nadiraSvili 1974) aRniSnavs, rom ganwyobis erTerTi ZiriTadi Taviseburebaa SeuTavsebadi, konfliqturi komponentebis
Tavsebad
mdgomareobaSi
moyvana,
rasac
ganwyobis
reharmonizacias
uwodebs.
mravali fsiqologiuri mimarTuleba cdilobs am kanonis calkeuli
aspeqtebis gamokvlevas. aRniSnuli aspeqtebi asaxulia k. levinis ,,velis
TeoriaSi”,
f.
haideris
,,fsiqikuri
balansis”,
C.
osgudisa
da
37
p. tanenbaumis ,,kongruentobis”, t. niukombis ,,simetriisaken miswrafebis”
cnebisa da l. festinjeris ,,kognituri disonansis” TeoriaSi. yvela am
Teoriasa da cnebaSi wina planze wamoweulia ganwyobis zogadi Teoriis
erT-erTi
aspeqti,
xolo
d.
uznaZis
zogad
TeoriaSi
mocemulia
am
Teoriebis yvela amosavali tendencia da amitom d. uznaZis ganwyobis
Teoria Tavis TavSi Seicavs maTi gaerTianebis SesaZleblobas. d. uznaZis
ganwyobis Teoria warmoadgens zogad Teorias ara mxolod adamianis
aqtivobis calkeuli aspeqtebis, aramed mTeli fsiqofizikuri aqtivobis
Sesaxeb.
t. niukombis (nadiraSvili 1974) gamokvlevebis safuZvelze SeiZleba
gamovitanoT daskvna, rom balansirebis tendencia vlindeba ara mxolod
adamianTa
emociur-fsiqikur
sferoSi,
aramed
adamianTa
ganwyobebis
organizaciasa da urTierTqmedebaSi saerTod. t. niukombis mixedviT,
adamianis
fsiqikaSi
gavlenas
axdens
individebis
arsebuli
adamianebis
ganwyobebs,
,,simetriisaken
ganwyobaze
romlebic
da
miswrafebis
erTmaneTs
dadebiT
tendencia”
amsgavsebs
mimarTebaSi
im
arian
erTmaneTTan.
g.
maRraZis
(maRraZe
azriT
1980),
,,simetriisaken
miswrafebis
tendencia” warmoadgens igive balansisaken miswrafebis tendencias.
balansis Teoria ganaviTares C. osgudma da p. tanenbaumma (osgudi ...
1955)
im
aspeqtiT,
rom
SesaZlebeli
yofiliyo
adamianis
ganwyobis
Secvlis mimarTulebis gansazRvra, roca adamiani arabalansur fsiqikur
mdgomareobaSi
f.
haideris
imyofeba.
mier
C.
osgudi
miTiTebuli
da
p.
fsiqikis
tanenbaumi
tendencia,
Tvlidnen,
rogorc
rom
fsiqikis
maorganizebeli Sinagani stimuli, romelic warmoiSoba arabalansirebul
mdgomareobaSi, ar saWiroebs adamianTa urTierTmimarTebis realurad
arsebobas. es tendencia warmoadgens TviT pirovnebis fsiqikis Sinagan
stimuls da gamoixateba cnobierebis gansazRvruli organizaciisaken
miswrafebaSi
anu
warmoiSveba
am
inkongruentuli
romliTac
unda
mis
kongruentobaSi;
organizebuli
mdgomareoba,
Seicvalos
Cven
roca
adamianis
mdgomareobis
SegviZlia
adamianis
sawinaaRmdego
vivaraudoT
ganwyobebi
fsiqikaSi
da
mimarTeba,
orientaciebi.
adamians yovelTvis aqvs ganwyobebis Tavisi sistema. mis safuZvelze is
38
gamoTqvams
azrebs,
Sexedulebebs,
romlebic
lagdebian
garkveul
sistemebSi. C. osgudis da p. tanenbaumis azriT, adamianTa fsiqikaSi
yovelTvisaa kongruentobis tendencia, romelic aRZravs mas ukeTesi
organizaciisaken da sistemaSi mocemuli Sexedulebebisa da azrebis
ufro
martivi
organizaciis
Sedegad
sistemis
saxiT
safuZvelze
pirovneba
formirebisaken.
sistemebisa
ganicdis
iseT
da
aseTi
saxis
movlenebis
cvlilebebs,
Sinagani
zemoqmedebis
romlebic
saboloo
angariSSi zrdian mis kongruentobas, mis harmonizacias garemosTan.
adamians SesaZloa hqondes urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi,
socialuri ganwyobebi da sxva, magram maT urTierTSesabamisobas igi
maSin ganicdis, roca isini Tavs iCenen erT gansazRvrul qcevaSi, e.i.
roca isini ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs, rogorc erTi qcevis komponentebi.
socialuri ganwyobebis ideologiuri konteqsti
socialur ganwyobebs SeiZleba hqondes ierarqiuli struqtura, rac
saSualebas iZleva, rom ufro konkretuli da specifiuri ganwyobebi
warmoiqmnan ufro abstraqtuli da zogadi ganwyobebisagan. zogadad,
rogorc n. feza (feza 1996) amtkicebda, ganwyobebi xSirad Casmulia
ganwyobebs, rwmenebsa da Rirebulebebs Soris urTierTobis kompleqsur
qselSi, romelSic dominirebuli faseulobebi warmoadgenen birTvs anu
centralur elementebs im gagebiT, rom isini bevr ganwyobasTan da
rwmenasTan arian dakavSirebuli, iseve rogorc sxva RirebulebebTan.
ideologiebis
kvlevebSi
aqcenti
gakeTda
socialuri
ganwyobis
struqturis ierarqiul aspeqtebze (igli ... 1998). ideologiebi gagebulia,
rogorc
ganwyobebis
da
urTierTdamokidebulni
rwmenebis
arian,
im
jgufebi
gagebiT,
(clusters),
rom
romlebic
organizdebian
dominanturi socialuri Temis garSemo, rogoricaa mag. liberalizmi da
konservatizmi. am tipis struqturaSi ufro farTo ganwyobas SeiZleba
Tavis obieqtad hqondes liberalizmi an konservatizmi (an romelime sxva
ideologiuri
Tema).
rwmenebma,
romlebic
dakavSirebulia
am
zogad
ganwyobebTan, SeiZleba gamoiwvios specifiuri socialuri sakiTxebis
mimarT ganwyobis Camoyalibeba.
39
ideologiis
Teoriam
da
kvlevam
gamoavlina
ganwyobaTaSoris
urTierTobis struqturis mniSvnelovani aspeqti. miuxedavad imisa, rom es
kvlevebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia, yvelgan aqcentirebulia struqturis
ierarqiuloba,
romelSic
socialuri
da
politikuri
ganwyobebi
nawilobriv mainc formirdeba zemodan qvemoT ufro farTo ganwyobebis
ganzogadebis gziT.
zedapirulad,
rogorc
erTi
specifiurad
SexedviT,
SeiZleba
Candes,
urTierdakavSirebuli
rom
ganwyobebi,
elementebi,
balansis
TeoriaSi gansxvavebulad ganixileba. da mainc, rogorc n. feza (feza
1996) amtkicebda, Rirebulebebi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc ukana planis
faqtorebi,
romlebic
romlebic
zemoqmedeben
warmodgenilia
ganwyobebis
standartul
Zalasa
balansirebul
da
niSanze,
struqturebSi.
rodesac laparakia ideologiuri da balansis midgomebis Serigebaze,
ideologiaSi
nagulisxmevi
ganvixiloT,
rogorc
ganwyobebi
kognituri
da
Rirebulebebi
elementebi
(an
SeiZleba
kvanZebi)
da
davuqvemdebaroT balansis analizs. amas garda, balansis Teoria aris
sruliad SeTavsebadi ideasTan, rom ganwyobebi SeiZleba formirdebodnen
zemodan-qvemoT meTodiT sxva ganwyobebTan maTi kavSirebis saSualebiT.
meti sicxadisaTvis, klasikuri P-O-X struqtura gvTavazobs, rom sadavo
sakiTxebis
mimarT
ganwyobebi
SeiZleba
gamomdinareobdnen
im
politikosTa mimarT ganwyobebisgan, romlebic warmatebiT icaven TavianT
poziciebs
aRniSnul
sadavo
sakiTxebze.
P-X-Y struqturebSi
aseve,
ganwyobebi X-isa da Y-is mimarT SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes Tavisi farTo
ganzogadebulobis
ganwyobis
gamo
meorisagan
da
savsebiT
warmoSoba.
realuria
miuxedavad
amaTgan
amisa,
erT-erTi
ideologiuri
analizis wvlilia Rirebulebebis wina planze wamoweva maSin, roca
balansis
analizma
ganwyobebis
zogadobisa
da
abstraqtulobis
miuxedavad, aqcentireba gaakeTa ganwyobebs Soris kavSirebze.
iTvleba,
rom
ufro
mravalricxovani
da
SeWiduli
Sinagani
struqturis mqone ganwyobebi droSi stabiluria da savaraudod, qcevas
ukeT winaswarmetyveleben (doli ... 1992; igli ... 1995). aseTi ganwyobebi
gavlenas axdenen ganwyobis Sesabamisi informaciis gadamuSavebaze.
40
maRali
SefasebiT-afeqturi
konsistentoba
da
dabali
ambivalentoba winaswarmetyvelebs ganwyobis ufro met stabilurobas.
ambivalentoba amcirebs ganwyoba-qcevis Sesabamisobas.
konsistentobis Teoriis perspeqtividan, sxva ganwyobebTan mTavar
struqturaSi dakavSirebulma ganwyobam SeiZleba winaaRmdegoba gauwios
Secvlas, amis mizezi isaa, rom aseTi cvlileba gamoiwvevs dakavSirebuli
ganwyobebis Secvlas.
ganwyoba-ganwyobis
kavSiris
irgvliv
mimdinare
diskusiebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia ganwyobis dakavSireba RirebulebasTan. aq igulisxmeba,
rom ganwyobebi, romlebic ierarqiul struqturaSi dakavSirebulia ufro
abstraqtul
ganwyobebTan
gansakuTrebiT
maRali
Zlierebi.
safexuris
(anu
Tu
RirebulebebTan),
dabali
ganwyobebi,
safexuris
maSin
dabali
SeiZleba
ganwyobebs
safexuris
iyvnen
moicavs
ganwyobebis
pirdapiri kritika (mag.: ganwyobis obieqtis negatiur maxasiaTeblebze
miTiTeba)
iqneba
uSedego,
radgan
dabali
safexuris
ganwyobis
mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofs misi kavSiri maRali safexuris ganwyobasTan.
amas garda, ufro maRali safexuris ganwyobas eqneba sakuTari Sinagani
struqtura
da
tipiurad
iqneba
dakavSirebuli
dabali
safexuris
ganwyobebTan. Zlieri garegani struqtura Zalas aniWebs ganwyobebs. amis
mizezia uSualod ganwyobebis winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari Secvlis
mimarT. am winaaRmdegobis unarma xeli unda Seuwyos stabilurobas,
romelic,
Tavis
mxriv,
xels
Seuwyobs
ganwyoba-qcevis
ufro
met
Sesabamisobas (doli ... 1992). da kidev, ganwyobis eqstensiur garegan
struqturaSi Casmam SeiZleba situaciebis farTo diapazonSi ganwyoba
gaxados
gaaqtiurebuli,
sadac
man,
SesaZloa,
zegavlena
moaxdinos
qcevaze da uzrunvelyos safuZveli ufro metad specifiuri ganwyobebis
Camosayalibeblad (prislini ... 1996).
socialur ganwyobaTa Tanavarskvlavedebi
Tumca
socialuri
ganwyoba
SeiZleba
SemuSavdes
sinamdvilis
nebismieri movlenis mimarT, TavisTavad movlenis arseboba ar kmara, rom
pirovnebas
misadmi
Sesabamisi
ganwyoba
hqondes.
socialuri
ganwyoba
41
yalibdeba im obieqtebis, movlenebis mimarT, romlebic dakavSirebulni
arian
pirovnebis
socialur
moTxovnilebaTa
ganwyobaTa
konstelacia
garkveuli
srul
ewodeba
_
mizanTa
sistemasTan.
pirovnebis
erTobliobas
socialuri
ganwyobis
(baliaSvili
raodenoba
1980).
gancalkevebulia,
konstelaciis
xolo
ganwyobaTa
umetesoba
ki
qmnis
socialuri ganwyobis krebadobebs, Tanavarskvlavedebs (Attitude clusters),
ori an meti socialuri ganwyobis erTobliobebs, romlebic SedarebiT
metad arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, urTierTis gavlenas ganicdian
da gamoyofilni arian sxva socialuri ganwyobebisagan.
TanavarskvlavedSi
komponentebad
Sesuli
socialuri
ganwyobebi
Sinagan harmonias eswrafvian. xSirad TviT Tanavarskvlavedebs Sorisac
harmoniuli damokidebulebaa. Tanavarskvlavedebs Soris harmoniuloba
pirovnebis
integrirebulobis
erT-erTi
maCvenebelia.
roca
harmonia
srulia, laparakoben socialuri sinamdvilis mimarT erTian pirovnul
orientaciaze.
socialuri ganwyobebi SekavSirebulni arian imdenad, ramdenadac
msgavsi
obieqtebi
Tanavarskvlavedis
da
valentobebi
agebas
obieqtur
aqvT.
obieqtebis
princips
msgavseba
uaxloebs,
xolo
valentobiT msgavseba _ subieqturs. ase magaliTad, valentobis niSniT
gaerTianebul
TanavarskvlavedSi
yvela
obieqti,
romelic
pirovnebas
gansakuTrebiT uyvars, da yvela obieqti, romelic gansakuTrebiT sZuls
_
cal-calke
klasSi
Seva
am
obieqtebis
sxva
danarCeni
niSnebiT
gansxvaveba-msgavsebis miuxedavad. amdenad, kavSiri pirovnebis socialur
ganwyobebs
Soris
ar
aris
aucileblad
saganTa
logikis
principze
damyarebuli.
iTvleba, rom socialuri ganwyobebi TanavarskvlavedSi sxvadasxva
poziciebs
ikaveben
centraluroba-periferiulobis
mxriv.
centralur
ganwyobebs danarCen ganwyobebTan SekavSirebulobis maRali done unda
axasiaTebdeT,
ris
gamoc
maqsimalurad
stabilurni
da
cvlilebaTa
mimarT gamZleni iqnebian. stabiluroba or garemoebas unda emyarebodes:
1.
centraluri
socialuri
ganwyobis
Secvla
niSnavs
mravali
periferiuli ganwyobis CarTvas Secvlisa da rRvevis procesSi da es
garemoeba inertul Zalas warmoadgens centraluri ganwyobebis mxridan;
42
2. centraluri adgili unda ekavoT iseT ganwyobebs, romlebsac aqvT
didi pirovnuli wona da agreTve maT, romelTac xSiri ganmeorebis
Sedegad fiqsacia ganicades. am mizezis gamo metad Zneli unda iyos
centraluri socialuri ganwyobis Secvla an aRmofxvra.
30-ian
wlebSi
friad
saintereso
kompleqsuri
eqsperimentuli
gamokvleva Caatara leonard fergiusonma (fergiusoni 1939). mecnierma mis
mier ganxilul mraval ganwyobas Soris gamoyo ori Zireuli ganwyoba,
romelTa safuZvelzedac, misi azriT, SesaZlebelia danarCeni ganwyobebis
Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTeba. avtorma faqtoruli analizis Sedegad miiRo
statistikurad mniSvnelovani ori faqtori. pirveli faqtori Seicavs
damnaSaveebis, sasjelis umaRlesi zomis (sikvdiliT dasja) da omis
mimarT ganwyobebs. TiToeuli am obieqtisadmi ganwyobis dadgenis Semdeg
xdeba danarCeni ori obieqtis mimarT pirovnebis ganwyobis gansazRvra.
aseTive kavSiri dadginda meore faqtorSi Semaval calkeul ganwyobebs
Soris. esenia: evoluciis, RmerTis WeSmaritad arsebobis da Sobadobis
regulirebis mimarT ganwyobebi. romelime erTi maTganis gazomvis Semdeg
SesaZlebeli
ganwyobis
xdeba
dadgena.
mniSvnelovani
danarCeni
amdenad,
ori
l.
socialuri
Rirebulebis
fergiusonma
mimarT
aCvena,
Rirebulebebis
pirovnebis
rom
adamianebs
mimarT
ganwyobebi
urTierTizolirebulad ar gamoumuSavdebaT _ zogi ganwyoba, Tavisi
obieqtebis
garda,
erTmaneTsac
ukavSirdeba
da
ganwyobaTa
Tanavarskvlavedebis sistemebs qmnis.
mogvianebiT eqsperimentulad socialuri ganwyobebis struqtura
ikvlia TinaTin CxeiZem (CxeiZe 1985). man socialuri damokidebulebebis
struqturis
dasadgenad
SearCia
Sinaarseulad
msgavsi
4
socialuri
obieqti (ganqorwineba; ojaxis instituti; mSobelTa dominantoba; qcevis
normebi)
im
varaudiT,
rom
maT
mimarT
arsebuli
damokidebulebebi
kavSirSi unda yofiliyvnen erTmaneTTan. laikertis teqnikiT aago am
obieqtebis
skalebs
mimarT
Soris
statistikurad
aRniSnuli
arsebuli
gamoTvlili
mniSvnelovani,
oTxi
socialuri
damokidebulebebis
korelaciis
ramac
koeficientebi
aCvena,
obieqtis
gasazomi
skalebi.
aRmoCnda
rom
damokidebulebebi
mimarT
urTierTkavSirSi
imyofebian, anu qmnian saerTo struqturas. T. CxeiZem eqsperimentul
43
gamokvlevaSi aCvena, rom cdispirebSi garkveuli ganwyobis faruli gziT,
aracnobierad Secvlam, gamoiwvia maTTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobebis imave
mimarTulebiT Secvla subieqtebis gaucnobiereblad.
zogadad, socialuri ganwyobis centralurobasa da stabilurobas
Soris
arsebobs
pirdapirproporciuli
damokidebuleba:
rac
ufro
centraluria socialuri ganwyoba, miT ufro stabiluria igi.
radikaluri Secvlis mimarT met mdgradobas iCenen didi sirTulis
sistemebi martiv sistemebTan SedarebiT. sistemis cvlileba mimarTulia
harmonizaciisaken,
anu
imisaken,
rom
miRweul
iqnes
sistemis
ufro
konsonansuri struqtura da Sesabamisad _ misi ufro maRal doneze
funqcionireba.
amrigad,
gansazRvrebaSic
aris
naklebad
stabiluria.
struqturul
rogorc
es
socialuri
aRniSnuli,
yoveli
es
(stabiluroba)
Tviseba
Taviseburebebze
da
socialuri
ganwyobis
ganwyoba
damokidebulia
Sinaarseul
metmis
niSan-Tvisebebze.
magaliTad, ,,me”-s koncepciasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri ganwyobebi
ufro stabiluria, vidre ganwyobebi SedarebiT periferiuli movlenis
mimarT” (baliaSvili 1980: 13).
S. nadiraSvilisa (nadiraSvili 1985) da Semdgom m. baliaSvilis
(baliaSvili 1980) gamokvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi cxadyofs,
rom
garkveuli
Sinagani
ganwyobiT
SeTanxmebuloba
moqmedebis
individis
dros
fsiqikuri
fsiqikuri
procesebis
aqtivobis
bunebriv
mdgomareobas warmoadgens. amis sawinaaRmdego _ konfliqturi viTarebis
aRmocenebis
dros
mdgomareobidan,
adamians
cdilobs,
TviTorganizaciis
eqmneba
tendencia,
Seamciros
aqtivobaSi
es
gamoixateba.
gamovides
araTavsebadoba,
danarCeni
am
rac
komponentebis
Secvla moxdeba imis mixedviT, Tu cnobierebis romeli komponentia ufro
gafiqsirebuli da xasiaTdeba meti pirovnuli woniT.
C.
osgudi
mdgomareobis
saSualebas
da
p.
tanenbaumi
miuRwevlobis
aZlevs
Seeguos
miuTiTeben,
SemTxvevaSi
iseT
rom
gancdebis
araTavsebad
Tavsebadobis
sfero
mdgomareobas,
adamians
romlis
Sinaarseuli gadawyveta momavlisaTvis aris gadadebuli. am gziT xdeba
araTavsebadi
mdgomareobis
neitralizeba.
Sinagani
konfliqtis
SemTxvevaSi zogjer pirovneba imuSavebs eWvisa da undoblobis gancdas
44
romelime
viTarebis
mimarT,
rac
warmoadgens
erTgvar
gamosavals
Seqmnili arabalansuri mdgomareobidan (nadiraSvili 1985).
eWvis, undoblobisa da sxva ambivalenturi gancdebis daxmarebiT,
roca pirovneba aseT gancdebs miawers sinamdvilis movlenaTa garkveul
klass da maTTan dakavSirebul emociur-afeqtur procesebs, Tavs aRwevs
Sinagan konfliqtur mdgomareobas, misgan gamowveul uxerxulobasa da
usiamovnebas. am dros igi Tavis Tavs uflebas aZlevs momavlisaTvis
gadados Tavsebadobis mdgomareobis mopoveba da amiT iadvilebs Sinagani
konfliqtis
atanas.
adamians
yovelTvis
ar
awuxebs
Tavis
fsiqikur
procesebs Soris arsebuli SeuTavsebloba. TavisTavad SesaZlebelia,
rom mas hqondes erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego warmodgenebi, azrebi, emociebi
da
moqmedebis
tendenciebi,
magram
maTi
SeuTavsebloba
da
konfliqturoba maSin SeiZleba ganicados, rodesac garkveuli ganwyobis
safuZvelze
moaxdens
maT
aqtivacias
da
erTi
garkveuli
qcevis
ganxorcielebisaTvis Tavmoyras. swored aseT situaciaSi xdeba Zalian
Semawuxebeli
maTi
SeuTavsebloba
da
adamians
garkveuli
ganwyobis
safuZvelze moqmedebis dros uCndeba maTi SeTanxmebis tendencia.
,,eqsperimentuli monacemebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom ganwyoba, rogorc
adamianis moqmedebisa da cnobierebis ganmsazRvreli mTliani fsiqikuri
mdgomareoba,
adamians
SeTanxmebisaken,
calkeuli
harmonizebisaken
fsiqikuri
ubiZgebs.
es
procesebis
zogadi
urTierTTan
ganwyobiseuli
tendencia, rac ganwyobis mTlianobidan modis, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs
ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra mimarTulebiT SeiZleba moxdes adamianis azrebis,
emociebis, nebelobisa da zogadi orientaciebis Secvla-Camoyalibeba.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom eqsperimentuli monacemebis mixedviT,
ganwyobaTa garkveul jgufs konsistentobisa da SeTanxmebis tendenciebi
aRmoaCndaT
fsiqikur
erTmaneTis
safuZvels,
mimarT.
romelic
isini
qmnian
arsebiT
pirovnebis
gavlenas
axdens
erTianobis
adamianis
fsiqikuri aqtivobis mimarTulebaze” (nadiraSvili 1985: 242).
45
1.3. socialuri ganwyoba da qceva
rodesac gvainteresebs raimes mimarT adamianis damokidebuleba,
mivmarTavT
am
adamianze
Cvens
warmodgenebs,
mis
mier
gamowveul
grZnobebs, vakvirdebiT mis Semdgom qcevas. erTad aRebuli dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi SefasebiTi reaqciebi _ imisda miuxedavad, gamoxatulia isini
rwmenebSi, SegrZnebebSi, Tu qcevis ganzraxvebSi _ gansazRvravs adamianis
ganwyobas
raimes
mimarT
(olsoni
...
1993).
ganwyobebi
garemomcveli
samyarosadmi SefasebiTi damokidebulebaa. rodesac gvWirdeba swrafi
reagireba,
an
grZnobebis
demonstrireba,
miuTiTeben,
rom
ganwyobas
SeuZlia gansazRvros Cveni reaqcia (sanbonmacu ... 1990).
am sakiTxze muSaobda riSar la-pieri 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,
romlis
eqsperimentuli
gamokvlevis
Semdeg
ganwyobisa
da
qcevis
urTierTobis sakiTxebi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda.
socialur
fsiqologebs
sjerodaT,
rom
ganwyobebis
mixedviT
SeiZleboda adamianTa qcevis winaswarmetyveleba, Tumca r. la-pierma
eqsperimentul
gamokvlevaSi
aCvena,
rom
adamianis
mier
sityvierad
gamoTqmuli ganwyoba xSirad ar Seesabameba mis qcevas. amitom misi
ganwyobis dadgenis Semdeg ar SegviZlia saimedod viwinaswarmetyveloT
individis
qceva.
metyvelebaSi
am
monacemebis
gamoxatuli
safuZvelze
ganwyobebi
ar
r.
iZleva
la-pieri
daaskvnis:
adamianis
qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas.
1964w. leon festinjerma daaskvna, rom gamokvlevaTa monacemebi ar
adasturebs hipoTezas imis Sesaxeb, rom qceva icvleba axali ganwyobebis
formirebasTan
dakavSirebiT.
l.
festinjerma
dauSva,
rom
kavSiri
ganwyoba-qceva moqmedebs sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT (maiersi 2001).
am Temas agrZelebs alan uikeri (uikeri 1969), romelmac 1969w.
gamoaqveyna ramdenime aTeuli samecniero kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic
moicavdnen sruliad gansxvavebuli adamianebis ganwyobebisa da qcevebis
farTo speqtrs. a. uikerma daaskvna: Zalian saeWvoa, rom im ganwyobebis
mixedviT,
romelzedac
saubroben
adamianebi,
SesaZlebeli
iyos
maTi
qcevis variaciebis winaswarmetyveleba.
46
aRiSnuli monacemebis Sedegad Seirya jer kidev u. Tomasisa da
f. znaneckis (Tomasi ... 1972) mier dadgenili debuleba ganwyobisa da
qcevis Sinagani myari urTierTobis Sesaxeb.
