phytopathotogy

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VOLUME: 19
NUMBER
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THE JOURNAL OF TURKISH
PHYTOPATHOTOGY
PUBLISHED BY THE TURKISH PIIYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
TURKISH. PHYTOPATHOLOGY SOCIETY
Dr. Cogkun SAYDAM
Dog. Dr. Semih ERKAN
Dr. Ernin ONAN
S. Tank DEMIR
K. Necclet ONCPI t
President
Vice-President
General Secretary
Treasurer
Chief of Editorial Board
-1
I
i
The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology is published by Turkish Phytopathological Society and issued twice or three times a year to from volirme. The subscription rate per volune is $ 21.00
CONTENTS
Investigations on The Detection and Seed Transnrission of The Virus Diseases Occnrring on Pulse Crops in Aegean Region.
2. Seed transr.nission of vims cliseases by grorver seeds and seecls.of artifially infected pulse crops.
Ulkii FIDAN and Ulkii YORGANCI
1
Investigation on the Susceptibility of Economically Inrportant Almond Varieties Against "Pseudontonls aln)'gdali" Pslllidas and Control Measnres in Aegea.n Region Alnrond orcharcls - TURKEY
l\{ehmet I;UXOOCDU ancl Girniil
DEN'llR
7
Investigations on The Incidence of Tobtcco Charcoal Rot Disease (N{acrophornina phaseolina (Tassi) Gold.) in The Aegean Region, Its
Pathogenicity and Susceptibility of Turkish Tobacco Cultivars.
Giilseren ARCA and Meltn:tt
YILDIZ
13
I
The Prelirninary Studies on The Turfgrass Diseases in TURKEY.
YILDIZ and Nafiz DELEN
Figerr YILDIZ, Mehrnet
Chen-rical Control of Storage Rots in Ankarlt Peius.
Mer:rl GUILElt and Salih
Bu clergini n basrnrnclu
f
Dofruluk Matbaacrhk
Sun.
Ug
MADEN
ifA
rc deste$i nclert yitrarlurt thnlstlr.
veTic. Ltcl. $ti. IZMIR - 1990
27
3l
J. Turk Phytopath., Vol. 19,
No:l, 1-5 ,1990
ISSN 0378-8024
lnvestigotion on The Detection ond seed Tronsmission of
The Virus Diseoses Occurring on
Pulse Crops in Aegeon Region
,
I
-t
t
2. Seed tronsmission of virus diseoses by grower seeds ond
seeds of ortificiolly infected pulse crops.
fitr
Urrri yoncANcr
rinaN
Plant Protection Research
Department of Plant Protection
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Ege IZMIR/TURKEY
Institute, Bomova
IZMIR /TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Seed transmission of viruses, lms been studiecl tltrough tltis str.tdy by testing the seeds obtained from artfficially infected plants as well as the seeds obtainedfrom local growers. Virus infections were cletectedwith all grower seeds,
except chickpeas samples. with artificially inlzrrlatecl pulse crops, all virytses
tested were transmitted by seeds , except AMV and ByMV.
INTRODUCTION
J
virus diseases have been known for a long time on pulse crops and are of
widespread occurrence causing economically important losses. A grcat deal of
extensive studies have been made with pulse crops viruses. These viruses have
been reported to be transmitted by the seed (1,. n, 8, 9, 10, 13, 1g, 19, 20).
In this study, considering the importance of seeds as the source of viruses
in the fields, transmissibilities through pulse crop seeds obtained from grolvers
and artificially infected plants, with l3 isolatcs, wcrc tested anchenopotlitgtt
arnaranticolor and_C. quinoa have been uscd as test plants.
MATERIALS ancl METHODS
1. Assay of seed transmission by growcr sccds :
Three hundered seed samples for each legume vadety, collected fiom the
growers in the region, have been seeded in steril pot soil in the greenhouse. After
the symptoms had developed,
c. anruranticolor
and
c. quinoa were inocu-
latbd by mechanical inoculation tcchnique (tablc 1). Then these samples were homogenenized with mortar and pestle using 0.1-0.01 M phosphatc buffer pH.7.0
For bean samples 0.1 VoZ-Mercapto-ethemol and for soybean samples citrate buffer and 0.1 Vo2-Mercapto-ethanol were added to this bulTer. In addition, small
amount of carborandum dust (500 Mesh) was added into the inoculum as an
abrasive. Then the inoculum was applied to host plants mechanically. After inoculations the leaves were rinsed with tap water. Primary leaves ol leguminosae
plants, and 3-4 true-leaf stages of othcr hosts were used in lhese inoculations.
The test plants were obserued after inoculations for symptom dcvclopment.
2. Assay of seed transmission by infected plants.
The primary leaves of seedling-bacthes of hundered obtained from healthy
seeds of 7 pulse crop varieties were inoculated with 13 different virus isolates.
These seedlings have bcen protccted against pcst and diseases and then seeds
have been harvested from these plants seperately. Sccds, haryested from one
plant, have been accepted as one sample and secdcd in pots. Seedlings developed
from these seeds, under thc greenhouse conditions in steril pot-soil, have been
observed. The plants, showing virus symptonts, have bccn evaluatcd separately.
Infected leaves, collected from each plant, and thcn the extracts havc bccn inoculated on the C. anmranticolor and C. quinoa by mechanical inoculation technique (Table 2). Test plants have bcen protcctcd against pcst and diseases.
i
RESULTS ancl DISCUSSION
It has been found that Alfalfa mosic virus is not transmitted by
seed ac-
cording the rcsults of this study cardcd out with the isolates obtained [rom chickpea (N-1 isolate) and lentil (M-2 isolatc). It is recordcd that (1 1, 12) Alfalfa mosaic virus is transmitted by alfalfa but not by chickpea and lentil seeds. Chickpea
seeds collected from growers have been lbund virus-free but lentil have been
found infected at the raLio of 1 .3o/a.
The broadbean seeds, harvestcd, from thc Broadbean stain virus (Ba-1,
Ba-19 isolates) infcctcd plants, have bcen lbund inlccted at the ratio of 20-23Vo.
The broadbean seeds collected from the growers havc bccn found inlcctcd at the
ratio of 1.6Va.li is indicated by scvcral workcrs that thc diseascs is transmitted
by l)Vo by seed (14, 15).
The seed transmission of thc Bcan ycllow mosaic virus, isolatcd from bean
(F-3, F-67 isolates) and broadbcan (Ba-2 isolatc) and pca (Be-2 isolatc), has not
been brought in to light by this study. Somc rccords indicatc that it is transmitted
at the ratio of 0.7-2.4a/a but some not (2, 9, l3).
By this study it has bccn found that Bcan common mosaic viius isolated
from beans (F-62 isolatc) is transmittcd by sccd at thc ratio of 56c/o. Grower's
bean seeds have been found inl'ccted at the ratio of 3.6a/o. According to the litera-
I
IJ. FII)AN an(I iJ. \,()RGANCI
Iut'c citcrl this nrlio is sivr.rr ls 5-()07c (10-21).
6',111,1'lca sctrtls. hlrn'cslctl ft'onr tlrc Cor.vpca aphid lrornc ntosaic virus (BdI isolltttt) itttrl (lttctttrhcr rt.tositic vinrs (llrj-2(r isolatc) in{'cclccl I)laltts. havc bccn
toLrnd inl'cctcd llt tllc ntlio ol'l(r9i; anrl 3.3% rcspcctivcly in tlrc rcgiorr. N4ctnr,r'ltilc grovc't't g9u;pcil scccls lravc bccrr lbund virus inlcctcd at lhc ratio ol-67o.
:
Accol'ding tlrc scvcrll rcconls this lulio fluclrratcs bctrvccn 0-2li7,' (3.5),
Thc pca st'cds. hltn,cslcd ll'ortt Pca sccd borlc rnosaic virus (Bc-9 isolatc)
irtl'cclcrl plarrls. havc l-rccrr oltscrvcd. ll 'uvlls sccn thill. lhcy'uvcrc irrl'cctcd at tltc raIit't<tl'76(k. Glor.vcrs's pca scctls havc hccn lbund inf'cctcd by thc ratio ol'6.6%.
Accoruling lo tlrc litcraturc. triursnrission is trctwccn 0-100a/a (6, l6).
It is fbund by this study, llral, trirnsmission o['lhc Soybcan nrosaic vilr-rs
(S-1 isolatc) by sccd is l8%. Glor.vcr's scctls havc bccn lbund as inf'cctcd witl,
vit'us discasc b1, 1.(r9i'. Accoxlirtg tlrc scvcral rccoruls, this mlio cluurgcs bctr.vccn
0-94% (7. 11.21\.
(\ZET
Egc Bdlgc-si nclc 13 l k I agi I I crdc Gdriil cn Vi rus l{asLal rklunnr n
Tlnr I lrrnrasr vc T<lhunrla Ta;rnnta
Du nr nr I arr nrn Bc-l i rlcnnrcsi Uzcrindc Ar.lq Lr rnr al a r
2. Qiltqi toltutttlanntia vc viruslu bitkilcrdcn cldc
cdilmi; tolrurnlarda
La$rnnta
Egc Bdlgcsi ycnrcklik baklagil ckint alanlarrndan. hcr bitki Ec,sirli iqin 300
toltutn olacak qc-kildc, toltutn drlcklcri Loplannuqtrr'. Ulcticidcn alrrrll-r lru tohurllalln, viruslu olup olmrdrEtnr aralirrmak anracryla tcstlcr yaprlnrr,s vc nohut
dlStndaki ttim qc;itlcritt tohunrlannrn virusla bullrsrk oldu!,u saptannrlllr.
Ycmcklik baklagillcr dcn iz.olc cdilcrt vi ruslunn lohuntlu ta!st nt p tasrrr ru acl Ir
da alaqttnlmrqtrr. Nohut vc nrcrcintcklcrdc. AMV (),oncu nrozul,rk vir.usu)'nun.
bakla, lttsulye vc bczclyc'dc, BYN4V ( lasulyc sitrr ruozayrk vinrsu ) rrtrrr tohunrla
tar;ttrtuadtSl silplannugtlr. Raklalanll: IlllSV (llrkla. lrcrrck vinrsu)'rrurr %,20-23,
lasulyelcrde; BCMV (f'asulvc atli tnozal,rk vinrsu)'nLrn 7'.5(r. lrtjrtilcclc.nlc. C
r
1r
ahMV (btiriilcc alld kcikcrrlitttoz.aytk virrrsu)'ttrrtt 91, l(r. CN,IV (lrr1,1''n.rclz.u1,rk vintsu)'nun a/o3.3. bct.elyclcrtlc: PsbN4V (bczclvc lolrrrrrr k(ikcrrli rrtozuyrk virustt)'nttn o/o76. st>yttl'ltsttll'csindc: SN4V (suvlllsulycsi nrozal,rk vinrsrr)'rrurr (,,i, lli
oranr ncla tohunrl a
tu,s r ncfi $
r bc
Ii
ll cnrrr ist i r.
