Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum

Hakemli. Makale
'h1<$¶'$1³.(17+$..,´ødø1.(176(/0h&$'(/(
g51(./(5ø+ø1'ø67$1'20ø1ø.&80+85ø<(7ø
%5(=ø/<$9(1(=h(//$9($%'
8UEDQ6WUXJJOHV$URXQGWKH:RUOGIRU³WKH5LJKWWRWKH&LW\´
,QGLD'RPLQLFDQ5HSXEOLF%UDVLO9HQH]XHODDQG86$
<DúDU$GQDQ$GDQDOÕ*
14
Öz
%X PDNDOH .HQW +DNN× NDYUDP×QD WHRULN \DNODü×PODU× YH IDUNO× SUDWLN X\JXODPDODU×Q×
WDUW×üPDNWD'Q\D|UQHNOHULQL7UNL\HLOHELUOLNWHGüQPH\HGDYHWHWPHNWHGLU6RQ\×OODUGD
DUWDUDNWHFUEHHGLOHQNHQWVHOD\DNODQPDYHGHYULPOHULWDUW×üPD\D]HPLQRODUDNRUWD\DNR\GXNWDQ
VRQUD.HQW+DNN×HWUDI×QGD\DS×ODQIDUNO×WHRULNWDUW×üPDODU×WDUDPDNWDG×U'HYDP×QGD.HQW
+DNN×PFDGHOHVLEDùODP×QGDGHùHUOHQGLULOPHVLPPNQ+LQGLVWDQ'RPLQLN&XPKXUL\HWL
%UH]LO\D9HQH]HOODYH$%'·GHQIDUNO×|UQHùLWHRULNWDUW×üPDODU×ü×ù×QGDLQFHOHQPHNWHYH
7UNL\HLoLQN×VDo×NDU×PODUODVRQXoODQPDNWDG×U
Anahtar Sözcükler: .HQW+DNN×NHQWVHOWRSOXPVDOKDUHNHWOHUPHNkQVDOSROLWLNDODUNDW×O×P
NDW×O×PF×EWoHJHFHNRQGXIHGHUDV\RQODU×NRRSHUDWLILüJDOHWKDUHNHWL
Abstract
7KLVDUWLFOHH[DPLQHVWKHRUHWLFDODSSURDFKHVWRDQGYDULRXVSUDFWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHULJKWWR
WKHFLW\577&DQGLQYLWHVWKHUHDGHUVWRFRQWHPSODWHYDULRXVFDVHVWXGLHVDURXQGWKHZRUOG
FRPSDUDWLYHO\ ZLWK WKH 7XUNLVK FDVH 7KH DUWLFOH SXWV IRUZDUG FRQWHPSRUDU\ XUEDQ UHYROWV
DQG UHYROXWLRQV DV D FRQWH[W DQG UHYLHZV YDULRXV WKHRUHWLFDO GLVFXVVLRQV DURXQG WKH 577&
,WFRQWLQXHVWRGLVFXVVFDVHVWXGLHVLQOLQHZLWKWKH577&VWUXJJOHVIURP,QGLD'RPLQLFDQ
5HSXEOLF%UD]LO9HQH]XHODDQG86$LQWKHOLJKWRIWKHWKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUNDQGFRQFOXGHV
ZLWKSRVVLEOHPHDQLQJVRIWKHVHFDVHVIRUWKHXUEDQVRFLDOPRYHPHQWVLQ7XUNH\
*
<DüDU$GQDQ$GDQDO×6WXWWJDUWhQLYHUVLWHVL8OXVODUDUDV×ûHKLUFLOLN(QVWLWV·QGHJHOLüPH
SODQODPDV× ]HULQH oDO×üPDNWD YH D\Q× HQVWLWWH GRNWRUD DGD\×G×U hQLYHUVLWH·QLQ (QWHJUH
ûHKLUFLOLN YH 6UGUOHELOLU 7DVDU×P \NVHN OLVDQV SURJUDP×QGD YH 'DUPVWDGW 7HNQLN
hQLYHUVLWHVL·QLQ 8OXVODUDUDV× <DUG×P YH .HQWVHO *HOLüPH \NVHN OLVDQV SURJUDP×QGD
.DW×O×PF×3ODQODPD3UDWLùL]HULQHGHUVYHUL\RU'HPRNUDVLYHPHNkQNHQWVHOKDUHNHWOHUYH
NHQWVHOG|QüPNRQXODU×QGDDUDüW×UPDODUGDEXOXQX\RUúVWDQEXOEDüWDROPDN]HUH*QH\
$PHULND$IULNDYH2UWD'RùX·GDIDUNO×NHQWOHUGHoDO×üW×7002%ûHKLU3ODQF×ODU×2GDV×
.HQW 3ODQODPD %DV×Q gGO VDKLEL Mutlu Kent YH Reclaim Istanbul DGO× LNL EORJX YDU
[email protected]
(ùLWLP%LOLP7RSOXP'HUJLVL&LOW9 6D\×36 Güz: 2011 Sayfa: 14-30
(GXFDWLRQ6FLHQFH6RFLHW\-RXUQDO9ROXPH9 ,VVXH36 $XWXPQ 2011 3DJH14-30
<DüDU$GQDQ$GDQDO×
.H\ZRUGV 7KH ULJKW WR WKH FLW\ XUEDQ VRFLDO PRYHPHQWV VSDWLDO SROLFLHV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ
SDUWLFLSDWRU\EXGJHWLQJVOXPGZHOOHUVIHGHUDWLRQVFRRSHUDWLYHRFFXS\PRYHPHQW
.HQWOHüPH'HYULPLYH.HQW'HYULPOHUL
.HQWVL\DVHWYHWRSOXPVDOKDUHNHWOHUDo×V×QGDQLOJLQoYHK×]O×ELUG|QHPGHQ
JHoL\RUX]%LUWDUDIWDQ´NHQWOHüPHGHYULPLµ\DüDQ×\RUDUW×NGQ\DJHQHOLQGH
NHQWOHUGH \DüD\DQ LQVDQ VD\×V× N×UVDOGD \DüD\DQODUGDQ ID]OD YH DUWPD\D
GHYDP HGHFHN$QFDN EX D\Q× ]DPDQGD ELU QHROLEHUDO GHYULP<DQL SL\DVD
PHNDQL]PDV×Q×QKkNLPN×O×QG×ù×\RNVXOOXùXQLüVL]OLùLQYHHüLWVL]OLùLQGQ\D
JHQHOLQGH DUWW×ù× |]HOOHüWLUPHOHULQ KHU DODQD \D\×OG×ù× NDPXVDO KL]PHWOHULQ
WLFDULOHüWLULOGLùL HPHùLQ HVQHN YH JYHQFHVL]OHüWLULOGLùL YH GROD\×V×\OD
NHQWVHOLNOLPLQüRNYHNUL]OHUNDUü×V×QGDVDYXQPDV×]E×UDN×OG×ù×ELUG|QüP
\DüDQ×\RU (NRQRPLSROLWLùLQ G|QüPQH SDUDOHO PHNkQGD GD \DS×VDO ELU
G|QüP JHUoHNOHüL\RU NHQWVHO JHOLüPH YH ÀQDQVDO NDSLWDOL]P ELUELUL\OH
EWQOHüL\RU
%XG|QHPGHNHQWLQYHPHNkQ×Q\HQLGHQUHWLPLQLQDQODP×KHPNDSLWDOL]P
KHP VHUPD\H YH \DW×U×PF×ODU KHP GH VL\DVHWoLOHU YH VL\DVHWLQ NHQGLVL
LoLQ GHùLüPHNWH %X GHùLüLPL N×VPHQ YH NDEDFD NXOODQ×P YH GHùLüLP
GHùHUOHUL DUDV×QGDNL IDUNOD Do×NODPDN PPNQ 1HROLEHUDO G]HQ LoLQGH
PHNkQ \D GD NHQW DUW×N |QFHOLNOH EDU×QPD YH \DüDP DODQ× VXQPD VDùO×NO×
ELU oHYUH ROXüWXUPD UHWLP LoLQ ELU DOW\DS× KD]×UODPD WLFDUHW LoLQ LPNkQ
VDùODPD NDPXVDO SD\ODü×PODUGD EXOXQPD YE JLEL VDOW NXOODQ×P GHùHUL
LOLüNLVLLoLQGH|QHPVHQPL\RUûXDQNDSLWDOL]PLQLoLQGHQJHoWLùLPL]VDQD\L
VRQUDV×HYUHVLQGHNHQWLQNHQGLVLDO×Q×SVDW×ODQVSHNOHHGLOHQNDUSHüLQGH
NRüXODQELUPHWDKDOLQLDOPDNWDNUHVHOVHUPD\HDN×ü×Q×NROD\ODüW×UPDNLoLQ
DUDoVDOODüW×U×OPDNWDG×U.DSLWDOL]PLQWHPHOLQGHVHUPD\HELULNLPL\RùXQODüPD
YH PHUNH]LOHüPH HùLOLPL ROGXùXQX GüQUVHN QHROLEHUDO NHQWOHüPH GH
NHQWWRSUDù×Q×VHUPD\HELULNLPLQLQPHUNH]LQGHJ|U\RU+DUYH\%X
GDEHUDEHULQGHGRùDOND\QDNODU×QYHNDPXVDOPHNkQODU×Q|]HOOHüWLULOPHVLQH
KHU \HULQ $90·OHüWLULOPHVLQH GHùHU DUW×ü SRWDQVL\HOL \NVHN WDSXOX YH\D
JHFHNRQGXIDUNHWPHNVL]LQPDKDOOHOHULQNHQWVHOG|QüPSURMHOHULLOHVDQNL
ELUHUERüDUVD\P×üJLELHOGHùLüWLUPHVLQH\RODo×\RU
úQVDQODU×Q KD\DWODU×QD YH \DüDG×NODU× PHNkQODUD GDLU NULWLN NDUDUODU× DOPD
LPNkQODU× EXOXQPX\RU 0HNkQD GDLU SODQ SURMH YH SROLWLNDODU NUHVHOOHüHQ
VHUPD\H YH WHNQRNUDWLN\|QHWLüLP HOLWL WDUDI×QGDQ EHOLUOHQL\RU .HQW YH
PHNkQ NDSLWDOL]PLQ PHUNH]LQGH NRQXPODQ×UNHQ NDPXVDO QLWHOLNOHUL YH
GHPRNUDWLN WDUW×üPD ]HPLQL ROPD |]HOOLùL RUWDGDQ NDONW×ù× LoLQ SROLWLNDGDQ