Semdgom eqsperimentul da Teoriul gamokvlevebSi bevri axali
debuleba dadginda.
upirveles
yovlisa,
aRvniSnavT,
rom
ganwyobisa
da
qcevis
urTierTobis problemis gaCenis Semdeg ganwyobis Sesaxeb Teoriuli
orientacia ganviTarda ori urTiersawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. erTis
mixedviT ganwyoba gadaiqca qcevis erT-erT kerZo faqtorad, romelsac
qcevis aRmocenebisa da garkveuli mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebis saqmeSi
sxva faqtorebis gverdiT mcire da mokrZalebuli adgili ukavia. meore
Tvalsazrisis
ZiriTad
da
mixedviT,
arsebiT
ganwyoba
maxasiaTebel
warmoadgens
niSans,
pirovnebis
magram
misi
erT-erT
bunebisa
da
funqciis gageba unda moxdes ganwyobaTa mTeli sistemis konteqstSi,
romelic
xasiaTdeba
urTierTqmedebis
sayuradReboa l. dubis (dubi 1947),
garkveuli
kanonzomierebiT.
i. Cenis (Ceni ... 1948), m. fiSbeinis
(fiSbeini 1965) Sexedulebebi ganwyobisa da qcevis urTierTobis Sesaxeb.
l. dubis gagebiT, ganwyoba aris stimulisa da reaqciebis Sinagani
gamaSualebeli
cvladi,
romelsac
adamiani
swavlobs
gamocdilebis
miRebis procesSi da romelsac SeuZlia garkeuli mimarTuleba misces
qcevas. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom qcevaze gavlenis mosaxdenad, misi
aRZvrisa
da
Sesabamisi
gziT
warmarTvisaTvis,
saWiroa
ganwyoba
daukavSirdes garkveuli mimarTulebis qcevas (dubi 1947).
ganwyobis saboloo formirebiT adamiani, faqtiurad, or rames
swavlobs:
1.
obieqtTa
klasis
mimarT
garkveuli
damokidebulebis
Camoyalibebas da 2. am ganwyobis gavleniT Sesrulebul Ria qceviT
reaqcias.
pirovnebis
qcevis mizezad
mxridan
socialuri
ganwyobisadmi
araTanmimdevruli
C. kisleri (deviatkini 1999) asaxelebs: erTmaneTTan
konfliqtur damokidebulabaSi myofi ramdenime socialuri ganwyobis
monawileobas
qcevaSi
da
realobaSi
iseTi
faqtorebis
moqmedebas,
romlebic adamianebSi, maTi socialuri ganwyobebisagan damoukideblad,
iwveven universalur Sedegebs. rac Seexeba socialuri ganwyobisa da
47
qcevis kavSiris ganmamtkicebel faqtorebs, maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia
qcevis Sesrulebis socialuri valdebuleba.
i.
Ceni
(Ceni
Teoriis
...
1948)
principebs.
mravalkomponentianobisa,
Semadgenlebi
iziarebs
misi
igi
ganwyobebis
azriT,
erTiani,
mudmivad
mravalkomponentiani
miuxedavad
mTliani
miiswrfvian
ganwyobis
fenomenia,
romlis
gaerTianebisa
da
SeTanxmebulobisaken.
qcevis
ganmsazRvrel
SexedulebebSi
srulebiT
aqcenti
faqtorTa
keTdeba
ignorirebulia
Sesaxeb
garegan
iseTi
socialur
Sinagani
bolodroindel
gavlenaze
faqtorebi,
da
rogoricaa
ganwyobebi da pirovneba.
pirvelad
Teziss,
rom
ganwyobebi
gansazRvravs
qcevas,
1960-ian
wlebSi moeZebna antiTezisi, romelSic naTqvamia, rom ganwyobebi arafers
gansazRvravs.
im aRmoCenam, rom adamianTa gamonaTqvamebi xSirad gansxvavdeba maTi
qcevebisagan, aiZula socialuri fsiqologebi, saswrafod garkveuliyvnen
am sakiTxSi.
1.3 a) rodis gansazRvraven socialuri ganwyobebi qcevas
s.
krausi
(krausi
1995)
aRniSnavs,
rom
erTma
socialurma
fsiqologma CamoTvala 40 sxvadasxva faqtori, romlebic arTuleben
urTierTkavSirs ganwyoba-qceva. dgeba sakiTxi: rom SeiZlebodes garegani
zemoqmedebebis neitralizeba, SevZlebdiT Tu ara sxva Tanabar pirobebSi
ganwyobebze dayrdnobiT qcevis zustad prognozirebas.
socialuri
ganwyobebi,
Cveulebriv,
Seiswavleba
maTi
garegani
gamovlinebebiT. qcevis sxva tipebis msgavsad, ganwyobebis gamomxatveli
moqmedebebi ganicdian garegan zegavlenas.
m. fiSbeinis (fiSbeini ... 1974) azriT, mraval gamokvlevaSi imis gamo
ar dadasturda kavSiri ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris, rom skalebiT
izomeboda adamianis ganwyoba movlenaTa klasis mimarT da Semdgom
mowmdeboda adamianis qceva aRniSnuli klasis mxolod erTi egzemplaris
48
mimarT, romelic xSirad SeiZleba arc yofiliyo am klasis tipiuri
warmomadgeneli.
m. fiSbeinma, ganixilavda ra r. la-pieris fenomens, yuradReba
miaqcia, rom r. la-pieri faqtiurad ar ikvlevda im ganwyobebs, romlebic
mis
cdispir
sastumros
romlebisadmic
m.
fiSbeini
isini
Tvlida,
patronebs
garkveul
rom
r.
hqondaT
qcevas
la-pieri
im
adamianebis
axorcielebdnen.
ikvlevda
mimarT,
amas
garda,
cdispirebis
qcevis
ganzraxvas da ara ganwyobebs. abstraqtuli qcevis ganzraxva, rac maT
gamoTqves
momavali
Cineli
klientebis
mimarT,
sakmarisi
araa
arc
realuri qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis da arc realuri ganwyobis
dasadgenad.
m. fiSbeinis azriT, samarTliani ar iqneba arc imis Tqma, rom
ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris ar arsebobs garkveuli kanonzomieri kavSiri
da
arc
imisa,
TiTqos
sruliad
zedmetia
sxvadasxva
komponentebis
TvalsazrisiT ganwyobis gazomva zogadad ganwyobis Sesaxeb laparakis
dros.
zemoaRniSnuli aspeqtebis ganxilvis Semdeg m. fiSbeini mainc im
azrs iziarebs, rom Cveulebrivad adamianTa pirovnuli Taviseburebebis
dasadgenad sakmarisi iqneba l. terstounis an r. laikertis skalebiT
adamianis
ganwyobis
dadgena,
saidanac
sakmaod
didi
albaTobiT
viwinaswarmetyvelebT ganwyobis obieqtebis mimarT mis Sexedulebebsa da
qcevas.
ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris kavSiris garkvevis dros mxedvelobaSi
misaRebia isic, Tu ganwyobis safuZvelze ra saxis qcevis Sesaxeb aris
winaswarmetyveleba.
(deviatkini
1999),
unda
romlis
gaviTvaliswinoT
mixedviTac
r.
beilsis
adamiani,
gamokvleva
romelic
cdispirs
mowonda, Sesabamisad yvelaze metad masTan muSaobas arCevda da is
adamiani, romelTanac cdispiri megobrobas amjobinebda, Cveulebriv, ori
sxvadasxva adamiania. es ki imas niSnavs, rom Cveni ganwyoba erTi da igive
adamianis mimarT damokidebulia imaze, es adamiani Cveni TanamSromelia,
Tu
megobari,
arTulebs
anu
adamianTa
ganwyoba
sxvadasxvaa.
urTierTobis
aseTi
Seswavlas,
monacemebi,
am
adamianTa
cxadia,
mimarT
ganwyobisa da qceviTi reaqciis daadgenis sakiTxebs. miuxedavad amisa,
49
zemoaRniSnuli sruliadac ar amtkicebs, rom ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris
Sinagani bunebrivi kavSiri ar arsebobs.
mravali gamokvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom garkveuli klasis
movlenebis mimarT adamianebis dadebiT ganwyobas, maT dadebiT emociur,
inteleqtualur Sefasebasa da maTdami sasikeTo qcevas Soris sakmaod
maRali
korelacia
arsebobs.
sxva
kvlevebma
aseTi
korelaciebi
ar
daadastura (maiersi 2001).
ganvixiloT
im
gamokvlevebis
Sedegebi,
romlebic
miuTiTeben
ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris garkveuli kanonzomierebis arsebobas.
edvard jounsma, harold sigalma da riCard feijma (maiersi 2001)
sainteresod dadgmul erT-erT eqsperimentSi gamoavlines: Tu studentebs
sjerodaT, rom aparatura zustad zomavda maT ganwyobebs, isini aRar
styuodnen sakuTari Sexedulebebis da damokidebulebebis gadmocemisas.
cdispirebi simarTlis Tqmas amjobinebdnen, rom eqsperimentators ar
gamoetana daskvna maTi Sinagani winaaRmdegobriobis Sesaxeb. es magaliTi
cxadyofs, rom ganwyoba-qcevas Soris pirdapiri kavSiria, Tu pirovnebis
ganwyobebi winaswar cnobilia damkvirveblisaTvis.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvenze zegavlenas axdenen ara mxolod Sinagani
ganwyobebi,
aramed
situaciac.
mag.:
adamianebis
religiisadmi
damokidebuleba mTlianobaSi Znelad iZleva codnas imis Sesaxeb, wavlen
Tu ara es adamianebi uaxloes kvira dRes eklesiaSi (imitom rom amindi,
moZRvari, adamianis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba im momentSi da mravali
sxva mizezi SeiZleba axdendes gavlenas eklesiaSi wasvlis albaTobaze),
magram religiuri ganwyobebi sakmaod warmatebiT iZleva morwmuneTa
ricxvis prognozirebis saSualebas drois did SualedSi (fiSbeini ...
1974). aq moqmedebs agregaciis principi: qcevaze ganwyobis zemoqmedeba
ufro TvalnaTeli xdeba, rodesac ganvixilavT pirovnebas an qcevas
mTlianobaSi da ara calkeul qcevebs.
socialuri
mxolod
ganwyobis
predispozicias.
qceviTi
komponenti
ganxorcieldeba
Tu
warmoadgens
ara
realurad
qcevis
qceva,
damokidebulia situaciur faqtorebze, gansakuTrebiT, Tavad pirovnebis
subieqtur warmodgenaze imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor qcevas moelian misgan.
mag.: SeiZleba adamiani zogadad ewinaaRmdegebodes marixuanis moxmarebas,
50
magram
Tuki
dainaxavs,
rom
misi
megobrebi
wveulebaze
erTobian narkotikiT, didi albaTobaa imisa, rom neitraluri poziciis
dakaveba amjobinos da ar aqcios es faqti kamaTis sababad; maSin, roca
gansxvavebul
situaciaSi
SeiZleba
mZafri
argumentebi
moiyvanos
marixuanis moxmarebis sawinaaRmdegod da am gziT ecados narkotikisadmi
adamianTa damokidebulebis Secvalas (maiersi 2001).
sxva damatebiTi pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi matulobs qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis saWiro ganwyobebis ufro zusti gansazRvris
SesaZlebloba.
(eijeni
...
rogorc
1980),
aRniSnaven
rodesac
aizek
gasazomi
eijeni
ganwyoba
da
martin
aris
fiSbeini
zogadi
(mag.;
aziatebisadmi damokidebuleba), qceva ki _ Zalian konkretuli (mag.;
gadawyvetileba _ miviRoT Tu ara Cineli wyvili sastumroSi (r. lapieris kvlevebidan), ar unda movelodeT sityvebisa da qcevebis zust
Tanxvedras.
sinamdvileSi,
analogiuri
27
ganagrZoben
samecniero
m.
kvlevidan
fiSbeini
26-is
da
Sedegad
a.
eijeni,
miRebulia:
ganwyobebiT ver iwinaswarmetyveleba qceva, magram rogorc aCvena yvela
26 kvlevis monacemebma, romelTa moZiebac SesaZlebeli gaxda, realurad
ganwyobebi gansazRvravdnen qcevas, rodesac gasazomi cvladi mTlianad
Seesabameboda situacias.
amasve mowmobs r. veigelis, d. vernonis da l. tognacis masalebi
(veigeli ... 1974). Tumca pirovnebam SeiZleba gamoxatos keTilganwyobili
rwmenebi da SegrZnebebi samoqalaqo samarTlis dasacavad (Zalian zogadi
koncepti), magram nebayoflobiT ar misces 25 a.S.S. dolari samoqalaqo
samarTlis kavSirs (Zalian specifikuri qceva). SeiZleba pirovneba Zunwia
da
misi
keTilganwyobili
gardaiqmneba
finansuri
SegrZnebebic
wvlilis
namdvilia,
SetanaSi.
an
Tumca
SeiZleba
es
ar
yovelgvari
mizezis gareSe hqondes negatiuri SegrZnebebi am organizaciis mimarT.
Semdgomma
kvlevebma
daadastura,
dakavSirebuli
ganwyobebi
marTlac
magaliTad,
kontracepciasTan
rom
specifiur
saqmesTan
winaswarmetyvelebdnen
dakavSirebulma
qcevas.
ganwyobebma
mniSvnelovanwilad iwinaswarmetyvela, Tu rogor iqneboda gamoyenebuli
Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi. xolo meoradi nedleulis Sesaxeb
ganwyobebma (aramc da aramc zogadi ganwyobebi garemomcveli garemos
51
problemebis Sesaxeb) iwinaswarmetyvela maTi gamoyeneba (oskampi 1991).
imisaTvis, rom darwmunebis meSveobiT adamiani ganTavisufldes mavne
Cvevebisagan, unda SevcvaloT misi ganwyobebi specifiur CvevaTa mimarT
(eijeni ... 1986).
warsuli saqcielisa da masTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobebis Tundac
wamieri
gaxseneba
ganwyobebis
adamians
Sesabamisi
qceva
saSualebas
(zana
...
aZlevs,
1981).
ganaxorcielos
socialuri
am
ganwyobebis
gaxsenebis SemTxvevaSi, isini warmarTaven pirovnebis qcevas.
or
cvlads
Soris
kavSiris
gaZlierebis
mizniT
mkvlevarebs
ganuwyvetliv uxdebaT cdispirebisaTvis maTi ganwyobebis Sexseneba (mag.;
mudmivad unda elaparako vinmes mimarT maT siyvarulze an siZulvilze).
rac ufro xSirad Seaxseneben ganwyobis Sesaxeb, miT ufro mtkice xdeba
obieqtsa da Sefasebas Soris arsebuli kavSiri da rac ufro Zlieri
iqneba es kavSiri, miT ufro advilia misi aRqma da miT ufro Zlieri
xdeba siyvarul-siZulvilis ganwyoba (facio 1995).
Cveni ganwyobebi ganapirobeben Cvens qcevebs maSinac, roca ganwyoba
Zlieria. ganwyoba ki Zlieria imitom, rom raRac gvaxsenebs mis Sesaxeb;
imitom,
rom
situacia
aaqtiurebs
aracnobier
ganwyobas,
romelic
SeumCnevlad warmarTavs movlenebis Cveneul aRqmas da maTze reaqcias, an
imitom, rom Cven moviqeciT swored iseTnairad, rogorc saWiro iyo
ganwyobis gasaZliereblad.
dadginda, rom socialuri ganwyoba miT ukeT winaswarmetyvelebs
qcevas, rac meti Zalisxmevaa, saWiro am ukanasknelisaTvis (Sulci ... 1996).
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ganwyobasa da
qcevas Soris pirdapiri kavSiri ar Cans, ganwyobis ganxilva aucilebelia
yvela
misi
ZiriTadi
komponentis
aspeqtSi.
Cveulebriv,
ganwyobis
komponentebs Soris erTmniSvnelovani SeTanxmebuli kavSiri arsebobs. im
dros, rodesac maT Soris ar aris Tavsebadi urTierToba, SesaZloa
dairRves pirdapiri kavSiri ganwyobis romelime komponentsa da qcevas
Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi ganwyoba unda ganvixiloT yvela komponentis
TvalsazrisiT. amis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxdeba individis qcevis
winaswarmetyveleba. imaze, rom socialuri ganwyoba erTmniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs qcevas, SeiZleba laparaki, rodesac gvaqvs e.w. umaRlesi
52
donis
socialuri
ganwyobebi,
Rirebulebebi.
saxeldobr,
moraluri
qcevis Rirebulebebi, romlebic kategoriuli formiT moiTxovs garkveul
qcevas. es imas niSnavs, rom adamiani, romelic garkveul Rirebulebebs
aRiarebs,
ufro
mkacrad
daicavs
maT,
ar
moeqceva
SemTxveviTi
garemoebebis gavlenis qveS da sruliadac ar mianiSnebs imaze, rom
sxvadasxva
adamiani
qcevaSi
erTsa
da
imave
Rirebulebas
zustad
erTnairad gamoavlens (maiersi 2001).
arsebobs
mosazreba,
rom
ganwyobasa
da
qcevas
Soris
zog
SemTxvevaSi pirdapiri kavSiris darRveva gamowveulia ,,me”-s organizaciis
TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli ganwyobis periferiulobiT (nadiraSvili 1985).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ganwyobebi garkveul TanavarskvlavedTa
sistemas
ayalibeben.
sayuradReboa,
rom
yvelaze
ufro
udavo
da
TvalnaTel gavlenas qcevaze axdenen SekavSirebulobis maRali xarisxis
mqone
Tanavarskvlavedebi,
xolo
socialuri
ganwyobebi,
romlebic
SedarebiT naklebad arian dakavSirebulebi sxva socialur ganwyobebTan,
xSirad
amovardebian
xolme
sistemidan,
rac
iwvevs
logikur
araTanimdevrobas da qcevaSi garkveul rigidobas.
TanavarskvlavedSi zogierTi ganwyoba ,,me”-s birTvs qmnis, ,,me”-s
sistemaSi
centraluri
adgili
ukavia.
aseTi
ganwyobebi,
sxvadasxva
sawinaaRmdego garemoebis miuxedavad, maTi Sesatyvisi obieqtebisa da
situaciis gamoCenis dros Sesatyvis qcevas aRZravs. ,,me”-s centralur
ganwyobebsa da qcevas Soris ar irRveva pirdapiri kavSirurTierToba.
Cveulebriv, ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris gansvlaa, rodesac adamiani
Tavisi periferiuli ganwyobis safuZvelze moqmedebs. am dros garkveul
Zalas iZens qcevis sxva faqtorebi da realur qcevas safuZvlad edeba
ganwyoba, romelic aRniSnuli faqtorebisa da periferiuli ganwyobis
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad Cndeba.
zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebis Semswavleli fsiqologebi, romlebic ar
iziareben
ganwyobis
gvTavazoben:
zogadfsiqologiur
periferiul
ganwyobaze
moqmedi
Teorias,
qcevis
aseT
sxva
axsnas
faqtorebi
Trgunavs ganwyobas da individs Tavisi Sesatyvisi qcevisaken ubiZgebs. es
xdeba
maSin,
rodesac
situacia
orazrovania,
Seicavs
sxvadasxva
ganwyobebis aRmocenebis SesaZleblobebs da sxva (deviatkini 1999).
53
S. nadiraSvilis azriT (nadiraSvili 1985), ganwyobisa da qcevis
urTierTobis
sakiTxi
unda
gadawydes
zogadfsiqologiuri
Teoriis
fonze.
ganwyobis
erT-erT
mxareSi
sxvadasxva
saSualebebiT
garkveuli
cvlilebis Setanisas meoreSic aRmoCndeba cvlilebebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
maTi urTierToba abstraqtuli ar aris. igi gaSualebulia im realuri
qcevis ganwyobiT, romelic adamians fiqsirebuli socialuri ganwyobisa
da
qcevis
sxva
safuZvelze
garegani
uCndeba.
da
realuri
Sinagani
qcevis
faqtorebis
win
erTobliobis
aRmocenebuli
ganwyoba
aSualebs qcevasTan yovelgvar socialur ganwyobas. aRniSnuli debuleba
ganmtkicebulia
eqsperimentuli
kvleviT
da
igi
aris
zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis erT-erTi ZiriTadi idea.
a. asmolovi (asmolovi ... 1977) gvTavazobs ganwyobis ierarqiuli
struqturis,
rogorc
v.
aaanalizebs
iadovi
qcevis
regulaciis
dispoziciuri
meqanizmis,
cnebas,
warmonaqmnebis
xolo
ierarqiul
struqturas, romelic Sedgeba oTxi safexurisagan.
v. iadovma (iadovi 1979) kritikulad ganixila ganwyobisa da qcevis
urTierTobis sakiTxebze amerikel fsiqologTa gamokvlevebi. misi azriT,
ganwyobasTan
dakavSirebuli
gamokvlevaTa
sawyisi
sakiTxebis
meTodologiuri
kvleva
poziciis
CixSi
moeqca,
uqonlobisa
da
am
im
gaurkvevlobis gamo, rac upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba socialuri
saqmianobis
mwarmoebeli
gamokvlevebs
edo
pirovnebis
safuZvlad.
am
bunebis
gagebaSi,
mdgomareobidan
romlebic
am
gamosasvlelad,
v. iadovis azriT, swori meTodologiuri da meToduri gzebis gamonaxvaa
saWiro. v. iadovs miaCnia, rom aRniSnuli krizisis daZlevis saSualebas
iZleva d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoria. masSi daxasiTebulia fsiqologiuri
meqanizmi, qcevis ganwyoba, romelic asrulebs aqtivobisaTvis subieqtis
mobilizaciis
funqcias,
radgan
ganwyoba,
rogorc
aqtivobisaTvis
pirovnebis mzaobis mdgomareoba, gulisxmobs garemosac da pirovnebis
moTxovnilebebsac, amitom igi uzrunvelyofs pirovnebis, misi warsuli
gamocdilebisa da qcevis erTianobas. ganwyobis ganmeorebiTi moqmedebis
gamo misi gafiqsireba xdeba da aseTi fiqsirebuli ganwyobebi pirovnebis
qcevaSi Tavadac monawileobs.
54
pirovnebis socialur aqtivobaSi ganwyobisa da qcevis urTierTobis
gasagebad
mniSvnelovania
damuSavebuli
S.
d.
uznaZis
nadiraSvilis
ganwyobis
Sexeduleba
Teoriis
safuZvelze
fsiqikuri
aqtivobis
ierarqiebis Sesaxeb. mecnierma miuTiTa fsiqikuri aqtivobis regulaciis
ara or doneze, rogorc fiqrobda d. uznaZe, aramed sam, Tvisobrivad
gansxvavebul, doneze.
v. iadovs moyavs aqtivobis sami donis daxasiaTeba im Tvisobrivad
gansxvavebul
ganwyobaTa
formebis
mixedviT,
romlebic
adamianis
praqtikul, Teoriul da socialur aqtivobas ganapirobebs. v. iadovis
azriT,
socialuri
ganwyobisa
da
qcevis
urTierTobis
gagebisaTvis
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis mesame donis fsiqikuri aqtivobis
kanonzomierebas, sadac socialuri qcevis ganwyobis bazaze nebelobiTi
aqtivobis
gamoyenebiT
gaerTianebulia
Sinagan
socialuri
da
garegan
warmoSobis
faqtorebTan
sxvadasxva
erTad
fsiqikuri
tendenciebi. v. iadovi wers: ,,fsiqikuri aqtivobis mesame done, romelic
S.a. nadiraSvilis mier iyo gamoyofili, ukve pirovnebis socialur qcevas
exeba.
es
aris
nebelobiTi
aqtivobis
done,
romelic
regulirdeba
RirebulebiTi orientaciebis, zneobrivi principebis sistemiT, romlebic
fiqsirebuli arian adamianis TviTcnobierebaSi da mis fsiqologiur
avtoportretSi.
amrigad, ganwyoba _ kerZod ki fiqsirebuli ganwyoba _ warmoadgens
subieqtis
rogorc
aracnobieri,
ise
cnobieri
aqtivobis
regulaciis
fsiqologiur meqanizms. masSi mocemulia rogorc umartivesi, ise rTuli
socialuri qcevis formebis meqanizmebi” (iadovi 1979: 20-21).
zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, rom v. iadovis azriT, socialur ganwyobasa
da
qcevas
Soris
zogadfsiqologiuri
urTierTobis
gasagebad
saWiroa
Teoriidan,
romelic
garemosa
amovideT
da
iseTi
pirovnebis
Sinagani kavSiris debulebazea agebuli da amavdroulad iTvaliswinebs
fsiqikuri aqtivobis sxvadasxva doneebis diferenciaciasa da erTianobis
ideas.
eqsperimentuli
muSaobis
meTodologiuri
safuZvlebis
Camoyalibebisas v. iadovi sabolood saqmianobis Teoriisaken ixreba.
v. iadovis xelmZRvanelobiT muSaobda fsiqologebisa da sociologebis
didi
jgufi.
maT
Camoayalibes
adamianis
socialuri
saqmianobis
55
regulaciis
socialuri
socialur-fsiqologiuri
aqtivobis
urTierTobaTa
orientaciis
aRniSnuli
Taviseburebani
procesSi
sistemis
sistema
warmonaqmnebis
Teoria,
romelSic
adamianis
axsnilia
adamianSi
socialur
Camoyalibebuli
safuZvelze.
maT
esmiT,
struqtura.
RirebulebiT-ganwyobiseuli
socialuri
rogorc
TiToeuli
qcevis
oTxi
done
regulaciis
donis
gamoxatavs
fsiqikuri
aqtivobaSi
pirovnebis ufro Rrma, arsebiT CarTulobas.
dispoziciuri ierarqiis pirvel dones qmnis martiv moqmedebaTa
Sesatyvisi
fiqsirebuli
ganwyobebis
sistema.
igi
safuZvlad
edeba
sagnebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad adamianSi aRmocebul impulsur qcevebs.
dispoziciebis am pirvel ierarqiul dones, v. iadovis azriT, qmnis im
ganwyobebis sistema, romlebsac S. nadiraSvili uwodebs praqtikuli
qcevis ganwyobebs (iadovi 1979).
dispoziciuri ierarqiis meore dones qmnis fiqsirebuli socialuri
ganwyobebis sistema. es is socialuri ganwyobebia, romlebic intensiurad
Seiswavleba sazRvargareTul fsiqologiaSi. isini yalibdeba sagnebisa
da
movlenebis
ierarqiis
es
mimarT
socialuri
gavlenis
done
fsiqikuri
aqtivobis
Sedegad.
dispoziciis
nadiraSvilis
mier
formulirebuli mesame donis aqtivobis ganwyobebisagan Sedgeba.
dispoziciuri
garkveuli
warmonaqmnebis
socialuri
sferos
mesame
zogadi,
dones
Seadgens
dominirebuli
pirovnebis
mimarTulebebi.
mimarTuleba, v. iadovis azriT, aris ufro rTuli saxis socialuri
ganwyobis sistema. S. nadiraSvilis azriT, igi warmoadgens socialuri
ganwyobis garkveul Tanavarskvlaveds.
dispoziciebis
meoTxe
dones
qmnis
RirebulebiTi
orientaciebi,
cxovrebis miznebi da maTi dakmayofilebis fsiqikuri saSualebebi. isini
ayalibeben adamianis cxovrebis wess, msoflmxedvelobas, ideologias da
adamianis cxovrebaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWebaT.
es Teoria fiqsirebuli ganwyobis cnebis safuZvelzea agebuli.