SEED TRA}{SMISSION OF VIRUSES
Table 1. Seed transmission by grower's seeds.
pulse crops
Chickpea
Broad bean
Bean
Lentil Cowpea
variety
Napolyon
Sakrz
Qalr
Yegil Karagtiz sprinter Williams
0
1.6
3.6
seed transmission
Vo
T able 2.
S
1.3
-t --1
Pea
6.6
Varielv
isolates
Chickpea
Napolyon
N-1
Broadbean
Broadbean
Sakrz
Ba-1
20
Sakrz
Ba-19
23
Broadbean
Sahz
Ba-z
Bean
Dermason
F-3
Bean
Dermason
Dermason
F-67
F-62
0
0
0
56.8
Yegil
Kuagdz
Kuagoz
M-2
0
BO-1
16
Lentil
Cowpea
Cowpea
seed transmission
Pea
Soybean
Williams
Vo
0
B6-26
Be-2
Sprinter
Sprinter
Pea
1.6
eed transmission by infected-plants.
Pulse croos
Bean
Soybean
7
Be-9
0
16
s-1
18
LITERATURE CITED
1.
AAPOLA, A.l.E and J.E. KNESEK., 7972. Host-virus relationships of
pea seed bome mosaic virus in aphid and mechanical inoculation tests.
Phytopath.
2.
3.
4.
5.
62:1101.
/
AFANASIEN, M.M. and H.E. MORRIS., 1952. Bean virus 2 (Yellow)
on Great Northern bean in Montana. Phytopath. 42:101-104.
ANDERSON, C.W., 1957. Seed transmission of three viruses in cowpea. Phytopath. 47: 515.
BLASZCZAK, W. andZ. WEBER., 1970. Effect of bean yellow mosaic virus on the growth and yield of pea and Trigonella in the glasshouse.
Rew. Plant. Path. 58 :436.
BOCK, K.R. and M. CONTI.,1974. Cowpea aphid bome mosaic virus
CMI/AAB Descriptions of plant Viruses No: 141.
U. FIDAN and U. YORGANCI
6.
BoswELL, K.F.
and A.J. GIBBS., 1983. virus identification data exchange. The Australian National Univcrsity Research school of Biological
Sciences, Canberra. 193 pp.
7. BOWERS, G, R. and R.M. GOODMAN., 1979. Soybean mosaic virus: Infection of soybean seed parts and seed transmission. phytopath. 69: 569572.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
t7.
18.
19.
20.
2t.
22.
EKPO, E.J.A. and A.w. SAETTLER., 1974. Distribution parrem of bean
common mosaic virus in developing bean seed. phytopath. 64 :269-270.
EVANS, I.R., 1973. Seed bome yellow mosaic virus of fababean in canada. Virology Abstracrs 7 :711.
GooDELL, J.J. and R.o. HAMproN., 1984. Ecological characteristics of
the lentil strain of Pca seedbome mosaic virus. plant Disease 6g : 14g-150.
KAISER, W.J., D. DANESH., M. OKHOVAT and H. MOSSAHEBI.;
1968. Diseases of pulse crops (Edible legumes) in Iran. plant Dis. Reptr.
52:687-69t.
and _
, 19j 1. Biology of four viruses affecting Cicer
urietinum in Iran. Phytopath. 61:372-355.
., 7912. Seed transmission of bean yellow mosaic virus in
broad beans in Iran. Phytopath. 62 :168.
MAKKOUK, K.M., O.I. AZZAM., L. KATUL., A. RIZKALLAH and S.
KOUMARI., 1986. Seed rransmission of broad bcan stain virus in the wild
legume Vicia palaesline Boiss. Fabis Ncwslctter No: 16.
, L. BOS., O.l. AZZAM. L. KATUL and A. RIZKALLAH., 1987. Broad bean srain virus : Idcntification, detectability with ELISA in faba bean leavcs and seeds, occulence in west Asia and North Africa
and possible wild hosts. Neth. J. planr. path. 93:9j - 106.
PELET, F., 1981. Pea seed bome mosaic virus. Rew. of plant path. 60:
35s.
PHATAK, H.c., 1974. Seed bome planl viruses idcntification ancl diagnosis in seed health testing. Seed Sciencc and Tcchnology 32: 155 pp.
PORTO, M.D.M. and D.J. HAGEDORN., 1975. Sced rransmission of a
Brazilian isolate of Soybean mosaic virus. phytopath. 65 :713-716.
SAHTIYANCI, $., 1964. orta Anadolu baklagillerinde gdrtilen baqhca virus hastahklan tizednde qahqma. Ankara Zirai Mtjcadele Araqtrrma Enstitrisri
104 808 nolu proje (Unprinted)
SILBERNAGEL, M.J., 1969. Mcxicon strain of bcan common mosaic virus. Phytopath. 59 : 1809-1812.
surERI, B.D., 1982. Effect of soybcan mosaic virus on seed germination
and its transmission through seeds. Rew of plan path. 61 : 513.
uYoToMo, J.K. and R.G.GROGAN.,1977.southem bean mosaic virus:
Evidence for seed transmission in bean embryos. phytopath. 67:1190-1196
J. Turk Phytoparh., Vol. 19, No:1, 7-12, 1990
ISSN 0378-8024
lnvestigotion on The Susceptibility of
Economicoly lmportont Almond Vorieties Agoinst
"Pseudomonos omygdoli" Psollidos ond Control
Meosures ln Aegeon Region Almond Orchords - TURKEY
Mehmet CUNOOCnU
Gtiniil DEN,liR
Prctcction Rcscar ch lrrsti tutc
Bomova - IZMIR/TURKEY
Plalrt"
AB STITTICT
Through tli.s stttdy tltc suscclttiltilitl' of l5 uLntontl vurictic.r lut.s been stutlied and con.trol ftrcosurcs ltt:c bccn sca.r<:httl. Two ultltliccltkstrs, on.c i.t in o.L1twnn
at 757o lcaves.ftr.ll sttr.ge witlt 3o/o tltc sccontl in .rpring at thc pittk ltutl stuge witl
IVo bordeotmmixtu.rc htt.ve givctt.stt.tisfitr:torl,rcsu.lts. Ou.tof'1,1 vttrittics: I0t-23,
Texas, 104-l . Nottlttrreil, 120-1, 109-l anrl.300-l tut.vc rtccn observetl us re,sistant against tltis disease rcspectivcly.
INTR()DUCTT()N
onc third o1'thc alnrond trccs o1'Turkcy is plantccl in Acscan ltegion.
Acrcagc of'thc alntond plantations has bcirrg stcildly irrcrcasctl in Izmir, Mu[la
and Dcnizli provicnccs (Anonynrus. I 97tt).
Mtl$la is llre nrost conspicuous anrong llrc ollrcrs'"vitlr rcgarcl to pro6uction
o{'alnrond. Accorclirrg to Grindof;du ct all. (1976). it has bccn ltluncl rhat lhe ratio
of thc discasc in Datqa (Mu$a) is 13.Sc/o. Rut thc discasc is loc:llisctl only in a
Iimitcd arca. Il lras bccn fburrcl llrat llrc rliscasc alrclll is Ps. ttrttl,gtlrtli. pslllidas
ct all. (19(rtt) stal,cs tllllt. tl)c santc cliscllsc cilr"rscs grcal" rlanragcs in lhc alnr<lncl orchards in Crctc Islancl-Grcccc.
N{ATI]RIALS and I\,lIIT'IIODS
A - Conhol of'tlrc discasc
7 spraying prograllts, indicatcrl lrclow, lurvc bccn carriccl oul. at scvcral
stagcs to cont.ml thc diseusc.
I.
2.
Afic.r'harvcst (3% horrlcuux nrixlurc.)
lcal-lall in irul.unrn (3%, l-p11lgx1rx nrixlurc)
759h
BACTERIAL CANKER OF ALMOND
5. Pink bud stage (1 7o bordeaux mixture)
4. After hawest + auntmn (3 7o bordeux mixture)
5. After harves t (3 Vo bordeaux mixture) + pink bud stage app. (1 Vo bordeaux mixture).
6. After harvest (3 Vo bordeaux mixture) + autumn app. + pink bud stage
app. (1 7o bordeaux mixture)
Autumn app. (3 % bordeaux mixture) + pink bud stage app. (1 Tobot7
deaux mixture)
.
The study was done with 8 characters and 3 replications according to the
randomized blocs design. Two trees wep one plot.
Counting of cancer on the trees was canied out on 14. July. 1981. 200 of
yearly shoot in four different sides from each trees were counted as diseased and
healthy. Effects of bactericides were evaluated according to Abbott and done Variance Analyse.
B. Determination of the suspectibility of several almond varieties.
Alibey, Akbadem, Kababa$, 300-1, Nonpareil, 120-1, Texas, 104-1,
lO7-23,106-1, 101-9, Tuono, Davey, 5-l and 101-13 almond varieties have
been tested against the disease. The density of bacterial suspension used in the
study was 3x108 cell/ml according to Mc Farland scale (Kiraly,1970).Inoculation was done in accordance with Psallidas et al (197 5) 30 Vo of leaf was observed. One drop from 1 ml of bacterial suspcnsion was given to each of five
leave traces on each yearly shoot, totally orl ten yearly shoot from each tree' Each
variety had five trees and one tree was accepted as one replication. Counting was
done on the leave-traces in July and disease ratio was determined.
M. GUNDOdDU andG. DEMIR
RESULTS
A.
Control of the disease
Results, for 1981, have been given on table (1).
Table 1: Effectivenness of spraying programs camied out in Yazr (DatEa)
village - 1981.