DU×QG×U×O×\RU'HPRNUDVLSDUODPHQWHUNDO×SLoLQGHGHYOHWLQSROLVL\HNRQWURO
15
'Q\D·GDQ´.HQW+DNN×µúoLQ.HQWVHO0FDGHOHgUQHNOHUL+LQGLVWDQ'RPLQLN&XPKXUL\HWL%UH]LO\D
DUDoODU×LOHWRSOXPVDODODQ×Q|]JOWDOHSOHULLOHVL\DVDODODQDNDW×O×P×QDLPNkQ
YHUPH\HFHNüHNLOGHRUJDQL]HROX\RU6Z\QJHGRXZ·XQSROLWLNDVRQUDV×
SRVWSROLWLFDOüHKLUGL\HDGODQG×UG×ù×EX\HQLGXUXPGDNHQWVHOPXKDOHIHW
GH VL\DVHWL \HQLGHQ LQüD HWPHN GXUXPXQGD NDO×\RU 'ROD\×V×\OD NHQW
D\DNODQPDODU×QGDQ NHQW GHYULPOHULQH JHQLü ELU \HOSD]HGH GQ\D JHQHOLQGH
NXUXPVDO PXKDOHIHW YH VL\DVHWLQ G×ü×QGD ELU DUD\×ü YDU .XUXOX G]HQ YH
VL\DVHW \ROODU× G×ü×QGD PHNkQGD YHULOHQ KDN PFDGHOHVL YH\D HQ D]×QGDQ
NDUü×o×N×üPHNkQ×QSROLWL]DV\RQXQXYHVL\DVHWLQ\HQLGHQPHNkQ]HULQGHQ
WDQ×PODQPDV×Q×GDEHUDEHULQGHJHWLUL\RU+×]O×ELUKDI×]DWD]HOHPHVLVLVWHPH
NDUü×GQ\DNHQWOHULQGHQ\NVHOHQPXKDOHIHWLJ|]OHU|QQHVHUHFHNWLU
‡ (NLP ·GH 3DULV %DQOL\|OHULQGH \DüD\DQ ELQOHUFH \RNVXO JHQo
D\DNODQG×\]OHUFHDUDoYHLü\HULQLDWHüHYHUGL
‡ $UDO×N·GH$WLQD·GD$OH[DQGURV*ULJRURSRXORV·XQSROLVWDUDI×QGDQ
|OGUOPHVL\OH WHWLNOHQHQ D\DNODQPDODU N×VD VUHGH EWQ ONH\H
\D\×OG×EDQNDODUKHGHIDO×QG×
16
‡ $UDO×N·GDHODUDEDV×]RUODDO×QDQ7XQXVOXVRNDNVDW×F×V×0RKDPHG
%RXD]L]L·QLQ NHQGLQL DWHüH YHUPHVL\OH |QFH 7XQXV·WD VRQUD GLùHU
$UDSONHOHULQGHNLWOHVHOVRNDNJ|VWHULOHULYHVLYLOLWDDWVL]OLNH\OHPOHUL
JHUoHNOHüWLULOGL7XQXV·WDGHYULPROGX
‡ 2FDN ·GH 0×V×U·GD PLO\RQODUFD H\OHPFL ELU NHQWVHO NDPXVDO
PHNkQGD7DKULU0H\GDQ×·QGDELU´NHQWµGHYULPLJHUoHNOHüWLUGL
‡ 0D\×V·GHPHYFXWVLVWHPGHQGROD\×´|INHOLµ\]ELQOHUFH0DGULG·OL
3XHUWDGHO6RO0H\GDQ×·Q×LüJDOHGHUHNGRùUXGDQGHPRNUDVLWDOHSOHULQL
GLOHJHWLUGL
‡ $ùXVWRV ·GH /RQGUD·GD VL\DK ELU oRFXùXQ SROLV WDUDI×QGDQ
|OGUOPHVL\OHEDüOD\DQD\DNODQPDODUEWQúQJLOWHUH·\H\D\×OG×
‡ (\OO ·GH 1HZ <RUN·GD ´:DOO 6WUHHW·L LüJDO HWµ H\OHPL ONH
JHQHOLQGHQLYHUVLWHOHUGHQKDVWDQHOHUHNWSKDQHOHUGHQÀQDQVDONUL]
VRQUDV×EDQNDODU×QHONR\GXùXNRQXWODUDONHJHQHOLQH\D\×OG×
‡ %WQEXPXKDOHIHWL.HQW+DNN×PFDGHOHVLoHUoHYHVLQGHWDQ×PODPDNWDEL
NLID]ODLGGLDO×KDWWD\DQ×OW×F×RODFDNW×U$QFDNNUHVHONDSLWDOL]PLQNHQWLOH
<DüDU$GQDQ$GDQDO×
NXUGXùX V×N× LOLüNLOHUH SDUDOHO WRSOXPVDO PFDGHOHQLQ DUWDUDN NHQWOHüWLùL
.HQW+DNN×PFDGHOHVLLOHNDUPDü×NDùODU|UGùV|\OHQHELOLUúVWDQEXO·GDGD
NHQWVHOPXKDOHIHWDo×V×QGDQVRQGHUHFHKDUHNHWOLELUG|QHPGHQJHoPHNWH\L]
hVW EDüO×N RODUDN NHQWVHO G|QüP SURMHOHULQH NDUü× PFDGHOH üHNOLQGH
|]HOOLNOH JHFHNRQGX DODQODU×Q×Q HPODN JHOLüWLULFLOHUH SD]DUODQPDV×QD NDUü×
EDüOD\DQ\HUHOPXKDOHIHWNHQWWH\DS×P×QDEDüODQDQYH\DSURMHOHQGLULOHQ
.|SU+D\GDUSDüD3RUWJLELPHJDSURMHOHUHNDUü×NHQWVHOoHYUHVHOPFDGHOH
PLUDVDODQODU×QNRUXQPDV×LoLQYHULOHQPFDGHOH(PHN6LQHPDV×·Q×JHULDOPD
H\OHPL'HPLU|UHQ$90LüJDOL%RùD]LoLhQLYHUVLWHVL·QGH6WDUEXFNVLüJDOL
7DNVLP0H\GDQ×0FDGHOHVLJLELIDUNO×DODQODUODHNOHPOHQHUHNYHELUELUOHULQL
HWNLOH\HUHNJHQLüOHGLùLQHWDQ×NROX\RUX]
%X\D]×GD|QFH.HQW+DNN×NDYUDP×YHPFDGHOHVLLOHLOJLOLPHYFXWWHRULN
WDUW×üPDODUDJ|]DWDFDNVRQUDV×QGDGDGQ\DQ×QIDUNO×\HUOHULQGHEXWDQ×PODPD
oHUoHYHVLQGHGHùHUOHQGLULOHELOHFHNKHPNXUXPVDOKHPGHNXUXPVDOROPD\DQ
SUDWLNOHUHEDNDFDNYHVRQRODUDN7UNL\H|]HOLQGHo×NDU×PODULOHELWLUHFHùLP
.HQWVHO0XKDOHIHWL7DQ×PODPD6RUXQX"
%XJQ ¶.HQW +DNN× PFDGHOHVL· QLWHOHPHVL JHUHN JHOLüPLü JHUHNVH GH
JHOLüPHNWHRODQONHOHUGHYDURODQELUoRNIDUNO×NHQWVHOWRSOXPVDOKDUHNHWOHUL
WDQ×PODPDN LoLQ NXOODQ×OPDNWD úON RODUDN )UDQV×] NHQW VRV\RORùX +HQU\
/HIHEYUH·LQ NDYUDPVDOODüW×UG×ù× GHYDP×QGD 0DUNVLVW FRùUDI\DF× 'DYLG
+DUYH\·LQV×NoDNXOODQG×ù×.HQW+DNN×DVO×QGDROGXNoDUDGLNDOGHYULPFLELU
WRSOXPVDOGHùLüLPo×ùO×ù×WDOHELRODUDNGüQOHELOLU$\Q×]DPDQGDSROLWLN
ELUVORJDQRODQ¶.HQW+DNN×·üXDQYDUROPD\DQ]HULQGHoDO×ü×O×SELUOLNWH
LQüD HGLOHFHN IDUNO× ELU WRSOXP YH NHQW \DüDQW×V× WDKD\\OGU 0DUFXVH
'ROD\×V×\OD/HIHEYUHELUQRNWDQ×QDOW×Q×oL]HUEXKDNüXDQYDURODQ
NHQWOHUGH oRùXO JHUoHNOHüHELOHFHN PHYFXW VLVWHPLQ G×üODG×ù× NHVLPOHULQ
IDUNO× VRV\DO HNRQRPLN NOWUHO YV KDNODU×Q×Q JHQLüOHPHVL LOH PHYFXW
NHQWOHUH EWQOHüPH GkKLO ROPD PFDGHOHVL GHùLOGLU .HQWL WHNLO EWQ
WRSOXPVDO PHNkQVDO HNRQRPLN LOLüNLOHUL LOH \HQLGHQ \HQL ELU SDUDGLJPD
RODUDNNXUPDPFDGHOHVLGLU/HIHEYUH%HQ]HUELUüHNLOGH+DUYH\GH
.HQW+DNN×·Q×üXüHNLOGHYXUJXODU
´1H WU ELU NHQW LVWHGLùLPL] VRUXVX QH WU WRSOXPVDO EDùODU GRùD LOH LOLüNL
\DüDPELoLPOHULWHNQRORMLOHUYHJ]HOGX\XGHùHUOHULDU]XODG×ù×P×]VRUXVXQGDQ
D\U×ODPD] .HQW +DNN× NHQW ND\QDNODU×QD XODüPD ELUH\VHO |]JUOùQGHQ
oRN |WH ELU üH\GLU .HQWL GHùLüWLUHUHN NHQGLPL]L GHùLüWLUPH KDNN×G×U$\U×FD
ELUH\VHOGHQoRNRUWDNELUKDNW×UoQNEXG|QüPNDo×Q×OPD]RODUDNNHQWOHüPH
VUHoOHULQL \HQLGHQ üHNLOOHQGLUPHN ]HUH RUWDNODüD ELU JFQ NXOODQ×P×QD
17
'Q\D·GDQ´.HQW+DNN×µúoLQ.HQWVHO0FDGHOHgUQHNOHUL+LQGLVWDQ'RPLQLN&XPKXUL\HWL%UH]LO\D
GD\DQ×U.HQWOHULPL]LYHNHQGLPL]L\DSPDYH\HQLGHQ\DSPD|]JUOùQQ
HQGHùHUOLDPDD\Q×]DPDQGDHQoRNLOJLVL]NDO×QP×üLQVDQKDNODU×P×]GDQELUL
ROGXùXQXLOHULVUPHNLVWHULPµ+DUYH\
'ROD\×V×\OD /HIHEYUH YH +DUYH\ Do×V×QGDQ NHQW YH KDNN×Q WHNLO YH oRùXO
NXOODQ×P× |QHPOLGLU dQN KDOL KD]×UGD NHQWOHUGH YHULOPHNWH RODQ oRùXO
KDN PFDGHOHOHUL EDU×QPD VX\D HULüLP VDùO×NO× ELU oHYUHGH \DüDPD NDUDU
DOPD VUHoOHULQH NDW×O×P oDO×üPD HùLWLP |UJWOHQPH VDùO×N YE |QHPOL
