kayseri metropolitan municipality solid waste landfill project

Transkript

Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality
Mustafa Kemal Pasa Bulvari
No: 15, Kocasinan / KAYSERI
Tel: (352) 222 8960 - Faks: (352) 222 4696
KAYSERI METROPOLITAN
MUNICIPALITY
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
REPORT
(FINAL)
DOKAY Engineering and Consultancy Ltd.
Ata Mahallesi 1042. Cad. No: 140/A 06460 Dikmen-ANKARA
Tel: +90 (312) 475 7131 - Fax: +90 (312) 475 7130
www.dokay.info.tr
December 2010
ANKARA
KAYSERI METROPOLITAN MUNICPALITY
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL PROJECT
EIA REPORT
Project No.: 130.01
DECEMBER 2010
REVIZYON LOGU
REVISION LOG
Revizyon Numarası
Revision Number
0
Tarih
Date
Rapor Adı
Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality
Waste Landfill Project EIA Report
Hazirlayan(lar)
Tufan HUYUK
Kontrol Eden
Reviewed by
Kalite Kontrol
Quality Control
Onaylayan
Approved by
2
15.12.2010
Report Title
Prepared by
1
Solid
D. Emre KAYA
Yesim ASTI
Gunal OZENIRLER
Form No: PJ-001/F02-R03
CONTENTS
Page
i
iii
iv
iv
v
Table of Contents
List of Appendices
List of Tables
List of Figures
Abbreviations
1
2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................... 1
LEGAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................. 4
2.1
National Legislation ........................................................................................... 4
2.2
International Criteria .......................................................................................... 5
3
PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................ 6
3.1
Aim of the Project .............................................................................................. 6
3.2
Characteristics of the Project ............................................................................. 6
3.3
Utilization of Natural Resources (Land and Water Utilization, Type of Energy
Utilized, etc.)................................................................................................................ 17
3.3.1 Land Use ..................................................................................................... 18
3.3.2 Water Utilization........................................................................................... 18
3.3.3 Energy Utilization ......................................................................................... 18
4
PROJECT SITE ...................................................................................................... 19
4.1
Geological Characteristics ............................................................................... 21
4.1.1 General Geology.......................................................................................... 21
4.1.2 Geological Characteristics of the Project Site and its Vicinity ....................... 23
4.1.3 Soil Survey .................................................................................................. 23
4.1.4 Earthquake Potential and Tectonic Properties ............................................. 24
4.2
Climatic Characteristics ................................................................................... 25
4.3
Water Resources ............................................................................................. 26
4.4
Soil Characteristics .......................................................................................... 26
4.5
Socio-Economic Characteristics ...................................................................... 27
4.5.1 Population Size and Growth Rate ................................................................ 27
4.5.2 Education..................................................................................................... 29
4.5.3 Industry and Commerce............................................................................... 29
4.6
Ecological Characteristics................................................................................ 30
4.6.1 Flora ............................................................................................................ 30
4.6.2 Fauna .......................................................................................................... 31
4.7
Protected Areas............................................................................................... 36
5
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ................................................................................ 37
5.1
Solid Wastes.................................................................................................... 37
5.1.1 Excavated Material ...................................................................................... 37
5.1.2 Special Types of Waste ............................................................................... 38
5.2
Liquid Wastes .................................................................................................. 39
5.3
Hazardous Waste ............................................................................................ 39
5.4
Waste Lubricant............................................................................................... 40
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report
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5.5
Air Emissions................................................................................................... 40
5.5.1 Gaseous Emissions ..................................................................................... 40
5.5.2 Dust Emissions ............................................................................................ 41
5.5.3 Odor ............................................................................................................ 42
5.6
Noise ............................................................................................................... 42
5.7
Traffic Safety ................................................................................................... 46
6
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES ....................................................................... 47
6.1
Alternative Sites............................................................................................... 47
6.1.1 Current Dump Site (Alternative 1) ................................................................ 47
6.1.2 Proposed Site in the Scope of Project (Alternative 2)................................... 48
6.2
Technology Alternatives................................................................................... 49
6.2.1 Landfill ......................................................................................................... 49
6.2.2 Composting.................................................................................................. 50
6.2.3 Incineration .................................................................................................. 51
6.3
Leachate Treatment Alternatives ..................................................................... 51
7
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................ 52
7.1
Purpose and Scope ......................................................................................... 52
7.2
Responsible Parties......................................................................................... 52
7.2.1 Waste Management Plan............................................................................. 53
7.2.2 Pollution Prevention Plan ............................................................................. 53
7.3
Mitigation Measures......................................................................................... 53
7.3.1 Construction Phase...................................................................................... 53
7.3.2 Operational Phase ....................................................................................... 54
7.4
Monitoring Plan................................................................................................ 57
7.5
Institutional Strengthening ............................................................................... 63
7.5.1 Equipment Purchase.................................................................................... 63
7.5.2 Training........................................................................................................ 63
7.5.3 Consultancy Services .................................................................................. 64
7.5.4 Public Relations ........................................................................................... 64
7.5.5 Special Studies ............................................................................................ 65
7.6
Institutional Arrangements ............................................................................... 65
7.7
Consultation with NGO’s and Project Affected Groups .................................... 66
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix-A Drawings
- General Layout
- Leachate Collection System
- Sealing System
Appendix -B Photos of the Project Site
Appendix -C Meteorological Data for Kayseri City Center
Appendix -D Information Related to PCM
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 3-1 Characteristics of the Project (Lot-1) ................................................................. 6
Table 3-2 Equipment for Landfill Operation ....................................................................... 7
Table 3-3 Leachate Flow and Characteristics.................................................................... 9
Table 3-4 Standards for Discharge of Effluent from Leachate Treatment Plant to KASKI
WWTP ..................................................................................................................... 10
Table 3-5 Assumptions for the Compost Plant ................................................................ 13
Table 4-1 Population Data for District Municipalities for 2009.......................................... 28
Table 4-2 Results of Population Projection for the Period Between 2000 and 2035 ........ 28
Table 4-3 Population Projection Data for Lot-1................................................................ 28
Table 4-4 Number of Households within KaMM .............................................................. 29
Table 4-5 Species Protected in Accordance with the Bern Convention ........................... 33
Table 5-1 Emission Factors and Amounts of Pollutants Emitted from Diesel Vehicles and
Related Limit Values ................................................................................................ 40
Table 5-2 Construction Machines and Relevant Sound Power Levels............................. 42
Table 5-3 Distribution of Noise with respect to Distance.................................................. 43
Table 5-4 Noise Limit Values for Construction Sites (Table 5 in Annex-VIII to RAMEN) .. 44
Table 5-5 List of Machines to be used in Operational Phase and Relevant Sound Power
Levels ...................................................................................................................... 45
Table 7-1 Possible Environmental Impacts of the Project and Relevant Mitigation
Measures ................................................................................................................. 55
Table 7-2 Limit Values for Dust ....................................................................................... 58
Table 7-3 Meteorological Parameters to be Monitored During Operation and Postoperation Phases of Kayseri SWL............................................................................ 59
Table 7-4 Monitoring Plan ............................................................................................... 60
Table 7-5 Task Distribution Related to the Construction Phase EMP Requirements ....... 66
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Figure 3-1 Process Flow Diagram of the Leachate Pre-treatment Plant .......................... 12
Figure 3-2 Typical Cross Section of Windrow Composting .............................................. 13
Figure 4-1 Location Map of the Project Site..................................................................... 20
Figure 4-2 Earthquake Map of Kayseri ............................................................................ 24
Figure 4-3 Active Fault Map of Turkey............................................................................. 25
Figure 4-4 Soil Map Showing the Project Site ................................................................. 27
Figure 4-5 Hormetci Marshland and the Project Site ....................................................... 36
Figure 5-1 Distribution of Noise with respect to Distance................................................. 44
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ABBREVIATIONS
ADNKS
BOD5
BoP
CH4
CO2
COD
dBA
DOKAY
EIA
EMP
H2
H2S
HSE
HWCR
KaMM
KASKI
MBR
METU-CEC
MoEF
MRF
NGO
NH3
O2
OG
OID
PCM
PPP
RCIAP
SCADA
SWM
TN
TURKAK
TURKSTAT
UN
WB
WMP
WWTP
Address-Based Population Registration System
5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Bank of Provinces
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Chemical Oxygen Demand
A-weighted decibel
DOKAY Engineering and Consultancy Ltd.
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Management Plan
Hydrogen
Hydrogen sulfide
Health, Safety and Environment
Hazardous Waste Control Regulation
Kayseri Metropololitan Municipality
Kayseri Water and Sewerage Administration
Membrane Biological Reactor
Middle East Technical University – Continuing Education Center
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
Material Recovery Facility
Non-governmental Organization
Ammonia
Oxygen
Official Gazette
Organized Industrial District
Public Consultation Meeting
Pollution Prevention Plan
Regulation on Control of Industrial Air Pollution
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System
Solid Waste Management
Total Nitrogen
Turkish Accreditation Agency
Turkish Statistical Institute
United Nations
World Bank
Waste Management Plan
Wastewater Treatment Plant
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1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality (KaMM) aims to realize the Kayseri Solid Waste
Management (SWM) Project for the collection and disposal of municipal solid waste
comprising (i) household solid waste, (ii) non-hazardous solid waste from commerce and
institutions, (iii) street, park and garden waste and (iv) construction and demolition waste,
generated within the borders of the KaMM, in Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill (SWL), in
compliance with both national and international standards.
A feasibility study was carried out for the Project as a requirement of Pre-accession
Financial Aid in the context of European Union-Turkey Financial Cooperation. Final
Feasibility Report was prepared in February 2010.
The Project comprises two lots in which municipal solid waste will be landfilled. Lot-1 in
the Project will be primarily constructed and operated. Necessary financial aid for Lot-1 is
planned to be supplied in the scope of “Municipal Services Additional Financing Project”
that is undertaken in the context of the credit agreement signed between the World Bank
(WB) and the Bank of Provinces (BoP). KaMM plans to construct Lot-2 by using its own
resources or loan from financial institutions before the operational period of Lot-1 ends.
Lot-2 is planned to serve until 2032.
The credit that will be supplied from WB will be used for (i) construction of Lot-1 of the
Kayseri SWL, (ii) purchase of the landfill operation equipment and (iii) establishment of a
pilot-scale compost plant.
Lot-1 of the proposed landfill covers an area of 12.96 ha. It will be in operation for eight
years between 2012 and 2020. The total amount of solid waste to be landfilled in Lot-1 is
2,653,121 ton.
Since the surface area of Lot-1 is larger than 10 ha and daily waste amount coming to the
landfill exceeds 100 ton (504,703 ton/year / 365 ton/year = 1,383 ton), the Kayseri SWL
(Lot-1) Project (Project) is considered to be in “Category A” in the context of the
Operational Policies (OP) 4.01 of WB. Therefore, an Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) Report according to the format given in OP 4.01 needs to be prepared for the
financial aid to be received from WB.
An EIA process was implemented for the Project at the Ministry of Environment and
Forestry (MoEF) in compliance with the EIA Regulation in Turkish Environmental
Legislation. MoEF approved the EIA Report on 29.11.2006.
As a requirement of WB’s financial support, this EIA Report was prepared in accordance
with the above mentioned OP as well as the requirements in Turkish environmental
legislation. In this regard, commitments made in the Turkish EIA report were taken into
consideration in the preparation of this report.
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This EIA defines the area where the Project Site is located and environmental and socioeconomic baseline data is provided for this area. It provides assessment of likely
environmental impacts that may be the result of Project activities as well as mitigation
measures to be taken so as to minimize these impacts. These mitigation measures and
the monitoring program, prepared for the assessment of the environmental performance
of the Project, are presented in the Environmental Management Plan. A summary of the
mitigation measures and monitoring plan is given in the following paragraphs.
Vegetal part of the excavated material stripped from the site will be separately stored in
order to be used in landscaping works at the final stage of the construction whereas nonvegetable part will be used as daily cover.
According to site observations and literature survey carried out for the Project Site and its
vicinity, there are no flora species protected under international conventions. As for the
protection of fauna species, a biologist will relocate the bird nests outside the Project Site
with the support of local university. The biologist will also supervise site preparation and
mobilization works in order to prevent fauna species inhabiting the site from being
harmed. Also, wire fences will prevent entry of fauna species into the site. Moreover,
protection of species determined as “Vulnerable (VU)” and “Near Threatened (NT)” by
IUCN, and those given in Bern Convention will be ensured by raising consciousness of
the construction staff through training campaigns.
As a result of quantitative assessment of dust and noise to be generated during
construction and operational phases, it has been determined that there will be no adverse
impacts of dust and noise on the people living in the nearest settlement, i.e. Bogazkopru
Village. Nevertheless, measures will be taken in order to reduce dust emissions. These
measures include careful handling of excavation material and watering of roads in dry and
windy weather conditions. Also there will be a limitation on truck speed (i.e. 30 km/h of
maximum speed) for unpaved roads. During construction phase there will be monthly dust
and noise measurements in Bogazkopru Village in order to monitor the actual impacts of
the project activities. Monitoring of noise will continue in the operational phase according
to complaints from the public in the nearest settlement. In addition to this, dust and odor
will be monitored by qualitative assessment which will be conducted through interviewing
local people.
As per the general waste management procedures to be followed during construction and
operational phases of the project, domestic solid wastes will be disposed of in the current
dump site until the landfill will be operational. In operational phase, solid wastes will be
disposed of in the landfill. Domestic wastewater will be collected in septic tanks to be
constructed at the site, and transferred to the KASKI WWTP, located close to the landfill
site whereas in operational phase, it will be sent to the leachate pretreatment plant
together with the leachate resulting from the landfill body. Effluent of leachate
pretreatment plant will be conveyed to the inlet of the KASKI WWTP for the final
treatment. Hazardous waste to be generated in both phases such as waste oil, empty
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paint boxes and used fluorescent lamps will be temporarily kept in storage areas
constructed with certain protection measures before they are given to licensed collectors.
In the operational phase and post-operation phase, specific parameters for a landfill
project will be monitored. These include leachate, leachate collection system, and
groundwater level and quality. These monitoring works mainly aims at detecting any
failure in leachate system and its subsequent impacts in groundwater. In addition to these,
meteorological parameters and topography and landfill body will also be monitored, and
monitoring results will be reported to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry as a
requirement of relevant legislation.
There will be barriers and warning signs around the construction site in order to prevent
entry of local people into the site. There will also be warning signs on the highway side in
order to warn drivers about trucks entering or leaving the site. Also, necessary measures,
i.e. installing fire hydrants and water tank will also be taken against fire in the Project Site.
As for the protection of cultural assets, the relevant museum directorate will be notified in
case any cultural and natural heritage is encountered during construction, and
construction works will be stopped subsequently.
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2
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The environmental standards that the Project will be subject to is determined considering
both national and international legislation, and given under respective titles.
2.1
National Legislation
Laws and regulations stipulating legal requirements for mitigation of environmental
impacts and health and safety implementations are listed below.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Environmental Law numbered 2872,
Law on Soil Protection and Land Use, numbered 5403,
Law on Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets, numbered 2863 (amended by law
numbered 5226),
Labor Law numbered 4857 and related regulations,
Regulation on General Principles of Waste Management (Official Gazette [OG]
dated 05.07.2008 and numbered 26927),
Regulation on Environmental Inspection (OG dated 21.11.2008 and numbered
27061)
Regulation on Water for Domestic Consumption (OG dated 17.02.2005 and
numbered 25730),
Water Pollution Control Regulation (OG dated 31.12.2004 and numbered 25687),
Water Pollution Control Regulation – Bylaw on Sampling and Analysis Methods (OG
dated 10.10.2009 and numbered 27372)
Hazardous Waste Control Regulation (OG dated 14.03.2005 and numbered 25755),
Waste Oil Control Regulation (OG dated 30.07.2008 and numbered 26952),
Regulation on Control of Waste Vegetal Oil (OG dated 19.04.2005 and numbered
25791),
Solid Waste Control Regulation (OG dated 14.03.1991 and numbered 20814),
Landfill Regulation (OG dated 26.03.2010 and numbered 27533)
Regulation on Control of Excavation Earth, Construction and Demolition Wastes
(OG dated 18.03.2004 and numbered 25406),
Packaging Waste Control Regulation (OG dated 24.06.2007 and numbered 26562),
Regulation on Control of Waste Batteries and Accumulators (OG dated 31.08.2004
and numbered 25569),
Medical Waste Control Regulation (OG dated 22.07.2005 and numbered 25883),
Regulation on Control of Worn-out Tyres (OG dated 25.11.2006 and numbered
26357),
Regulation on Control of Industrial Air Pollution (OG dated 03.07.2009 and
numbered 27277),
Regulation on Assessment and Management of Air Quality (OG dated 06.06.2008
Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise (OG dated
07.03.2008 and numbered 26809),
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•
•
•
2.2
Regulation on Protection and Utilization of Agricultural Areas (OG dated 22.07.2005
Soil Pollution Control Regulation (OG dated 31.05.2005 and numbered 25831),
Bylaw on Occupational Health and Safety (OG dated 11.01.1974 and numbered
14765).
International Criteria
Since the Project is financed with the credit supplied by the WB to the BoP, WB’s
environmental criteria will be considered.1 However, since it is obligatory to conduct a
project complying with Turkish Environmental Legislation, an EIA process in compliance
with the Turkish EIA Regulation was implemented, and MoEF approved the EIA Report on
29.11.2006. In addition to this, European Union (EU) Directives are taken into account in
determining mitigation measures and waste management practices. Relevant EU
directives are listed below.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Waste Framework Directive (91/271/EEC);
Landfill Directive (99/31/EC);
Hazardous Waste Directive (91/689/EEC);
Directive of Disposal of Waste Oils (75/439/EEC);
Directive for Transfer of Waste (259/93/EEC);
Directive for Incineration of Waste (2000/76/EC);
Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC);
Directive about disposal of waste oils (75/439/EEC);
Directive about batteries and accumulators that contains certain dangerous
substance (91/157EEC);
Directive for waste electrical and electronical equipment (2002/96/EC).