,,uznaZis ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis mixedviT, yoveli
dispoziciuri ganwyoba, romelic pirovnebis niSnad iqceva, qceviswinare
ganwyobis fiqsaciis safuZvelze iqmneba. erTidaimave xasiaTis qcevis
mravaljer Sesrulebis Semdeg am qcevaTa safuZvlad mdebare ganwyoba
56
fiqsirebul
saTanado
ganwyobad
obieqtebis
mimarTulebiT
da
pirovnebis
gamoCenis,
Zlieri
msgavs
dispoziciur
situaciebSi
moTxovnilebis
qonebis
niSnad
iqceva.
moxvedris
SemTxvevaSi
an
am
aseTi
dispoziciuri fiqsirebuli ganwyoba isev aRmocendeba miuxedavad imisa,
rom xSirad es orive faqtori: moTxovnileba da sagani erTdroulad
araa mocemuli. ... Cveulebrivad, axali aqtualuri ganwyobis aRmocenebis
aucilebel pirobas Tu moTxovnileba, situacia da Sesatyvisi moqmedebis
saSualebebi qmnian, fiqsirebuli ganwyobis aqtivaciisaTvis xSirad erTerTi faqtoris zemoqmedebac sakmarisia. am dros xdeba fiqsirebuli
ganwyobis
gaaqtiureba,
romelic
individs
Tavisi
Sesatyvisi
qcevis
Sesrulebisaken warmarTavs.
rac
ufro
mtkice
fiqsirebuli,
dispoziciuri
ganwyoba
aqvs
adamians misi aqtivaciis dros, igi miT ufro am ganwyobis Sesatyvis
qcevas axorcielebs” (nadiraSvili 1985: 213-214).
garkveuli aqtualuri qcevis ganwyobis gareSe individs ar SeuZlia
fsiqikuri aqtivobis ganxorcieleba, Tavisi fsiqikuri Zalebis Tavmoyra
garkveuli
mimarTulebis
aqtualizebul
fiqsirebul
qcevis
ganxorcielebisaTvis.
ganwyobasa
da
mocemul
rodesac
viTarebas
Soris
mcire gansxvavebaa, individi situaciis asimilacias axdens da mis qcevas
odnav Seusatyvisi viTareba ver aferxebs.
ganwyobasa
da
qcevas
Soris
Sesatyvisobis
gancda
ar
irRveva,
rodesac qcevis yoveli aspeqtis Secvla asimilaciis zonis farglebSi
xdeba. dispoziciuri ganwyobiT moqmedebis dros, rodesac ganwyobasa da
garemo sagnebs Soris Seusatyvisoba asimilaciis zonas scildeba, maTi
kontrastuli
Sefaseba
xdeba.
aseTi
kontrastuli
gancdebi
aqtualizebuli fiqsirebuli ganwyobis deaqtualizaciis process edeba
safuZvlad da individi axali Sesatyvisi ganwyobis SemuSavebas iwyebs.
imis mixedviT, Tu Sefasebuli debuleba ra damokidebulebaSia
ganwyobis mimarT, SeiZleba igi asimilaciuradac iyos gancdili da
kontrastuladac. amitom calkeuli movlenebis an debulebebis Sefasebis
safuZvelze
mdebare
SesaZlebelia
ganwyobis
ver
Sesaxeb.
miviRoT
swori
adamianis
cnoba
mis
safuZvlad
dispoziciuri
ganwyobis
57
dadgenisaTvis saWiroa ganwyobis gasazomi mravaldebulebiani meTodebis
gamoyeneba.
yvela
komponentTan
erTmniSvnelovani
kavSiri,
Soris
amitom
arsebobs.
Secdomebi
xSirad
mimarTulebas
SedarebiT
rogorc
Soris
Cans,
adamianis
gamowveulia
yvelaze
mainc
qcevis
ara
ufro
ganwyobasa
Sesaxeb
Cvens
ganwyobasa
erTmniSvnelovani
myari
da
da
da
da
qcevas
prognozebSi
qcevis
pirdapiri
zogad
kavSiris
uqonlobiT, aramed imiT, rom zustad ver davadgineT misi ganwyobis
Sinaarsi.
am
debulebas
adasturebs
S.
nadiraSvilis
eqsperimentuli
gamokvlevebi, romlebic Seiswavlidnen sensomotoruli ganwyobis bunebas
(nadiraSvili 1971).
socialuri ganwyobebi realur qcevaze ufro pirdapir gavlenas
axdenen, vidre masTan dakavSirebuli obieqtebis Sefasebaze. amitom ufro
rTulia kavSiri socialuri obieqtebis Sefasebasa da qcevas Soris,
vidre ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris. swored es viTareba unda iqnes
gaTvaliswinebuli ,,la-pieris paradoqsis” ganxilvisas. masSi ganxilulia
ara ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris urTierToba, aramed kavSir-urTierToba
socialuri
obieqtebis
Sefasebasa
ganxilvisas
ZiriTadad
xdeba
urTierTobis
analizi
gaTvaliswinebis
uaryofiTi
azri
da
qcevisa
pirovnebisa
gareSe.
da
sastumros
Cinelebis
qcevas
da
Soris.
misi
qcevis
am
sakiTxis
romelime
faqtoris
kategorialur
mepatroneebis
miRebis
Sesaxeb
cnebaTa
mier
gamoTqmuli
miCneulia
sastumroSi
klientis miRebis qcevis safuZvlad mdebare ganwyobad, romelic TiTqos
ratomRac zogierT situaciaSi ar moqmedebs. ,,namdvilad, Tu Cven kargad
gavaanalizebT am eqsperimentis situaciebs, vnaxavT, rom aq faqtiurad
ganwyobisa da qcevis urTierToba araa ganxiluli. misi Sedegebi imaze ar
miuTiTebs, rom ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris araa garkveuli urTierToba”
(nadiraSvili 1985: 218).
fiqsirebuli
ganwyobis
safuZvelze
obieqtebis
mTeli
seriis
SefasebaTa kompleqsuri monacemebis mopovebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia
individis fiqsirebuli ganwyobis dadgena. specialuri eqsperimentuli
gamokvlevebiT, romlebSic cdispirebs evalebodaT sxvadasxva sididis
moZraobebis
gameoreba,
naCvenebia,
rom
SesaZlebeli
xdeba
mocemuli
58
individisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli velis bazisetalonis dadgena, romelic
faqtiurad misi sensomotoruli velis sayrden fiqsirebul ganwyobas
warmoadgens. amis mixedviT xdeba yvela danarCeni sididis Sefaseba.
,,rogor
unda
gavigoT
qcevasa
da
socialur
ganwyobas
Soris
Seusatyvisobis dros socialuri ganwyobis Secvla Sesrulebuli qcevis
mimarTulebiT? _ SesaZloa, rogorc imis sabuTi, rom mxolod winaswari
dispoziciis (socialuri ganwyobis) codna ar aris sakmarisi piroba
qcevis gagebisaTvis, aramed yoveli qcevis win xdeba subieqtis arsobrivi
Zalebis organizacia im garemo situaciis Sesatyvisad, romelSic unda
gaiSalos
qceva.
vfiqrobT,
rom
socialuri
fiqsirebuli
ganwyobis
Secvla am organizaciis Sedegia” (baliaSvili 1980: 27).
adamianebs SeuZliaT Cawvdnen erTmaneTis ganwyobebs da moaxdinon
maTze
zemoqmedeba.
aRmoCnda
isic,
rom
komunikaciis
procesSi
arasemantikuri lingvisturi saSualebiTac ki, rogoricaa winadadebis
sigrZe, siRrme, tipi da sxva, swvdebian erTmaneTis ganwyobebs (mSvidobaZe
1990).
amdenad,
safuZvelze
debuleba
SeuZlebelia
imis
Sesaxeb,
adamianis
rom
verbaluri
sensomotoruli
da
Sefasebebis
socialuri
ganwyobebis dadgena, mcdarad da miuReblad unda CaiTvalos.
r. la-pieris eqsperimentis situaciis ganxilva ganwyobis
zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis mixedviT
S.
nadiraSvili
asaxsnelad
studentebTan
(nadiraSvili
ganixilavs
erTad
or
r.
1985)
situacias.
la-pieris
,,la-pieris
pirvel
sastumroSi
paradoqsis”
situaciaSi
misvla
Cinel
sastumros
mepatroneebSi iwvevs erTdroulad ori saxis ganwyobas: erTis mxriv
zogadad dadebiTs (klientebis miRebis da ganTavsebis), meores mxriv _
konkretulad Cinelebis mimarT uaryofiTs (radgan im periodSi amerikaSi
zangebisa da feradkanianebis mimarT crurwmenebi iyo gavrcelebuli).
magram mocemuli situaciisadmi arsebuli Cveuli ganwyoba (stumrebis
59
Tavazianad miReba) gamoirCeva ra siZlieriT da simyariT (es mepatroneTa
ZiriTadi profesiuli ganwyobaa!), rCeba ucvleli.
meore situaciaSi ganixileba sastumros mepatroneebis ganwyobebi
r.
la-pieris
werilis
Sinaarsze.
am
SemTxvevaSi
klientebis
misvla
(Cveuli fiqsirebuli situacia) gamoiwvevda mepatroneebSi fiqsirebul
ganwyobebs,
magram
radgan
situacia
mepatroneebs
aZlevda
arCevanis
saSualebas _ miiRebdnen Tu ara Cinel mgzavrebs, maT mxolod sakuTari
damokidebuleba unda gamoexataT Cineli turistebis mimarT, Sesabamisad
gamoxates kidec uaryofiTi damokidebuleba.
Cinelebisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyoba, sastumros mflobelebs cxadia
pirvel situaciaSic hqondaT, magram am ganwyobam ver moaxdina maTi
ZiriTadi ganwyobis gandevna, romelic ufro Zlieri da aqtualizebuli
iyo pirvel situaciaSi. Tu yovelive amas gaviTvaliswinebT, naTeli
gaxdeba,
rom
ganwyobisa
da
qcevis
urTierTobis
is
interpretacia,
romelic r. la-pieris eqsperimentis safuZvelze xdeba, marTebuli araa.
aRniSnuli
monacemebis
safuZvelze
keTdeboda
daskvna,
rom
zog
SemTxvevaSi ganwyoba Tavis Sesatyvis qcevas iwvevs da zogSi _ ara.
maSasadame, ganwyoba erTmniSvnelovnad ar iwvevs Tavis Sesatyvis qcevas.
aseTi msjelobis dros mxedvelobaSi araa miRebuli is viTareba, rom
pirvel
SemTxvevaSi
am
situaciis
Sesatyvisi,
klientebis
miRebis
aqtualizebuli ganwyoba iseve iwvevs Tavis Sesatyvis qcevas, rogorc
meore SemTxvevaSi Cinelebisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyoba _ werilobiT maT
miRebaze uaris Tqmas. orive SemTxvevaSi aqtualizebuli fiqsirebuli
socialuri ganwyobis safuZvelze pirovneba ganwyobis Sesatyvis qcevas
axorcielebs.
ganwyobasa da qcevas Soris bunebrivi urTierTobis darRvevas maSin
eqneboda adgili, rom identur SemTxvevebSi Cinelebi, maTdami uaryofiTi
ganwyobis miuxedavad, zogjer mieRoT sastumroSi, zogjer _ ara; an
sastumros patronebs ori Tavisufali adgilis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
TeTrkaniani klientebi uariT gaestumrebinaT Cinelebis sasargeblod.
r.
la-pieris
efeqtisa
da
Cvens
mier
samagaliTod
motanili
eqsperimentuli monacemebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianis
fiqsirebuli socialuri ganwyobis codna garkveul situaciebSi Zalian
60
didi albaTobiT
gvaZlevs misi momavali qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas. rodesac viciT individis fiqsirebuli ganwyobebi da is, Tu
romeli maTgania aqtualizebuli konkretul situaciaSi, TiTqmis sruli
darwmunebiT
SegviZlia
viwinaswarmetyveloT,
pirovnebis
mier
ganxorcielebuli qceva.
1.3 b) socialur ganwyobaze qcevis gavlenis eqsperimentuli Seswavlis
ZiriTadi Sedegebi
marTalia, zogjer vicavT im azrs, risac gvwams da gvjera, magram
isic marTalia, rom Cven gvwams da gvjera imisa, rasac vemxrobiT.
socialur-fsiqologiurma
Teoriebma
warmoSva
kvlevebis
didi
raodenoba, romelTac safuZvlad edo zemoaRniSnuli daskvna.
socialuri rolebiT ganpirobebuli qcevebi warmoSoben rolebis
SemsrulebelTa ganwyobebs. amas mowmobs f. zimbardos (maiersi 2001)
eqsperimenti.
agreTve
cnobilia
faqtebi,
rodesac
msaxiobebi
veRar
gamodian rolidan da realur cxovrebaSic ganagrZoben Sesabamis qcevas.
rolis Sesruleba ganapirobebs adamianTa ganwyobebs.
rolSi
Sesvlis
efeqtTan
mWidrod
dakavSirebulia
efeqti,
romelsac hqvia ,,mtkiceba iqceva mrwamsad”.
tori
higinsma
kolegebTan
erTad
Caatara
eqsperimenti,
sadac
naTlad gamoCnda, Tu rogor iqceva mtkicebuleba rwmenad. daskvna aseTi
iyo: adamianebi cdiloben informaciis morgebas msmenelze, Semdeg ki
Tavad iwyeben sakuTari naTqvamis dajerebas (maiersi 2001).
eqsperimentebma
(grinvaldi
...
1987;
leipe
...
1994)
cxadyo,
rom
rodesac adamianebi saxalxod iReben Tavis Tavze valdebulebebs, ufro
meti rwmeniT ekidebian saqmes.
eqsperimentebiT
dadginda
agreTve,
rom
adamianebi,
romlebic
iZulebulni arian miscen zepiri da werilobiTi Cvenebebi imis Sesaxeb,
raSic ar arian mTlad darwmunebulni, sicruis gamo Tavs sakmaod
uxerxulad grZnoben. miuxedavad amisa, isini iwyeben imis dajerebas,
rasac amboben, erTi pirobiT _ Tu ar aris mcdeloba maTi mosyidvis an
61
iZulebis.
rodesac
mosaubreze
ar
xdeba
garegani
zegavlena,
misi
mtkiceba iqceva mrwamsad (maiersi 2001).
avtoritaruli
mmarTveloba
rom
efeqturi
iyos,
aucileblad
saWiroa avtoritetis yofna mocemul situaciaSi, radgan adamianebs ar
axasiaTebT iZulebiTi qcevis gaSinagneba.
principi
,,ganwyobebi
qcevis
Sedegia”
damaxasiaTebelia
agreTve
uzneo qcevebis umravlesobisTvisac. xSirad boroteba mudmivad mzardi
daTmobebis Sedegia. umniSvnelo cudma saqcielma SeiZleba gaaadvilos
ufro mZime danaSaulis Cadena.
qcevebi da ganwyobebi erTmaneTs asazrdoeben.
Tuki
uzneo
qcevebi
ayalibebs
pirovnebas,
eqsperimentuli
monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom igivenairad moqmedebs zneobrivi saqcielic
(maiersi 2001).
am faqts adasturebs aSS-s istoriuli monacemebic _ sxva eTnikuri
jgufebis
mimarT
pozitiurma
qcevam
Seamcira
rasobrivi
uaryofiTi
winaswarganwyobebi, anu zneobrivi qceva asazrdoebs zneobriv ganwyobebs
(maiersi 2001).
cdebi adasturebs, rom vinmes mimarT pozitiuri qceva iwvevs am
adamianisadmi keTilganwyobas (maiersi 2001).
1.3 g) ganwyobaze qcevis zemoqmedebis amxsneli Teoriebi
qcevaSi
Secvlis
momxdar
kvlevaSi
or
cvlilebaTa
ZiriTad
gavleniT
Temas
arCeven:
socialuri
ganwyobis
socialuri
ganwyobis
Secvlas konfliqtis gadaWris, gadawyvetilebis gavleniT da socialuri
ganwyobisagan
Sinaarsobrivad
gansxvavebuli
qcevis
damarwmunebel
zemoqmedebas pirovnebaze.
ganwyobaze qcevis zemoqmedebas xsnian: TviTprezentaciis, kognituri
disonansis,
TviTaRqmis,
gadawyvetilebis
gamotanis
konfliqtis,
daswavlis bihevioristuli TeoriebiT.
62
TviTprezentaciis Teoria
Tanamimdevruli adamianis STabeWdilebis moxdenis survili yvelas
aqvs. am mizniT isini gamoxataven sakuTari qcevebis Sesabamis ganwyobebs.
Tanamimdevruli
adamianis
STabeWdilebis
datovebis
mizniT
mravali
maTgani im ganwyobebis simulaciasac ki axdens, romlebisac sinamdvileSi
ar sjera. ra Tqma unda, es gulisxmobs garkveul aragulwrfelobas an
farisevlobas, samagierod, saWiro STabeWdilebis moxdenis saSualebas
iZleva.
yovel
mimdevrebs.
SemTxvevaSi,
zogierTi
ase
miaCniaT
adamianisaTvis
TviTprezentaciis
kargi
Teoriis
STabeWdilebis
moxdenis
survili cxovrebis wesia. akvirdebian ra mudmivad TavianT qcevas da
sxvaTa
reaqcias
am
qcevaze,
es
adamianebi
cvlian
TavianT
qcevebs,
rodesac es ukanasknelni ver axdenen sazogadoebaze sasurvel efeqts.
visac maRali Sefaseba aqvs TviTmonitoringis skalaze (mag.; isini, vinc
eTanxmeba mtkicebas, ,,vcdilob viyo swored iseTi, rogorsac moelian,
rom viqnebi”) moqmedeben, rogorc socialuri qameleonebi _ cdiloben
garemoebebze TavianTi qcevis morgebas, amisaTvis mzad arian mTlianad
miendon ganwyobas, romelsac sinamdvileSi ar iziareben (Snaideri 1987).
grZnoben
ra
ganwyobebis
sxvaTa
damokidebulebas,
Sesabamisad.
TviTkontrolis
naklebad
meSveobiT
iqcevian
sakuTari
aseTi
adamianebi
advilad ergebian axal samsaxurs, rolebs da urTierTobebs. maT ki,
visac dabali qula aqvs TviTkontrolis skalaze, naklebad adardebT
sxva adamianebis azri, ufro xelmZRvaneloben Sinagani grZnobiT da amis
gamo ufro metad iqcevian da laparakoben TavianTi Sinagani grZnobebisa
da mrwamsis Sesabamisad (maiersi 2001). amitom maTi ganwyobebiT SegviZlia
qcevis
winaswarmetyveleba.
adamianTa
umravlesoba
ki
zemoaRniSnuli
skalis polusebs Sorisaa.
sxva ori Teoria xsnis, Tu ratom iSinagneben adamianebi sakuTar
TviTprezentacias, rogorc sakuTari WeSmariti ganwyobis Secvlas.
kognituri disonansis Teoria
leon
festinjeris
kognituri
disonansis
Teoriis
arsi
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ganwyobebis cvlilebas iwvevs is, rom adamianebi
iZulebulni arian SeinarCunon maT xelT arsebul informaciebs Soris
63
urTierTSeTanxmeba (festinjeri 1957). am Teoriis Tanaxmad, Cven vgrZnobT
daZabulobas (,,disonanss”), rodesac ori azri an ori mrwamsi (,,kognicia”)
fsiqologiurad araTavsebadia. aseTi ram xdeba, rodesac vambobT an
vakeTebT
l.
imas,
festinjeri
ris
mimarTac
amtkicebs,
gvaqvs
rom
araerTmniSvnelovani
uaryofiTi
SegrZnebis
gancdebi.
Sesamcireblad
adamianebi xSirad cdiloben moargon TavianTi azrovneba.
disonansis Teoria ZiriTadad Seexeba qcevasa da ganwyobebs Soris
gansvlas. Cven vacnobierebT erTsac da meoresac, anu Tuki vgrZnobT
araTanmimdevrulobas, gviCndeba cvlilebebis aucileblobis SegrZneba.
farTodaa cnobili l. festinjerisa da meril karlsmitis (maiersi
2001) eqsperimenti, romelic exeba arasakmarisi gamarTlebis efeqts. am
dros
disonansis
Semcireba
xdeba
sakuTari
saqcielis
Sinagani
gamarTlebis gziT, rodesac garegani gamarTlebebi ,,arasakmarisia”.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdgomi disonansi
mniSvnelovani gadawvetilebis miReba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs disonansis
Sesustebas, arCeuli alternativebis mimarT Seguebas da imis daviwyebas,
rac ukugdebulia.
sxvadasxva eqsperimentSi (horovici ... 1995) gamoCnda, rom rogorc ki
gadawyvetileba miRebulia, igi qmnis sakuTar sayrdenebs _ mizezebs,
romlebiTac
vamarTlebT
mis
mizanSewonilobas.
xSirad
es
axali
saZirkveli imdenad Zlieria, rom misi nawilis mocilebisas, Tundac
mTavari nawilisa, gadawyvetileba mainc ar Seicvleba.
TviTaRqmis Teoria
adamianis qceva miewereba an pirovnul Tvisebebs da ganwyobebs, an
garemo
pirobebs.
1972w.
daril
bemis
(bemi
1972)
mier
mowodebuli
TviTaRqmis Teoria gamodis iqidan, rom adamiani msgavs daskvnebs akeTebs,
rodesac sakuTar qcevas akvirdeba.
Tu
kognituri
disonansis
Teoriis
mixedviT,
rodesac
qcevis
reabilitaciisaTvis arasakmarisia garegani motivebi, adamiani Sinagani
gamarTlebebis
moZebnis
saSualebiT
amcirebs
disonanss,
TviTaRqmis
64
Teoriis
mixedviT:
TavianT
qcevas
adamianebi
xsnian
im
pirobebiT,
romlebSic es qceva xorcieldeba.
Tu adamianebs davajildoebT imisaTvis, ramac maT ukve moutana
dakmayofileba, isini TavianT qcevas jildos miaweren, riTac ukuagdeben
grZnobas,
rom
moqmedebdnen
eqsperimentebi,
romlebic
mxolod
Caatares
imitom,
edvard
rom
disma
maT
da
es
mowondaT.
riCard
raianma
roCesteris universitetSi, mark leperma da devid grinma stenfordSi da
en
bojianom
TanamSromlebTan
erTad
(bojiano
...
1992)
kolorados
universitetSi, amtkicebs ,,zegamarTlebis efeqts”.
rogorc
xazgasmiT
aRniSnavs
TviTaRqmis
Teoria,
moulodneli
jildo ar amcirebs Sinagan interess, radgan adamianebi qcevas miaweren
TavianT Sinagan motivebs (horovici ... 1995).
,,zegamarTlebis efeqts” adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac pirovnebas
winaswar sTavazoben jildos, romelic mas ar sWirdeba, cdiloben ra
amgvarad
misi
qcevis
gakontrolebas.
aq
mniSvnelovania,
Tu
ras
gulisxobs dajildoveba. jildo da Seqeba, rac adamianebs aiZulebs
ifiqron:
,,me
motivaciis
amas
Zalian
zrdas.
kargad
jildo,
vakeTeb”,
romelic
xels
miznad
uwyobs
isaxavs
Sinagani
adamianebis
gakontrolebas da aiZulebs maT daijeron, rom mTeli Zalisxmeva swored
jildos gamo gaiRes (,,me es fulis gamo gavakeTe”), amcirebs sasiamovno
amocanis Sinagan gamarTlebas (maiersi 2001).
gadawyvetilebis gamotanis konfliqtis Teoria
gadawyvetilebis
gamotanis
konfliqtis
Teoria
Seqmnes
leon
festinjeris oponentebma irvin jainisma, leon manma da sxvebma (jainisi ...
