Training Report Turkey October 2011

Transkript

The European Union’s Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA)
Working Group 4 – ECENA - Activity Scheme 4.1
Capacity building regarding compliance with
environmental legislation through better
understanding of issues and identification of targeted
solutions (training of inspectors and permit writers)
TRAINING EVALUATION
country: Turkey
dates: 4 – 7 October 2011
This project is funded by
the European Union
A project implemented by a
Consortium led by Hulla & Co.
Human Dynamics KG
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Contact:
Dr. Ir. Ike van der Putte
Tel: +31 15 750 16 00
Mob: +31 653 948 067
Fax: +31 15 750 1610
e-mail: [email protected]
This project is funded by the European Union.
RENA Secretariat: Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG; Lothringer Strasse 16, 1030 Vienna (Wien), Austria
Tel: +43 1 402 50 21 12; Fax: +43 1 402 50 20 20; email: [email protected]
Website: www.renanetwork.org
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ANNEX 1. Training programme Turkey
ANNEX 2: Air Quality Permit for Steel Industry (Electric Arc Furnace) EGE CELIK
in Izmir, Turkey
ANNEX 3: Participants list
ANNEX 4. Overview of EU waste Legislation
a. General
b. Waste treatment operations
c. Directives related to specific waste streams
d. Iron and Steel Scrap with reference to end –of waste status
ANNEX 5. Human resources calculation permit writers
a. New permit
b. Renewals of permit
c. Blanc form
ANNEX 6. Presentation Montenegro on IPPC
ANNEX 7. Overview of Steel industry in Turkey (In Turkish)
ANNEX 8. Summary course evaluation forms
ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual
Turkey
4– 7 October 2011
DAY 1
08.00-08.45
08.45
Registration
Opening
Session 01
09.00- 09.30
(30 minutes)
Introduction
(explanation of the training programme, information on RENA, ECENA and
the project activity: Introduction of participants) (IP/Gl)
Session 02
09.30 - 09.45
(15 minutes)
Regulatory cycle
(the role and functioning of the regulatory cycle; consequences for the
organisation of the process of environmental policy-making and strategy with
its implementation; systematic approach; feedback asked from participants
and explanations of what is presented; how are they going to use this in
practice during their training) (short discussion on regulatory cycle) (RGl)
Session 03
09.45 - 10.00
(15 minutes)
Minimum criteria for inspection
(Scope, definitions, Inspection, Inspectorate, Inspectors, why to inspect routine
and non-routine inspections, frequency of inspection setting priorities new
trends in permitting and compliance, RMCEI) etc.) (RGl/IP)
10.00 – 10.15 Coffee Break (15 minutes)
Session 04
10.15 - `11.00
(45 minutes)
Planning use of human resources capacity scheme (exercise)
(human resources calculation scheme) (RG)
1
Session 05
11.00 – 12.30
(90 minutes)
Basics of Integrated Permitting and its Application
(background information on IPPC and related permitting and application
aspects) (RG/IP)
12.30 13.30
Lunch break
(60 minutes)
Session 06
13.30 - 14.15
(45 minutes)
On site inspection and planning
(which ways to inspect; announced/unannounced; desk/versus -on site;
preparation of site visit; identification of roles; use of checklists; example of
checklist for a virtual site to be visited)
Session 07
14.15 – 15.00
(45 minutes)
Monitoring/Self monitoring
(quality assurance management; impact of self monitoring on inspections, LCP
monitoring,)
15.00- 15.15 Coffee Break (15 minutes)
Session 08
15.15 - 15.45
(30 minutes)
General analysis of the inspection results (evaluation of results and
feedback)
(Covering evaluation. Feedback and three types of reporting: individual
inspection report, annual summary report for the site and country report.
Should cover, prompt reporting, better comment and analysis after the
inspection.)
Session 09
15.45 - 16.30
(75 minutes)
Special Subject: Waste management intro (IP)*
17.00 Closing Session
* Under Special Subjects a selection can be made from a list including:
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2
Turkey
DAY 2
Session 10
08.45 -09.30
(45 minutes)
IED in context with IPPC and other directives
(General information on developments and current situation of the
environmental legislation with consequences for enforcement mechanisms in
EU)(IP)
Session 11
09.30 – 11.00
(90 minutes)
Permit applications
(Contents of a permit application in detail in general, cemen, /steel industry
as an example Explanation of the steel process applied)(REPRESENTATIVE
OF FACTORY and RGL)
10.30 Coffee Provided
Session 12
11.00 –12.30
(90 minutes)
Integrated permit of factory to be visited
(The translation of the permit conditions of the prevailing permit and
comments of invited inspectors as well as local country inspector in charge of
inspection, discussion on enforceability of permit conditions )(REPR OF
FACTORY, inv INSP and RGL)
12.30– 13.30 Lunch Break (60 minutes)
Session 13
13.30 -14.10
(40 minutes)
Introduction to BREF and BAT of the cement industry*
(Comparison of prevailing emission and monitoring data with the information
from the BREF/BAT) (Inv INSPECTORS, REPR FACTORY, RGL)
* For Turkey the Steel industry has been chosen as a pilot; the BREF and
BAT information is included under “Special subjects – 7. Steel and Iron”
Session 14
14.10 - 15.00
(50 minutes)
Basic approach to site visits
(overview of methods and questioning during investigations and inspection
Exercise: )(RGL/IP)
3
15.00 Coffee Break (15 minutes)
Session 15
15.15 – 16.15
(60 minutes)
Planning of visits in groups with specific assignments. Preparation for next
day inspection visit
(Study in groups on the specific assignments setting up a questionnaire with
questions and attention points during the site visit (IP)
Session 16
16.15- 16.45
(30 minutes)
(Invited Inspectors presenting experiences in their country)
(Inv INSPECTORS)
16:45 Closing Session (IP)
4
Turkey
DAY 3
09.00 Departure to STEEL FACTORY
Execution of site visit according to prepared plan of action.
At the site.
Preliminary discussions in the office
Review documentation (monitoring data, quality checks, site plans, permits)
is necessary documentation in place?
Comments and questions
Divide into groups with chairman and reporter in each. Chairman has allocated
specific responsibilities to each member of the group
Site visit:
Request site staff to provide guides: groups to see all of the site, but focus on
areas: like handling and storage, dust abatement, waste handling and filling
stations, cleanliness of factory , evaluate surrounding area.
Each member of the group will make their own inspection and make notes and
compare results later in the group.
Return to Meeting room at the factory.
General comments on visit site and any further questions
15.00 Return to meeting room in the hotel
Session 17
16.15- 16.45
( 30 minutes)
Visit report preparation in groups
Session 18
16.45 – 17. 30
(45 minutes)
Presentation of reports by members of the groups
(Comments by inv Inspectors. Conclusion of site visit
Suggested follow-up actions.)
5
DAY 4
Session 19
08.45 – 10.15
(90 minutes)
Special subjects
Follow-up of session 9
10.15 Coffee Break (15 minutes)
Session 20
10.30 11.45
(85-90 minutes)
Cooperation between authorities
12.00 Closing session and evaluation forms
12.30 Lunch Break
Delegates leave after lunch
6
Air Emission Permit
Annex-5.6.2
2) Converters Producing Steel, Electric Arc Furnaces, Melting with induction and
Melting Facilities with vacuum:
In converters producing steel, electric arc furnaces, melting with induction and melting
facilities with vacuum following principles shall be followed:
2.1) Under all operating conditions (filling, emptying, mixing, taking sulphur operations
and such) waste gases shall be collected and sent to a dust separation facility.