1
“Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook”, published by the WB in 1998, was considered in this respect. Items in
the Handbook supports protecting human health, reducing pollutant emissions, using cost-effective technologies, following
national and international legislation updates and the best engineering and environmental management implementations.
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3
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1
Aim of the Project
The aim of the Project is to construct and operate a landfill for disposing of solid waste
generated in five district municipalities (i.e. Melikgazi, Kocasinan, Talas, Hacilar and
Incesu) within the borders of KaMM. Municipal solid waste comprising (i) household solid
waste, (ii) non-hazardous solid waste from commerce and institutions, (iii) street, park and
garden waste and (iv) construction and demolition waste will be landfilled.
A sanitary landfill is necessary for Kayseri city since it is expected to eliminate the
following adverse environmental impacts of the present dump site:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Soil pollution due to leachate infiltration,
Surface water and groundwater pollution,
Insect vector problems,
Fertility loss in agricultural lands in the vicinity due to waste spreading with the
wind and dump site gas,
Risk of fire and explosion of dump site gas,
Air pollution due to uncontrolled fires in the dump site,
Odor problems,
Visual impacts,
Economic loss due to disposal of recyclable materials,
Slope stability problems.
A tender process for the rehabilitation of the current dump site has been implemented. A
private company will carry out the rehabilitation of the dump site.
3.2
Characteristics of the Project
Lot-1 of the Kayseri SWL covers an area of 12.96 ha, and it will be in operation for eight
years from 2012 to 2020. Amount of municipal solid waste to be landfilled is expected as
504,703 ton for 2012, namely the beginning year of the Project.
Detailed information about the Project is given under respective titles below
(see Table 3-1). General Layout of the Kayseri SWL is presented in Appendix-A.
Table 3-1 Characteristics of the Project (Lot-1)
Parameters
Unit
Value
Operation Period
year
2012-2020
m
2
129,593
Lot Volume
m
3
3,242,704
Waste generation as of the year 2012
ton/year
504,703
Waste generation as of the year 2020
ton/year
586,794
Initial population to be served (2012)
person
980,100
Surface Area of Lot-1
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Parameters
Unit
Value
Final Population to be served (2020)
person
1,102,202
Compost Plant
Capacity
tons/year
5,000
Daily input
ton (m3)/day
14 (47)
Composting period
day
42
Volume reduction through composting
%
50
Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010.
The following units will be constructed within the boundaries of the landfill area:
•
•
Sanitary landfill comprising Lot-1,
Pilot composting plant,
•
•
•
•
•
Reception area,
Weighbridge,
Administration and Staff Building,
Parking Area,
Auxiliary Units Area,
•
•
Wheel Cleaning Unit,
Material Sorting Facility – to be used for sorting dry recyclabes,
Workshop and Warehouse,
Leachate Pre-treatment Plant,
In addition to these, there will be a hazardous waste temporary storage area to be used
only for hazardous generated during project activities (see Section 5.3).
Landfill Equipment
The following equipment given in Table 3-2 will be used in the operation phase of the
landfill.
Table 3-2 Equipment for Landfill Operation
Equipment
Capacity / Specification
Refuse Compactor
40-60 tons
Bulldozer
> 20 tons
Wheel Loader
3,5 m3-bucket
Pick-up
4 wheel-drive
Truck with hoist system
20 m3
Water Truck
8 tons
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Landfill Gas Management
Landfill gas, mainly composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), will be formed
in the landfill. Compression of gas in the landfill may result in serious explosions of waste.
In order to prevent such explosions, vertical gas collection system will be used in the
proposed Project. The system shall comprise gas collection wells located in a manner that
the effective radius of each well shall be 30 m. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) gas
pipes with diameter of 100-200 mm shall be used for this purpose. The pipes shall have
perforation or slot area of 15% [1].
The gas collected by the risers (vertical collection wells) shall be conveyed, via a network
of HDPE headers placed in the final capping layers, to the flares. Besides flare stack to be
installed in the landfill in order to eliminate the risk of explosion of landfill gas, an internal
combustion gas engine will be installed as well. The installed capacity of the gas engine
will be 300 KW, and it can generate 62,200 MWh/year of electricity at peak. At the
beginning, it will be operated for 8-9 hours a day [1].
According to financial analyzes carried out in order to decide whether just flaring the
biogas or producing electricity using biogas, electricity generation option has been
preferred. However it has been decided to invest in the energy production part of the gas
utilization unit (a gas engine and a generator) only later when enough landfill gas is
produced to make it profitable. In the first years of the landfill, the working hours of the
generator would begin with approximately 8-9 hours, and then according to the gas
coming it would increase up to 24 hours. [1].
Daily Cover
In order to reduce the risk of fire, wind littering, odor, vector breeding and dust hazards in
the landfill, working surface of waste will be covered with a soil layer called “daily cover” at
the end of each working day. Amount of soil to be used in daily cover will be about 10% of
the waste volume. Suitable quality of excavated material can be used as daily cover
material [1].
Excess excavation material will be disposed in the current wild dump site. Moreover, in
case suitable excavation material to be obtained from any construction works in Kayseri
will also be used as daily cover.
Sterilization of Medical Waste
Collection, transportation and sterilization of medical waste generated in Kayseri city
center is carried out in compliance with the Medical Waste Control Regulation. Two
collection trucks, specifically licensed by Turkish Standards Institution, are being operated
by four personnel, specifically trained on collection of medical waste. Waste collected is
sent to a licensed sterilization facility operated by a private company [1].
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The sterilization plant includes an autoclave (NYIR CLAVE -1000 / Hungary). It has 5000
kg/day capacity, Installation and operational training was completed on January 1,2008,
Operational licenses were obtained on July 7, 2008. Since that date the sterilization plant
has been working with average daily load of 3500-4000 kg. The operational team is
composed of six personnel that can work in three shifts for 24 hours [1]. Medical waste
sterilized at this plant will be disposed of in the landfill.
In order to test efficiency of sterilization process in compliance with the Medical Waste
Control Regulation, samples are taken from the plant and analyzed in the laboratory of
Erciyes University in Kayseri before disposal of sterilized waste every week. In addition to
this, the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry in Kayseri send samples of
sterilized waste to Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency in six-month intervals.
Biological indicator analysis is carried out in testing efficiency of sterilization process.
Leachate Pre-Treatment Plant
Membrane Biological Reactor (MBR) process will be used in the leachate treatment plant.
Average inflow to the treatment plant is calculated as 85 m3/day. Total leachate flows in
the year 2012 and 2019 are anticipated as 29,448 m3/year and 19,628 m3/year,
respectively [1]. In the leachate treatment plant, domestic wastewater to be generated in
the operational phase as well as the wastewater resulting from tyre washing, which will
have very low flowrates as compared to leachate, will also be treated.
Leachate collection system and details of sealing system are presented in Appendix-A.
Leachate flow and characteristics are given in Table 3-3.
Table 3-3 Leachate Flow and Characteristics
Parameter
Average Flowrate
Unit
3
m /day
3
Value
85
Maximum Flowrate
m /day
100
5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
mg/l
<20,000
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
mg/l
<30,000
Ammonia
mg/l
<1,500
Total Phosphorus
mg/l
<30,000
Leachate Equalisation Pond
Due to its complex chemical composition, and seasonal and shorter-term fluctuations of
its flow and quality, an equalisation pond should be used before any treatment option is
applied. The equalization tanks balance the flow rate fluctuation, pH and temperature [1].
The volume of the leachate pond is chosen as minimum 6,600 m3 excluding 0,3 m as
freeboard. The sealing of the pond shall be ensured both with clay and HDPE membrane
[1].
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When necessary, leachate shall be sucked via septic trucks to spray or discharge through
the landfill body (recycling) in order to balance the biological activity and moisture level in
the waste body [1].
Leachate Treatment Plant
MBR shall be used for pre-treatment of leachate water. After ensuring the relevant
discharge standards given in Table 25 of the Water Pollution Control Regulation (see
Table 3-4) effluent shall be discharged to KASKI WWTP [1].
Table 3-4 Standards for Discharge of Effluent from Leachate Treatment Plant to KASKI WWTP
Parameter
Unit
Discharge to the Sewerage System
that is ended with final treatment
facilities
COD
mg/L
4000
Suspended Solids
mg/L
500
Oil and Grease
mg/L
250
pH
-
6.5-10
This process introduces both biological and membrane processes together. The system
comprises the following treatment units [1]:
- Drum screen
- Denitrification / Nitrification Tank
- MBR
- Aerobic Reactor - Complete mix activated sludge reactor tank
- Return and Excess Sludge Pumping Station
- Sludge Dewatering Unit
Leachate Pumping Sump
The leachate shall be lifted by pumps that allow gravity flow through the complete plant.
The pumps shall be submersible type. Monitoring of the station shall be done via
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system; one spare pump shall be
available. Main technical characteristics of the system are given as follows [1].
Number of pumps
: 1+1
Type
: submersible
Capacity of each pump
: 5 m3/h
Drum Screen
It is assumed that collected leachate will not be composed of larger elements. Therefore
only a rotary drum screen is considered in the design to protect the membrane system.
The screening size of the screen shall be as follows [1]:
Screen size
: 1mm (AISI 304 SS)
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Nitrification / Denitrification Tank
Water firstly flows to anoxic zone for denitrification process. Then an aerated tank shall be
used for nitrification. In the denitrification tank, a mixer shall be used to keep the
suspended solids in suspension. For nitrification, the presence of free air is needed and
the zones are equipped with an aeration system. As aeration system a blower shall supply
air through the rubber diffusers. Chemical may be added to adjust the acid/base balance.
Main technical characteristics of the system are given as follows [1].
Number of denitrification tanks
: min. 2
Volume
: min. 340 m3
Number of nitrification tanks
: min. 2
Volume
: min. 560 m3
Aeration type
: Blower + diffuser
Membrane Biological Process Tank
Membrane Biological Process Tank shall consists of a membrane case and a diffuser
case which incorporates multiple membrane cartridges and diffuser pipes inside. A blower
shall supply air through these diffusers into the membranes. The blowers for aeration shall
be located adjacent to the nitrification tank and MBR tank in insulated shelters to protect
the equipment against weather and prevent overheating. The blowers shall operate
alternating. The blowers shall operate fully automatically based on a preset oxygen value
via the SCADA system. Required instrumentation like oxygen, pressure transmitters and
flowmeters shall be used for the monitoring and the control of the process. Main technical
characteristics of the system are given as follows [1].
Sludge age
: >35 days
Number of MBR tanks
: min. 2
Volume
: min. 56 m3
Aeration type
: Blower + diffuser
Number of blowers
: 2+1 units
Capacity of each blower
: 158 m3air/h
Return and Excess Sludge Pumping Station
The pumps for return sludge shall be dry/wet mounted submersible pumps and placed in
the sludge pump sump. The pumps shall be of the centrifugal type and be rated for raw
wastewater. Main technical characteristics of the system are given as follows [1].
Number of return sludge pumps
: 1+1 units
Capacity of each return sludge pump
: 9 m3/h
Number of excess sludge pumps
: 1+1 units
Capacity of each excess sludge pump
: 4.5 m3/h
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Sludge Decanters
Sludge shall be thickened and dewatered in centrifugal decanters. Dewatered sludge shall
be sent to Landfill for final disposal. Main technical characteristics of the system are given
as follows [1].
Number of sludge beds
: 1 unit
Capacity
: 2 m3 / hr
Operation time
: 24 hours
SCADA System
The plant shall be equipped with a control and SCADA system to control the main
equipment and effective operation of the treatment plant. The main functions of the
leachate treatment plant shall be controlled, regulated and monitored by means of a
PLC/SCADA system. For this reason, relevant equipment, machinery and instrumentation
shall be connected to main PLC, SCADA system shall include the required hardware and
software for effective storing and reporting of the data [1].
Process flow diagram of the leachate pre-treatment plant is given in Figure 3-1.
Figure 3-1 Process Flow Diagram of the Leachate Pre-treatment Plant
Pilot Composting Plant
The pilot composting plant shall be designed to treat 5,000 tonnes of organic waste per
year. The daily input is calculated as 14 tonnes/day or 47 m3/day [1].
The design assumptions used in the proposed composting plant are described in
Table 3-5.
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Table 3-5 Assumptions for the Compost Plant
Criteria
Assumed Values
Density of waste
300 kg/m3
Density of coarse materials
150kg/m3
Density of compost
600 kg/m3
Composting period
42 day
Maturing period
1 month
Reduction in volume
50%
Reject
10%
Windrow size:
Foot 6 m, top 1 m
and height 2,5 m
The composting plant shall include different areas for different activities as described in
the following sections.
Reception Area
The reception area should provide sufficient space for at least 4 days of accumulated
unshredded waste to accommodate maintenance service of the shredder. The quantity of
waste waiting for shredding will be maximum 190 m3, which requires an area of at least
150 m2[1].
Shredder Area
An area will be needed for the shredder and the conveyor belts to allow manoeuvring of a
front-loader. The shredder and conveyors require at least 50 m2. Adding the manoeuvring
area for the front-loader, the total area for the shredder shall be at least 100 m2 [1].
Windrow Area
Space will be needed for windrow composting for 3 months. The total quantity of
composting organic waste will be 4,200 m3. The windrow contains 8,75 m3 materials per
running meter, which implies a total length of windrows of approx 60 m. The windrows will
be 6 m wide, thus the needed area for windrows is approx. 2,900 m2. For turning of
windrows and manoeuvring 30 % should be added which means that the total area for the
windrows should be at least 3,900 m2 [1]. A typical cross-section is illustrated in
Figure 3-2.
Figure 3-2 Typical Cross Section of Windrow Composting
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Maturing Area
An area will be needed for storage of composted waste for 2 months. When the compost
is moved from the windrows to the maturing area, it looses approx. 50% in volume. A 2month maturing period thus requires space for storage of 2,100 m3. The material may be
stacked in higher piles (3-4 m), which implies that a storage area of approx. 500 m2 will be
sufficient [1].
Screening Area
An area will also be needed for the screen and the included conveyors to allow
manoeuvring of a front-loader. The needed area will be approximately the same as for the
shredder, i.e. 100 m2 [1].
Storage Area
The storage area should provide sufficient space for at least 1 month of produced
compost. In the screen 10% (of the input) will be reject, which has to be transported to the
landfill. The storage capacity shall be at least 1,150 m3, which corresponds to an area of
approx. 300 m2. The reject may be collected in a maxi container for transport to the landfill
[1].
General Technical Specifications
The reception area shall be paved, and along two sides a 1,5 m high concrete wall shall
be constructed. The design of the pavement shall allow for heavy traffic and for selection
of materials. A drainage system should be designed for collection of leachate from the
stored waste and rain water. A system of taps for water supply to the windrow watering
system should be included in the design of the area [1].
The size of the individual areas as calculated above is a minimum requirement. There will
be a lot of traffic on the areas, and there will be a need for a garage and storage of
equipment. Therefore at least 25 - 30% should be added on top of the total area, which
makes the total need up to 5.500 m2. It is assumed that office, sanitary facilities etc. will be
shared with those at the landfill [1].
Full Scale Composting Plant
Full scale composting will start in 2015. Depending on the supply of electromechanical
equipment, its construction will be completed within six months to one year. Design
capacity of the full scale composting plant is 150,000 tonnes/year. Depending on the
condition of the composting equipment, the composting plant may be used after 2032,
which is the year in which operation of Lot-2 ends.
Material Recovery Facility (MRF)
The MRF will be constructed to sort-out recyclables from the source separated dry waste
stream, collected from households via dual collection system, in year 2015. It is presumed
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that, the facility will operate 300 days per year with two shifts in a day. Polyethylene bags
will be used to collect and transport the dry mixed household waste to the MRF [1].
The plant will perform sorting on the main target fractions:
• Paper
• Cardboard
• Plastic
• Glass
• Metal
These main fractions can be refined by additional manual sorting. Since each of these
fractions inhere different quality materials, manual sorting can yield to special value items
[1].
For instance, plastic bottles can be categorized with different colours (white, green etc.) or
materials and be sorted accordingly. Likewise, glass can be sorted into two fractions
depending on the form; whole bottles/jars and broken glass as well as on the colour; white
and coloured. Each of these fractions has a special value in the market [1].
There will be a number of technologies implemented during the mechanical and manual
sorting of wastes. The technologies used on a production line are described below [1]:
• Drum screen equipped with knifes inside and 75 - 100 mm wholes
• Magnetic separation - for ferrous metals
• Hand picking conveyor belt
• Air classification
Advantages
• The degree of recycling will
increase as the quality of
waste materials entering the
treatment facilities will be
higher.
• Implementation of MRF will
normally result in better
operating conditions in the
following treatment process as
the quality of the pre-treated
materials/ fractions are higher
compare to the collected
standard.
• The sales prices of pre-treated
waste materials are normally
higher compared to nontreated materials.
Disadvantages
• A
MRF
represents
an
investment which may not be
paid fully back in reduced
operating costs related to the
handling system.
• Sorting of waste in centrally
located facilities may cause
increased impact risks to the
staff
regarding
working
environment
compared
to
source segregation. This is
especially the case for Impacts
that include e.g. exposition to
aerosols, dust etc. Precautions
must be taken to minimise
these
risks
resulting
in
additional investments.
• Increased number of staff due
to the working conditions.
Protection clothes and air
supply required.
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Technology
Dry MRF
Technological
Maturity
Mature technology
applied in different
forms for centuries.
A
very
large
number of plants
are in operation
worldwide.
Effect on Waste
Stream
Will result in a
diversion
of
recyclables and
improvement of
the
recyclables
quality.
