Full Text - International journal of Science Culture and Sport

Transkript

International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (IntJSCS)
July 2015
ISSN
Doi
: Special Issue 3
: 2148-1148
: 10.14486/IJSCS324
AN INVESTIGATION OF DECISION-MAKING STRATEGIES OF THE
VETERAN SOCCER PLAYERS
Mustafa BAŞ*, Elif AYDIN**, Ubeyde KILIÇASLAN*
*
Karadeniz Technical University, High school of Physical Education and Sport, TURKEY
**
Gumushane University High school of Physical Education and Sport, TURKEY
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The aim of this research is to determine the decision-making strategies of veteran footballers,
attended veteran football tournament organised in Trabzon in 2014, in line with several
variables. The universe of the study involves all the veteran footballers attended the
tournament while the population includes 196 footballers, selected through random sampling,
and participated the study voluntarily. The data regarding decision-making strategies were
collected by means of the questionnaire of “Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire”
(developed by Mann and others, 1998), “Decision-Making Scale” consisting 28 items
(translated into Turkish by Deniz, 2004) and personal information form designed by the
researcher to get demographic information of footballers.
Frequency distribution was administered in determining the level of decision-making of
veteran footballers, Independent Samples T-Test” was used to compare two variables, and
ANOVA tests were utilised in comparing the means of variables more than two. The
difference between the views of groups was analysed through considering α=0.05 significance
level. In this manner, significant difference was detected between the variables of age and
marital status according to the means of self-esteem scale. In addition, there was significant
difference between the scores of decision-making style scale in line with the variables of
education level and their position at the game. However, there was no significant difference
between the scales of self-esteem and decision-making styles according to occupation and
monthly income variables.
To sum up, in the light of the findings of this research, we recommend playing football to
develop decision-making strategies for all age groups.
Keywords: Soccer, Decision-Making Strategies, Veteran Players
Copyright©IntJSCS (www.iscsjournal.com) - 575
July 2015
Veteran Futbolcuların Karar Verme Stratejilerinin İncelenmesi
Özet
Bu çalışmanın amacı; 2014 yılında Trabzon da düzenlenen veteran futbol turnuvasına katılan
futbolcularının karar verme stratejilerini bazı değişkenlere göre belirlemektir. Araştırmanın
evrenini futbol turnuvasına katılan yirmi takımın tüm sporcuları, örneklemini ise tesadüfi
yöntemle belirlenen ve çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılan toplam 196 futbolcu oluşturmaktadır.
Araştırmada karar verme stratejilerine ilişkin veriler Mann ve diğ. (1998), tarafından
geliştirilen (Melbourne Decision Making Questionary) ve Deniz (2004) tarafından Türkçeye
uyarlanan 28 maddelik Karar Verme Ölçeği ve sporcuların demografik özelliklerini
belirlemek amacıyla araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ile toplanmıştır.
Veteran futbolcuların karar verme düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde frekans dağılımı, iki bağımsız
değişkenin karşılaştırılmasında t testi ve ikiden fazla bağımsız değişkenin karşılaştırılmasında
Anova teknikleri uygulanmıştır. Grupların görüşleri arasındaki fark P:0,05 anlam düzeyi
dikkate alınarak yorumlanmıştır. Araştırmada Yaş ve medeni durum değişkenlerine göre özsaygı ölçeğinden aldıkları puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Veteran
futbolcuların eğitim durumu ve oynadıkları mevki değişkenlerine göre ise karar verme stilleri
ölçeğinden aldıkları puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Meslek ve aylık
gelir değişkenine göre ise öz-saygı ve karar verme stilleri ölçeklerinden aldıkları puan
ortalamaları arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır. Her bireyin bir şekilde fırsat buldukça
oynadığı futbol, karar verme stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi açısından tüm yaş gruplarına
önerilebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Futbol, Karar Verme Stratejileri, Veteran Futbolcular
Special Issue on the Proceedings of the 4th ISCS Conference – PART A
July 2015
Introduction
Football is one of the leading sport branch being sought after in our country and many other
countries of the world. It is a sport branch attracting and appropriated by great masses of
people as it is interesting and giving pleasure to all societies. Football has become the most
liked game, with its psychological, societal, physical and pedagogical values, by young
people as it is easy to be played and amusing (Koç and his friends, 2000).
The football of our age have become a sort of game bearing more plays depending on tactic,
and played very fast, developing day by day and becoming more based on condition, and
reflecting scientific developments. In this manner, it is required to think quicker, becoming
fast and acting very fast to adapt this game (Nas, 2010).