2.2) Dust emissions of waste gases shall not exceed 50 mg/Nm3 limit value. This limit
value will be applied as 25 mg/Nm3 starting from 1st of January 2012.
2.3) Carbon monoxide emission shall be assessed, burned or if it is not possible to burn
in with 90% and higher burning efficiency, it shall be released to atmosphere as stated in
Annex-4.
2.4) Relevant principles in Annex-1 shall be followed. Measures should be taken
against dust emissions from storage of scrap, ore etc.
2.5) Technologies on Blowing Converters and studies on decreasing of dust emission
published relevant Turkish Standards and existing best techniques shall be followed.
Annex-5.6.4
4) Facilities where heat treatment is applied to steel and nonferrous material (Heat
Ovens):
In these facilities following principles shall be followed:
4.1) Dust formed emissions in waste gases shall not exceed 50 mg/Nm3 limit value.
4.2) Relevant principles in Annex-1 shall be followed.
4.3) By performing 3% volume oxygen correction;
For facilities using liquid fuel sulphur dioxide emission shall not exceed 2400 mg/Nm3
For facilities using gas fuel sulphur dioxide emission shall not exceed 100 mg/Nm3
For facilities using coke gas as fuel sulphur dioxide emission shall not exceed 200
mg/Nm3
For facilities using double fuel (liquid+gas) sulphur dioxide emission 2400 mg/Nm3
value shall be provided by performing 3% volume oxygen correction and a constant chimney
as analysis apparatus with recorder shall be equipped.
4.4) Sootiness shall not exceed 3 according to Bacharach scale in facilities using liquid
fuel.
Annex-1a.2
a.2) Degree of soot of waste gases of facilities which burn liquid fuels shall be at most 2
(two) according to Bacharach scale for the ones burning diesel oil and at most 3 (three) in the
ones that burn fuel oil.
Annex-1c
c) Hoarded materials stored in open area:
Hoarded material stored in open area shall be stored in open area providing the
conditions of the air quality standards. For this purpose some of the measures that shall be
taken are listed below:
-Wind preventing slabs shall be placed on the land, walls are built or trees for wind
prevention shall be planted,
-Conveyors and other transporters and linking parts through which these transporters
unload materials to each other are covered,
-Loading and unloading activities are held without winnowing,
-Top of the materials are covered with nylon canvas or with matters whose grain sizes
are bigger than 10 mm,
-Upper layers are protected in a humidity of 10%. Necessary equipment for the
assurance of this position shall be established.
Annex-1e
e) Condition of roads inside the facility:
Roads inside the facility shall be cleaned regularly, all measures shall be taken against
dust emissions (wetting, sweeping, exposure to dust holding materials etc.) and roads shall be
covered with covering materials with bitumen (asphalt etc.) and/or concrete.
Annex-1f
f) Unloading of Filters:
During unloading of the filters which hold emissions in the form of dust, dust shall be
unloaded using a closed system or shall be humidified during unloading to prevent dust
emission.
Pollutants that need to be monitored for air quality: Dust, dustfall
Pollutants in the stack gas that need to be continuously monitored: Dust emission
List of participants
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Dƌ͘ŚŵĞƚŽĚĂů;ŶŬĂƌĂ͕dƌŬͿ
Dƌ͘zĂŬƵƉǇĂŶ;ŶŬĂƌĂ͕dƌŬͿ
DƐ͘ŵŝŶĞ,ĂƚƵŶŽŵĞƌƚ;ŶŬĂƌĂ͕dƌŬͿ
DƐ͘^ĂǌŝǇĞ^ĂǀĂƐ;ŶŬĂƌĂ͕dƌŬͿ
Dƌ͘'ŽŬƐŝŶdĞŬŝŶĚŽƌ;ŶŬĂƌĂ͕dƌŬͿ
DƐ͘ƐƌĂzŝůŵĂǌ;ŶŬĂƌĂ͕dƌŬͿ
DƐ͘^ĞŶĂǇƌƐůĂŶ;ŶŬĂƌĂ͕dƌŬͿ
Dƌ͘͘dĞŽŵĂŶ^ĂŶĂůĂŶ;ŶŬĂƌĂ͕dƌŬͿ
Dƌ͘͘zĂǀƵǌzƵĐĞŬƵƚůƵ;ŶŬĂƌĂ͕dƌŬͿ
Dƌ͘ƌƐŝŶ'ƵƌƚĞƉĞ;ŶŬĂƌĂ͕dƌŬͿ
Dƌ͘KƌĂůKǌĐĂŶ;ŶŬĂƌĂ͕dƌŬͿ
Dƌ͘ŚŵĞƚĐŝŬĂůŝŶ;ĂŶĂŬŬĂůĞ͕dƌŬͿ
Dƌ͘ǇƚĂĐĂŵ;,ĂƚĂǇ͕dƌŬͿ
Dƌ͘dĞǀĨŝŬŬĐĂǇ;^ĂŵƐƵŶ͕dƌŬͿ
Dƌ͘ŚŵĞƚdƵƌŬƵŵ;<ŽĐĂĞůŝ
DƐ^ĞǀŐŝŵĞŶŝǌ^ĞůŝŵŽŐůƵ;/ǌŵŝƌ͕dƌŬͿ
DƐEĂǌůŝ<ƵƌŐƵŶ;/ǌŵŝƌ͕dƌŬͿ
Invited Inspectors from fYR of Macedonia (Mac) and from Montenegro (Mte)
&ŝƌƵƐDĞŵĞĚ;DĂĐͿ
>ŝĚŝũĂ'ĂůĞǀĂ;DĂĐͿ
<ƌƵŵĞ<ŽĐŽǀ;DĂĐͿ
sůĂĚĂŶƌĂŐƵƚŝŶŽǀŝĐ;DƚĞͿ
DŝůƵƚŝŶsƵŬĂĚŝŶŽǀŝĐ;DƚĞͿ
SPECIAL SUBJECTS
Overview of EU waste legislation
WG 4 ECENA
Overview of EU waste
legislation part 1
Sources include:
1) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/index.htm
2) European CommissionUnit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption/ Helmut
Maurer, 7 December 2006
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What is the Issue ?
Growing
technosphere
Extraction:
16 tons
To physical stock:
10 tons
Disposal:
6 tons
2 t/cap CO2
3.5 t/cap waste
0.5 t/cap agr waste
Source
Environment
Sink
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During this session we will look at
•
•
•
•
European policies and strategies on waste
Framework Legislation
Waste treatment operations
Waste streams
The Vision: integrating
Resources, Products and
Waste Policies
Thematic
Strategy on the
Prevention
and Recycling
of waste
EU
6th
ENV
Action
Programme
Thematic
Strategy on
Sustainable
Use of
Resources
Integrated Product Policy / Sustainable Production & Consumption
The Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste (Waste TS) (COM(2005)666) and the Thematic
Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources COM(2005) 670 are two of seven such strategies called for
by the Sixth Environmental Action Plan (Decision 1600/2002/EC).