Emissions
to
Environment
Dust,
wastewater,
noise
Footprint design of MRF for Dry Mixed Waste
Approximately 180 tonnes of mixed dry waste will be delivered daily to the facility in 2015
and this amount will increase to 350 tonnes in 2032. The recovery facility, designed for the
processing of mixed dry waste, will be composed of six main sections [1]:
• Reception area
• Pre-treatment area
• Hand sorting area
• Mechanical sorting area
• Baling area
• Storage area
Reception Area
Initial control of the received mixed waste will be completed in the reception area. This
area will serve as a place where unloading of the incoming materials are carried out. In
this area accepted materials will be coarse sorted on the floor. As a result of this
operation, all unwanted large items will be eliminated. It is assumed that 5% of the
incoming materials will be sorted out as unwanted items [1].
The remaining mixed materials will be fed to the conveyor, transferring the materials to the
rip and sorting drums. Reception area should have an area of approx. 2,000m2, in order to
fulfil the storage requirements for at least three days of delivery [1].
Rip and sorting drum
So as to rip up the incoming plastic bags, two parallel drums equipped with knives inside,
will be used. These drums will function also as a screen which sort out stones, organic
matter, broken glass etc. with a mesh size of 75–100 mm. In this part of the facility, it is
assumed that 10% of the incoming materials will be sorted out as unwanted items,
Including hoppers and conveyors [1].
Magnetic separator
Magnetic separators will be installed on top of the conveyors which will transport the
materials coming out from the drums to the hand sorting conveyor. It is anticipated that
40% of total metal content will successfully caught by the help of these apparatus [1].
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Hand Sorting Area
A hand sorting area is designed to segregate clean cardboard, glass metal and hard
plastic. Approximately 350 tonnes of materials will be hand sorted per shift [1].
Considering that each staff member at the hand sorting conveyor will be able to sort out
1.5–2.0 tonnes of recyclables per shift, it is evident that sorting area must have a space
for sorting staff up to 12 persons. The area will be constructed in two levels. The conveyor
will be placed 2.0–2.5 m above the floor level. The segregated and out sorted recyclable
materials will be collected in containers, specific to the type of recyclable. These
containers will be handled by the help of a fork-lift truck, which will then be used to
transport the containers to the storage area [1].
Mechanical (Air Classifier) Sorting Area
After hand sorting activity remained materials will be sent to an air classifier unit, where
paper and plastic folio is sorted out. Together with the rejects of reception area, rejects of
this part of the facility will be transported to the landfill site in maxi containers having a
volume of 30 m3 [1].
Storage Area Bulky
A storage area is designed to store each sorted recyclables separately at dedicated parts
according to the type of material [1].
Baling Area
There will be a front end loader, which transports the recyclables from bulky storage area
to the baling equipment. The baling equipment will operate to bale all out sorted materials
separately. This machinery will have a capacity of 45–50 tonnes per hour [1].
Storage Area Bales
Fork-lift trucks will be used for handling purposes and the baled materials will be stored in
an area.
Rehabilitation
After Lot-1 is closed to operation, final cover will be implemented in compliance with the
relevant Turkish legislation and EU directive (99/31/EC). Vegetal top soil will be laid over
the final cover, and landscaping works including vegetation will be carried out.
Considering similar landfill projects undertaken in the world, it is observed that surface of
landfills can be used for recreational purposes. Similarly, Kayseri SWL can also be used
as football pitch, garden etc.
3.3
Utilization of Natural Resources (Land and Water Utilization, Type of Energy
Utilized, etc.)
Information about land use within the scope of the Project is presented under respective
subtitles below.
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3.3.1
Land Use
As mentioned in the previous sections, the Lot-1 in the landfill will cover 129,593 m2 of
area. The landfill area belongs to the Treasury. A part of 410,366.43 m2 of the total
415,346.42-m2 area belonging to the Treasury has been decided to be used as landfill
area. Lot-2 will also be constructed in this area. Allocation of this area to the KaMM was
approved by the Ministry of Finance with its official letter dated July 1, 2006 and
numbered 676.
As can be seen from satellite images and photographs of the site (see Appendix-B), the
area is not regularly used by any purpose such as agriculture, settlement, forest etc.
3.3.2
Water Utilization
In construction phase, there will be water consumption by workers and for construction
works (i.e. concrete preparation).
There will be approximately 30 workers in the construction phase. Assuming water
consumption is 150 L/capita-day, water consumption of workers will be 30 workers x 150
L/capita-day = 4,500 L/day = 4.5 m3/day. Water consumption for construction works is
estimated as 10 m3/day. Hence, total water consumption in the construction phase will be
14.5 m3/day.
In the operational phase there will be water consumption due to workers potable water
demand, cleaning purposes, tyre cleaning and water for composting.
Water demand of 20 workers to be employed for the landfill operation will be 20 workers x
150 L/capita-day 3000 L/day = 3 m3/day.
There is a utility water line reaching to KASKI WWTP. A water line will be constructed
from KASKI WWTP to landfill site. Hence, water demand in the construction and
operational phases of the Project will be supplied from the utility water.
3.3.3
Energy Utilization
Energy to be needed for heating and illumination purposes in both phases of the project
will be supplied from the present electricity network. An electricity line will be established
between the network and the project site. Besides, the electricity to be generated from
biogas in later stages will also be used in the facility.
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4
PROJECT SITE
The proposed Kayseri SWL is located near Navruzluk within the borders of Bogazkopru
Village in Kocasinan District. The landfill is 15 km to the northwest from the Kayseri city
center, within the borders of KaMM. Location map of the Project Site is given in
Figure 4-1.
As can be seen from the location map, Kayseri SWL is located approximately 1 km to the
northeast from Kayseri Water and Sewerage Administration (KASKI) Wastewater
Treatment Plant (WWTP), and it is at the north of the neighboring Northern
Circumferential Highway. Kayseri-Ankara Highway, which is connected to the
circumferential road, runs 1,3 km to the southeast of the proposed SWL. Karasu Creek,
where the treated effluent from KASKI WWTP is discharged, flows in the southwest. The
nearest settlement to the Project Site is Bogazkopru Village, which is about 2 km to the
south.
As it was mentioned before, the landfill area is the property of the Treasury. Allocation of
this site to the KaMM to be used as landfill was approved by the Ministry of Finance, with
the Ministry’s official letter dated July 1, 2006 and numbered 676.
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Figure 4-1 Location Map of the Project Site
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4.1
4.1.1
Geological Characteristics
General Geology
Neogene-aged formations exist in the Project Site and its vicinity. Sedimentation and
volcanism have taken place at the same era. A number of small chimneys due to volcanic
activity of Erciyes Mountain of the Kayseri Basin can be seen around.
Erciyes Mountain, which is inactive now, was active approximately 5-6 million years ago
(Pliocene Age), and the intrusion took place 1900 years ago. Meanwhile, volcanic debris
of 300 m high (i.e. tuff, lava, pyroclasts etc.) accumulated and they have spread out on an
area of approximately 15,000 km2 in the Middle Anatolia.
Volcanic activity at Erciyes Mountain has started with eruption of the pyroclasts consisting
of random layered tuffite ignimbrite (riolithic tuff with glassy flow) incorporated with 400 m
thick sediments. This was first followed by a basaltic lava flow, then a long lasting and
main andesitic lava eruption forming a central cone and surrounding secondary cones,
and at last a basaltic flow with high aluminum content.
Eruption of the riolithic vitfor (glassy acid lava) slag and young pyroclasts are the last
stage of the volcanic activities.
Geological formations in the region were defined in the technical report entitled “Geology
and Natural Resources of the Kayseri Region” prepared by General Directorate of Mineral
Research and Exploration. Detailed information on these formations is as follows [2]:
Yemliha Formation (Tmy)
The formation was composed of Meso Myocene old pyroclastic lava and their derivatives,
namely sedimentary rocks. It is mainly consisted of agglomerates.
Prevailing rock of the tuff, pumice tuff and volcanic breccia containing pyroclastic
agglomerate formation is agglomerates. They are mostly andesitic and dasitic and basaltic
at some locations. They are not layered, and have a block appearence. They are dark
green and dark brown embedded in beige tuff parent material. Tuff is beige colored,
weakly attached and pumice fragmented at some locations. They are generally andesitic.
They are not layered and, have a block appearence. Rare volcanic breccias have a block
appearance, and are grey.
Basalt, andesite and dasite form the lava of the formation. Basalts are dark, and have
gray or black color with characteristics of olivine basalt. Andesites and dasites are gray to
pinky gray. They can be usually found at the central parts of the formation.
Sedimentary rocks developed from intrusive formations are pebblestones and
sandstones. They contain agglomera, tuff and lava units. Pebblestone – sandstones are
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red, reddish brown, parallel and diagonal layered, weakly graded, well attached, and
mostly cornered.
Yemliha Formation overlies Hobek Formation. Egerci Formation randomly overlaps it. The
age of the formation is Early Miocene [2].
Pekmezlik Basalt (Tpip)
This formation is composed Early Miocene basalts. It is black with hard flowing structure,
columnar joints, and is often with gas pores. Vertical sets are its main morphological
features. It is of olivine basalt from the point of petrography.
The ophiolites of Pekmezlik Basalt discordantly overlie Egerci Formation. Pumice tuffs
overlap them. The age is Early Pliocene [2].
Incesu Ignimbrite (Plei)
The formation is gray, dark gray, black and pink, massive, strongly welded ignimbrite. It is
concordant on Gubu Tuff at the study area underlying Çatakdere Tuff. Its thickness is
varies between 30 cm and 10 m. Its age is Late Pliocene [2].
Basakpinar Tuff ( Qpeçb)
It is a yellow, white, gray, pink, brown formation often containing volcanic pumice material
at some locations and to a level of pumice containing tuff at the other regions. It is well
fitted on Veliaba Ignimbrite at the study area overlied by the well fitted Alakusak
Ignimbrits. Its age is Early Pleistocene [2].
Topakkaya Lava Flow (Qpet)
Gray to black, usually blocky, weathered lava flow form this formation. Petrographically,
they are called basaltic andesit. Topakkaya Lava overlies Koçdag Volcanites, Alakusak
Ignimbrites and Basakpinar Tuff [2].
Fluvial Sediments (Qal)
Fluvial sediments cover sand, gravel and mud sediments developed by the stream
activities at water courses and plains. They are loose and unconsolidated. It is clearly
deduced from the defined units that study area and its vicinity are wholly formed from the
volcanic bodies.
Some of regional volcanics and Neogene sediments have gained a curly and fractured
structure under the influence of the Alpine Orogenesis [2].
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4.1.2
Geological Characteristics of the Project Site and its Vicinity
The Project Site and adjacent formations are all derived from the intrusive bodies.
Yemliha Formation (Tmy), which has been defined above at “General Geology” section, is
often outcropped at the surface in the study area.
Yemliha Formation has been developed related to Erciyes Volcanism. It is completely
composed of agglomerates. Tuff and ignimbrite cement this formation, which is generally
composed of gravels and blocks of basalt and andesite. Basalt blocks outcrop in patches.
When examined macroscopically, basalt and andesite blocks are omnidirectionally
fissured [2].
4.1.3
Soil Survey
Soil survey in the Project Site was carried out by Atol Muhendislik in 2006, and the results
are summarized as follows:
•
•
The Project Site is within the boundaries of Yemliha Formation. This
formation is agglomerate derived from volcanic activities. The upper layers
are coarse blocky containing various volcanic fragments ranging from silt to
sand and gravel in size. Underlying basalt and andesite blocks (agglomera)
cemented with tuff are continuous with random outcropping at the surface.
Four constitutive and three research wells were drilled within the context of
geotechnical survey. Experimental results are given as follows:
Safe carrying capacity of the ground
Ground group
Local ground classification
Spectrum coefficients
Effective ground acceleration
Strcture importance coefficient
•
•
•
•
2,5 kg/cm2
B
Z-2
Ta=0,15
0.2
1
Unit continuities and geological structure of the study area were obtained
with four 125-m geophysical measurements.
Permeability of the ground material was found to vary between 8.02x10-5 –
9.92x10-5. It was observed that 0.5 – 2.0-m thick, poorly graded sandy, silty,
gravel layer covered the surface and fissured rock massives underlying
them. Permeability of the surface layer is not suitable to construct a landfill
on it without taking any actions. Underlying rock (agglomerate) layer was not
found suitable from the point of permeability due to its cracks as well.
No active massive movement has been detected in the study area during the
field surveys. The declination of the area varies between 10-20%.
Any ground water has not been found during the field studies in the area until
a depth of 125 m. Nevertheless, geophysical studies revealed the continuity
of the agglomerate body. It is considered that groundwater can be drawn
from this unit which may present aquifer characteristics [2].
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As can be seen from the results of geotechnical surveys carried out at the project site, soil
is not suitable for landfill due to its permeability, which is higher than desired. In addition,
groundwater is not present at a depth of 125 m, which is the depth of survey wells.
However, since the site is close to bed of Karasu Creek (see Figure 4-1) groundwater is
likely to be present at downhill locations close to the creek bed. Therefore, additional clay
layer either in the form of natural or geosynthetic clay is necessary in order to provide
sufficient permeability, and protect groundwater reserve which may be present at depths
more than 125 m.
4.1.4
Earthquake Potential and Tectonic Properties
Project Site lies within 3rd degree earthquake zone according to the Earthquake Map of
Turkey. The Earthquake Map of Kayseri Province and the Active Fault Map of Turkey
showing the Project Site is given in Figure 4-2 and 4-3, respectively. As it is seen from the
Earthquake Map of Kayseri, the landfill area is located in an earthquake band with
moderate risk. Therefore, there is a very low risk destructive earthquake to take place in
the region. As for the previous earthquake records for the region, the most severe
earthquake took place in 1940 near Ecemis-Develi depression with a magnitude of 6.2
according to the Richter Scale [3]. This earthquake area lies from the southern part of
Kayseri Province to Nigde, neighbor of Kayseri in the southwest.
Kayseri SWL
Figure 4-2 Earthquake Map of Kayseri
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Kayseri SWL
Scale: 1/2.000.000 – Source: www.mta.gov.tr
Figure 4-3 Active Fault Map of Turkey
Final design of the structures to be constructed in the Project Site shall be compliant with
the provisions of the Regulation on Structures to be Constructed in Earthquake Areas.
4.2
Climatic Characteristics
Winters are cold and snowy in Kayseri Province whereas summers are hot and dry, and
terrestrial climate prevails in the province. However, climate conditions in the province
differ from location to location. In this regard, the climate is milder in areas with low
elevation, and the weather is getting harsher in higher locations2.
In this Section, data recorded in Kayseri Meteorological Station between 1975 and 2005
were evaluated. Kayseri Meteorological Station is the nearest station to the Project Site,
and best reflects the region climate characteristics.
According to this meteorological data, annual maximum, minimum and the average
temperatures are respectively, 40.7°C, -28.4°C and 10.4°C. The hottest month of the year
is July (approximately 22.4ºC), and the coldest month is January (approximately -1.8ºC).
The average precipitation is 394.7 mm in the region. Most precipitation is observed in
spring. Annual average number of days with snow is 34.4.
According to Long-term Meteorogical Data, the average annual wind speed is 1.8 m/s.
According to measurements for several years, dominant wind direction is south.
2
This information was retrieved from the official website of Kayseri Province Governorship (www.kayseri.gov.tr).
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The detailed meteorological information about the Project Site and its vicinity is given in
Appendix C.
4.3
Water Resources
There is no surface water (lake, pond etc.) in the proposed Kayseri SWL area. There is
Karasu Creek flowing 1 km to the south of the site, at a downhill location (see Figure 4-1).
Karasu Creek which joins Ambar Creek (Sarimsakli Creek), flowing from east to west, and
Vanvanli Creek, flowing from south to north, is flowing from southeast to northwest in
Bogazkopru area. Ambar Creek where various domestic wastewater is disposed of joins
Kizilirmak after it is been treated in KASKI WWTP, located 1 km to the south east of the
Project Site. Pre-treated Leachate formed in the Kayseri SWL and domestic wastewater
generated by the workers, who will work during operation, will be treated in KASKI
WWTP, and discharged into Karasu Creek.
4.4
Soil Characteristics
Kayseri SWL area has land use capability of Class VII. In this regard, it has the property of
pastureland, and possesses high risk of erosion. Therefore, the site is not suitable for
agriculture. The soil properties of Project Site are shown in Figure 4-12.
Brown soil is present in the Project Site. This type of soil is generally observed in
transition areas between areas where Taurus and Middle Anatolia climates prevail. brown
soil comprises alluvial brown soil layers, and formed over Neogen-aged, unconsolidated
sedimentary lime. Low and medium slopes are observed in hilly areas with brown soil.
These slopes are short, and crossed by plain areas. Grassland is the dominant vegetation
type observed in areas with brown soil [2]. However, except for step slopes and hills
between plain regions and mountainous areas, this vegetation has been harmed, and
opened to dry agriculture. There is no forest cover in the proposed Project Site.
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Kayseri SWL
Reference: Kayseri Province Soil Assets (original Turkish title: Kayseri Ili Arazi Varligi), General Directorate of Rural Affairs
(“Koy Hizmetleri Genel Mudurlugu”).
Figure 4-4 Soil Map Showing the Project Site
4.5
4.5.1
Socio-Economic Characteristics
Population Size and Growth Rate
The population of Turkey has increased five times since 1927 whereas that of Kayseri has
increased four times, and it reached 1,060,432 in the year 2000. Turkish Statistical
Institute (TURKSTAT) has been implementing the Address-Based Population Registration
System (ADNKS) since 2007, and population of Kayseri in 2009 according to ADNKS is
1,205,872.
Population data for the closest villages, Bogazkopru and Molu villages, as well as district
municipalities for the year 2009 is given in Table 4-1.