YH ¶.HQW +DNN×· WDOHEL\OH X\XPOX ROPDNOD ELUOLNWH N×VPL WDOHSOHUGLU $V×O
RODQEXKDNDODQODU×Q×QEWQFOOùELUEWQQD\U×OPD]SDUoDODU×RODUDN
WDOHSHGLOPHOHULGLU%X\DNODü×PIDUN×Q×QNHQWVHOPXKDOHIHWDo×V×QGDQIDUNO×
o×NDU×PODU× RODFDNW×U gQFHOLNOH |UJWVHO RODUDN D\U× D\U× KDN WDOHSOHULQLQ
KHSVLQLNDSVD\DFDNüHNLOGHWHNELUKDN.HQW+DNN×oHUoHYHVLQGHELUDUD\D
JHWLUHFHNELUKDUHNHWLQLPNkQ×|QHPOLELUVWUDWHMLND\U×PG×U
18
úNLQFL o×NDU×P DQDOLWLN G]OHPGHGLU %WQFO \DNODü×P VLVWHPL ELU EWQ
RODUDNDQDOL]HWPH\HoDO×ü×UNHQN×VPLYHoRùXOKDNWDOHSOHULVHPSWRPODUD
RGDNODQDUDN UHVPLQ WDPDP×Q× NDo×UPD ULVNL WDü×PDNWD YH GROD\×V×\OD VLVWHP
LoLQHoHNLOPH\HGDKDPVDLWELUGXUXPGDG×U6RQRODUDNEWQFO.HQW+DNN×
YL]\RQX ¶D]· LOH \DQL WHNLO KDN WDOHSOHULQLQ JHUoHNOHüPHVL LOH \HWLQPH\HUHN
¶EDüNDELUGQ\DPPNQ·VORJDQ×GRùUXOWXVXQGDoRNIDUNO×ELUJHOHFHùHDG×P
DG×PLOHUOHPHPRWLYDV\RQXLoHUHELOLU
<XNDU×GDNL D\U×P×Q IDUN×QGD ROPDN |QHPOLGLU oQN ELU \DQGDQ /HIHEYUH·H
RODQ LOJL VUHNOL DUWDU YH ¶.HQW +DNN×· V|\OHPL K×]OD \D\J×QODü×UNHQ GLùHU
\DQGDQGD/HIHEYUH·LQ\DNODü×P×Q×Q¶VXODQG×U×OG×ù×·¶HYFLOOHüWLULOGLùL·DGHWD
VLVWHP LoLQH oHNLOGLùL |QH VUOPHNWHGLU GH 6RX]D %XJQ .HQW
+DNN× NDYUDP× %LUOHüPLü 0LOOHWOHULQ IDUNO× NXUXOXüODU× SURIHV\RQHO VLYLO
WRSOXPNXUXOXüODU×YH%DW×OׁONHOHULQNDON×QPDDMDQVODU×GDGkKLOROPDN]HUH
VWDWNR\X WHPVLO HGHQ ELUoRN DQDDN×P DNW|U WDUDI×QGDQ DGHWD ELU üHPVL\H
WHULP RODUDN NXOODQ×OPDNWD EX EDüO×N DOW×QGD 'Q\D .HQW )RUXPX JLEL
\NVHN SURÀOOL XOXVODUDUDV× HWNLQOLNOHU WRSODQW×ODU G]HQOHQPHNWHGLU +DNO×
RODUDN GH 6RX]D ´.HQW +DNN×·QGDQ QH DQODü×O×\RU"µ GL\H VRUPDNWD
YDUG×ù×FHYDE×GDüXüHNLOGH|]HWOHPHNWHGLU
‡ 1HROLEHUDOL]P\HULQHELUoHüLWVRO.H\QHVoLOLN
‡ .UHVHOOHüPH\HNDUü×W×NRUXPDF×SROLWLNDODU\HULQHNUHVHONDSLWDOLVW
SL\DVDQ×QHYFLOOHüWLULOPHVL
‡ ¶dHYUHGRVWX·NDSLWDOL]P
‡ 7HPVLOLGHPRNUDVL\LWDPDPODPDNYHG]HOWPHNLoLQ¶NDW×O×P·
<DüDU$GQDQ$GDQDO×
%|\OHVLQH NRQIRUPLVW YH V×UDGDQODüDQ ELU DWPRVIHUGH |]HOOLNOH JHOLüPLü
ONHOHULQ NHQW DNWLYLVWOHUL LoLQ ELOH ¶.HQW +DNN×· |QHPOL ELU LON DG×P
ROPDNODELUOLNWHDOWHUQDWLINHQWVL\DVHWLQL¶DUNDEDKoHVDYXQXVXQD1·LQGLUJH\HQ
VR\OXODüW×UPDNHQWVHO G|QüP NDUü×W× PFDGHOH |WHVLQGH ELU DQODP LIDGH
HGHPL\RUGH6RX]D'H6RX]D¶.HQW+DNN×PFDGHOHVLQLQ·¶DUND
EDKoH VDYXQXVXQD· LQGLUJHQPHVLQL GüQVHO YH H\OHPVHO JHQHO ELU oHUoHYH
YH VWUDWHMLN DPDoODU LoLQ ELU XIXN ROPD\D \HWPH\HFHùLQL YXUJXODU YH PLNUR
|OoHNWHNLWDOHSOHULGDKDJHQLüELUEDùODPGDHOHDOPDQ×Q]RUXQOXOXùXQXQDOW×Q×
oL]HU
%HQ]HUELUüHNLOGH&DVWHOOVGH¶DUNDEDKoHVDYXQXVX·QDGLNNDWoHNHU.HQWVHO
WRSOXPVDO KDUHNHWOHUL ´WRSOXPGD \HUOHüPLü KDNLP WRSOXPVDO o×NDUODUOD
oHOLüHFHN ELU üHNLOGH NHQWVHO VLVWHPOHU \HUHO NOWU YH VL\DVL NXUXPODUGD
QLWHOH\LFL GHùLüLPOHU UHWHELOHFHN NHQWVHO PHVHOHOHUGHQ GRùDQ ELOLQoOL ELU
NROHNWLISUDWLNµRODUDNWDQ×PODU&DVWHOOV+DUHNHWOHULGHNXOODQ×P
GHùHUL LoLQ NHQW LVWH\HQ VHQGLNDO PFDGHOH NOWUHO RWRQRPL WDOHSOL
WRSOXOXN KDUHNHWOHUL PHNkQ WHPHOOL |]\|QHWLP LVWH\HQ \XUWWDü KDUHNHWOHUL
RODUDNoHD\×U×U&DVWHOOVCHJ|UHLQVDQODUNHQWVHOWRSOXPVDOKDUHNHWOHULOHKHU
QH NDGDU oDù×P×]×Q KD\DWD GRNXQDQ JHUoHN PHVHOHOHUL LOH LOJLOHQVHOHU ELOH
´NHQGLOHULQL GQ\D\× NRQWURO HGHPH] EXOGXNODU×QGDQ GQ\DQ×Q ER\XWXQX
NHQGL WRSOXOXNODU×QD PDKDOOHOHULQH EDVLWoH LQGLULYHULUOHUµ &DVWHOOV 6LVWHPLQ NDOELQL KHGHI DOPDN \HULQH \RO DoW×ù× NHQWVHO VRQXoODUD
RGDNODQPDV×Q× YH GROD\×V×\OD NHQWVHO KDUHNHWOHULQ G|QüWUFOùQQ
V×Q×UODU×Q×VRUJXODU.HQWVHOKDUHNHWOHUWRSOXPXG|QüWUPHLPNkQ×ROPDGDQ
NHQWLQ DQODP×Q× GHùLüWLUPH\L DPDoODUODU %X \]GHQ GH RQODU× DOWHUQDWLIWHQ
]L\DGHELUUHDNVL\RQRODUDNGHùHUOHQGLULU
.HQWVHO KDUHNHWOHULQ WRSOXPVDO G|QüPQ |]QHVL RODELOPHVL LoLQ .HQW
+DNN×·Q×Q /HIHEYUHRULMLQLQH G|QPHVL |QHPOLGLU dQN YHULOHQ PFDGHOH
D\Q× ]DPDQGD NHQW WHFUEHVLQL üHNLOOHQGLUHFHN LNWLGDU× UDGLNDO ELU üHNLOGH
GHPRNUDWLNOHüWLUPH oDùU×V×G×U 2\VD \XNDU×GD V|]Q HWWLùLP XOXVDO YH
XOXVODUDUDV×RUWDPODUGDVLYLOWRSOXPFXELUVH\UHOWLNELUGLVNXURODUDN\HQLGHQ
\RUXPODQDQ .HQW +DNN× WDQ×PODU× oHUoHYHVLQGH GHPRNUDVLGHQ DQODü×ODQ
WRSOXPVDO YH WRSOXPODUDUDV× LOLüNLOHULQ \|QHWLPLQLQ SL\DVD PHNDQL]PDV× LOH
JHUoHNOHüWLULOPHVL LOH Hü GHPRNUDVLQLQ WHPVLOL YH QHROLEHUDO DQODP×QGDQ
IDUNO×G×U 7DVDU×P YH 'HPRNUDVL NLWDE×QGD *XL %RQVLHSH ´GHPRNUDVLQLQVDGHELU\RUXPXRODUDNVL\DVLNDW×O×P×µYXUJXODU.DW×O×PRODUDN
LIDGH HGLOHQ GH JHQH QHROLEHUDOL]PLQ ¶VLVWHPH NDW×O×P×Q NROD\ODüW×U×OPDV×·
üHNOLQGHNLWDQ×P×Q×QDNVLQH´WDKDNNPDOW×QGDNL\XUWWDüODU×Q|]JULUDGHOHUL
LoLQ NHQGLOHULQH DODQ DoDQ |]QHOHU RODUDN NHQGLOHULQL G|QüWUPHOHULµGLU YH
EX üHNOL\OH /HIHEYUH·LQ ´|] \|QHWLüLPµ YXUJXVXQD \DN×QG×U 'ROD\×V×\OD
19
'Q\D·GDQ´.HQW+DNN×µúoLQ.HQWVHO0FDGHOHgUQHNOHUL+LQGLVWDQ'RPLQLN&XPKXUL\HWL%UH]LO\D
EDKVL JHoHQ GHPRNUDVL NDYUDP× WHPVLOL GHPRNUDVLQLQ R\ NXOODQPD
|]JUOùQQ|WHVLQGHoRNGDKDUDGLNDOYHHQIRUPHOELUNDYUDPVDOODüW×UPD
VXQDU ´KHWHURQRPLQLQ \DQL G×üVDO JoOHULQ WDKDNNPQQ D]DOW×OPDV×µ
RODUDNGHPRNUDVL%RQVLHSH<HQLGHPRNUDVLWDOHELPHNkQ×Q\HQLGHQ
UHWLOPHVLVUHFLQHNDW×O×PDPHUNH]LELUUROELoPHNWHGLU
20
8OXVODUDUDV×gUQHNOHUYHú\L8\JXODPDODU