Objective: Decoupling
Decoupling resource use from
economic growth:
“ more value per kilogram “
Economic activity
(GDP)
Better ecoeco-efficiency:
more value per impact
Resource use
(kg, km2, kW…)
Decoupling environmental
impact from resource use
“ less impacts per kilogram “
2005
Environmental
impact (“indicators”)
2030
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Framework Legislation
Waste Framework Dir.
(Dir.2006/12/EC, formerly 75/442/EEC)
NEW 2008/98/EC
Hazardous Waste Directive
Waste Shipment Regulation
Dir.91/689/EEC
(Reg. (EEC) 259/93)
revised – Reg. (EC) 1013/2006
Waste Treatment Operations
Incineration
Recycling
Landfill
89/369 & 429 (MW) 94/67 (HW)
Replaced by 2000/76/EC,
In IED 2010
EU Standards, …,
as part of Recycling Strategy
99/31/EC
Waste Streams
Waste
oils
Titanium
Dioxide
Dir
75/439/EEC
Dir 78/176/EEC
repeal with
WFD
revision
Sewage
Sludge
Dir.
86/278/EEC
Simplify in Update in
2011
2006, in
IED 2010
Batteries and Packaging
Accumulators
and
Packaging
Dir. 2006/66/EC
Waste
PCBs
Dir.96/59/EC
End-of-life
Vehicles
Dir 2000/53 EC
Dir. 94/62/EC
Waste
electric
and
electronic
equipment
Dir.2002/95EC
Restriction
of Haz.
Substances
electronic
equipment
Dir.2002/95/EC
RECAST
2010
REF. EC waste website 8/7/2011 and Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006
FRAMEWORK waste legislation
• WASTE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE
• WASTE SHIPMENT REGULATION (TFS)
The (New) Waste
Framework Directive
2008/98/EC
Source:ECENA IMPEL
EUROPEAID/124643/D/SER/Multi (Eptisa /RPS) 2009
Tricia Marcouse/ Ike van der Putte
See for more information the section special subject of
the RENA WG4 ECENA activity 1- manual
Mining
Waste
Dir 2006/21/EC
Synopsis
The Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) repealed
directives on waste disposal(75/439/EEC), hazardous
waste (91/689/EEC) and waste oils (2006/12/EC).
The Directive also added clarity by incorporating basic
definitions relating to waste management. It also opened
the possibility to establish "end-of-waste“ criteria for
certain waste streams in order to simplify the procedures.
Criteria for ferrous, aluminium and copper scrap metals as
well as for paper, glass and Biowaste are under
development.
Original WFD, 75/442/EC
Main Objective
Protection of human health and the environment
against harmful effects caused by the collection,
transport, treatment storage and tipping of waste
This objective remains in the new
Directive
Original WFD, 75/442/EC
• First definition of waste and disposal
• Harmonization of legislation in Member States
• Encouragement of recovery of waste and reuse
of materials
• Support for waste minimisation and clean
technology
• Waste Management Plans
• Polluter Pays principle should apply
• Requirement for data collection on waste
Nice and short Directive, BUT
• Poor definitions
• Insufficient minimum
requirements for issuing permits
• Didn’t provide a consistent
approach across the EU
Some Major Changes to WFD, 91/156/EEC
• Better definition of “waste”
• Requirement for a list of wastes to be
developed
• Definition of “disposal” and “recovery”
• Prohibits uncontrolled dumping of waste, and
therefore requires a collection/disposal service
Article 4: Waste Hierarchy
Best
Option
Prevention
Preparing for
Reuse
Recycling
Other Recovery
Disposal
Worst
Option
Article 6: End of Waste status
Waste will cease to be “waste” when
• When it has undergone a recovery/recycling
operation and
• Meets specified criteria to be developed by the
Commission (assisted by a technical
committee) following certain conditions,
which will include limit values for pollutants
when necessary
• If the commission does not set criteria,
Member States may do so
• Aggregates, paper, glass, metal, tyres and
textiles must have end of waste status defined.
General Criteria for “end of waste” status
• The substance is commonly used for specific
purposes
• A market or demand exists
• The substance can be used directly without further
processing, other than normal industrial practice
• The substance fulfils the technical requirements
for this purpose, and meets existing legislation and
standards applicable to products
• The use will not lead to overall adverse
environmental or health impacts
End-of waste Criteria for Iron and Steel Scrap
• IMPACTS
• 1) Ref. REACH regulation
• 2) Ref. Waste Shipments regulation
See separate presentation
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Specific technical requirements and targets for sustainable
development are given by other legislation
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• Landfill Directive
• Waste Incineration Directive (now in IED)
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but the legal basis of ALL of these are the
definitions of waste, disposal, recovery etc from
the Waste Framework Directive
Transfrontier shipment of waste TFS
Transfrontier shipment of waste TFS
Regulation (EC) No. 1013/2006 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 14th June,
2006 on shipments of waste.
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TFS and lists of waste
• Some wastes are more strictly controlled than
others. The regulation sets out a system for the
classifying waste into three lists (generalized):
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• The green list: green listed wastes are nonhazardous and easily recyclable, such as paper
and plastic. These wastes may move across
international borders within the EU without
having to request permission or advance
notification.
• The amber list: When green wastes are mixed
("co-mingled"), they become amber listed
wastes. They then do require pre-notification
and prior written consent before they can be
exported. Consequently as a waste becomes
somewhat more difficult to recover or
somewhat more hazardous it goes onto the
amber list. T
• The red list: This covers particularly
dangerous wastes
NOTIFICATION (1)
• The notification procedure requires that the
competent authorities of the countries concerned by
the shipment (country of dispatch, country of transit
and country of destination) give their consent prior to
any shipment.
• Waste shipments must be the subject of a contract
between the person responsible for shipping the
waste, or having it shipped, and the consignee of such
waste. Where the waste in question is subject to a
notification requirement, the contract must include
financial guarantees.
NOTIFICATION (2)
• Under the notification procedure, the notification must be
submitted by the notifier only to the competent authority of
dispatch which, in turn, will be responsible for passing it on to
the competent authorities of destination and transit.
• The competent authorities must give their consent (with or
without conditions) or express their objections within 30 days.
• Any changes involving the main aspects of the shipment
(quantity, itinerary, etc.) must be the subject of a new
notification, save in cases where all the competent authorities
grant the notifier an exemption from this obligation.
Exports
• If a shipment cannot be completed (including the
recovery or disposal of waste), the notifier must take
the waste back, normally at his own expense (note
some exceptions!)
• Exports to third countries of waste intended for
disposal are prohibited, except to European Free
Trade Association (EFTA) countries which are party
to the Basel Convention.
• Exports of hazardous waste intended for recovery are
prohibited, except those directed to countries to
which the OECD decision applies.
Imports
• Imports from third countries of waste intended
for disposal or recovery are prohibited, with
the exception of imports:
• from countries to which the OECD Decision applies,
• third countries which are party to the Basel Convention,
• countries which have concluded a bilateral agreement with the
Community or Member States, or
• other areas during situations of crisis.
.
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IMPEL-TFS
Verification-project 2005-2006
‘Is what you see, what you get?’
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Background
• Huge amounts of waste is being transported
through EU / world
• Enforcement stops at the border
Is it really processed:
• At an appropriate facility?
• At an environmentally sound manner?
