Properties as anaphors

Data
Analysis
Implications
References
Properties as anaphors
Cem Bozşahin
Cognitive Science Department, Informatics Institute
METU, Ankara
May 18, 2012
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Data
Analysis
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First noted by Göksel (2006): Turkish nominal inflections, the
plural and the possessive, facilitate pronominal readings.
(1)
Pencere-ler mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.
Window-PLU blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s
‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’
Not necessarily multiple windows
(2)
Her biri
başka bir yöre
İstanbullu-su
olanların da,..
every one-POSS another one region Istanbuler-POSS be-REL-PLU-GEN and
‘And for the ones who are Istanbulers from some region...’
Not necessarily possessive or compound marker
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Göksel’s data
(3) a.
sev-di-k-ler-imiz
like-T-REL-PLU-POSS.1p
‘those who we like/liked’
Turkish
a0 . [ SUBj __i (OBJ) sev-di-k-leri -imizj ]
sev-en-ler-imiz
like-T-REL-PLU-POSS.1p
‘those who like/liked us’
b0 . [ __i (SUB) OBJj sev-en-leri -imizj ]
b.
c.
köpek sev-en-ler-imiz
c0 . [ __i (SUB) OBJ sev-en-leri -imizi ]
dog like-T-REL-PLU-POSS.1p
‘those among us who like/liked dogs’
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Individuals as property
(4)
Oğuz Atay’lar iste-diğ-i
gibi yaz-abil-ir.
O.A.-PLU
want-REL-3s like write-ABIL-AOR
‘People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire.’
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Mass-count distinction?
(5)
su-lar
kes-il-di
water-PLU cut-PASS-PAST
‘the water is off.’
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lexical aspects
(6)
başka-sı bu-nu
anla-ma-z
other-3s this-ACC understand-NEG-AOR
‘nobody else would understand.’
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It’s not just the plural and poss
(7) a.
Sinema-yı
sev-en bu film-e
gid-er.
Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR
‘Cinema lovers go see this movie.’
lit. ‘The ones who love cinema, go see this movie.’
b.
Gör-düğ-üm bana yet-ti.
See-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-PAST
‘I’ve seen enough.’
lit. ‘What I’ve seen is enough.’
Any property seems to be able to do this.
(e, t) and ((e, t), (e, t))
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(8) a.
Zengin kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.
Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST
‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’
b.
Akşam-ki zor
bir soru-y-du.
Night-ki difficult one question-COP-PAST
‘Last night’s question was hard.’
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Does Turkish lack ’one’ ?
These examples are quantificational without ’one’ biri.
With biri/şey (one/thing), they can be non-quantificational:
(9) a.
Akşam-ki şey zor
bir soru-y-du.
Night-ki thing difficult one question-COP-PAST
‘The thing last night was a hard question.’
lit. ‘The thing last night, it was a hard question.’
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(10) a.
bu film-e
gid-er.
Sinema-yı
sev-en ?şey/biri(si)
Cinema-ACC like-REL thing/one(POSS) this film-DAT go-AOR
‘One who loves cinema must see this movie.’
b.
Gör-düğ-üm şey/biri bana yet-ti.
See-REL-1s thing/one I-DAT suffice-PAST
‘What/who I’ve seen is enough.’
(10b) is not the same as (7b).
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data summary
Biri needs the aorist to facilitate quantification.
biri-less examples do not need it.
A “missing one” assumption is probably too strong.
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aorist and quantification
(11)
Zengin şey/biri kriz-den etkile-n-me-di/z.
Rich thing/one crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST/AOR
‘A rich one has not been affected by the crisis.’ past/non-quant.
‘A rich one may not be affected by the crisis.’ aor/quant.
Akşam-ki şey/biri tadımı kaçır-dı.
Night-ki thing/one disappoint-CAUS-PAST
‘The person/thing last night disappointed me.’
(12) a.
Sinema-yı
sev-en bu film-e
git-ti/gid-er.
Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-PAST/go-AOR
‘Cinema lovers saw this movie.’