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Table 4-1 Population Data for District Municipalities for 2009
Settlement
Urban Population
Rural Population
Total
Bogazkopru Village
-
115
115
Molu Village
-
300
300
Kocasinan District
352,096
14,580
366,676
Melikgazi District
449,001
3,989
452,990
Hacilar District
11,652
946
12,598
Incesu District
17,669
4,680
22,349
Talas District
81,566
6,259
87,825
Total
911,984
30,454
942,438
Population size and growth rate are the two important parameters used in the design of
Kayseri SWL. Therefore, a population projection was carried out in the context of the
feasibility study conducted for the Project. In this regard, population projections carried
according several methods were compared, and Population Projection by United Nations
(UN) Method was adopted in determining the capacity of the landfill. Population growth
rates determined for the period between the years 2000 and 2035 according to UN
method are presented in Table 4-2.
Table 4-2 Results of Population Projection for the Period Between 2000 and 2035
Year
Annual Growth Rate of Urban
Population
Annual Growth Rate of Rural
Population
2000-2005
2.13
-0.13
2005-2010
1.95
-0.24
2010-2015
1.73
-0.42
2015-2020
1.51
-0.6
2020-2025
1.31
-0.76
2025-2030
1.11
-0.93
2030-2035
0.95
-1.09
Reference: Kayseri Solid Waste Management Project Feasibility Report, 2010.
The population projection results for the determination of the population that will be served
by Lot-1 according to UN method are presented in Table 4-3.
Table 4-3 Population Projection Data for Lot-1
Year
Urban Population
Rural Population
Total
2012
949,538
30,562
980,100
2013
965,965
30,434
996,399
2014
982,676
30,306
1,012,982
2015
997,514
30,124
1,027,639
2016
1,012,577
29,943
1,042,520
2017
1,027,867
29,764
1,057,630
2018
1,043,387
29,585
1,072,973
2019
1,059,143
29,408
1,088,550
2020
1,073,017
29,184
1,102,202
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Average Household Size
According to population data of the year 2000, average household size is 4.43, 4.28 and
5,29 for district municipalities, the metropolitan municipality and for rural areas,
respectively.
Total number of households is 260,000 in the entire province. Of this total, a number of
125,000 households are located within the borders of the metropolitan municipality.
General housing type in Kayseri is multi-storey buildings. Number of households within
the KaMM is given in Table 4-4.
Table 4-4 Number of Households within KaMM
KaMM
Number of Households in KaMM
Kocasinan
65,185
Melikgazi
60,312
Hacilar
3929
Talas
8662
Incesu
2120
19 first-degree municipalities
11,000
Total
151,208
Reference: Population Census Results for the Year 2000, TURKSTAT
4.5.2
Education
Schooling rates for pre-school, primary school and secondary school are 30,63%,
98.44%, and 66.52%, respectively, in Kayseri Province. Literacy rate in Kayseri is
94.57%3.
There are also vocational schools for various branches as well as primary and secondary
schools. The number of vocational schools in the city center and other districts is 7 and 8,
respectively, thus the total number of vocational schools in the province is 15. In this
vocational schools there are education programs in 177 different branches including
welding and diesinking3. It is considered that industrial development in Kayseri is
important in such a development in vocational education in Kayseri. There is also the
Erciyes University in Kayseri.
4.5.3
Industry and Commerce
It is known that the income from industry in Kayseri Province is much higher than the
income from agricultural activities unlike the other provinces in Middle Anatolia Region.
Industry practices started in 1920 with the public investments in industry sector. This
development is supported by erection of an energy power plant in the province and by the
construction of railways and highways3.
3
This information was retrieved from the official website of Kayseri Province Governorship (www.kayseri.gov.tr).
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These investments led other investments in private and public sector in 1950s in the
province. Public sector investments increased in these years, and new facilities such as
food, machinery and textile plants were erected3.
Establishment of Kayseri Organized Industrial District (OID) and the supply of government
encouragement in industry accelerated the development of industry in the province.
Nowadays, there are 728 facilities which manufacture furniture, textiles, food and
machinery products in Kayseri OID, which is located within the borders of KaMM.
There are 15,300 members registered to Kayseri Chamber of Commerce, and these
member are active in 30 different sectors such as construction materials, grain and food
sectors.
4.6
Ecological Characteristics
A study in vegetation period was conducted by DOKAY to assess current flora and fauna
structure in the Project Site and in its vicinity for the proposed Project.
4.6.1
Flora
The Project Site lies in Iran-Turan (Irano-Turanien) fitogeographic region. Most of the
region where the Project Site is located is an industrial development and settlement area.
As a result of this, biotopes and habitats have been harmed, and suitable areas where
natural flora and fauna species can survive have decreased. However, natural structure in
the Project Site and areas to the north has not been harmed since there are not serious
anthropogenic factors in these areas (see Figure 4-1).
Besides, during these studies species that are likely to be observed at the site due to their
biotope characteristics were also examined in addition to present species in the site.
Endemic species and habitats protected in compliance with Turkish Environmental
Legislation and international agreements such as Bern, Ramsar, Biological Diversity and
CITES, to which Turkey is a party, are also considered in this survey.
The forest in the region comprises black pine, ground cedar as well as white willow and
populus.
The vegetation types observed in the Project Site and in its vicinity during studies are
wayside vegetation and steppe.
Wayside Vegetation
The flora species observed on the wayside are widespread, and are not endangered.
These types of species are given below:
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Dandelion (Cichorium intybus), Rest Horrow (Ononis spinoza), Milk Thistle (Eryngium
campestre), Artedia squamata, Torilis arvensis, Pisipis grass (Bromus cappadocicus), B.
tectorum, Galium Fissurense (Galium verum), G. caranatum, Poa (Poa pratense), P.
bulbosa, Trefoil (Medicago radiata), Acrid Lettuce (Lactuca serriola), Festuca seed
(Festuca valesiaca), Couch grass (Dactylis glomerata), Cirsium vulgare, Agropyron
intermedium, White clover (Trifolium pratense), T. campestre, Aruncus (Tragopogon
latifolius ssp. angustifolius), Arnica (Anthemis tinctoria), Dock (Rumex crispus), Plantago
lanceolata, Cinquefoil (Potentilla reptans), Gum-plant (Euphorbia macroclada), Greek
clover (Melilotus officinale), Grasspea (Lathyrus aphaca var. biflorus), Leontodon hispidus
var. hispidus, Lepidium perfoliatum, Sisymbrium altissimum.
Steppe
This type of vegetation observed in the Project Site and its vicinity is widespread in Middle
Anatolia Plateu in areas with elevation below 1200 m. This vegetation usually consists of
herbaceous species and partially low hedge species. It was observed that anthropogenic
factors affected this vegetation. The flora species observed in steppe vegetation are
widespread, not endangered with an average height of 45 cm and 70% coverage. Mostly
encountered species are given as follows:
Festuca Grass (Festuca valesiaca), Alyssum murale, Ferulago pauciradiata, milk vetch
(Astragalus microcephalus), Arnica (Anthemis tinctoria), A. cretica, Stipa arabica, Gumplant (Euphorbia macroclada), Leontodon hispidus var. hispidus, Milk Thistle (Eryngium
campestre), Onosma bougaei, Cinque foil (Potentilla recta), white clover (Trifolium
arvense), T. campestre, Tanacetum armenum, Caucalis platycarpos, Scabiosa argentea,
Korunga (Onobrychis armena), Kadintuzlugu (Berberis crateagina), Common sage (Salvia
crypthanta), Cornflower(Centaurea virgata), klammath weed (Hypericum hyssopifolium
ssp. elongatum), Silene vulgaris), Poa (Poa bulbosa).
4.6.2
Fauna
The fauna elements in the Project Site were determined according to field surveys,
literature data and the information obtained from local people. The major types of fauna
are the taxons which are widespread in cultivated areas and near settlement areas.
Amphibians
Marsh frog (Rana ridibunda) and Bufo viridis living in aquatic and semi-aquatic
environments can reproduce in Karasu Creek, 1 km away from the Project Site.
Therefore, these species can be encountered in the landfill area and in its vicinity.
Reptiles
Of the 10 reptile species that are present or likely to be found in the Project Site and its
vicinity are turtle, lizard (four different species) and snake (five different species).
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Birds
Project Site and its vicinity provide suitable habitats for singing birds (Passeriformes). The
bird species observed in Project Site are widespread and not endangered.
Mammals
Diversity and population density of mammal species are low in the Project Site and its
vicinity since these areas have been affected by anthropogenic factors.
Species that might be observed in the Project Site and its vicinity are Porcupine
(Erinaceus concolor), Rock Rat (Apodemus mystacinus), Mus (Mus musculus), ground
squirrel (Citellus xanthaphrymnus), Veasel (Mustela nivalis), Rabbit (Lepus europaeus),
Fox (Vulpes vulpes), Wolf (Canis lupus).
Interaction with wild life is possible since there are preserved habitats in the Project Site
and in areas to the north of the Project Site. Small mammals can be frequently observed
in the Project Site since there are agricultural fields in the vicinity. Also, carnivore
mammals are observed to live in the landfill area and its vicinity.
Flora and Fauna Species protected in accordance with National Legislation
and International Agreements
Middle Anatolia is one of the sensitive areas in Turkey in terms of endemic plants.
However, no endemic species were observed during field surveys since there are few
natural habitats, and anthropogenic vegetation is dominant in the Project Site and its
vicinity. Besides, there are no plant species protected in accordance with CITES and Bern
Convention.
All amphibians and reptiles living in Project Site and its vicinity are protected in
accordance with the Bern Convention.
All species excluding Larus argentatus (lesser black-backed gull), Garrullus glandarius
(Alakarga), Pica pica (Magpie), Corvus monedula (Jackdaw), Corvus frugilegus (Rook),
Corvus corone (Carrion Crow), Corvus corax (Ravene) ve Passer domesticus (English
Sparrow) are protected by Bern Convention. Table 4-5 presents the list of species of
amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals that are likely to be observed in Project Site and
in its vicinity, and protected in accordance with the Bern Convention. Protection status of
species according to the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
is also given.
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Table 4-5 Species Protected in Accordance with the Bern Convention and Their Protection Status According to
IUCN Red List
Species
IUCN
Related Annex of Bern Convention
Rana ridibunda
LC
Annex III
Bufo viridis
LC
Annex II
Testuda graeca
VU
Annex III
Laudakia ruderata
NE
Annex III
Hemidactylus turcicus
LC
Annex III
Ophisops elegans
NE
Annex III
Mabuya aurata
LC
Annex III
Thyplops vernicularis
NE
Annex III
Coluber najadum
LC
Annex II
Coluber ravergieri
NE
Annex III
Eirenis modestus
LC
Annex III
Elaphe quatuorlineata
NT
Annex II
Ciconia ciconia
LC
Annex II
Buteo buteo
LC
Annex II
Falco tinnunculus
LC
Annex II
Falco subbuteo
LC
Annex II
Columba livia
LC
Annex II
Columba palumbus
LC
Annex II
Athena noctua
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
LC
Annex II
Apus apus
LC
Annex II
Upupo epops
LC
Annex II
Galerida cristata
LC
Annex II
Alauda arvensis
LC
Annex II
Melanocorypha calandra
LC
Annex II
Hirundo rustica
LC
Annex II
Delichon urbica
LC
Annex II
Anthus campsetris
LC
Annex II
Motacilla alba
LC
Annex III
Erithacus rubecula
LC
Annex II
Phoenicurus phoenicurus
LC
Annex II
Saxicola rubetra
LC
Annex II
Oenanthe oenanthe
LC
Annex II
Turdus merula
LC
Annex II
Sylvia communis
LC
Annex II
Sylvia atricapilla
LC
Annex III
Muscicapa striata
LC
Annex II
Lanius collurio
LC
Annex II
Lanius minor
LC
Annex II
Pica pica
LC
-
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Species
IUCN
Related Annex of Bern Convention
Corvus monedula
LC
-
Corvus frugilegus
LC
-
Corvus corone cornix
LC
-
Corvus corax
LC
Annex III
Sturnus vulgaris
LC
-
Passer domesticus
LC
-
Fringilla coelebs
LC
Annex III
Carduelis chloris
LC
-
Carduelis carduelis
LC
Annex II
Curduelis cannabina
LC
-
Emberiza hortulana
LC
Annex II
Emberiza melanocephala
LC
Annex II
Emberiza calandra
NE
Annex III
Erinaceus concolor
LC
-
Crocidura leucodon
LC
Lepus europeus
LC
-
Citellus citellus
NE
-
Arvicola terrestris
NE
Rattus rattus
LC
-
Mus musculus
LC
-
Apodemus mystanicus
LC
Canis lupus
LC
-
Vulpes vulpes
LC
-
Mustela nivalis
LC
Mammalia
VULNERABLE (VU)
NEAR THREATENED (NT)
Reference: Kayseri SWL EIA Report, 2006.
Annex III
LEAST CONCERN (LC)
NOT EVALUATED (NE)
Relevant articles of Bern Convention to be complied in the context of the Project are given
below.
Article 5
Each Contracting Party shall take appropriate and necessary legislative and
administrative measures to ensure the special protection of the wild flora species specified
in Appendix I. Deliberate picking, collecting, cutting or uprooting of such plants shall be
prohibited. Each Contracting Party shall, as appropriate, prohibit the possession or sale of
these species.
Article 6
Each Contracting Party shall take appropriate and necessary legislative and
administrative measures to ensure the special protection of the wild fauna species
specified in Annex II. The following will in particular be prohibited for these species:
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a. all forms of deliberate capture and keeping and deliberate killing;
b. the deliberate damage to or destruction of breeding or resting sites;
c. the deliberate disturbance of wild fauna, particularly during the period of breeding,
rearing and hibernation, insofar as disturbance would be significant in relation to
the objectives of this Convention;
d. the deliberate destruction or taking of eggs from the wild or keeping these eggs
even if empty;
e. the possession of and internal trade in these animals, alive or dead, including
stuffed animals and any readily recognisable part or derivative thereof, where this
would contribute to the effectiveness of the provisions of this article.
Article 7
1. Each Contracting Party shall take appropriate and necessary legislative and
administrative measures to ensure the protection of the wild fauna species
specified in Appendix III.
2. Any exploitation of wild fauna specified in Appendix III shall be regulated in order
to keep the populations out of danger, taking into account the requirements of
Article 2.
3. Measures to be taken shall include:
a. closed seasons and/or other procedures regulating the exploitation;
b. the temporary or local prohibition of exploitation, as appropriate, in order to
restore satisfactory population levels;
c. the regulation as appropriate of sale, keeping for sale, transport for sale or
offering for sale of live and dead wild animals.
Considering the species that are likely to be found in the Project Site and its vicinity and
that are listed in Annex-II of Bern Convention, feeding, reproduction and resting areas for
the amphibian species are near the creek bed, i.e. Karasu Creek which is away from the
Project Site. Moreover, the reptilian species also prefer area near water bodies.
Therefore, they are also mostly present near Karasu Creek where they reach water easily
rather than the Project Site. Bird species may prefer areas close to agricultural fields for
building their nests, e.g. the ones near Project Site. Since they feed on insects which they
can mostly find in agricultural fields, they will easily find alternative areas for feeding in the
vicinity other than the Project Site. Therefore, it is not expected that any protected animal
cannot survive due to Project activities.
Among the species that may be observed in the landfill site, turtle (Testuda graeca) and
yellow snake (Elaphe quatuorlineata) are categorized as vulnerable and near threatened,
respectively, in the “IUCN 2002-List of Globally Threatened Species”.
Fauna species which are free to be hunted in compliance with certain rules are
determined according to the Decisions of Central Hunting Commission. These decisions
are made by public institutions authorized for protection of nature, and revised annually.
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According to these decisions published for the hunting season 2009-2010, there are no
fauna species, which are forbidden to be hunted, in the vicinity of the Project Site.
As a measure of protection of fauna species, a biologist will relocate the bird nests outside
the Project Site with the support of local university. The biologist will also supervise site
preparation (leveling etc.) and mobilization works in order to prevent fauna species
inhabiting the site from being harmed. Also, wire fences will prevent entry of fauna species
into the site. Moreover, protection of species determined as “Vulnerable (VU)” and “Near
Threatened (NT)” by IUCN, and those given in Bern Convention will be ensured by raising
consciousness of the construction staff through training campaigns.
4.7
Protected Areas
Hormetci Marshland (in Turkish: “Hormetci Sazligi”) is located approximately 5.5 km to the
southwest of the proposed site. It is the only protected area near the Project Site (see
Figure 4-5). Hormetci Marshland was designated as a Wetland of International Importance
in 2004 by MoEF.
According to the Regulation on Protection of Wetlands (OG dated 17.05.2005 and
numbered 25818), MoEF prohibits construction of landfills in the “buffer zones” of
wetlands. According to this regulation, buffer zone of this marshland ends at a distance of
2500 m from the boundaries of the marshland. Therefore, the project site, which is about
5.5 km away from the marshland, is outside the buffer zone of the marshland.
Kayseri SWL
Reference: Geographical Information System of MoEF (gis.cevreorman.gov.tr).
Figure 4-5 Hormetci Marshland and the Project Site
According to observations made at the Project Site there are no cultural assets on the
surface. Also, there are no registered cultural and natural assets according to information
obtained from Environmental Status Report prepared by Kayseri Provincial Directorate of
Environment and Forestry in 2008 and from the official website of Ministry of Culture and
Tourism.
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5
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
In this section of the EIA Report, possible environmental impacts that will result from
activities to be carried out during construction and operational phase of the Project are
assessed. Main sources of these impacts are solid and liquid wastes as well as noise and
dust emissions. Magnitude of these impacts on such receiving elements of the
environment such as air, water and soil are explained under respective subtitles, along
with the mitigation measures that are required to be taken in order to minimize these
impacts.
Assessing the possible environmental impacts of the Project, the EIA Report that was
prepared for the Project by DOKAY, and approved by the MoEF in 2006 is extensively
benefited.
5.1
Solid Wastes
Solid waste that may be generated during construction and operational phases comprises
the domestic solid waste from workers, packaging waste and excavation material from
construction works.