Is it shipped in the right way?
Or does it end up
outside of EU?
Therefore: inspection from ‘cradle
to grave’ by the verification method
Verification method
Starting point: transport inspection
lead
batteries
(/9V
Starting point (2)
Inspection up stream: origin
the waste
Inspection downstream
SPECIAL SUBJECTS
WG 4 ECENA
legislation part 2
Sources include:
Waste treatment operations
• Waste Incineration Directive (Recasted in
Industrial Emissions Directive) – see IED
presentations
• The Landfill Directive
Waste Treatment Operations
INCINERATION
LANDFILL
(2000/76/EC) (Now IED)
(1999/31/EC)
• Covers MW and HW
• Covers incineration and co-incineration
• Permitting
• Emission limit values (air, water)
• Management of residues
• Recovery of energy
• Permitting system
• Control procedures
• Technical requirements
• Reduction of landfill of biodegradable
waste
• Collection of methane and energy recovery
• Internalisation of costs
• Interdiction of co-disposal
The Landfill Directive
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of
waste
Adapted from the following sources:
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Council Directive 1999/31/EC on
the landfill of waste
Objectives
To prevent or reduce as far
as possible negative effects
from the landfilling of waste
on
9 the environment
9 the global environment
9 human health
Key elements of the Directive
3 classes of landfill:
(No co-disposal !)
9 landfills for hazardous waste
9 landfills for non-hazardous waste
9 landfills for inert waste
Obligation to treat waste before landfilling
Key elements
(continued)
Permit, control and monitoring requirements:
- content of permit application (article 7)
- conditions of the permit (article 8)
- financial security (article 8-(a)iv)
- Content of the permit (article 9) with monitoring of water
and gas emissions (operation phase/after-care phase)
Key elements
(continued)
Ban of certain wastes:
9 2003 whole tyres, 2006 shredded tyres
9 liquid waste
9 explosive, corrosive, oxidising, flammable waste
9 infectious hospital and veterinary waste
9 waste not meeting acceptance criteria
Key elements
(continued)
Reduction targets for the landfilling of biodegradable waste (based on
data for 1995):
9 75 % by 2006
9 50 % by 2009
9 35 % by 2016
The 2016 target already reached by AT, BE, DK, DE, NL and SE.
The 2009 target reached by FR, IT and FI are close to it.
The 2006 target has not been reached by ES, PT, IE. UK second worst
after Greece.
Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation
Art. 5 Strategy on biodegradable waste
•
•
Figure 3. Biodegradable municipal waste distance to target, 2002
(Excluding Luxembourg and the Belgium regions Wallonia and Brussels)
% landfilled
140%
120%
100%
80%
Target 2006
60%
Target 2009
40%
Target 2016
20%
)
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Figure 2a. Tonnes of biodegradable municipal waste Landfilled, 20012003
Tonnes
20000000
2001
16000000
2002
2003
12000000
8000000
4000000
ly
Ita
Sp
ai
G
er n
m
an
y
Fr
an
ce
G
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Po e
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Ki
ng
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0
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•
Kg/capita
400
2001
300
2002
200
2003
100
Un
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Sp
G e a in
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Technical Annexes
Annex I: General requirements
(location, protection of soil/water)
Annex II: Waste acceptance
criteria for landfills (general
principles, preliminary criteria)
Annex III: Control and monitoring
(water, leachate, gas)
Waste acceptance procedure, Art. 11
9 The principles are set out in Art 11. Detailed rules about
standardisation of control, sampling and analysis
methods are set out in a separate Council Decision.
9 There is little transparency about how waste acceptance
criteria are applied in different MS.
9 There is no knowledge about how criteria are applied in
the new Member States.
Decision on waste acceptance
criteria and procedures (2003/33/EC)
• Objective: landfill only waste that is compatible with the
protection afforded by each landfill class.
• Acceptance procedure: what information to collect, when
to test.
• Acceptance criteria: limit values and/or lists of waste
acceptable at a specific landfill class.
• List of test and sampling methods to be used (developed
by CEN).
Waste acceptance criteria
(continued)
Procedure
9 Basic characterisation (including sampling)
9 Compliance testing
9 On-site verification
• Criteria for three landfill classes, including underground
storage.
• Higher limit values may be authorised for some
parameters under certain conditions (case by case
decision, no additional risk)
Existing landfills
Main Problems:
9 Landfills for non-hazardous waste and inert
waste do often not comply.
9 No comprehensive data from Member States.
9 Too many unauthorized landfills (horizontal
cases against some Member States.)
FACTS AND FIGURES ON LANDFILLS
•
Total municipal waste going to landfills (EU-25 average): 49%
(in some countries 90%).
•
Although waste generation is growing in parallel with GDP, in EU-25 by
19% between 1995 and 2003, waste landfilled goes slightly down.
•
Number of existing landfills in EU-15:
hazardous waste: 504 (141 comply)
non-hazardous waste: 6286 (1267 comply)
inert waste: 3416 (925 comply)
(No figures from UK, Denmark. Czech. Rep. on compliance). Full
compliance to be achieved until 16 July 2009.
•
Trend since implementation: number of permitted landfills declines/ quantity of wastes, including biodegradable declines/ - landfills improve
technically
Existing landfills
•
Figure 4a. Landfills for hazardous waste; total and complying with the directive
HZW total
HZWcomplying
Number of landfills
250
200
150
100
50
Be
Au
lg
iu
st
Be m/
ria
lg Fla
iu
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m
Be
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lg /Bru rs
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Sl ary
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a
Sl kia
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0
Existing landfills
•
Landfills for non-hazardous waste; total and complying with the directive
Number of landfills
400
300
200
100
Be
lg
A
Be ium us
tr
lg /
Be ium Fla ia
lg /B nde
iu ru r
m s s
/W se
Deallo ls
nm nia
Fi ark
nl
Fr and
G anc
er e
m
G an
re y
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la
nd
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et o
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r g
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ga
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p l
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ni Sw ain
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en
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0
Non-HZWtotal
Non-HZWcomplying
Enforcement
• Infringement proceedings Art. 226 EC
– Letter of formal notice
– Reasoned opinion
• Infringement proceedings Art. 228 EC
– Lump sum or penalty depend on:
• Seriousness of infringement (factor x)
• Duration (factor x)
• Deterrent effect (factor x)
• daily penalties of 140.000€ or a lump sum of
20.Mio € are not uncommon
Landfill Awareness Raising events
2007
Conclusions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Insufficient implementation of Directive and Decision
Polluter pays principle not observed
No pre-treatment
Predominance of landfilling
High numbers of uncontrolled dumps
Low coverage through collection systems
No separation at source
Low administrative capacity
Too little investment
Profound lack of public awareness
Waste generation is increasing
Overall generation
Billion
tonnes
1995
2004
EU 15
1.29
1.93
2.01
EU 27
N/A
2.91
2.95*
2006
EEA/Eurostat
Across different waste streams:
• municipal solid waste;
• packaging waste;
• hazardous waste;
• construction and demolition waste
• industrial waste
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Trends in municipal waste generation
DRAFT FIGURE - EEA
• Proportion of recycling is increasing
– Recycling and composting of MSW in EU-27:
1998 - 19%; 2007 - 38% (Source: EEA SOER report 2010)
– In 2006 the EU 27 recycled approximately 55% of waste
targeted by EU Directives
•
•
•
•
•
70% of ELVs,
57% of packaging,
65% of construction and demolition waste,
34% of municipal solid waste
19% of WEEE.