1968). am Teoriis Tanaxmad ori Tanabrad mimzidveli alternativis dros
xdeba TiToeul maTganze informaciis dagroveba da Sefaseba, faqtiurad
maTi xelaxali interpretacia, rac pirovnebas aZlevs konfliqtisagan
Tavis daRwevisa da gadawyvetilebis gamotanis saSualebas.
gadawyvetilebis
(rezidualuri)
alternativebis
procesi,
Semdgomi
konfliqtis
gadaWras,
mimzidvelobis
radgan
mdgomareoba
konfliqti
gulisxmobs
risTvisac
gaTiSvis,
kvlav
dacilebis
pirovnulad
Zalze
narCeni
gagrZeldeba
(spreading
apart)
Semawuxebeli
65
mdgomareobaa. amrigad, i. jainisi, l. mani da sxvebi amtkiceben, rom
gadawyvetilebiswina
da
arsebiTad
igive
erTi
gadawyvetilebis
da
gadawyvetilebis
aqti
kognituri
fsiqikuri
Semdgomi
procesia
periodebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
procesebisaTvis
da
gadamwyveti
mniSvnelobis ar aris.
l. festinjeris aTive gamokvleva mieZRvna faqtiurad imis dadgenas,
Tu rodis iwyeba alternativebis tendenciuri Sefaseba _ konfliqtis
dros
(konfliqtidan
gamosvlisaTvis),
Tu
gadawyvetilebis
Sedegad
(warmoSobili disonansis reduqciis mizniT). miuxedavad l. festinjeris
Sromatevadi
samuSaoebisa,
sakiTxi
daxuruli
ar
aris,
radgan
am
eqsperimentebma mZafri kritika daimsaxura.
zogadad, gadawyvetilebis gamotanis konfliqtis Teoriis Tanaxmad
subieqti
motivirebulia,
Seamciros
mniSvnelovani
gadawyvetilebis
miRebis dros aRZruli daZabuloba, romelic dakavSirebulia moqmedebis
romelime kursis arCevis SemTxvevaSi warmoSobil siZneleebTan. arsebobs
gadawyvetilebiswina konfliqtis ori ZiriTadi tipi: I _ aq da axla
arsebuli konfliqti moqmedebs raime kursis survilsa da survilis
ararsebobas Soris. II _ anticipirebuli konfliqti, romelic aRiZvreba
uaxloes momavalSi, Tuki ar iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli gadawyvetilebis
yvela Sedegi; wuxili gadawyvetilebis sisworis gamo.
i. jainisis da misi jgufis ZiriTadi daSveba mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom rodesac subieqti ganixilavs moqmedebis alternatiul kursebs,
eZebs sakiTxis gadawyvetis gzas, romelic warmoSobs did gansvlas
(diskrepantobas)
dilemis
warmomSob
miaxloebisa
da
ganridebis
erTdroulad arsebul tendenciebs Soris. amdenad, igi cdilobs yvela
gadawyvetilebis transformirebas erT iseT gadawyvetilebad, romelSic
isini erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli iqneba.
amavdroulad, yvela, visac gadawyvetileba gamoaqvs, erTis mxriv,
eswrafvis gadawyvetilebiswina konfliqtidan swrafad gamosvlas, meores
mxriv,
moqmedebis
raime
kursis
arCevamde
cdilobs
yvela
momdevno
Sedegis gaTvaliswinebas, rom bolos ar inanos.
konfliqtis TiToeuli tipi Taviseburad gadaiWreba. Tu axla da
amJamad
mimdinare
konfliqti
dominirebs,
gadawyvetilebis
subieqti
66
ecdeba
swrafad
gaeqces
mas
da
konfliqtidan
gamosvlis
impulsur
meqanizmebs daeyrdnoba. kognituri procesi, romelic safuZvlad udevs
amgvar
gadaWras,
konfliqtia
Zalze
ufro
zedapirulia,
Zlieri,
maSin
xolo
Tu
konfliqtis
anticipirebuli
gadaWra
moxdeba
alternativebis ganxilviT, SefasebiT, yvelaze mimzidveli alternativis
moZebniT da misi Rirebulebis aRmatebiT.
socialur ganwyobaze araTavsebadi qcevis gavlenis analizi
bihevioristul TeoriaSi
bihevioristuli
Teoria
varaudobs,
rom
socialuri
ganwyobissawinaaRmdego qcevis Sedegad socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis
sidide pirdapir damokidebulebaSia gasamrjelos sididesTan, anu rac
ufro didia jildo, miT ufro metia socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis
molodini.
ras
Secvlis
efuZneba
sidides
socialuri
gasamrjelos
Soris
sididesa
pirdapiri
ganwyobissawinaaRmdego
da
socialuri
damokidebulebis
qcevis
analizidan
ganwyobis
es
varaudi?
gamodis,
rom
Zlieri stimuli, didi jildo metad da ukeT aamoqmedebs subieqts, met
arguments moataninebs mas. rac ufro Zlieria argumentebi, miT metad
damarwmunebelni
iqnebian
subieqtisaTvis.
amrigad,
uxvi
gasamrjelo
iwvevs moqmedebis ukeT Sesrulebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs darwmunebas,
CarTulobas qcevaSi gamoxatul poziciaSi.
e.
aronsonis
azriT
(veiteni
1992),
mcire
da
didi
disonansis
gamomwvevi situaciebis mixedviT vRebulobT disonansis an ganmtkicebis
efeqtebs,
mcire
disonansis
dros
wamyvani
xdeba
ganmtkiceba,
mniSvnelovani disonansis dros _ disonansis reduqcia.
m. rozenbergi (rozenbergi 1966) askvnis, rom martivi socialuri
ganwyobissawinaaRmdego
aqtivobis
dros
ZalaSia
disonansis
efeqti,
xolo rTuli qcevis dros damokidebuleba dasaCuqrebasa da socialuri
ganwyobis
Secvlas
Soris
pirdapirproporciulia
da
gamowveulia
ganmtkicebiT.
67
amrigad, Cvens mier dasaxelebuli mkvlevarebi da maTTan erTad
sxvebic
(maiersi
2001)
fiqroben,
rom
winaaRmdegoba
daswavlis
bihevioristul Teoriasa da kognituri disonansis Teoriis varaudebs
Soris gadawydeba imis CvenebiT, rom viTarebebisdamixedviT dominirebs
disonansis, an daswavlis efeqtebi. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba socialuri
ganwyobissawinaaRmdego qcevis ganxilvis dros aqvs imis dadgenas, aRiZra
Tu ara disonansi. Tu aRiZreba disonansis mniSvnelovani raodenoba,
fsiqikur
aqtivobaSi
wamyvani
gaxdeba
disonansis
reduqcia,
miviRebT
socialuri ganwyobis meti sididiT Secvlas naklebi gasamrjelos dros.
Tu
socialuri
ganwyobissawinaaRmdego
qcevam
SedarebiT
umniSvnelo
disonansi aRZra _ gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas moipovebs ganmtkiceba da meti
dasaCuqreba socialuri ganwyobis met Secvlas gamoiwvevs.
bolos Sejamebis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom pirvel TavSi, romelic
literaturis
urTierTobis
(gansakuTrebiT,
mimoxilvas
sakiTxi
daeTmo,
dResac
gasuli
vaCveneT,
aqtualuria.
saukunis
30-iani
rom
naxevar
ganwyoba-qcevis
saukuneze
wlebidan)
metia
socialuri
fsiqologebi dakavebulni arian aRniSnuli Temis kvleviT. TiToeul
mecniers, vinc am sakiTxs Seexo, hqonda ambicia, problema daenaxa im
kuTxiT, rac erTxel da samudamod gadawyvetda mis irgvliv kamaTs.
ganwyobis meSveobiT qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesaxeb arsebobs uamravi
mosazreba: gasazomi cvladi mTlianad unda Seesabamebodes situacias;
Seusabamoba xSirad gamowveulia SecdomiT _ ganwyobis nacvlad ikvleven
qcevis
ganzraxvas;
arsebiTia
ganwyobis
Sinaarsis
dadgena;
qcevis
ganxorcielebisas mniSvnelovania situaciuri faqtorebi; pirovneba an
qceva
saWiroa,
ganvixiloT
mTlianobaSi
_
aras
gvargebs
calkeuli
qcevebis Seswavla; mniSvnelovania qcevisaTvis daxarjuli Zalisxmeva,
ganwyobis siZliere da sxva mravali.
sxvadasxva mosazrebebis gacnobis Sedegad Camogviyalibda sakuTari
xedva. kerZod, migvaCnia, rom calkeuli socialuri ganwyobebis kvleva
ver gadawyvets problemas. aqcenti gasakeTebelia socialuri ganwyobis
struqturaze. anu, sakiTxi sxva kuTxiT warmoCindeba, Tu mxedvelobaSi
68
miviRebT, rom ganwyobebi cal-calke, erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad ki
ar
arseboben,
aramed
erTmaneTTan
arian
dakavSirebulni
da
qmnian
garkveul sistemebs, Tanavarskvlavedebs. TanavarskvlavedebSi ki unda
arsebobdes
garkveuli
kanonzomiereba,
romelsac
daeqvemdebareba
socialuri ganwyobebis Secvla. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aqtualurobis
miuxedavad, mocemul sakiTxze mwiri eqsperimentuli monacemebi moipoveba.
Cven ganvixileT l. fergiusonis (fergiusoni 1939), T. CxeiZis (CxeiZe 1985)
kvlevebi, romlebic Tumca yvelaze axlos idgnen Cvens mier dasmul
sakiTxTan, bolomde naTels ver hfendnen mas. l. fergiusonis mier
Catarebuli muSaobis didi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad unda vTqvaT, rom
kvlevis diapazoni ar iyo farTo _ igi mxolod aTi ganwyobis SeswavliT
Semoifargla.
amave
dros
ar
dainteresebula
ganwyobaTaSoris
urTierTobis struqturis kanonzomierebebisa da socialuri ganwyobis
Secvlis eqsperimentuli kvleviT. T. CxeiZem, aseve mcire raodenobaze,
mxolod oTx socialur obieqtze, Caatara kvleva, romlebic, misi azriT,
Sinaarseulad
iyvnen
msgavsebi.
am
SemTxvevaSi
T.
CxeiZis
ZiriTadi
interesi iyo konsistentobis tendenciis Seswavla masSi cnobierebis
monawileobis TvalsazrisiT.
dasanania, magram am sakiTxis Seswavlis mimarTulebiT winsvla
naklebia. mocemuli problemis kvleviT, vfiqrobT, kidev erTi nabiji
gadaidgmeba im faqtorebis gamosavlenad, romlebic monawileoben erTis
mxriv
ganwyoba-qcevis
urTierTobaSi,
meores
mxriv
_
socialuri
ganwyobis SecvlaSi. amitom gadavwyviteT ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis
struqturis
kanonzomierebebis
gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom
Semdgomi
adre
kvleva.
monacemTa
Tu
imasac
damuSavebis
mwiri
SesaZleblobebis gamo mecnierTaTvis Zneli iyo srulyofili Sedegebis
miReba, xolo Tanamedrove kompiuteruli programebis gamoyeneba kvlevis
Sedegad
miRebuli
damuSavebis
Catarebis
monacemebis
SesaZleblobas
aucilebloba
da
statistikurad
iZleva,
imedi
naTeli
gveZleva,
maRali
xdeba
rom
xarisxiT
aseTi
kvlevis
Cveni
molodinebi,
hipoTeza:
socialuri
razedac zemoT iyo saubari, gamarTldeba.
muSaobis
dasawyisSi
davuSviT
Semdegi
ganwyobebis struqturaSi centraluri Rirebulebis mimarT ganwyobis
69
Secvla unda iwvevdes masTan dakavSirebuli danarCeni Rirebulebebis
mimarTac ganwyobebis Secvlas.
aRniSnuli
hipoTezis
sisworis
empiriuli
kvlevebi.
upirveles
romelSic
gamovyaviT
ramdenime
Semowmebis
yovlisa,
etapi.
mizniT
davgegmeT
qvemoT
CavatareT
Cveni
dawvrilebiT
muSaoba,
gveqneba
saubari TiToeuli etapis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb.
pirvel
dagvedgina
etapze
miznad
socialur
davisaxeT,
ganwyobaTaSoris
rom
kavSiris
dagvedasturebina
arseboba.
da
amisaTvis
CavatareT kvleva, romlis Tanmimdevruli aRwera qvemoTaa moyvanili.
Tavi 2
socialuri ganwyobis struqtura
(empiriuli kvleva)
kvlevis masala
socialuri
ganwyobebi
vikvlieT
44
Rirebulebis
mimarT.
es
ukanasknelni SevarCieT S. Svarcis Rirebulebebis sakvlevi skalidan,
agreTve
Tsu
fsiqologiis
fakultetis
socialuri
fsiqologiis
kaTedraze Sesrulebuli Sromidan, romelic Rirebulebebs exeboda. es
Rirebulebebia: Tanasworoba, Sinagani harmonia, socialuri Zalaufleba,
Tavisufleba,
socialuri
SemoqmedebiToba,
wesrigi,
mSvidoba
simdidre,
msoflioSi,
erovnuli
tradiciebis
kultura,
pativiscema,
TviTdisciplina, ojaxis usafrTxoeba, megobroba, silamaze, socialuri
samarTlianoba,
gambedaoba,
damoukidebloba,
patiosneba,
zomiereba,
cnobismoyvareoba,
erTguleba,
mimtevebloba,
Tavmdabloba,
alkoholi,
samSoblo, seqsualuri Tavisufleba, daSineba, klasikuri kultura, me,
qorwineba, adamiani, danaSauli, ganaTleba, fuli, mecniereba, sasjeli,
70
sicrue,
politika,
sikeTe,
kanoni,
Tanamedrove
axalgazrdoba,
Zalaufleba, iumori, religia.
meTodi
zemoaRniSnuli
sakvlevad
44
gamoviyeneT
Rirebulebis
semantikuri
mimarT
socialuri
diferencialis
ganwyobis
meTodi,
romelic
mravali mkvlevaris azriT, sandoobisa da validobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
socialuri
ganwyobebis
efeqtur
sazoms
warmoadgens
(petrenko
1988).
bipolarul Svidsafexurian semantikuri diferencialis skalaze yoveli
Rirebuleba fasdeboda TerTmeti wyvili zedsarTavi saxelis mixedviT.
kerZod, es wyvilebia: sasiamovno-arasasiamovno; mowesrigebuli-qaosuri;
gluvi-xorkliani;
Rrma-zedapiruli;
naTeli-bundovani;
mSvenieri-uSno;
azriani-uazro;
rTuli-martivi;
gulwrfeli-aragulwrfeli;
kargi-
cudi; gamokveTili-bundovani.
Svidsafexuriani skalis gamoyenebisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT saerTo
miRebuli azriT, rom is optimaluria da misaRebia yvela kulturis da
klasis
warmomadgenlisaTvis.
rac
Seexeba
zedsarTav
saxelebs,
gamoviyeneT SefasebiTi faqtoris Sesatyvisi 11 skala. am SemTxvevaSi
Cveni
arCevani
definiciis
gansazRvra
mixedviT
iman,
rom
socialuri
bolo
dros
gavrcelebuli
ganwyoba
aris
garemomcveli
samyarosadmi SefasebiTi damokidebuleba. zedsarTavi saxelebis wyvilebi
SevarCieT
Tsu
fsiqologiis
fakultetis
socialuri
fsiqologiis
kaTedraze Sesrulebuli Sromidan.
cdispirebs,
zedsarTavi
tendenciuri
saxelebi
pasuxebis
kanonzomierebis
Tavidan
daucvelad,
acilebis
gangeb
mizniT,
Secvlili
polusebiT miewodebodaT, agreTve maTTvis samuSaos gasaadvileblad
Svidsafexuriani skala ricxvebiT ar warmogvidgenia _ mivmarTeT aseT
SemTxvevebSi aprobirebul meTods: skalur poziciebs _ -3; +3 SevusabameT
Sefaseba
,,Zalian”;
,,neitraluri”.
-2;
amdenad,
+2
_
erTi
,,saSualod”;
-1;
Rirebulebis
+1
_
,,sustad”;
magaliTze
0
_
kiTxvari
Semdegnairad gamoiyureboda (ix. tabula):
71
tabula
Zalian
saSualod
sustad
neitral.
sustad
saSualod
Zalian
Tanasworoba
sasiamovno
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
arasasiamovno
qaosuri
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
mowesrigebuli
gluvi
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
xorkliani
zedapiruli
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Rrma
uazro
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
azriani
martivi
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
rTuli
naTeli
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
bundovani
uSno
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
mSvenieri
gulwrfeli
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
aragulwrfeli
cudi
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
kargi
_
_
_
_
gamokveTili
bundovani
_
_
_
(sruli varianti ix. danarTi #1)
cdispirebi
kvlevebSi gavrcelebuli tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT cdispirebad
SevarCieT studentebi. sul kvlevaSi monawileobda 216 piri, romlebic
Tbilisis sxvadasxva umaRlesi saswavleblis 32 fakultetis sxvadasxva
kursis studentebi iyvnen. SevecadeT, maqsimalurad mogvecva sxvadasxva
socialuri
fena.
konkretulad,
Cveni
cdispirebi
iyvnen
qvemoTCamoTvlili umaRlesi skolebis studentebi: iv. javaxiSvilis sax.
Tbilisis
saxelmwifo
pedagogiuri
universiteti,
universiteti,
Tbilisis
sulxan-saba
teqnikuri
orbelianis
universiteti,
sax.
mcire
akademia, kavkasiis universiteti (yofili kavkasiis biznes-skola CSB),
evropis
marTvis
skola
(ESM Tbilisi),
ekonomikisa
da
samarTlis
germanulenovani instituti.
72
kvlevis aRwera
kvlevis
dawyebis
win
cdispirs
eZleoda
Semdegi
instruqcia:
,,gTxovT, ixelmZRvaneloT mocemuli skaliT da zedsarTavi saxelebis
gamoyenebiT SeafasoT Tqveni damokidebuleba TiToeuli Rirebulebis
mimarT. skalis saSualebiT SegiZliaT gamoxatoT ara marto Tqveni
damokidebuleba
raodenobrivi
(mag.:
sasiamovno-arasasiamovno),
Sefasebac.
kerZod,
sityva
aramed
misceT
,,neitraluris”
mas
marcxniv
ganlagebuli ,,sustad”, ,,saSualod”, ,,Zalian” ekuTvnis marcxena rigSi
Camoweril
aRniSnuli
zedsarTav
,,sustad”,
saxelebs,
,,saSualod”,
xolo
,,Zalian”
,,neitraluris”
_
zedsarTavi
marjvniv
saxelebis
marjvena rigs. TiToeuli qveskalis gaswvriv mxolod erTi aRniSvnis
gakeTebis
ufleba
gaqvT.
aRniSvna
SegiZliaT
gaakeToT
Tqveni
Sexedulebisamebr: ,,plusis” dasmiT, ujris gaferadebiT, an SemoxazviT.
ar
gamotovoT
arcerTi
qveskala.
mniSvnelovania,
rom
didxans
ar
ifiqroT, aRniSvnebi gaakeToT spontanurad, pirveli gancdis mixedviT.
kvleva safuZvlad edeba Cems sadisertacio naSroms, romelic exeba
socialuri
ganwyobebis
struqturebs.
Temis
dasamuSaveblad
didi
raodenobis monacemebi Sejerdeba da Sedegad gamoikveTeba ara Tqveni,
konkretuli pirovnebis damokidebulebebi Rirebulebebis mimarT, aramed
vilaparakebT
Tbilisis
tendenciebze;
amitomac,
damokidebulebebi.
studentebSi
SegiZliaT
Sesabamisad,
Cvens
mier
gamovlenil
zogad
Tavisuflad
gamoxatoT
Tqveni
Tqven
ar
gevalebaT
personaluri
informaciis (saxelis, gvaris, telefonis, misamarTis) aRniSvna, aramed
zogadi suraTis Sesaqmnelad gTxovT, kiTxvaris bolos mxolod asakis,
sqesis, ganaTlebis, profesiis da Sevsebis TariRis miTiTebas”. amgvari
instruqcia
saWirod
miviCnieT
imis
gamo,
rom
studentebSi
TviTprezentirebisa da amave dros garkveuli sxva mosazrebebis mizniT
gamowveuli
araauTenturi
pasuxebi
gamogvericxa.
agreTve
yvela
respodents mivmarTavdiT: ,,visac raime mizezis gamo aRniSnul kvlevaSi
monawileobis miRebis survili ar gaqvT, gTxovT pirdapir ganacxadoT
amis Sesaxeb da daufiqreblad nu SeavsebT kiTxvars, vinaidan sakiTxis
mimarT
ZaldatanebiTi,
zerele,
upasuxismgeblo
damokidebuleba
73
zemoqmedebas iqoniebs saboloo Sedegze. es ki, nu dagaviwydebaT, rom
aris seriozuli mecnieruli kvleva da unda vecadoT, maqsimalurad
dazRveuli
viyoT
miRebuli
an
uzustobebisagan.
uaryofili
respodentebs
rom
ar
msgavsi
uamravi
gamoeCinaT
gamokiTxvebis
debuleba
gulwrfeloba
Sedegadaa
da
warmoidgineT,
da
gulisxmiereba,
yuradReba, sakiTxisadmi seriozuli midgoma, ramdenad Raribi iqneboda
Cveni
codna
im
uamrav
sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT,
romlebiTac
dRes
siamovnebiT vapelirebT xolme kerZo saubrebSi, an Tundac mecnierul
naSromebSi.
amdenad,
vinc
gadawyvets
kiTxvaris
Sevsebas,
SeuZlia
CaTvalos, rom Tavisi friad mokrZalebuli, magram mainc wvlili Seaqvs
mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi”. am mimarTvis Semdeg iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac
ramdenime
potenciurma
cdispirma
uari
Tqva
kiTxvaris
Sevsebaze,
danarCenebi ki mTeli seriozulobiT moekidnen sakiTxs.
kiTxvaris
Sevsebis
dawyebamde,
meti
garkveulobisa
da
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, ganvixilavdiT erT magaliTs da vuxsnidiT, Tu
rogor
unda
gakeTebuliyo
aRniSvna.
instruqtaJis
dasasrul,
kidev
erTxel vazustebdiT zogierT detals: ,,gmadlobT TanamSromlobisaTvis.
SekiTxvis
warmoSobisa
an
sxva
gaurkvevlobis
SemTxvevaSi
gTxovT,
mommarToT. SegiZliaT daiwyoT Sevseba”. cdispirebi droSi ar iyvnen
SezRudulebi.
Sedegebi da analizi:
damuSavebis win, monacemebs gaukeTda rekodireba _ zedsarTavi
saxelebi,
romlebic
cdispirebs
Secvlili
polusebiT
miewodebodaT,
erTi mimarTulebiT gadakodirda.
yoveli
cdispirisaTvis
gamoviangariSeT
TiToeuli
Rirebulebis
zedsarTavebiT SefasebaTa saSualo ariTmetikuli da SevadgineT cxrili,
sadac
warmovadgineT
216-ve
cdispiris
mier
44
Rirebulebis
gasaSualoebuli Sefasebebi.
socialuri
ganwyobebi
davalageT
maTi
Sefasebebis
saSualo
ariTmetikuli sidideebis klebadobis mixedviT, ris Sedegadac gamoikveTa
cdispirebisaTvis Cvens mier SeTavazebuli Rirebulebebis mniSvnelovnoba
74
(yvelaze
metad
mniSvnelovanidan
yvelaze
naklebad
mniSvnelovnamde).
nakvlev sociumSi Rirebulebebis ierarqia Semdegnairad gamoiyureba (ix.
cxrili #1)
Tvalis
erTi
gadavlebiTac
Cans,
rom
qarTul
kulturaSi
arsebobs
maradiuli Rirebulebebi, romlebic TavianT mniSvnelobas saukuneebis
manZilze ar kargaven. megobroba, erTguleba, sikeTe, rasac jer kidev XII
saukuneSi
xotba
Seasxa
SoTa
rusTavelma,
XXI
saukunis
qarTvel
studentebSic (xazgasmiT aRvniSnav _ Cvens momaval TaobaSi _ student
axalgazrdobaSi) prioritetul faseulobebad rCeba. agreTve sainteresoa
iseTi mniSvnelovani Rirebulebis, rogoricaa ganaTleba, mesame adgilze
moxvedra. ukanasknel periodSi SeimCneva sulierebaze orientireba, ramac
asaxva hpova kvlevis SedegebSic. kerZod, sxvebTan SedarebiT maRal
poziciebze aRmoCnda iseTi faseulobebi, rogoricaa: religia, patiosneba,
Sinagani
harmonia,
mimtevebloba.
am
Temas
aRar
ganvavrcobT,
radgan
sakiTxi Cveni kvlevis farglebs scildeba.
saSualo Sefasebebis matricaSi miRebuli monacemebi faqtoruli
analizis
ZiriTadi
komponentebis
meTodiT
damuSavda
(kompiuteruli
programa SPSS _ statistikuri paketi socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis _
gamoyenebiT).
gamoiyo
(koordinatTa
kaizeris
rva
RerZebis
normalizaciis
faqtori.
mobruneba)
faqtoruli
movaxdineT
gamoyenebiT,
ris
sivrcis
,,varimaqsis”
Sedegadac
brunva
meTodiT
Rirebulebebi
faqtorul sivrceSi Semdegnairad ganawilda (ix. cxrili #2).
zogierTi
faqtorTan,
Rirebuleba
maRal
korelaciaSi
miuTiTebs
imaze,
rom
rac
damakavSirebeli
rgolis
rols
isini
asruleben.
aRmoCnda
am
kerZod,
ramdenime
faqtorebs
Soris
Rirebulebebi
_
cnobismoyvareoba da alkoholi _ korelireben mesame faqtorTan, Tumca
garkveulwilad dakavSirebulebi arian meoTxe faqtorTanac; socialuri
samarTlianoba _ meSvide faqtorTan da amave dros pirvel faqtorTan;
mSvidoba msoflioSi _ meSvide faqtorTan da amave dros pirvel da
meore faqtorebTan; Tanasworoba _ merve faqtorTan da agreTve pirvel,
meore
da
meeqvse
faqtorebTan
(cxrilSi
#2
gamoyofilia
daxrili
SriftiT).
75
cxrili #1
#
Rirebulebebi
1
megobroba
2
erTguleba
3
ganaTleba
4
sikeTe
5
ojaxis usafrTxoeba
6
religia
7
patiosneba
8
erovnuli kultura
9
klasikuri kultura
10
Sinagani harmonia
11
mimtevebloba
12
samSoblo
13
mecniereba
14
Tavisufleba
15
damoukidebloba
16
TviTdisciplina
17
mSvidoba msoflioSi
18
qorwineba
19
silamaze
20
SemoqmedebiToba
21
zomiereba
22
me
23
tradiciebis pativiscema
24
gambedaoba
25
Tanasworoba
26
iumori
27
socialuri samarTlianoba
28
socialuri wesrigi
29
Tavmdabloba
30
kanoni
31
adamiani
32
simdidre
33
Zalaufleba
34
fuli
35
socialuri Zalaufleba
36
Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba
37
seqsualuri Tavisufleba
38
cnobismoyvareoba
39
sasjeli
40
politika
41
alkoholi
42
daSineba
43
danaSauli
44
sicrue
(detaluri cxrili ix. danarTi #2).
