here - METU | Aerospace Engineering
Transkript
here - METU | Aerospace Engineering
Aircraft Icing “2-D Ice accretion prediction” Prof. Dr. Serkan ÖZGEN Dept. Aerospace Engineering, METU Fall 2015 Outline • Flow field solution • Droplet trajectories and collection efficiencies – Governing equations – Droplet impact – Parameters effecting collection efficiency • • • • • • Boundary-layer calculations Ice growth model; Extended Messinger Model Modified geometry Runback water Single and multi-step approach Validation results Serkan ÖZGEN 2 Flow Field Solution The flow field solution is needed to determine: • The velocity and pressure distribution on the surface of the geometry for subsequent boundary-layer calculations and determination of aerodynamic performance. • Off-body velocities to be used for droplet trajectory calculations. Serkan ÖZGEN 3 Flow Field Solution Alternatives: • Panel method coupled with a boundary-layer solution: less accurate but fast and cheap. • Navier-Stokes: more accurate but slow and expensive. No siginificant improvement has been observed by using a Navier-Stokes solver instead of a panel code use a Hess-Smith panel code. Serkan ÖZGEN 4 Flow Field Solution • In the panel method, the geometry is divided into quadrilateral panels each associated with a source singularity element together with a vortex singularity that is constant for all panels. • The strengths of the singularities are constants and are unknowns of the problem. The developed computer program uses N quadrilateral panels to solve for N+1 singularity strengths using the flow tangency boundary condition at the collocation points of the panels and an additional equation is introduced for the Kutta condition. The collocation points are the centroids of each panel. • Once the singularity strengths are calculated, one can construct a velocity potential and hence calculate the air flow velocity components at any location in the flow field including the boundaries of the geometry. The velocity components at a given point are the x-, y-derivatives of the velocity potential constructed at that point. Serkan ÖZGEN 5 Flow field solution NACA 23012, α=-0.27o Serkan ÖZGEN 6 Flow field solution NACA 23012, α=-1.05o Serkan ÖZGEN 7 Droplet trajectories and collection efficiencies For droplet trajectories, Lagrangian approach is used with the following assumptions: • Droplets are assumed to be spherical. • The flow field is not affected by the presence of the droplets. • Gravity and aerodynamic drag are the only forces acting on the droplets. These assumptions are valid for droplet sizes where 𝑑𝑝 ≤ 500 𝜇𝑚. Serkan ÖZGEN 8 Droplet trajectories and collection efficiencies The governing equations for droplet trajectories are: 𝑚𝑥𝑝 = −𝐷 cos 𝛾, 𝑚𝑦𝑝 = −𝐷 sin 𝛾 + 𝑚𝑔, 𝛾= 𝑦𝑝 −𝑉𝑦 −1 tan 𝑥𝑝 −𝑉𝑥 , 1 2 2 𝐷 = 𝜌𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝑝 , 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 = (𝑥𝑝 − 𝑉𝑥 )2 +(𝑦𝑝 − 𝑉𝑦 )2 Serkan ÖZGEN 9 Droplet trajectories and collection efficiencies Definitions of parameters: 𝐶𝐷 : droplet drag coefficient, 𝑉𝑥 , 𝑉𝑦 : components of the flow field velocity at the droplet location, 𝑥𝑝 , 𝑦𝑝 : components of the droplet velocity, 𝑥𝑝 , 𝑦𝑝 : components of the droplet accelaration, 𝜌: atmospheric density, 𝐴𝑝 = 𝜋 2 𝑑 : 4 𝑝 droplet cross-sectional area. Serkan ÖZGEN 10 Droplet trajectories and collection efficiencies The drag coefficients of the droplets are calculated from: 𝑅𝑒 𝐶𝐷 24 = 1 + 0.197𝑅𝑒 0.63 + 2.6 ∗ 10−4 𝑅𝑒1.38 , 𝑅𝑒 𝐶𝐷 24 = 1.699 ∗ 10−5 𝑅𝑒1.52 , 𝑅𝑒 < 3500, 𝑅𝑒 > 3500. 