.HQW +DNN× WDUW×üPDV×Q× YHULOHQ IDUNO× PFDGHOHOHU YH EX KDNN×Q×Q
JHUoHNOHüPHVLQLVDùOD\DFDNSROLWLNDYHNXUXPVDOVUHoGHQHPHOHUL]HULQGHQ
ELU QHE]H GH ROVD VRPXWODüW×UPDN PPNQ ¶(Q L\L |UQHN· %HVW 3UDFWLFH
ROPD LGGLDV×QGDQ X]DN DüDù×GD VXQXODQ IDUNO× |UQHNOHULQ ELU RUWDN QRNWDV×
%RQVLHSH·QLQ YXUJXODG×ù× G×üVDO JoOHULQ WDKDNNPQQ D]DOW×OPDV×QD
NDUü× YHULOHQ PFDGHOHGLU +LQGLVWDQ YH 'RPLQLN &XPKXUL\HWL |UQHNOHUL
NHQW \RNVXOODU×Q×Q EDU×QPD KDNN× PFDGHOHVLQLQ .HQW +DNN× PFDGHOHVLQH
HYULPLQHLüDUHWHGHU%UH]LO\D|UQHùLNHQWVHOKDUHNHWOHUYH\HUHO\|QHWLPOHU
DUDV×QGD NXUXOPDV× PPNQ GHPRNUDWLN ELU PHNDQL]PD VXQDU 9HQH]OOD
VLVWHPG×ü× DOWHUQDWLI VL\DVHWLQ GHPRNUDVL\L PHNkQ ]HULQGHQ \HQLGHQ
NXUPDV×QD ELU |UQHNWLU$%' |UQHùL LVH QHROLEHUDO VLVWHP LoLQGH NXUXPVDO
VL\DVHWLQYHPXKDOHIHWLQGDUV×Q×UODU×QDNDUü×VLYLOLWDDWVL]OLNH\OHPOHULQL.HQW
+DNN×PFDGHOHVLLoLQELUURWDRODUDNRUWD\DNR\DU
<×N×P.DUü×W×0FDGHOHGHQ.HQW+DNN×·QD*HFHNRQGXúWWLIDNODU×
6RQ \×OODUGD ELUoRN úVWDQEXO 0DKDOOHVL \DüD\DQODU×Q WDKOL\HVL YH HYOHULQLQ
\×N×P×QD \RO DoDQ GUDPDWLN G|QüPOHUGHQ JHoL\RUODU %D]× GXUXPODUGD
LQVDQODU NHQWLQ oHSHUOHULQGH 7RSOX .RQXW úGDUHVL 72.ú 3URMHOHUL·QGH
\HQLGHQLVNkQHGLOLUNHQED]HQGHNHQGLOHULQLVRNDNODUGDEXOX\RUODU$VO×QGD
EX \DüDQDQODU×Q úVWDQEXO·D |]J ROGXùX V|\OHQHPH] +HP JHOLüPLü KHP
GH JHOLüPHNWH RODQ ONHOHULQ ELUoRN üHKLUOHULQGH ]RUOD WDKOL\HOHU |]HOOLNOH
NHQW \RNVXOODU× LoLQ KD\DW×Q D\U×OPD] ELU SDUoDV× JLEL gUQHùLQ ²
DUDV× VDGHFH =LPEDEZH (QGRQH]\D dLQ %DQJODGHü 1LMHU\D +LQGLVWDQ YH
*QH\$IULND·GDUDSRUODQP×ü]RUODWDKOL\HVD\×V×PLO\RQXQ]HULQGH81
+$%,7$7
'ROD\×V×\OD EXJQ .HQW +DNN× PFDGHOHVLQH GRùUX HYULOPHNWH RODQ
NHQWVHO WRSOXPVDO KDUHNHWOHU LoLQGH HQ |QHPOL DNW|UOHUGHQ ELUL GQ\DQ×Q
IDUNO× üHKLUOHULQGH KXNXNL JYHQFHGHQ \RNVXQ ELU üHNLOGH JHFHNRQGXODUGD
\DüD\DQPLO\DUODUFDNHQW\RNVXOODU×YH RQODU×Q JHOLüWLUGLNOHUL |]|UJWOHQPH
PHNDQL]PDODU×G×U 3DWHO%XUUD'·&UX] .HQW \RNVXOODU×Q× ELU DUD\D
JHWLUHQEHOOLEDüO×IDNW|UOHUüXüHNLOGH|]HWOHQHELOLU.HQWWRSUDù×QDHULüLPLoLQ
RUWDNO×NEDU×QPDEDüWDROPDN]HUHHOHNWULN\ROVXJLELWHPHOKL]PHWOHULQ
<DüDU$GQDQ$GDQDO×
NROHNWLI ELU üHNLOGH VDùODQPDV× ]RUOD WDKOL\H YH \×N×P WHKGLGLQH NDUü×
|UJWOHQPHYHGLUHQLüJHFHNRQGXODUDKXNXNLJYHQFHVDùODPDNLoLQ|]HOYH
NDPXDNW|UOHULLOHWRSOXP]DNHUHNUHGL\HHULüLPLNROD\ODüW×UDQYH\RNVXOOXùX
KDÀÁHWLFLIDDOL\HWOHUg]HOOLNOH$V\DYH/DWLQ$PHULNDüHKLUOHULQGHJ|UOHQ
JHQHOOLNOH N×V×WO× ELU RGDN LOH WHPHO LKWL\DoODU×Q NDUü×ODQPDV× YH \×N×PODUD
NDUü× KD]×U ROPD LKWL\DF×QGDQ GRùDQ DPD ]DPDQ LoLQGH \DüDQDELOLUOLN LOH
LOLüNLOLEWQDODQODU×NDSVD\DQüHKLUJHQHOLQGHIDUNO×PDKDOOHYHE|OJHOHUGH
\DüD\DQ\RNVXOODU×Q\HUHO|UJWOHQPHOHULQLQELUDUD\DJHOHUHN\DWD\LWWLIDNODU
ROXüWXUPDV×NHQWVHOPXKDOHIHWLQNLWOHVHOOHüPHVLLoLQLPNkQODUVXQDQELUDODQD
LüDUHW HGHU $QFDN NHQW \RNVXOODU×Q×Q PFDGHOHVL |QFHOLNOH ´G×üODQDQODU×Q
KDNODU×Q×JHQLüOHWHUHNPHYFXWNHQWOHUOHYHGROD\×V×\ODVLVWHPOHEWQOHüPHVLµ
HNVHQLQGH HOH DO×QG×ù×QGDQ EX PFDGHOHQLQ DNW|UOHULQL .HQW +DNN×·Q×Q
GHYULPFL|]QHOHULRODUDNGHùHUOHQGLUPHNID]ODLGGLDO×RODELOLU
+LQGLVWDQ
%XJQ'Q\D·GD\DNODü×NPLO\DULQVDQJHFHNRQGXODUGD\Dü×\RU+LQGLVWDQ
\DNODü×N PLO\RQ LOH HQ \NVHN JHFHNRQGX QIXVXQD VDKLS ONHOHUGHQ
ELUL2 %DU×QPD ONHQLQ \RNVXOODU× LoLQ E\N ELU LKWL\Do YH SUREOHP DODQ×
*HFHNRQGXQIXVXJHQLüELU\HOSD]HGHNHQGLOHULQH\DüDPDODQODU×\DUDWPDN
LoLQ oDEDO×\RUODU .DVW VLVWHPL\OH GH LOLüNLOL ELU üHNLOGH V×Q×IVDO IDUNO×O×NODU
NHQGLQL HQIRUPHO NRQXW DODQODU×Q×Q oHüLWOLOLùLQGH GH J|VWHUL\RU .DOG×U×PGD
GHPLU\ROODU×NHQDU×QGDWXYDOHWLROPD\DQNRQXWODUGD\DVDOJYHQFHVLROPD\DQ
NRQXWODUGD \DüD\DQODU JLEL +LQGLVWDQ D\Q× ]DPDQGD GQ\DGDNL EHONL GH
HQ |UJWO JHFHNRQGX WRSOXOXNODU×Q× EDU×QG×U×\RU <DüDQDQ ]RUOXNODU NHQW
\RNVXOODU×Q× KD\DWWD NDOPD VWUDWHMLOHUL NRQXVXQGD X]PDQODüW×UP×ü GXUXPGD
+LQGLVWDQ YH GQ\DGD PLO\RQODUFD \RNVXOX |UJWOHPLü LNL E\N NLWOH
NXUXOXüXPHYFXW1DWLRQDO6OXP'ZHOOHUV)HGHUDWLRQ8OXVDO*HFHNRQGX·GD
<DüD\DQODU)HGHUDV\RQXYH0DKLOD0LODQ.DG×QODU×Q%LUOLNWHOLùL$üDù×GDQ
\XNDU×NRPüXODUEWQPDKDOOHPHWURSROONHJHQHOLXOXVODUDUDV×üHNLOGH
|UJWOHQPLüEXLNLNXUXOXü|QFHOLNOHNHQW\RNVXOODU×Q×QELUDUD\DJHOPHOHULYH
VRUXQODU×QD NHQGLOHULQLQ o|]P EXOPDODU× ]HULQH oDO×ü×\RUODU 0DKDOOHOHUGH
JHUoHNOHüWLULOHQ NDW×O×PF× DQNHW YH KDULWDODPD oDO×üPDODU× LOH ELOJL Do×ù×Q×
NDSDWPD\DYH|]|UJWOOùDUWW×UPD\DoDEDO×\RUODU.DG×QODU×QROXüWXUGXùX
¶NRPüXEDQNDODU×·LOHG]HQOLRODUDNSDUDELULNWLUL\RUEXSDUDODU×ELUELUOHULQH
NUHGL RODUDN NXOODQG×U×\RUODU 3DUD ELULNWLUPH \RNVXOODU×Q HQ \RNVXOODU× LoLQ
ELOHQHUHGH\VHNXWVDOELUDNWLYLWH
%X VD\HGH VLVWHPLQ WDPDPHQ G×üODG×ù× NHVLPOHU RODUDN RQGDQ YH EDQNDODU
JLELRQXQNXUXPVDODOW\DS×V×QGDQPHGHWXPPDN\HULQHKD\DWODU×Q×QGPHQLQH
|UJWOONOHULVD\HVLQGHNHQGLOHULJHoPLüROX\RU%XKDON|UJWOHQPHOHULQLQ
21
'Q\D·GDQ´.HQW+DNN×µúoLQ.HQWVHO0FDGHOHgUQHNOHUL+LQGLVWDQ'RPLQLN&XPKXUL\HWL%UH]LO\D
ELUOLNWHoDO×üW×ù×GDKDWHNQLNNRQXODU]HULQH\RùXQODüDQELUVLYLOWRSOXPDù×
GD PHYFXW 63$5& 6DKD %LOJL 0HUNH]OHULCQL <D\J×QODüW×UPD 7RSOXOXùX
%X VLYLO WRSOXP NXUXOXüX NRQXWODU×Q L\LOHüWLULOPHVL YH LQüD HGLOPHVL DOW\DS×