Shootings
examined
Characters
After harvest
75
Vo
leaf fall rr
Efficacy
107
293
26.7 5
47
98
110
302
24.5
27.5
53
I
tr
tr
autufim
ration
Discased
trI
I
II
Efficacy
Disease
Healty
Replications
51
60
48
290
349
340
12.7 5
15.0
12.0
7t
53
t3.25
73
tr
48
352
12.00
il
44
r 1.0
77
75
After harvest+
I
65
356
335
t6.25
67
aunrrTrn
tr
60
340
15.0
7t
III
40
10.25
77
20.25
16.25
7.5
59
I
81
359
319
tr
65
335
il
30
6
1.5
97
autumn app.+
I
II
370
394
t8
382
4.5
91
pink bud
il
4
396
1.0
98
Autumn app.+
I
9
391
95
pink bud stage
tr
trI
16
394
3't2
2.25
4.0
7.0
50.0
After harvest+
Control
stage
I
II
ilI
28
200
209
r92
200 I
191 I
208
a
72.00 b
70
I
After harvest+
pink bud stage
46.33
39
75
352
347
Pink bud stage
on average
68
75.00 b
7r.66
b
70.00 b
83
92
84
95.33 c
90.33 c
52.5
48.0
B . Determination of the susceptibility of several almohd varieties.
The results, for the 15 varieties, have bcen givcn in Table2.
BACTERIAL CANKER OF' ALN,IONI)
Table 2. Susceptibility of scvcral almond varieties against Ps. amygtlali
Varieties
Hacr Ali Bey
Rcplications
I Canccr :
, numbcrs i
Ii455
i
il
III'473
lv'49
v482
Frce From
Canccrs
50
o
1
Ii4s1
Akbaclem
rr i so
III
i 50 i
ryisoo
v
Kab.rba!
I2822
IIi4?8
III
i
IV
v,2723
I
II
300- I
Iil
IV
Nonpareil
120-1
Tcxas
104-1
10t-23
;
t
tr,2327
tll
IV
V;2327
I2624
It
',,
IU
IV'7337
v,2-228
t2624
tI
ilt842
lv
'
v
,
12426
u292t
Iil
tv
v
I
.
II
lll
tv
v050
50
o
0
0
I)iscasc
ratio
90.
100
94
98
96i
98
100
I
I
'
avcrage
95.6
b
,
i
loo i
100
100
Discasc ratio on
I
qo.at
I
i
56
38
35
12
15
84
76
70
I
68.0
e
,
54
26
29
32
37
36
24
52
21.
58
18
23
14
13
37
64
49.6 g
46
28
26
46
22
22
28
28
26
tC ,
24
-14
44 i
41.0 i
44
46
5?
52
32 ,
26;
44.
41.2 i
52
941
1lt
16
2t
15
22
l8
20
()
248
3
9
2()
42
:]5
30
4ri
?8
32
44
j
58
3r)
50
45.2 i
36
40,
0
4
47
41
6 :
In
0
10
31.6
5.6k
M. GUNDOdDU
Varieties
Replications
13
74
48
I
34
29
34
16
21
II
16
68
58
68
r6
IN
21
34
29
IV
t7
32
42
JJ
V
28
50
50
22
34
56
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
70
84
96
30
84
28
III
Itr
IV
101 13
averape
26
I
II
5-1
D*;;;;
24
IV
V
Davey
D;..
ratio
m
ry
I
II
Tuono
Frce Frorn
Cancers
47
37
V
101-9
G. DEMIR
I
l
106-1
Cancer
numbers
ANd
-t
0
0
0
50
50
0
50
0
50
"0
50
50
0
0
0
0
V
50
50
I
II
50
0
0
35
l5
IV
42
8
u
50
V
48
I
II
2
15
35
42
8
m
r4
IV
23
46
36
27
4
94
68.4
d
46.4 h
100.0
a
100.0
a
90.0 c
56.0
f
46
92
DISCUSSION
Through this study, several applicar.ion programs have been evaluated,
as
one or two or three applications togcther. Howevcr discase
can be inhibited at
46.33-75.00 vo by one applicarion but 70.00-90.00 o/o by two
applications to_
gether. Three applications together give a contrcl of
95.3i % but is not econom_
ic. so two applications; the first in autumn at75 o/a leaves fall
stage with 3 vo and
the second in spring at the pink but stage wir.h 1 o/o Bordcax mixlure,
have been
given to thc practice.
Tuono, Davcy, Akbadem, Hacr Ali Bcy, 5_1, 106_1, Kababag
and 101_13
varieties have been found susccptibre but r0r-z3,Tcxas,
Nonpareil, r2o-r, r04_
1' 101-9 and 300-1 are more rcsistant against the disease rcspectivety.
.
11
BACTERIAL CANKER OF ALMOND
, Ps. unygilali is problem in Yazr (MUGLA) since the susceptible Akbadem, Hacr Ali Bey and Kababa! varieties are planted.
6znr
EGE BOLGESi BADEMLERINDE CONUIEN
BADEM AGACI KANSERI (Pseudontonas antygdali Psallidas)
HASTALIGININ SAVA$ IM YONTEMLERI
VE BOLGEWIN OXETT,I-I BAOEN4 qE$iTLERiNiN
DUYARLILIKLARININ SAPTANMAS I UZERiNDE q ALI $ MALAR
Ege bcilgesi bademlerinde gdnilen Badcm Afacr Kanseri (Pseudomonas
amygdali Psallidas) hastahfrnrn mr.icadele metodlannr ve bdlgenin dnemli badem geqitlerinin duyarhhklannr saptamak amacr ile gahqma 1980-1988 yrllannda
Datga (VtUGLa)'nrn Yazr kdytinde ve enstitii bahEesincle ytiri.irtihnriqttir. 19801981 yillannda Datga'nrn Yazr kdytinde yririitiilen dcncmenin sonunda soz konusu hastah$a karrsr sonbaharda kuru vc gok hastahkh dallar kesildikten sonra yerine Vo 5 oranrnda gdz ta$l eriyifi ve kuruduktan sonra da nebati katran
stirtilmUqti.ir. Yapraklar Vo 75 oranrnda dcikrildrifri devrede Vo 3 ve ilkbaharda
pembe dcinem devresinde Vo I orannda bordo bulamacr uygulamasr tatminkar
sonuE vemriqtir.
Bdlgenin cjncmli 15 badem qeqitlerinden srrasryla l0l-23, Texas, 104-7,
Nonparel, 120-1, 109-1 ve 300-1 Ps. arnygdali etmenine dayanrkh bulunmuqtur. En duyarh qeqitlerini ise, srrasr ile, Tuono, Davey, Akbadem, Hacr Ali
Bey,5-1, 106-1 ve Kababa[ oluqturmuqtur.
LITERATURE CITED
Anonymus, 1978. 1974-76. Tanmsal Yapr ve Uretim. Bagbakanhk Devlet
istatistik Enst. No: 858.
Gdndofdu, M., S. Kaya, 1976. Preliminary Studies on a New Bacterjal Disease
of Almond. J. Turkish Phytopat. V. 5 Num. 2-3: 87 -98.
Psallidas, P.C, C. G. Panagopculos and N. E. Malathrakis, 1968. A new Bacterial Disease of Almond. Ann, Inst. Phytopath. Benakr N. S. 8(3), 8588. '
Psallidas, P. G. and C. G. Panagopcules, 1975. Bacteriosis of Almond caused
' by Pseudomonas amygclali sp. No. Reprinted from Ann. Inst. Phytopath. Benaki, N. S. 11(2),94 - 108.
ISSN 0378-8024
lnvestigotions on the lncrdence of Tobocco
Chorcool Rot Diseose (Mocrophomino phoseolino
Oossi.) Goid,) in the Aegeon Region, lts
Pothogenicity ond Susceptibility of Turkish Tobocco Cultivors
Mehmet YILDIZ
Giilseren ARCA
Aegean Agricultural Research
Department of Plant Protection,
Faculty of Agriculture,
Institute
Menemen-IZvIIRIURKEY
University of Ege IZMIR/TURKEY
ABSTRACT
In this study, according to surveys carried out in lzmir for two years
(1985-86) the mean of incidence of the charcoal rot disease of tobacco was estimated to be 53,75 7o. 52 isolates which selectedfrom collected specimen,
showed variation in their pathogeniciry Q-1007o). 24 tobacco cultivarsllines
Srown in Turkey tested against two virulent isolates were all found to be susceptible to the pathogen.
INTRODUCTION
Turkey is the pioneer country for producing causcd high quality oriental
type of tobaccoes. Tobacco, is one of the most important export crop, and is
commonly grown in all regions of Turkey, particularly where the soils are deficient for nutriment and poor for any other crops.
various studies on charcoal rot disease caused by Macropttorttina phaseoline have been exclusively carried out in several countries.
REICHERT (1977), declared rhar R. bataticola was isolated from 35
plant species and it mostly damaged to phascolus, tobacco, sesamum, potato,
sweet potato, sugar melon, peppcr and tomato in Palestine. WYLLIE and ROSENBROCK (1985) reporrcd that the fungus had a host range of about 400 plant
species. A research done at Srrbistan (Yugoslavia) showed that the incidence of
charcoal rot could occur up to 98vo in com (PENCIC, tg77). BREMER (1944),
reported that it caused an epidemy on tobacco in 1938 and he mentioned that the
incidence of the disease of tobacco in samc ycar, was 70-90vo in Aegean region
and total reduction in harvesr was 6vo. BORA (1970) found out that M. phaseolina was one of the fungi caused damping-off in the seedbeds of tobacco.
KARCILIOcLU et al. (1985), carried out some studies on sesame and Soybean
in Aegean region, they found out that the disease incidence was 6,2 vo and g,0z
13
CHARCOAL ROT OFTOBACCO
in thc 1983 lnd l!)tt4 r'cspcclivcly. Tlrcrc arc scvcral sludics on lhc ptlhogcl'ticity of'thc pathogcn und susc:cptibility of thc crops aglinst to this lirngus in llrc
7o
r.r,o
ll cl.
IBRAIJINI ct al (1979), claimcd that pathogcnicity sccnrcd lo bc lhc rnosL
rcliablc critcrion lor idcntillcation. EL-DAHAB ct al. (191J3.), stuclicrl on cltarcoal
rot ol'sunllor.vcr and groupcd l6 isolatcs as virulcnt, ntodcratcly vinrlcnl and
wcakly virulcnt. I\4ORE ct al. (1982) lras not corne accrosscd vvillt intntun lincs
altloug l3 scsanrc c:ulturcs tcstcd undcrnalurill condilions. Thcy lound out thfll"
thc incidcrrcc rvas trcing nin.20-51c/a ott 2077-8.
Tl-ris rcscarch aimccl at
-
:
To find out thc discasc incidcncc ol'charcoal rot in iznrir arca by sur-
vcys,
- To llnd out variation in the pathogcnicil"y o['11. lthaseolittu isolatcs sclccted ftom fivc provinccs samplcs in Acgcrn rcgion. and lltc rcuctions o['Tulkish lobacco cnltivars or lincs against sclcctcd tr.vo virulcnl isolatcs o['thc [iurgus.