Number of workers will be 30 and 20 in the construction and operational phases,
respectively. According to feasibility study carried out for the Project, daily solid waste
generation in 2009 is 1.17 kg/capita. Therefore, amount of solid waste to be generated in
the construction and operational phases of the Project will be 35 kg/day and 24 kg/day,
respectively.
Solid waste to be generated in the construction phase will be disposed of in the current
dump site. Solid waste to be generated in the operational phase will be disposed of in the
landfill.
Waste packages of large piece of equipment as well as packaging waste (e.g. boxes and
bags containing workers’ foods) that may be generated by the workers will be transported
to packaging waste recovery facilities, licensed by the MoEF in compliance with the
Packaging Waste Control Regulation (OG dated 24.06.2007 and numbered 26562).
MRF is planned to be in operation by the year 2015. After MRF is put in operation,
packaging waste will be processed in it, and unrecovered packaging waste will be
disposed of in the landfill.
5.1.1
Excavated Material
Vegetal top soil will be stripped prior to excavation works. Since there will be huge amount
of vegetal soil to be stripped from the site, most suitable part of the vegetal soil will be
stored in an appropriate part of the site with slope less than 5%, to be used in landscaping
works. Maximum height of piles will be 1.5 m. Top of the piles will be grassed. Vegetal soil
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will be stored separately from other excavation earth. Remaining part of the soil will be
immediately used on sides of the roads in the site and other suitable places.
Excavated material will be generated during site preparation and excavation works in
Lot-1. Excavated material will be piled in a suitable part of the site, and it will be primarily
used as daily cover during landfill operation.
5.1.2
Special Types of Waste
In this section, provisions about special types of solid waste, for which specific waste
management principals are stipulated in respective regulations.
Waste Batteries and Accumulators
Waste batteries and accumulators will be generated after used batteries and
accumulators of communication devices, electronic equipment and accumulators of
vehicles and construction machines are changed. These waste batteries and
accumulators will be collected and given to the institutions authorized for recycle and
disposal of these wastes in compliance with the Regulation on Control of Waste Batteries
and Accumulators (OG 31.08.2004 and dated 25569). In this regard, the Association of
Producers and Importers of Mobile Batteries (TAP) is the only authorized institution to
collect waste batteries. Sufficient number of special collection boxes for waste batteries
will be obtained from TAP, and located in appropriate locations in the facility. When boxes
are filled, batteries will be sent to TAP free of charge.
Medical Waste
According to Article 91 of the Occupational Health and Safety Bylaw relating to measures
that shall be taken against accidents in workplaces, there shall be doctor and infirmary in
workplaces with 50 or more workers.
Since the number of workers to be employed during construction and operational phases
are less than 50, it is not obligatory to establish infirmary and hiring a doctor. In case of
accidents and injuries during Project activities, health institutions in Kayseri city center will
be used. Hence, no medical waste will be generated in the Project Site.
Worn-out Tyres
In case worn-out tyres of vehicles and construction machines are changed in the Project
Site, these tyres will be given to collectors licensed by the MoEF in compliance with the
Regulation on Control of Worn-out Tyres (OG dated 25.11.2006 and numbered 26357).
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5.2
Liquid Wastes
As it is mentioned in Section 3.3.2, water demand in the construction and operational
phases of the Project will be 4.5 m3/day and 3 m3/day, respectively. Assuming that water
used will be completely converted into wastewater, amount of wastewater will be equal to
the amount used. Domestic wastewater that will be generated during construction and
operational phases will be collected in leak-proof septic tanks in compliance with the
Water Pollution Control Regulation (OG dated 31.12.2004 and numbered 25687). When
the septic tank is filled up, it will be evacuated by a sewage truck. Sewage truck will
discharge the wastewater to the inlet of KASKI WWTP.
In the operational phase, wastewater will be generated due to water used by operation
staff, leachate formed in the landfill body and tyre washing. Leachate flow is predicted as
85 m3/day.
Wastewater to be generated during operational phase will be treated in the leachate pretreatment, and then discharged to the inlet of the KASKI WWTP for final treatment. It will
then be discharged into Karadere Creek together with the treated effluents of the KASKI
WWTP.
5.3
Hazardous Waste
Main types of hazardous waste to be generated in the construction and operational
phases of the Project are oil and air filters, which are changed during maintenance, of
construction and operation machinery (e.g. bulldozer, campactor etc.), waste fabrics used
in maintenance and empty paint and lubricant boxes. Besides these, there may also be
hazardous waste resulting from fluorescent lamps and wasted printer cartridges.
Hazardous waste to be generated within the Project Site during construction and
operation activities will be collected in temporary hazardous waste storage area, which is
surrounded by wire fences, bottom-sealed, and protected from precipitation, in compliance
with the Hazardous Waste Control Regulation (HWCR) (OG dated 14.03.2005 and
numbered 25755). In the context of Waste Management Plan (see Section 7.2.1), workers
will put hazardous waste material in the storage area. Hazardous waste shall not be
stored for more than 180 days. Stored hazardous waste shall be given to firms licensed by
MoEF for collection of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste collected from the Project Site
shall be transferred to licensed intermediate storage areas, and then to hazardous waste
landfills or incineration plants for final disposal.
Sludge produced in the leachate pre-treatment plant shall be analyzed according to
Annex-11/A to HWCR, in which criteria for waste to be landfilled in solid waste landfills are
given. Treatment sludge shall then be sent to KASKI WWTP for further processing and
disposal in the landfill if it is non-hazardous or given to licensed collectors of hazardous
waste if it is hazardous.
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5.4
Waste Lubricant
Construction machines, trucks and cars are the sources of waste lubricant in construction
and operational phases. Repair and maintenance of all the vehicles will be carried out in
authorized services outside the Project Site. Lubricant of construction machinery will be
changed at the Project Site by the personnel of authorized service.
Waste lubricant resulting from maintenance works shall be given to firms licensed by the
MoEF for collection of waste lubricant in compliance with the Waste Lubricant Control
Regulation (OG dated 30.07.2008 and dated 26952). Waste lubricant collected by
licensed firms shall be transferred to licensed waste lubricant recovery plants.
5.5
5.5.1
Air Emissions
Gaseous Emissions
It is anticipated that a boiler with thermal power less than 1 MW will be used for heating of
administrative building. The boiler will be operated, and its emissions will be monitored
through periodical measurements in compliance with the Regulation on Control of Air
Pollution due to Heating (OG dated 13.01.2005 and numbered 25699).
Besides from heating, there will be air emissions due to exhaust gas of vehicles and
construction and operation machinery. Hourly fuel consumption rate of vehicles and
machinery is anticipated as 50 L, and mass flow rate of pollutants are calculated
accordingly. In these calculations, density of diesel is assumed to be 0.8654 kg/L4.
Emission factors and emission amounts for pollutants emitted from diesel vehicles are
given in Table 5-1 along with the related limit values.
Table 5-1 Emission Factors and Amounts of Pollutants Emitted from Diesel Vehicles and Related Limit Values
Pollutant
Emission Factor*
(kg/ton)
Emission Amount
(kg/hour)
Limit Value**
(kg/hour)
Carbon monoxide
9.7
0.420
50.000
Nitrogen oxides
36
1.558
4.000
Sulfur oxides
6.5
0.281
6.000
Dust
18
0.779
1.500
* Reference: Muezzinoglu, A.,”Principles of Air Pollution and Control” (original Turkish title: ‘Hava Kirliliginin ve Kontrolunun
Esaslari’, Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Yayinlari, 1987.
** Reference: Table 2-1 in Annex-2 to the Regulation on Control of Industrial Air Pollution (RCIAP) (OG dated 03.07.2009
and numbered 27277)
As it is seen from Table 5-1, air emissions to result from construction machinery are below
the limit values given in Table 2-1 of Annex-2 to RCIAP. Therefore, emissions from
vehicles are not expected to cause an adverse impact on the ambient air quality.
4
TMMOB Kimya Muhendisleri Odasi Yayinlari, 1991
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Exhaust emissions of construction machinery and vehicles will be controlled through
regular maintenance. In this respect, provisions of the Circular on Exhaust Gases of Motor
Vehicles (OG dated 30.12.2004 and numbered 2004/13) shall be complied with.
5.5.2
Dust Emissions
The construction activities that may generate dust are listed below.
•
•
•
•
Transport on unpaved roads,
Excavation works in Lot-1, building foundations and roads,
Transport, utilization and storage of construction materials and
Transport of excavated material.
Dust emissions from construction activities are calculated assuming dust emission factor
of 9.9 gr/m2/day for semi-dry areas. This factor has been calculated based on a formula
given by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) considering
various construction sites. The formula below has been used to calculate dust emission
rates in construction sites:



g  day  
Area (m 2 )
Dust Emission = 9.9 2 x
x

30day 
m  8hour  
excavation duration x
1month 

Considering the worst-case scenario, it is assumed that all the dust emissions will be
generated at the same point. Dust emissions that may result during construction works
are calculated and given below.
It is anticipated that excavation and construction works for Lot-1 will be carried out in a 13ha area. Duration of construction is envisaged as 12 months, and dust emission
calculations are carried out below.


g  day   130000 m 2 ) 
Dust Emission = 9.9 2 x
 x
 = 893.75 g/hour = 0,89 kg/hour
30day 
m  8hour  
6 month x
1month 

Dust emission resulting from construction activities is calculated as 0.89 kg/hour. This is
below the limit value of 1.0 kg/hour, beyond which air quality modeling study shall be
necessary according to Annex-2 to RCIAP. Therefore, an air quality modeling study was
not carried out to determine suspended and settleable dust concentrations. Hence, it is
expected that Bogazkopru Village will not be adversely affected from dust emissions due
to construction works.
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Excavated material will be temporarily stored in a suitable part of the Project Site in order
to be used as daily cover material in the operational phase. Since it will be transported
only in a small distance in the Project Site rather than outside the site, dust emission due
to transportation will be negligible.
Dust emissions due to excavation works may result in following impacts to the
surrounding biological and physical environment.
•
•
•
•
Impacts on flora by inhibiting photosynthesis,
Disturbance on the terrestrial fauna,
Respiratory illnesses,
Increasing turbidity in surface water.
Impacts due to dust emission will be minimized through implementation of the following
measures:
•
•
•
•
5.5.3
In order to prevent or minimize dust formation at soil piles or similar spots, soil
piles shall be watered in dry weather for dampening.
30 km/hour speed limit shall be set on non-paved roads.
Roads shall be water-sprayed to prevent dust formation,
Covering of trucks with canvas.
Odor
There will be odor formation during disposal of solid waste in the landfill. Since dominant
wind direction is south, the closest residential area, Bogazkopru Village, may be affected
by odor. Daily cover will be applied on the compacted waste at the end of each working
day, and hence, people living in this village are not expected to be adversely affected by
the odor formed in the landfill.
5.6
Noise
List of machines that will be used in construction and relevant sound power levels are
given in Table 5-2.
Table 5-2 Construction Machines and Relevant Sound Power Levels
Machines
Count
Sound Power Level (Lw), dBA
Truck
5
85
Wheel Loader
2
110
Compactor
1
110
Excavator
1
105
Bulldozer
1
120
Calculations are carried out assuming all the machines and equipment will be working at
the same point. Therefore, actual noise level will be much lower than that is determined. It
is not possible to provide information about exact places of the construction machines.
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Equivalent level of noise resulting from all sources is calculated using formula (1) given
below (METU-CEC, 2007). In this formula, it is assumed that all the noise sources are at
the same level.
n
Leq = 10 × log ∑ 10
Li
10
………………………………… (1)
i =1
In this formula;
n = Number of noise sources,
Li = Sound power level of each source (dBA),
Leq = Total equivalent noise level.
85
110
110
105
120
Leq = 10 × log 5 x10 10 + 2 x10 10 + 1x10 10 + 1x10 10 + 1x10 10 


= 121.3 dBA
For construction phase, equivalent noise level at the source is calculated as 121.3 dBA.
Sound power level (Lp) at a specific distance can be calculated by using the formula (2)
below.
 Q 
L P = Leq + 10 × log
 …………………………………....(2)
2
 4.π .r 
Lp
Q
R
: Sound power (i.e. noise) level (dBA)
: Constant selected considering the roughness of topography (Q=2)
: Distance (m)
Atmospheric absorption may decrease the sound power level further since all the activities
will be at the outdoor. Nonetheless, atmospheric absorption is excluded from calculations
in order to consider the worst case scenario. Noise level with respect to distance was
calculated by using the formula given above, and calculation results are given in Table 5-3
and Figure 5-1.
Table 5-3 Distribution of Noise with respect to Distance
r (m)
LW (dB)
0
121.30
10
93.32
50
79.34
100
73.32
200
67.30
300
63.78
400
61.28
500
59.34
600
57.76
700
56.42
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r (m)
LW (dB)
800
55.26
900
54.23
1000
53.32
1500
49.80
2000
47.30
2500
45.36
3000
43.78
3500
42.44
Note: Frequency interval of construction machines is between 500-4000 Hz. Therefore, sound power level at each point is
very close to noise level.
140
Sound Power Level (dBA)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Distance (m)
Figure 5-1 Distribution of Noise with respect to Distance
Noise limit values for construction sites are stipulated in Article 23 of the Regulation on
Control of Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise (RAMEN) (OG dated
07.03.2008 and numbered 26809). These limit values are given in Table 5-4.
Table 5-4 Noise Limit Values for Construction Sites (Table 5 in Annex-VIII to RAMEN)
Activity (Construction, Demolition and Repair)
Ldaytime (dBA)
Building
70
Road
75
Other Sources
70
According to Article 23 of RAMEN, level of noise due to construction activities shall be
below the limit value of 70 dBA (Table 5 of RAMEN) at such sensitive receptors as school,
hospital and houses. The closest sensitive receptor to the construction site is Bogazkopru
Village, which is approximately 2,000 m away, and expected noise level at this settlement
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is 47.3 dBA (see Table 5-3). Therefore, this settlement is not expected to be adversely
affected from the noise created by construction activities.
Moreover, as it is explained above, actual noise level to be felt at Bogazkopru will be
much lower than 47.3 dBA, which is calculated assuming machines to be working at the
same point and excluding the atmospheric absorption. In order to keep noise levels at the
minimum, regular maintenance of construction machines shall be performed.
List of machines that will be used in landfill operation and relevant sound power levels are
given in Table 5-5.
Table 5-5 List of Machines to be used in Operational Phase and Relevant Sound Power Levels
Machines
Count
Sound Power Level (Lw), dBA
Refuse Compactor
1
115
Bulldozer
1
120
Wheel Loader
1
115
Pick-up
1
85
Truck with hoist system
1
85
Water Truck
1
85
Using the formula (1) above, equivalent sound power level of machines is calculated as
122.1 dBA. Using formula (2), the level of noise to be expected at Bogazkopru, the closest
sensitive receptor, is calculated as 48.1 dBA.
The limit values that may be applicable for the level of noise to be generated in the
operational phase is given in Table-4 of Annex-VIII to RAMEN. This table presents limit
values of noise for daytime, evening and nighttime near houses, which are considered as
sensitive receptors. The operational phase noise level calculated above is lower than the
most stringent limit value, i.e. 50 dBA for nighttime noise level, given in RAMEN. Hence,
no adverse impact is expected due to level of noise to be formed at Bogazkopru.
Regular maintenance of machines used for landfill operation shall be performed in order
to control level of noise at sensitive receptors.
Moreover, additional mitigation measures in accordance with RAMEN will be taken for
noise generating activities. These measures are given as follows:
-
-
Construction activities will be conducted during daytime (07:00 – 19:00). If
construction needs to be continued during evening and nighttime, the
corresponding limit values of 65 and 60 dBA will be satisfied;
Duration of the construction will be announced to public;
Public will be notified about any specific activity that may generate high level of
noise during construction will be conducted.
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5.7
Traffic Safety
The trucks that will be used in the construction phase for transportation of excavated
material and construction materials will use the Northern Circumferential Highway to
access to landfill area. Therefore, warning signs will be placed on the highway in order to
minimize accident risk on the highway. Such warning signs will be employed in the
operational phase as well in order to warn drivers on the highway about waste trucks
entering or leaving the site.
Although daily cover will be laid over waste after each working day, birds may accumulate
at the site for feeding in the operation phase of the Project. This may pose risk on traffic
safety in the highway. In order to minimize this risk, long trees will be planted on the
highway side.
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6
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES
6.1
Alternative Sites
Current Dump Site (Alternative 1)
6.1.1
Current dump site is 15 km to the northwest of the center of Kayseri. The site is in the
region between Catalarkac Hill, 4 km away from Molu Village and Karakaya Hill. The
motorway to the dump site is asphalted and in good condition.
A bulldozer compresses the wastes carried to the dump site after spilling and spreading.
The debris and domestic wastes are thrown to the disposal site together. The wastes are
not covered with soil and clay.
The current dump site has been used over ten years by KaMM. The first alternative
evaluated was construction of a proper landfill in this site. The positive features of the site
according to the investigations are given as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
The place of the site is suitable for landfilling,
The motorway transition of the site is suitable,
There is no risk of groundwater contamination,
The distance between the site and settlements is compliant with the relevant
legislation,
Dominant wind direction is suitable,
Sufficient space exists for capacity increase in the future.
The negative features of the site observed are given as follows :
•
•
•
No leachate collection system,
No gas collection system,
Wastes are not covered with impermeable material,
•
•
•
•
•
•
Debris is dumped with domestic wastes,
Suitable firefighting precautions are not taken,
No weighbridge,
No security guards to prevent access of unauthorized people to the site,
No precautions for insects and vectors,
The existent wire fence around the site is not enough to prevent entrance to
the site,
No protective equipment for the workers,
Electricity and water demands are not met.
•
•
KaMM considered the location and geological advantages stated above, and suggested
the present dump site (the size of the site is 48 hectares and only 9 hectare of it is used
as dump site) in the scope of the European Union Frame Project.
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However, the municipality cannot put forward any document related to the land ownership
of the site. Cadastre operation in the region is in progress. The owner of the site could not
be determined yet. Therefore, the site has been excluded from the project content.
