EFFECTS OF SIX-WEEK ENDURANCE TRAINING METHOD ON

Niğde University Journal of Physical Education And Sport Sciences Vol 9, Issue 3, 2015
Niğde Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Cilt 9, Sayı 3, 2015
EFFECTS OF SIX-WEEK ENDURANCE TRAINING
METHOD ON SOME HAEMATOLOGICAL VALUES
OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS
ABSTRACT
Metin BAYRAM1
The objective of the study is to determine the effects of a six-week endurance training method
applied to amateur basketball players on some hematological parameters.
Mehmet GÖKSU2
Athletes in the study group are volunteers engaged in basketball as an amateur in Erzurum. While
creating the group of 16 male basketball players in the range of 18 – 20 years of age, it has been
noted for them to not have any disease, not using any drugs regularly and not being in the process
of an acute illness. Athletes applied endurance training program was built in the range of 25-60
minutes flat race throughout 6 weeks, 5 days a week with the interval training method. Interval
training was built 1 set for first 2 weeks and 2 sets from third to sixth weeks to adapt the study
group to training. Blood samples were taken from the subjects at the beginning of the study and
analyzes were carried out. At the end of the study, 6 weeks later, blood samples were taken again
and analyzes were performed and compared.
In this study, the effects of endurance training program applied to basketball players for six weeks
on blood hematology values were investigated. After the analysis, it was observed that six weeks
of endurance training have organized the liver enzymes of athletes and accelerated the burning of
the fat depot. Moreover training has increased lipid oxidation. According to the obtained results,
coaches must follow antioxidant-supported nutrition programs for athletes. Also taken into
consideration of the individual and environmental factors in training programs is expected to
improve performance of athletes.
Keywords: Basketball, Endurance, Blood Lipoprotein, Blood Mineral Levels
ALTI HAFTALIK DAYANIKLILIK ANTRENMAN
METODUNUN BASKETBOLCULARDAKİ BAZI
HEMATOLOJİK DEĞERLER ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ
ÖZET
Çalışmanın amacı; Amatör basketbolculara uygulanan altı haftalık dayanıklılık antrenman
metodunun bazı hematolojik değerler üzerine etkisini tespit etmektir.
Çalışma grubundaki sporcular Erzurum ilinde amatör olarak basketbol sporuyla uğraşan gönüllü
sporculardır. 18-20 yaş aralığındaki 16 erkek basketbolcu grubu oluşturulurken, herhangi bir
hastalık taşımamalarına, düzenli ilaç kullanıyor olmamalarına ve akut bir hastalık sürecinde
olmamalarına dikkat edilmiştir. Dayanıklılık antrenman programı uygulanan sporculara 6 hafta
boyunca, haftada 5 gün interval antrenman metodu ile düz koşular 25-60 dakika aralığında
yaptırılmıştır. Araştırman grubunun antrenmanlara adapte olmaları amacı ile interval antrenman
ilk 2 hafta 1 set, 3. haftadan 6. Haftaya kadar ise 2 set halinde yaptırılmıştır. Deneklerden program
başlangıcında kan örnekleri alınarak analizler yapılmış, daha sonra 6 haftalık çalışma sonunda
kan örnekleri alınarak analizleri yapılıp karşılaştırılmıştır.
Çalışmada, altı hafta boyunca basketbolculara dayanıklılık antrenman programı uygulanarak kan
hematoloji değerleri üzerine olan etkisi araştırıldı ve yapılan analizde şu sonuçlara varıldı. Altı hafta
dayanıklılık antrenmanının sporcuların karaciğer enzimlerini düzenlediği ve depo yağlarının
yakılmasını hızlandırdığı, bununla birlikte lipit oksidasyonu artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen
sonuçlarla beraber antrenörlerin sporculara antioksidan destekli beslenme programlarını
uygulamaları ve antrenman programlarında bireysel, çevresel faktörleri de göz önünde
bulundurmaları önerilebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Basketbol, Dyanıklılık, Kan Lipoprotein, Kan Mineral Seviyesi
1
2
12
Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Unıversty. Physical Education and Sport High School
Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Universty. Sosyal Science Enstitu.Master Student.
292
INTRODUCTION
There are many studies about how
exercise
affects
hematological
parameters. In fact, blood parameters
affect the intensity and the type of exercise,
exercise also affects blood parameters and
it is important in terms of various blood
pathologies (Guyton, 200, Hazar 2010).