In addition, it is known that not only physiological, psychological and technique-tactic trials
but also cognitive factors are also crucial in achieving sport success. Decision-making skill
bears importance as a dimension in determining sports success (Egesoy et.al, 1999). The
game of football requires deciding quickly and taking responsibility of high-powered deeds in
realising tactic tasks. Football knowledge and tactic experiments of each footballer is crucial
regarding the success of the team. What is more, the footballer should reveal his true and
quick reactions under the pressure of the rival, at the positions he met surprisingly and was
not familiar from exercises; and he should also repress his rival and surprise him through
leaving him with surprising positions (Gülşen, 2008).
According to Kuzgun (2005), the first condition of decision-making behaviour is the presence
of the difficulty requiring decision-making necessity and it is being felt by the individual. Any
player may have some certain decision-making strategy in every game, or he may use several
decision-making styles together during a certain game depending upon the conditions,
psychology and personality of that soccer player. Moreover, these decision-making styles
may have some similarities with the ones used in daily life. To put it different, any player may
use decision-making styles, using in daily life, during the game; or he may use decisionmaking styles, developed and used at the game, in his daily life ( Akbulut 2012).
On the other hand, each individual does not use same styles in deciding process. Same
individual even may use different decision-making styles in different decision-making cases.
When analysing these decision making styles, it seems that benefiting from all these styles
may be helpful. Nevertheless, it is considered helpful that using rational decision-making
styles bring advantage in this process. In addition, the conditions like the multitude of options,
similarity of options, period of decision making, the importance of problem, its risk level,
perception level complicate the probability of deciding rationally (Kuzgun, 2006). In this
regard, modern football entails the ability of deciding urgently for players pressured under the
area, time and rival (Konter, 1997).
Although there is not any certain kind of decision in sport, some general characteristics may
be ranked. These are; (Johnson, 2006), the crucial point is its becoming natural. The potential
decision option of player is broad because of players’ multiple responsibilities. For example,
if any footballer wants to use his decisions, responsibility and creativity, he does not realise
these in line with prescribed recipes, contrary to this he should decide on conditions
flourished surprisingly and unexpectedly during the game. (Johnson, 2006).
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The game of football like daily life entails solving problems through evaluating encountered
events and doing required estimations; and by doing so giving right decisions as much as
possible by thinking quickly during the game ( Akbulut 2012).
Additionally, we mostly encounter the events forcing us to think quickly and decide in the
same manner in both normal daily life and sport environments. In this manner, it is believed
that the skills of deciding quickly and efficiently of veteran footballers will contribute to
reasoning, taking right decisions, searching solutions for the problems. The primary goal of
this study is investigating the decision making strategies of veteran footballers. In addition, it
has been aimed that whether the decision-making strategies of veteran soccer players differ in
line with their ages, education level, income level, performing sport actively, their status of
playing football and their positions they play at the game.
Materials and Methods
The investigation was designed as survey study. Survey models are approaches aiming to
investigate any case which is still present or ended before through selecting a population from
a large group of universe. The case, individual or object under investigation is aimed to be
described as it is within its own conditions. Any influencing or changing attempt is not
exerted on events. There is something to be known and it is there. The crucial thing is to
detect and observe it (Karasar, 1999). The universe of the study involves 420 veteran
footballers attended the tournament organised in Trabzon in 2014 while the population
includes 196 footballers, selected through random sampling, and participated the study
voluntarily. For gathering data, the questionnaire of “Melbourne Decision Making
Questionnaire” (developed by Mann and others, 1998), “Decision-Making Scale” consisting
28 items (translated into Turkish by Deniz, 2004) and personal information form involving 5
questions designed by the researcher to get demographic information of footballers.There are
four sub-factors of decison-making scale including 22 items which also comprises self-esteem
and decision-making scale with 28 items (Deniz, 2004).
The Style of Deciding Carefully:
This entails that the individual should search for the required information attentively and
making his selection after evaluating the alternatives carefully. This factor is denoted with six
items (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16). Avoidant Deciding Style: This refers to avoiding to make decisions,
leaving the decisions to others, thus his trial of transferring responsibility to anybody for
escaping to decide. This factor involves six items (3, 9, 11, 14, 17, 19). Postponer Deciding
Style: This is the case of delaying, postponing and procrastinating th decision without the
presence of any acceptable reason. This factor associates with five items (5, 7, 10, 18, 21).