Proposed Site in the Scope of Project (Alternative 2)
6.1.2
The municipality searched an alternative site because of the land ownership problem of
the current dump site. Technical, logistic and environmental factors used to determine the
proposed disposal site are listed below:
•
•
Distance between settlements and the site,
Risk of ground and surface water contamination,
•
•
•
•
Value of the area,
Effects on the city traffic and probability of roadway pollution,
Protection of nature, social activity and archaeological places,
Constraints related to present infrastructure.
An alternative site is found according to the factors specified above and included in the
scope of the project.
The site included in the project belongs to the Treasury, and it was allocated to KaMM.
Properties of the site are stated below:
•
Total area is 415,000 m2,
•
•
•
•
The site is located near the wastewater treatment plant,
The site is close to the newly constructed Northern Circumferential Road,
The site has low level of risk to pollute the groundwater resources,
The distance between the site and the settlement is suitable according to the
relevant legislation,
Dominant wind direction is suitable,
Sufficient space exists for capacity increase in the future.
•
•
An important advantage of the proximity of the Project Site to KASKI WWTP is that pretreated leachate will easily be transferred to KASKI WWTP.
Solid Waste Control Regulation stipulates that storage areas for the sanitary disposal of
domestic and industrial non-hazardous solid wastes and sludge can not be located at
protected areas where solid waste cannot be dumped. However, according to decision of
local environmental council and with positive opinion of MoEF, landfills can be constructed
in areas close to settlements less than 1000 m. Landfilling is forbidden for places having
high flood risk, landslide, snowslip, erosion and in protected areas where groundwater is
provided to meet drinking, potable and irrigation water.
Technical, logistical and environmental factors used to determine the proposed solid
waste disposal site are listed below:
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Geological condition,
Distance between settlements and the site,
Probability of groundwater and surface water contamination,
Value of the area,
Effects on the city traffic and probability of roadway pollution,
Protection of nature, social activity and archaeological places,
Tourist area,
Constraints related to present infrastructure.
The envisaged area does not have any forestry value. Moreover, there are no cultural
assets that should be protected in the landfill area. Since the project was planned to be
realized by EU fund, the MUNICIPALITY had to use a land belonging to the Treasury
rather than expropriation. Besides, the current dump site should be rehabilitated before a
landfill is constructed in compliance with both the national and EU legislation. Therefore,
Alternative 2 has been selected from the two alternative sites.
Moreover, it is considered that current dump site can be used to construct landfill after the
proposed landfill completes its lifetime.
6.2
6.2.1
Technology Alternatives
Landfill
In this method, the site selected for disposal of collected waste is prepared and operated
carefully. First of all, an impervious ground should be established at the site. Clay or
specifically prepared geomembranes are used for this purpose. Drainage system for
collecting leachate is constructed in order to provide impermeability. Afterwards, solid
waste is laid on the site. Solid waste disposed of in the site is compacted, and covered
with a soil layer called daily cover. As the landfill is getting filled, pipes are placed in order
to collect gas produced within the landfill due to decomposition of waste. After the site is
completely filled, a final soil cover is laid on top.
Waste in the landfill is converted into CO2, CH4, ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide
(H2S) and water as a result of anaerobic decomposition. Among these, methane is a
flammable gas with high calorific value. Therefore, it is suggested that methane should be
collected, and used in energy generation. Some part of the non-organic materials may
also decompose whereas such inert materials as plastic bags stay undecomposed. Due to
decomposition, subsidence is observed in landfills. For this reason, constructing buildings
on closed landfills should be avoided. However, closed landfill sites can be arranged as
golf and football pitches or used as other recreational purposes. A good example for this
is the Shoreline Landfill near San Francisco in the United States of America. After closed
to waste disposal, this landfill site is used as golf pitch, a wild animal park and grazing
land.
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Provided that suitable land is available landfilling is the most economical and easy way of
waste disposal.
Advantages of landfilling are given as follows:
-
The most economical way of waste disposal provided that suitable land is
available;
Investment cost is the lowest as compared to other alternatives;
Final disposal method: applicable for all types of waste;
Flexibility: capacity can be increased according to amount of waste;
Closed landfill site can be used for recreational purposes.
Disadvantages of landfilling are given as follows:
-
Finding a suitable place within distances for which transportation is economical;
There may be public reaction to landfill projects close to residential areas;
Continuous maintenance is necessary for closed landfills where subsidence is
observed;
Undesired events may take place if leachate and landfill gas is not controlled.
Composting
6.2.2
Composting is basically a process in which organic portion of solid waste decomposes. In
more scientific terms, composting can be defined as an aerobic biochemical reaction.
Organic matter in solid and liquid waste is converted into simple compounds, especially
CO2 ve H2O. Steps of composting are given as follows:
-
Seperation of organic matter;
Volume reduction;
Homogenization and addition of water if needed;
Stabilization under aerobic conditions;
Preparing for use.
Stabilization can be made by aeration. During aerobic stabilization, temperature goes up
to 60 oC. This kills pathogenic microorganisms present in solid waste. Stabilization
process continues for 30 to 45 days depending on climate and aeration method. At the
end of this period, temperature of waste piles drops down.
The product obtained by composting process is called compost. Compost is not fertilizer
but rather soil regulator with high organic content.
Amount of compost is 30% of the waste processed. A portion of 15% of the original waste
goes to atmosphere as vapor and gaseous emissions. Remaining waste should be
disposed of by means of other methods such as landfilling.
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6.2.3
Incineration
Incineration is a process in which waste is stabilized, and its volume is reduced by
70-80%. Besides taking specific measures against air pollution, there should also be
measures for negative impacts of toxic matter in ash that goes to the atmosphere.
Incineration is recommended when calorific value of waste is enough for combusting itself.
Otherwise, incineration becomes costly since auxiliary fuel will be needed.
Incineration is mostly applicable for the following situations:
-
6.3
In metropolitan cities where finding a suitable landfill site is difficult since volume
reduction is very high in incineration;
In cases where final product should be stabilized (e.g. the case for the hospital
wastes);
In cases where energy generation from solid wastes with high calorific value is
considered.
Leachate Treatment Alternatives
According to results of feasibility studies carried out for the Project, pre-treatment of
leachate and then transfer to KASKI WWTP has been considered to be more feasible
than advanced treatment of leachate before discharging into the receiving water body, i.e.
Karasu Creek since the landfill is very close to KASKI WWTP
For the pre-treatment of leachate, four alternatives namely, (i) facultative and maturation
ponds, (ii) MBR, (iii) combined anaerobic and aerobic treatment and (iv) combined
chemical and aerobic treatment have been considered.
Through the investigations on the screening of the selection of the leachate treatment
plant proposal, two options are taken into consideration, taking the quality of the
wastewater, the discharge criteria, the available technologies, and the economics into
account, Considering the process reliability, operation and maintenance advantages, best
technically and financially effective option shall be chosen. Alternative II and Alternative III
are the screened alternatives, and they have been evaluated technically and financially.
As a result of evaluation of these two screened alternatives, Alternative II has more
technical advantages than Alternative III. These advantages include rapid start-up,
simplicity of operation, low land requirement and resistance to toxicity.
Since Alternative II is also advantageous in terms of investment and operational costs, it
has been selected as the most feasible alternative for leachate pre-treatment.
Considering these three different technology alternative for disposal of solid waste
generated within KaMM, landfilling option with composting was selected as the most
feasible method.
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7
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
7.1
Purpose and Scope
In this chapter of the EIA Report, necessary mitigation measures that shall be taken in
order to remove or minimize adverse environmental impacts that may be the result of
activities to be carried out during construction and operational phases of the Project. Also,
a monitoring plan that shall be used to follow up environmental performance of the Project
is presented. The list of mitigation measures and monitoring plan has been prepared
taking both WB standards and national environmental legislation into consideration.
The objectives of the environmental management plan (EMP) prepared for the Project are
given as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
7.2
To address the environmental consequences resulting from the activities
performed during construction and operation periods of the Project,
To specify related mitigation measures considering both the national legislation
and WB’s criteria,
To propose environmental monitoring program,
To set-up an institutional structure where environmental issues are followed up
during construction and operational phases of the Project,
To inform local people, governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGO)
about the Project.
Responsible Parties
KaMM is the main beneficiary of the Project. As it was mentioned before, KaMM will
receive financial support for the Project within the scope of Municipal Services Additional
Financing Project carried out according to the credit agreement signed between WB and
BoP.
Main responsible parties and their responsibilities are given below:
•
•
•
•
WB: reviews all the activities related to the Project that it finances and states
“no objection” for the feasible ones or suggests points to be strengthened;
BoP: accomplishes quality assurance function to satisfy the WB
requirements during preparation of EMP, which is a credit requirement. BoP
evaluates whether the EMP is feasible in terms of format and content and
acquaints the WB;
DOKAY: takes the responsibility to prepare the EMP document of the Project
according to the format provided by the BoP;
KaMM: as a beneficiary of the Project takes the responsibility to both MoEF
and BoP for acquiring necessary permissions related to the construction of
the Project, implementation of the precautions defined in the EMP during
construction and operation period.
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•
Contractor: takes the required precautions denoted in the EMP to minimize
environmental impacts that may occur during implementation of the Project
and performs public consultation meetings suggested in the EMP. Contractor
will be responsible to the KaMM.
This EMP presented in the EIA Report, which is prepared as a requirement of the
international credits provided by the WB, will be supported by a sequence of sub plans as
it is the case for other similar infrastructural projects that the WB finances. In this context,
the Waste Management Plan (WMP) and the Pollution Prevention Plan (PPP) will be
prepared simultaneously with the final EMP. WMP for construction and operational
phases will be prepared, and implemented by the Contractor and MUNICIPALITY,
respectively. Below presented is the general information about WMP and PPP in question:
7.2.1
Waste Management Plan
WMP will present i) collection, ii) storage, iii) treatment and/or disposal methods in the
scope of implementations of waste management and type of wastes that may result at
construction and operation phases of the Project.
The primary references that will be used through preparation of the WMP are Pollution
Prevention and Reduction Handbook issued by WB in 1998, IFC General Environmental
Health and Safety Guidelines dated April 30, 2007 and the waste-related regulations
issued by the MoEF, from the national legislation presented in Chapter 2.
7.2.2
Pollution Prevention Plan
The PPP will define the details about the precautions to prevent or minimize the
environmental pollution to be caused by Project activities and the action to be taken in
case of an emerging pollution.
PPP is supposed to include planning about the items below:
•
•
•
•
7.3
7.3.1
Protection of surface and groundwater resources;
Control of dust and other air pollutants;
Noise control;
Odor control.
Mitigation Measures
Construction Phase
This EMP including the assessment of measures against environmental impacts that may
occur during construction will be presented to the firms upon request with tender
documents prior to the proposal period. The main responsibilities of the Contractor to be
determined by tender are as presented below:
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•
•
•
Training the construction staff to raise the environmental consciousness and
assigning a person responsible for “Health, Safety and Environment” (HSE)
in order to contribute to the environmental performance of the Project,
Fulfilling the requirements of Turkish Environmental Legislation mentioned in
Chapter 2, and taking necessary mitigation measures,
Fulfilling the new national or WB requirements that may come into force or be
issued during construction phase in addition to the present legal framework.
There may be addendums to the contract to be signed between KaMM and
the Contractor in case there are new obligations that will incur extra costs to
the Contractor when new legislations come into force.
The Contractor has to commit and prove that he/she will provide the conditions mentioned
in the tender document. KaMM will assign an engineer, in charge with implementing the
EMP, as the authority of “HSE” and follow the compliance by monitoring.
7.3.2
Operational Phase
The KaMM will be responsible for fulfilling the requirements in the EMP for the facility that
will be constructed by the Contractor.
Below are the requirements that need to be fulfilled by the KaMM.
•
•
•
•
Assigning an HSE engineer to implement the EMP as the HSE authority and
to follow the compliance with internal monitoring,
Training operational and maintenance staff to raise the environmental
consciousness to provide their contribution to the environmental performance
of the Project,
Fulfilling the requirements of Turkish Environmental Legislation mentioned in
Chapter 2 and taking necessary mitigation measures,
In addition to the present legal framework, fulfilling the new national or
international legislation that may come into force or be issued during
operational phase.
Potential environmental impacts that may be generated in water, air, soil and other
receiving media during construction and operational phases of the Project and the
proposed mitigation measures are presented in Table 7-1.
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Table 7-1 Possible Environmental Impacts of the Project and Relevant Mitigation Measures
Phase
Issue
Mitigation Measure
Cost of Mitigation
Institutional
Responsibility
Construction
Excavated material
and construction
waste
Excavated material will be stored at the
site to be used in daily cover.
Included in the civil
works
Contractor
works
Contractor
works
Contractor
No cost
implementation
Contractor
works
Contractor
works
Contractor
works
Contractor
works
Contractor
works
Contractor
Construction
Stripping of vegetal
top soil
Construction
Loss of flora and
fauna
Construction
Noise and vibration
(excavation works)
Construction
Dust
Construction
Domestic solid
waste
Construction
Hazardous Waste
(such as asbestos,
paint remains,
florescent lamp,
water/temperature
isolation material,
waste oil and
batteries)
Construction
Domestic
wastewater
Construction
Public health and
safety
Most suitable part of the vegetal top soil
will be stripped in large amount before
excavation works, and piled in a
suitable part of the Project Site (max.
height of the storage: 1.5 m and max.
slope of storage site: 5%). It will be
stored separately from other excavation
earth, and top of the piles will be
grassed. It will be used in landscaping
works. Remaining part of the vegetal
top soil from landscaping works will be
immediately used on the sides of the
roads to be opened during site
preparation and other suitable places.
Original flora structure will be formed in
the final stage of construction.
Through training campaigns,
construction workers will be made
conscious about protecting fauna
species especially the ones given as
“VU” and “NT” in Table 4-5 as well as
carrying out activities in compliance
with Bern Convention. Also, a biologist
will relocate the bird nests outside the
Project Site with the support of local
university.
Regular maintenance of construction
machines will be performed. If it
becomes necessary to continue
construction works in evening time
(19.00-23.00) and nighttime (23.0007.00) the corresponding limit values of
65 and 60 dBA will be satisfied.
Work sites will be watered under dry
and windy weather conditions. Loading
and unloading of excavated material will
be carried out in a way to minimize dust
emission. 30 km/hour of speed limit will
be set for unpaved roads.
Domestic solid waste will be disposed
of in the current dump site.
Hazardous wastes will be handled in
compliance with Regulation on Control
of Hazardous Wastes, Regulation on
Waste Oil, Regulation on Control of
Used Batteries and Accumulators (i.e.,
collection and disposal of these wastes
by a company licensed by the MoEF).
Hazardous waste will be stored in
temporary storage area surrounded by
wire fences, bottom-sealed, and
protected from precipitation. Hazardous
waste will not be stored more than 180
days in temporary storage.
Domestic wastewater will be collected
in septic tanks at the Project Site, and
transferred to KASKI WWTP.
Drivers of the vehicles carrying
materials to construction site should
obey speed limit of 30 km/hour. Barriers
will be immediately built in excavation
areas to prevent people from falling
down. Excavated areas should be
covered for public health or surrounded
by warning signs if coverage is not
possible.
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Phase
Issue
Construction
Traffic safety
Construction
Occupational health
and safety
Construction
Cultural heritage
Operation
Hazardous Waste
(such as asbestos,
paint remains,
florescent lamp,
water/temperature
isolation material,
waste oil and
batteries)
Operation
Solid waste
Operation
Odor
Operation
Noise and vibration
Operation
Wastewater
Operation
Treatment sludge
Operation
Occupational health
and safety
Mitigation Measure
Warning signs will be placed on the
highway side in order to warn drivers on
the highway about trucks entering or
leaving the site.
Necessary technical measures should
be taken to prevent landslide in deep
excavation areas. National legislation
regarding occupational health and
safety will be complied with. Besides,
nationally and internationally accepted
procedures should be followed (e.g. use
of personal protective equipment).
Occupational health and safety
procedures will also be covered in the
context of training (see Section 7.5.2).
Relevant museum directorate will be
notified and construction works will be
stopped in case any cultural heritage is
encountered during construction.
Hazardous wastes will be handled in
compliance with Regulation on Control
of Hazardous Wastes, Regulation on
Waste Oil, Regulation on Control of
Used Batteries and Accumulators (i.e.,
collection and disposal of these wastes
by a company licensed by the MoEF).
Hazardous waste will be stored in
temporary storage area surrounded by
wire fences, bottom-sealed, and
protected from precipitation. Hazardous
waste will not be stored more than 180
days in temporary storage.
Solid waste to be generated after repair
and maintenance works will be mostly
composed of packaging waste. Solid
waste except for packaging waste will
be disposed of in the landfill, and
packaging waste will be sent to licensed
recovery plants.
Daily cover will be laid on waste
Regular maintenance of machines will
be performed.
Domestic wastewater, wastewater from
tyre washing and leachate will be
treated in leachate pre-treatment plant,
and disposed of to the inlet of KASKI
WWTP.
Treatment sludge to be formed at
leachate pre-treatment plant will be
analyzed according to Annex 11/A to
HWCR in order to see whether it is
hazardous or not, and it should be sent
to KASKI WWTP for further dewatering
process or given to licensed collectors
of hazardous waste.
National legislation regarding
occupational health and safety will be
complied with. Besides, nationally and
internationally accepted procedures
should be followed (e.g. use of personal
protective equipment).
Emergency Response Plan regarding
accidents that may occur during landfill
operation should be prepared and
approved by the KaMM.