oDO×üPDODU× \RNVXOOXN LOH PFDGHOH KXNXNVDO PFDGHOH JLEL NRQXODUGD
LNL E\N KDON |UJWOHQPHVLQH GHVWHN ROX\RU %RPED\·×Q HQ \RNVXOODU×
LOH NDOG×U×PGD \DüD\DQODUOD oDO×üPD\D EDüOD\DQ 63$5& üX DQ EWQ
NHQW \RNVXOODU× LoLQ NRQXW UHWLPL GH GkKLO ROPDN ]HUH EDU×QPD KDNN×
PFDGHOHVLQLVUGU\RU%XoNXUXOXüXQELUOLNWHOLùL7KH$OOLDQFHúWWLIDN
RODUDNELOLQL\RU3úWWLIDNKDNWDOHSOHULQLJHQLüOHWLSPFDGHOHOHULQLEWQFOELU
üHNLOGHYHUPH\HoDO×üPDNODELUOLNWHVRQNHUWHGHVLVWHPHGkKLOROPDoDEDV×|QH
o×NPDNWDG×U'ROD\×V×\ODEX|UQHùLoHNLQFHVL]ELU´.HQW+DNN×µPFDGHOHVL
RODUDNGHùHUOHQGLUPHN\DQ×OW×F×RODFDNW×U
22
'RPLQLN&XPKXUL\HWL
<×N×PNDUü×W×\HUHOPFDGHOHQLQNHQW|OoHùLQGH|UJWOHQPHVLQHYHV|\OHPYH
H\OHPOHULQL.HQW+DNN×oHUoHYHVLQGH\HQLGHQNXUPDODU×QDEDüDU×O×ELU|UQHN
RODUDN 'RPLQLN &XPKXUL\HWL·QGH |]HOOLNOH VRQ \×OGD |UJWOHQHQ NHQWVHO
WRSOXPVDOKDUHNHWOHUJ|VWHULOHELOLU.DUD\LSOHU·LQPLO\RQGDQID]ODQIXVD
VDKLS EX DGD ONHVL VRQUDV× QHROLEHUDO \DS×VDO X\XP SROLWLNDODU×Q×
X\JXODPD\D NR\X\RU g]HOOLNOH NUHVHO WXUL]P VHNW|UQQ HNRQRPLGH
|QHPLQLQ DUWPDV× VRQXFX EDüNHQW 6DQWR 'RPLQJR XODü×P DOW\DS×V× PHJD
SURMHOHU DQ×WVDO \DS×ODU×Q LQüDV× LoLQ NHQWVHO G|QüP SURMHOHUL LOH EDüWDQ
DüDù× \HQLOHQPH\H EDüO×\RU %X G|QüP VUHFLQGH ·OHU VRQX ·ODU
EDü×QGD ·GHQ ID]OD NRQXW \×N×PODUD PDUX] NDO×\RU 81+$%,7$7
0DKDOOH ED]×QGD WHNLO |UJWOHQPH YH ED]× LOoHOHUGH PDKDOOHOHU
DUDV× LWWLIDN GHQH\LPOHUL EX E\N \×N×PWDKOL\H G|QHPLQGH RUWD\D o×N×\RU
)DUNO×WHPVLOL\HWNDSDVLWHOHULLOHNRPüXODU×QELUDUD\DJHOHUHNROXüWXUGXNODU×
PDKDOOHGHUQHNOHULNDON×QPDNRPLWHOHULLQDQoYHKD\×UNXUXPODU×YHEXQODU×Q
ROXüWXUGXùXPDKDOOHLOoHNRPLV\RQODU×ELUOLNWHPFDGHOHLoLQELULWWLIDNNXUPD
ÀNULQGHX]ODü×\RUODU
·OHULQ EDü×QGD ·GHQ ID]OD \HUHO |UJW NHQW JHQHOLQGHNL JHFHNRQGX
PDKDOOHOHULQLQ RUWDN SODWIRUPX RODUDN 7RSUDù×Q 6DYXQXVX LoLQ .HQWVHO
7RSOXPVDO $ù·× 5HG 8UEDQR 3RSXODU 3RU /D 'HIHQFLD GH /D 7LHUUD
NXUX\RUODU %X Dù×Q LüOHYVHO RODELOPHVL LoLQ PDKDOOHOHUDUDV× LOLüNLOHULQ
NXYYHWOHQGLULOPHVLQH|QHPYHULOL\RU*HQHOLGDUHLOHWLüLPHùLWLPNDPSDQ\D
JLELWDQ×PO×J|UHYDODQODU×Q×Q KHUELULQGHQ VRUXPOX RODFDN ELUHU \HUHO |UJW
VHoLOL\RU %X |UJWOHU NRRUGLQDV\RQ NRPLWHVLQGH ELU DUD\D JHOHUHN NDUDU
DODFDN \UWPH NXUXOXQX ROXüWXUX\RUODU úWWLIDN×Q WHNQLN NDSDVLWH Do×ù×Q×
NDSDWPDN YH PDGGLORMLVWLN LKWL\DoODU×Q× ELU QHE]H JLGHUPHN LoLQ VLYLO
<DüDU$GQDQ$GDQDO×
WRSOXPNXUXOXüODU×YHXOXVODUDUDV×DùODULOHSURWRNROOHU\DS×ODUDNLWWLIDNDGkKLO
HGLOL\RU %X RUWDNODU VWUDWHMLN RODUDN EHOLUOHQL\RU .HQW SODQODPDV× ]HULQH
JHFHNRQGX PDKDOOHOHULQGH oDO×üDQ WHNQLN NDSDVLWHVL \NVHN YH NXUXOXüX
JHFHNRQGXPDKDOOHOHULQLQPDGGLGHVWHùLQHGD\DQDQ$OWHUQDWLIûHKLU&LXGDG
$OWHUQDWLYDELUNLOLVHNXUXOXüXRODQYHWRSOXPVDONDON×QPD]HULQHoDO×üDQ
&HQWUR%RQRKXNXNoXODUGDQROXüDQ&('$,/YH8OXVODUDUDV×<HUOHüLPFLOHU
úWWLIDN× ,QWHUQDWLRQDO$OOLDQFH RI ,QKDELWDQWV /DWLQ$PHULND YH .DUD\LSOHU
WHPVLOFLVL 6RUXQX GDU oHUoHYHGH VDOW GLUHQLü YH VRQXoODU×QD \×N×P
RGDNODQDUDN GHùLO QHGHQOHULQL KXNXNL JYHQFHGHQ \RNVXQOXN \RNVXOOXN
KHGHÁH\HUHN o|]PH\H oDO×üPDQ×Q GHYDP×QGD \DS×ODQ LON IDDOL\HWOHUGHQ
ELUL NROHNWLI ELU üHNLOGH ´NHQWN×U WRSUDù×QD HULüLPL G]HQOHPHN YH KXNXNL
JYHQFH\HNDYXüWXUPDNµLoLQELU\DVDWHNOLÀKD]×UOD\×SEXWHNOLI]HULQGHQ
XOXVDOELUNDPSDQ\DRUJDQL]HHWPHNROX\RU'HWD\O×ELUüHNLOGH´NRQXWKDNN×µ
WDUW×üPDODU×Q×SROLWLND\DG|QüWUPHNYHWDUW×üPDODU×HQVW|OoHNWH\DVDPD\×
KHGHIDODUDNJ|WUPHNLoLQEXWHNOLÀKD]×UO×\RUODU
$\U×FD E|OJHVHO YH NUHVHO |UJWOHQPHOHUH HNOHPOHQHUHN J|UQUONOHULQL
DUWW×UPD\DoDEDJ|VWHUL\RUODU´6×I×UWDKOL\Hµ´\×N×PODUDNDUü×X\DU×VLVWHPLµ
YH ´.HQW +DNN×µ JLEL XOXVODUDUDV× NDPSDQ\DODU× \HUHOGH EDüODWDUDN IDUNO×
PDKDOOHOHUGH|UJWOHQPHYH|]HOGHQNDPXVDODWDOHSOHUGHELUJHQLüOHPHoDO×üPDV×
LoLQHJLGL\RUODUVHQHVLQGH.HQWVHO7RSOXPVDO$ùD\HPDKDOOHOHUGHQ
J|QOORODQODUODONHQLQLONVRV\DONRQXWNRRSHUDWLÀQLNXUX\RUODU.RQXWYH
<DüDP$ODQODU×Q×Q.ROHNWLIhUHWLPL.RRSHUDWLÀ&223+$%,7$7|QFHOLNOH
oLOoHGHoDO×üPDODU×QDEDüO×\RU&223+$%,7$7+DUYH\·LQGHYXUJXODG×ù×
LQVDQODU×Q NHQWOHUL \HQLGHQ UHWLUNHQ NHQGLOHULQL GH LQüD HWPHOHULQH ELU
|UQHN RODUDN GDKD L\L ELU \DüDP PFDGHOHVLQLQ WDPDPOD\×F× KDONDV× RODUDN
J|UOHELOLUh\HOHULQLQELULNLPOHULLOHoDO×üDQNRRSHUDWLINXUXOXüXQXWDNLSHGHQ
ELUNDo\×OGDN×V×WO×VD\×GDNLNHQW\RNVXOODU×Q×QNRQXWODU×Q×PWHYD]×ELUüHNLOGH
L\LOHüWLUPHVLQH \DUG×PF× ROX\RU <×N×P \DüDP×ü PDKDOOHOLOHULQ ]DUDUODU×Q×Q
WHODÀHGLOPHVLYH\HQLNRQXWSURMHOHUL\DS×OPDV×LoLQ.HQWVHO$ùLOHELUOLNWH
oDO×ü×\RU%XELUELULQLWDPDPOD\DQ\DWD\|UJWOHQPHQLQHQVRQJHOGLùLDüDPD
GD ONHGHNL GLùHU WRSOXPVDO KDUHNHWOHUH HNOHPOHQGLNOHUL J|UO\RU dRN
JHQLüNDW×O×PO×ELU\XUWWDüJLULüLPLRODQ<XUWWDü)RUXPX·QXQ)RUD&LXGDGDQD
|QHPOL ELU NHQWVHO ELOHüHQL RODUDN VRV\DO KDNODU LoLQ PFDGHOH YHUL\RUODU
/DWLQ$PHULNDJHQHOLQGHHQGüNHùLWLPEWoHVLQHVDKLSONHOHUGHQELULRODQ
'RPLQLN&XPKXUL\HWL·QGHHùLWLPEWoHVLQLQ·Ho×NDUW×OPDV×LoLQEDüODW×ODQ
\RùXQYHJ|UQUOù\NVHNELUNDPSDQ\D\×GLùHUVLYLOWRSOXPDNW|UOHULLOH
EDüODW×\RUODU$\U×FDWRSUDNV×]N|\OOHUGHSUHPVRQUDV×HYVL]OHüHQ+DLWLOLOHU
JLELIDUNO×JUXSODUODGD\DQ×üPDLoLQHJLUL\RUODU
23
'Q\D·GDQ´.HQW+DNN×µúoLQ.HQWVHO0FDGHOHgUQHNOHUL+LQGLVWDQ'RPLQLN&XPKXUL\HWL%UH]LO\D