Panic Deciding Style: This relates to the effort of reaching immediate solutions through
hastily behaviours feeling him under the pressure of time when encountering any decision
event. This factor has five items (1, 13, 15, 20, 22).The reliability of Melbourne Decision
Making Scale was administered by Deniz (2004) through test-retest and internal consistency.
MDMS was administered to 56 students for twice with three weeks break with test-retest
method, and the reliability coefficients gathered from sub-scales through retesting change
between r=.68 ile r=.87. Deniz (2004) progressed item analysis in calculating internal
consistency of scale, and he found that 26 of 28 items had item total correlation above 33, but
July 2015
other two item had 26 and 27 item total correlation. SPSS 18.0 program was used in analysing
data. Normality test was conducted to detect whether the data was distributed normally or not.
Th results showed that data was not distributed normally. For this reason, Mann-Whitney U
test was used for two-grouped data, and Kruskal Wallis tests were performed for multiple
groups.
Findings
This section involves the findings and the commentaries regarding these findings. Table 1
shows the demographic features of veteran players, and table 2 presents frequency
distribution concerning performing sport. In addition, table 6 and 7 indicate the results of
independent t-test conducted to determine the relationship between the values gathered from
decision-making sub-scales and the variables of doing sport frequency and playing statute.
Table 3,4,5 and 8 gives the results One way ANOVA test administered to detect relationship
among the variables of age, education degree, monthly income and the position of playing
soccer.
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Tablo 1. Anova test results regarding decision-making strategies of subjects in line with their
ages
Sub-scales
of KSO
Deciding
Carefully
Avoidant
Deciding
Postponing
Deciding
Panic
Deciding
Age
N
Under 40
72
7,0417 2,15222
Between 41-45
67
7,1493 1,93260
Ẋ
Ss
Between 46-50
34
8,0882 1,79844
Above 51
23
6,9565 1,89445
Total
196
7,2500 2,01373
Under 40
72
5,6944 2,31126
Between 41-45
67
5,5970 2,32288
Between 46-50
34
5,3235 2,19808
Above 51
23
5,4783 2,35236
Total
196
5,5714 2,28709
Under 40
72
4,6389 2,42815
Between 41-45
67
4,7761 2,34728
Between 46-50
34
4,2647 2,39075
Above 51
23
4,4348 2,55532
Total
196
4,5969 2,39782
Under 40
72
4,2778 2,56313
Between 41-45
67
4,2090 3,04281
Between 46-50
34
3,5000 3,00757
Above 51
23
4,2609 3,13655
Total
196
4,1173 2,87188
F
P
,043
2,495
Signific
ant
Differe
nce
31.2.4
,880
,215
--
,768
,381
,637
--
,621
--
When analysing table 1, it was determined that there is not any significant difference p: ,05
among avoidant, postponing and panic deciding sub-scales considering the scores of veteran
individuals from different age groups. Moreover, it was detected that there was a significant
difference (P =,043 < 0.05) between veterans in the group of 46-50 ages and other age groups
of veterans in deciding carefully sub-scale. When analysing this difference, it was concluded
that the scores of veterans in 46-50 ages group were higher than under 40, between 41-45 and
above 51 groups.
July 2015
education levels
Sub-scales of
KSO
Deciding
Carefully
Avoidant
Deciding
Postponing
Deciding
Panic Deciding
N
Ẋ
23
7,6087
1,58800
106
7,2547
2,00979
Vocational
School
Undergraduate
35
7,0571
2,36323
19
7,2105
1,87317
MA/PhD
13
7,1538
2,11527
Total
196
7,2500
2,01373
Primary
School
High School
23
6,4348
1,75360
106
5,6509
2,14717
Vocational
School
Undergraduate
35
4,6571
2,31292
19
4,8947
2,94193
MA/PhD
13
6,8462
2,11527
Total
196
5,5714
2,28709
Primary
School
High School
23
5,7826
1,90589
106
4,5000
2,53076
Vocational
School
Undergraduate
35
3,7714
1,97165
19
4,4737
2,41220
MA/PhD
13
5,6923
2,21302
Total
196
4,5969
2,39782
Primary
School
High School
23
5,9130
1,80688
106
4,0849
2,85896
Vocational
School
Undergraduate
35
2,9714
3,20373
19
3,1579
2,43272
MA/PhD
13
5,6923
2,09701
Total
196
4,1173
2,87188
Primary
School
High School
Ss
F
P
Significant
Difference
,268
,898
--------
3,893
,005
3,329
,012
5,643
,000
1,5-3,4
1-2,3,4
3-5
1,5-2,3,4
When analysing table 2, it revealed that there was significant difference p:0,05 between
avoidant and panic deciding sub-scales considering the scores of veteran individuals from
different education degrees. It was detected that there was not any significant p:0,05
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difference in deciding carefully sub-scale. It was then uncovered that the scores of primary
school and MA/PhD were higher than high school, vocational school and undergraduate in the
sub-scale of avoidant deciding. For postponing deciding sub-scale, it was detected that the
score of primary school was higher than high school, vocational school and undergraduate.