Physical activity requires a high level of
energy. The majority of the energy in the
long term exercise is obtained from
carbohydrate and fat. The type of used
energy depends on the intensity and
duration of exercise. After long-term
exercise, lactic acid occurs up to 2 or 3
times to the resting level. As the level and
duration of exercise lengthen, the heart
rate decreases at the same intensity of
exercise. Cardiac output (CO) in trained
athletes is low compared to sedentary.
Because glucose utilization increases as
the intensity and duration of the exercise
increases, blood glucose and insulin levels
decrease. The decrease in blood glucose
levels during exercise increases the
glucose release from the liver with the aid
of glucagon. There are findings about
plasma glucagon levels are increased and
the level of insulin is decreased with longterm training (Günay, 1998).
It was observed that cardiac output of
athletes has increased depending on the
maximum stroke volume. As a result of
systematic training, the effects of exercise
on the heart vary according to the kind of
training.
As a result of the strength and sprint
training, hypertrophy was seen in the heart
muscle and a growth was seen in left
ventricle volume after endurance training
(Günay ve Cicioğlu, 2001).
It is known that the maximum volume of
oxygen consumption and cardiac output
increase, heart rate decrease and
metabolically, blood lipid levels and blood
lactate concentration decrease in trained
person. Although the reason for these
changes is not to be proved, compliance in
endocrine 2 function after intense exercise
programs are thought to cause these
effects (Ergen et al. 2002).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
16 basketball players who are actively
playing basketball have participated in this
study. The attention has been paid in the
absence of any changes in dietary habits
of the study group throughout the study.
Research group (n = 16) was implemented
two groups of training randomly assigned
to either continuous running or interval
running. Target heart rate in the
implementation of continuous running
program is determined by the Karvonen
method. 50-70% intensity, 6 weeks, 5 days
a week, running between 25-60 minutes
exercises were built to the study group.
Best running degree of each athlete has
been determined at the distance of 250,
400, 650 and 900 meters by the prevalent
interval training program and they were
asked to run as pyramidal load by adding
the ratio of 60-80% to the best degrees in
these distances.
Interval training program applied 1 set for
first 2 weeks, 2 sets from 3. until 6. week,
3 set for last 2 weeks with the aim to adapt
to the training of the research group. Both
groups were built 5-10 minutes warming
exercises before the start of training and 510 minutes cool-down exercises at the end
of training.
Active resting was applied until heart rate
decreased 120-130 between overloads.
293
Statistical Analysis, Devices Used in
Biochemical Analysis and Chemicals
Refrigerated centrifuge: Jouan Mar 22.
Autoanalyser: Modular Systems, Roche
Diagnostics.
Vortex: Nuva NM110.
Fridge: Arcelik.
Freezer:
Jouan
VX350
Thermoelectro
Corporation
Adjustable.
series
Revco
Automatic Pipettes: Eppendorf Syringes:
Medset Plastic and Glass Tubes.
Biochemical
parameters;
(Glucose,
Sodium, Potassium, Urea, uric acid, AST,
ALT, LDH, triglyceride, total cholesterol,
HDL-C, LDL-C, Calcium, Phosphorus,
magnesium, total protein, albumin, total
bilirubin) Modular measurement was
performed by Roche Diagnostic Systems,
Germany analyzers.
They were measured based on an
enzymatic colorimetric method by using
rochediagnostics kits in Modular Systems
analyzer.
METHOD
This study was conducted in Ataturk
University Medical Research Hospital
laboratory. 16 athletes actively playing
basketball participated in the study as a
volunteer. Ethics committee report which
was needed for the study was taken and
according to this report voluntary forms
were signed by athletes. When selecting
volunteers, it has been noted for them to be
young (age of 18-20), not have any
disease, not using any drugs regularly and
not being in the process of an acute illness.
Approximately 10 ml blood taken from arm
veins of athletes of control and research
group at 09.00-09.30 am after 10-12 hours
fasting and it was transferred to routine
blood biochemistry tube. A portion of
serum obtained from blood samples was
divided for biochemical profile analysis and
a portion of serum was divided for analysis
of liver enzyme parameters. After waiting
30 minutes for the coagulation of blood
taken for biochemistry and hormone
analysis, it was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for
15 min. Then the parted serums were
stored at -80º C for analysis at the end of
the study.
Exercise Program
16 basketball players who are actively
playing basketball have participated in this
study. The attention has been paid in the
absence of any changes in dietary habits
of the study group throughout the study.
Research group (n = 16) was implemented
two groups of training randomly assigned
to either continuous running or interval
running. Target heart rate in the
implementation of continuous running
program is determined by Karvonen
method. 50-70% intensity, 6 weeks, 5 days
a week, running between 25-60 minutes
exercises were built to the study group.
Best running degree of each athlete has
been determined at the distance of 250,
400, 650 and 900 meters by the prevalent
interval training program and they were
asked to run as pyramidal load by adding
the ratio of 60-80% to the best degrees in
these distances.
Interval training program applied 1 set for
first 2 weeks, 2 sets from 3. until 6. week,
3 set for last 2 weeks with the aim to adapt
to the training of the research group. Both
groups were built 5-10 minutes warming
exercises before the start of training and 5-
294
10 minutes cool-down exercises at the end
of training.
Active resting was applied until heart rate
decreased 120-130 between overloads.
Table 1: Continuous Running Training Program
Training Time
First Week
Second Week
Third Week
Fourth Week
Fifth Week
Sixth Week
Training Intensity
25 min 50%
30 min 50%
35 min 60%
40 min 60%
45 min 60%
50 min 70%
Training Frequency
5 days/week
5 days/week
5 days/week
5 days/week
5 days/week
5 days/week
Table 2: Interval Running Training Program
Distance
250 m
400 m
650 m
900 m
Maximal Running Time
40 sn
64 sn
114 sn
165 sn
60%
56 sn
90 sn
160 sn
231 sn
Statistical Analysis
70%
48 sn
77 sn
137 sn
198 sn
80%
40 sn
64 sn
114 sn
165 sn
exercise. Mann-Whitney U test was used
for the comparison of the mean of athletes’
blood parameters. p<0.05 was considered
significant as the level of error in the
statistical evaluation of the results.
The Wilcoxon test was used for statistical
comparison of differences between the
measurements made before and after
RESULTS
Table 3: Liver Enzyme Levels of Athletes
VAR.
N
AST
(u/l)
ALT
(u/l)
ALBUMİN
(mg/dl)
BEFORE
AFTER
16
16
32±0,7
41±2,02*
35±3,31
31±1,84*
4,65±0,49
4,95±0,42*
TOTAL
BIL
(mg/dl)
0,55±0,07
0,65±0,21
GLUKOZ
(mg/dl)
BUN
(mg/dl)
76,5±7,07
90,5±3.53*
15,42±1,97
14,72±0,98*
*(p<0,05)
When table 3 was analyzed it has been determined that the value of AST, ALT , TOTAL
BILIRUBIN GLUKOZ, BUN after exercise.
Table 4: Blood Lipoprotein Levels of Athletes
VAR.
N
BEFORE
AFTER
16
16
LDH
(u/L)
276,5±43,13
267,5±30,4*
TRIGLYCERIDE
(mg/dl)
227±35,35
167±120,2*
CHOLESTEROL
(mg/dl)
183,5±47,37
180,5±51,61*
HDLK
(mg/dl)
39±8,48
42±4,24*
LDLK
(Mg/dl)
121±36,76
93±31,81*
*(p<0,05)
When table 4 was analyzed it has been determined that the value of LDH,
TRIGLYCERIDE, CHOLESTEROL, HDLK , LDLK,after exercise.
295
Table 5: Mineral Levels of Athletes
VAR.
N
BEFORE
AFTER
16
16
CA
(mg/dl)
9,5±0,28
9,6±0,14
P
(mg/dl)
3,15±0,35
3,25±0,49
MG
(mg/dl)
2,2±01
2,2±05
NA
(mEq/dl)
138,5±2,12
139,5±3,53
K
(mEq/dl)
4,46±0,15
4,55±0,28
*(p<0,05)
When table 5 was analyzed it has been determined that the value of CA ,P, MG, NA
,Kafter exercise.