%HOHGL\HOHUGH.DW×O×PF×%WoH8\JXODPDODU×
%UH]LO\D
%UH]LO\D·Q×Q3RUWR$OHJUHNHQWLQGHEDüOD\DQVRQUDV×QGDEDüWD/DWLQ$PHULND
üHKLUOHULROPDN]HUHGQ\DQ×QIDUNO×\HUOHULQGH\HUHO\|QHWLPOHUWDUDI×QGDQ
IDUNO×\RUXPODU×LOHX\JXODQDQNDW×O×PF×EWoHoDO×üPDODU׶·.HQW+DNN×··Q×Q
VRPXW ELU üHNLOGH PHNkQGD JHUoHNOHüPHVLQH NDWN×GD EXOXQDELOHFHN ELU DUDo
RODUDN GHùHUOHQGLULOHELOLU 6RQ \×OGD JHUoHNOHüHQ X\JXODPDODU×Q KHP
NDYUDPVDOKHPGHSUDWLNDQODPGDE\NIDUNO×O×NODUEDU×QG×UG×ù×J|UOPHNWH
.DW×O×PF× EWoH X\JXODPDODU× \HUHO \|QHWLPOHULQ EWoHOHULQLQ ·GHQ
·HGHùLüHQRUDQODUGD
‡ YDWDQGDüODU×Q EHOOL NRQXW VDùO×N HùLWLP NDPXVDO DODQ JLEL WHPDWLN
|QFHOLNOHUYH\DPDKDOOHRGDNO×IDUNO×PHNkQODUHWUDI×QGD
‡ GRùUXGDQ \XUWWDü NDW×O×P× YH\D VLYLO WRSOXP YH PDKDOOL |UJWOHULQLQ
WHPVLOL\HWLLOH
24
‡ Do×N NDW×O×P YH\D PDUMLQDO JUXSODU× GD LoHUHFHN üHNLOGH RGDN JUXSODU
PHNDQL]PDODU×Q×NXOODQDUDN
‡ \XUWWDüODU×Q WDYVL\H QLWHOLùLQGH YH\D EDùOD\×F× NDUDUODU DOPDV×
VRQXFXQGD
‡ \HUHO \|QHWLPOHULQ HQIRUPHO PHNDQL]PDODU× GHYUH\H VRNDUDN YH\D
üHKLUJHQHOLQGHYHKDWWDXOXVDOKXNXNLELUoHUoHYHLOH
EHOLUOHQPHVLüHNOLQGHWDQ×PODQDELOLU&DEDQQHV
*HQHO RODUDN NDW×O×PF× EWoH X\JXODPDODU×Q×Q ¶·NDW×O×PF×·· N×VP×QD
EDNW×ù×P×]GD |QH o×NDQ DUJPDQ EX \HQLOLNoL LQRYDWLI DUDF×Q WHPVLOL
GHPRNUDVLQLQ HNVLNOLNOHULQL JLGHUHELOHFHùL GHPRNUDVLQLQ GRùUXGDQ NDUDU
DOPD\× WHüYLN HGHFHN ELU üHNLOGH GHULQOHüPHVLQL VDùOD\DELOHFHùL QRNWDV×G×U
%LU DQODPGD KHP NHQWOLOHULQ IDUNO× KDNODUD HULüLPLQGH ELU DUDo KHP GH
PHNkQD GDLU NDUDUODU× GHPRNUDWLN ELU üHNLOGH DOPD\× VDùODG×ù× LoLQ GDKD
JHQHO DQODP×\OD ¶·.HQW +DNN×··Q×Q SROLWL]DV\RQXQX VDùOD\DELOHFHN ELU
DPDo RODUDN GHùHUOHQGLULOHELOLU $QFDN X\JXODPDGDNL \XNDU×GD |]HWOHQHQ
IDUNO×O×NODU YH GH NDPX NXUXPODU× YH YDWDQGDü DUDV×QGDNL WDUW×PODPDQ×Q
GHOLEHUDV\RQXQ GHùLüHQ \RùXQOXùX YH \XUWWDü NDW×O×P×Q×Q IDUNO× VHYL\HOHUL
J|]|QQGHEXOXQGXUXOGXùXQGD.HQW+DNN×YHNDW×O×PF×EWoHX\JXODPDODU×
<DüDU$GQDQ$GDQDO×
DUDV×QGDGROD\V×]ELULOLüNLNXUPDQ×QPPNQROPDG×ù×J|UOPHNWHGLU<HUHO
\|QHWLPOHUGH|]HOOLNOHEDüNDQODU×QSDWURQDMLOLüNLOHULQLGHYUH\HVRNDELOGLùL
\HUHOLQ|UJWOOùQQ]D\×IROGXùX|UQHNOHUGHVL\DVLYHHNRQRPLNo×NDULOH
VUHFLQHOHJHoLUHELOGLùLQLFRRSWLQJEHOLUWPHNJHUHNLU
%UH]LO\D·Q×Q\DNODü×NPLO\RQQIXVOX3RUWR$OHJUHüHKULQGHJHUoHNOHüHQ
NDW×O×PF× EWoH X\JXODPDV× JHUHN D\U×ODQ EWoHQLQ E\NOù JHUHN
X\JXODPDQ×QVUHNOLOLùLJHUHNVH\XUWWDüJLULüLPOHULQLQROJXQOXùXEDN×P×QGDQ
EDüDU×O×ELU|UQHNRODUDN|QHo×NPDNWD4.DPXND\QDNODU×Q×QDGLOELUüHNLOGH
YH WRSOXPXQ LKWL\DoODU× GRùUXOWXVXQGD KDUFDQPDV× VHUPD\H RGDNO× GHùLO
WRSOXPFXELU\HUHO\|QHWLPLOH\DüDPDODQODU×Q×QYHNRüXOODU×Q×QL\LOHüWLULOPHVL
YH LüoL V×Q×ÁDU× GD GkKLO IDUNO× WRSOXPVDO JUXSODU×Q \DüDG×ù× PDKDOOHOHULQ
\HQLGHQUHWLPLQGH NDUDU YHULFL NRQXPXQD JHOPHOHUL Do×V×QGDQ |QHPOL ELU
SROLWLNDROGXùXEXüHKLU|]HOLQGHLGGLDHGLOPHNWH\×O×QGD3RUWR$OHJUH·GH
EHOHGL\HEWoHVLQLQ·VLLOHEDüOD\DQNDW×O×PF×EWoHX\JXODPDODU×EXJQ
·QLQ]HULQH\NVHOPLüGXUXPGD<DNODü×NPLO\RQGRODUO×N\DW×U×PYH
KL]PHWEWoHVLQHKHUVHQHVD\×ODU×DUWDQ·LQ]HULQGH\XUWWDü×QNDW×O×P×
LOH NDUDU YHULOL\RU %|\OHVLQH ELU NDW×O×P PHNDQL]PDV× KDON×Q LKWL\DoODU×QD
FHYDSYHUHQELU\HUHO\|QHWLPPRGHOLQLQRUWD\Do×NPDV×VRQXFXQXGRùXUX\RU
gUQHùLQ NDW×O×PF× EWoH X\JXODPDV× VRQXFX EHOHGL\HQLQ HùLWLP YH VDùO×N
EWoHVL·WHQ·DNDGDU\NVHOPLü*ROGVPLWK
.HQW7RSUDù×.RPLWHOHUL
9HQH]HOOD
9HQH]HOOD·Q×Q .HQW 7RSUDù× .RPLWHOHUL &78 ¶·\DüDP DODQODU×Q×Q
YDWDQGDüODU×Q NDW×O×P× LOH LQüD HGLOPHVL·· RODUDN WDQ×PODQDELOHFHN ¶·.HQW
+DNN×··NDYUDP×Q×QSUDWLNWHX\JXODQG×ù×WHVWHGLOGLùLEDüNDELU|UQHNRODUDN
J|]H oDUSPDNWD /DWLQ $PHULND·Q×Q JHUL NDODQ× LOH SDUDOHO ELU üHNLOGH
9HQH]HOOD VRV\DO DGDOHWVL]OLùLQ \RùXQ ELU üHNLOGH KLVVHGLOGLùL YDUV×O YH
\RNVXOXQ ELUELUOHULQGHQ WRSOXPVDO YH PHNkQVDO RODUDN NHVNLQ ELU üHNLOGH
D\U×OG×ù×ELUONH+XJR&KDYH]G|QHPLQHNDGDUSHWUROJHOLUOHULQLQXOXVDOYH
XOXVODUDUDV× VHUPD\H HOLWLQLQ NRQWUROQGH ROGXùX EDüNHQW &DUDFDV YH GLùHU
üHKLUOHULQ WHSHOHULQGH VDùO×NV×] YH JYHQFHVL] ELU üHNLOGH JHFHNRQGXODUGD
\DüD\DQ PLO\RQODUFD NHQW \RNVXOXQXQ EX ]HQJLQOLNWHQ ID\GDODQDPDG×ù×
9HQH]HOOD·GDVRQ\×OGD|QHPOLG|QüPOHU\DüDQG×
gQFHOLNOH\DS×ODQDQD\DVDGHùLüLNOLùLVRQUDV×QGDYDWDQGDüODU×QEDU×QPDKDNN×
KXNXNL JYHQFH DOW×QD DO×Q×U $QD\DVD·Q×Q PDGGHVL EHOHGL\H V×Q×UODU×
LoLQGH \DS×O× oHYUHQLQ JHOLüLPLQLQ SODQODQPDV× YH X\JXODQPDV×QD NDW×O×P×
25
'Q\D·GDQ´.HQW+DNN×µúoLQ.HQWVHO0FDGHOHgUQHNOHUL+LQGLVWDQ'RPLQLN&XPKXUL\HWL%UH]LO\D
WHüYLN HGHU PDGGH LVH \XUWWDüODU YH NDPX NXUXPODU× DUDV×QGD DUD\]
RODUDNIDDOL\HWJ|VWHUPHVLNHQW\RNVXOODU×Q×QPDKDOOHOHULQHKXNXNLJYHQFH
ND]DQG×UPDVUHFLQLNROHNWLIELUüHNLOGH\UWHELOPHOHULLoLQ&78·ODU×WDQ×U
\×O×QGD RQD\ODQDQ QR·OX EDüNDQO×N NDUDUQDPHVL &78 ]HULQGHQ
PDKDOOHOHULQKXNXNLJYHQFH\HNDYXüWXUXOPDODU×YHPDKDOOHOLOHULQNDW×O×P×Q×
G]HQOHU &78·ODU GRùUXGDQ GHPRNUDVL\L PPNQ N×ODELOPHN LoLQ LOD DUDV× KDQHQLQ ELUOLNWHOLùLQGHQ ROXüXU VHoLOPLü WHPVLOFLOHUL EXOXQXU
PDKDOOLLOoHPHWURSROYHXOXVDO|OoHNOHUGH|UJWOHQPLüOHUGLUNHQWWRSUDù×Q×Q
G]HQOHQPHVL SODQODQPDV× JHFHNRQGX DODQODU×Q×Q \DVDO JYHQFH\H