What is more, the means of scores of vocational school was detected as lower than MA/PhD.
It was revealed that the scores of primary school and MA/PhD were higher than high school,
vocational school and undergraduate in the sub-scale of panic deciding.
monthly income
Sub-scales
of KSO
Monthly income
N
Ẋ
Under 2000 tl
92
7,1957 2,05549
Deciding
Carefully
Between 2001-2500 tl
72
7,2778 2,13107
11
7,5455 1,43970
Above 3001 tl
21
7,2381 1,75798
Total
196
7,2500 2,01373
Under 2000 tl
92
5,1522 2,20357
72
6,0694 2,25380
Avoidant
Deciding
Postponing
Deciding
Panic
Deciding
Ss
11
3,9091 2,16585
Above 3001 tl
21
6,5714 2,06328
Total
196
5,5714 2,28709
Under 2000 tl
92
4,5326 2,46492
72
4,6528 2,41567
11
3,9091 2,84445
Above 3001 tl
21
5,0476 1,77415
Total
196
4,5969 2,39782
Under 2000 tl
92
3,8261 2,92623
72
4,3333 2,79335
11
2,7273 3,06891
Above 3001 tl
21
5,3810 2,39742
Total
196
4,1173 2,87188
F
P
Significant
Difference
,105
,916
--------
5,850
,002
,580
,590
--------
2,737
,043
4-1,3
1,3-2,4
It was detected that there was not any significant difference p: ,05 between the sub-scales of
deciding carefully and postponing deciding regarding the scores of veteran individuals from
different monthly income. However, when analysing avoidant and panic deciding sub-scales,
there was a significant difference p: ,05.
July 2015
What ‘s more it was found that the score means of individuals having under 2000 tl and
between 2501-3000 tl income were lower than individuals having income between 2001-2501
and above 3001 for avoidant deciding sub-scale.
For panic deciding, the score means of individuals having income above 3001 tl were higher
than the ones having under 2000 tl and between 2001-2500 tl income.
Tablo 4. T test results of subjects for doing sport and deciding strategies
Ẋ
Sub-scales of
KSO
Doing Active Sport in
the Past
N
Deciding
Carefully
Yes
124
Avoidant
Deciding
Postponing
Deciding
Panic Deciding
7,3468
Ss
t
2,16417
,882
p
,004
No
72
7,0833
1,72594
,936
Yes
124
5,1129
2,23137
-3,809
,861
No
72
6,3611
2,17738
-3,834
Yes
124
4,0323
2,35104
-4,539
,830
No
72
5,5694
2,16779
-4,638
Yes
124
3,4758
2,87536
-4,283
,017
No
72
5,2222
2,52437
-4,433
When analysing table 4, it was determined that there was a significant difference p: ,05
between carefully and panic deciding sub-scale scores in line with whether veteran
individuals are doing active sport or not. In this manner, it can be stated that the subjects
doing sport actively may be regarded as more careful and giving more panic decisions
compared to ones not doing active sport. However, there was not any significant p: ,05
difference between avoidant and postponing deciding sub scales and doing sport actively.
July 2015
Table 5. T test results of subjects’ statues of playing football and deciding strategies
Sub-scales of
KSO
Statues of
playing football
N
Deciding
Carefully
Amateur
116
Professsional
Avoidant
Deciding
Postponing
Deciding
Panic
Deciding
Ẋ
Ss
t
7,3707
2,09981
1,010
80
7,0750
1,88112
1,031
Amateur
116
5,3793
2,04155
-1,420
Professsional
80
5,8500
2,59064
-1,360
Amateur
116
4,0603
2,44341
-3,908
Professsional
80
5,3750
2,11310
-4,014
Amateur
116
3,5517
2,75790
-3,410
Professsional
80
4,9375
2,85224
-3,388
p
,391
,022
,221
,669
There was a significant difference p: ,05 regarding avoidant deciding sub scale scores
acooding to the statues of veteran subjects’ playing football. Moreover, it was detected that
the scores of individuals playing football professionally in the past were higher than the ones
playing football in an amateur way.