- Rate of recycling and improvement varies
significantly by Member State and waste stream
Recycling of End of Life Vehicles - 2006
Recycling rates for municipal waste in
the EU 27
DRAFT FIGURE - EEA - June 2010
• Landfill of MSW decreasing:
– 1997 – 293 kg per capita
– 2008 – 207 kg per capita
– Range in 2008 from 672 kg/capita in Cyprus to 3kg/capita in Germany
(EU-27) (Source: EEA)
• Incineration of MSW increasing:
– 1997 - 70kg per capita
– 2008 - 102kg per capita
– Ranges from 0 kg/capita in a variety of MS to 433 kg/capita in
Denmark
(EU-27) (Source: Eurostat)
•
•
Preferred disposal route highly varied dependent on the Member State and
national circumstance
A consequence of public awareness/perceptions, infrastructure, choice of
legal instruments
Treatment of waste
- 2006
High levels of recovery
Incineration as the primary
disposal route
Significant levels of energy
recovery
Primary reliance on landfilling
Eurostat, Energy Transport and
Environment Indicators 2008
Trade
Trade in EU waste with third countries and across the Member States is
increasing
•
Significant growth in volume of non-hazardous waste shipped from the EU to third
countries ie paper, plastics and metals
•
Key area of export – Asia
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
•
•
Extra EU15 trade in paper rose from 1.2-7.8 million tonnes (1994 – 2007)
accounts for majority of non-EU trade in waste paper and plastics
trade in paper x10, plastics x11 and metal x5
Extra EU15 trade in plastics rose from 0.2-1.6 million tonnes (1995-2005)
In 2007 more plastics waste was shipped to the Asian market by the EU, than within the EU
In 2007 half of all waste plastics were exported to China and Hong Kong
EEA data from 1997-2004 shows a year on year increase in notified waste exported
Trade in the quantity of notified waste exported from EU Member States increased
x 4 (including trade to other EU MS and 3rd Countries)
Most significant exporters of waste in 2005
–
–
–
–
Netherlands,
Ireland,
Luxembourg,
Belgium
SPECIAL SUBJECTS
WG 4 ECENA
legislation part 3
Sources include:
Directives related to Specific Waste
Streams
End of Life Vehicles (ELV)
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Packaging and packaging waste
• European Parliament and Council Directive
94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on packaging
and packaging waste
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PCBs/PCTs
• Council Directive 96/59/EC of 16 September
1996 on the disposal of polychlorinated
biphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls [See
amending act(s)].
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Sewage sludge
• Council Directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June
1986 on the protection of the environment, and
in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is
used in agriculture [See amending acts].
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Mining waste
• Directive 2006/21/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 15 March
2006 on the management of waste from
extractive industries [See amending acts].
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ROH Directive – recast (1)
DIRECTIVE 2011/65/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 8
June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and
electronic equipment (Recast)
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DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC OF THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 27
January 2003
on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
5(&$67
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Disposal of spent batteries and accumulators
Directive 2006/66/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 6 September
2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste
batteries and accumulators
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Batteries and accumulators wastes
End of Life Vehicles Reuse and Recycling
Hazardous waste
WEE collection rate
Recycling and recovery rate packaging waste
SPECIAL SUBJECTS
WG 4 ECENA
legislation part 4
Sources include:
2)JRC Scientific and Technical reports: End –of waste Criteria for Iron and Steel Scrap,
Technical Proposals, Lenka Muchova and Peter Eder, 2010
Iron and Steel Scrap with ref. to end-waste
Criteria
Exported Scrap by grade – EU 27
Prices Ferro Scrap from 2003 - 2008
Metal Scrap and the Waste Shipment Regulation
OECD countries(1)
Waste Shipment
On 12 July 2007, Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 (the new Waste Shipment
Regulation) came into force. Accordingly, most metal scrap is under the
List B of Part 1 of Annex V (also referred to as the ‘green list’), which are
not covered by Article 1(1) (a) of the Basel Convention, and therefore not
covered by the export prohibition.
Export of waste under the ‘green list’ within the OECD countries is not subject
to notification and consent procedure and is done under normal commercial
transactions; however, the new Waste Regulation does require the
completion of an Annex VII form.(Waste Shipments Regulation tracking
forms and domestic waste movement forms – note commercially sensitive
issues).
Metal Scrap and the Waste Shipment Regulation
Non OECD countries (2)
For ‘green list’ exports to non-OECD countries, the Regulations require the
Commission to obtain a new declaration from the receiving country as to
whether it will accept each kind of waste; it may also require prenotification.
In List B, the possibly affected wastes are some metal scrap under B1010 (ferrous and
aluminium) GC010 (electronic assemblies consisting of only metals or alloys) and
GC020 (electronic scrap e.g. printed circuit boards, electronic components, wire,
etc.) and reclaimed electronic components suitable for base and precious metal
recovery). However, some of the non-OECD countries failed to respond and in such
as cases the countries are to be regarded as having chosen a procedure of prior
written notification and consent. Default controls of prior written notification and
consent are applied.
When scrap is traded under the procedure of prior notification and consent,
exporters of scrap metals to non-OECD countries are required to pre-notify,
which requires administration and payment of a fee as well as the
establishment of a financial guarantee
Metal Scrap and REACH
REACH
When metal scrap ceases to be waste, it becomes subject to the provisions of the REACH Regulation.
Article 2.2 of the REACH Regulation specifies that waste is not a substance, mixture or
article within the meaning of Article 3 of this Regulation. As long as iron and steel scrap has the
status of waste it is therefore not a substance, mixture or article for REACH and most
obligations under the REACH Regulation do not apply.
When iron and steel scrap cease to be waste according to Article 6 of the WFD, the exemption
under Article 2.2 of the REACH Regulation does not apply anymore. A benefit of EU-wide
end-of-waste criteria will therefore be to clarify when iron and steel scrap has to be considered a
substance, mixture or article under REACH and when not.
However, concerns have been raised that the end-of-waste criteria may lead to disproportionate
regulatory burdens under REACH, especially for the companies that produce iron and steel
scrap with end-of-waste status.
The main potential burdens are related to the registration of the
substances in end-of-waste scrap and to the obligations to provide safety information to
downstream users.