Mr\TIIIIIALS itnd MIITIIODS
For finding thc incidcncc o['thc tliscasc wcrc carricd out only in l4 towns
or 36 villagcs ol'iznrir pmvincc Ior two 1'cars (19ti5 and l9ti6). Tobacco l'iclcls
ovcr onc dccitr llrgc wcrc ralrdornly cltosctr attd countings rvcrc dortc ort 20
plants in l'ivc ror.vs fl'onr lc colrcrs attd tltc ccl-ltcrs o['cach licld survcycd.
Nuurbcr ol'siuuplcs r.vcrc dctcnnincil as onc samplc pcr 15.(XX) balc in
towns ol'flvcr c:ilics (Aydrn. Balrkcsir, Iznrir. Manisa and Mu$la) (x) BORA and
KARACA (1970) wcrc rcl'crccl in orclcr to dctcmrinc thc iricidcncc ratc and sampling sturlics.
Isolatcs ol'114, phuseolirra uscd in this sludy werc obtained liom thc discasccl plant sanrplcs c:ollcctcd lkrrn llvc citics. To idcntily Lhc pathogcnicity of 52
isolutcs sclcclcd lbr various cultural chlractcristics wcl'c uscd six tobacco cultivrrrs (izrlir - Ozbaq 31715, Karaba$lar 62(15, Bursa 183/35, Samsun-Maden
2,121, iz.nrir-incckara l0ll2l5. antl Burley 37).
Isolation ol'lhc pathogcrl was rcalizcd by cutting oIthe basal part of the
planI into lhlcc picccs. cach ol' 1 cm. disinf'ccting in thc NaI-ICl0,5o/o for two
rrrin., and aficr r.vashing undcr stcril watcr placing on lhc PDA (PENCIC,1977).
Tobacco sccdlings usccl in pathogcnicity and rcaction Lcsts wcrc pullcd up
at thrcc to six lbliur stagcs. Roots wcrc rinscd with top watcr and woundcd by
nlciurs of'cutting. arrtl lhcn thcy r,vcrc dippcd in thc inoculum lor 20 ntinutcs. The
sccrllin_ss ol'cach c:ultivar rvcrc plantcd into lbur pots autoclavcd ancl lillcd lvith
7(X) gr soil lirnrigatcd. Euc:h pot colrsislc(l ol'tltrcc sccdlings. Thc rcmaining inoculurT ol' 100 nrl 'uvcrc dividcd up crlrally t0 cr.rclr poL and thc pots wcrc placed in
(x) Egc Tiirtin lhrlcatgrlan Birli[i,
l98l
Yrllr!r.
14
G. ARCA and M.
YLDIZ
chamber with 15 h. lighting at25 + zoc.
To prepare the inoculum the agar picces of original culture of selected M.
phaseolina isolatcs were sown on 100 ml PD medium and kept in an incubator
at 30oC for 10 days. (DHINGRA and SINCLAIR, 1975). Two virulent isolates
of the fungus were used in the reaction tests of 24 tobacco cultivars / lines.
Statistical analyses were conducted depending on the number of diseased
plants (dead / wilted) which were counted in 15 days after inoculation, in pathog-
enicity and susceptibility tcsts.
RBSULTS and DISCUSSION
Surveys were conducted in two consecutive years (1985 and 1986) in selected towns or villages of izmir provinces. Vcry high infection rates were found
in some fields. The mean infection rate of two ycars over locations was calculated
to be 53,7SVo which means more than half of tobacco crops is affected by charcoal rot disease. The countings werc done betwcen thc end of July and beginning
of Septembcr. This is a logical cxplaination for vcry high counrings of diseased
plants. The results are in accordance with BREMER (1944)'s findings. He reported that, thc disease incidence was 10-90olo in Tire and Sclquk 2O-80Vo in
Menemen and izmir andT\Va in Ayctrn, 50-600/o in Qine in 1938. And in 1939 it
was 40-50Va in Izmir-Qigli,5-707a in Mencmen and 50Vo in Aydrn. He also stated that the discase incidencc incrcased as the time proccedcd.
According to statistical analyscs, 52 isolatcs wcre grouped depending on
then virulence. Some isolates were more virulent than the others (Table 1).
They were grouped into four catcgories as given below according to the
rnrmbers of wilted and dcad plant of six tobacco cultivars: l-75 vo weakly virulent, 16-40 70 moderately virulent, 4l-70Vo markedly virulent,71-100 Vo strongly virulent. This grouping was also used by DHINGRA and SINCLAIR (t973).
REICHERT and HELLINGER (1947) apptyed rhis systcm as pre-cmergence and
post-emergence. Pathogenicity of isolates studied was found as 0 to 1007o which
means that there are large variations for this trait. In the studies of DHINGRA
and SINCLAIR (1973), SULAIMAN and PATIL (1977) the parhogeniciry was
found betweenO-837o and 59,4-100 %, rcspectively.
Also in this rcscarclt rcaction of 24 tobacco cultivars / lincs werc evaluated
against two virulent isolatcs of M. phaseolina. The rcactions of cultivars were
similar. However thcrc was sorne dilfercnccs in their susccptibilities due to the
gencl.ic makc-up (Tablc 2). Most cultivars wcrc found to bc scnsitive to both isolates. They slrowed 25-100vo discasc ratc. Thcsc wcrc groupcd trs25-60vo and
61-1007o discase ratc. QADRI and DESHPANDE (1983) uscd similar grouping
lor sunflowcr.
Since thc studics on this diseasc arc not sulficient in Turkey, this research
is a basic study of charcoal rot disease on tobaccoes caused by M. phseolitto.
By the results of this study somc basic knowlcdgc about the diseasc, such as disease incidence, pathogcnicity of the isolates and reactions of Turkish tobacco cul15
CHARCOAL ROT OF TOBACCO
tivars were obtained in aegean region. It can be suggested that the yield reduction
caused by the disease should be found out. If this reduction is at economic levels
all means of controlling the disease should be investigated.
iable 1: Pathogenicity of M. phaseolina isolates within a
period of 15 days.
observation i
Angle valuea of the
No. Isolate Number Locations
disease rate
Torbah
3
49
50
48
4
51
4l
Qeqme
5
1
a
7
28
24
8
25
6
9
8
10
36
29
11
15
26
40
34
37
16
39
t7
52
42
L2
13
t4
18
19
20
2l
22
llzmir
Merkez llzmir
/ lzmi
48.30
47.79
27
25
30
Yatalan / Mulla
26
27
38
Merkez / Mulla
Sarrgdl / Manisa
31
6
32
46
JJ
2
34
45
35
3i
36
5
37
38
2l
39
40
47
32
22
55.33
5 0.90
49.35
47.r4
45.87
45.69
44.20
Kiraz llzmir
7
24
1
5.87
55.51
Merkez / Mulla
23
J
59.8 5
Turgutlu / Manisa
Karacasu / Aydrn
Grirdes / Manisa
43
64.59
61.34
5
Krmk / Izmir
29
30
79.42
7 5.40
73.55
Akhisar / Manisa
Yata[an / Mulla
Akhisar / Manisa
Salihli / Manisa
Krrkalag / Manisa
t2
28
87.2t
82.2r
Ula / Mulla
Bergama llzmir
Siike / Aydm
Milas / MuEla
Ovakent llzmir
Akhisar / Manisa
Saruhanh / Manisa
Yatalsn / MuEla
23
35
33
l0
90.00
90.00
90.00
90.00
lJrla llzmir
Qine
4t.41
/ Aydrn
41.09
38.34
38.02
3r.24
Krnrk / Izmir
Srndrrgr
/
30.66
27.97
27.82
27.06
Bahkesir
Tire / lzmir
Merkez I lzmir
Merkez / MuEla
Menemen llzmir
Saruhanh / Manisa
Odemiq llzmir
Odemig llzmir
Fethiye / Mulla
Akhidar / Manisa
Merkez / Mulla
Alaqehir / Manisa
25.7 6
24.85
23.87
23.r9
22.86
22.64
22.64
22.33
16
Groups (p=0.05)
G. ARCA and M.
No. Isolate Number
Locations
4l
44
42
4
Bigadig / Bahkesir
Tire / Izmir
43
11
Soma
44
16
Saruhanh /Manis,r
/
Angle valuea
diseasc rate
45
9
46
47
19
DeEirmendereAzmir
G6lmarmara/M anisa
1.7
Sarrgril
48
T4
18
Krrkalag
20
Fethiyc
49
50
51
15
T3
52
Table
2.
Sarrg<il
/
the
17.10
17.10
r6.92
1
1.81
9.02
7.79
Manisa
Manisa
5.5
8
11q
214
/ Mulla
Saruhanh / Manisa
Soma / Manisa
2.79
Conibincd susceptibility order of 24 tobacco cultivars against the
two isolates of M. phaseolind.
Ratc of thc Numbcr of I Numbcr of
the diseascdl thc cliscascd plant
Cultivar
cliseasc(%)
12 I (square root
Izm. Incekara 101121,5
Izm. 62ba1917/5
Samsun-Maden 2421,
Tagova 19419
K. ballar 6265
S.Maden 188/35
Burley 37
S. Canik 190/5
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Trakya-Ozbag 198/20
9r.66
Bursa 18000
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
83.33
Yaylada!
18205
Malarya 676
Dnzce-Ozbat 196123
Bafra 6391
Taqova 10670
12
12
t2
t2
l2
t2
t2
t2
1l
1l
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
r.89
10
10
10
10
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.86
1.86
66.6
8
r.73
7
Diizce 985
Trakya 20292
Basma 438
58.33
58.33
58.33
58.33
7
S. Canik
5
8.33
7
1.66
1.64
I .61
1.58
1.58
6
1..52
5
1.48
Bafra
1.9313
10821
Bursa 199/9
Bahkesir 16880
Basma 192/23
Ege-64
Groups (p=0.05)
17 .79
Manisa
/
of
20,43
Manisa
/
YLDIZ
50.00
41.66
33.33
25.00
7
7
4
r.36
3
1.27
'17
|
(p=0.01)
CHARCOAL ROT OF TOBACCO
6znr
EcE sor-cpsiNos rUrUNoE ozUruRu uesralt6t
as e o tin a (Tassi.) G OID)'NIN DURUMU, paf OmNiSifBSi
vn rUnr rUrUN qeqirl-EniNiN DUYARLTLTKLARI
unnimne ARA;TTRMALAR
(M.ph
Bu araqflrmada, izmir ilinde yaprlan 2 yrlhk (1985-86) stirveyde, tiitiinde
<iz{ikuru hastahlrna yakalanma oranr ortalama olarak 7o53,75 oranrnda saptanml$ur. Toplanan dmeklerden seEilen 52 izolatla yaprlan testlerde, izolatlar patdenisteleri agrsndan (Vo 0-100) farkh bulunmuq ve gruplandrnlmrqlardrr. Iki virulent izolatla reaksiyon testine ahnan Tiirkiye'de yetiqtirilen 24 tiittin ge$it /
hattrrun M. phaseolina'ya karqr duyarh olduklan saptanml$fir.