‘Cinema lovers go see this movie’.
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pretheoretical
Anaphors can be syntactically unbound and contextually
bound.
They can be syntactically bound as well.
wh operators
tense
verbs
quantifiers
It has something to do with grammar.
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binders in blue
(13) a.
Her sinema-yı
sev-en bu film-e
gid-er.
Every Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR
‘Every cinema lover must see this movie.’
b.
Bazı gazete-ler-de
gör-düğ-üm ben-i üz-dü.
some newspaper-PLU-LOC see-REL-1s I-ACC sadden-PAST
‘The things i’ve seen in some newspapers saddened me.’
c.
Zengin kriz-den etkile-n-me-di
ama hepsi şikayetçi.
Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST but all complain.
‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis but they all complain.’
d.
Akşam-ki öğrenci-nin çöz-ebil-eceğ-i
bir soru değil-di.
Night-ki student-3s solve-ABIL-REL-3s a question not
‘Last night’s wasn’t a question that a student can solve.’
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Outline of the proposal
These facts are predicted in part by three global properties:
type-dependence of grammars
radical lexicalization of all grammars
direct compositionality and surface compositionality: every
surface constituent is interpretable (Jacobson 1999; Barker and
Jacobson 2007; Steedman 2011)
The properties are Turkish-specific, therefore they must arise
from constraints on Turkish grammar
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Data
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type-dependence: any anaphoric nominal string leads to a
lexicalizable syntactic type NP|NP.
(NP/NP or NP\NP)
radical lexicalization: such syntactic types must arise from the
heads of the constructions, e.g. the relative markers and words.
- they must be represented in the lexicon with a compositional
semantics.
surface compositionality: (e, e) types for anaphoric nominals
translate syntactically to NP NP , i.e. syntactic functions from
NPs to NPs.
Their potential syntactic binders are S NP : functions from
e-type nominals to t.
Turkish-specific: The correspondence between NP/NP types
and NP NP in Turkish, semantically ((e, t), (e, t)) and (e, e),
can be established by a single lexical rule.
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(14)
a.
[ Pencere-ler ]NP/NP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.
Window-PLU
blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s
‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’
b.
[ Oğuz Atay’lar ]NP/NP iste-diğ-i
gibi yaz-abil-ir.
O.A.-PLU
want-REL-3s like write-ABIL-AOR
‘People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire.’
c.
[ Sinema-yı sev-en ]NP/NP bu film-e
gid-er.
Cinema-ACC like-REL
this film-DAT go-AOR
‘Cinema lovers must see this movie.’
lit. ‘The ones who love cinema must see this movie.’
d.
[ Dün
sokak-ta
gör-düğ-üm ]NP/NP bana yet-ti.
yesterday street-LOC see-REL-1s
I-DAT suffice-PAST
‘What I’ve seen on the street yesterday is enough.’
e.
[ Zengin ]NP/NP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.
Rich
crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST
‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’
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Data
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heads of the constructions in the lexicon
(15)
a.
Pencere[ -ler ]NP\NP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.
Window-PLU
blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s
‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’
b.
Oğuz Atay’[ lar ]NP\NP iste-diğ-i
gibi yaz-abil-ir.
O.A.-PLU
want-REL-3s like write-ABIL-AOR
‘People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire.’
c.
Sinema-yı
sev[ -en ](NP/NP)\(S\NPnom ) bu film-e
gid-er.
Cinema-ACC like-REL
this film-DAT go-AOR
‘Cinema lovers must see this movie.’
lit. ‘The ones who love cinema must see this movie.’
d.
Dün
sokak-ta
gör[ -düğ-üm ](NP/NP)\(S 0 \NP 0
yesterday street-LOC see-REL-1s
‘What I’ve seen on the street yesterday is enough.’
obl
)
bana yet-ti.
I-DAT suffice-PAST
e.
[ Zengin ]NP/NP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.