Human resources calculation scheme
Permit writers
New permits
Calculation of number of permit writers
Polluting level/ Complexity
indicators
Number of enterprises
Application check / mn
days/permit application
Permit conditions drafting/check
Integration with auth/
…………………Public/ mndays
High
500
20
10
1
10
5
0.5
5.0
2.0
0.2
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Totals
Low
100
3700
Total mandays
Medium
10000
1.0
9000
4600
0.1
18000
Effective days per permit writer
30700
150
205
Number of permit writers
Additional staff requirements
Management
Administrative staff
Judicial support
Staff turn over
Per 10 permit writers one management level
20
Per 40 permit writers one support administrative staff
(only screening the typing standardize output format
Per 10 permit writers one judicial support
One in 100 permits go to court
Average turn over 5% of staff
5
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20
10
55
260
Renewal Permit writers
Renewal permits
indicators
Application check / mn
days/permit application
High
500
5
2
0.5
2
1
0.2
1.0
10000
0.5
0.1
Totals
Low
100
810
Total mandays
Medium
4600
0.1
0.1
1800
0.1
9000
Number of renewal permit writers
10610
150
71
Management
Judicial support
Staff turn over
Per 10 renewal permit writers one management level
7
Per 80 renewal permit writers one support
administrative staff (only screening the typing
standardize output format
Per 80 renewal permit writers one judicial support
One in 1000 renewal permits go to court
Average turn over 5% of staff
1
Total
Total of permit writers s and additional staff
1
4
13
84
Permit writers
indicators
High
Medium
Application check / mn days
Total mandays
Number of permit writers
Management
Judicial support
Staff turn over
Total
Total of Inspectors and additional staff
Low
Totals
RENA workshop
Izmir, October 2011
Implementation of the Law on IPPC
in Montenegro – state of the art
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List of existing IPPC installations
No.
Type of activity and installation
1.
OPERATOR
MUNICIPALITY
TE »PLJEVLJA«
Pljevlja
Željezara Nikšiü
Nikšiü
1.
Energy production
1.1
Thermal energy installations with the rated thermal input >50 MW
2.
Metals production and processing
2.2
Installations for production of raw iron or steel (primary or secondary fusion) including
continuous casting, with a capacity exceeding 2,5 t/h;
2.3
Processing installations in ferrous industry:
(a)
Hot rolling mills with capacity exceeding 20 t/h of raw steel;
Željezara Nikšiü
Nikšiü
(b)
smitheries with automatic hammers the energy of which exceeds 50 kilojoules per hammer where
the calorific power used is >20 MW
Željezara Nikšiü
Nikšiü
Livnica »GATI«
Nikšiü
2.
3.
2.4
Ferrous metal foundries with a production capacity >20 tonnes per day
4.
2.6
Installations for surface processing of metal and plastic materials using electrolytic or chemical
processes, where the volume for the treatment exceeds 30 m3.
»Alu-line«, površinska elektrohemijska
zaštita
Mojkovac
(a)
For the production of non-ferrous raw materials from ore, concentrates or secondary raw
materials by means of metalllurgy and chemical processes or electrolytic processes
KAP
Podgorica
3.
Mineral industry
3.5.
Installations for the production of ceramic products by baking, especially crijepa, brick,
vatrostalne opeke, ploþica, ceramic SRVXÿD or porcelain, with production capacities
exceeding 75 t per day, and/or with oven capacity exceeding 4 m3, with filling density per
oven exceeding 300 kg/m3.
»OPEKA«, ciglana,
Berane
4.
Chemical industry
5.
6.
7.
4.6
Chemical installations for production of explosives
»POLIEKS«
Berane
8.
4.6
Chemical installations for production of explosives
»BOOSTER«
Nikšiü
5.
Waste management
5.4
Landfills receiving more than 10 t of waste per day or of total capacity exceeding 25.000
t, excluding landfills of inert waste
»DEPONIJA« D.O.O.,
Podgorica
6.
Other activities
6.1
Industrial installations for production of:
(b)
paper and cardboard, with production capacities exceeding 20 t per day
»BERANKA«
Berane
6.6
Installations for fattening of poultry or pigs with more than:
9.
10.
11.
(a)
40.000 places for poultry
»PANTOMARKET«,
Spuž
12.
(b)
2.000 places for pigs for breeding (weight exceeding 30 kg)
»PANTOMARKET«,
Martiniüi
(c)
750 places for sows
»PANTOMARKET«,
Martiniüi
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Haziran 2011
A.Yavuz Yücekutlu, A.Teoman Sanalan
Elektrikli Ark Ocaklı (EAO) Demir Çelik
Fabrikalarında Mevcut En İyi Tekniklerin (BAT)
Emisyon Azaltılmasında ve Hava Kalitesinin
Korunmasında Kullanılması
ÇEVRE YÖNETİMİ GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ
T.C.
ÇEVRE VE ORMAN BAKANLIĞI
• Ülkemizde demir çelik üretimi, entegre demir
çelik fabrikalarında hammadde olarak cevher,
elektrikli ark ocaklı tesislerde ise hurda demir ve
çelik kullanılarak yapılmaktadır.
• Demir çelik tesisleri Çevre Mevzuatında “Kirletici
Vasfı Yüksek Tesisler” arasında yer alan
almakta olup, bu tesisler mevzuatta yer alan
hüküm ve sınırlamalara uymakla yükümlüdürler.
Demir Çelik Üretimi ve Çevre
Kirlilik azaltılmasında AB çevre mevzuatında önemli
bir yeri olan Entegre Kirlilik Önleme ve Kontrolü
Direktifi çerçevesinde Mevcut en iyi tekniklerin demir
çelik tesislerinde uygulanması çalışmaları ise son
yıllarda hem Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı hem de demir
çelik sektörünce üzerinde önemle durulan
konulardandır.
Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı’nca demir çelik sektörünün
Çevre Mevzuatına uygun faaliyet göstermesi
konusunda yoğun olarak çalışılmaktadır.
Yapılan çalışmalar
• Türkiye’nin ham çelik üretim kapasitesi 2000
yılındaki 19.8 milyon ton seviyesinden, % 72
oranında artışla, 2008 yılında 34.1 milyon ton
seviyesine yükselmiştir.
• Aynı dönemde, elektrikli ark ocaklarının üretim
kapasitesi % 91 oranında artışla, 13.6 milyon
tondan, 26.1 milyon tona yükselirken, entegre
tesislerin kapasitesi, % 30 oranında artışla, 8
milyon tona yükselmiştir.
Demir Çelik Üretimi
Demir çelik fabrikaları
• Demir çelik üretimde kullanılan hurdanın içinde
bulunan pas, yağ, plastik maddeler, boya ve
kaplama gibi safsızlıklar kirliliğin oluşmasındaki ana
etken olarak sayılabilir.
• Ark ocaklı tesislerden kaynaklanan belli başlı
emisyonlar;
Toz emisyonu, ağır metaller, karbonmonoksit,
azot oksitler, organik gaz ve buharlar, PAH’lar,
dioksin ve furanlardır.
Bu tesislerden kaynaklanan toz emisyonu
önlenmesi en öncelikli emisyondur.
Demir Çelik Üretimi ve Emisyonları
• Elektrikli ark ocağı tozunda; Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn,
Cu, Hg, Al, Ca, Mg, K, S, P, C, O, ve Cl
elementlerinin varlığı görülmektedir. En fazla
toksisiteye neden olan metaller Kadmiyum (Cd),
Kurşun (Pb) ve Cıva (Hg) dır.
• Demir çelik tesislerinde toz emisyonunun
azaltılması konusunda alınacak önlemlerin, aynı
zamanda ağır metal ve dioksin furan
emisyonlarında da azalmaya neden olacağı
bilinmektedir.
• Bu nedenle Çevre Mevzuatımızda ve AB Çevre
Mevzuatında bu konuya gereken önemin verildiği
görülür.