LITERATURE CITED
BORA, T.;
i.
KARACA. 1970. Krilri.ir Birkilerinde Hastahfrn ve Zarann
OlEtilmesi. Ege Universitesi Ziraat Fakriltesi Yardrmcr Ders Kitabr.
Yayrn no. 167,43.
BORA, T.1970.Izmir, Manisa, Mu$la illerinin Tiittin Fideliklerinde Qdkerten
Hastah$rnrn Zarar Derecesi, Fungal Etmenlerin Genuslannrn Tanrmr,
Dafrhqr ve Patoj eni siteleri Uzerinde Aragtr rmalar (Do gentlik T ezi).
BREMER, H. 1944. Uber Welkekrankheiten in Stidwest-Anatolien. Instanbuler
Schriften 18: l-44.
DHINGRA, O.D.; J.R. SINCLAIR. 1973. Variation among isolates of Macrophomina phaseoli (Rhizoctonia bataticola) from different Regions (1972) Phytopath. 2., 7 6, 200-204.
. 1975. Survival of Macrophomina phaseoli solerotia in soi1.
Effects of soil moisture, Carbon : Nitrogen ratios. Carbon Sources and
Nitrogen concentration Phytopathology 65 : 236-240.
EL-DAHAB, M.K.A.; TARABEIH, A. M.; MOHAMED, S.E. 1983. Studies on
sunflower diseases in Egypt 1. studics on charcoal rot and its control.
Review of Plant Pathology Vol. 62 No. 3 1148.
IBRAHIM,I.A.; A.M. KAMARA; N.G. GAHIN. 1979. Studies on two isolates
of Sclerotittm bataticola Taub. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae
Scientiarum Hungaricae l4(3
14)
383-390.
KARCILIOcLU, A.; M. ESENTEPE; E. ONAN; E. SEZGIN. 1985. EgC
Bcilgesi ltinci Urtln Ekim Alanlannda Gcinilen Hastahk, Zararh,Yabancr Otlar ve Bunlann DoSal Dtiqmanlan Uzerinde Araqtlrmalar Bor-
novaZirai Mricadele Araqlrma Enst. 8/A 600. 001-1 no'lu projenin
sonuE raporu (basrlmamrqur).
18
G. ARCA and M.
YILDIZ
MORE, B.B.; P.V. WANT; K.D. KALE; B.K. KONDE. 1982. Screening of
sorghum cultuvars againts charcoal rot disease. Agricultural science Digest (1981) 1 (l) 17-18. Review of Planr Parhology Vol. 61 No. 6,
2846.
PENCIC, V. 1977 . Sclerotium bataticola as a causal agent of stem and root
rot of maize in Serbia. Agron. Glasn (1970) 32: 69-76. An Ann. Bibl.
of M. ph. 1905-1975,1592.
QADRI, S.M.H.; K.S. DESHPANDE. 1983. Studies on root/collar rot of saflower caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola. Indian Botanical Reported (1982) | (2) 141-143. Review of Plant pathology. yot. 62. No. 4,
1605.
REICHERT, T. 1977. Palestine : root diseases caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola.Int. Bull. Plant Prot. (1930) 4: l7 An Bibl. of M. ph t90S-1975.
650.
HELLINGER. 1947. On the occurence. morphology and parasitism of Sclerotium bataticola. Plastine J. Bot. 6: 107-147.
SULAIMAN, M; B.c. PATIL. 1977. Existence of phsiological races of Macropltomina phaseoli causing root rot of Cotton. Beitr. Trop. Subtrop.
Land-Wirtsch. Tropenveterinamedizin (1966) 4 : 29t -298.
WYLLIE, T.D.; S.l,t. ROSENBROCK. 1985. Crop rotation as a means of controlling populations of Macrophondna phaseolina in Missourisoils.
Phytopathology 75, (from Annual Meeting).
; E.
19
J. Turk Phytopath., Vol. 19, No:1, 21-29,
ISSN 0378-8024
1990
The Preliminory Studies on The Turfgross
Diseoses in Turkey
Figen
YILDIZ
Mehmet YILDIZ
Nafiz DELEN
Department of Plant Protection,.Agricultural Faculty
Ege University, Bomova, Izmir, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
In this study
the pathogenic charactcrs oJ the different
fungi, isorated both
on the seeds and the infected turfgrasses were exarnined.
naria
Different pathogens as Rhizoctonia, Curvuloria, h'usarium, Alter-
Helninthosporium ware isola.ted. Jiom the diseased turJgrass pktnt.
patlwgenswere 68.3,68.6, 14.0 and 5.0 7o respectively.
On the seeds, mostly Penicilliunt, Altentaria and Aspergilhts species were isolcued in addition to many othar Jungi. Ilelminthosporiurtt species
and
The rate
oJ
were also isolatedfrom the Bermudagrass.
According to the pathogeniciry rcsts; Rhizoctonia, Fusariunt, Helntintltosporium and Curvularia wcre d.eterntined as the most virulent fungal
organisms.
Some of the turfgrasses such as l.oliturt, Festuca, poa belonging to the
different varieties which obtainedfront tlte sced companies were found to have
dffirent degrees oJ'sensitivity to tlrc above mentionedlungi.
INTRODUCTION
Turfgrasses are used on grounds, surrounding business, parks sports
gtounds and roaclsidcs. Tl'rc significance ol turls cannot be neglcgtctl. The ornamental beauty and acsthctic bcncfits was contdbute to mcntal health and provide
the morc favorablc cnvilonment for social intemction among peoples espccially in
densely populatcd arcas.
The turfgrass's plant pathogcnic problems are great especiarly in the fields
to which new cultivars have bccn introduced. The lack of fundemental knowledge is very high, compared with the traditional agricultural commodity areas.
Enrphasis 'uvas placed on rlelminthosporium and curvularfa spccies
among lhe determincd lungal organism. In thc early research in the turfgrass in
7941, a disease was rcpofled wherc the turlgrass bccame chlorotic and thinned
27
TURFGRASS DISEASES
rluring the hot wcallrcr. Thc causal ilgcnts'uvcrc claimctl as Cttn'ltlaria ot IIel'
mintlrusporilrlt (Wcnrham ancl Kirby, 1941).
Srlilcy (1983), indicatcd that 8 Crrn,r/aria spccics lo l'n plllhogcnic to the
turfgrasscs. Brown ct al. (1972) wcrc rcportccl that tliscasc sytttptorlls wcrc primarily a lcal tip clicback r.vlrcrc llrc tissuc llt'st bccomc ycllow attd lltcn brtlr.vn and
leal'finally shrivclccl l\4ucltovcj ct al. (19ti-5), rcporlcd that23 spccics of Curvulsria occurrcd on 29 spccics o['grasscs.
Hoclges (1972), dcrlonstrllctl tlrat Curyulurio geniculnto could not
clearly shown palhogclticity ott Agraslis p(lustris or Pou prutctrsis. Flodges, concludcd that C. geniuilttla is pritttat'ily a saprophytc ar-rd nlity bc sccondary invadcr ol'lcsions causcil lty Dre chslcra sorokinianu.
In anothcr lcpoil, it was sltor.vn L\L\L Hclmitttltosporiutil vogorts was a
bliglrtirrg pathogcn attd occurrcd on thc P. prolensis, P. co,,tp,'e.r.sn and P.
triyialis.It rvas also rcportccl ott tltc Agrostis and h-estuca (Bror.vn, 1972).
A cliscasc causiug cilcular ncclotic pirttct'ns it't Pott prutensis wus thc lirst
scrious ncrv problcnr in 1950's. Thc allbctcd plartts oftcn occun'cd in thc ccntcr
ol'al't'cctcd patcrllcs. fbrlring a ring pal"l"cm. Thcsc syntptolus wcrc dcscribcd as a
singlc discasc that rvas namccl Iiusurium blight. According to thc sanlc rcscarch
I.-ttsurium wils lhc most isolatcd plthogcn on li'cclttcnt clippcd tu-lgrasscs, it
was also dctcrntincd tltal Fu.sarittrrt spccics wcrc morc aggrcssivc to thc Agroslis spccics than Poa sp (Snrilcl', l9li7). Furlltcrmotc it was rcportcd that niany
turl'varictics wcrc al'f'cctctl l::y Il. solunf (Bloom antl Cottcl-t, 1960).
Il. was plannccl that kincl of'rcscarclr lrccarrsc ol'tlrc scrious ttrrf'grass cliscascs bcing clccunccl in our courrlly, rclatccl w'ilh lhc incrcasing ttrrlgrass llclds as
many coulttrics donc. Thc ainr ol'this study was to dclcnniltc thc possitrlc causal
pathogcns on thc sccds and on thc cliscascd plant parts and also to llid ouL the
susccptibility ol'sittnc turlgrass varictics against to thcsc pathogclls.
I\{ATERIALS and N'{ETIIODS
Fungi isolatr:d lr<lrr thc sccds aird af'lcctcd plant pilrl"s wcl'c h'ttsurium,
Rhiz.oct6nia, Curvuluria, IIelminllrrtsporium tntl Alternuria. h-esluca, Agrostis, Poa, Lglittttt, Agropyron, Bromus spccics ancl Bcrmudagrass wcrc provitlccl by vari'ous conrmcrcial tufi'gl'ass scctl conrpanics.
Two dif'f'crcnt tcchniqucs wcrc uscd to isolatc thc f ungal llora otr thc secds.
Thc scctls wcrc placcd on moist filtcr papcr (25 sccds pcr platc) within the pctri
platcs arrd incubatcd at tcmpcraturc22-26"C itt thc clat'k fbr4[l lrours. T'hcn idcntifications wcrc rcalizctl undcr microscopc (Brown ct al., 1972).