𝑅𝑒 = 𝜌𝑉𝑑𝑝 𝜇 Serkan ÖZGEN 11 Droplet trajectories and collection efficiencies Droplet impact: 𝑥𝑖+1 , 𝑦𝑖+1 𝑥𝑑𝑝 , 𝑦𝑑𝑝 𝑥𝑑 , 𝑦𝑑 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 Serkan ÖZGEN 12 Droplet trajectories and collection efficiencies 𝑙1 = 𝑥𝑑 − 𝑥𝑑𝑝 𝑛1 = 𝑦𝑑 − 𝑦𝑑𝑝 vector along particle trajectory 𝑙2 = 𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑛2 = 𝑦𝑖+1 − 𝑦𝑖 vector along panel 𝑙1 𝑡1 + 𝑙2 𝑡2 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑑𝑝 system of two equations 𝑛1 𝑡1 + 𝑛2 𝑡2 = 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑑𝑝 with two unknowns 𝑙1 𝑛1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑑𝑝 𝑙2 𝑡1 = 𝑦 −𝑦 𝑡 𝑛2 2 𝑖 𝑑𝑝 Serkan ÖZGEN 13 Droplet trajectories and collection efficiencies 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 = 𝑛2 𝑥𝑖 −𝑥𝑑𝑝 −𝑙2 (𝑦𝑖 −𝑦𝑑𝑝 ) (𝑙1 𝑛2 −𝑙2 𝑛1 ) 𝑙1 𝑦𝑖 −𝑦𝑑𝑝 −𝑛1 (𝑥𝑖 −𝑥𝑑𝑝 ) (𝑙1 𝑛2 −𝑙2 𝑛1 ) ; along the trajectory, ; along the panel. Additional constraints to prevent fake impact locations: 0 ≤ 𝑡1 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑡2 ≤ 1. Exact impact location: 𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑝 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑙2 𝑡2 , 𝑦𝑖𝑚𝑝 = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑛2 𝑡2 , Serkan ÖZGEN 14 Droplet trajectories and collection efficiencies Collection efficiency: Serkan ÖZGEN 15 Particle trajectories Serkan ÖZGEN 16 Droplet collection efficiency (effect of airframe size) Serkan ÖZGEN 17 Droplet collection efficiency (effect of droplet size) Serkan ÖZGEN 18 Droplet collection efficiency (effect of freestream velocity) Serkan ÖZGEN 19 Droplet collection efficiency (effect of angle of attack) Serkan ÖZGEN 20 Droplet trajectories and collection efficiencies Factors increasing collection efficiency: • Smaller airframe size; geometry creates a smaller obstacle for the incoming droplets and the deviation of the particles away from the body is not sufficient for them to avoid it. • Greater droplet size; increases droplet inertia and droplets follow ballistic trajectories collection efficiencies increase, impingement zone gets wider. • Higher airspeed; increases droplet inertia. Serkan ÖZGEN 21 Boundary-layer calculations • Integral boundary layer method is used for the calculation of the convective heat transfer coefficients. • With this method, the details of the laminar and turbulent boundary layers are calculated fairly accurately. Serkan ÖZGEN 22 Boundary-layer calculations • Transition prediction is based on the roughness Reynolds number: 𝑅𝑒𝑘 = 𝜌𝑈𝑘 𝑘𝑠 𝜇 𝑘𝑠 : roughness height, 𝑈𝑘 : local flow velocity at the roughness height: 𝑈𝑘 𝑈𝑒 =2 𝑘𝑠 𝛿 −2 𝑘𝑠 3 𝛿 + 𝑘𝑠 4 𝛿 + 1 𝛿 2 𝑑𝑈𝑒 𝑘𝑠 6 𝜈 𝑑𝑠 𝛿 1− 𝑘𝑠 3 𝛿 𝑈𝑒 : flow velocity outside the boundary-layer at the roughness location. 𝑠: streamwise distance along the airfoil surface starting at the stagnation point. Serkan ÖZGEN 23 Boundary-layer calculations • Roughness height (NASA model): 𝑘𝑠 = 0.00117𝑘𝑉∞ 𝑘𝐿𝑊𝐶 𝑘 𝑇∞ 𝑘𝑑𝑝 𝛿 𝑘𝑉∞ = 0.4286 + 0.0044139𝑉∞ , 𝑘𝐿𝑊𝐶 = 0.5714 + 0.2457 ∗ 1000𝐿𝑊𝐶 + 1.2571 ∗ (1000𝐿𝑊𝐶)2 𝑘 𝑇∞ 𝑇∞ = 46.8384 − 11.2037 1000 𝑘𝑑𝑝 = 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑝 ≤ 20 𝜇𝑚, 𝑘𝑑𝑝 = 0.033 𝑖𝑓 20𝜇 ≤ 𝑑𝑝 ≤ 50𝜇𝑚, 𝑘𝑑𝑝 5 1 = − 𝑑𝑝 ∗ 106 𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑝 > 50𝜇𝑚. 3 30 Serkan ÖZGEN 24 Boundary-layer calculations • Laminar boundary-layer thickness: 315 𝛿= 𝜃𝑙 37 • Laminar momentum thickness (Thwaites formulation): 𝜃𝑙2 0.45 𝑠 5 = 6 𝑈𝑒 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝜈 𝑈𝑒 (𝑠) 0 • For laminar flow, 𝑅𝑒𝑘 ≤ 600, method of Smith & Spalding for the calculation of the convective heat transfer coefficient: ℎ𝑐 = 0.296𝑘𝑈𝑒1.435 𝑠 𝜈 0 𝑈𝑒1.87 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑘: thermal conductivity of air. Serkan ÖZGEN 25 Boundary-layer calculations • For turbulent flow, 𝑅𝑒𝑘 ≥ 600, method of Kays & Crawford for the calculation of the convective heat transfer coefficient: ℎ𝑐 = Stρ𝑈𝑒 𝐶𝑝 • Stanton number: 𝑆𝑡 = 𝐶𝑓 /2 𝑃𝑟𝑡 + (𝐶𝑓 2) /𝑆𝑡𝑘 𝑃𝑟𝑡 = 0.9: turbulent Prandtl number. • Roughness Stanton number: 𝑆𝑡𝑘 = 1.92𝑅𝑒𝑘−0.45 𝑃𝑟 −0.8 𝑃𝑟 = 0.72: laminar Prandtl number. Serkan ÖZGEN 26 Boundary-layer calculations • Skin friction coefficient is calculated from Makkonen relation: 𝐶𝑓 0.1681 = 2 ln 864 𝜃𝑡 𝑘𝑠 + 2.568 2 • Turbulent momentum thickness: 0.036𝜈 0.2 𝜃𝑡 = 𝑈𝑒3.29 0.8 𝑠 𝑈𝑒3.86 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 + 𝜃𝑡𝑟 0 Serkan ÖZGEN 27 Boundary-layer calculations • Boundary-layer calculations start at the leading edge and proceed downstream using the marching technique for the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil. • Transition is fixed at the streamwise location, where 𝑅𝑒𝑘 = 600 according to Von Doenhoff criterion. Serkan ÖZGEN 28 Boundary-layer calculations Serkan ÖZGEN 29 Boundary-layer calculations Serkan ÖZGEN 30 Extended Messinger Model See lecture notes. Serkan ÖZGEN 31 Modified geometry • After the ice growth rates given by equation (10) for rime ice and equation (52) for glaze ice are solved, an ice thickness results for a given control volume (panel). • In order to obtain the modified geometry with ice formation, it is assumed that the ice grows perpendicularly to the surface. Serkan ÖZGEN 32 Modified geometry Ψ𝑖−1 𝑥𝑖+1 , 𝑦𝑖+1 Ψ𝑖 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 Ψ𝑖 : panel inclination angle 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝐵𝑖 sin Ψ𝑖−1 +Ψ𝑖 2 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝐵𝑖 cos Ψ𝑖−1 +Ψ𝑖 2 𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑦𝑖−1 Serkan ÖZGEN 33 Runback water • Under glaze ice conditions, freezing fraction is less than one (FF < 1), meaning that only a fraction of the impinging water freezes. • Remaining water may either flow downstream as runback water or may be shed due to high shear and gravity. • According to Fortin et al: – Upper surface: All the unfrozen water passes to the neighboring downstream panel as runback water, – Lower surface: All unfrozen water is shed. • Including the runback water introduces some modifications to the Messinger Model formulation. Serkan ÖZGEN 34 Single and multi-step approach • Computing the ice shapes in a single cycle or step for the entire duration of the exposure may yield unrealistic and incorrect ice shapes. • This is particularly true for: – Glaze ice conditions where runback water effect is prominent, – Icing exposures where the icing conditions are varying, i.e. climbing flight, descending flight. – Long exposures. Serkan ÖZGEN 35 Single and multi-step approach • In the current solution method, an unsteady problem is solved by a quasi-steady approach. • Therefore a continuous flow of water, impingement, ice and water accumulation has to be analyzed in as small as possible intervals to represent these faithfully but this increases computational time. • With a multi-step approach, the effect of ice formation on the flow field, droplet trajectories, ice formation and runback water are taken into account to some degree. • At each computational step, flow field solution, droplet trajectories, collection efficiencies, energy terms and the ice formation routines are repeated. • Experience shows that Δ𝑡 = 60 − 120 seconds is a good compromise between computational time and accuracy. Serkan ÖZGEN 36 Validation results Serkan ÖZGEN 37 Validation results (Ta=-27.8o C) Serkan ÖZGEN 38 Validation results (Ta=-19.8o C) Serkan ÖZGEN 39 Validation results (Ta=-13.9o C) Serkan ÖZGEN 40 Validation results (Ta=-6.7o C) Serkan ÖZGEN 41 Multi-step approach (Ta=-27.8o C) Serkan ÖZGEN 42 Multi-step approach (Ta=-19.8o C) Serkan ÖZGEN 43 Multi-step approach (Ta=-13.9o C) Serkan ÖZGEN 44 Multi-step approach (Ta=-6.7o C) Serkan ÖZGEN 45 Airfoil with flap Serkan ÖZGEN 46 Particle trajectories (airfoil with flap) Serkan ÖZGEN 47 Ice shapes in two element airfoil (δf=10o) Serkan ÖZGEN 48 Ice shapes in two element airfoil (main airfoil, δf=10o) Serkan ÖZGEN 49 Ice shapes in two element airfoil (flap, δf=10o) Serkan ÖZGEN 50 Ice shapes in two element airfoil (δf=30o) Serkan ÖZGEN 51 Ice shapes in two element airfoil (main airfoil, δf=30o) Serkan ÖZGEN 52 Performance variation Serkan ÖZGEN 53