M
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.89
1.75
1.75
1.73
1.69
1.69
1.64
1.64
1.55
1.53
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.43
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.34
1.24
1.19
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.08
1.07
0.80
0.67
0.64
0.48
0.36
0.22
0.12
0.06
-0.18
-0.47
-0.54
-0.96
-0.99
-1.27
76
cxrili #2
faqtori 1
faqtori 2
Rirebuleba
faqtoruli
wona
sikeTe
0.77 Sinagani harmonia
0.67
patiosneba
0.75 erovnuli kultura
0.64
erTguleba
0.75 Tavisufleba
0.63
ganaTleba
0.74 socialuri wesrigi
0.56
zomiereba
0.70 mSvidoba msoflioSi
0.38
mimtevebloba
0.69 Tanasworoba
0.31
klasikuri kultura
0.66
ojaxis usafrTxoeba
0.66
gambedaoba
0.65
damoukidebloba
0.65
megobroba
0.63
TviTdisciplina
0.63
qorwineba
0.62
samSoblo
0.60
religia
0.57
mecniereba
0.56
Tavmdabloba
0.56
silamaze
0.54
tradiciebis
pativiscema
0.53
SemoqmedebiToba
0.53
kanoni
0.50
me
0.47
Rirebuleba
socialuri
samarTlianoba
mSvidoba msoflioSi
Tanasworoba
faqtoruli
wona
0.46
0.34
0.22
77
faqtori 3
faqtori 4
faqtoruli
wona
Rirebuleba
faqtoruli
wona
Rirebuleba
sasjeli
0.78 simdidre
0.66
sicrue
0.60 fuli
seqsualuri
0.59
Tavisufleba
0.64
danaSauli
0.56 iumori
0.52
cnobismoyvareoba
0.53 alkoholi
0.40
alkoholi
0.40 cnobismoyvareoba
0.36
daSineba
faqtori 5
faqtori 6
faqtoruli
wona
Rirebuleba
0.63
faqtoruli
wona
Rirebuleba
Tanamedrove
axalgazrdoba
0.75
socialuri
Zalaufleba
0.80
adamiani
0.63 Zalaufleba
0.69
politika
0.61 Tanasworoba
0.25
faqtori 7
faqtori 8
faqtoruli
wona
Rirebuleba
faqtoruli
wona
Rirebuleba
socialuri
samarTlianoba
0.56 Tanasworoba
mSvidoba msoflioSi
0.44
0.63
(faqtoruli analizis Sedegebis sruli varianti ix. danarTi #3).
monacemebis
damuSavebam
jgufebis mixedviT,
cal-calke
_
sqesis
da
asakobrivi
sxvadasxva suraTi mogvca, rac vfiqrobT, saWiroebs
Semdgom Seswavlas da udaod saintereso iqneba. magram am sakiTxs ar
CavRrmavebivarT,
radgan
igi
scildeba
Cveni
kvlevis
farglebs.
am
SemTxvevaSi Cvens interess Seadgenda socialuri ganwyobebis struqturis
dadgena
zogadad,
nacvlad
konkretuli
sociumis,
Tu
sqesobriv-
asakobrivi jgufebis sistemebs Soris gansxvavebebis kvlevisa.
78
daskvna:
amrigad, faqtoruli analiziT miRebulma Sedegebma aCvena, rom
Rirebulebebis
mimarT
arsebuli
socialuri
ganwyobebi
dajgufda
faqtorebis mixedviT da amdenad, SeiZleba vilaparakoT TiToeul jgufSi
Semaval socialur ganwyobebs Soris arsebul garkveul kavSirze.
Tavi 3
socialuri ganwyobis Secvla
uamravi kvlevaa Catarebuli damarwmunebeli komunikaciis gavleniT
socialuri
ganwyobebis
Secvlis
Seswavlis
mizniT.
komunikaciis
procesSi gamoyofen ramdenime komponents. mokled ganvixilavT TiToeul
maTgans.
3.1. komunikatori
komunikaciis procesSi erT-erTi mTavari roli komunikators, anu
informaciis wyaros miekuTvneba. rac ufro dadebiTad afaseben adamianebi
komunikators, miT maRalia albaToba imisa, rom dadebiTad Seafaseben
komunikaciasac
da
moaxdenen
TavianTi
ganwyobebis
modificirebas
am
komunikaciis Sesabamisad. es aris efeqtis gadatanis ideis zemoqmedebis
logikuri
Sedegi.
komunikatoris
garkveuli
Tvisebebi
ganapirobebs
misTvis micemul dadebiT an uaryofiT Sefasebas, romelic adamianebs
pirdapir gadaaqvT komunikatoris mier gamoxatul poziciaze.
ndoba
adamianebi ukeTesad eqvemdebarebian darwmunebas im komunikatorebis
mxridan, romlebic imsaxureben ndobas. ndobis pirveli kvleva, romelmac
79
aRniSnuli efeqtis zemoqmedeba gamoavlina, iyo k. hovlandisa da v. veisis
mier SemuSavebuli testi (hovlandi ... 1952). Sedegebma aCvena, rom maRali
ndobis
gamomwvevi
wyaros
komunikaciebi
metad
iwvevdnen
ganwyobis
Secvlas, vidre naklebi ndobis gamomwvevisa. wyarosadmi maRali ndobis
mniSvneloba araerTxel iqna demonstrirebuli da igi sakamaTo aRar
aris. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena ndobis ori
damoukidebeli komponentis arseboba. esaa kompetenturoba da saimedooba
(hovlandi ... 1952).
Cveulebriv,
kompetenturi
wyaro
ufro
damarwmunebelia,
vidre
arakompetenturi, rac kvlevebiT dasturdeba (teilori ... 2004).
garda kompetenturobisa mniSvnelovania, auditoria darwmunebuli
iyos imaSi, rom komunikatori ar axdens misiT manipulirebas, amJRavnebs
Ria da patiosan ganzraxvas. aRiqmebodes, rogorc miukerZoebeli da
sando.
sando
romlebsac
adamianebis
garkveuli
STabeWdilebas
poziciis
toveben
dakavebiT
is
mxolod
komunikatorebi,
mcire
sargeblis
miRebis SesaZlebloba aqvT, xolo naklebad sandoebi arian, rodesac
ikaveben garkveul pozicias imitom, rom sxva adamianebis darwmunebiT
miiRon piradad TavisTvis garkveuli sargebeli.
sandoobis
STabeWdilebas
aZlierebs
agreTve
wyaros
mravalricxovnoba, anu rodesac ramdenime adamiani ambobs erTsa da
imaves (perlofi 2003). TumcaRa, unda aRvniSnoT, rom mravalricxovani
wyaroebi
am
msjelobebi
upiratesobiT
fasdeba,
sargebloben
rogorc
mxolod
gulwrfeli
maSin,
da
roca
maTi
erTmaneTisagan
damoukidebeli. amgvarad, mravalricxovani wyaroebi ganwyobis Secvlas
iwveven, rodesac gamoxataven WeSmaritad damoukidebel azrebs.
simpaTia
adamianebi cdiloben TavianTi rwmenebis SeTavsebas grZnobebTan.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom adamianebs aqvT mzaoba Secvalon sakuTari
ganwyobebi
imisaTvis,
rom
Seusabamon
isini
mowonebuli
adamianebis
ganwyobebs. mTlianobaSi kvlevebma daadastura am msjelobis siswore
(zimbardo ... 2000). adamianebi agreTve ufro Zlierad eqvemdebarebian imaT
zegavlenas,
romelTac
aRiqvamen
TavianT
msgavsad.
darwmunebaSi
80
mniSvnelovania
fizikuri
komunikatoris
momxibvlelobis
gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovan
kargad
mimzidvelobis,
faqtoric.
muSaobs,
Tvalsazriss
an
fsiqikuri
komunikatoris
rodesac
qcevas
misi
saqme
exeba,
da
es
Tviseba
pirovnulad
naklebad
vidre
amis
saSualebas
komunikators sakuTriv Tvalsazrisis da qcevis Sinaarsi aZlevs (osgudi
... 1955).
prestiJi
d. Carkvianma ikvlia sxvadasxva prestiJis mqone wyarodan momdinare
erTi da igive informaciis gavlena adamianTa ganwyobebze. aRmoCnda, rom
wyaros
prestiJuloba
da
ganwyobebze
misi
zegavlena
pirdapirproporciul damokidebulebaSia (Carkviani 1980; 2004).
referentuli jgufebi
adamianTa
jgufi,
romelTanac
vaxdenT
sakuTari
Tavis
identificirebas, an romlis mimarTac ganvicdiT simpaTias, ufro Zlier
zegavlenas axdens Cvenze. aseT jgufebs hqvia referentuli jgufebi.
amgvarad,
ganwyobebis
SecvlaSi
referentuli
jgufebis
maRal
efeqturobas gansazRvravs ori mizezi: simpaTia da msgavseba (teilori ...
2004).
,,jgufis
SigniT”
myofi
adamianebisagan
miwodebuli
informacia
ufro damarwmunebelia, radgan isini sxvanairad gadamuSavdeba, vidre
informacia,
romelic
momdinareobs
,,jgufis
gareT”
myofi
komunikatorebisagan. mecnierTa jgufma (maski ... 1990) miiRo monacemebi
imis
Sesaxeb,
rom
arareferentuli
jgufebidan
(,,jgufis
gareT”)
momdinare komunikaciebi gadamuSavdeboda ukidures periferiul doneze,
miuxedavad
Setyobinebebis
siZlierisa.
xolo
rac
Seexeba
,,jgufis
Signidan” momdinare Setyobinebebs, aq Zlieri argumentebi monawileebze
ufro
damarwmuneblad
zemoqmedebda,
vidre
susti.
am
SemTxvevaSi
mniSvneloba eniWeboda Setyobinebis Sinaarss. aRniSnul efeqts adgili
hqonda
umetesad
maSin,
rodesac
sakiTxi
individis
referentuli
jgufisaTvis iyo arsebiTi.
81
amdenad, momxibvleli, sasiamovno, sando, kompetenturi adamianebi
ufro damarwmunebelni arian, vidre isini, vinc moklebulia am Tvisebebs.
sainteresoa,
rom
audio-vizualur
komunikatoris
Tvisebebs
SetyobinebebSi,
vidre
meti
mniSvneloba
werilobiTSi.
eniWeba
magaliTad,
satelevizio SetyobinebaSi ufro met informacias viRebT komunikatoris
Sesaxeb.
werilobiT
naklebad
moipoveba.
SetyobinebaSi
amitom,
komunikatoris
aqcenti
keTdeba
Sesaxeb
informacia
Setyobinebis
Sinaarsze
(Caldini 1999).
wyaros diskreditacia
komunikatoris Tvisebebs SeuZlia Setyobinebis damarwmuneblobis
rogorc
gaZliereba,
Seesabameba
aseve
adamianebis
diskreditireba.
ganwyobebs,
maT
rodesac
komunikacia
SeuTanxmeblobis
ar
Semcireba
SeuZliaT imis daSvebiT, rom komunikaciis wyaro arasandoa. amas ewodeba
wyaros diskreditacia (derogating of source).
diskreditaciis
erT-erTi
saSualebaa
komunikaciis
wyaroze
Tavdasxma. diskreditirebuli oponentis yovelgvar gamonaTqvams ukve
naklebi wona aqvs.
komunikatori da periferiuli gzebi
komunikatoris Tvisebebi xSirad gamoiyeneba, rogorc darwmunebis
periferiuli
stimulebi
maSin,
roca
SeuZlebelia,
an
ar
arsebobs
argumentebis skrupulozuli gadamuSavebis motivacia, magram cnobilia,
rom
mciredi
kognituri
ZalisxmeviT
SesaZlebelia
komunikatoris
saimedo Tvalsazrisis ndoba da amgvarad argumentis gaazrebisaTvis
Tavis
arideba
damarwmunebeli
komunikaciasTan
sakuTari
ZalebiT.
argumentis
pirovnebis
gaxseneba,
Tu
SeuZlebelia
mainc
xdeba
damokidebulebis
Tundac
dayrdnoba
gansazRvris
erTi
wyaros
mizniT
(perlofi 2003). rodesac adamiani sakiTxSi garkveulia, maSin naklebad
savaraudoa
periferiuli
stimulebis,
maT
Soris,
komunikatoris
kompetenturobis, gamoyeneba (Caldini 1999).
82
3.2. komunikacia
garda komunikatorisa, didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tavad komunikacias.
Setyobinebis Sinaarsi gansazRvravs, miiReben mas adamianebi, Tu ara.
vinaidan
adamianebi
sawinaaRmdego
kargad
icnoben
komunikaciebi,
roca
sakuTar
isini
ganwyobebs,
Seexeba
ganwyobis
adamianisaTvis
mniSvnelovan ganwyobebs, ver iqneba damarwmunebeli (zuverinki ... 1996).
am ZiriTadi debulebis garda, mTeli rigi faqtorebisa axdens
gavlenas komunikaciis damarwmuneblobis xarisxze.
gansvla
komunikaciis
damarwmuneblobis
xarisxze
moqmedi
ZiriTadi
faqtoria is, Tu ramdenad gansxvavdeba es komunikacia Cveni sakuTari
poziciisagan. mTlianobaSi, rac ufro metia gansvla (discrepancy), miT
metia Secvlisaken potenciuri zewola (hovlandi ... 1957). mtkicebulebebi,
romlebic gansxvavdeba Cveni sakuTari Sexedulebebisagan, gvaiZuleben
eWvi
SevitanoT
wyaros
sandoobaSi
ufro,
vidre
SevcvaloT
Cveni
ganwyobebi (perlofi 2003). ukiduresi gansvlis dros ki gansakuTrebiT
xSiria komunikatoris gaufasureba.
ganwyobis Secvlasa da gansvlas Soris arsebobs kavSiri: ganwyobis
mcired Secvlas iwveven komunikaciebi dabali da maRali gansvliT,
xolo ganwyobas maqsimalurad Secvlis is komunikacia, romelsac aqvs
zomieri gansvla.
ndobis
warmatebiT
maRali
daicvas
xarisxi
komunikators
SedarebiT
SesaZleblobas
urTierTsawinaaRmdego
aZlevs,
Sexedulebebi,
vinaidan aseTi Sexedulebebis uaryofa advili ar aris. da piriqiT,
arasando
wyaro
sakmaod
aadvilebs
uaryofas.
amgvarad,
arsebobs
ganwyobis maqsimaluri Secvlis tendencia gansvlis SedarebiT dabal
doneebze (veiteni 1992).
zogadad,
eqsperimentuli
monacemebis
Sejamebis
safuZvelze
(baliaSvili 1980) SeiZleba gansvlis sididesa da socialuri ganwyobis
Secvlis
sidides
Soris
sami
tipis
damokidebulebis
gamoyofa:
1. pirdapirproporciuli _ gansvlis sididis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba
83
ganwyobis Secvlis maCvenebeli; 2. mrudxazovani _ gansvlis sididis
matebasTan erTad izrdeba ganwyobis Secvlis maCvenebeli, xolo rodesac
gansvla
garkveul
sidides
aRwevs,
ganwyobis
Secvlis
maCvenebeli
TandaTanobiT iklebs; 3. ukuproporciuli _ sididis matebasTan erTad
klebulobs ganwyobis Secvlis sidide.
gamokvlevebis
damokidebuleba
Sedegad
dadginda,
motivaciurad
rom
neitraluria,
rodesac
xolo
sakiTxisadmi
komunikatoris
sandooba zomieri, gansvlasa da gavlenas Soris pirdapirproporciuli
damokidebulebaa. Tu komunikatoris sandooba izrdeba da Semodis ,,me”-s
CarTulobis
faqtori,
damokidebuleba
mrudxazovani
xdeba.
,,me”-s
CarTuloba m. Serifma da k. hovlandma (baliaSvili 1980) gansazRvres,
rogorc
jgufis
sruliad
garkveuli
pozicia
sakiTxis
mimarT,
subieqturi interesi. ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba ki, valdebulebis
(erTgulebis)
faqtoris
(commitment)
Semosvlisas
fiqsirdeba.
Tu
komunikatoris sandooba ar aris imdenad safuZvliani, rom SeuZlebeli
iyos
misi
gaufasureba,
maSin
gansvlasa
da
gavlenas
Soris
damokidebulaba mrudxazovania.
is garemoeba, rom gansvlasa da ganwyobas Soris funqciur kavSirs
aSualeben iseTi cvladebi, rogorebicaa komunikatoris sandooba da
,,me”-s CarTuloba, miuTiTebs imas, rom SesaZloa am kavSirs aseve sxva
cvladebic
aSualebdnen.
amdenad
savaraudoa,
rom
gansvlis
sidide
subieqtis qcevaSi Semavali erT-erTi momentia da qcevis, rogorc mTelis
ufro zogad kanonzomierebebs emorCileba.
gansvla
zegavlenas
axdens
Setyobinebis
miRebaze.
rodesac
gamoiTqmeba gansxvavebuli pozicia, romelic sakmaod axloa auditoriis
poziciasTan,
is
aRiqmeba
imaze
process
asimilacia
sinamdvileSia.
am
daaxloebulia
gansxvavebuli
gansvlis
kidev
ufro
ufro
pozicia,
Semcireba,
an
axlo
ewodeba.
miT
poziciad,
ufro
metad
gamartivebulia
mcire
mTlianad
rac
vidre
moixsneba
Secvlis
moTxovnileba, radgan ori pozicia arsebiTad msgavsad xdeba. meores
mxriv,
rodesac
wyaros
pozicia
Zlier
gansxvavdeba
auditoriis
poziciisagan, igi miiReba, rogorc kidev ufro metad gansxvavebuli. am
process
kontrasti
ewodeba.
poziciis
gansakuTrebulad
ukiduresad
84
aRqmis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, igi ucnaurad moeCvenoT da moxdes
komunikatoris diskreditireba (teilori ... 2004).
d. Carkvianis kvlevam (Carkviani 1980) gamoavlina, rom recipientis
azri Setyobinebis mimarTulebiT icvleba maSin, rodesac informacias
asimilaciurad afasebs. meores mxriv, mimRebs sakuTari azri umtkicdeba
da
SesaZloa
mniSvnelovnad
mimarTulebiT
(,,bumerangis
Seecvalos
efeqti”)
maSin,
poziciis
sawinaamdego
rodesac
SetyobinebaSi
mocemul pozicias kontrastulad afasebs.
adamianis ganwyobebze sasurveli mimarTulebiT zemoqmedebisaTvis
saWiroa
imis
dadgena,
Tu
ra
efeqtebs
iZleva
zemoqmedi
poziciis
sasargeblo da sawinaaRmdego mxareebis gamoyeneba.
argumentaciis formebi
komunikators
gamoiyenos.
SeuZlia
calmxrivi
calmxrivi
Setyobineba
da
mxolod
ormxrivi
sakuTari
Setyobineba
Tvalsazrisis
dacvas gulisxobs da kontrargumentebs ugulebelyofs, xolo ormxrivi
_ sakuTari Tvalsazrisis dacvasTan erTad opoziciur Sexedulebasac
iTvaliswinebs. dadgenilia Semdegi kanonzomiereba: rac ufro metadaa
sakiTxze auditoria informirebuli, miT ufro nakleb gavlenas axdens
maTze
calmxrivi
kompetenturi
rodesac
Setyobineba.
auditoriisaTvis
msmenelebisaTvis
ormxrivi
ufro
Setyobineba
sandod
kontrargumentebi
aRiqmeba.
ki
aseTi
Sesabamisad,
cnobilia,
maSin
maTze
ormxrivi Setyobinebis zemoqmedeba ufro mZlavri da ufro xangrZlivia
(alsoni ... 1993).
calmxrivad da ormxrivad daxasiaTebul poziciebs gansxvavebuli
zemoqmedebis moxdena SeuZlia pirovnebis ganwyobebze imis mixedviT, Tu
ramdenad
gansxvavebuli
pozicia
adamianze
misi
poziciidan
gavlenas,
misi
ganwyobisagan
gvinda
cotaTi
mcired
mivaRebinoT
gansxvavebuli
mas.
rodesac
poziciiT
gansxvavebuli
ganwyoba
vaxdenT
gvinda
mivaRebinoT, am amocanas ufro advilad SevasrulebT, Tu zemoqmedebis
calmxriv
wess
gamoviyenebT.
mizezs,
rogorc
zemoT
aRvniSneT,
warmoadgens is faqti, rom Tavis ganwyobisagan mcired gansxvavebul
poziciebs adamianebi advilad iReben, radgan maT Soris arsebuli mcire
85
sxvaobis
Seufaseblobas
axdenen.
amas
Tan
sdevs
maTi
ganwyobis
moaxloeba, akomodacia zemoqmedi poziciis mimarTulebiT.
zemoqmedi poziciis ormxrivi ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi cdispirebi
zemoqmedi poziciis ganmamtkicebeli argumentebis garda sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebasac
acnobiereben,
ris
gamo
Tavis
ganwyobasa
da
zemoqmed
pozicias Soris arsebul sxvaobas saTanado yuradRebas aqceven, rac
xels uSlis ganwyobis zemoqmed poziciasTan miaxloebis process.
sapirispiro
efeqtTan
gvaqvs
saqme
maSin,
rodesac
pirovnebis
ganwyobaze misgan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli poziciis mqone informacia
moqmedebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi pirovneba pozicias kidev ufro Soreulad
ganicdis, misdauneburad eZebs sawinaaRmdego argumentebs da zemoqmedi
poziciis miReba ar xdeba (nadiraSvili 1985).
aseT
ormxrivi
SemTxvevaSi,
wesiT
rodesac
ganixileba,
mkveTrad
misdami
gansxvavebuli
pirovnebis
pozicia
damokidebuleba
rTuldeba. sawinaaRmdego poziciis ormxrivi ganxilvis dros pirovneba
usmens zogierT iseT mosazrebas, romelsac eTanxmeba. mudmivi uaryofiTi
ganwyoba,
romelic
poziciis
calmxrivi
pirovnebas
dadebiTi
gauCnda
da
uZlierdeboda
daxasiaTebis
dros,
axla
miuRebeli
ganwyobaTa
rTuli TanmimdevrobiT icvleba da miuRebeli poziciisadmi kritikul
mosazrebaTa samarTlianobis gancdis gamo eqmneba ndoba ganxilvis am
wesis mimarT. aseT SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba misi mkveTri dapirispirebuloba
sawinaaRmdego poziciis mimarT, romelic samarTlianad aris ganxiluli.
es viTareba aiZulebs pirovnebas, meti angariSi gauwios im dadebiT
mosazrebebsac, romlebic sapirispiro poziciis mimarT aris gamoTqmuli.
yovelive
amis
warmodgenili
misaRebi
da
gamo
adamians
poziciac
aseve
miuRebeli
konfrontacias
ormxrivad
tendencia
ormxrivad
mxareebi,
rac
ganxilul
eqmneba,
Tavis
ganixilos,
ganwyobaSi
SeamCnios
erTgvarad
sapirispiro
anelebs
masSi
mis
poziciasTan
(nadiraSvili 1985).
Zlieri da susti argumentebi
komunikaciis argumentebi zogjer Zlieri da udaoa, zogjer ki _
susti da saeWvo.
86
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom Zlieri argumentebi yovelTvis iwveven
ganwyobis metad Secvlas, vidre sustebi, magram es yovelTvis ase araa.
damarwmunebeli
komunikaciis
Zlier
argumentebze
adamianebi
ufro
keTilganwyobilad reagireben ZiriTadad maSin, roca aqvT motivacia
miaqcion
seriozuli
yuradRebiT
yuradReba
gaazreba.
mag.
argumentebs
rodesac
da
adamiani
SeuZliaT
yuradRebiT
maTi
aRiqvams
damarwmunebel komunikacias, ukve arsebul Zlier argumentebze susti
argumentebis
damateba
damarwmuneblobas
sinamdvileSi
(maiersi
2001).
asustebs
TumcaRa,
Setyobinebis
adamianebi
zogad
informacias
iSviaTad aanalizeben yuradRebiT da skrupulozurad; am SemTxvevaSi
argumentebis raodenoba SeiZleba ufro mniSvnelovani faqtori iyos,
vidre maTi damajereblobis xarisxi (veinki ... 1996). ase da amgvarad,
argumentebis
Zala
ar
aris
maTi
damarwmuneblobis
aucileblad
gadamwyveti faqtori. Zlieri argumentebis gavlena damokidebulia imaze,
arian Tu ara adamianebi CarTulebi Setyobinebisa da ganwyobis analizis
sakiTxSi.
ritorikuli kiTxvebi
zogjer komunikatorebi, romelTac surT daarwmunon adamianebi
garkveuli
poziciis
miRebaSi,
aZleven
SekiTxvebs,
raTa
auditoriis
monawileebSi gamoiwvion aRniSnul Temaze msjeloba. sxva SemTxvevebSi
ubralod
gadascemen
TavianT
argumentebs.
ritorikuli
kiTxvebis
gamoyenebam unda moaxdinos azris stimulacia, rac Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs
adamianebs ufro yuradRebiT ganixilon argumentebi, riTac kidev ufro
aZliereben
Zlieri
kvlevebiTaa
r.
argumentebis
dadasturebuli.
bernkantma
arapopularuli
da
d.
hovardma
winadadebis
upiratesobas.
aRniSnuli
erT-erTi
kvlevis
(bernkranti
...
warmodgena,
1984)
monacemebi
mimdinareobisas
gamoarkvies,
ritorikuli
rom
kiTxvebis
saSualebiT astimulirebs komunikaciaze msjelobas da amaRlebs Semdeg
miwodebuli Zlieri argumentebis upiratesobas. ritorikuli kiTxvebi
xSirad astimulireben azrovnebas, gansakuTrebiT, Zlieri argumentebis
Sesaxeb
keTilganwyobil
azrebs
da
Sesabamisad
aZliereben
am
argumentebs.
87
gameoreba
amaRlebs
r.