10 sccds ol'caclr varictir wcrc surlitcc tlisin['csl"cd with 0.5olo sotlium hypochloritc (NaOCl) fbr l0lniltuLcs.'fhc sccd santplcs wctc lhcn rinscd in dislillcd
watcr and platcd onto PotaLo Dcxtrosc Agal mcdiurtr. Anotltct' 10 sccds wcrc plat-
F.YLDIZ,M.YILDIZ
and N. DELEN
ed without disinfected with NaOCI but only distilled watcr. The identificarion of
the fungi were realized after incubatcd at 22-24"C. Both of the treatments were
replicated thrce times.
The seeds belong to various turfgrass varieties used in the pathogenicity
tests were washed and dricd aftcr disinfcction. (0.5 7o sodium hypoctrloridc for
10 minutes). Thc secds wcre sown in 15 cnr diamcter clay pots containing a soil
mixture of l13 rurf, 1/3 sand, 1/3 soil. Thcy were sce<Jcd ar 0.05g to 0.0g5 g/pot
depending on the varieties (Brown et aI.,1972)
The turfgrasses wcre grown for 6 to 8 wecks and thc clown of turfgrass
plants had becn clippcd to 3 cm high at 24 hours prior to inoculation.
Isolates were grown on PDA for 8-10 days. conidia were washed from
the surface of fungal colonies (Curvuloria sp., Helmirtthosporiunr sp., A/ternsria sp.) with distillcd watcr. The suspcnsions wcre standardized to iontain
300.000 - 350.000 sporc / ml. The conidial suspcnsions wcre sprayed to run off
on the foliagc and crowns.
Thc tcsts wiLh Rhizoctortis and F-usorium isolatcs wcrc prcparcd in the
conrmeal-sand mcdium and incubatcd at2l days at room tcmperaturc. After t5e
fungus had grown throughout thc medium, the cultures were air dried just prior
to inoculation. The tcst plants wcrc cut to 3 cm in hcight, uniform amounts of the
air dried inoculum wcre then scattcred at l0 grlpcr pot ovcr the foliage.
After inoculation with both of lwo methods the pots of grass were covercd
with individual plastic covers to maintain the high humidity. The pots were incubated in a rcom with a tcmpcraturc of 25 i loC and rcccived an illumination of 15
hours light and t hours dark.
Aftcr 10 days incubation pcriod the plants wcrc cvaluatcd for symptom devclopmcnt. .Discasc scverity in all cxpcrimcnts was ratccl by a 1-5 scale (couch
and Bcrlfor<t, t9ii6; Brown ct al., t9t2). All trcatmcnts were replicatcd thrce
times and the samc tcchniqucs uscd in all turf varicLies.
RESULTS
. . Thc rcsults obtaincd from thc studics, rclatcd with the idcntification of the
fungal flora of ,turfgrass sceds providcd by commercial secd companics were
summarized at Table 1.
The given scorcs were thc mean numbcr of thc ditferent spccics of each genus Alternaria sp., Penicilliunt sp., clailosporium sp. and Aspergitius
sp. which were thc most frcqucntly isolatcd fungi, according to the different techniques used in all, of the turf varieties. Helminthosporium sp. known as a potential pathogen of turfgrasses was isolatcd only on the Festuca sp., Loliwn
sp. and Bennudagrass turf varietics.
B
TURFGRASS DISEASES
The incidence of fungi, isolated from the two of the sport fields samples
were shown atTable2.
Table
1:
Fungi
The rate of presence of fungi, obtained in various trufgrass seeds.
Festuca sp,
Poa sp.
(7 sampleg
(4 sample$
,)
3
1
Altemaria
19.t
34.9 10.5
Fusarium
Cladosporium
1.1
).s4
0.5
I
7
J
0.5
1.6
0.94
5.5
5.5
t.l
,1
7.7
aa
J.J
2.6
3.8
{spergillus
2.2
4,5
0.1
Lt t.l
Vardomyces
7.7
7)
0.1
1.1
0.5
3.8
,)
2
-t
))
9.8
0.9
1.1
2.7
4.4
I 1.0
0.5
(1 sample)
J
)
2.6
80.( r6.f 66.0
1.1
4.4
J.J
6.6
3.3
4.4
J.J
3.3
J.J
6.6
J.J
1.1
I
: Disinfested
seeds 2 : No
7.7
3.3
6.6
0.4
J
Disinfested
I
7
sp.
J
9.9
14.9
3.3
3.3
1.6
J.J
1.3
2.6
0.5
J.J
7.6
4.4
Agropyron
(2 sample)
Bermuda grass
t.1
)enicillium
Ulocladium
Agrostis sp.
(3 sanple$
1.1
0.5
Ielminthosporium
Jthers
Loliurn sp.
(5 samples)
3.3
1.3
1.1
Seeds 3 :
1.1
Blotter test
Curvularia spp. and Fusarium spp were the main fungi in both of two
stadium samples. Rhizoctonia sp. and Helminthosporium sp. were the secondary fungi according to the isolation tests. Pathogenicity experiments were
conducted by using the isolates which were obtained from both seed and affected
plant parts. These selected isolates were 12 Curvularia 13 Fusariurn ,6 Rhizoctonia and 5 Helminthosporiurn species.
According to the fungi's speciality, the results of the inoculations both of
leaves and soil on the 5 turfgrass varieties were summerized at Table 3.
When the Table 3 was examined it was obseryed that, the rate of disease
was obtained between 18 Vo to 52 Vo, with the isolates belonging to 3 fungi
(Curvularia sp., Helminthosporium sp., Alternarfa sp.) except Lolium
sp. Rather, the disease rate was reached pretty high percentage with Culvuhrta
and Helminthosporium on Lolium sp. (80 Vo and 96 % respectively). Thus
the Lolium sp. was the most influenced turf variety.
24
F. YILDV, M.
YILDV
and N. DELEN
Table 2 : Incidence of the fungi isolated from infected turfgrass samples (zo)
Ali eker
Stadium
Stadium
(Trabzon)
(MuSla)
Curvularia spp.
43.3
93.3
Fusarium spp.
63.3
s0.0
Rhizoctonia spp.
3.3
13.3
Helminthosporium spp.
0.0
10.0
Altemaria spp.
3.3
10.0
Othen
6.6
6.6
Fungi isolated
Table 3 : The rate
of, disease
Mu$a
in the various turfgrass, determined in the pathoge-
nicity tests.
Isolates
Festuca sp.
l€af
Soil
Agrostis
I-eaf
sp.
Soil
Poa sp.
L€af
Soil
Lolium
Leaf
sp.
Soil
Bermudagrass
Leaf
Alternaria sp.
(25 Isolate)
24
36
18
18
16
Helm. sp.
26
50
36
96
52
(6 Isolate)
Curvularia sp.
(12 Isolate)
28
Rhizoctonia sp.
30
30
24
16
80
40
20
20
40
46
30
70
60
20
34
t4
40
30
(6 Isolate)
Fusarium sp.
(3 Isolate)
36
Soil
After the pathogenicity tests, the most virulent 2 curvularia 2 Rhizocand I Helminthosporium isolates were selected to the va-
tonia,l Fusarium
riety tests.
The variety reaction test were realized with 5 Festaca,4 Lolium,l Bermudagrass varieties supplied by 4 commercial seed componies. Lotium perenne
%
TURFGRASS DISEASES
pr,er&rno was the most affected turfgrass variety by both of leaf and soil-bome
pathogens. Nevertheless, most of the Festuca species wcre influcnced by the
soil-bome pathogenes (Table 4 and 5).
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T
TURFCRASS DISEASES
DISCUSSION
In the first step of this study, it was detelmined the fungal flora of thc 23
sced saniplcs supplicd by the secd companies. The fungi found intcnsely in the
seeds werc Altcrnuria, Puticilliuttt, Cladosporium, Aspergillus bcsidcs
tlrc otlrers. The most fi'cqucntly isolated fungi AIle rnaria spp. and Ilelntinthosporium spp. which known as important pathogens of turfs wcrc found on
Fesluca, Lolium and Bcnnudagras but not on all samplcs. Ilowcver, anothcr inlportant secd bomc pathogen Curvularia was not detected on thc sarnpling of
turf varietics (Table 1). Thc most frequently isolatod fungus was Alternaria
spp.
It was obserycd that Curvularia spp (Va 68) and Fusaritlrn spp (Va 56)
were usually isolated with high ratcs from affccted turlgrasses. In addition to ltre
others; Rlricoctonia spp. and Ilelnrinthosporium -cpp rnay be addcd as thc
rnain fungi (Tablc 2).
When coniparcd with thc findings in litcrature, it can be said that thcre are
some similarities with thc datii wc obtaincd. As a mattcr of fact, in the prcvious
studics. Curvularia spp. and Ilelmintltosporium sp. had becn reportcd as
bcing pathogcns on various turf varictics (Wcrnham and Kirby, 1941; Brown,
1972; Snriley, 1983; Muchovcj, 1985). Similar statc is currcnt for Fusarium
spp. (Smilcy, 1987) and Rhiuctonra spp. (Bloom and Couch, 1960).
As thc rcsults oIPathogcnicity tcst (Tablc 3), it was found that virulcnt pathogcns were llelntinthosporit rrr sp. andCurvularia sp. forleaf, Illtizoctonia sp. and Fusurit rr sp. for soil LlcatmcnLs. Essentially thcse rcsults werc in
coincidcnce rvith prcvious turf discasc rcports. It had bccn studicd with many A/ternaria isolatcs bccausc of frcqucntly isolation of this pathogcn from thc sccds.
But tlrc lcss discasc ratcs wcrc obtainccl with thcsc Allernaria sp. isolatcs (Tablc
3). Lolitutt sp. was thc most influcnccd Lur[ gcnus by both of lcaf and soilbornc pathogcns.
Inoculation of 7 cultivars of I'eslrrca,5 of Loliurrt and Bcrmudagrass
wclc cxhibitccl a vcry high ratc of discasc (Tablc 4 and 5). It
was also obscwcd tliat tlrcrc arc son"lc difl'crcnccs bctrvccn thc fungal isolatcs rcgarrling thc virulcncc cvcn in Lhc samc gcnus.
Gcncrally Lolium spp wcrc morc af'fcctcd by tlic both o['lcal and soi[bome pathogcns than Lhc Bcrmudagrass.
Thcsc results arc tlrc [irst daLa oI thc cor"rtinuing rcscarch. Thcsc findings
indicatcd that thc discascs or1 tulfgrasscs mly bccamc also a problcm in Turkcy.
It has bccn intendcd to stu(ly on thc control of thc tur[ discascs in thc further
r.vith virr.rlcnt isoliltcs
stndics.