Demir Çelik Üretimi ve Emisyonları
Elektrikli Ark Ocaklı Tesisler
• Avrupa Birliğinin sanayi alanında sürdürülebilir
kalkınma ve kirliliği kaynağında önleme ilkelerinin
gerçekleştirilmesi için hazırladığı ve 1996 yılında
yayımlayarak 1999 yılında yürürlüğe koyduğu Entegre
Kirlilik Önleme ve Kontrol Direktifi (IPPC-ilk sürüm:
96/61/EC, ikinci sürüm: 2008/1/EC); daha sonra
Endüstriyel Emisyonlar Direktifi (2010/75/EU) içinde
yer almaktadır.
• Kirliliği kaynağında önlemenin yanı sıra, enerji, su,
hammadde gibi kaynakları minimum kullanma, atık
üretimini en aza indirme, verimi artırma, her türlü alıcı
ortama kirleticileri teknolojik düzey ölçüsünde azaltma
ve bu kapsamda yerel çevrede kayda değer bir kirliliğe
neden olmama fonksiyonlarını amaçlamaktadır.
IPPC Direktifi ve Mevcut En İyi
Teknikler
• Direktifin öngördüğü araç, entegre bir izin sistemi ve
kılavuz da mevcut en iyi teknikler kavramıdır.
• Bu türden entegre bir yaklaşımın genel amacı, bir
bütün olarak çevrenin en üst düzeyde korunmasını
sağlayacak şekilde endüstriyel süreçlerin yönetim ve
kontrolünü geliştirmektir.
• Bu yaklaşımın merkezinde, direktifin “işletmecilerin
özellikle çevresel performanslarını artıracak şekilde
mevcut en iyi tekniklerin uygulanması aracılığıyla
kirlenmeye karşı gerekli tüm ihtiyati önlemleri
almaları gerektiği yönündeki genel prensip” yer
almaktadır.
IPPC Direktifi ve Mevcut En İyi
Teknikler
• BAT (Best Available Techniques-Mevcut En iyi Teknikler)
çevrenin bir bütün olarak korunmasını en etkili şekilde
sağlayacak, yerel olarak elde edilebilecek ve ekonomik
olarak da uygulanabilecek teknolojiler ve bunların
uygulanış biçimlerini ifade etmektedir.
• Diğer bir husus ise mevcut en iyi tekniklerin kullanılması
yolu ile kirliliğin mümkün olduğunca azaltılması ve bu
konunun gelişmeye açık olması yani dinamik bir süreç
olmasıdır.
• IPPC Direktifinin “özellikle mevcut en iyi tekniklerin
kullanılması yoluyla, kirliliğe karşı uygun bütün önleyici
tedbirler alınır” ve “hiç bir önemli kirliliğe neden olunmaz”
hükümleri gereği sanayi tesislerinde çevresel yatırımlar
yapılarak alıcı ortamların korunması zorunludur.
Mevcut En İyi Teknikler
• Hava kalitesinin korunması, insan ve çevre
sağlığının korunması konusunda en önemli
hedeflerden birisidir. Mevcut sınır değerlerin
insan ve çevre sağlığının korunması yanında,
AB çevre mevzuatı ile uyumlu hale getirilmesi
çalışmaları kapsamında, 2009 yılından
başlayarak 2014 yılına kadar kademeli olarak
azaltılması Çevre Mevzuatı gereğidir. Bu
konudaki düzenleme Sanayi Kaynaklı Hava
Kirliliğinin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği Ek-2 de yer
almaktadır.
Hava Kalitesi Sınır Değerleri
• Elektrikli ark ocaklı tesislerde en önemli
sistemlerden emisyon toplama sistemi, ergitme
sürecinde oluşan birincil emisyonlar ile ikincil
yakma sisteminde oluşan atık gazlar ile EAO
üzerinde yer alan davlumbaz tarafından çekilen
emisyonların toplanmasını amaçlamaktadır.
• Genellikle elektrikli ark ocaklı tesislerde kullanılan
davlumbaz sistemi %90’a kadar birincil
emisyonlar ve ikincil emisyonların toplanmasını
sağlar; direk emisyon çekme sistemi ile birlikte
kullanıldığında, toplama verimi %98’e kadar artar.
Mevcut ve yeni tesisler için kullanılabilir.
Gelişmiş emisyon toplama sistemi
Demir Çelik Mevcut En İyi Teknikler Referans
Dokümanlarında Elektrikli Ark Ocaklarına
İlişkin Teknikler
EAO lı tesisler
• İyi tasarlanmış torbalı filtrelerle toz
emisyonu yeni tesislerde max. 5 mg/Nm3,
mevcut tesislerde ise max. 15 mg/Nm3’e
kadar tutulur.
• Toz içeriğinin minimize etmek, cıva gibi
gaz fazında bulunan ağır metaller
haricinde diğer ağır metal emisyonlarını da
minimize eder.
Atık gazdaki tozsuzlaştırma uygulaması
• Elektrikli Ark Ocaklı (EAO) demir çelik
fabrikalarından kaynaklanan emisyonların büyük
ölçüde toksik, tehlikeli ve kalıcı kirletici özelliği
göstermesi bu tesislerde BAT’ların öncelikle
uygulanmasını, çevrenin korunması için gerekli ve
öncelikli kılmaktadır.
• Elektrikli ark ocaklı demir çelik tesislerinde hurda
içinde bulunan boya, yağ ve kaplamalar gibi
maddeler ayrıştırılmadığında ve olumsuz yakma
koşulları altında dioksin ve furanlar için öncü
kirleticiler oluşmasına neden olurlar.
Dioksin ve Furan emisyonlarının azaltımı
• Atık gazın etkili olarak yakılması (postcombustion)
• Elektrikli ark ocaklı tesislerde CO ve H2 tam
olarak oksitlenmez bu nedenle etkin bir ikincil
yakma sisteminde yakılması gereklidir.
• İkincil yakma, yakma kamarasında atık gazın
yakılmasından sonra organik emisyonların
azaltılması amacıyla kullanılan yöntemdir.
• Atık gazda organiklerin yeniden birleşmesini
engellemek amacı ile atık gazın hızlı
soğutulması yöntemi de kullanılmaktadır.
• EAO gazlarındaki dioksin ve furanların bir kısmı, atık
gaz sıcaklığı PCDD/F yoğuşma sıcaklığının altına
düştükçe, partikül madde üzerinde adsorbe olur veya
yoğuşarak partikül madde oluşturabilir.
• Filtre kumaşları ince partikül maddeleri tutarak toplam
partikül madde miktarını düşürdükleri için, EAO’larda
yaygınlıkla kullanılan ve mevcut en iyi teknolojiler
içinde yer alan emisyon kontrol yöntemidir.
• Partikül madde üzerinde absorbe olan/yoğuşan
PCDD/F’ler de torba üzerinde kaldığından partikül
madde ile birlikte PCDD/F emisyonu azaltılabilir.
Atık Gaz Sıcaklığın Düşülmesi
• Torbalı filtreler EAO’ları için en uygun toplam
partikül madde emisyon kontrol yöntemidir.
• İyi tasarlanmış bir filtre sistemi ile yeni işletmelerde
5 mg/Nm3 eski işletmelerde ise 20 mg/Nm3
emisyon seviyelerine inilebilmektedir. Partikül
maddeler ile önemli miktarlarda PCDD/F’ de torba
yüzeyinde kalmaktadır.