Project No.: 130.01
Cost of Mitigation
Institutional
Responsibility
works
Contractor
works
Contractor
To be determined
according to
correspondences
made with the
museum directorate
KaMM
Included in the
operational costs
KaMM
Included in the
operational costs
KaMM
Included in the
operational costs
Included in the
operational costs
KaMM
KaMM
Included in the
operational costs
KaMM
Included in the
operational costs
KaMM
Included in the
operational costs
KaMM
December 2010
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Phase
Issue
Operation
Traffic safety
Operation
Fire
7.4
Mitigation Measure
Warning signs will be placed on the
highway side in order to warn drivers on
the highway about waste trucks
entering or leaving the site.
Long trees will be planted on the
highway side in order to minimize
accident risk due to birds that may
accumulate in the landfill for feeding.
Hydrants supplying water with a flow
rate of 1900 L/min for 60 min will be in
use against fire risk. A water tank with a
volume of 200 m3 will be used.
Cost of Mitigation
Institutional
Responsibility
Included in the
operational costs
KaMM
Cost of water to be
used in case of fire
will incur as
operational cost
KaMM
Monitoring Plan
It is suggested that environmental monitoring studies should be conducted separately
(with different scopes) because different activities during construction and operation
period of the Project will result in different possible environmental impacts. Data acquired
during monitoring studies will be compared with national legislation items which are
mentioned in Chapter 2.
7.4.1
Construction Phase
Monitoring every environmental parameter continuously is not practical and necessary.
Environmental monitoring functions according to the characteristics of existing
environmental conditions and identifies unacceptable changes during construction period.
In this context, monitoring plan is designed to commit that “project activities have no
permanent negative effect on environmental resources”.
For construction period, air quality, waste management applications and noise levels will
be monitored and the results will be compared to legal limit values. Contractor will prepare
a report about monitoring studies according to the following program and offers it to the
KaMM:
•
•
7.4.2
Daily environmental non-compliance report (if any),
Monthly environmental monitoring reports in which environmental performance of
the Project is evaluated according to EMP requirements.
Operational Phase
The main parameters to be monitored during operational phase are given below along
with the specific monitoring works to be carried out and monitoring frequencies.
Leachate
In operational phase, leachate volume will be measured monthly whereas leachate
composition is analyzed quarterly. In post-operation term, these parameters will be
monitored semi annually. Leachate samples will be taken from inlet and outlet of the
leachate pre-treatment plant, and be analyzed by accredited laboratories (see Section
7.5.1).
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Groundwater Quality
Solid Waste Control Regulation stipulates that monitoring wells shall be opened nearby
landfill in order to monitor groundwater quality to determine whether there is
contamination due to leachate and landfill gas. This monitoring shall continue for 10 years
after the landfill is closed to operation. In this regard, there will be monitoring wells to be
opened, one at the upstream and additional two at the downstream of the landfill with
respect to groundwater flow. Samples taken from monitoring wells will be analyzed to
determine concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus
and nitrate. In order to produce baseline data for the future analyses, samples will be
taken from all the wells, and analyzed. If the Environmental License, which the MoEF will
grant for the Kayseri SWL, expires more than 10 years after the landfill is closed to
operation then monitoring activities will be finished at that expiration date.
Besides water quality analyses, water level measurements will be performed at monitoring
wells semi annually. Branch Directorate XII of the State Hydraulic Works will be notified
about groundwater analysis and level measurement results.
Landfill Gas
The two main components of the landfill gas are methane and carbon dioxide, which are
odorless and colorless. Landfill gas may result in explosions and fires when it
accumulates within landfills. In compliance with the Landfill Regulation, in landfill gas,
CH4, CO2, H2S, O2 (oxygen) and H2 (hydrogen) parameters will be analyzed monthly. After
the landfill is closed to operation, monitoring works will continue semi annually.
Air Quality (odor, dust)
Quantitative and continuous monitoring of air quality parameters is demanding and costly.
Therefore, it is recommended that odor and dust should be determined qualitatively by
interviewing the local people. Standards for ambient air quality are given in Table 7-2.
Table 7-2 Limit Values for Dust
Parameter
Suspended Particles (PM10)
Period
Unit
Short-term
µg/m3
Long-term
Settleable Dust
Limit Value for the year 2012*
140
78
Short-term
mg/m2gün
Long-term
442
238
* Limit value for the year 2012 is taken considering the end of construction period.
Reference: Table 2-2 of the RCIAP.
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Noise
There is no need to measure noise level periodically since settlements are not very close.
In case of complaints from the nearest settlements noise level should be determined. If
the measurements show any impact of noise on the sensitive areas then the monitoring
plan for noise should be reviewed.
Topography and Landfill Body
According to the Landfill Regulation, in operational and post-operational phase of the
landfill, landfill topography and body will be inspected annually, and reported to MoEF.
The information to be reported to MoEF will include surface area where the waste is
landfilled, waste composition, landfilling methods and duration, remaining capacity.
Subsidences in landfill will be monitored in the post-operational phase.
Meteorological Data
According to the Landfill Regulation, in operation and post-operation phases, temperature,
wind direction, evaporation and relative humidity are the meteorological parameters that
may affect the amount of leachate and landfill gas. The meteorological parameters to be
monitored in these phases are given in Table 7-3.
Table 7-3 Meteorological Parameters to be Monitored During Operation and Post-operation Phases of Kayseri
SWL
Monitoring Frequency in
Operational Phase
Monitoring Frequency in Postoperational Phase
Precipitation (mm/day, mm/month)
Daily
Monthly average
Temperature, lowest, highest, at 14.00 (local
time), °C
Daily
Monthly average
Wind direction and speed (m/s)
Daily
-
Evaporation (mm/day, mm/month)
Daily
Monthly average
Relative Humidity
Daily
-
Parameter
Reference: Landfill Regulation
KaMM will present environmental monitoring studies to the BoP within a report at least
every six months in operational phase.
Monitoring plan for the Project is given in Table 7-4.
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Site observation and measurements
with a PM10 device
Closest sensitive
receptor
Stack of the boiler
Camp site and
construction site
Noise and vibration
(excavation works)
Dust
Gaseous emissions
Domestic solid waste
disposal method
Domestic wastewater
disposal method
Construction
Construction
Construction
Project No.: 130.01
Construction
Septic tank
Noise measurement with a calibrated
sound level meter and comparison
with the limit values stipulated in
RAMEN
Closest sensitive
receptor
(e.g.. in the backyard of
the nearest house in
Bogazkopru Village)
Construction
Construction
Site observation
Excavation areas
Loss of flora
Construction
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Stack gas measurement device
(comparison of measurement results
with limit values stipulated in
Regulation on Control of Air Pollution
due to Heating)
Site observation and environmental
monitoring
Measurement of wastewater level in
septic tank
Site observation
Excavation and storage
sites
Vegetative top soil
conditions (max. height of
the storage: 1.5 m and max.
slope of storage site: 5%,
grass over piles)
How
is the parameter to be monitored/
type of monitoring equipment?
Where
is the parameter to be
monitored?
What
parameter is to be
monitored?
Phase
Table 7-4 Monitoring Plan
Weekly by construction staff
Daily by construction staff
In permitting phase or when permit
is renewed
works
No cost
implementation
December 2010
Contractor
Contractor
Contractor
Contractor
works
works
Contractor
Contractor
Contractor
Responsibility
works
works
In the beginning and final stage of
construction
Monthly and especially during the
activities that increase noise levels
(measurements should be
performed more frequently
depending on the complaint of the
public)
Measurements will be repeated
when an activity expected to
generate significant level of noise
and vibration is carried out or
activities are carried out in the
evening or nighttime.
Monthly measurements after
construction starts and during
construction works that increase
dust formation (measurements
should be performed more
frequently depending on the
complaint of the public)
No cost
implementation
Monitoring Cost
When
is the parameter to be monitoredfrequency of measurement or
continuous?
Groundwater level
Groundwater quality
Quality of treatment sludge
Landfill gas
Noise
Dust and odor
Meteorological parameters
Operation
Operation
Operation
Operation
Operation
Operation
Operation
Project No.: 130.01
Annually
Using appropriate equipment to
clean and control a 600-m pipe
section
Leachate collection system
Operation
Landfill
Closest settlements
Closest sensitive
receptor
Gas collection system
Leachate pre-treatment
plant
Monitoring wells
Monitoring wells
Leachate pipes
Composition: Seasonal
Volume: Monthly
Leachate analysis
Inlet and outlet of the
leachate pre-treatment
plant
Leachate
Operation
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see Table 7-2
Analyses of pH, conductivity,
turbidity, COD, TN, total phosphorus
and nitrate
Operational records of the leachate
pre-treatment plant
Measurement of CH4, CO2, H2S, O2
and H2*
Noise measurement with a calibrated
sound level meter and comparison
with the limit values stipulated in
RAMEN
Qualitative assessment through
interviews with the public
Level measurement
see Table 7-2
-
Need for measurement and its
frequency will be determined
according to complaints from the
nearest settlements
Monthly
Once
(at the beginning of operation)
Seasonal
Semi annually
No cost
implementation
Included in the
operational costs
Included in the
operational costs
Included in the
operational costs
Included in the
operational costs
December 2010
KaMM
KaMM
KaMM
KaMM
KaMM
KaMM
KaMM
Included in the
operational costs
Included in the
operational costs
KaMM
KaMM
KaMM
Contractor
Contractor
Contractor
Responsibility
Included in the
operational costs
Included in the
operational costs
Included in the
operational costs
Daily records and assessment of
monthly solid waste generation.
Annual monitoring in the context of
WMP.
Site observation and environmental
monitoring
Operation and
maintenance sites
Solid wastes disposal
method
Operation
works
Construction site
Construction
Internal Health, safety, environment
(HSE) monitoring to check whether
Occupational Health and Safety
Bylaw is complied with
Occupational health and
safety measures
works
works
Monitoring Cost
Site observation
Camp site and
construction site
Public health and safety and
traffic safety
measures
Construction
Construction
Site observation and by checking
documents obtained by firms
licensed by MoEF for collection and
disposal of hazadous waste
Camp site and
construction site
Hazardous waste disposal
method
Phase
When
continuous?
How
Where
monitored?
What
parameter is to be
monitored?
Landfill
Occupational health and
safety and traffic safety
measures
Leachate
Leachate collection system
Groundwater level
Groundwater quality
Operation
Operation
PostOperation
PostOperation
PostOperation
PostOperation
Landfill
Landfill
Meteorological parameters
Topography and landfill
body
Gas collection system
Monitoring wells
Monitoring wells
Leachate pipes
Landfill gas
Project No.: 130.01
PostOperation
PostOperation
PostOperation
Landfill
Topography and landfill
body
Phase
Inlet and outlet of the
leachate pre-treatment
plant
Where
monitored?
What
parameter is to be
monitored?
Annually
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see Table 7-2
see Table 7-2
Semi annually
Seasonal
Topography surveys for the site,
surface area of the landfill part where
waste is landfilled, volume of
landfilled waste, waste composition,
landfilling methods and duration and
remaining capacity
Analyses of pH, conductivity,
turbidity, COD, TN, total phosphorus
and nitrate
Measurement of CH4, CO2, H2S, O2
and H2
Semi annually
Annually
Using appropriate equipment to
clean and control a 600-m pipe
section
Level measurement
Semi annual analysis of
composition and volume
measurement
Daily by operational staff
Annually
When
continuous?
Leachate analysis
Topographical surveys for the site,
surface area of the landfill part where
waste is landfilled, volume of
landfilled waste, waste composition,
landfilling methods and duration and
remaining capacity
Internal Health, safety, environment
(HSE) monitoring to check whether
Occupational Health and Safety
Bylaw is complied with
How
Included in the postoperational costs
Included in the
operational costs
Included in the
operational costs
Monitoring Cost
December 2010
KaMM
KaMM
KaMM
KaMM
KaMM
KaMM
KaMM
KaMM
KaMM
Responsibility
7.5
Institutional Strengthening
In general, in this section of EMP’s, the recommendations related to the institutional
strengthening are provided in order to ensure that environmental measures are applied for
an environmentally sound and sustainable project development.
In this context, in the construction phase of the Project, KaMM will hire an environmental
consultant to follow up whether requirements of the EMP will be implemented. This
environmental consultant should be a company or establishment authorized by the MoEF
in compliance with the Regulation on Environmental Inspection (see Chapter 2).
Environmental consultant will be basically responsible for coordination between the KaMM
and the Contractor, which is responsible for environmental monitoring to be carried out in
the construction phase. Alternatively, KaMM can have an Environmental Officer within its
organization in order to carry out the same task. An environmental consultant or
Environmental Officer of the MUNICIPALITY will be employed for the same purpose in the
operational phase as well.
7.5.1
Equipment Purchase
Environmental measurements and analyzes will be carried out by a company authorized
by the MoEF for carrying out environmental measurements and analyses according to the
requirements of the Turkish environmental legislations and a laboratory accredited by
Turkish Accreditation Agency (TURKAK). Therefore, KaMM does not need to purchase
equipment for environmental monitoring.
7.5.2
Training
Environmental consultant will assign an environmental engineer5 to inspect the proposed
environmental monitoring works at the Project Site. Prior to the execution of the
environmental monitoring works, environmental engineer will carry out a training
campaign in order to increase the awareness of the construction staff about environment
and occupational health and safety and to convey the requirements of the EMP.
The scope of the training will include mainly the scope of the EMP, the relevant
environmental legislation of Turkey, requirements of the WB and the following concepts
should be included in the training program:
•
•
•
•
Understanding of the Project’s environmental requirements and their
implementation at the site by the staff (i.e. what kind of environmental impacts are
expected and what kind of mitigation measures are proposed; where and how to
take these measures);
Occupational health and safety procedures to be followed at the site;
Understanding of the procedures to be followed in improper situations;
Reporting principals and understanding rules;
5
Environmental Engineer, is an authorized person as “Environmental Expert (in Turkish: Çevre Gorevlisi)” according to the
Environmental Audit Regulation
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•
•
•
The Project’s environmental dimension and informing the related official
institutions about it;
Understanding how to treat the public and media visiting the site; and
Understanding how to act in case of unexpected environmental accidents.
The Contractor is in charge of keeping the records related to the environmental training of
the staff. Internal HSE monitoring should test the effectiveness and the adequacy of the
training.
7.5.3
Consultancy Services
The environmental engineer appointed by the KaMM will do provide environmental
consultancy services to ensure the compliance with environmental rules and regulations
as well as guidelines and to meet the necessities that may occur during audits by the WB
or local authorities such as the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry in
Kayseri.
The environmental engineer will do carry out monitoring work outlined in Section 7.4 and
will hold meetings with construction contractor to obtain information about the progress in
the works as well as environmental issues encountered.
7.5.4
Public Relations
Relations with the Media
It is the KaMM’s responsibility to conduct relations with media as a requirement of general
implementations rules of public investments. For this reason, the Contractor will not
arrange a direct meeting with media without the permission of the KaMM. A procedure,
concerning the relations with the media, should be prepared and applied when such
authorization is given to the Contractor.
Handling with Complaints
In the construction phase of the Project, the Contractor will prepare a procedure to direct
complaints to the KaMM. The KaMM is responsible to deliver the phone numbers, mail
and e-mail addresses to interest groups (local people and NGO’s) for receiving and
recording any complaints. Hence, a public relations mechanism should be constructed for
the complaints from NGO’s and governmental establishments of the province.
Any complaints from public will be taken by the White Desk (“Beyaz Masa”) in the KaMM.
The White Desk unit has been established by the KaMM in order to receive complaints
from the public in any services of the KaMM. Complaints received by the White Desk will
be recorded and directed to the Department of Protection and Control of Environment.
After evaluating the complaints, the department will force the Contractor to take necessary
corrective action. The complainant will be informed about the progress after necessary
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measures are taken and the subject environmental problem is resolved. All records of
complaints and relative action taken will be recorded by the White Desk.
In addition to this, officials from this department or environmental engineer appointed by
the KaMM will visit the nearby village to find out whether they have any complaint about
the Project as well as to determine any adverse environmental impacts by their own
observations.
A public relation mechanism should be established by the KaMM in the operational phase
of the Project like the one developed in the construction phase and the public relations
process will be followed by this mechanism in order to evaluate complaints and
suggestions from people.
7.5.5
Special Studies
In this stage, there is no need to carry out additional studies except for the ones
mentioned in the monitoring plan.
7.6
Institutional Arrangements
This section gives information about how and by whom the environmental monitoring data
will be used.
7.6.1
Construction Phase
The KaMM is the responsible party to minimize or eliminate possible environmental
impacts of the Project. Therefore, to guarantee the environmental performance of the
Project, the Contractor will be aware of his/her responsibilities in the construction period.
In this way, the Contractor will be aware of the environmental responsibilities and the
requirements of Project.
Contractor will perform the following activities for a balanced environmental performance:
•
•
Assigning his/her own HSE personnel to implement the EMP,
Working in coordination with Environmental Engineer to ensure that the personnel
working in the construction period are trained to raise the consciousness on
environmental issues and EMP requirements,
•
Minimization of the emissions and noise originating from the construction
equipments, protection of water resources, compliance with the requirements of
EMP.
The Contractor, who will conduct the environmental monitoring studies according to the
issues stated in the EMP under the control of the KaMM and Environmental Engineer, will
present the results to the KaMM with environmental monitoring reports.
The KaMM will evaluate the monitoring reports which are presented by the Contractor in
terms of related environmental measures. Moreover, the KaMM will keep a copy of the
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environmental monitoring reports and submit another copy to the field office of the
Contractor to present it to authorities in the controls that will be made by Kayseri
Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry.
When non-compliance is detected by the Provincial Directorate of Environment and
Forestry, the Contractor will resolve the situation and declare it to the KaMM.
Within the context of this EMP, the task distribution concerning anticipated activities in the
construction phase is presented in Table 7-5.
Table 7-5 Task Distribution Related to the Construction Phase EMP Requirements
(R: responsible, S: supervisor, A: assistant)
Task Item
Contractor
Environmental Quality Monitoring
KaMM
1
R
S
R
S
Training of Staff
R
S
Corrective Actions
R
S
Internal Monitoring
R
S
Reporting
R
S
Relations with the Media
A
S3
Handling Complaints
R
S
Training of Key Personnel
1
2
3
2
Measures should be conducted by the qualified institutions and establishments according to the national legislation.