F.
ruRriyn'oE
YILDIZ, M. YLDIZ and N. DELEN
6znt'
QiMLERDE cORur_EN HASTALTKLAR
UzenNnp 6u gal-rgvAl-AR
Bu gahqmada, hem Eim tohumlan i.izerinden, hem de hastahkh qim bitkilerinden izole edilen de$iqik funguslann patojenik karakterleri incelenmigtir.
Hasta Eim cimeklerinden, ortalama olarak va 68.3 Rltizoctonia spp, 7o6g
curvularia spp., va56 Fusarium spp., vol4 Alternaria spp ve va 5 oranrnda
Helminthosporium spp. izole edilmiqtir.
Tohumlardan ise; pekgok fungusun yanrsrra alrrhkh olarak Alternaria
spp., Penicillium spp ve Aspergillus spp. saptanml$tlr. Bermudagrass gim
geqidinde aynca H elminthosporium tiirleri izole edilmigtir.
Yapilan pekgok patojenisite testinde; Rhizoctonia spp, Fusarium spp,
Helminthosporium spp ve curvuluria spp etkin izolatlar olarak
sap-
tanml$ur.
Tohum firmalanndan sallanan deligik ttirlere ait geqitlerin bu organizmalar
farkl duyarhhkta olduklan bulunmuqtur.
kargrsrnda
LITERATURE CITED
Bloom, J.R., and H.B. couch, 1960. Influence of Environment on diseases of
turfgrasses. I. Effect of nutrition pH and soil moisture on Rhizoctonia Brown patch. Phytoparhol. 50 : 532 - 34.
Brown, G.E., H. cole, and R.R. Nelson,1972. pathogenicity of curvularia
sp to turfgrasses. Dis. Rep. 56 :59 - 63.
couch, H.B. and E.R. Bedford , 1966. Fusarium Blight of Turfgrasses phytopathol. 56 : 781-86.
Hodges, c.F. r9T2.Interaction of culture age and temperature on germination
and growth of curvularia geniculate and on virulence. can. J. Botany 50 :2093-96.
Muchovej, JJ., and H.B. couch, 1985. curvularia blight of turfgrasses : A Historical Perspective. Razon-Turf Gazon l6 (3) : gg-92.
, 1966. Definition of leaf health is Agrostis palustris at the time of
infection and colonization by curvuluria lunata Ann. Appl. Biol.
lO9 :249-58
Smiley, R.w. 1983. compendium of turfgrass diseases, American phytopathological Society. Sr. Paul, MN 102 pp.
Smiley, R.w., and M.c. Fowler, 1985. Techniques for inducing summer patch
symptoms on Poa pratensis. plant Disease. 69 :492_94.
,1987. The etiologic dilemma conceming patch disease of blugrass
turfs. Plant Disc;se 7l :774 - 81.
wemham, G.c., and R.S. Kirby, 1941. A new turf disease (.dbst.) phytopa-
thoL3l:24.
E
J. Turk Phytopath., Vol. 19, No:I, 31-39,
ISSN 0378-8024
1990
Chemicol Control of Storoge Rots ln Ankoro peors
Meral GURER
Salih MADEN
Plant Protection Research
Institute Ankara, TURKEY
Department of Plant Protection,
Agricultural Faculty, Ankara Un.
Ankara, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Efficacy of sixfungisides against three of the impartant storage rot agents
was investigated at 0"C ,22"C, and thefemperature offarmers strores.
At 22"c, none of the fungicides was effective on the three fungi, penicil-
lium expattsum, Botrytis cinerea, and Alternaria tenuissima. At farm-
ers' stores and 0"C, carbendazim, thiabendazole, prochloraz and imazalil controlled both P. expsnsum and B. cinerea at more than 90 vo of efficacy,for
3,5 months of storage period.
INTRODUCTION
control of storage rot of pome fruits can be achieved by either pre harvest
spray or post harvest by dipping into fungicides. But, the more feasible and common method is the latter.
The most of the works related with chemical control have been done on ar-
tificially inoculated fruits and two ways have been suggested for the control.
These are treatments to perform before and after inoculation an<t the farmers usu-
ally prefer the treatment after inoculation beause effectiveness decreasses proportionally based on the time gap between inoculation and treatment.
Treatment of fruits before or after inoculation not exceeding 10-15 h with
benzimidazole was found effective in controlling storage rot caused by penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea by various workers (Maas and Mac
Swan 1970; Beattie and Outbred 1970; Scom and Roberts 1970; Spalding and
Hardenburg 1971).
Effectiveness was higher at 0oc, and this was achieved by relativelly low
concetrations of chemicals, while at higher temperatures such as 1g-30.C it was
31
STORAGE ROTS OF PEARS
low and higher concctrations wcrc nccdcd. Against Altemaria spp., benzimidazoles generally were found ineffcctive (Spalding 1970), while thcsc was contradictory reports (Bcn Arie and Guelfat Reich 1973).
This study was planncd to find out the effectivcncsses of two benzimidazoles, carbendazim and thiabendazole, imazalil, prochloraz, captan and NaOCI
against storage decay of pears caused by important fruit rot agents at22oC,loc
and farmers storage conditions.
MATERIALS AND METTIODS
In all the expcrimcnts artificially inoculatcd fiuits with the most effecicnt
isolates of the commonest storage rot fungi, Alternaria tenuissinm, Botrytis
cinerea and Penicillttm expansltrt were uscd.
The following fungicidcs at thc givcn conccntration as pg/nil wclc cmployed to dip inoculated fruits: Captan 1200, carbcndazim 250, imazalil 1000,
proctrloroz 500, thiabcndazolc 900 and NaOCl432.
After surface disinfcction and drying at room tcmpcrilture the fruits wcre
injurcd by a cork attachcd with thrcc pins at 2-3 mm depth on two sidcs, thcn
dippcd in fungicide solutions for 1 min, in NaOCI for 10 min. but aftcr inocularion (Cappelini and Stretch 1962; Phillips and Grcndahl 1973). Aftcr thc trcatcd
fruits were got dried, 1 ml suspension of 10s-106 spores/ml of the isolatcs wcre
dropped on thc points of injured sidcs. After re-dricd, thc fruits were placed in
plastic bags and incubated at OoC, 90 7oRH,22oC and a fatrner's storagc conditions shown at Figure 1.
Evaluations were madc after 5,8 and 11 days at 22"C,3,5 months at OoC
and 3,5 months at the farmcr's storc. Trcatcd fruits and conttols wcrc counted as
diseased and healthy without mcasuring thc size of the rot. The stotcs wcre disinfectcd with, 5 7o formalin beforc thc fruits wcrc placcd.
RESULTS
Effectivcncss of thc fungicidcs against Penicillitgtl expansunt, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria tcnuissillc was givcn at Tablc 1, Tablc 2 and
Table 3, respcctively.
As sccn in Table 1, against P. expansurl, carbcndazim had significant
effect on thc 5 th day, but it was decrcascd on 11. day to 60 a/o,The othcr fungicides did not give a promising rcsult on tlte 1 l. day.
Against B. cinerea (Tablc 2), carbcndazim occupied the first rank at all
the three perio<ls and it was followcd by thiabendazolc. On the 5 th day, NaOCI
acted as carbcndazim, but lost its cffcctivcness on the timc incrcascd and it was
on the 11 th day. On this last pcriod, thiabendazolc, prochloraz and captan and
imazalil formed diffcrcnt groups in thcir cffccts.
n
M. GUREL and S. MfDEN
Table
l.
Fffectiveness of the fungicides against penicillium expansum
on5.,
8. and
ll
days at22oC.
Averages of replicates+
Fungicides
Percent rot
5. day
Carbendazim
17.5
Imazalil
47.5
50.0
Thiabendazolc
Prochloraz
52.5
Captan
90.0
NaOCI
100.0
100.0
Control
+
8.
Percent effect
day ll.
27.5
72.5
90.0
85.0
92.5
100.0
100.0
5.
day
40.0
85.0
95.0
90.0
95.0
8. day
11. day
82.5 a
52.5 b
72.5 a
27.5 b
50.0 b
47.5 b
10.0 bc
15.0 bc
10.0 bc
10.0 c
7.5 bc
5.0 bc
0.0
0.0
100.0
t
day
0.0 d
60.0
a
15.0
b
5.0 bc
c
c
00.0
(P < 0.01)
Table 2. Effectiveness of the fungicides against Bortrytis
cinerea on 5., g.
and I 1. days at 22oC.
Avcrages of rcplicates+
rot
8. clay 11. tlay
percent eflect
Percenl,
5.
day
Carbcndaz.im
17.0
Thiabendazole
2't.5
Prochloraz
32.5
Captan
50.0
85.0
Imazalil
NaOCI
Control
+
15.0
100.0
35.0
60.0
52.5
67.5
82.5
92.5
97 .5
97 .5
97 .5
100.0
100.0
r00.0
r00.0
8
7.5
5.
day
85.0
a
72.5 ab
67.5 ab
50.0
15.0
85.0
b
c
a
g.
day
65.0 a
40.0 b
bc
cd
2.5 d
0.0 d
17.5
7.5
ll.
day
47.5
40.0
12.5
2.5
2.5
0.0
(P < 0.01)
In case of Altemaria tenuissinw, imazalil was the most
cffective fungi_
cidc (Table 3) on all thc thrce pcriods, but lhe e ffectivcncss
was not saticfactory
when the pcriod was cxtcndcd. Trrc othcr fungicidcs
wcrc varying in effect.
STORAGEROTS OFPEARS
Table 3. Effectiveness of the fungicides against Alternaria tenuissima on5.,
8. and 11 days at22"C.
Averages of replicates+
day
5.
NaOCI
15.0
22.5
33.0
45.0
70.0
73.3
Control
83.3
Imazalil
Prochloraz
Carbendazim
Captan
Thiabendazole
+
Percent effect
Percent rot
Fungicides
8.
day
11.
day
32.5
47.5
45.0
65.0
77 .5
82.5
80.0
92.5
89.9
r 00.0
87.5
95.0
100.0
5.
day
82.21
8.
day
a
a
22.5 b
20.0 b
7.5 b
10.0 b
67.5
52.5
a
72.83 ab
58.41 ab
46.15 bc
16.10 cd
12.t7 d
11' day
55.0
35.0
a
ab
17.5 ab
12.5 bc
5.0 bc
0.0
c
100.0
(P < 0.01)
None of the fungicides controlled fruit rot caused by Rhizopus stoloniat22
"C on the given periods. All the inoculated fruits decayed on the 3 rd
fer
day after treatment with fungicides.