Tu
zaionkis
ara
Setyobinebis
(zaionki
1968)
damarwmuneblobas
kvlevam
aCvena,
gameoreba?
rom
kargi
gaTviTcnobierebuloba, dafuZnebuli gameorebaze, amaRlebs simpaTias.
magram
damarwunebeli
komunikaciebis
SemTxvevaSi
gameoreba,
rogorc
irkveva, aZlierebs ganwyobis Secvlas, mxolod garkveul momentamde.
j. kaCiopos da r. petis (kaCiopo ... 1979) kvlevebma gamoarkvia, rom
gaZlierebuli zemoqmedebisas Tanxmoba izrdeboda garkveul donemde,
Semdeg ki _ mcirdeboda. es funqcia gadabrunebuli U asos formiT
waroiSoboda maSinac, rodesac Setyobineba eTanxmeboda komunikaciis
miznisaTvis
sasurvel
pozicias
gansxvavdeboda
am
arasasurveli,
uTanxmoeba
darwmunebisaTvis
da
poziciisagan
ki
gameoreba
rogorc
da
Sedegi,
maSinac,
_
maRali.
sasargeblo
Zalian
roca
mcired
pozicia
sainteresoa,
mxolod
garkveul
iyo
ratomaa
donemde?
gameorebas SeiZleba hqondes ori damoukidebeli Sedegi: mas SeuZlia
aamaRlos
damarwmunebeli
SesaZlebloba
magram
mas
da
amgvarad
SeuZlia
komunikaciis
gaaumjobesos
mobezrebis
Sinaarsis
Setyobinebis
gamowvevac
da
gaazrebis
gadamuSaveba,
amgvarad,
negatiuri
reaqciis Seqmna.
zemoTqmulis
exmareba
Zlier
mniSvneloba
argumentebs,
mdgomareobs
vinaidan
imaSi,
adamianebi
maT
rom
gameoreba
ufro
srulad
gadaamuSaveben, magram sust argumentebs SeuZlia zianic miayenos, radgan
gamoaaSkaravebs maT naklovanebebs, an ubralod, momabezreblebad aqcevs
(teilori ... 2004).
moyirWebis
Tavidan
acilebis
erT-erTi
saSualebaa
Sinaarsis
cvlileba. anu gameorebis efeqturobas gazrdis Setyobinebis cvlileba
(teilori ... 2004).
informaciis zrda
informaciis
kvlevebiT,
agreTve
(nadiraSvili
1985)
miwodebis
masmediis
gamoikveTa,
zrdasTan
dakavSirebiT
saSualebebis
rom
muSaobaze
informaciuli
Catarebuli
dakvirvebiT
nakadis
zrda
garkveuli mimarTulebiT, Cveulebriv, ar iZleoda sasurvel Sedegs _
88
masis ganwyobebi ar icvleboda sasurveli mimarTulebiT. informaciis
raodenobis
gazrda
ar
iwvevs
msmenelTa
ganwyobebis
saTanado
cvlilebebs. fsiqologiuri efeqti mdgomareobs mxolod mosaxleobis im
ganwyobebisa
da
rwmenebis
gaZlierebaSi,
romlebic
maT
ukve
aqvT.
aRmoCnda, rom msmenelebi TavianTi ganwyobis sawinaaRmdego faqtebs ver
amCneven, an tendenciur, agitaciur informaciad aRiqvamen. Sesabamisad,
informacias ekargeba zemoqmedebis Zala.
Setyobineba
eqsperimentul
gamokvlevaSi
dadginda
(teilori
...
2004),
rom
adamianTa ganwyobebi ufro metad icvleba informaciiT zemoqmedebis
dros, rodesac sakiTxis garCevis Semdeg gakeTebulia daskvna, romelSic
kargadaa gamoxatuli zemoqmedi informaciis pozicia. es imis gamo xdeba,
rom ganwyobaze gavlenas axdens informaciis ara mxolod Sinaarsi,
aramed is pozicia, romelic masSia warmodgenili.
mniSvneloba
eniWeba
sxvadasxva
poziciis
miwodebis
Tanmimdevrobasac: romeli pozicia iqnas ganxiluli pirvelad _ pozicia,
romelsac veTanxmebiT da gvinda mivaRebinoT sxvebsac, Tu miuRebeli
pozicia, romelsac ar veTanxmebiT da vakritikebT? aseve problematuria
_ mravali Sexedulebis garCevis dros, ra TanmimdevrobiT ganvixiloT
isini. k. hovlandis da v. mendelis (zimbardo ... 2000) azriT, sxvadasxva
SexedulebaTa
garCevisas
ukanasknelad
ganxiluli
pozicia
individisaTvis yvelaze axalia da amitom, ufro met gavlenas axdes
masze.
Semdgomdroindel SromebSi naCvenebi iyo, rom adamiani pirvelad
gacnobili poziciis mimarT imuSavebs dadebiT ganwyobas, roca pirvelad
da meored gacnobil urTierTdapirispirebul Sexedulebebs Soris didi
droiTi
distanciaa.
aseT
SemTxvevebSi
Semdgom
gacnobil
pozicias
pirovneba ukve formulirebuli ganwyobis safuZvelze ecnoba, amitom
misi
gavlena
SedarebiT
mcirea.
magram
rodesac
sapirispiro
Tvalsazrisebs adamiani drois erT monakveSi TanmimdevrobiT ecnoba,
masze ukanaskneli pozicia ufro met zegavlenas axdens, radgan igi ufro
axal da meti informaciis Semcvel poziciad ganicdeba (teilori ... 2004).
89
n.
milerma
da
d.
kembelma
(olsoni
...
1993)
eqsperimentulad
Seiswavles meoradobis efeqti da daadgines misi gamovlenis pirobebi:
1.
drois
monakveTi
Setyobinebis
or
Semdeg
Setyobinebas
Soris
gadawyvetilebis
xangrZlivia;
miReba
xdeba
2.
mcire
meore
drois
monakveTSi.
informaciis
rolis
ganxilvis
dros
adamianTa
ganwyobebis
formirebisa da Secvlis procesSi saWiro xdeba dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
informaciis Rirebulebebis sakiTxis garkveva.
sxvadasxva viTarebaSi dadebiT da uaryofiT informaciaTa gavlenis
gazomvis
Sedegad
dadginda,
rom
rogorc
dadebiTi,
ise
uaryofiTi
informacia garkveul gavlenas axdens adamianTa ganwyobebze, iwvevs maT
cvlilebas Sesatyvisi mimarTulebiT. amave dros, rogorc d. Carkvianis
kvlevam cxadhyo (Carkviani 1980), dadebiTi informacia SedarebiT ufro
efeqturia damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis situaciaSi, vidre uaryofiTi. es
monacemebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom adamianTa ganwyobebis fiqsirebisa da
SecvlisaTvis gamoyenebuli unda iqnes rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi
informaciebi, magram zemoqmedebis informaciuli sistema mainc CvenTvis
sasurveli poziciis Sesatyvisi dadebiTi informaciis safuZvelze unda
iqnes sistematizebuli, romelSic miRebuli poziciis dasaxasiaTeblad
saWiro uaryofiTi informacia damxmare, gamaZlierebel rolSi gamova.
k.
hovlandis
efeqturia
maSin,
,,mimReblobis
da
sxv.
mixedviT
rodesac
diapazonSi”
masSi
(olsoni
...
gatarebuli
Tavsdeba.
es
1993),
Setyobineba
azri
diapazoni
recipientis
mimRebis
sawyis
poziciaSi CarTulobis xarisxiT ganisazRvreba: rac ufro CarTulia
pirovneba
sakuTar
poziciaSi,
miT
ufro
SezRudulia
,,mimReblobis
diapazoni” da piriqiT.
SiSis aRZvra
daswavlis
Teoriis
midgoma
varaudobs,
rom
SiSis
gamomwvevi
Setyobinebebi sasiamovno iqneba, Tuki komunikaciaSi gaiTvaliswineben
SiSis
Semcirebis
rekomendaciebs.
magram
empiriuli
monacemebiT,
aucilebelia agreTve SiSis donis gaTvaliswinebac.
90
kvlevis
Sedegebi
aCveneben,
rom
SiSis
gaZliereba
Cveulebriv,
damarwmunebeli komunikaciis efeqturobas zrdis, magram rodesac SiSi
sakmaod Zlieria, zemoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos damangreveli _ gamoiwvios
adamianebSi Zlieri SeSineba, rac xels uSlis adamianebs moqmedebaSi da
iwvevs
komunikaciis
ignorirebas.
zomier
doneebze
SiSis
gamomwvevi
argumentebi SeiZleba ufro efeqturic ki iyos ganwyobebis Sesacvlelad,
vidre is argumentebi, romlebic iwveven sust SiSs, an saerTod ar iwveven
mas (teilori ... 2004).
periferiuli stimulebi da Setyobinebebis maxasiaTeblebi
zogierT
mniSvneloba
SemTxvevaSi
hqondes
periferiul
ganwyobis
stimulebs
SecvlaSi.
SeiZleba
rodesac
didi
Setyobinebis
argumentebis Sesaxeb msjelobis motivacia dabalia (mag. Tu mocemuli
sakiTxi CvenTvis nakleb mniSvnelovania), anda ar SegviZlia argumentebis
dawvrilebiT
gafantuli
gaanalizeba
gvaqvs
(mag.
roca
yuradReba),
ar
varT
ganwyobis
informirebulebi
Secvlis
an
gadawyvetilebis
miRebisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani xdeba periferiuli stimulebi.
periferiul stimulebs ganekuTvneba Semdegi ori: SetyobinebaSi
argumentebis raodenoba da maTi moculoba. SetyobinebaSi argumentebis
didi raodenobis gamoyeneba zrdis ganwyobis Secvlis albaTobas, roca
sakiTxi
naklebad
zegavlenas
mniSvnelovania
axdens
ara
adamianisaTvis:
kiTxva,
aramed
mocemul
argumentebis
adamianze
raodenoba.
argumentebis didi raodenobis gamoyeneba aZlierebs ganwyobis Secvlas,
rogorc
Zlieri,
aseve
susti
argumentebis
arsebobis
pirobebSi
da
miuTiTebs, imaze, rom momxdari gadamuSaveba umniSvneloa. msgavsad amisa,
ufro grZel Setyobinebebs axasiaTebs meti damarwmunebeli zemoqmedeba,
vidre
mokleebs,
magram
mxolod
informirebul
adamianebze,
vinaidan
isini, rogorc sCans, naklebad ufiqrdebian Setyobinebis Sinaarss. metad
informirebuli adamianebisaTvis argumentis Zala metad mniSvnelovani
faqtoria, SesaZlebelia imitom, rom es adamianebi met yuradRebas aqceven
Tavad argumentebis arss (zimbardo ... 2000).
amgvarad,
mravali
sxvadasxva
faqtori
gansazRvravs
mocemuli
Setyobinebis damarwmuneblobas. roca adamianebs aqvT Setyobinebisadmi
91
gansakuTrebuli
argumentebs
yuradRebis
aqvT
daTmobis
gadamwyveti
dro
da
upiratesoba.
interesi,
Zlieri
Zlier
argumentebis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ufro meti gavlena aqvT periferiul stimulebs,
rogoricaa wyaros xarisxi an argumentebis raodenoba.
3.3. obieqti
obieqtebi, anu adamianebi, romlebzedac mimarTulia damarwunebeli
komunikacia,
gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan,
rac
gavlenas
axdens
damarwmuneblobaze. SesaZlebelia obieqtebi ganwyobilebi iyvnen, rom
daeTanxmon
Setyobinebas,
an
ar
daeTanxon.
SesaZlebelia
iyvnen
gacnobilni argumentebs, an _ ara. maT SeiZleba komunikatoris poziciis
sawinaaRmdego argumentebi hqondeT, an ar hqondeT. bolos da bolos,
SeiZleba hqondeT piradi motivebi, romlebic gansazRvraven, Tu ramdenad
arian
mzad
es
adamianebi
Seicvalon
damarwmunebeli
Setyobinebis
sapasuxod.
yvelaze
gavrcelebuli
propagandistuli
teqnologiaa
motivis
aqtivacia.
daswavlasTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobebis midgoma gulisxmobs, rom
motivis
aRZvra
Setyobinebis
gamoiwvevs
iwvevs
miReba
ganwyobis
ganwyobis
amcirebs
Secvlas
aRZvras.
Secvlas
Tavis
mxolod
mxolod
mxriv,
maSin,
maSin,
agresiis
roca
roca
aRZvra
komunikacia
astimulirebs agresiul pozicias (perlofi 2003). eqsperimentatorebma
ivaraudes,
rom
kvlevis
monawileebi,
romelTac
aiZules
agresiis
SegrZneba, miiRebdnen uaryofiT komunikacias, vinaidan igi miscemda am
agresiis
gamomJRavnebis
saSualebas.
,,rbili”
Setyobineba
ki
_
daakmayofilebda sasiamovno gamocdilebis mqone monawileebis SedarebiT
araagresiul moTxovnebs. miRebulma Sedegebma daadastura varaudi.
pirovnuli CarTuloba
m. Serifisa da h. kentrilis Tanaxmad (teilori ... 2004), ganwyobebi,
romlebic
mWidrod
arian
dakavSirebulebi
sakuTar
,,me”-sTan,
cvlilebebis mimarT Zlieri winaaRmdegobiT gamoirCevian.
92
kvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCnda gansxvaveba pirovnuli CarTulobis
ramdenime saxeobas Soris. maT miekuTvneba erTguleba (valdebuleba),
problemiT daintereseba da reaqciiT daintereseba.
a)
erTguleba (commitment). dainteresebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia
problemasTan dakavSirebiT adamianis erTguleba Tavisi Tavdapirveli
ganwyobisadmi. damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis mimarT winaaRmdegobrioba
mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia am erTgulebis Zalaze (Rhine, Severance,
1990).
erTgulebas
SeiZleba
hqondes
ramdenime
wyaro.
jer
erTi,
erTguleba matulobs roca ganwyobis safuZvelze adamiani CarTulia
qcevaSi.
meore _ erTguleba Zlierdeba, rodesac gamoxataven saxalxod
TavianT azrs. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs SexedulebaTa legalizaciis
efeqtTan,
romelic
eqvemdebareba
gulisxmobs
iseTi
Semdegs:
Sexedulebebi,
Secvlas
romlebic
araa
ufro
advilad
cdispirebis
mier
gacxadebuli, vidre isini, romelTa legalizeba, saxalxod, sazogadoebis
winaSe gacxadeba moxda. socialuri legalizacia adamianis ganwyobebs
ganamtkicebs. sakuTari ganwyobebisa da Sexedulebebisadmi erTgulebas
pirovnebaSi aZlierebs is faqti, rom sazogadoebam uwyis maT Sesaxeb.
adamianis
fsiqikaze
socialuri
zegavlenis
aseTi
efeqti
SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnas propagandistuli moRvaweobisas (nadiraSvili 1978).
socialuri ganwyobebis formirebisa da Secvlis Sesaxeb erT-erTi
eqsperimentuli kvleviT aRmoCnda, rom rodesac cdispirebs evalebodaT
moeZebnaT da sajarod daecvaT garkveuli debulebebi, romlebisadmic
maT
uaryofiTi
pirvandeli
ganwyobebi
ganwyobebi
hqondaT,
da
cdispirebis
gamoumuSavdebodaT
83%-s
iseTebi,
ecvleboda
romelTa
Sesatyvisi azrebis dacvac maT sajarod awarmoes. ufro metic, gamoirkva,
rom
ganwyobis
miRebis
sawinaaRmdego
Sedegad
ecvlebodaT
mis
debulebebis
realur
ganwyobebi
dacvis
Sesrulebamde
nakisr
ukve
valdebulebaTa
gadawyvetilebis
mniSvnelovnad
mimarTulebiT
(baliaSvili 1978).
erTgulebis
mesame
wyaroa
ganwyobis
obieqtTan
dakavSirebuli
uSualo gamocdileba. Tu adamians aseTi gamocdileba aqvs ganwyobis
93
TemasTan dakavSirebiT, am SemTxvevaSi ganwyobebi, Cveulebriv, naklebad
eqvemdebarebian cvlilebebs.
meoTxe _ ganwyobis poziciis Tavisufali arCeva iwvevs erTgulebis
ufro Zlier grZnobas, vidre situacia, rodesac pozicia Zaladaa Tavs
moxveuli, an adamians am poziciisaken ubiZgeben.
b)
problemiT
daintereseba
aqtualuri
xdeba
maSin,
rodesac
sakiTxs adamianisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. am faqtors daarqves
problemiT dainteresebuloba (sakiTxSi CarTuloba) anu adamianisaTvis
aqtualoba
involvement),
(issue
radgan
adamiani
mocemul
sakiTxTan
mimarTebaSi ufro dainteresebulia, vidre _ damoukidebeli. problemiT
daintereseba warmoadgens adamianebisaTvis motivacias, rom yuradRebiT
moepyran sakiTxs da Sesabamis argumentebs, amitom, roca aris problemiT
daintereseba,
Zlieri
argumentebi
sustebTan
SedarebiT
ufro
damarwmunebelia (peti ... 1990). problemiT dainteresebulobis dros didi
gansvlis SemTxvevaSi ganwyobis Secvla mcirea.
g)
reaqciiT daintereseba. maSinac ki, roca adamiani ar aris
piradad dainteresebuli sakiTxiT, misi ganwyobiTi reaqcia SeiZleba
Zalian mniSvnelovani iyos, radgan gaivlis sazogadoebriv Semowmebas da
gamoiwvevs
socialur
dainteresebuloba
mowonebas
an
gakicxvas.
esaa
reaqciiT
(reaqciaSi CarTuloba) (response involvement) (zimbardo
... 2000). reaqciiT dainteresebul adamians pirvel rigSi aRelvebs, miiRebs
Tu
ara
igi
garSemomyofTa
mowonebas;
maSin,
roca
sakiTxiT
dainteresebul adamians awuxebs argumentebis xarisxi, vinaidan misTvis
TviT
sakiTxia
mniSvnelovani.
reaqciiT
dainteresebulobisa
da
mniSvnelovani gansvlis dros damokidebuleba gansvlasa da ganwyobis
Secvlas Soris pirdapirproporciulia.
m. laipem da r. elkinma (zimbardo ... 2000) Seadares erTmaneTs ori
urTierTsawinaaRmdego
zemoqmedeba:
daintereseba
problemiT
da
daintereseba reaqciiT. kvlevis monawileebi, romlebic iyvnen problemiT
Zlier dainteresebulni, an reaqciiT naklebad dainteresebulni _ anu
isini, romlebsac miaCndaT, rom sakiTxi maTze pirovnulad zemoqmedebas
moaxdenda,
moaxdendnen
magram
sxvebze
ar
_
aRelvebdaT,
yuradRebiT
Tu
Tavad
Seiswavlidnen
ra
STabeWdilebas
argumentebs,
rac
94
gamoixata
imaSi,
rom
ufro
Zlieri
argumentebis
sapasuxod,
ufro
Zlierad icvleboda maTi ganwyobebi. maSin, roca reaqciiT daintereseba
iyo
maRali,
anu
TviTprezentacia,
kvlevis
argumentis
monawileebs
Zala
aRelvebdaT
praqtikulad
TavianTi
ignorirebuli
iyo.
msgavsad amisa, argumentis Zala ar moqmedebda, rodesac problema ar
aRiqmeboda pirad interesebTan kavSirSi.
SejamebisaTvis
dayofilia
sam
gansxvavebuli
saxeobad,
aris
adamianis
aRniSnuli
poziciis
rom
CarTulobis
TiToeuli
dinamikiT.
erTuleba
specifiuri
poziciiT
poziciis
sawinaaRmdego
pirovnuli
romelTagan
fsiqologiuri
daintereseba)
warmoSobs
vityviT,
dasacavad
komunikaciis
cneba
xasiaTdeba
(anu
poziciiT
daintereseba
mimarTul
zemoqmedeba
zewolas.
xSirad
da
am
iwvevs
ganwyobis cvlilebisagan gansxvavebul reaqciebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa:
wyaros
diskreditacia,
damaxinjebuli
aRqma,
an
Setyobinebis
sruli
miuRebloba. sakiTxiT daintereseba dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovania es sakiTxi pirovnebisaTvis. igi xels uwyobs informaciis
ufro
pirdapir
yvelaze
da
skrupulozul
saukeTeso
poziciis
gadamuSavebas,
gamovlenis
rac
gamowveulia
mcdelobiT.
reaqciiT
daintereseba iwvevs adamianSi Relvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRiqvamen
sxva adamianebi misi ganwyobis garegnul gamovlinebebs. es iwvevs zrunvas
ara argumentebis xarisxsa da mocemuli poziciis av-kargianobaze, aramed
_ zrunvas sakuTari Tavis warmosaCenad (TviTprezentacia).
individualoba da damarwmuneblobis mimRebloba
arsebobs
romelsac
mTeli
SeuZlia
rigi
individualuri
darwmunebaze
zegavlenis
pirovnuli
moxdena.
es
Tvisebebisa,
Tvisebebia:
avtoritarizmi/dogmatizmi, SfoTva, kontrolis lokusi, sakuTari Tavis
pativiscema
(perlofi
2003).
dogmatizmisadmi
naklebad
midrekili
adamianebi advilad eqvemdebarebian darwmunebas Zlieri da ara susti
argumentebis zemoqmedebiT. dogmatikebs ki _ piriqiT, arakompetenturi
wyaro mxolod Zlieri argumentebiT daarwmunebs, xolo kompetenturi
wyaros SemTxvevaSi dogmatikosebi reagireben mis avtoritetze da amitom
Zlieri da susti argumentebi maTTvis erTnairad damarwmunebelia.
95
empiriuli
monacemebis
Tanaxmad
(olsoni
...
1993),
darwmunebis
Sedegianobis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli cvladia adamianis TviTSefaseba.
kerZod,
dabali
TviTSefasebis
mqone
recipientebi,
Cveulebriv,
informacias Znelad iazreben da amitom isini zemoqmedebasac naklebad
eqvemdebarebian. maRali TviTSefasebis recipientebic, sakuTar codnaSi
darwmunebulobis gamo, damarwmunebeli informaciis gavlenas naklebad
ganicdian. yvelaze did zemoqmedebas ki saSualo donis TviTSefasebis
mqone adamianebi eqvemdebarebian.
damarwmuneblobaze moqmedebs kidev erTi individualuri faqtori _
dasrulebulobis
SekiTxvaze
da
moTxovnileba,
ar
darCe
anu
survili,
gaurkvevlobis
miiRo
zusti
pasuxi
mdgomareobaSi.
kvlevis
monawileebi, romlebsac dasrulebulobis maRali moTxovnileba aqvT,
Cveulebriv
isini,
visac
Seicvalon.
avlenen
aqvs
damarwmuneblobisadmi
dabali
adamianebi,
moTxovnileba,
romlebsac
did
winaRmdegobas,
vinaidan
ar
vidre
undaT,
dasrulebulobis
rom
dabali
moTxovnileba aqvT, ufro momTmenni arian gaurkvevlobisadmi, romelsac
qmnis
damarwmunebeli
Secvlisken.
magram
komunikacia
Tu
da
ufro
damarwmunebeli
mzad
arian
komunikacia
ganwyobebis
exeba
sakiTxs,
romelSic adamianebi ar arian Zalian kompetenturebi da am komunikacias
uyuradRebod usmenen, maSin dasrulebulobisadmi maRali moTxovnilebis
mqoneni ganicdian ganwyobis ufro mniSvnelovan cvlilebas vidre isini,
visac
dasrulebulobis
moTxovna
dabali
aqvs
(kruglanski
...
1993).
savaraudoa, rom zemoaRniSnuli dakavSirebulia areuli situaciisagan
Tavis daRwevis mcdelobasTan.
3.4. situacia
damarwmunebeli komunikaciis ganxorcieleba, Cveulebriv, farTo
situaciuri konteqstis CarCoebSi xdeba, romlis Semadgenlebi agreTve
zemoqmedeben damarwmuneblobis warmatebulobis xarisxze.
96
gafrTxileba ganwyobis Sesaxeb
j. fridmanisa da d. sirsis (teilori ... 2004) kvlevebiT dadginda,
rom winaswari gafrTxileba (forewarning) Setyobinebisadmi winaaRmdegobis
gawevas
uwyobs
xels.
rogorc
kontrargumentebi
raRacnairad
roca
winaswar
adamianebma
sCans,
damcvelobiTi
varjiSdeba
ician,
rom
da
vinmes
meqanizmebi
Sedegad
surs
da
_
Zlierdeba.
maTi
ganwyobiTi
poziciis Secvla maTTvis Zalian mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
iwyeben
aseTi
Setyobinebis
sawinaaRmdego
Camoyalibebas
winaswar
gansazRvraven
komunikatori.
r.
da
gafrTxilebasa
raodenobis
petim
da
j.
ra,
kaCiopom
kontrargumentebis
Tu
ris
(peti
komunikaciis
zemoqmedebas
kontrargumentebis
formirebis
...
Tqmas
1990)
Soris
apirebs
aCvenes,
periodi
saSualebas
rom
didi
iZleva.
magaliTad, adamiani, romelmac miiRo gafrTxileba, daarwmunebs sakuTar
Tavs, rom komunikatori arasandoa, an arasworadaa informirebuli. sxva
sakiTxia, rodesac zemoqmedeba xdeba iseT ganwyobaze, romelic ar aris
dakavSirebuli
adamianisaTvis
principul
sakiTxTan.
am
SemTxvevaSi
gafrTxileba iZleva ukuefeqts: igi sinamdvileSi xels uwyobs ganwyobis
Secvlas.
gafrTxileba ganzraxvis Sesaxeb
aq
igulisxmeba
gafrTxileba
darwmunebis
ganzraxvis
Sesaxeb.
rodesac adamiani winaswar gafrTxilebulia, rom viRac apirebs misi
Sexedulebebis Secvlas, misTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
maSin
es
adamiani
kontrargumentebis
iwyebs
mosalodneli
Camoyalibebas,
argumentebis
riTac
sawinaaRmdego
ganwyobis
Secvlisadmi
mometebul winaaRmdegobriobas gamoavlens (teilori ... 2004).
yuradRebis gadatana
damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis aRqmas, SesaZlebelia, xeli Seuwyos
msmenelis
yuradRebis
gadatanam.
aRniSnuli
efeqtis
demonstrireba
moaxdines l. festinjerma da n. makkombim (perlofi 2003).
Semdeg 1981w. r. petim da t. brokma (teilori ... 2004) daadgines, rom
yuradRebis umniSvnelo gadatana, marTlac, aZlierebs damarwmuneblobas.