NDYXüWXUXOPDV× PDKDOOL |UJWOHQPH YH \HUHO NDON×QPD LoLQ oDO×ü×U 8OXVDO
7HNQLN 2ÀV &78·ODUD WHNQLN GHVWHN YH PHUNH]L KNPHW EWoHVLQGHQ IRQ
VDùODU.RQXW%DNDQO×ù×GD&78·ODU×YHRQODU×QEDù×PV×]SURMHOHULQLGHVWHNOHU
.HQW 7RSUDù× .RPLWHOHUL PHNDQL]PDV× LOH \×OODU× DUDV×QGD ELQGHQID]ODNRQXWKXNXNLJYHQFH\HNDYXüPXüWXU/DMRLH
26
.LUDF×ODUYH\DHYVL]JHQoOHUGH&78DUDF×O×ù×LOH|UJWOHQLUYHVHQHVLQGHQ
LWLEDUHQDW×OGXUXPGDNLELQDYHLQüDDWDODQODU×Q×YHNHQWWRSUDù×Q×LüJDOHWPH\H
EDüODU.HQW\RNVXOODU×Q×Q|UJWOOùQQ\XNDU×GDQDüDù×\DELUüHNLOGHVL\DVL
KXNXNLRODUDNGDWDQ×QPDV×LOHJoOHQHQYHEHOOLELURWRQRPL\HHYULOHQEXVUHo
VRQXFXQGDKNPHWYHGHYULPLoLQGHED]×JoRGDNODU×EXQXELUWHKGLWRODUDN
GHùHUOHQGLULU+DWWDEXGXUXPX¶·GHYULPLoLQGHGHYULP··RODUDNJ|UHQOHUELOH
o×NDU0DUWLQH])R[)DUUHOO'ROD\×V×\ODKHPGHYULPNDUü×WODU×QDKHP
GH\HQLNXUXOPDNWDRODQGHYOHWEURNUDVLVLQHNDUü×YHULOHQELUPFDGHOHV|]
NRQXVXGXU*HQHORODUDN\DWD\PDKDOOH|OoHùLYHGüH\DüDù×GDQ\XNDU×
RODUDNPHNkQGD|UJWOHQHQYHEX|UJWOHQPH\HSDUDOHOELUüHNLOGHPHNkQVDO
NDUDUODU DOPD \HWNLVLQH VDKLS GHULQOLNWH ELU \XUWWDü NDW×O×P PHNDQL]PDV×Q×Q
¶·QHROLEHUDOWHPVLOLGHPRNUDVLNUL]LQL··YH¶·VL\DVHWVRQUDV×NHQWµSUREOHPLQL
DüPDQRNWDV×QGDVXQGXùXLPNkQODU9HQH]HOOD|UQHùLQGHLQFHOHQPH\HGHùHU
.HQW+DNN×úWWLIDN×YHúüJDO(W+DUHNHWL
$PHULND%LUOHüLN'HYOHWOHUL
.HQW+DNN×úWWLIDN×$%'·QLQIDUNO×üHKLUOHULQLQ|]HOOLNOH6L\DK+LVSDQLN
$V\DO× HWQLN D]×QO×NODU×Q \RùXQ RODUDN \DüDG×ù× LüoL V×Q×I× PDKDOOHOHULQGH
|UJWOVR\OXODüW×UPDYH\HULQGHQHWPHWHKOLNHOHULQHNDUü×NHQWVHOPFDGHOH
YHUHQ IDUNO× JUXSODU×Q ELU DUD\D JHOPHVL LOH NXUXODQ XOXVDO oDSWD IDDOL\HW
J|VWHUHQ ELU NRDOLV\RQ .RDOLV\RQXQ DPDF× GHPRNUDVL HWQLN DGDOHW VDùO×N
HùLWLP YH NRQXW LoLQ ELU XOXVDO NHQWVHO WRSOXPVDO KDUHNHWLQ LQüD HGLOPHVL
)DDOL\HWOHULQL GH ´\HUHO |UJWOHQPH\L JoOHQGLUPH E|OJHVHO GD\DQ×üPD
<DüDU$GQDQ$GDQDO×
XOXVDO SODWIRUP ROXüWXUPD YH 1HZ 2UOHDQV IHODNHWL VRQUDV× NHQW WRSUDù×Q×
\DüD\DQODU×Q\HQLGHQWDOHSHWPHOHULQLGHVWHNOHPHµüHNOLQGH|]HWOL\RUODU
.HQW +DNN× úWWLIDN×·Q× ELU DUDGD WXWDQ SUHQVLSOHUL LQFHOHGLùLPL]GH .HQW
+DNN×·Q×QDV×OELUoHUoHYHLoLQGHHOHDOG×NODU×GD QHW ELU üHNLOGH DQODü×O×\RU
gQFHOLNOH´EWQLQVDQODU×QNHQGLLKWL\DoODU×Q×NDUü×OD\DFDN\DüDPNRüXOODU×Q×
UHWPHKDNN×µRODUDNWDQ×PODG×NWDQVRQUDEXWDQ×P×DOWEDüO×NODUODDo×\RUODU
6SHNODV\RQ\HULQHLQVDQLoLQWRSUDNYHNRQXWNDPXVDONXOODQ×PDPDoO×NHQW
WRSUDù×Q×QNDPXVDOVDKLSOLùLKHUNHVLoLQHNRQRPLNDGDOHW\HUOLLQGLJHQRXV
KDON×Q DWDODU×QGDQ NDOPD WRSUDNODU ]HULQGHNL KDNODU× VUGUOHELOLU YH
VDùO×NO× PDKDOOHOHU YH oDO×üPD DODQODU× LoLQ oHYUHVHO DGDOHW SROLV YH GHYOHW
üLGGHWLQH PDUX] NDOPDPD |]JUOù J|oPHQOHU LoLQ EDU×QPD LVWLKGDP YH
NDPXVDO KL]PHWOHUH HüLW HULüLP KDNN× HWQLN D]×QO×NODUGDQ ROXüDQ LüoL V×Q×I×
WRSOXOXNODU×Q×QNHQGLNOWUHOYHWRSOXPVDOEWQOùQGHVWHNOH\HQXODü×P
DOW\DS×YHKL]PHWOHUHHULüLPKDNN×üHKLUOHULQGHPRNUDWLNYHNDW×O×PF×ELUüHNLOGH
SODQODQPDV× YH \|QHWLPL V|PUOPü YH\D \HULQGHQ HGLOPLü PDKDOOHOHUL
]DUDUODU×Q×QNDUü×ODQPDV×HQWHUQDV\RQDOL]PYHN×UGD\DüD\DQODULoLQDGDOHW
%|\OHVLQHEWQFOELUoHUoHYHGHQNHQWHYH.HQW+DNN×·QD\DNODüDQLWWLIDN
´:DOO6WHHW·LúüJDO(Wµ2:6KDUHNHWLLoLQGHGHDNWLIELUüHNLOGH\HUDO×\RU
#OWS
´úüJDO HWµ KDUHNHWL QHROLEHUDO ÀQDQV NDSLWDOL]PLQLQ DQWLGHPRNUDWLN \DS×V×
YH VRV\DO HüLWVL]OLùL NDQ×UWDQ VRQXoODU×QD NDUü× \NVHOHQ VLYLO LWDDWVL]OLN
H\OHPOHUL ]HULQGHQ PHVDM×Q× LOHWHQ GDOJD GDOJD IDUNO× üHKLU YH PHNkQODUD
\D\×ODQ YH \DWD\ ELU |UJWOHQPH PRGHOL LOH \UWOHQ ELU NHQWVHO PXKDOLI
KDUHNHWRODUDNWDQ×PODQDELOLUúONRODUDN(\OOWDULKLQGH1HZ<RUN·XQ
ÀQDQVPHUNH]LQGHEXOXQDQ=XFRWWL3DUN×·Q×LüJDOHGHUHNEDüOD\DQEXKDUHNHWLQ
KHGHÀQLQJHQHORODUDN´NDSLWDOLVWVLVWHPµROGXùXV|\OHQHELOLU´%L]·X]µ
VORJDQ×\ODWRSOXPVDODGDOHWYHGHPRNUDVLDUD\×ü×YXUJXVX\DS×OPDNWDVHoLOHQ
PHNkQ:DOO6WUHHW².UVHONDSLWDOL]PLQPHUNH]OHULQGHQELULLOHGHGRùUXGDQ
VLVWHPLQNDOELKHGHIDO×QPDNWDG×U
2:6 LüJDO HGLOHQ À]LNL PHNkQGD GHQH\VHOOHQHQ PHNkQVDO \HQLGHQ
UHWLP YH UDGLNDO GHPRNUDWLN \|QHWLP LOH JHULWDOHS HWPH UHFODLP VSDFHV
PHNkQVDODGDOHWVSDWLDOMXVWLFH.HQW+DNN×ULJKW WR WKH FLW\KDWW×QGDELU
ÀNUL G]OHPH\H GHQN JHOGLùL J|UOPHNWHGLU 7DULKVHO RODUDN |ùUHQFL
D\DNODQPDODU×QD EHQ]HGLùLRQGDQ LOKDP DOG×ù× GDKD JQFHO WDULK Do×V×QGDQ
GD úQJLOWHUH |ùUHQFL H\OHPOHUL <XQDQLVWDQ YH úVSDQ\D·GD ¶|INHOLOHU·
KDUHNHWL YH$UDS 'HYULPOHUL·QH HNOHPOHQGLùL V|\OHQHELOLU +DWWD EX JQFHO
27
'Q\D·GDQ´.HQW+DNN×µúoLQ.HQWVHO0FDGHOHgUQHNOHUL+LQGLVWDQ'RPLQLN&XPKXUL\HWL%UH]LO\D
28
WDULKVHORNXPD\×ELUD]GDKDJHULOHUH·ODU×QVRQXQGD6HDWWOHLOHWHWLNOHQHQ
DQWLDOWHUQDWLINUHVHOOHüPHKDUHNHWOHULQHJ|WUHELOLUL]%DüWD.HQW+DNN×·Q×
WDQ×PODUNHQ YXUJXODQDQ ´üX DQ YDU ROPD\DQ NHQWL WHNLO EWQ WRSOXPVDO
PHNkQVDOHNRQRPLNLOLüNLOHULLOH\HQLGHQ\HQLELUSDUDGLJPDRODUDNNXUPDµ
PFDGHOHVLEXKDUHNHWLQYDUO×NVHEHELQLUDLVRQG·rWUHN×VPHQDo×NODPDNWD
+HUNHVLQ V×NoD GLOH JHWLUGLùL ¶SHNL VL] QH WDOHS HGL\RUVXQX]"· VRUXVXQD
LüJDOFLOHULGHVWHNOH\HQDNDGHPLV\HQ5REHUW-HQVHQ¶EL]GHQWDOHSOHULQ\D]G×ù×
ELU OLVWH WDOHS HWPHPHQL]L WDOHS HGL\RUX]· FHYDE×Q× YHULU6<DQL 2:6 WHPHO
LQVDQL LKWL\DoODU×Q YH KDNODU×Q WDOHSOHU OLVWHVL VDùODQPDV×Q×Q oRN |WHVLQGH
SROLWLNYHHNRQRPLN|]JUOHüPH\LKHGHÁHPHNWHGLU%XHNRQRPLNYHSROLWLN
|]JUOHüPHQLQ oRN |QHPOL ELU PHNkQVDO ER\XWX YDU %LU \DQGDQ V|\OHP YH
H\OHPLüJDOHWPHNPHNkQ]HULQGHYFXWEXOX\RU$\U×FDNDSLWDOL]PNUL]LQLQ
PHNkQVDO WHFUEHOHUL J|UQU N×O×Q×\RU gUQHùLQ WXWVDW IRUHFORVXUH NUL]L
VRQXFX HYOHULQL ND\EHGHQ PLO\RQODUFD $PHULNDO×·\D NDW×OPDN ]HUH RODQ
0LQQHDSROLV·OL EHNkU VL\DK ELU DQQH 0RQLTXH LOH GD\DQ×üPDN YH ]RUOD
WDKOL\H WHKGLGLQH NDUü× NR\PDN LoLQ NHQWWHNL LüJDO HW KDUHNHWL H\OHPFLOHUL
¶0RQLTXH·LQ (YLQL úüJDO (W· H\OHPLQL EDüODW×UODU 0RQLTXH·LQ HYLQLQ |QQH
oDG×UNXUDQRQODUFDH\OHPFLEDQNDQ×QYHSROLVLQERüDOWPDWHKGLWOHULQHNDUü×
GD\DQ×üPDJ|VWHULUOHU%XH\OHP\DüDQDQÀQDQVDONDSLWDOL]PNUL]LQLQ|QHPOL
ELUVRQXFXRODQNLWOHVHOHYVL]OHüWLUPHOHUHNDUü×GDLüJDOHWKDUHNHWLQH|QHPOL
ELU VWUDWHMLN URWD VXQPDNWDG×U 2:6 üXDQ YDU ROPD\DQ ELU PHNkQVLVWHP
DUD\×ü×Q× LIDGH HGHQ VLYLO LWDDWVL]OLN H\OHPOHUL LOH NXUXPVDO PFDGHOH LoLQH
JLUPH\HQGROD\×V×\ODVL\DVHWLQNHQGLVLQL\HQLGHQNXUPD\×KHGHÁH\HQYHEX
Do×GDQ¶UDGLNDO·ELUGHQH\LPGLU
6RQXo<HULQH
'RPLQLN&XPKXUL\HWLYH+LQGLVWDQGDUELUNDSDVLWH\HVDKLSYHDFLOLKWL\DoODU×Q
V×Q×UODQG×UG×ù× NHQW \RNVXOODU×Q×Q QHROLEHUDO SDUDGLJPD LoLQGH KDVPDQH
GHYOHW NDUü×V×QGD |] |UJWOHQPH GHQH\LPOHULQLQ .HQW +DNN× PFDGHOHVLQH
HYULPLDo×V×QGDQLOJLQo|UQHNOHUGLU%UH]LO\D·Q×QNDW×O×PF×EWoHX\JXODPDODU×
\HUHO |UJWOOùQ \HUHO VL\DVHW LOH NDUü×WO×ù× DüDQ ELU LOLüNL NXUDELOGLùL YH
NXUXPVDOPFDGHOHQLQKDOHQDQODPO×RODELOGLùLGXUXPODUGDJHOLüWLULOHQNDW×O×P
PHNDQL]PDODU×Q×QVXQGXùXLPNkQODUDo×V×QGDQ|QHPOLGLU9HQH]HOOD·Q×Q.HQW
7RSUDù×.RPLWHOHULDüDù×GDQ\XNDU×|UJWOHQPHYHPFDGHOH\XNDU×GDQDüDù×
KXNXNVDOYHVL\DVLWDQ×QPDLOHGHVWHNOHQGLùLQGHYHGHPRNUDVLQLQPHNkQLOH
EDù×V×N×FDNXUXOGXùXQGD.HQW+DNN×Do×V×QGDQUDGLNDOELUGHQH\LPRODUDN|QH
o×NPDNWDG×U6RQRODUDN$%'·GHúüJDO(W+DUHNHWLQHROLEHUDOVLVWHPLoLQGH
NXUXPVDOPFDGHOHDUDoODU×Q×QWNHQGLùLQRNWDGD.HQW+DNN×·QDJLGHQ\ROGD
VLYLOLWDDWVL]OLNH\OHPOHULQLPHüUXELUDOWHUQDWLIRODUDN|QP]HNR\PDNWDG×U
úVWDQEXOYH7UNL\H·GHNLNHQWVHOPXKDOHIHWLEX|UQHNOHUOHELUOLNWHGüQPHN
<DüDU$GQDQ$GDQDO×
PPNQGU6RQGHUHFH|]QHOYHNDEDELURNXPD\DSDFDNROXUVDN'RPLQLN
&XPKXUL\HWL·QGH NHQWVHO WRSOXPVDO KDUHNHWOHULQ NLWOHVHOOHüPH YH WDOHSOHULQL
.HQW+DNN×GRùUXOWXVXQGDGHULQOHüWLUPHoDEDV×Q×QúVWDQEXO·GDLoLQGHQJHoLOHQ
VUHFHGHQNJHOGLùLJ|UOHFHNWLUúüJDO(W+DUHNHWLEDKVHGLOHQVL\DVHWVRQUDV×
üHKLUGHDQWLGHPRNUDWLNNXüDWPDDOW×QGDELU\ROKDULWDV×VXQPDNWDG×U%UH]LO\D
|UQHùL \HUHO VL\DVHWLQ GHPRNUDWLNOHüPHVL LoLQ PLNUR |OoHNWH 9HQH]HOOD
|UQHùLGHPDNUR|OoHNWHG|QüPLoLQUHoHWHOHUVXQPDNWDG×U
'ú3127/$5
$UND EDKoH VDYXQXVX RODUDN LIDGH HGLOHQ \HUHOGHNL \DüDP DODQODU×QGD
JHUoHNOHüHQ NHQWVHO JHOLüPHOHUH .HQWVHO G|QüP SURMHOHUL $90
JYHQOLNOL VLWH RWHO JLEL UDQW SURMHOHULQH NDUü× YHULOHQ PHNkQ RGDNO×
PFDGHOHOHUGLU
KWWSZZZSODQHWL]HQFRPQRGH
63$5& KDNN×QGD GHWD\O× ELOJL LoLQ KWWSZZZVSDUFLQGLDRUJ DGUHVLQH
EDNDELOLUVLQL]
KWWSVXVWDLQDEOHFLWLHVGNHQFLW\SURMHFWVFDVHVSRUWRDOHJUHHQJDJLQJ
FLWL]HQVLQFLW\EXGJHWLQJ
KWWSZZZULJKWWRWKHFLW\RUJKRPHKWPO
K W W S Z Z Z D O M D ] H H U D F R P L Q G H S W K RSLQLRQKWPO
KWWSZZZRFFXS\PLQQHDSROLVPQQHZVZHHNRIDFWLRQWRGHIHQG
PRQLTXHZKLWHIURPHYLFWLRQ
.$<1$.d$
%RQVLHSH*'HVLJQDQG'HPRFUDF\/RQGRQ%HGIRUG3UHVV
&DEDQQHV< ´3DUWLFLSDWRU\ EXGJHWLQJ D VLJQLÀFDQW FRQWULEXWLRQ WR
SDUWLFLSDWRU\GHPRFUDF\µ(QYLURQPHQWDQG8UEDQL]DWLRQ
&DVWHOOV07KH&LW\DQGWKH*UDVVURRWV$&URVV&XOWXUDO7KHRU\RI
8UEDQ6RFLDO0RYHPHQWV&DOLIRUQLD8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV
29
'Q\D·GDQ´.HQW+DNN×µúoLQ.HQWVHO0FDGHOHgUQHNOHUL+LQGLVWDQ'RPLQLN&XPKXUL\HWL%UH]LO\D
GH6RX]D0/´:KLFK5LJKWVWR:KLFK&LW\",Q'HIHQFHRI3ROLWLFDO
6WUDWHJLF&ODULW\µ,QWHUIDFH&LOW
*ROGVPLWK : ´3DUWLFLSDWRU\ %XGJHWLQJ LQ %UD]LOµ 1HZ <RUN
3ODQQHUV 1HWZRUN 85/ KWWSZZZSODQQHUVQHWZRUNRUJKWPSXE
ZRUNLQJSDSHUVEUD]LOEUD]LOBJROGVPLWKSGI!
+DUYH\ ' 6RV\DO $GDOHW YH ûHKLU úVWDQEXO 0HWLV <D\×QODU× %DVN×dHY00RUDO×
+DUYH\'´7KH5LJKWWRWKH&LW\µ7KH1HZ/HIW5HYLHZ
/DMRLH6)DFLQJXSWR3ROLWLFDO'LPHQVLRQV$VXVWDLQDEOHOLYHOLKRRGV
DQDO\VLVRIWKHKRXVLQJUHYROXWLRQLQ&DUDFDV06F7KHVLVXQSXEOLVKHG
'HYHORSPHQW3ODQQLQJ8QLW8QLYHUVLW\&ROOHJH/RQGRQ/RQGRQ
/HIHEYUH+´7KH5LJKWWRWKH&LW\µ.RIPDQ(/HEDV('HU
:ULWLQJVRQ&LWLHV2[IRUG%DVLO%ODFNZHOO
30
0DUFXVH3´5LJKWVLQ&LWLHVDQGWKH5LJKWWRWKH&LW\µ6XJUDQ\HV
$0DWKLYHW&'HU&LWLHVIRU$OO6DQWLDJR+,&
0DUWLQH]&)R[0)DUUHOO-9HQH]XHOD6SHDNV9RLFHVIURPWKH
*UDVVURRWV2DNODQG303UHVV
3DWHO6%XUUD6'·&UX]&´6OXP6KDFN'ZHOOHUV,QWHUQDWLRQDO
6',IRXQGDWLRQVWRWUHHWRSVµ(QYLURQPHQWDQG8UEDQL]DWLRQ
6Z\QJHGRXZ('HVLJQLQJWKH3RVW3ROLWLFDO&LW\DQGWKH,QVXUJHQW
3ROLV/RQGRQ%HGIRUG3UHVV%DVN×
81+$%,7$7 )RUFHG (YLFWLRQV 7RZDUGV 6ROXWLRQV" )LUVW 5HSRUW
RIWKH$GYLVRU\*URXSRQ)RUFHG(YLFWLRQVWRWKH([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRURI
81+$%,7$71DLUREL81+$%,7$785/KWWSZZZXQKDELWDWRUJ
SPVVOLVW,WHP'HWDLOVDVS["SXEOLFDWLRQ,' 81+$%,7$7)RUFHG(YLFWLRQV²7RZDUGV6ROXWLRQV6HFRQG5HSRUW
RIWKH$GYLVRU\*URXSRQ)RUFHG(YLFWLRQVWRWKH([HFXWLYH'LUHFWRURI
81+$%,7$71DLUREL81+$%,7$785/KWWSZZZXQKDELWDWRUJ
SPVVOLVW,WHP'HWDLOVDVS["SXEOLFDWLRQ,'