Rich
crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST
‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’
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Data
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Type-dependent Lexical rules and Turkish
(16) a. NP/NP : λPλx.and 0 (Px)(n0 x) → NP NP : λx.one 0 (n0 x)
b. NP : λx.n0 x → NP/NP : λPλx s .and 0 (Px)(n0 x)
Exponent types: XY
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(17)
a.
[ [ [ Pencere-ler ]NP ]NP/NP ]NP NP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.
Window-PLU
blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s
‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’
b.
[ [ Dün
sokak-ta
gör-düğ-üm ]NP/NP ]NP NP bana yet-ti.
yesterday street-LOC see-REL-1s
I-DAT suffice-PAST
‘What I’ve seen on the street yesterday is enough.’
c.
[ [ Zengin ]NP/NP ]NP NP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.
Rich
crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST
‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’
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Projecting the anaphor for binding
Jacobson’s (1999) unary anaphoric composition (cf. the syntactic
one)
(18) X|Y: f → XZ |YZ : λg λx.f (gx)
(19) X|Y: f → (X|Z)|(Y|Z): λg λx.f (gx)
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Properties as anaphors
(g )
(comp)
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Sinema-yı sev
Cinema-ACC like
en
-REL
bu film-e
gid-er.
this film-DAT go-AOR
S\NPnom
(NP/NP)\(S\NPnom )
S\NP
NP/NP
LR
NPNP
SNP \NPNP
g
SNP
‘Cinema lovers must see this movie.’
lit. ‘The ones who love cinema must see this movie.’
A sentence with an anaphor to be bound
Not S\NP or S
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Jacobson’s Z binder
(20) (X|i NP)|j Y: f → (X|i NP)|j YNP : λg λx.f (gx)x
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(z-NP)
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Syntactically bound version
Her
Every
Sinema-yı sev-en
bu film-e
cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT
(S/(S\NPNP ))/NPNP
NP/NP
NPdat
gid-er.
go-AOR
(S\NPnom )\NPdat
LR
NP
NP
S/(S\NPNP )
: λPλy .P(every-cinema-lover0 y )
z
(S\NP NP
nom )\NPdat
: λxλg .go 0 x(gx)
S\NPNP
nom
S
‘Every cinema lover must see this movie.’
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Data
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Properties (syntactic and semantic) can be anaphors in Turkish.
Grammar may need finer distinctions of S for anaphors to be
syntactically bound.
SNP and NPNP can be in the domain of locality of a head.
Can syntax require a pronoun?
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The Welsh passive
(21) a.
Cafodd Wyn ei rybuddio.
Got.3s Wyn his warning
‘Wyn was warned.’
Awbery (1976:210)
“The passive sentence has a sentence-initial inflected form of cael
(get) of the same tense and aspect as the verb of the active. This
is folowed by a noun phrase identical to the object of the active.
Then comes a pronoun of the same person, number and gender (if
it is 3sg) as this noun phrase, and an uninflected form of the verb
in the active” Awbery (1976:47).
The pronoun and cael are obligatory.
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Awbery’s data shows that what is dropped if the noun phrase after
cael is a pronoun is the subject NP, not the possessive pronoun
required by the passive:
(22)
Cawsom (ni) ein rhybuddio gan y ferch.
Got.1pl (we) our warning by the girl
‘We were warned by the girl.’
Awbery (1976:48)
If get is the head of the passive, then the pronoun must be in its
domain of locality.
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Thanks
WAFL and the reviewers
Aslı Göksel
Umut Özge
Deniz Zeyrek
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Data
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References
Awbery, G.M. 1976. The syntax of Welsh. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Barker, Chris, and Pauline Jacobson. 2007. Introduction: Direct
compositionality. In Direct compositionality . eds.Chris Barker and
Pauline Jacobson, 1–19. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Göksel, Aslı. 2006. Pronominal participles in Turkish and lexical integrity.
Lingue e Linguaggio, 5:105–125.
Jacobson, Pauline. 1999. Towards a variable-free semantics. Linguistics
and Philosophy , 22:117–184.
Steedman, Mark. 2011. Taking Scope. MIT Press.
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