97
am
faqtis
gadatana
axsnas
xels
Seejaxeba
iZleva
uwyobs
kognituri
damarwmuneblobas
kontrargumentirebis
komunikaciis
Sinaarsis
reaqciis
efeqtur
sawinaaRmdego
analizi.
mxolod
maSin,
process.
argumentebi,
yuradRebis
Tu
rodesac
ara
maSin
gvaqvs
yuradRebis
gadatana xels ar uSlis Cvens kontrargumentirebas. rogorc sCans,
yuradRebis gadatana ukeTesad zemoqmedebs maSin, rodesac komunikaciebi
Zlier winaaRmdegobaSi modis adamianis sakuTar ganwyobebTan, agreTve
maSin,
rodesac
sakiTxi
gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania
adamianisaTvis.
savaraudod amis mizezia is, rom swored es pirobebi axdens ufro
Zlieri kontrargumentirebis stimulirebas.
yuradRebis
gansazRvrulia.
gadatanis
yuradRebis
zemoqmedebis
zedmetad
Zlieri
sazRvrebi
gadatana
mkacrad
xels
uSlis
Setyobinebis aRqmas da nulamde dahyavs misi efeqturoba.
dacvis gamomuSaveba
adamiani, romelzedac zemoqmedeben damarwmunebeli komunikaciiT,
u.
mak-guaierma
(mak-guaieri
1969)
Seadara
virusis,
an
avadmyofobis
zemoqmedebis qveS myof adamians. rac ufro Zlieria damarwmunebeli
Setyobineba (virusis analogiurad), miT meti zianis motana SeuZlia,
magram
rac
Zlieria
adamianis
damcveli
Zalebi,
miT
Zlierad
ewinaaRmdegeba igi darwmunebas (analogiurad _ avadmyofobas). u. makguaieris mixedviT, damarwmunebeli komunikaciisagan dacvis ori forma
arsebobs:
pirveli
_
aZlierebs
winaaRmdegobriobas
adamianis
Sexedulebebisadmi mxardaWeriT. aq igulisxmeba damatebiTi argumentebis
uzrunvelyofa pirveladi Sexedulebis mxardasaWerad. u. mak-guaierma mas
daarqva
mxardaWeriTi
dacva
(supportive defence).
meore
_
gulisxmobs
,,acrebis” saSualebiT dacvas (inoculation defence). u. mak-guaieris azriT,
ufro efeqturia damcvelobiTi Zalebis gamomuSaveba. adamiani, romelmac
gauZlo damarwmuneblobis Semotevas da SeinarCuna sakuTari Sexeduleba,
SemdgomSi ufro metad SesZlebs aseTi SetevebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis
gawevas, vinaidan mas Camouyalibda Zlieri dacvis meqanizmi. ,,acrebis”
saSualebiT dacvaSi igulisxmeba ori faqtori: igi iwyeba susti SeteviT
(Seteva unda iyos susti, rom ar Secvalos adamianis ganwyoba da brZola
98
wagebuli ar iyos). Semdeg komunikaciis obieqts gaeweva daxmareba susti
Setevisagan dasacavad argumentebis warmodgeniT. e.i. iseTi argumentebis
warmodgeniT, romelic mimarTuli iqneba uSualod Setevis winaaRmdeg an
SetyobinebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom Seteva ar aris Zlieri da advilad
mosageriebelia.
u. mak-guaierisa da d. papageorgisis (zimbardo ... 2000) kvlevebSi
dacviTi
saSualebebis
warmosaSobad
gamoyenebuli
iyo
rogorc
mxardaWeriTi dacvis, aseve ,,acrebiT” dacvis meTodebi. erT-erTi daskvna
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mxardaWeriTi dacva muSaobs ukeTesad, rodesac
darwmunebis
obieqti
saWiroebs
vinmesagan
garkveuli
argumentebis
karnaxs. xolo ,,acrebiT” dacva ufro Sedegiania, rodesac obieqts aqvs
sakuTari damcvelobiTi argumentebis Seqmnis stimuli. am Tvalsazrisis
Sesabamisad,
Semdgomma
kvlevebma
aCvena,
rom
mxardaWeriTi
dacva
efeqturia, roca Semdgomi Setevebi Seicaven mxardaWeriTi argumentebis
Sinaarsis
msgavs
argumentebs.
xolo,
,,acrebis”
gamoyeneba
maSinac
efeqturia, rodesac Seteva axal argumentebsac Seicavs.
,,acrebis” saSualebiT dacvis zemoqmedebis axsnas iZleva kognituri
reaqciis Teoria. masSi naTqvamia, rom adamianebi susti Semotevebisagan
Tavdasacavad iyeneben mTel TavianT damcvelobiT Zalebs. isini amzadeben
argumentebs
TavianTi
sawinaaRmdego
poziciebis
poziciis
gasamyareblad;
kontrargumentebs;
agreTve
amcireben
ayalibeben
sawinaaRmdego
Tvalsazrisis mqone wyaros rols da a.S. yvelaferi es uzrunvelyofs
individs Zlierad da kargad daculi poziciiT.
reaqtiuli winaaRmdegobrioba.
j.
brems
(olsoni
winaaRmdegobriobis
...
gawevis
1993)
ekuTvnis
motivaciuri
socialuri
koncefcia,
zewolisadmi
rac
Semdegs
gulisxmobs: adamiani motivirebulia ganeridos an gaTavisufldes iseTi
situaciebisgan, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian mis arCevanis Tavisuflebas.
aseT situacias warmodgens damarwmunebeli komunikacia, rac recipientSi
reaqtiuli winaRmdegobriobis gawevis motivaciur gancdas da Sesabamis
qceviT tendencias badebs.
99
socialuri
ganwyobis
ZiriTadi
problemebi
arsebiTad
exeba
ganwyobis formirebas, Secvlas, struqturasa da funqcias. socialuri
ganwyobis
Secvla
saintereso
socialuri
sakiTxia.
mravalricxovani
fsiqologiis
aRniSnul
masalaa
erT-erTi
aqtualuri
problemasTan
dagrovili.
kvlevis
da
dakavSirebiT
Sedegad
gamoyofilia
sxvadasxva faqtori, romlebic ukavSirdeba komunikators, komunikaciis
arxs, Setyobinebas, informaciis mimRebs da situacias. am didi masalis
gacnobis Sedegad, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba dagvrCes STabeWdileba, rom
sakiTxi amowurulia, yvelaferi garkveulia. Tumca, Tundac is faqti, rom
socialuri ganwyobis Secvlis Semswavleli kvlevebi dResac grZeldeba,
TavisTavad metyvelebs arsebul mdgomareobaze. marTlac, Tu kargad
gavecnobiT kvlevis Sedegebs, vnaxavT, rom erTmniSvnelovani daskvnebi
araa miRebuli, bevri maTgani urTierTgamomricxavic ki aris. faqtia isic,
rom rig SemTxvevebSi laboratoriul pirobebSi miRebuli Sedegebi araa
grZelvadiani,
anu
pirovneba
drois
mcire
monakveTSi
ubrundeba
eqsperimentul zemoqmedebamde arsebul sawyis ganwyobas.
socialuri
gacnobisa
ganwyobis
da
struqturis
Catarebuli
kvlevis
Sesaxeb
arsebuli
masalebis
Semdeg
gagviCnda
interesi
CavRrmavebodiT aRniSnul problematikas. rogorc cnobilia, socialuri
ganwyobebis
Sida
struqtura
da
ganwyobebs
Soris
urTierTobis
struqtura asaxavs ganwyobebis formirebis gansxvavebul gzebs. kerZod,
socialuri
ganwyobis
Sida
struqtura
formirdeba
gamocdilebiT,
ganwyobis obieqtze pirdapiri an iribi kognituri, afeqturi an qceviTi
reaqciis
safuZvelze.
urTierTobis
meores
struqtura
mxriv,
formirdeba
socialur
ganwyobaTaSoris
gansxvavebuli
Sesabamis obieqtebs Soris kavSiris saSualebiT.
ganwyobebis
amrigad,
rogorc
Cvenma kvlevamac daadastura, ganwyobebi erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad
ar arseboben. isini qmnian garkveul sistemebs, rogorc maT xSirad
uwodeben _ Tanavarskvlavedebs, mtevnebs (clusters). TanavarskvlavedebSi
xdeba
ZaliT,
socialuri
rac
ganwyobebis
asaxavs
urTierTqmedeba,
socialur
Tumca
ganwyobaTaSoris
ara
erTnairi
urTierTobis
struqturis garkveul kanonzomierebas.
100
Cveni
mosazrebiT,
socialuri
ganwyobis
Secvla
unda
eqvemdebarebodes socialur ganwyobaTaSoris urTierTobis struqturis
kanonzomierebebs. socialuri ganwyobis Secvla dakavSirebuli unda iyos
ganwyobaTaSoris
urTierTobis
struqturaSi
mis
adgilTan,
mis
faqtorul wonasTan.
amitom
gadavwyviteT
eqsperimentulad
gvenaxa,
Cvens
mier
gamovlenili struqturebi ra gavlenas axdenen socialuri ganwyobis
Secvlaze. mocemuli sakiTxis kvleviT, vfiqrobT, kidev erTi nabiji
gadaidgmeba
im
faqtorebis
gamosavlenad,
romlebic
monawileoben
socialuri ganwyobis SecvlaSi.
Tavi 4
socialuri ganwyobis Secvla
(empiriuli kvleva)
Cvens
socialur
winaSe
kvlevis
ganwyobebs
gamovlenis
poziciebi
Soris
saSualebas
TanavarskvlavedSi
Semdegi
etapis
arsebuli
mogvcemda.
socialur
aucilebloba
kavSirebis
gaviTvaliswineT
ganwyobebs
centraluroba-periferiulobis
dadga,
rac
kanonzomierebebis
ra
ukaviaT
varaudi,
rom
gansxvavebuli
TvalsazrisiT
da
rom
centralur ganwyobebs danarCen ganwyobebTan SekavSirebis maRali done
unda
axasiaTebdes,
cvlilebaTa
ris
mimarT
gamoc
gamZleni
isini
arian,
anu
maqsimalurad
rac
ufro
stabilurni,
centraluria
socialuri ganwyoba, miT ufro stabiluri iqneba igi, CamovayalibeT
Semdegi
hipoTeza:
Rirebulebis
socialuri
mimarT
ganwyobebis
ganwyobis
Secvla
struqturaSi
unda
centraluri
iwvevdes
masTan
dakavSirebuli danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarTac ganwyobebis Secvlas.
hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad CavatareT eqsperimenti.
101
eqsperimentis masala
wina kvlevaSi Cvens mier dadginda, rom 44 Rirebulebis mimarT
socialuri ganwyobebi rva faqtoris mixedviT dajgufda. eqsperimentis
masalad SevarCieT mesame faqtorTan korelirebuli Rirebulebebi, risi
erT-erTi mizezic iyo faqtorTan korelirebuli yvelaze maRali da
dabali faqtoruli wonis sidideebs Soris didi sxvaoba. socialur
ganwyobaTaSoris kavSiris arsebobis dasadastureblad da dasadgenad
Catarebul kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli kiTxvaris 44 Rirebulebidan, amgvarad,
gamoiyo eqvsi: sasjeli, sicrue, daSineba, danaSauli, cnobismoyvareoba,
alkoholi (ix. cxrili #3).
cxrili #3
faqtori 3
faqtoruli
wona
0.78
0.60
0.59
0.56
0.53
0.40
Rirebuleba
sasjeli
sicrue
daSineba
danaSauli
cnobismoyvareoba
alkoholi
mokled aRvwerT miRebul kiTxvars: bipolarul Svidsafexurian
semantikuri
diferencialis
skalaze
yoveli
Rirebuleba
fasdeboda
TerTmeti wyvili zedsarTavi saxelis mixedviT (sasiamovno-arasasiamovno;
mowesrigebuli-qaosuri;
gluvi-xorkliani;
Rrma-zedapiruli;
azriani-
uazro; rTuli-martivi; naTeli-bundovani; mSvenieri-uSno; gulwrfeliaragulwrfeli;
kargi-cudi;
gamokveTili-bundovani).
cdispirebSi
tendenciuri pasuxebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT zedsarTavi saxelebi
maT Secvlili polusebiT miewodebodaT. skalur poziciebs _ -3; +3
SevusabameT Sefaseba ,,Zalian”; -2; +2 _ ,,saSualod”; -1; +1 _ ,,sustad”;
0 _ ,,neitraluri”.
102
cdispirebi
sakvlevad gamovyaviT cdispirTa sami jgufi: ori _ eqsperimentuli
da
erTi
_
sakontrolo.
samive
SemTxvevaSi
cdispirebs
Seadgendnen
Tbilisis sxvadasxva umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebi, sul 241 piri.
saswavlo dawesebulebebis SerCevis principi igive iyo, rac wina kvlevaSi
_ survili gvqonda jgufebi yofiliyo maqsimalurad araerTgvarovani.
eqsperimentul
jgufebSi
vcdilobdiT
socialuri
ganwyobebis
Secvlas sxvadasxva Rirebulebis mimarT. erT SemTxvevaSi _ maRali
faqtoruli
wonis
mqone
(faqtorTan
yvelaze
metad
korelirebuli)
Rirebulebis _ sasjelis mimarT, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ yvelaze dabali
faqtoruli wonis Rirebulebis _ alkoholis mimarT.
Cven
davuSviT,
rom
cdispirebSi
sasjelis
mimarT
socialuri
ganwyobis Secvla gamoiwvevda ganwyobis Secvlas masTan dakavSirebuli
danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarTac, xolo alkoholis mimarT socialuri
ganwyobis
Secvla
ar
gamoiwvevda
danarCeni
Rirebulebebis
mimarTac
ganwyobis Secvlas.
cdebi
Catarda
Svidsafexuriani
orjeradi
skalis
gazomvis
gamoyenebiT:
I.
meTodiT,
eqsperimentul
ori
identuri
zemoqmedebamde
erTi kviriT adre da II. zemoqmedebisTanave.
Cveni
mizani
iyo
eqsperimentuli
zemoqmedebis
Sedegad
Rirebulebebis mimarT socialuri ganwyobebis cvlilebis gazomva.
eqsperimentis Catarebis procedura pirvel jgufSi
cdispirebs vaZlevdiT Sesavsebad zemoaRweril kiTxvars (ix. gv.71).
mTeli procedura da instruqcia wina kvlevaSi gamoyenebulis identuri
iyo erTi gansxvavebiT: kiTxvaris bolos davamateT erTi grafa saxelisa
da gvaris misaTiTeblad.
mokled
eZleodaT
aRvwerT
instruqcia.
proceduras:
maT
cdispirebs
zedsarTavi
kiTxvaris
saxelebis
Sesavsebad
gamoyenebiT
unda
SeefasebinaT eqvsive Rirebulebis mimarT TavianTi damokidebuleba. skala
Rirebulebebisadmi rogorc damokidebulebis gamoxatvis, aseve misTvis
103
raodenobrivi Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda. Sevsebis dawyebamde meti
garkveulobisaTvis, sanimuSod ganvixilavdiT erT magaliTs. amis Semdeg
studentebs
eZleodaT
gaekeTebinaT
mxolod
qveskala;
didxans
miTiTebebi:
erTi
ar
TiToeuli
aRniSvna;
efiqraT,
ar
aRniSvnebi
qveskalis
gamoetovebinaT
gaekeTebinaT
gaswvriv
arc
erTi
spontanurad,
pirveli gancdis mixedviT. cdispirebs mokled miewodebodaT informacia
kvlevis miznis Sesaxeb. aRiniSneboda, rom monawileoba maTi mxridan
nebayoflobiTi iyo da vinc gadawyvetda kiTxvaris Sevsebas, aucilebeli
moTxovna
iyo
gulwrfeloba.
SeeZloT
kiTxviT
studentebs
miemarTaT
cdis
gaurkvevlobis
SemTxvevaSi
xelmZRvanelisaTvis.
kiTxvaris
Sesavsebad dro ar iyo SezRuduli.
eqsperimentSi
pirobiT,
rom
monawileobis
eqsperimentis
misaRebad
moTxovnebidan
cdispirebi
gamomdinare,
SevarCieT
erTi
im
kviris
Semdeg kvlav aucileblad imave SemadgenlobiT gavagrZelebdiT muSaobas.
sul
kiTxvari
maTganisaTvis
Seavso
asma
TiToeuli
pirma.
Rirebulebis
Cven
cal-calke
mixedviT
yoveli
gamovTvaleT
zedsarTavebiT Sefasebebis saSualo ariTmetikulebi. mesame faqtorTan
yvelaze metad korelirebuli Rirebuleba iyo ,,sasjeli” (faqtoruli
wona _ 0.78). cdispirebi cal-calke davajgufeT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor
socialur ganwyobas gamoxatavdnen isini Rirebuleba ,,sasjelis” mimarT
_ zogadad dadebiTad afasebdnen ,,sasjels”, Tu _ uaryofiTad. asi
cdispiridan 91 aRmoCnda uaryofiTi ganwyobis matarebeli da mxolod 9
_ dadebiTis. dadebiTad ganwyobil pirTa aseTi mcire raodenobidan
gamomdinare,
eqsperimentis
meore
etapisaTvis
davtoveT
mxolod
uaryofiTi ganwyobebis matarebeli cdispirebi. Cven davuSviT, rom Tu
uaryofiTi
socialuri
ganwyobebis
matarebel
cdispirebs
sasjelis
mimarT socialur ganwyobas dadebiTisken SevucvlidiT, es cdispirebSi
gamoiwvevda masTan erT faqtorSi gaerTianebuli sxva Rirebulebebis
(sicrue,
daSineba,
danaSauli,
cnobismoyvareoba,
alkoholi)
mimarTac
ganwyobebis Secvlas. socialuri ganwyobis Sesacvlelad gamoviyeneT
ukve
aprobirebuli
meTodi:
pirovnebis
socialuri
ganwyobisagan
gansxvavebuli poziciis dacva.
104
eqsperimentis meore etapisaTvis 91 cdispirisgan SevadgineT mcire
sadiskusio jgufebi. TiToeul jgufs davalebad eZleoda Rirebuleba
,,sasjelis” pozitiuri mxridan warmosaCeni debulebebisa da argumentebis
individualurad gamoTqma. Temis gaSla-ganviTareba-argumentirebisaTvis
gamoyofili iyo saSualod 30-40 wuTi. cdispirebs miewodebodaT Semdegi
instruqcia: ,,gTxovT, kargad dafiqrdeT da SeecadoT CamoayaliboT, Tu
ra dadebiTi mxareebi SeiZleba hqondes sasjels. sasurvelia moiyvanoT
maqsimalurad bevri argumenti da Sesabamisi magaliTebi”.
Cven
Tavidanve
vivaraudeT,
rom
ganwyobis
Secvla
gacilebiT
efeqturi iqneboda jgufSi, vidre calkeul cdispirTan individualuri
muSaobisas. jgufis SemTxvevaSi, garda imisa, rom individebi Tavadac
axdendnen
azrebis
yvelafer
zemoTqmuls
argumentebi
generirebas,
sxvaTa
vizualuradac
fiqsirdeboda
dafaze
an
msjelobebsac
aRiqvamdnen,
e.w.
usmendnen
radgan
,,flipCartze”.
da
moyvanili
amdenad,
es
procedura mTlianobaSi xels uwyobda ganwyobis Secvlas.
saSualod 25 debulebis dasaxelebis Semdeg, rodesac cdispirebs
axali
azrebi
aRar
uCndebodaT,
cdis
xelmZRvaneli
proceduras
asrulebda moyvanili argumentebis SejamebiT: ,,modiT, SevajamoT. axla me
wavikiTxav
im
argumentebs,
saWiroebis
dasasabuTeblad
romlebic
da
Tqven
Sesabamisad,
moiyvaneT
sasjelis
warmoadgineT
sasjelis
pozitiuri mxareebi”.
mogvyavs
sasjelTan
dakavSirebiT
dafiqsirebuli
argumentebis
ramdenime magaliTi: sasjelis arseboba amcirebs kriminals; aRar iqneba
dausjelobis sindromi; xalxi ufro daculad igrZnobs Tavs; damnaSaves
umcirdeba sindisis qenjna (rodesac igi damsaxurebulad ixdis sasjels
Cadenili
danaSaulis
gamo);
dazaralebulisaTvis
damnaSavis
dasja
garkveulwilad kompensaciaa, eufleba gancda, rom samarTali aRdga.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
eqsperimentis
monawileebi
didi
xalisiT
da
mondomebiT asrulebdnen davalebas. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac jgufis
wevrebi
madlobas
imisaTvis,
ufiqriaT.
rom
gvixdidnen
davafiqreT
cdispirebi
sainteresod
iseT
sakiTxebze,
aRniSnavdnen,
rom
gatarebuli
razec
droisaTvis,
adre
momavalSic
arasdros
siamovnebiT
miiRebdnen monawileobas msgavs kvlevebSi, rasac ormagi datvirTva aqvs:
105
jer erTi, maTTvis aris saintereso da sasiamovno da meores mxriv, rac
ufro mTavaria, mecnierebis winsvlaSi SeaqvT TavianTi mokrZalebuli
wvlili.
eqsperimenti Tavdeboda kiTxvaris SevsebiT. cdispirebs Sesavsebad
eZleodaT
zustad
iseTive
kiTxvari,
romelic
maT
erTi
kviris
win
Seavses. procedura da instruqcia ucvleli iyo.
eqsperimentis Catarebis procedura meore jgufSi
pirveli jgufis msgavsad, am SemTxvevaSic studentebs SevavsebineT
zemoaRwerili kiTxvari. procedura da instruqcia igive iyo, rac pirvel
eqsprimentul
jgufSi.
eqsperimentis
sul
msgavsad,
kiTxvari
aqac
Seavso
yoveli
asma
cdispirma.
pirovnebisaTvis
wina
TiToeuli
Rirebulebis mixedviT gamovTvaleT zedsarTavebiT Sefasebebis saSualo
ariTmetikulebi.
mesame
faqtorSi
yvelaze
dabali
faqtoruli
wonis
Rirebuleba iyo ,,alkoholi” (faqtoruli wona _ 0.40).
Cven davuSviT, rom dadebiTi socialuri ganwyobebis matarebeli
cdispirebisaTvis
uaryofiTisken
alkoholis
SecvliT,
matarebelTaTvis
an
socialuri
mimarT
piriqiT
socialuri
_
ganwyobebis
uaryofiTi
ganwyobebis
ganwyobebis
dadebiTisaken
SecvliT,
cdispirs sxva Rirebulebebis mimarT ganwyobebi ar Seecvleboda, radgan
Rirebuleba ,,alkoholi” dabali faqtoruli woniT gamoirCeoda.
cdispirebi
cal-calke
davajgufeT
Rirebuleba
,,alkoholis”
mimarT gamoxatuli socialuri ganwyobis mixedviT _ zogadad dadebiTad
afasebdnen ,,alkohols”, Tu uaryofiTad. asi cdispiridan 31 aRmoCnda
dadebiTi ganwyobis matarebeli, 69 _ uaryofiTis. socialuri ganwyobis
Sesacvlelad am SemTxvevaSic, pirveli jgufis msgavsad, gamoviyeneT
pirovnebis
socialuri
ganwyobisagan
gansxvavebuli
poziciis
dacvis,
alkoholis
mimarT
propagandis meTodi.
eqsperimentis
gamovlenili
meore
ganwyobebis
etapze
mixedviT
cdispirebs
vajgufebdiT
mcire
sadiskusio
jgufebad. cdispirTa im jgufs, romelTa socialuri ganwyoba dadebiTi
iyo
Rirebuleba
,,alkoholis”
mimarT,
davalebad
eZleoda
106
individualurad gamoeTqvaT alkoholis negatiuri mxridan warmosaCeni
debulebebi da argumentebi, xolo negatiurad ganwyobilebs _ dadebiTi
argumentebi. davalebis Sesasruleblad orive SemTxvevaSi gamoyofili
iyo
saSualod
30-40
wuTi.
cdispirebs
eZleodaT
,,sasjelTan”
dakavSirebiT gamoyenebuli instruqciis identuri instruqcia. pirvel
jgufs: ,,gTxovT, kargad dafiqrdeT da SeecadoT CamoayaliboT, Tu ra
dadebiTi mxareebi SeiZleba hqondes alkohols. sasurvelia moiyvanoT
maqsimalurad bevri argumenti da Sesabamisi magaliTebi”. xolo meore
jgufs: ,,gTxovT, kargad dafiqrdeT da SeecadoT CamoayaliboT, Tu ra
uaryofiTi mxareebi SeiZleba hqondes alkohols. sasurvelia moiyvanoT
maqsimalurad
bevri
argumenti
da
Sesabamisi
magaliTebi”.
danarCeni
procedurac pirveli jgufis identurad Catarda, erTi gansxvavebiT:
muSaoba
am
meore
SemTxvevaSi
mimdinareobda
ori
tipis
(alkoholis
mimarT dadebiTi ganwyobisa da uaryofiTi ganwyobis mqone) jgufTan
cal-calke.
mogvyavs alkoholTan dakavSirebiT dafiqsirebuli mosazrebebis
ramdenime magaliTi:
a)
alkoholi
miReba
karg
guneb-ganwyobaze
aTamamebs
adamians;
ayenebs
SeiZleba
adamians;
alkoholis
ganvixiloT,
rogorc
antiseptikuri saSualeba; realobisgan gaqcevis kargi saSualebaa;
antidepresantia;
mTvrali
adamianisgan
advilia
saidumlo
informaciis gageba; relaqsaciis erTgvari saSualebaa; gaTbobis
saSualebaa; gemrielia; tkivilgamayuCebelia; ,,mTvrali kaci _ kai
kaci”; alkoholis miReba SemoqmedebiT potencials zrdis.
b)
bevri
sma
janmrTelobisaTvis
TviTkontroli;
nasvami
mavnebelia;
adamiani
adamianSi
konfliqturi
qveiTdeba
xdeba;
mcirdeba
reaqciis siswrafe; imatebs avtokatastrofebis albaToba; SeiZleba
gaxde
adamiani
alkoholze
dundeba
damokidebuli;
da
muSaobaSi
icis
nabaxusevis
araefeqturi
xdeba;
sindromi;
adamianebSi
matulobs agresia; matulobs kriminali; nasvami adamiani xSirad
bevrs laparakobs da momabezrebeli xdeba.
cdispirebi
argumentebis
didi
raodenoba
enTuziazmiT
Caebnen
geometriuli
eqsperimentSi.
progresiiT
moyvanili
izrdeboda.
xSir
107
SemTxvevaSi
gakvirvebas
alkoholis
sikeTe
gamoxatavdnen,
(meore
rom
SemTxvevaSi
am
dromde
ar
hqondaT
_
mavnebloba)
kargad
TiToeul
jgufSi
gacnobierebuli.
proceduris
akeTebda
dasrulebisas
reziumirebas:
,,modiT,
xelmZRvaneli
SevajamoT.
axla
me
wavikiTxav
im
argumentebs, romlebic Tqven moiyvaneT alkoholis dadebiTi (uaryofiTi)
zegavlenis dasasabuTeblad da Sesabamisad, warmoadgineT alkoholis
pozitiuri (negatiuri) mxareebi”.
eqsperimentis bolos cdispirebs Tavidan vavsebinebdiT erTi kviris
win Sevsebulis analogiur kiTxvars. procedura da instruqcia ucvleli
iyo.
eqsperimentis Catarebis procedura mesame jgufSi
mesame jgufi iyo sakontrolo. sakontrolo jgufs, iseve rogorc
eqsperimentuls,
saswavleblebis
Seadgendnen
Tbilisis
studentebi.
eqsperimentis
monawileTa
vavsebinebdiT
kiTxvars.
sul
50
msgavsad,
sxvadasxva
axalgazrda.
erTi
eqsperimentuli
umaRlesi
cdispirebs,
kviris
intervaliT
jgufisagan
gansxvavebiT
sakontrolo jgufSi kiTxvaris orjeradad SevsebaTa Soris erTkvirian
SualedSi ar xdeboda eqsperimentuli zemoqmedeba _ ganwyobis Secvlis
mcdeloba.
miRebuli Sedegebi da analizi
monacemebi
(statistikuri
davamuSaveT
paketi
kompiuteruli
socialuri
programiT
mecnierebebisaTvis)
SPSS
(detalurad
mocemulia danarTSi #4,5,6). TiToeuli jgufisaTvis gamoTvlili iyo
Rirebulebebis mimarT damokidebulebis (socialuri ganwyobis) saSualo
ariTmetikuli cal-calke _ zemoqmedebis Catarebamde (I gazomva) da
zemoqmedebis
Catarebis
(II
gazomva)
Semdeg.
garda
amisa,
TiToeuli
jgufisaTvis gamoTvlili iyo I da II gazomvebSi miRebul saSualo
108
ariTmetikulebs Soris gansxvavebis statistikuri sandooba (stiudentis t
kriteriumiT).
pirveli eqsperimentuli jgufisaTvis miviReT Semdegi Sedegebi (ix.
cxrili #4):
cxrili
cdispirebSi
#4:
sasjelisadmi
socialuri
ganwyobis
dadebiTisaken Secvla
Rirebulebebi
gazomva
alkoholi
daSineba
sicrue
sasjeli
danaSauli
imuSava
_
cxrilidan
sasjelis
Secvlili
(t=7.54;
0.67
0.70
-0.16
-0.25
-1.47
-1.07
-1.49
-1.10
-0.75
0.03
-1.70
-1.26
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
cnobismoyvareoba
rogorc
M
Cans,
mimarT
p=0.0).
t
p
-0.280
0.780
0.817
0.416
-3.549
0.001
-4.070
0.000
-7.540
0.000
-3.655
0.000
damarwmunebelma
socialuri
rogorc
komunikaciam
ganwyoba
vvaraudobdiT,
kargad
mniSvnelovnadaa
sasjelis
mimarT
ganwyobis Secvlam sxva Rirebulebebis mimarTac gamoiwvia ganwyobebis
Secvla. gamonaklisi iyo Rirebulebebi: alkoholi da cnobismoyvareoba,
romelTa
mimarT
ganwyoba
statistikurad
sandod
ar
Secvlila.
es
bunebrivad migvaCnia. rogorc zemoT SevniSneT, orive Rirebuleba, garda
mesame faqtorTan korelirebisa, kavSirs amJRavnebs meoTxe faqtorTanac
da erTgvari damakavSirebeli rgolis funqcias asrulebs faqtorebs
Soris, Sesabamisad, _ ar daeqvemdebara Secvlas. rac Seexeba ganwyobis
Secvlis
socialuri
danarCeni
mimarTulebas,
ganwyobis
cxrilidan
dadebiTi
Rirebulebebis
Cans,
rom
mimarTulebiT
mimarTac
ganwyobebis
sasjelis
mimarT
Secvlam
gamoiwvia
Secvla
dadebiTi
mimarTulebiT.