Partikül Madde Emisyon Kontrolü
(Etkin filtreleme sistemi)
• Atık gaz üzerine kok tozu veya antrasit
parçacıkları püskürtülerek üzerlerine
PCDD/F’lerin emdirilmesine dayanan bu
yöntemin uygulamalarında 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3
altındaki PCDD/F seviyelerine ulaşılabildiği
görülmüştür.
• PCDD/F’lerin partikül madde üzerinde yoğuşması
veya emilmesi ve daha sonra filtre torbaların
yüzeyinde tutulması, doğrudan filtre
hücrelerindeki gaz sıcaklığına bağlıdır.
• Genel olarak etkin PCDD/F arıtımı için filtre çıkış
sıcaklığının 80 ˚C ’nin altında olması hedeflenir.
Adsorban Madde Püskürtülmesi
• EAO’ların ana hammaddesi olan hurda
dioksin ve furan oluşumuna neden
olabilecek yağ, plastik malzemeler, diğer
hidrokarbonlar vb. gibi kirleticileri içerebilir.
• Hammadde kontrolü ve kirleticilerden
arındırılmış uygun hurda harmanları ile
emisyon değerleri önemli ölçüde
azaltılabilir.
Hammadde Kontrolü
• Emisyonların kontrolü ve azaltılması konusunda mevcut
Çevre Mevzuatımızın AB çevre Mevzuatına önemli
ölçüde benzerliği bulunmakla birlikte, son yıllarda yapılan
değişikliklerde;
• Kirliliğin kaynağında önlenmesi,
• Hava kalitesinin korunması,
• Emisyonların izlenmesi ve kontrolü,
• Tesislerde alınacak önlemlerin mevcut en iyi tekniklerin
kullanılmasını da destekleyecek nitelikte olması,
hedeflenmiştir.
Mevzuat Uyumu Çalışmaları
• 01.01.2012 tarihinde SKHKK Yönetmeliği Ek7’nin yürürlüğe girmesi ile ağır metaller ve
organik gaz ve buharlar emisyonları sınır
değerlerinde azaltım gerçekleşecektir.
• Ayrıca SKHKKY Ek-2 de yer alan hava kalitesi
sınır değerleri, 2014’e kadar her yıl belirli
oranlarda azalma öngördüğü için mevcut ve yeni
kurulacak tesislerde mevcut en iyi tekniklerin
uygulanması konusunun önemi artmaktadır.
Gelecekte emisyon ve hava kalitesi
sınır değerleri
• Dioksin Furan emisyonlarının sınırlandırılması
ülkemiz mevzuatında ilk olarak 2004 yılında
Endüstriyel Kaynaklı Hava Kirliliğinin Kontrolü
Yönetmeliği Ek-1 de “Aşırı derece tehlikeli
maddeler” kategorisinde değerlendirilmiştir.
SKHKK Yönetmeliğinde de bu uygulama devam
etmektedir.
• Ülkemiz dioksin furan konusunda ölçüm ve
numune alma konusunda pek çok ülkeden daha
iyi bir alt yapı oluşturmuştur.
Aşırı derece tehlikeli maddeler
• Ülkemizde faaliyet gösteren 16 adet EAO’lı
çelikhanelerin tamamında torbalı tip toz tutma sistemi
bulunmaktadır.
• Bu tesislerden BREF’te önerilen % 98 ve üzerinde toz
tutma verimliliğine sahip olan tesis sayısı 10 dir.
• Ülkemizde faaliyet gösteren çelikhanelerin tümü bu
günkü mevcut sınır değer olan 50 mg/Nm3 değerini
sağlamaktadır. BREF’te önerilen toz emisyonu
konsantrasyonu olan 15 mg/Nm3 değerini sağlayan
tesis sayısı; tasarım verilerine göre 9 tesis, emisyon
ölçüm sonuçlarına göre ise 12 adettir.
• 01.01.2012 den geçerli olacak olan 25 mg/Nm3 toz
emisyonu sınır değerini ise tesislerin büyük bölümü
sağlamaktadır.
Mevcut Durum
Toz emisyonun azaltılması
• Dioksin furan emisyonlarının ölçülmesi ve
sınırlandırılması konusunda 2004 yılından beri önemli
aşama kaydedilmiştir.
• Dioksin Furan emisyonlarının azaltılması konusunda
BREF’te önerilen; emilen gazın kontrollü olarak
yakılması tekniği en çok kullanılan tekniktir.
• Hızlı soğutma ile yakma sonrası dioksin furanların
tekrar oluşmasını önleyen teknikleri kullanan tesisler
de bulunmaktadır.
• Torbalı filtre öncesi kanala linyit tozu enjekte edilmesi
ve bu tozun etkin olarak tutulması ile söz konusu
emisyonları azaltan çok az sayıda tesis
bulunmaktadır.
• Hammaddenin ayıklanması gibi azaltım tedbirleri
kullanılan tesisler de mevcuttur.
Mevcut Durum
Dioksin furan emisyonlarının azaltılması
• Ağır metal içeren toz ve karbonmonoksit
emisyonlarının sürekli ölçüm cihazı ile
izlenmesi konusunda önemli gelişmeler
kaydedilmiştir.
• Tüm EAO’lı tesislerde emisyonların sürekli
izlenmesi çalışmaları ise halen devam
etmektedir.
Mevcut Durum
• Ülkemizde demir çelik üretiminden
kaynaklanan çevre kirliliğin önlenmesinde
son yıllarda önemli aşama kaydedilmiştir.
• İşletmelerde alınacak emisyon azaltım
tedbirleri, baca gazı ve hava kalitesi sınır
değerlerinin sağlanması ve alıcı ortamların
korunması açısından önemlidir.
Sonuç ve Öneriler
• İşletmelerin öncelikle Türk Çevre Mevzuatına uygun
faaliyet göstermelerinin önem ve önceliği yanında,
mevcut en iyi teknikler konusunda yapılan çalışmaların
takip edilmesi ve uygulamaya konulması, önümüzdeki
yıllarda diğer ülkelerle rekabet edilebilmesi ve AB çevre
mevzuatına uyum için de gerekli olacağı
düşünülmektedir.
• Bu bağlamda yeni kurulacak tesisler ile mevcut tesislerin
yenilenmesi ve kapasite artışlarında çevre kirliliğinin
önlenmesi ve kontrolü konusunda kullanılacak tekniklerin,
IPPC Direktifinde önemli bir yeri olan mevcut en iyi
teknikler ile uyumlu olması işletmecilerin yararına
olacaktır.
Sonuç ve Öneriler
• Baca gazı emisyonlarının izlenmesi için tesislerin
büyük çoğunluğunda sürekli ölçüm cihazı
bulunmakta olup, önümüzdeki yıllarda tüm
elektrikli ark ocaklı tesislere yaygınlaştırılması
gerekli olacaktır.
Sonuç ve Öneriler
Bu tesislerde BAT’ların uygulanması
durumunda ulaşılabilecek emisyon
değerleri, ülkemizde uygulanan emisyon
sınır değerlerini sağlayacak düzeydedir.
Fakat bu uygulamanın hayata
geçilmesinin daha önemli etkisi,
işletmelerin etki alanlarında hava
kalitesi değerlerinin ileriki yıllarda da
sağlanabilmesi olacaktır.
Sonuç ve Öneriler
A. Yavuz YÜCEKUTLU
[email protected]
Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı
Çevre Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü
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Training Report Turkey October 2011

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