Training activities will be carried out in coordination with the environmental engineer.
Relations with the media are the responsibility of the KaMM as a requirement of general implementation rules of public
investments. This forbids the Contractor from arranging a direct meeting with the media.
7.6.2
Operational Phase
As the proposed environmental monitoring works for the operation phase are very limited
and the organizational structure of the operational staff is not certain yet, there is no
detailed proposal for institutional arrangements at the moment. In short, there should be
one HSE officer in the organizational structure of the KaMM who will be responsible for
following up the EMP requirements, related to the operational phase, and for coordination
with the environmental engineer to be appointed by KaMM.
7.7
Consultation with NGO’s and Project Affected Groups
Local people and NGO’s as well as local authorities will be informed about the Project
progress. Hence, any public objection that might be raised by local people due to lack of
information could be prevented and good relations between the local people and the
KaMM as well as contractors can be established and maintained.
7.7.1
Construction Phase
During the construction phase, periodic public consultation meetings (PCM) will be held in
the nearest settlements (e.g. Bogazkopru Village and Molu Village) and in Kayseri city
center. In these meetings, the relevant stakeholders (local people, representatives of local
NGO’s as well as local authorities) will be informed about the progress of the project
development.
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A separate section will be allocated for the public relation activities in the environmental
monitoring reports to be prepared by the Environmental Engineer in the context of the
Project
The first PCM before the construction of the Project was held on April 20, 2010 at 14.00 in
the meeting hall of the KASKI WWTP. Date, time and place of the meeting were
announced in a local newspaper called “Anadolu Haber” on April 17, 2010. Many people
from the nearest settlements, Bogazkopru and Molu villages, attended the meeting.
Detailed information about PCM is given in Appendix-D.
7.7.2
Operational Phase
During the operational phase of the project, regular PCMs should also be held. During
PCMs, minutes of meeting will be taken together with a list of participants who will sign an
attendance sheet. These records should be kept at the site office of the KaMM.
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REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality Solid Waste Management Project Feasibility
Report, February 2010.
Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report, DOKAY
Engineering, 2006.
Kayseri Provincial Environment Report (original Turkish title: Kayseri Il Cevre
Durum Raporu), Kayseri Province Governorship, 2008.
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Appendices
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-A
Drawings
- General Layout
- Leachate Collection System
- Sealing System
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-A
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Project No.: 130.01
Figure A-1 General Layout
Appendix-A
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December 2010
Project No.: 130.01
Figure A-2 Leachate Collection System
Appendix-A
3/4
December 2010
Project No.: 130.01
Figure A-3 Sealing System
Appendix-A
4/4
December 2010
Appendix-B
Photos of the Project Site
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-B
1/2
Project No.: 130.01
Figure B-2 Kayseri SWL Area and KASKI WWTP
KASKI WWTP
Figure B-1 SWL Area (from southwest)
Appendix-B
2/2
Kayseri SWL
Kayseri SWL
December 2010
Appendix-C
Meteorological Data for Kayseri City
Center
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-C
1/16
Description of the Meteorological Station and General Climate Characteristics
Kayseri Meteorological Station is the nearest station to the Project Site, and best reflects
the region climate characteristics.
Kayseri Meteorological Station (latitude: 38º44', longitude: 35º29'), was selected so as to
obtain the most relevant meteorological and climatic information about the Project Site
and its impact area. In this respect, long-term meteorological data recorded in Kayseri
Meteorological Station between 1975 and 2005 were evaluated.
Winters are cold and snowy in Kayseri Province whereas summers are hot and dry, and
terrestrial climate prevails in the province. However, climate conditions in the province
differ from location to location. In this regard, the climate is milder in areas with low
elevation, and the weather is getting harsher in higher locations.
Temperature
Temperature data recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station are given in Table C-1
whereas the monthly maximum, average and minimum temperature data are presented in
Figure C-1.
Table C-1 Temperature Data
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
Maximum
Temperature
17.0
19.6
26.6
30.2
33.4
35.7
40.7
40.0
36.0
32.6
24.8
(ºC)
Minimum
-28.4
-28.1
-11.6
-5.5
-0.4
3.7
2.1
-2.5
-8.3
-16.2
Temperature
28.1
(ºC)
Average
-1.8
-0.2
4.6
10.7
14.8
18.8
22.4
21.7
17.1
11.3
4.7
Temperature
(ºC)
Average
Minimum
-6.8
-5.3
-1.8
3.5
6.7
9.5
12.0
11.2
7.3
3.5
-1.2
Temp. (ºC)
Average
3.9
5.8
11.4
17.6
22.1
26.4
30.5
30.4
26.6
20.1
12.2
Maximum (ºC)
Reference :General Directorate of State Meteorological Works, Kayseri Meteorological Station (1975-2005).
Project No.: 130.01
XI
Annual
21.0
40.7
-25.5
-28.4
0.1
10.4
-4.7
2.8
5.8
17.7
December 2010
Appendix-C
2/16
50
40
30
10
m
D
N
ec
e
ov
e
O
ct
m
be
r
be
r
r
ob
e
r
be
Au
gu
s
t
Ju
ly
Ju
M
ne
ay
il
Ap
r
ch
ar
M
ru
ar
y
Se
pt
em
-20
Fe
b
nu
a
-10
ry
0
Ja
Sıcaklık (ºC)
20
-30
-40
Months
Maxim um
Minim um
Average
Reference: General Directorate of State Meteorological Works, Kayseri Meteorological Station (1975-2005).
Figure C-1 Monthly Temperature Data (1975-2005)
As it is seen from Figure C-1, annual average temperature varies between -1.8 and 22.4
ºC. The hottest month is July (22.4ºC on the average) whereas the coldest month is
January. The highest temperature of 40.7 ºC was recorded on July 30, 2000, and the
lowest temperature of -28.4ºC was recorded on February 12, 1975.
Precipitation
Average monthly precipitation data recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station between
1975 and 2005 is presented in Table C-2 and Figure C-2.
Table C-2 Precipitation Data
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
Average
Total
32.3
39.8
56.3
59.1
35.8
12.3
5.8
10.3
32.5
37.9
32.0
Precipitation
(mm)
Maximum
Daily
36.7
19.2
25.2
29.6
51.8
51.2
39.6
18.1
19.4
38.3
30.8
Precipitation
Yağış (mm)
Project No.: 130.01
XII
Annual
40.6
394.7
26.0
51.8
December 2010
Appendix-C
3/16
70
Precipitation (mm)
60
50
40
30
20
10
ly
Au
gu
st
Se
pt
em
be
r
O
ct
ob
er
N
ov
em
be
r
D
ec
em
be
r
Ju
Ju
ne
ay
M
Ap
ril
ch
M
ar
y
ru
ar
Fe
b
Ja
nu
a
ry
0
Months
Average Total Precipitation (mm)
Maximum Daily Precipitation Yağış (mm)
Figure C-2 Monthly Precipitation Profile (1975-2005)
Average annual precipitation is 394.7 mm in the region. Spring is the season with the
most precipitation. The most precipitation is observed in May with 59.1 mm, and the least
precipitation is observed in August with 5.8 mm. Average number of days with snow is
34.4 per year.
Relative Humidity Distribution
Average annual vapor pressure is 8.3 hPa, and the minimum relative humidity values
through the year are given in Table C-3 and Figure C-3.
Table C-3 Relative Humidity Values
I
Average
Relative
76
Humidity
(%)
Minimum
Relative
17
Humidity (%)
Reference: General
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Annual
73
68
63
62
56
51
51
55
64
71
77
63
9
9
8
10
10
8
4
4
5
18
21
4
State Meteorological
Works,
Directorate
of
Project No.: 130.01
Kayseri
Meteorological
Station
(1975-2005).
December 2010
Appendix-C
4/16
Relative Humidity (%)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Au
gu
st
Se
pt
em
be
r
O
ct
ob
er
N
ov
em
be
r
D
ec
em
be
r
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
ay
M
Ap
ril
ar
ch
M
y
ru
ar
Fe
b
Ja
nu
a
ry
0
Months
Average Relative Humidity (%)
Minimum Relative Humidity (%)
Figure C-3 Monthly Relative Humidity Profile (1975-2005)
Distribution of Logged Days
Information about the logged days that were recorded at the Kayseri Meteorological
Station between 1975 and 2005 are given in Table C-4.
Table C-4 Logged Days
Logged Days
Observation Period (Year)
Average number of days with
snow
snow cover
Average number of foggy days
Average number of days with hail
frost
thunderstorm
Average Annual Value
34.4
53.9
31
20.7
2.1
59.9
21.2
Evaporation Conditions
Average monthly and maximum evaporation data recorded at Kayseri Meteorological
Station between 1975 and 2005 is presented in Table C-5.
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-C
5/16
Table C-5 Evaporation Data
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
Average
214.8 196.6 138.1
67.6
15.0
21.6
78.0
122.2 166.4
Evaporation
(mm)
Maximum Daily
Evaporation
0.0
0.0
3.8
16.2
10.9
13.6
13.2
11.0
14.5
13.3
4.6
(mm)
XII
Annual
0.0
16.0
Wind Data for the Region (annual, seasonal and monthly with graphical
explanation)
Wid data recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station was used to determine dominant
wind direction and speed. According to the long-term meteorological data, dominant wind
direction is south.
According to the long-term data, average annual wind speed is 1.8 m/s. Direction of the
fastest-blowing wind is southeast, and its speed is 41.5 m/s according to 30-year data. In
this period, average number of days with storm is 21.6 (wind speed over 17.2 m/s), and
number of days with heavy wind is 53 with wind speed varying between 10.8 and 17.1
m/s.
Monthly and annual wind data for this period is given in Table C-6. Annual count of wind
blows are given in Table C-7, 8, 9 and 10, and wind roses are given Figure C-5, 6, 7 and
8.
Table C-6 Count of Wind Blows (Monthly and Annual)
Month
Direction
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Annual
N
97
94
99
93
103
159
185
168
137
127
111
98
1471
NNE
145
121
82
NE
115
121
109
82
110
130
172
159
105
97
93
107
1403
72
109
114
158
132
89
89
69
110
1287
ENE
114
130
109
82
85
92
126
89
56
95
90
110
1178
E
140
92
78
58
80
86
99
73
63
59
69
86
983
ESE
100
102
106
96
112
99
109
89
97
102
122
137
1271
SE
186
145
145
176
170
148
134
142
177
206
183
202
2014
SSE
235
212
237
291
264
211
158
205
242
304
281
307
2947
S
339
277
309
304
284
247
227
238
300
320
312
348
3505
SSW
233
220
259
218
215
170
142
166
199
225
267
244
2558
SW
181
164
215
162
127
119
133
108
111
154
153
174
1801
WSW
233
253
278
248
206
173
161
139
148
189
211
229
2468
W
165
194
215
191
185
192
163
144
131
177
160
149
2066
WNW
140
162
174
221
234
227
239
207
182
196
161
141
2284
NW
96
82
119
144
116
177
177
196
162
129
126
105
1629
NNW
116
80
114
99
153
175
234
216
167
140
123
92
1709
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-C
6/16
Figure C-4 Annual Wind Rose
Table C-7 Count of Wind Blows for Winter
Direction
January
February
December
Total
N
97
94
98
289
NNE
145
121
107
373
NE
115
121
110
346
ENE
114
130
110
354
E
140
92
86
318
ESE
100
102
137
339
SE
186
145
202
533
SSE
235
212
307
754
S
339
277
348
964
SSW
233
220
244
697
SW
181
164
174
519
WSW
233
253
229
715
W
165
194
149
508
WNW
140
162
141
443
NW
96
82
105
283
NNW
116
80
92
288
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-C
7/16
Figure C-5 Wind Rose for Winter
Table C-8 Count of Wind Blows for Spring
Direction
March
April
May
Total
N
99
93
103
295
NNE
82
82
110
274
NE
109
72
109
290
ENE
109
82
85
276
E
78
58
80
216
ESE
106
96
112
314
SE
145
176
170
491
SSE
237
291
264
792
S
309
304
284
897
SSW
259
218
215
692
SW
215
162
127
504
WSW
278
248
206
732
W
215
191
185
591
WNW
174
221
234
629
NW
119
144
116
379
NNW
114
99
153
366
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-C
8/16
Figure C-6 Wind Rose for Spring
Table C-9 Count of Wind Blows for Summer
Direction
June
July
August
Annual
N
159
185
168
512
NNE
NE
130
172
159
461
114
158
132
404
ENE
92
126
89
307
E
86
99
73
258
ESE
99
109
89
297
SE
148
134
142
424
SSE
211
158
205
574
S
247
227
238
712
SSW
170
142
166
478
SW
119
133
108
360
WSW
173
161
139
473
W
192
163
144
499
WNW
227
239
207
673
NW
177
177
196
550
NNW
175
234
216
625
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-C
9/16
Figure C-7 Wind Rose for Summer
Table C-10 Count of Wind Blows for Autumn
Direction
September
October
November
Annual
N
137
127
111
375
NNE
105
97
93
295
NE
89
89
69
247
ENE
56
95
90
241
E
63
59
69
191
ESE
97
102
122
321
SE
177
206
183
566
SSE
242
304
281
827
S
300
320
312
932
SSW
199
225
267
691
SW
111
154
153
418
WSW
148
189
211
548
W
131
177
160
468
WNW
182
196
161
539
NW
162
129
126
417
NNW
167
140
123
430
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-C
10/16
Figure C-8 Wind Rose for Autumn
Distribution of average wind speed is given in Table C-11, and wind rose drawn according
to average wind speed is presented in Figure C-9.
Table C-11 Distribution of Average Wind Speed (1975-2005)
Month
Direction
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Annual
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
N
1,3
1,6
1,6
1,8
1,9
1,8
1,8
2,2
2
1,8
1,2
1,6
1,8
NNE
1,5
1,8
2
2,2
1,9
1,9
2
2,2
2
1,8
1,5
1,4
1,9
NE
1,5
1,7
2,4
2,1
1,9
2,1
2,2
2,1
1,9
1,9
1,3
1,6
1,9
ENE
1,7
2
2,2
2,1
1,9
1,9
2
1,9
1,9
1,6
1,6
1,7
1,9
E
1,8
1,9
2
1,5
1,7
1,5
1,5
1,6
1,8
1,3
1,4
1,3
1,6
ESE
3,4
2,5
2,7
3
2,1
1,5
1,7
1,5
1,5
1,6
2,1
2,7
2,2
SE
2,4
2,8
2,6
2,9
2,1
1,6
1,5
1,3
1,5
1,5
2,1
2
2
SSE
2,3
2,3
3,1
3,4
2,2
1,7
1,6
1,4
1,4
1,5
1,8
2
2,1
S
1,6
1,8
1,9
2,3
1,9
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,4
1,3
1,3
1,5
1,6
SSW
1,6
1,6
2
2,6
2
1,8
1,7
1,5
1,5
1,4
1,4
1,5
1,7
SW
1,7
1,7
2,1
2,6
2,1
1,9
1,9
1,6
1,7
1,7
1,8
1,7
1,9
WSW
1,9
2,4
2,8
2,9
2,3
2,6
2,3
2,2
2,4
2,1
1,8
1,9
2,3
W
1,8
2,3
2,6
2,8
2,7
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,6
2,4
1,8
1,7
2,3
WNW
1,9
2,3
2,7
3,1
2,9
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,7
2,2
1,9
1,8
2,5
NW
1,5
2,2
2,2
2,2
2,3
2,2
2,2
2,3
2,3
1,7
1,8
1,6
2,1
NNW
1,4
1,7
2,3
2,4
2,1
2,2
2,1
2,3
2,3
1,7
1,4
1,4
2
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-C
11/16
N
NNW 2,5
2
NW
1,5
WNW
1
0,5
W
0
NNE
NE
ENE
E
WSW
ESE
SW
SSW
SE
SSE
S
Figure C-9 Annual Wind Rose Drawn According to Average Wind Speed
Long-term meteorological data recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station is given in
Figure C-10.
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-C
12/16
Figure C-10 Long-term Meteorological Data Recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-C
13/16
Figure C-10 (Continued) Long-term Meteorological Data Recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-C
14/16
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-C
15/16
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-C
16/16
Appendix-D
Information Related to
Public Consultation Meeting
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-D
1/5
PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING
The PCM was held on April 20, 2010 at 14.00 in the meeting hall of the KASKI WWTP
with participation of local people and authorized people from KaMM. The aim of this
meeting was to inform people about the Project and its possible environmental impacts as
well as to hear their opinions and suggestions about the Project.
Date, time and place of the meeting was announced in a local newspaper called “Anadolu
Haber” (see Figure D-1).
Figure D-1 PCM Announcement Published in the newspaper “Anadolu Haber” on April 17, 2010.
PCM was held with participation of local people especially from the nearest settlements
which are Bogazkopru and Molu villages. In the PCM, DOKAY presented information to
attendants about the Project. In this context, the environmental impacts arising from the
current dump site were underlined, and advantages of the new SWL for resolving the
environmental issues were explained.
In the PCM, people from Bogazkopru Village mentioned about their complaints about the
odor from the KASKI WWTP. It was explained by DOKAY and representatives of KaMM
that the odor problem is not related to the Project in concern. They also explained that
new sludge drying beds will be constructed at KASKI WWTP in order to resolve the odor
problem.
In the PCM, there were no complaints about the waste collection routes raised by the local
people.
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-D
2/5
Photos taken during the PCM are given in Figures D-2 and D-3 whereas list of participants
is given in Figure D-4.
Figure D-2 Photo from the PCM-1
Figure D-3 Photo from the PCM-2
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-D
3/5
Figure D-4 Participant List
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-D
4/5
Figure D-4 (Continued) Participant List
Project No.: 130.01
December 2010
Appendix-D
5/5

kayseri metropolitan municipality solid waste landfill project

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