109
meore
eqsperimentul
jgufSi
miviReT
Semdegi
Sedegebi
(ix.
cxrilebi ##5,6):
cxrili
#5:
cdispirebSi
alkoholisadmi
socialuri
ganwyobis
uaryofiTisken Secvla
Rirebulebebi
gazomva
alkoholi
daSineba
sicrue
sasjeli
danaSauli
#6:
cdispirebSi
0.28
0.03
1.15
0.60
-1.50
-1.52
-1.09
-1.26
-0.74
-0.56
-1.37
-1.46
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
cnobismoyvareoba
cxrili
M
t
p
1.618
0.116
3.159
0.004
0.137
0.892
0.838
0.409
-1.129
0.268
0.769
0.448
alkoholisadmi
socialuri
ganwyobis
dadebiTisaken Secvla
Rirebulebebi
gazomva
alkoholi
daSineba
sicrue
sasjeli
danaSauli
mimarT
Sedegebidan
socialuri
zemoqmedebis
Cans,
ganwyoba
Sesabamisad:
0.36
0.57
-1.13
0.04
-1.69
-1.49
-1.47
-1.10
-0.63
-0.61
-1.64
-1.54
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
cnobismoyvareoba
miRebuli
M
erT
rom
t
p
-1.485
0.142
-7.981
0.000
-1.848
0.069
-3.121
0.003
-0.176
0.861
-1.105
0.273
jgufis
Seicvala
wevrebSi
maTze
SemTxvevaSi
_
alkoholis
eqsperimentatoris
uaryofiTi,
meore
110
SemTxvevaSi
_
dadebiTi
mimarTulebiT.
sxva
Rirebulebebis
mimarT
ganwyobebi ar Secvlila arc pirvel, arc meore SemTxvevaSi garda erTi
gamonaklisisa _ erT (meore) SemTxvevaSi ganwyobis Secvla dafiqsirda
sicruis mimarT, rac vfiqrobT, Semdgom kvlevas moiTxovs.
sakontrolo jgufSi miviReT Semdegi Sedegebi (ix. cxrili #7):
rogorc Sedegebidan Cans, cdispirebs, romlebzec eqsperimentuli
zemoqmedeba
ar
ganxorcielebula,
erTi
kviris
ganmavlobaSi
RirebulebaTa mimarT ganwyobebi ar SecvliaT. es faqti adasturebs, rom
or
eqsperimentul
zemoaRwerili
jgufSi
cvlilebebi
RirebulebebTan
unda
mivaweroT
dakavSirebiT
mxolod
miRebuli
eqsperimentul
zemoqmedebas.
cxrili #7: sakontrolo jgufi
Rirebulebebi
gazomva
cnobismoyvareoba
alkoholi
daSineba
sicrue
sasjeli
danaSauli
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
M
0.58
0.43
-0.90
-0.82
-1.56
-1.52
-1.45
-1.26
-0.71
-0.83
-1.68
-1.55
t
p
1.422
0.161
-0.497
0.621
-0.282
0.779
-1.391
0.170
1.104
0.275
-1.206
0.234
daskvna:
amrigad, eqsperimentis Sedegad miRebulma monacemebma da maTma
analizma daadastura Cveni hipoTeza, rom socialuri ganwyobebis Secvla
eqvemdebareba Semdeg kanonzomierebas: centraluri Rirebulebis mimarT
damokidebulebis
(socialuri
ganwyobis)
Secvla
iwvevs
masTan
dakavSirebuli Rirebulebebis mimarTac socialuri ganwyobis Secvlas.
111
zogadi daskvnebi:
™ Rirebulebebi
arsebuli
qmnian
socialuri
sistemebs.
ganwyobebi
Rirebulebebis
mimarT
urTierTqmedebisas
qmnian
struqturebs;
™ socialur
ganwyobaTaSoris
urTierTobis
struqturaSi
gamoiyofa centraluri (sabaziso) da periferiuli ganwyobebi;
™ socialur
ganwyobaTaSoris
urTierTobis
struqturaSi
centraluri Rirebulebis mimarT ganwyobis Secvla iwvevs
ganwyobebis
Secvlas
masTan
dakavSirebuli
danarCeni
Rirebulebebis mimarTac;
™ socialur
periferiuli
ganwyobaTaSoris
Rirebulebebis
urTierTobis
mimarT
ganwyobis
struqturaSi
Secvla
ar
iwvevs masTan dakavSirebuli danarCeni Rirebulebebis mimarT
ganwyobebis Secvlas;
™ socialuri
ganwyobis
Secvlis
mimarTuleba
gansazRvravs
danarCeni ganwyobebis Secvlis mimarTulebas.
112
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g.
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uznaZis
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ganwyobis
fsiqologia,
t.
I,
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120
danarTi
danarTi #1
121
122
123
124
danarTi #2
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Rirebulebebi
megobroba
erTguleba
ganaTleba
sikeTe
ojaxis usafrTxoeba
religia
patiosneba
erovnuli kultura
klasikuri kultura
Sinagani harmonia
mimtevebloba
samSoblo
mecniereba
Tavisufleba
damoukidebloba
TviTdisciplina
mSvidoba msoflioSi
qorwineba
silamaze
SemoqmedebiToba
zomiereba
me
tradiciebis pativiscema
gambedaoba
Tanasworoba
iumori
socialuri samarTlianoba
socialuri wesrigi
Tavmdabloba
kanoni
adamiani
simdidre
Zalaufleba
fuli
socialuri Zalaufleba
Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba
seqsualuri Tavisufleba
cnobismoyvareoba
sasjeli
politika
alkoholi
daSineba
danaSauli
sicrue
M
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.89
1.75
1.75
1.73
1.69
1.69
1.64
1.64
1.55
1.53
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.43
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.34
1.24
1.19
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.08
1.07
0.80
0.67
0.64
0.48
0.36
0.22
0.12
0.06
-0.18
-0.47
-0.54
-0.96
-0.99
-1.27
S
0.77
0.89
0.80
0.81
0.79
1.05
0.86
0.86
0.96
0.86
0.87
0.96
0.85
0.81
0.86
0.89
0.93
0.92
0.83
0.88
0.85
0.91
0.93
0.85
0.89
0.75
1.00
0.92
1.00
1.01
1.04
0.89
0.95
0.97
0.97
1.07
1.08
1.04
0.86
0.95
1.01
0.89
0.85
0.90
σM
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
125
danarTi #3
Factor Analysis
Total Variance Explained
Component
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Total
14,597
3,772
1,676
1,576
1,448
1,384
1,186
1,102
,968
,951
,891
,875
,848
,794
,748
,716
,694
,644
,629
,556
,540
,531
,508
,493
,472
,418
,413
,394
,373
,366
,357
,336
,292
,289
,268
,254
,251
Initial Eigenvalues
% of
Cumulative
Variance
%
33,174
33,174
8,573
41,747
3,809
45,556
3,581
49,137
3,291
52,428
3,145
55,573
2,695
58,267
2,505
60,772
2,200
62,973
2,160
65,133
2,024
67,157
1,990
69,147
1,926
71,073
1,805
72,878
1,700
74,578
1,627
76,205
1,577
77,782
1,464
79,245
1,429
80,674
1,265
81,938
1,227
83,165
1,207
84,373
1,154
85,527
1,121
86,648
1,072
87,721
,950
88,671
,940
89,610
,896
90,507
,849
91,355
,832
92,187
,812
92,999
,764
93,764
,665
94,428
,656
95,084
,610
95,694
,578
96,272
,569
96,841
Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
% of
Cumulative
Total
Variance
%
10,588
24,063
24,063
3,242
7,368
31,431
2,714
6,169
37,600
2,547
5,788
43,388
2,491
5,661
49,049
1,881
4,276
53,325
1,782
4,051
57,376
1,494
3,396
60,772
126
Component
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Total
,243
,230
,207
,198
,177
,175
,160
Initial Eigenvalues
% of
Cumulative
Variance
%
,552
97,394
,522
97,916
,469
98,386
,451
98,837
,403
99,239
,398
99,637
,363
100,000
Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
% of
Cumulative
Total
Variance
%
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Component Transformation Matrix
Component
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
,830
-,134
,381
,228
,017
-,302
,061
,009
2
,374
-,019
-,383
,142
,122
,725
,245
,305
3
-,177
,582
,358
,644
,119
,165
-,184
,110
4
,140
,602
,188
-,486
-,464
,028
,289
,217
5
,222
,370
-,714
,144
-,087
-,414
-,318
,063
6
,109
,346
,009
-,361
,825
-,055
,099
-,211
7
,205
,134
-,017
-,034
-,254
,368
-,249
-,823
8
,130
-,077
,187
-,353
,059
,213
-,804
,350
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
127
Rotated Component Matrix (a)
Component
1
128
sikeTe
patiosneba
erTguleba
ganaTleba
zomiereba
mimtevebloba
klasikuri kultura
ojaxis usafrTxoeba
gambedaoba
damoukidebloba
megobroba
TviTdisciplina
qorwineba
samSoblo
religia
mecniereba
Tavmdabloba
silamaze
tradiciebis
pativiscema
SemoqmedebiToba
kanoni
me
Sinagani harmonia
erovnuli kultura
Tavisufleba
2
4
6,576E-02
-.027
1,441E-02
-.069
-.027
3,628E-02
3,815E-03
,115
,261
,162
,104
-.031
9,687E-02
-,129
4,387E-02
,262
5,111E-02
,236
5
-.002
1,393E-02
2,700E-02
6,280E-03
8,928E-02
6,696E-02
,113
-.007
1,142E-02
9,909E-03
3,428E-02
9,784E-02
,432
,302
,296
,114
-.040
3,938E-02
7
1,201E-02
,190
8,001E-02
-.004
,373
,117
-,135
,169
,185
,302
,128
7,234E-02
4,328E-02
,112
-.064
-.036
,445
,413
8
-,110
7,207E-02
,106
9,991E-03
,220
,139
1,511E-02
-.028
,189
,150
9,116E-02
,215
6,046E-02
-.056
-,249
-.034
9,064E-02
8,335E-02
,388 3,519E-02 4,125E-02
,255
-.043 7,629E-02
-,129
,532
,391 2,013E-02
,166
,201 4,469E-02 4,935E-02
,499
,164
,122
-,225
,248
,400 6,959E-02
,473 8,008E-02
-.039
,200
,458
-.077
-,112
,367
,670
-.083 3,923E-03
-.005
-.088
-.001
,481
,640
-,199 6,775E-03
,128 7,819E-02
-.015
,339
,630
-.055
,112 2,665E-02
,146
,216
,240
5,556E-02
,333
,198
-,143
9,937E-02
,770
,125
,750 9,431E-02
,750
,282
,741
,146
,698 1,392E-02
,685
,126
,664
,291
,659
,312
,651
-.029
,648
,230
,630
,338
,629
,277
,620
,133
,598
,156
,567
,253
,564
,256
,563 1,887E-02
,535
,108
,534
3
-,251
-,173
-.097
-.042
-,135
-,218
-,166
-,127
-.050
4,406E-02
-.078
,166
-.022
-,188
-,275
.000
-,142
-.099
6
5,957E-02
,168
9,645E-02
,111
-.002
6,259E-02
-,140
,105
,106
5,703E-02
6,417E-02
-.032
3,168E-02
3,540E-02
,161
,196
-,213
5,119E-02
1
socialuri wesrigi
sasjeli
sicrue
daSineba
danaSauli
cnobismoyvareoba
alkoholi
simdidre
fuli
seqsualuri
Tavisufleba
iumori
Tanamedrove
axalgazrdoba
adamiani
politika
socialuri
Zalaufleba
Zalaufleba
socialuri
samarTlianoba
mSvidoba msoflioSi
Tanasworoba
2
,260
,564
-.014 8,014E-02
-,443
-.092
-,328
-,366
-,322
-,178
5,280E-02
-.070
-.041 2,405E-02
,122
,184
6,217E-02 8,338E-02
-.076
Component
3
4
5
6
7
-,100 3,904E-02
,246
,148
,456
,781
-,110 9,065E-02 1,162E-03
-.099
,602
,147
-.010 6,654E-02 7,456E-02
,589 8,118E-02
-.056
,169 2,858E-02
,558
,117
-,106 3,536E-02
-.005
,531
,357 3,337E-02 1,604E-02
-.022
,404
,402 5,980E-02
-.097
-.016
2,290E-02
,659 8,341E-02
,344
,137
2,055E-02
,637
,234
,139
,299
-.055
,202
,626
,109
,443 7,726E-02
-,116
,522
,134
4,333E-02 2,663E-02
-.028
,392
,163
-,163 1,899E-02
,152
4,265E-02
-,287
-,129
-,193
,298
-,368
1,112E-02
-.050
-,116
3,539E-02
-,158 6,945E-02
,117
,249
,753 3,088E-02 6,266E-02
,106
-.061
,201
,254 4,638E-03
,629 9,616E-02 7,094E-02
,614
,225
,176
2,865E-02
-,278
,142
4,213E-02
,147
-.019
,302
-,138
,145
,170
,294 1,645E-02
,116
8
,802 6,236E-02
,126
,668
-.088
4,557E-03
,456
,196 3,262E-02 5,818E-02
,335 3,804E-02
,555
8,461E-02
,337
,220
,375 2,767E-02
,228
,156 9,305E-03
,311
-,142 7,859E-02 5,126E-02
,246
,444
,153
-,163
,633
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
A Rotation converged in 19 iterations.
129
129
danarTi #4
T-Test ,,sasjeli”
jgufi = uaryofiTisken
Paired Samples Statistics (a)
Mean
cnobismoyvareoba-01
cnobismoyvareoba-02
alkoholi-01
Pair 2
alkoholi-02
daSineba-01
Pair 3
daSineba-02
sicrue-01
Pair 4
sicrue-02
sasjeli-01
Pair 5
sasjeli-02
danaSauli-01
Pair 6
danaSauli-02
a Gr = uaryofiTisken
Pair 1
N
.9778
.7111
-.1778
-.0444
-.6889
-.8444
-1.2222
-1.2222
1.3778
.0889
-1.0667
-1.1111
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Std.
Deviation
1.16809
1.22111
1.78170
.98376
1.11405
.97866
.99219
.85114
.99219
1.07755
1.08628
.92796
Std. Error
Mean
.38936
.40704
.59390
.32792
.37135
.32622
.33073
.28371
.33073
.35918
.36209
.30932
Correlation
Sig.
Paired Samples Correlations (a)
N
cnobismoyvareoba-01 &
cnobismoyvareoba-02
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02
Pair 3 daSineba-01 & daSineba-02
& sicrue-02
Pair 4 sicrue-01
& sasjeli-02
Pair 5 sasjeli-01
Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02
a Gr = uaryofiTisken
Pair 1
9
.952
.000
9
9
9
9
9
.697
.711
.734
-.124
.632
.037
.032
.025
.750
.068
130
Paired Samples Test (a)
t
cnobismoyvareoba-01 &
cnobismoyvareoba-02
alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02
Pair 2
daSineba-01
& daSineba-02
Pair 3
sicrue-01
& sicrue-02
Pair 4
sasjeli-01
& sasjeli-02
Pair 5
danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02
Pair 6
a Gr = uaryofiTisken
Pair 1
Sig. (2-tailed)
2.138
.065
-.307
.580
.000
2.490
.152
.767
.578
1.000
.038
.883
T-Test ,,sasjeli”
jgufi = dadebiTisken
Paired Samples Statistics (a)
Mean
cnobismoyvareoba-01
cnobismoyvareoba-02
alkoholi-01
Pair 2
alkoholi-02
daSineba-01
Pair 3
daSineba-02
sicrue-01
Pair 4
sicrue-02
sasjeli-01
Pair 5
sasjeli-02
danaSauli-01
Pair 6
danaSauli-02
a Gr = dadebiTisken
Pair 1
N
.6725
.6989
-.1626
-.2549
-1.4681
-1.0703
-1.4945
-1.1033
-.7495
.0308
-1.6989
-1.2615
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
Std.
Std. Error
Deviation
Mean
1.11695
.11709
1.06055
.11118
1.61903
.16972
1.55780
.16330
1.00365
.10521
1.14363
.11988
1.00148
.10498
.99972
.10480
.85250
.08937
1.03190
.10817
.87502
.09173
.91927
.09637
Paired Samples Correlations (a)
N
cnobismoyvareoba-01 &
cnobismoyvareoba-02
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02
& daSineba-02
Pair 3 daSineba-01
& sicrue-02
Pair 4 sicrue-01
& sasjeli-02
Pair 5 sasjeli-01
Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02
a Gr = dadebiTisken
Pair 1
Correlation
Sig.
91
.662
.000
91
91
91
91
91
.771
.510
.580
.465
.191
.000
.000
.000
.000
.069
131
Paired Samples Test (a)
t
cnobismoyvareoba-01 &
cnobismoyvareoba-02
alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02
Pair 2
daSineba-01
& daSineba-02
Pair 3
sicrue-01
& sicrue-02
Pair 4
sasjeli-01
& sasjeli-02
Pair 5
danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02
Pair 6
a Gr = dadebiTisken
Pair 1
Sig. (2-tailed)
-.280
.780
.817
-3.549
-4.070
-7.540
-3.655
.416
.001
.000
.000
.000
danarTi #5
T-Test ,,alkoholi”
jgufi = uaryofiTisken
Paired Samples Statistics (a)
Mean
cnobismoyvareoba-01
cnobismoyvareoba-02
alkoholi-01
Pair 2
alkoholi-02
daSineba-01
Pair 3
daSineba-02
sicrue-01
Pair 4
sicrue-02
sasjeli-01
Pair 5
sasjeli-02
danaSauli-01
Pair 6
danaSauli-02
a Gr = uaryofiTisken
Pair 1
.2774
.0258
1.1548
.6000
-1.4968
-1.5226
-1.0903
-1.2581
-.7355
-.5613
-1.3677
-1.4645
N
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
Std.
Deviation
1.23793
1.30511
.77237
1.09666
1.33053
1.24223
1.27837
1.16755
1.03844
.99923
1.04064
1.14471
Std. Error
Mean
.22234
.23440
.13872
.19697
.23897
.22311
.22960
.20970
.18651
.17947
.18690
.20560
132
Paired Samples Correlations (a)
N
cnobismoyvareoba-01 &
cnobismoyvareoba-02
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02
& daSineba-02
Pair 3 daSineba-01
sicrue-01
&
sicrue-02
Pair 4
& sasjeli-02
Pair 5 sasjeli-01
Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02
a Gr = uaryofiTisken
Pair 1
Correlation
Sig.
31
.770
.000
31
31
31
31
31
.497
.671
.588
.645
.799
.004
.000
.001
.000
.000
Paired Samples Test (a)
t
cnobismoyvareoba-01 &
cnobismoyvareoba-02
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02
& daSineba-02
Pair 3 daSineba-01
& sicrue-02
Pair 4 sicrue-01
& sasjeli-02
Pair 5 sasjeli-01
Pair 6 danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02
a Gr = uaryofiTisken
Pair 1
Sig. (2-tailed)
1.618
.116
3.159
.137
.838
-1.129
.769
.004
.892
.409
.268
.448
T-Test ,,alkoholi”
jgufi = dadebiTisken
Paired Samples Statistics (a)
Mean
cnobismoyvareoba-01
cnobismoyvareoba-02
alkoholi-01
Pair 2
alkoholi-02
daSineba-01
Pair 3
daSineba-02
sicrue-01
Pair 4
sicrue-02
sasjeli-01
Pair 5
sasjeli-02
danaSauli-01
Pair 6
danaSauli-02
a Gr = dadebiTisken
Pair 1
.3565
.5652
-1.1333
.0406
-1.6899
-1.4899
-1.4667
-1.1014
-.6290
-.6087
-1.6435
-1.5420
N
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
Std.
Deviation
1.30784
1.22376
1.12442
1.14151
.90848
.87685
1.09258
1.01959
.86247
.87207
.96031
.95800
Std. Error
Mean
.15744
.14732
.13536
.13742
.10937
.10556
.13153
.12274
.10383
.10499
.11561
.11533
133
Paired Samples Correlations (a)
N
cnobismoyvareoba-01 &
cnobismoyvareoba-02
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02
& daSineba-02
Pair 3 daSineba-01
& sicrue-02
Pair 4 sicrue-01
& sasjeli-02
Pair 5 sasjeli-01
danaSauli-01
& danaSauli-02
Pair 6
a Gr = dadebiTisken
Pair 1
Correlation
Sig.
69
.576
.000
69
69
69
69
69
.419
.493
.578
.393
.684
.000
.000
.000
.001
.000
Paired Samples Test (a)
t
cnobismoyvareoba-01 &
cnobismoyvareoba-02
Pair 2 alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02
& daSineba-02
Pair 3 daSineba-01
& sicrue-02
Pair 4 sicrue-01
& sasjeli-02
Pair 5 sasjeli-01
danaSauli-01
& danaSauli-02
Pair 6
a Gr = dadebiTisken
Pair 1
Sig. (2-tailed)
-1.485
.142
-7.981
-1.848
-3.121
-.176
-1.105
.000
.069
.003
.861
.273
danarTi #6
T-Test sakontrolo jgufi
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean
Pair 1
Pair 2
Pair 3
Pair 4
Pair 5
Pair 6
cnobismoyvareoba-01
cnobismoyvareoba-02
alkoholi-01
alkoholi-02
daSineba-01
daSineba-02
sicrue-01
sicrue-02
sasjeli-01
sasjeli-02
danaSauli-01
danaSauli-02
.5800
.4320
-.8960
-.8200
-1.5640
-1.5200
-1.4480
-1.2640
-.7120
-.8280
-1.6840
-1.5480
N
Std. Deviation
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
1.22040
1.22515
1.40160
1.47814
1.03229
1.14713
1.04944
.97264
1.01993
1.09843
.91168
1.03554
Std. Error
Mean
.17259
.17326
.19822
.20904
.14599
.16223
.14841
.13755
.14424
.15534
.12893
.14645
134
Paired Samples Correlations
N
Pair 1
Pair 2
Pair 3
Pair 4
Pair 5
Pair 6
cnobismoyvareoba-01 &
cnobismoyvareoba-02
alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02
daSineba-01
& daSineba-02
sicrue-01
& sicrue-02
sasjeli-01
& sasjeli-02
danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02
Correlation
Sig.
50
.819
.000
50
50
50
50
50
.719
.492
.574
.756
.671
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
Paired Samples Test
t
Pair 1
Pair 2
Pair 3
Pair 4
Pair 5
Pair 6
cnobismoyvareoba-01 &
cnobismoyvareoba-02
alkoholi-01 & alkoholi-02
daSineba-01
& daSineba-02
sicrue-01
& sicrue-02
sasjeli-01
& sasjeli-02
danaSauli-01 & danaSauli-02
Sig. (2-tailed)
1.422
.161
-.497
-.282
-1.391
1.104
-1.206
.621
.779
.170
.275
.234
135