devshirme - sherryscomp12b

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Founded after the Battle of Malazgirt (1071)
Artuklu (Diyarbakır, Hasankeyf, Mardin, Silvan, Harput)
Danishmend (Sivas, Malatya, Kayseri, Tokat, Amasya; 1071-1178)
Dilmachoğlu (covering Bitlis and Erzurum; 1085-1192)
İ l l (short-lived;
İnaloğlu
( h
li d centered
d iin Diyarbakır)
i
b k )
Mengüdjek (Erzincan, Kemah, Divriği; 1071 - mid 13th century)
Saltuklu (centered in Erzurum; 1092-1202)
Founded after the Battle of Köse Dağ (1275)
• Alaiye (Alanya; 1293-1471)
• Aydınoğlu (Aydın and İzmir; 1300-1425)
• Candaroğlu (Kastamonu; 13th century)
• Germiyan (Kütahya; 1300-1429)
• Menteşe - (Milas; 1261-1414)
• Osmanoğlu
O
ğl (Ottomans)
(Ott
) (Bursa)
(B
)
• Pervaneoğlu (Sinop)
• Sahipata (Afyon; 1275-1341)
• Teke (centered in Antalya; 1321-1423)
1321 1423)
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– Yearlong mostly moderate climate
– Abundant pasturelands and farmlands
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– Fluid, independent, competitive alliances
– Motivations for group formations:
• what constitutes “us”?
– Motivations for expansion:
• This world or the other (or both)?
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– Understanding the importance of Sufis
• Sufis as integral members of tribes
• A slightly modified religious core
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– Iqta
Iqta‛ or Tuyul or Timar: Land for cavalry
• Peasant, timar holder, sultan: checks and balances
– Urban environment: guilds
g
• Master – apprentice system
• Guild masters and administrators
– Pastoral environment: man and land
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– Material gains and their distribution
– Sufis,
S fi religious
li i
motivation
ti ti
and
d common identity
id tit
• Common enemy: “the infidel”
• Common task: raid against the infidel (gaza)
• Common identity: gazi
– Fluidity
• Bayezid I and devshirmes (slave or civil servants)
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Kul
– devshirme
K l – ghulam
h l
d
hi
A Sufi-approved system
A practical solution to an enlarging empire
Loyalty, loyalty, loyalty
Giving
g timar to the devshirme: sensitive p
point
Kuls vs. gazis
• Battle of Ankara
(1402)
– Timur vs.
Bayezid I
– Bayezid taken
hostage
• Ottoman
territories divided
• Significant wave
off migration
i
ti
toward the
B lk
Balkans
and devshirmes (slave or civil servants)
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Kul
– devshirme
K l – ghulam
h l
d
hi
A Sufi-approved system
A practical solution to an enlarging empire
Loyalty, loyalty, loyalty
Giving
g timar to the devshirme: sensitive p
point
Kuls vs. gazis
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A new empire after 1453
Abandoning the gaza: An emperor of kuls
Kaiser of Rum
Caliph (not the only one)
– Askeri: Military and administrative personnel:
distribute wealth, accommodate demands
– Re‛aya: peasants, urban population, tax-base:
protect, allow limited freedom
– Devshirme Janissaries vs.
vs Cavalries of Gazis
– Distributing justice
• Legal hierarchy by 16th century
– Controlling
g the Sufi dervishes
• Sufi orders under state control by 16th century
– Religious tolerance and the millet system
• A tenuous balance in danger
– Old Timar holders gaining power: why?
– Janissary
y becoming
g a threat: why?
y
– Religious groups gain prominence: why?
– “Distributative-accomodative” state in crisis
– Conclusion: Mediating becomes difficult
• Transformation of the Mediterranean
trade
– A new “imagining”
imagining of the world