DISCUSSION
It is known that there will be changes in
blood parameters depending on the
intensity, duration and the type of
exercise. Changes may occur in blood
parameters during and after intense
exercise due to differences such as
training status, environmental conditions
and nutrition (Sönmez, 2002). It has been
determined through researches that
regular exercises make a positive impact
on all body systems and prevent health
problems (Sönmez, G.T. 2002). Lipid and
carbohydrate are energy sources used
during exercise. Glycogen and lipid depot
in muscle are limited (Zorba and Ziyagil
1995).
This study aimed to determine the effect of
six-week endurance training on liver
enzymes. Mashiko et al (2004) have
observed significant increases in ALT and
AST levels after the training program
applied to athletes in 20-day camp period.
Su et al (2001) have determined
significant increases in ALT and AST
levels at the end of the 5 week training
program applied to 16 males and 8
females judoist. Osaka (2005) has
indicated that there have been statistically
significant increases in ALT and AST
levels after acute exercise applied to 12
sedentary men whose mean age was 25.
Wu et al (2004) have reported that they
had observed significant increases in ALT
and AST values of ultramarathon athletes
after the race. Rosmarin et al (1993) have
reported that the increase in the intensity
and duration of exercise provides an
increase in ALT and AST levels.
Enzymes known as liver function tests are
aspartate transaminase (AST) and
alanine transaminase (ALT). When the
hepatocyte cell membrane is damaged
these enzymes mix into the blood. AST
and ALT are also available in skeletal and
cardiac muscle and they can rise to
several times in normal by muscle
damage, excessive exercise, polymyositis
and hypothyroidism (Nathwani et al. 2005;
Saha and Marti. 2002).
Su et al (2001) have applied 5 week
training program to 16 males and 8
females judoist and eventually they have
found an increase in urea levels. Mashiko
et al (2004) have argued that exercise
reduces the blood glucose level. If the
blood glucose level falls below the normal
value or rises above the normal value,
hypoglycemia occurs (Günay et al 2006).
While resting, glucose is constituted by
liver glycogen degradation and amino acid
with the aid of glucagon. Günay and
Cicioğlu (2001) have stated that glucose
increases with the help of glycogenolysis,
glucagon and increased release of
296
catecholamines from the adrenal medulla.
Furthermore they have stated that the
exercise intensity and duration make
changes in the secretion of these
hormones.
While our study showed similar results
with literature in terms of the increase in
ALT levels, obtained decrease in AST
levels was inconsistent with the literature.
The differences can be said that applied
exercise program caused an increase in
the permeability of the cell membrane and
put cells in stress. Therefore the results of
the study are important because it
achieved similar results with the literature.
The differences between studies may be
due to the intensity, time, type of exercise,
the age, gender and body fat rate of
subjects, variability in performance levels
and nutritional status.
The effects of physical activity on plasma
lipids have been discussed in several
studies
(Durstine
and
Haskel.
1994).Sayar et al. have applied 15-20
minutes submaximal running in a day to
15 sedentary men to investigate the effect
of acute and programmed exercise on
serum lipoproteins. After five weeks of the
program, it has been observed that
exercise has had beneficial effects on
serum lipoproteins but statistically
significant results could not be obtained
(Suter ve ark. 1994). Almost all
researchers disagree that regular and
continuous exercise causes change in the
lipid profile more or less. A few but there
are studies suggest that HDL cholesterol
level is not being changed due to
continuous exercise. Studies on blood
lipid parameters have reported findings
that triglyceride levels decreased or
remained unchanged and also total
cholesterol decreased
unchanged.
or
remained
Ozhan et al (2000) have found a
significant decrease in total cholesterol
levels of 12 female athletes commissioned
acute exercise, after 42km marathon race.
After 8 weeks on the bicycle exercise,
Giada et al (1995) have found no
significant difference in total cholesterol
levels of 24 people including 12 young and
12 old men. Gaesser and Robert (1984)
have reported that the 18-week exercise
program didn’t make significant changes
in total cholesterol levels. Tanaka (1997)
has reported that no significant changes in
total cholesterol levels have been
determined at the end of swimming
exercise applied to 18 sedentary for 10
weeks (3 days a week, 45 minutes, max
60% of VO2). It has been reported in a
controlled-randomized study conducted
on young women, independent of exercise
intensity, exercise done by sufficient
frequency (5 days in a week) increases
HDL-K (Duncan et al. 1991).
It has been demonstrated in many studies
those who exercise regularly have lower
cholesterol levels compared to those who
not exercise (Tran and Weltman, 1985;
Cardoso et al. 1995, Brownel et al. 1982).
Some of the important physiological krol
minerals for athletes are considered as
muscle contraction, normal heart rhythm,
the transmission of nerve impulses, the
transport
of
oxygen,
oxidative
phosphorylation, the enzyme activation,
immune function, antioxidant activity,
bone health and blood acid-base balance.
Because most of these processes
accelerated during exercise, the minerals
are necessary for optimal function.
297
Minerals are important especially for
athletes. Manore (1996) is reported that
minerals play an important role in energy
production,
hemoglobin
synthesis,
maintenance of bone health, strength and
adequate immune function.
In a study, it has been observed a
significant decrease in magnesium
concentration as a result of the analysis of
blood samples taken from runners
following a marathon. Not only endurance
running but also cycle ergometer and
swimming and treadmill exercise similar
reductions in serum magnesium level
have been identified (Olha et al. 1982;
Rose et al. 1970). In another study, it has
been revealed that physical activity has
not adversely affected magnesium levels.
(Lukaski, 2002).
Between literature and our study there are
percent differences in blood serum levels
of athletes who were engaged in intense
exercise and we conclude that this may be
due to the presence of enough minerals in
the diet of athletes or long-term
adaptation of mineral metabolism to
exercise.
Conclusions and Recommendations
In this study, effects of applying
endurance and interval training program
for six weeks on blood hematology
parameters of basketball players have
been
investigated.
The
following
conclusions have been achieved in the
analysis:
•
It has been determined that the
value of AST value was 32±0,7 before
exercise, 41±2,02 after exercise; the value
of ALT was 35±3,31 before exercise,
31±1,84 after exercise; the value of
ALBUMIN was
4,65±0,49 before
exercise, 4,95±0,42 after exercise; the
value of TOTAL BILIRUBIN was
0,55±0,07 before exercise, 0,65±0,21
after exercise; the value of GLUCOSE
was 76,5±7,07 before exercise, 90,5±3,53
after exercise and the value of BUN was
15,42±1,97 before exercise, 14,72±0,98
after exercise.
•
it has been determined that the
value of LDH was 276,5±43,13 before
exercise, 267,5±30,4 after exercise; the
value of TRIGLYCERIDE was 227±35,35
before exercise, 167±120,2 after exercise;
the value of CHOLESTEROL was
183,5±47,37
before
exercise,
180,5±51,61 after exercise; the value of
HDLK was 39±8,48 before exercise,
42±4,24 after exercise and the value of
LDLK was 121±36,76 before exercise,
93±31,81 after exercise.
•
it has been determined that the
value of CA was 9,5±0,28 before exercise,
9,6±0,14 after exercise; the value of P was
3,15±0,35 before exercise, 3,25±0,49
after exercise; the value of MG was
2,2±01 before exercise, 2,2±05 after
exercise; the value of NA was 138,5±2,12
before exercise, 139,5±3,53 after exercise
and the value of K was 4,46±0,15 before
exercise, 4,55±0,28 after exercise.
As a consequence, it has been found that
six weeks of endurance training held liver
enzymes of athletes and accelerated the
burning of the fat depot. In addition, it
increased the lipid oxidation. It has been
recommended that trainers should apply
antioxidant supported nutrition programs
for athletes in this period and trainers may
have an increase in the performance of
athletes by taking into consideration of the
individual and environmental factors in
training programs.
298
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Duncan, Jj., Gordon, Nf. , Scott, Cb. (1991) Women
Walking For Health and Fitness. How Much İs
Enough? Jama;266:3295-9
Durstine, Jl., Haskel, Wl.(1994) Effects Of Exercise
Training On Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins. Exerc
Sport Sci Rev; 22: 477-524.
Ergen, E., Demirel, H., Güner, R., Turnagöl, H.,
Basoglu, S., Zegeroglu, A. M.(2002) Egzersiz
Fizyolojisi, Nobel Yayınları [In Turkish]
Gaesser, G., Robert, G. (1984) Effect Of High And
Low İntensty Exercise Training On Aerobic
Capasıty And Blood Lipids . Med Sci . Sports
Exercise.; 16: 269-74.
Giada, F., Vigna, G., Vitale, E., Baldo-Enzi, G.,
Bertaglia, M., Crecca, R., Fellin, R.(1995) Effect Of
Age on the Response Of Blood Lipids, Body
Composition, and Aerobic Power To Physical
Conditioning
and
Deconditioning.
So
–
Metabolism.:44(2):161-5.
Guyton A.C., Hall J.E., “Textbook of Medical
Physiology”, 10th edition, W. B. Saunders (2000)
Günay, M., Cicioğlu,İ. (2001) Spor Fizyolojisi, Gazi
Kitabevi, Baran Ofset,1.Baskı, Ankara. [In Turkish]
Günay, M., Cicioğlu,İ., Kara, E. (2006) Egzersizde
Metabolik ve Isı Adaptasyonu, Gazi Kitap Evi,
Ankara. [In Turkish]
HAZAR S (2010) The effect of regular moderate
exercise on muscle damage and inflammation at
individuals of different cardiovascular risk groups
Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 5(10), pp.
1172-1180
Lukaski, H.C., Nielsen, F.H. (2002) Dietary
Magnesium Depletion Affects Metabolic Response
During Submaximal Exercise İn Postmenopausal
Women. J Nutr;132: 930 – 935.
Manore, M.M. (1996) Chronic Dieting İn Active
Women: What Are The Health Consequences?
Women’s Health Issues; 6:332 – 341.
Mashiko, T., Umeda, T., Nakaji, S., Sugawara, K.
(2004) Effects Of Exercise On The Physical
Condition Ofcollege Rugby Players During
Summer Training Camp Br J Sports Med.:38:186–
190. Doi: 10.1136/Bjsm..004333.
Nathwani, R.A., Pais, S., Reynolds, T.B.,
Kaplowitz,
N.
(2005)
Serum
Alanine
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Aminotransferase İn Skeletal Muscle Diseases.
Hepatology;41(2):380-2. Epub 2005/01/22.
Olha, A.e., Klissouras, V., Sullivan, J.D., Skoryna,
S.C. (1982) Effect Of Exercise On Concentration
Of Elements İn The Serum. J Sports Med Phys
Fitness; 22: 414–425.
Özhan, E., Hizmetli, S., Özhan, F., Bakır, S.(2000)
Erkek
Sporcularda
Egzersizin
Kan
Lipoproteinlerine Etkisi C. Ü. Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi
22 (2): 88 – 92 [In Turkish]
Rosmarın, M., Beard, M.J., Robbıns, S.W. (1993)
Serum Enzyme Activities İn İndividuals With
Different Levels Of Physical Fitness. Journal Of
Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness J. Sports
Med. Phys. Fitness, Vol. 33, No 3, Pp. 252-257.
Saka, T. (2005) Diz Ekstansör Ve Dirsek Fleksör
Kas Gruplarının Eksentrik Karakterli Egzersiz İle
Oluşturulan Kas Hasarı Yanıtları Bursa: Uludağ
Üniversitesi, Tez(Uzmanlık)--Uludağ Üniversitesi:
33- 39 .
Sönmez, 2002). Sönmez, G.T. (2002) Egzersiz ve
Spor Fizyolojisi, Ata Ofset Matbaa, Bolu; ss 37, 57,
75. [In Turkish]
Su, Y., Lin, C., Chen, K., Lee, S., Lin, J., Tsai, C.,
Chou, Y., Lin, J. (2001) Effects Of Huangqi
Jianzhong
Tang
On
Hematological
and
Biochemical Parameters İn Judo Athletes. Acta
Pharmacol Sin;22:1154-8
Suter,E., Marti,B., Gutzwiller, F. (1994) Jogging or
Walking. Comparison Of Health Effects. Ann.
Epidemiol, 4 (5) : 375- 81.
Taş, M. (2009) Sıcak Ortamda Yapılan Farklı
Antrenman Metodlarının Antioksidan Düzeylerine
Etkisinin Karşılaştırılması, Doktora Tezi, Gazi
üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. [In
Turkish]
Tran, Z., Weltman, A. (1985) Differential Effects Of
Exercise On Serum Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels
Seen With Changes İn Body Weight: A MetaAnalysis. Jama;254: 919-24.
Zorba, E., Ziyagil, M. (1995)Vücut Kompozisyonu
Ve Ölçüm Metotları Erek Ofset, Trabzon, S.18. [In
Turkish]
299