Discussions
There was not any significant difference in avoidant, postponing and panic deciding strategies
according to age groups, however, there was significant difference (P=< 0.05), in the favour
of 46-50 age, group between 46-50 age group and other groups according to deciding
carefully.
In this regard, Demirbaş (1992) uttered that the older you become the higher your skill of
deciding and thus decisions are becoming more obligatory. In addition, Özcan (1999)
conducted his study on deciding styles of the principal in high schools, and found that the
principal between 36-40 were more reasonable than the ones in their 25-30 ages; and the
chairmen in 41-45 age group were also more reasonable than the ones in their 20-25 age
group. These results show similarities with our results and supports our study.
Although there was a significant difference (P=<0.05) between the scores of avoidant,
postponing and panic deciding features regarding the education degrees of subjects, there was
not significant difference concerning deciding carefully (P=>0.05).
What is more, it was detected that the individuals having primary school and MA/PhD
degrees were more avoidant than the ones having high school, vocational school and
undergraduate degrees. the individuals having primary school degree had more postponing
features than the ones having high school, vocational school and undergraduate degrees.
July 2015
Besides, it was achieved that the individuals having high school, vocational school and
undergraduate degree had more panic deciding features than the ones having primary school
and MA/PhD degrees.
In this regard, Gacar (2011) found that the academics having lower statues had more
postponing approach than the higher statues academics in his study conducted on academics.
Uzunoğlu (2008) found significant difference on avoidant deciding as a sub scale of deciding
styles regarding the education degrees of referees, and he then indicated that this difference
arose from the one among high school, MA and vocational school degrees in one of his study
carried out on referees. However, Özcan (1999) did not fix any significant difference between
education level and deciding styles of school principal. In addition, Kao (2005) detected in his
dissertation that there was not significant difference between education levels and the means
of rational, dependable, avoidant and spontaneous deciding styles of chairmen. Moreover,
Sanders (2008) concluded that there was ot significant difference between deciding styles and
educational levels of individuals. The results of the study concerning educational level
variable and decision making styles are supported by similar studies Deniz(2002), Tiryaki
(1997), Sinangil(1993).
There was not a significant difference p: ,05 between carefully deciding and postponing one
regarding the monthly income of veteran football players. However, significant difference
was detected between avoidant and p: ,05 panic deciding. In addition, it was reached that the
individuals having income under 2000 tl and between 2501-3000 tl were more avoidant than
the ones having income between 2001-2500 tl and above 3001 tl. The veteran soccer players
having income under 2000 tl and between 2001-2500 tl were detected as having more panic
deciding features than the ones having income above 3001 tl.
There was a significant difference p: ,05 between the sub scales of deciding carefully and
panic deciding in line with doing sport actively or not. In this manner, it can be uttered that
the subjects doing sport actively gave more careful and panic decisions than the ones not
doing active sport. There was not any significant difference p: ,05 between avoidant and
postponing deciding sub scales and the comparison of subjects’ doing sport actively or not. In
addition, it revealed that according to the statues of veteran soccer players, the ones played
football professionally gave more avoidant decisions than the ones played football in an
amateur way in the past. In this regard, Akbulut (2012) determined that there was not any
significant difference in avoidant decision making comparison of amateur and professional
football players. The results of our study seems a parallel manner with Akbulut’s (2012 ).
The reason of different results avoidant decision making flourishes more evidently in the
progressing years regarding the statue of playing football.
According to the results of studies, it can be stated that 46-50 age group of veteran football
players are more decisive regarding making decisions carefully than other age groups.
Significant difference has been found between the education levels of veteran players and
avoidant, postponing and panic deciding sub scales of making decision strategies. What is
more, according to education level, MA/PhD level have more scores, avoidant and primary
school degree has more score for postponing and panic making decision.
Moreover, significant difference has been detected between avoidant and panic making
decision in line with the income level of veteran players. The players having income 3001tl
and above are determined as giving more avoidant and panic decisions.
July 2015
In addition, significant difference has been fixed between carefully deciding and panic
deciding according to whether subjects did sport actively in the past or not. It is seen that the
individuals, did sport actively in the past, are giving more careful decision while the ones, did
not sport actively in the past, giving more panic decisions.
When considering whether these veteran soccer players played football professionally or in an
amateur way, it has detected that professional players give more avoidant decisions. Besides,
the conditions of players in different age groups may be investigated. The candidates of
football player should be educated on developing decision making strategies along with
football exercises. Doing sport regularly may also be recommended to administer decision
making strategies efficiently.
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