In the cold storage where inoculated fruits kept 3.5 months at OoC,
naria tenuissima
and
Rhizopus stolonifer did not caused decay so effec-
tiveness of fungicides against these two fungi could not be evaluated.
Table 4. Percent decay and effevtiveneSses of the fungicides against
Penicillium expansum kept at OoC for 3.5 months.
Average of replicates+
Fungicides
7o
Vo decay
efferl
NaOCI
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
90.0
100.0 a
100.0 a
100.0 a
100.0 a
10.0 b
Captan
92.5
7.5 b
Control
100.0
Carbendazim
Imazalil
Prochloraz
+
Alter'
(P < 0.01)
u
M. GUREL and S. MADEN
Inoculated fruits with P. expansum and B. cinerea yielded 100 and 95
percent decay on the controls, respectively.
F.fficacy of the fungicides against P. expansum and B. cinerea was
given at Table 4 and Table 5, respectively.
As it can be seen in Table 4, at OoC, Carbendazim, imazalil, thiabendazole
and prochloraz controlled P. expansum rot at a very high percentage. captan
and NaOCI on the otherhand, found completely ineffective.
AgainstB. cinerea (Table 5), a different situation was appeared. Carbendazim with 100 vo of efficacy had the first rank and prochloraz, thiabendazole
and imazalil formed the second group, captan with slightly lower effect formed
the third group and NaOCI with 2.5 Vo of effectthe fourth group.
Table 5. Percent decay and effectivenesses of the fungicides againsr
Botrytis cinerea kept at OoC for 3.5 months.
Average of replicates+
Fungicides
Vo decay
Vo
effect
Cafuendazim
0.0
100.0
Prochloraz
2.5
97.22 ab
Thiabendazole
5.0
94.44 ab
lmazaltT
7.5
91.66 ab
Captan
a
15.5
83.38 b
NaOCI
92.5
2.5 c
Contrcl
95.0
+
(P < 0.01)
Effectiveness of Fungicide Treatment at Farmen Stores.
Effectiveness of fruit dip treatment on the fruits kept at the farmers store of
wich conditions were given at Figure 1, against p, expansum and, B. cinerea.
35
1
STORAGEROTS OFPEARS
I
10
;
9
8
7
U
o
6
lm
E
9
(l!
5
90
&
d.)
F{
s
>a
4
80
3
70
*to
(!
o
o il
2
I
50
0 1 5 11 16 21 26 I 6 11 16 A % 31 5 l0 t5 n 25 30 4 9 14
Notmber
Figure
1.
Deccmber
-Jamary
19
February
Temperature and relative humidity of the farmers store where
the experiments were canied out for 3.5 months.
1
T
*-
ar
Percent effects of fungicides against P. expansum and B. cinerea were
presented at Table 6 and Table 7, respectively.
Against P. expansum similar results were, obtained in farmers' store,
however percent effectiveness of the fungicides were slightly lower than 0"C.
Against B. cinerea the almost same effectiveness of fungicides were obtained (fable 7).
."LA
M. GUREL and S. MADEN
Table
6. Effectiveness of fruit treatment
fungicides against penicillium expansum after 3.5 months of storage at a farmer store.
Average of replicates+
Fungicides
7o decay
Imazalil
2.5
2.5
2.5
5.0
92.s
97.5
100.0
Prochloraz
Thiabendazole
Carbendazim
Captan
NaOCI
Control
+
Vo
effeot
97.5 a
97.5 a
97.5 a
95.0 a
7.5 b
2.5 b
(P < 0.01)
Table
7. Effect of fruit treatment fungicides against Botrytis cinerea
after 3.5 months of storage at a farmer's store.
Average of replicates+
Fungicides I
Carbendazim
Prochloraz
Thiabendazol
Imazalil
Captan
Vo
decay
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
NaOCI
64.75
100.0
Control
100.0
Vo
effwt
100.0 a
97.5 a
95.0 a
92.5 a
32.25 b
0.0 c
(P < 0.01)
DISCUSSION
In our study, captan was ineffective in controlling storage rot caused by
Peni^cillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea though ttrere trio been reports
mentioning its effectiveness (Nidubizu and Blanpied l97l; Rosenbergerit
al.,
1979), during 5 months of storage at OoC.
g7
STORAGE ROTS OF PEARS
Regarding with NaOCl, we found the same results as the other authors
(Mc Clure, 1958; Spotts and Peters, 1980), it was ineffective against the above
mentioned fungi.
At cold storage effectivenesses of the other fungicides on the two fungal
rots are very high and this results are in accordance with the other researchers
S.osenberger et a1., 1979).
At 22"C, we also found that none of the fungicides tested had prevented
fruit deay for a long time. At about this temperature and higher temperatures similar results were reported by other workers (Prusky and Ben-Arie 1981; Spotts
1934; Rosenberger et a1., 1984; Tak et al., 1985). In the light of these results it is
possible to conclude that at 22"C and higher temperatures it is impossible to keep
pears for a long time even if they are treated. On the other hand, at OoC not only
fungicides were effective but temperature itself controlled the decay of some fun-
gi
as Rhizopus stolonifer and Alternaria tenuissima. However, these two
fungi could cause fruit rot at farmers stores, where temperature had been between
OoC - 8oC during storage period (Figure 1).
Four fungicides, carbendazim, thiabendazole, imazalil and procttloraz controlled the most common storage rot agents; P. expansum and B. cinerea, at
both OoC and farmers' store. However, we think that at farmers' stores imazalil
and prochloraz could be more versatile since A. tenuissima and R. stolonifer might cause damage, even though they were not so important such as P. expansum and B. cinerea.
The importance of treating fruits soon after inoculation has been mentioned
by various authors (Cappelini and Stretch, 1962). Ifit exceeds 18 h, then effectiveness decreases. By taking into consideration this stuation, we recommend that
fruits should be treated soon after harvest. If it is not so, treatment would not
give positive results.
6znr
ARMUTLARDA DEPO
gunuWmniNE KAR$I MEYVE ilAqlAVrALARr
Onemli tig depo gtiriikltik etmenine karqr, altr fungisidin etkinlikleri 22oC,
i.iretici ve soluk hava deposunda araqunlml$tlr. Kullantlan fungisidler, 22"C'de
Penicillit,,m expansum, Botrytis cinerea ve Alternaria tenuissima'ya
etkili olmemrqlardrr. Uretici deposunda ve 0oC'de carbendazim, thiabendazole,
prochloraz ve imazalil P. expansum,veB. cinerea'ya karqr 3.5 ay stireyle 7o
90ln tizerinde etkili bulunmuqlardrr.
38
M. GUREL and S. MADEN
LITERATURE CITED
N.L. Outbred, 1970. Benzimidazole derivaties as postharvest fungicides to control rotting of pears, cherries and apricots. Rev. Pl.
Path., 50 (4) : 1301.
2. Ben Arie, R. and S. Guelfat-Reich, 1973. Preharvest and postharvest applications of benzimidazoles for control of storage decay of pears..Hort
1. Beattie, B.B. and
:
Science.8 (3) 181-183.
Cappelini, R.A. and A.W. Stretch, 1962. Control of postharvest decays of
-1 .
peaches. Plant Dis. Reptr., 46
3l-33.
4. Maas, J.L. and I.C. Mac Swan, 1970. Postharvest fungicide treatments for
reduction of Penicillium decay of Anjou pears. Plant Dis. Reptr., 54
(l) :
(10)
:
887-890.
5. Mc Clure, T.T., 1958. Brown and Rhizopus rots of peaches as affected by
hydrocooling, fungicides, and temperature. Phytopathology, 48 322-
:
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
t2.
323.
Nrdubrzu, T.D.C. and G.D. Blanpied, 1971. Further evaluation of thiabendazole as a postharvest fungicide for apples. Plant Dis. Reptr., 55
(9) : 791-794.
Phillips, D.J. and J.Grendahl, 1973. The effect of chlorinating hydrocooling water on Monilinia fructicola conidia and brown rot. Plant Dis.
Reprr., 57 (10) : 814-816.
Prusky. D. and R. Ben-Arie, 198 1 . Control by imazalil of fruit storage rots
caused by Altemaria alternata. Ann. appl. Biol., 98 : 87-92.
Rosenberger, D.A, F.W. Mcyer, and C.V. Cecilia, 1979. Fungicide strategies for control of benomyl tolerant Penicillium expansum in apple storages Plant Dis. Reptr., 63 (12) : 1033-1037.
Scoot, K.L. and E.A.Roberts, 1970. Thiabendazole to reduce rotting in
Packham's Triumph pears during storagc and marketing. Aust. Jour. of
Exp. Agr. and An. Husb., 10 : 235-236.
Spalding, D.H., 1970. Postharvest use of bcnomyl and thiabendazole to
control blue mold rot development in pears. Plant Dis. Reptr., 54
(8) : 655-657.
Spalding, D.H. and R.E.Hardcnburg, 1971. Postharvest chemical treatments for control of blue mold of apples in strorage. Phytopathology,
61:1300-1309.
Spotts, R.A. and B.B. Pcters, 1980. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide for control of d'Anjou pear dccay. Plant Disease, 64 : 1 095- 1097.
t4. spotts, R.A., 1984. Etlect of surfactant on control of decay of Anjou pear
with several fungicides. Plant Disease,63 : 860-862.
15. Tak. S.K., O.P. Verma and V.H. Pathak, 1985. Control of Alternaria rot
of apple fruits by postharvest application of chemicals. Indian Pytopath.,
38 (3) : 471-474.
13.
39
SD(fiI NATIONAL PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL
CONGRESS
Swth NationaL PhytopathoLogi"caL Congress
tuilL be held between the days oJ 22-25 October
1991 tn Izmir, TURKEY.
The organizing committee of the congress
rs expecting a nattontuide participatton of pLant
pathologrsts. ALthough not speciftcaLLy an internattonaL congress, phgtopathologi"sts from throughottt tuorld are uel"come. Those who are interested.
tn 6th Congress mau turtte to.
Ttirtrcige Fi"topatoLoji Dernepi., Zirai"
MilcadeLe Arasttrma Enstrtrisr-i, 3DO4O Bornoua
IZMIR
-
TURKEY
40
r{tt!r5;:'::
!-
All Co.rrespondonce Should Be Mode To
TURKiYE FiTOPATOLOJi DERNEGi
Ziroi'Mucddele Aro$trrmo Enstitusu
35040 Bornovo , izmii
TURKEY
: