Baskı önizleme - Eğitim Bilim Toplum

Transkript

Baskı önizleme - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
Hakemli. Makale
ø16$1,1723/806$/'2ö$6,9(723/806$/,1
6h5'h5h/(%ø/ø5/øöø$d,6,1'$1(öø7ø0
(GXFDWLRQ)URP7KH$VSHFWRI+XPDQ¶V6RFLDO1DWXUHDQG
6XVWDLQDELOLW\RI6RFLHW\
6HOPDQ$OPÕú *
0HKPHW7DNL<ÕOPD]**
´%LUüH\OHUHVDKLSRODQLQVDQGHùLONHQGLVLELUüH\OHURODQLQVDQLQVDQG×U”
0DU[
28
Öz
%LOLPROD\YHROJXODU×WDULKVHOELUVUHoLoLQGHLQFHOHUNHQROD\YHROJXODU×GHùLüLPH]RUOD\DQ
GLQDPLNOHUL EXOXS RQODU× EWQ LOH LOLüNLOHQGLUPH oDEDV× LoLQGHGLU %X PDNDOHQLQ DPDF×
ELOLPLQEXoDEDV×QGDQ\RODo×NDUDNLQVDQ×QGRùDGDYDUROPDYHELUDUDGD\DüDPDLKWL\DF×Q×Q
]RUXQOXOXùXQXQDUDoODU×QGDQELULRODQHùLWLPLQLONLQVDQGDQEXJQHKDQJLGLQDPLNOHUOHQDV×O
HYULOGLùLQLRUWD\DNR\PDNW×U$\U×FDEXHYULOPHQLQ\|QQQQDV×OPDVXPDQH\DüDP×VUGUPH
LKWL\DF×QGDQ HJHPHQ JoOHULQ JHQLü KDON NLWOHOHULQLQ ELOLQFLQL üHNLOOHQGLUHUHN \HU\]
ND\QDNODU×QDHONR\PDDUDF×QDG|QüWùQQGHN×VD|\NVQDQODWPDNW×U
Anahtar Sözcükler: (ùLWLP(ùLWLPLQ(YULPL7RSOXPVDOO×ù×Q'RùDV×úNWLGDU(ùLWLPúOLüNLVL
<DS×ODQG×UPDF×O×N
$EVWUDFW
6FLHQFH KDV KDG DQ HIIRUW WR UHODWH WKH HYHQWV DQG WKH IDFWV ZLWK WKH ZKROH E\ ÀQGLQJ WKH
G\QDPLFV ZKLFK IRUFHV WKH HYHQWV DQG WKH IDFWV WR FKDQJH ZKLOH LW KDV EHHQ H[DPLQLQJ
WKH HYHQWV DQG WKH IDFWV LQ D KLVWRULFDO SURFHVV 7KH DLP RI WKLV DUWLFOH LV WR LQWURGXFH KRZ
HGXFDWLRQ ZKLFK LV D NLQG RI D PHGLXP RI SHRSOH EHLQJ LQ WKH QDWXUH DQG KLV QHHG WR OLYH
WRJHWKHUZLWKWKHQDWXUHKDVEHHQHYROYHGE\PHDQVRIZKLFKG\QDPLFVIURPWKHÀUVWPDQLQ
WKHZRUOG0RUHRYHUWKHDUWLFOHDOVRGHQRWHVWKHVKRUWVWRU\RIKRZWKHVFRSHRIWKLVHYROXWLRQ
PDGH HGXFDWLRQ WXUQHG RXW WR EH DQ LQWHUPHGGOLQJ LWHP IRU WKH HDUWK UHVRXUFHV VKDSLQJ WKH
FRQVFLRXVQHVVRISXEOLFPDVVE\WKHVRYHUHLJQSRZHU
.H\ZRUGV(GXFDWLRQ(YROXWLRQRI(GXFDWLRQ7KH1DWXUHRI6RFLDOLW\5HODWLRQVKLS%HWZHHQ
3RZHUDQG(GXFDWLRQ&RQVWUXFWLYLVP
6LQRShQLYHUVLWHVL(ùLWLP)DNOWHVL%g7(%|OPVHOPDQD#VLQRSHGXWU
6LQRShQLYHUVLWHVL(ùLWLP)DNOWHVLúON|ùUHWLP%|OPPW\LOPD]#VLQRSHGXWU
(ùLWLP%LOLP7RSOXP'HUJLVL&LOW6D\×.×üSayfa:
(GXFDWLRQ6FLHQFH6RFLHW\-RXUQDO9ROXPH,VVXH:LQWHU3DJH
6HOPD$OP×ü0HKPHW7DNL<×OPD]
*ú5úû
(ùLWLP LVWHU IRUPDO ROVXQ \DQL DPDoO× NDV×WO× YH NRQWUROO LVWHU LQIRUPDO
\DQLDLOHDUNDGDüVRV\DOoHYUHGHQNRQWUROV]ELUüHNLOGHJHUoHNOHüVLQLQVDQODU
LoLQ\DüDP×Q]RUXQOXNDo×Q×OPD]ELUSDUoDV×G×U'RùD\ODX\XPLoLQGH\DüD\DQ
YHilkelRODUDNWDQ×PODQDQLQVDQODU×QGDJQP]GHmodernGHQLOHQLQVDQ×QGD
HùLWPHYHHùLWLOPHJHUHNVLQLPLYDUG×U%DüODQJ×oWDNLHùLWPHHùLWLOPHDPDF×
YH JHUHNVLQLPL LOH JQP] X\JDU LQVDQ×Q HùLWLOPH DPDo YH JHUHNVLQLPOHUL
ELUELULQGHQROGXNoDIDUNO×O×NJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU%L\RORMLNELUYDUO×NRODUDNLQVDQ×Q
HùLWPH HùLWLOPH JHUHNVLQLPL WRSOXPVDOODüDQ LQVDQ×QNLQGHQ IDUNO× LNHQ
UHWLP LOLüNLOHULQH EDùO× RODUDN RUWD\D o×NDQ V×Q×Á× WRSOXPODUGD EX IDUNO×O×N
NDSLWDOLVWWRSOXPXQ|]QHX\JXQRODUDN\DEDQF×ODüPD\ODNHQGLQLJ|VWHUPLüWLU
'RùDGDQ.RYXODQúQVDQ×Q%LUOLNWH<DüDPDN=RUXQOXOXùX
%L\RORMLN ELU YDUO×N RODQ LQVDQ YDUO×ù×Q× VUGUHELOPHN LoLQ EHVOHQPH
LKWL\DoODU×Q× JLGHUPHN UHPHN JYHQOLN LKWL\DF×Q× NDUü×ODPDN YH VUHNOL
GHùLüHQ NRüXOODUD X\XP VDùODPDN ]RUXQGDG×U %WQ FDQO×ODU JLEL GRùD\OD
X\XPLoLQGHRODQLQVDQKRPRHUHFWXVLONEDüODUGDELWNLN|NOHULQLo×NDUPDN
LoLQDUDoNXOODQPD\DEDüODG×\VDGD]DPDQODNRUXQPDYHVRQUDV×QGDDYODQPD
DPDF×\OD DOHWOHU \DSP×üW×U 'RùD\OD EX X\XP DOHW NXOODQPD YH DOHW \DSPD
EHFHULVLJHOLüWLNoHER]XOPXüGRùDGDQNRSPXüYHGRùD\ODPFDGHOHHWPHNOH
NDOPD\×S GRùD\× NHQGL LVWHNOHUL GRùUXOWXVXQGD NRQWURO HWPH\H \|QHOPLüWLU
*HUHNELUH\VHOLKWL\DoODU×Q×NDUü×ODPDGDJHUHNVHGRùDROD\ODU×Q×DQODPDYH
NRQWUROHWPHGHLüELUOLùLQLQ\DUDU×Q×QDQODü×OPDV×\ODLQVDQ×QELUOLNWH\DüDPD
]RUXQOXOXùXNDo×Q×OPD]ELUKDODOP×üW×U%LUDUDGD\DüDPDN)URPP·DJ|UH
$NW*HoWDQDLQVDQ×Q´LOLüNLLKWL\DF×Q×µNDo×Q×OPD]N×OP×üYH]DPDQOD
´LOLüNLµGHLQVDQLoLQWHPHOJHUHNVLQPHOHUGHQELULROPXüWXU
úQVDQODU×Q LüELUOLùL LoLQGH ELU DUD\D JHOHUHN GRùD\× GHQHWLP DOW×QD DOPD
YH RQGDQ |]JUOHüPH oDEDODU× VRQXFX WRSOXPODU ROXüPXüWXU 7RSOXPODU
JHOLüWLNoHLQVDQGDJLGHUHNGRùDGDQNRSPXü\DEDQF×ODüP×üYHEXQXQ\DUDWW×ù×
\DOQ×]O×ù×GRùD\ODRODQGR\XUXFXLOLüNLVLQLNHQGLJHOLüWLUGLùLWRSOXPODUODGD
NXUDPDP×üW×U 'ROD\×V×\OD GRùDGDQ |]JUOHüPH oDEDV× VRQXFX EX NH] GH
NHQGLQLWRSOXPDEDù×PO×N×OP×üW×UdQNLQVDQ\DOQ×]O×NWDQGDNRUNPXüYH
GLùHULQVDQODUODELUOLNWHROXUVDWHKOLNHOHUGHQNRUXQDFDù×QDLQDQP×üW×U*HoWDQ
%XQXQOD ELUOLNWH LQVDQ×Q NHQGLQL NRUXPD DPDF× Do×V×QGDQ 2]DQND\D WRSOXPX ´EDüWD NHQGL NHQGLQL NRUXPDN YH VUGUPHN ROPDN ]HUH
ELUoRN WHPHO o×NDUODU×Q× JHUoHNOHüWLUPHN LoLQ LüELUOLùL \DSDQ ELU |OoGH
oDW×üPDNODELUOLNWHLQVDQODUGDQROXüDQJ|UHOLELUVUHNOLOLùLRODQJHQHOOLNOH
EHOOL ELU FRùUDI\DVDO \HUL YH RUWDN HNLQL NOWU EXOXQDQ oRN \D GD D]
|OoGH NXUXPODüP×ü ELU NDUPDü×N LOLüNLOHU EWQµ RODUDN WDQ×PODPDNWDG×U
29
úQVDQ×Q7RSOXPVDO'RùDV×YH7RSOXPVDO×Q6UGUOHELOLUOLùL$o×V×QGDQ(ùLWLP
%LU \|Q\OH EL\RORMLN ELU YDUO×N RODQ LQVDQ GLùHU \|Q\OH GH PDGGL YH
PDQHYL LKWL\DoODU× EDùODP×QGD GLùHU LQVDQODUOD YH GRùD\OD Lo LoH RODQ
VRV\DO ELU YDUO×NW×U úQVDQ GLùHU FDQO×ODUGDQ IDUNO× RODUDN GRùGXùX JQGHQ
LWLEDUHQX]XQFDELUVUHEDüNDODU×Q×QLOJLYHEDN×P×QDPXKWDoW×U7DULKLQLON
G|QHPOHULQGH WRSOX KDOGH \DüDPDN ]RUXQGD RODQ LQVDQ LoLQ EXJQ GH oRN
ID]OD ELU üH\ GHùLüPHPLüWLU )URPP $NW *HoWDQ E LQVDQ×Q ELU
DUDGD \DüDPD ]RUXQOXOXùXQGDQ ND\QDNODQDQ LKWL\DoODUGDQ ELULVLQLQ YH HQ
|QHPOLVLQLQ LOLüNL LKWL\DF× ROGXùXQX YXUJXODU )URPP·D J|UH LOLüNL LKWL\DF×
LQVDQ×Q LQVDQ ROPDN XùUXQD GRùD\OD VUGUGù EHUDEHUOLùLQGHQ NRSPXü
ROPDV×JHUoHùLQGHQND\QDNODQ×U+D\YDQGRùDWDUDI×QGDQLoLQGH\DüD\DFDù×
NRüXOODUOD EDü HGHELOHFHN ELoLPGH GRQDQP×üW×U 2\VD LQVDQ GüQPH YH
LPJHOHP JFQH NDUü×Q GRùD\OD NDUü×O×NO× EDù×PO×O×ù×QD GD\DQDQ EX \DN×Q
LOLüNLVLQL \LWLUPLüWLU +D\YDQ×Q GRùD\OD NXUGXùX LoJGVHO EDùODU×QD NDUü×Q
LQVDQ NHQGL LOLüNLOHULQL NHQGL NXUPDN ]RUXQGDG×U YH EX LOLüNLQLQ HQ JoOV
LQVDQODU×QELUELULQHGX\DELOHFHùL\DN×QO×NODJHUoHNOHüLU*HoWDQE
<LQH )URPP·D J|UH $NW *HoWDQ E LQVDQ×Q GQ\DV× |QFHOLNOH
WRSOXPVDOQLWHOLNWHROGXùXQGDQJHOLüWLUGLùLJoOHUYHGR\XPVDùODPDELoLPOHUL
GHWRSOXPVDO\|QHOLPOLGLUúQVDQEXWRSOXPVDOO×ù×Q×QJHUHùLRODUDNELUWDN×P
ELOJLYHEHFHULOHULRUWDN\DüDPDODQ×LoLQGHNHüIHWPHNXOODQPDYHE|\OHFH
NOWUOHQPH\OHNDUü×NDUü×\DNDOP×üW×U
30
<DüDP×6UGUHELOPH$UDF×2ODUDN(ùLWLP
%LUOLNWH \DüDPD ]RUXQOXOXùX WRSOXPVDOODüPD\× WRSOXPVDOODüPD GD \DüDP×
GHYDPHWWLUPHDUDF×RODUDNEHUDEHULQGHHùLWLPLJHWLUPLüWLU%XNDUü×O×NO×LOLüNL
NOWUHO \DüDP LoHULVLQGH DQODP ND]DQ×U .OWU WRSOXPXQ \DüDP WDU]×Q×
EHOLUOH\HQ PDGGL YH PDQHYL |ùHOHULQ EWQGU úQVDQ LON G|QHPOHUGHQ
LWLEDUHQ\DüDP×Q×VUGUPHNLoLQELOJLYHEHFHUL\LELUVRQUDNLNXüDùDDNWDUPDN
]RUXQGD NDOP×üW×U %X Do×GDQ EDN×OG×ù×QGD WRSOX RODUDN \DüD\DQ LQVDQ LoLQ
HùLWLPELUNDo×Q×OPD]O×NW×U
úQVDQ \DüDPDN LoLQ DWHüL GHQHWOHPH\L YH NXOODQPD\× WDüODUGDQ NHVLFL DOHW
\DSDUDN KHP NHQGLQL NRUXPD\× KHP GH DYODQDUDN \DüDP×Q× VUGUPH\L
ELWNLOHUL WDQ×PD\× |ùUHQPHVL JHUHNPLüWLU %|\OHFH LQVDQ LON G|QHPOHUGHQ
LWLEDUHQ\DüDP×Q×VUGUPHNLoLQELOJLYHEHFHULOHUHGLQPLüWLU´$OHW\DSPD\×
DYF×O×ù×DWHü\DNPD\×HYNXUPD\×YHWRSUDù×LüOHPH\LLQVDQWHNEDü×QDGHùLO
|EU LQVDQODUOD ELUOLNWH RQODUOD HO HOH YHUHUHN |ùUHQPLüWLUµ úOLQ YH 6HJDO
%|\OHFH LQVDQ EX |ùUHQGLNOHULQL NHQGLVLQGHQ VRQUDNL NXüDNODUD
DNWDUDUDNYDUO×ù×Q×VUGUHELOPLüWLU
(ùLWLPEDüODQJ×oWDVDGHFHLQVDQ\DüDP×Q×VUGUPHLüOHYLJ|UUNHQNXüDNODUD
DNWDU×ODUDNELULNHQELOJLOHUVRQXFXUHWLOHQDOHWYHEXDOHWOHULQNXOODQ×OPDV×\OD
UHWLP ID]ODV× GRùPXüWXU $OHW NXOODQ×P× UHWLP LOLüNLOHULQL HWNLOHPLü EX
GD WRSOXPGD LüE|OPQ RUWD\D o×NDUP×ü LüE|OP GH WRSOXPVDO LOLüNLOHUL
6HOPD$OP×ü0HKPHW7DNL<×OPD]
IDUNO×ODüW×U×S NDUPDü×NODüW×UP×üW×U $YF×O×N YH WRSOD\×F×O×ùD GD\DO× EDVLW
NROHNWLILüE|OPQQ\HULQLGDKDIDUNO×ODüP×üYHWHNQLNELULüE|OPDOP×üW×U
%XGDGDKDX]PDQODüP×üPHVOHNLYHWHNQLNELUHùLWLPVUHFLQHRODQLKWL\DF×
GRùXUPXüWXUúQVDQ×QJLWWLNoHIDUNO×ODüDQWRSOXPG]HQLQGHEX|ùUHQGLNOHULQL
\DQL NOWUQ NHQGLVLQGHQ VRQUDNL NXüDNODUD DNWDUPD VRUXQVDO× RUJDQL]H
ROPXü ELU HùLWLPLQ |QHPLQL RUWD\D o×NDUP×üW×U (ùLWLP JHOHFHN NXüDNODUD
ELULNHQ ELOJLQLQ DNWDU×OPDV× LOH ELUH\H KHP WRSOXPVDO \DüDPD GDKD NROD\
X\XPKHPGHUHWLPLOLüNLOHULQGHELU\HUHGLQPHRODQDù×VDùODP×üW×U
7RSOXPVDO×Q'HYDP×2ODUDN(ùLWLP
hUHWLP LOLüNLOHULQLQ ]RUXQOX N×OG×ù× LüE|OP YH WRSOXPVDO LOLüNLOHU HùLWLPLQ
EDüODQJ×oWDNLLüOHYYHDPDoODU×QGDQIDUNO×ODüPDV×QDQHGHQROPXüWXU(ùLWLPLQ
LüOHYL EDüODUGD ELUH\VHO JHUHNVLQPHOHUL NDUü×OD\DUDN KD\DWWD NDOPDN LNHQ
]DPDQODEXLüOHY\DüDP×VUGUPHNWHQX]DNODüP×üWRSOXPVDO×YHRQXQUHWWLùL
PDGGL YH PDQHYL GHùHUOHULQ DNWDU×OPDV× DUDF×QD G|QüPüWU %LU EDüND
GH\LüOH UHWLP LOLüNLOHULQLQ RUWD\D o×NDUG×ù× V×Q×IVDO HüLWVL]OLùLQ VUHNOLOLùLQL
VDùODPDYHoKHOHULQGHQELULROPXüWXU(ùLWLPHLOLüNLQ\DS×OP×üoHüLWOLWDQ×PODU
LQFHOHQGLùLQGHEXLüOHYGDKDDo×NJ|UOPHNWHGLU
(ùLWLP ELUH\OHUL GRùD\× GHQHWOH\HFHN GHùLüWLUHFHN YH UHWLP \DSDELOHFHN
ELoLPGH\HWLüWLUPHELUH\OHULQGRùDOROJXQODüPDODU×Q×DUWW×UPDYHEX|]HOOLùL
J|VWHUPHOHULQLVDùODPDNDPDF×\OD\DS×O×U*RRGODGYH7LPRXWK\$NW
*|NoH
2]DQND\D ·\D J|UH HùLWLP ´WRSOXPXQ JHQo \HOHULQLQ \HWLüNLQ
\HOHUFH YDU RODQ NOWUH ELOLQoOL DPDoO× YH G]HQOL ELU ELoLPGH KD]×UODPD
VUHFLGLUµ (ùLWLPGHQ ELUH\ ]HULQGH \DS×ODQ YH RQXQ À]LNVHO ]LKLQVHO YH
DKODNVDO YDUO×ù×QGD ELU GHùLüLNOLùL YH JHOLüPH\L JHUHNWLUHQ KHU WUO H\OHP
DQODü×OPDNWDG×U <DQL ELUH\LQ KHP NLüLVHO KHP GH WRSOXPVDO JHOLüLPL V|]
NRQXVXGXU7H]FDQ
%X WDQ×PODUGDQ \ROD o×N×OG×ù×QGD HùLWLPLQ ELOJL UHWHUHN GRùD\× GHQHWOHPH
LüOHYLQLQ\DQ×V×UD´]LKLQVHOYHDKODNVDO7H]FDQµNOWUHOLQDQoVDO
GHùHUOHULQDNWDU×PLüOHYLQLGHVWOHQGLùLDQODü×OPDNWDG×U7RSOXPXQHùLWLPH
HùLWLPLQ GH WRSOXPD \|Q YHUGLùL G|QJGH ELUH\OHULQ GROD\×V×\OD WRSOXPXQ
ELOLQoOHULQL EX G|QJ\H PGDKLO RODQ JoOHULQ EHOLUOHGLùL V|\OHQHELOLU %X
NRQXGD0DU[´LQVDQODU×QYDUO×ù×Q×EHOLUOH\HQüH\ELOLQoOHULGHùLO
WDPWHUVLQHRQODU×QELOLQoOHULQLEHOLUOH\HQWRSOXPVDOYDUO×NODU×G×UµGHPHNWHGLU
g\OH\VHHùLWLPLQWHPHOWRSOXPVDOLüOHYL\HVLRODQELUH\OHUHHJHPHQJoOHULQ
|QFHGHQ EHOLUOHGLNOHUL DPDo LVWHQGLNNDV×WO× YH EHOOL GRùUXOWXGD RQODU×Q
ELOLQoOHULQH \|Q YHUPHNWLU %XQX WHPHO WRSOXPVDO ELU NXUXP RODQ HùLWLPLQ
´WRSOXPVDQGHQHWLPLNXUXSVUGUPH\HNDWN×GDEXOXQPD*QG]YH*QG]
µJL]OLLüOHYLQGHQGHDQODPDNWD\×]
31
úQVDQ×Q7RSOXPVDO'RùDV×YH7RSOXPVDO×Q6UGUOHELOLUOLùL$o×V×QGDQ(ùLWLP
%XDo×GDQHùLWLPLQELUWRSOXPGDLNLWULüOHYLROGXùXGüQOHELOLU%XQODUGDQ
ELULQFLVLWRSOXPXROXüWXUDQELUH\OHULQLWHOLNOHQGLUHQHOH\HQoHüLWOLNDWPDQODUD
YHLüOHYDODQODU×QD\HUOHüWLUHQ´JHQoOHULLüSD]DU×QDD\×UPDLüVL]OLùL|WHOHPH
LQVDQODU DUDV×QGD UHNDEHWL DUWW×UDQ« *QG] YH *QG] µ ELU
PHNDQL]PDRODUDNHùLWLPLNLQFLVLLVHELUH\OHULQHWNLQELU|]QH\HG|QüPHVLQL
YH WRSOXPXQ JHOLüPHVLQL VDùOD\DFDN ELU Jo RODUDN HùLWLPGLU 7DQ (ùLWLP V×Q×I YH FLQV LOLüNLOHULQLQ WRSOXPXQ NDO×S \DUJ×ODU×Q×Q HJHPHQ
LGHRORMLOHULQLQ \HQLGHQ UHWLOPHVL LüOHYLQL YH SL\DVD WDOHSOHULQH X\JXQ
LQVDQODU×Q L\L \XUWWDüODU×Q \HWLüWLULOPHVL LüOHYLQL VWOHQPHNWH KHP GH ELU
|]JUOHüPH YH GHùLüPH NHQGLQL JHUoHNOHüWLUPH DUDF× RODELOPHNWHGLU 2NXO
ELUEH\LQ\×NDPDDUDF×RODUDNWDVDUODQP×üROVDGD|ùUHQFLOHUYHULOHQELOJLOHUL
V]JHoOHGLNOHUL LoLQ RNXOX ELU |]JUOHüPH DUDF×QD G|QüWUHELOPHNWHGLUOHU
7DQ
32
+DQJL JHOLüPLüOLN G]H\LQGH ROXUVD ROVXQ EWQ WRSOXPODU NHQGL NOWU
XQVXUODU×Q× \DQL GHùHUOHULQL LQDQoODU×Q× QRUPODU×Q× GLOOHULQL VLPJHOHULQL
ELOJLOHULQL YH X\JXQ EXOGXùX GLùHU GDYUDQ×ü |UQWOHULQL \HQL \HOHULQH
|ùUHWPH\LDPDoODU.HPHUOLRùOX.×]×OoHOLNYH*QG].OWUELU
WRSOXPXGLùHUWRSOXPODUGDQIDUNO×N×ODQ|]HOOLNOHULYXUJXODU(ùLWLPNXUXPX\OD
WRSOXPXQ NOWU ELU VRQUDNL NXüDNODUD DNWDU×O×UNHQ 5XVVHOO HùLWLPLQ´EDüNDXOXVODUDIDUNO×O×NODUDNXüNXYHQHIUHWOHEDNPD\×HQJHOOHPHVL
JHUHNWLùLQLµ EHOLUWLU 2\VD HùLWLPLQ WRSOXPVDO LüOHYL 5XVVHOO·LQ EHOLUWWLùLQLQ
WHUVL\|QQGHLüOHPHNWHGLU
%WQ WRSOXPVDO NXUXPODU JLEL HùLWLP GH WRSOXPXQ JHUHNVLQLPOHULQL
NDUü×OD\DQEHOOLDPDoODU×RODQYHEXDPDoODUDJ|UHSODQODQDQ\DQLIHOVHIHVL
RODQ YH ROXüWXUXODQ ELU NXUXPGXU (ùLWLPLQ ELULOHULQFH ROXüWXUXODQ IHOVHIHVL
HùLWLPLQ KHGHÁHULQL YH HùLWLP LOH QHOHULQ QHGHQ |ùUHWLOHFHùLQL EHOLUOHU
´ûX DQGD |ùUHWPHQOHUH VXQXODQ PIUHGDW YH X\JXODPD\D \|QHOLN ELU oRN
SRSOHU \DNODü×P×Q WHPHOLQGH GH |ùUHQFLOHUH JQGHOLN RODUDN \DüDG×NODU×
GHQH\LPOHUGHQ VR\XWODQP×ü ELU üHNLOGH GüQPHQLQ |ùUHWLOGLùL SROLWLNDGDQ
DU×QG×U×OP×ü YH NOWUHO Do×GDQ VWHULO KDOH JHWLULOPLü |ùUHQLP SURJUDPODU×
ROXüWXUPDNWDG×Uµ 0F/DUHQ *QP]GH HùLWLP ELUH\LQ
WRSOXPVDOODüPDV×Q× YH NOWUQ ELUH\H DNWDU×OPDV×Q× VDùODPDN DPDF×QGDQ
X]DNODüP×üYHVDGHFH|ùUHWLPH´NDID\RUPDGDQSUDWLN|ùUHQPHK×]O×VRQXo
DOPD\DµúQDO\|QHOPLü|ùUHWLPG×ü×QGDNDODQHùLWLPLüOHYOHULQLLVH
GLQLNXUXPODUJ|UVHOLüLWVHOPHG\DYHLQWHUQHWDOP×üW×U
úNWLGDU×Q'HYDP×Q×6DùODPD$UDF×2ODUDN(ùLWLP
úNWLGDU NDYUDP× Jo LOLüNLOHULQL LoHUGLùLQGHQ NDSVDP× ROGXNoD JHQLü ELU
NDYUDPG×U $LOH DüLUHW YH GHYOHWH YDU×QFD\D NDGDU ELUH\JUXS LOLüNLOHULQLQ
ROGXùX KHU DODQGD NDo×Q×OPD] RODUDN Jo YH JFH ER\XQ HùPH LOLüNLOHUL
J|UOPHNWHGLU
6HOPD$OP×ü0HKPHW7DNL<×OPD]
7RSOXPODU×QWHPHO\DS×V×Q×HNRQRPLN\DS×\DQLUHWLPLOLüNLOHULEHOLUOHU%X
WHPHO \DS× GD WRSOXPXQ VW \DS×V×Q× KXNXN VL\DVHW VDQDW DKODN NOWU
HùLWLP GLQL GHùHU \DUJ×ODU× YE ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U g]WUN hUHWLP
WDU]×Q×QQLWHOLNOHULQGHQND\QDNO×RODUDNWRSOXPODU×ROXüWXUDQLQVDQODUDUDV×QGD
NOWUHO LGHRORMLN SROLWLN YG DODQODUGD \DQV×PDV×Q× EXODQ YH EX JUXSODU×
ELUELULQGHQD\×UDQIDUNO×O×NODUROXüXU%LUHU
%X Do×GDQ EDN×OG×ù×QGD HùLWLPRNXOODU EX IDUNO×O×NODU×Q \DQV×G×ù× DODQODU×Q
EDü×QGD JHOPHNWHGLU 7HN EDü×QD RNXOODU V×Q×IVDO E|OQPHOHUL \DUDWPD]
\DOQ×]FD EX E|OQPH\H YH E|\OHFH RQXQ JHQLüOHWLOPLü \HQLGHQ UHWLPLQH
NDWN×GD EXOXQXUODU úQDO 0LOLEDQG·D J|UH RNXOODU YDU RODQ
WRSOXPVDOYHHNRQRPLNG]HQLQUHWLPLQLoüHNLOGHJHUoHNOHüWLULU$NWúQDO
úON RODUDN LüoL V×Q×I× N|NHQOL oRFXNODU×Q oRùXQOXùXQD \|QHOLN V×Q×IVDO
NRQXPODU× RQD\OD\×F× ELU URO \HULQH JHWLULUOHU $OW V×Q×ÁDUGDQ JHOHQ oRùX
oRFXNEDüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×QQHGHQLQLNHQGL\HWHUVL]OLNOHULQGHEXOXUúNLQFLRODUDN
HùLWLP |ùUHQFLOHUH RUWD V×Q×I GHùHUOHULQL DNWDU×U 2NXOODU LüoL V×Q×I× N|NHQOL
oRFXNODUD \DEDQF× ELU NOWU GHùHUOHU YH GLO \NOHU hoQF RODUDN HùLWLP
WRSOXPGDNL HJHPHQ JoOHULQ RQD\ODG×ù× WHPHO GHùHUOHUL DNWDU×U gWH \DQGDQ
LONYHRUWD|ùUHWLPNXUXPODU×JLELQLYHUVLWHOHUGHEXPHüUXODüW×UPDVUHFLQH
NDW×O×UODU
(ùLWLP UHVPL YH GüQVHO DQODPGD NLüLOHULQ GHùHUOHU \HWHQHNOHU YH ELOJL
EDN×P×QGDQ HùLWLOGLùL VRV\DO NXUXPODU RODQ RNXOODUGD \DS×O×U *XWHN %DüWD RNXOODU ROPDN ]HUH 'HYOHWLQ LGHRORMLN D\J×WODU×Q×Q 'ú$ WP
UHWLP LOLüNLOHULQLQ \HQLGHQ UHWLPL \DQL NDSLWDOLVW V|PU LOLüNLOHULQLQ
\HQLGHQ UHWLPLQL KHGHÁHU $OWKXVVHU 2NXOODU HJHPHQ V×Q×I×Q
LGHRORMLVLQL NLWOHVHO ELoLPGH ´NDIDODUD \HUOHüWLUHUHNµ $OWKXVVHU GQ\DoDS×QGDV×Q×IPFDGHOHOHULLOHYDUO×ù×WHKGLWHGLOHQELUUHWLPWDU]×Q×Q
UHWLPLOLüNLOHULQLQ\HQLGHQUHWLPLQGHEHOLUOH\LFLUROR\QDU$OWKXVVHU
%RZOHVYH*LQWLV·HJ|UHHùLWLPVLVWHPLYDURODQV×Q×IVDO\DS×Q×Q\HQLGHQ
UHWLPLQGHLNLWHPHOLüOHYJ|UU$NWúQDO
úON RODUDN RNXOODU HNRQRPLN EDüDU×Q×Q DV×O RODUDN \HWHQHùH YH X\XP
EHFHULOHULQHEDùO×ROGXùXLQDQF×Q×JoOHQGLUHUHNV×Q×IVDO\DS×\×YHHüLWVL]OLùL
KDNO×ODüW×U×UPHüUXODüW×U×UúNLQFLRODUDNRNXOODUJHQoOHULNDSLWDOLVWHNRQRPL
LoLQHOYHULüOLRODQNDSDVLWHOHULQLWHOLNOHULÀNLUYHLQDQoODU×ROXüWXUDUDNV×Q×I
HJHPHQOLùLQHYH\DEDQF×ODüP×üLüJFQHGD\DO×GQ\DGDNL\HUOHULQH\|QHOLN
RODUDNKD]×UODU
%X \|QOHUL\OH GüQOGùQGH HùLWLP EDVLW ELU VRV\DOOHüWLUPH NXUXPX
GHùLOGLU2NXOGDoRFXNODUD|ùUHWLOHQKHUELOJLYHGHùHUGDYUDQ×üYHDO×üNDQO×ù×
V×Q×IVDO \HQLGHQ UHWLP VUHFLQLQ G×ü×QGD GüQPHN PPNQ GHùLOGLU úQDO
33
úQVDQ×Q7RSOXPVDO'RùDV×YH7RSOXPVDO×Q6UGUOHELOLUOLùL$o×V×QGDQ(ùLWLP
%LUWRSOXPGDNLHJHPHQUHWLPELoLPLYHLüE|OPLoLQGHNLNLüLQLQ
EXOXQGXùX\HURQXQQH\L|ùUHQHELOHFHùLQLGHEHOLUOHU<×OPD]%X
DQODPGDNLüLQLQDLOHVLQLQVDKLSROGXùXVRV\RHNRQRPLN|]HOOLNOHURQXQQDV×O
ELURNXODJLGHFHùLQLGHEHOLUOHPHNWHGLU.|VH
6RV\RORMLN RODUDN WRSOXPODU×Q HYULPOHüPHVL V×Q×I PFDGHOHVL ]HULQGHQ
üHNLOOHQLU hUHWLP LOLüNLOHULQLQ GD\DWW×ù× HüLWVL]OLùLQ YDU HWWLùL EX PFDGHOH
HJHPHQ V×Q×ÁDU×Q WRSOXP ]HULQGHNL KHU WUO EDVN× YH PGDKDOHVLQL LoHULU
9HHJHPHQV×Q×ÁDUWRSOXPXDUNDODU×QDDODUDNLNWLGDUODU×Q×VUHNOLOHüWLUPHQLQ
IDUNO× \ROODU×Q× DUDUODU %X HYULP LoHULVLQGH oRN IDUNO× V|\OHPOHU YH DUDoODU
JHOLüWLUHQ HJHPHQ V×Q×ÁDU À]LNL EDVN×Q×Q \HWHUVL] ROGXùXQX NHüIHGHUHN
LGHRORMLN V|\OHPOHU ]HULQGHQ WRSOXPX PDQLSOH HWPH\H oDO×ü×UODU (ùLWLP
NOWUGLQJLELVW\DS×VDONXUXPODUHJHPHQV×Q×ÁDU×QNHQGLGüQFHOHULQLYH
HùLOLPOHULQL WRSOXPD GD\DWPDODU×Q×Q ELUHU DUDF×G×UODU =DPDQ LoLQGH GHùLüHQ
EXDUDoODU×QLüOHYLGHùLOLoHULùLGLUg]NDQ
34
(ùLWLP HùLWLP KL]PHWLQGHQ \DUDUODQDQODUD PHYFXW VLVWHPLQ LGHRORMLVLQL
Dü×OD\DUDN WRSOXPGDNL NXUXPODUD VD\J×O× ROPDODU×Q× HJHPHQ JoOHUL
HOHüWLUPHNWHQ VDN×QPDODU×Q× \DQL PHYFXW G]HQL VUGUHFHN NLüLOHU
\HWLüWLUPH\L VDùOD\DQ HWNLOL ELU DUDo GXUXPXQGDG×U %X üHNLOGH WRSOXPX ELU
PHUNH]GHQ \|QHWPHN GDKD NROD\ ROPDNWDG×U (ùLWLPLQ EXJQN DQODP×
LNWLGDUODU×QNHQGLYDUO×NODU×Q×VUGUPHDPDF×QDG|QüPüWU+DON×QHùLWLPOH
ELOLQoOHQPHVLQGHQVRQUDHOLQGHNLJF\LWLUPH\HEDüOD\DQLNWLGDUYHLNWLGDU×
NHQGL o×NDUODU× LoLQ \|QOHQGLUHQ oHYUHOHU VHUPD\H\L KDON×Q LQDQoODU×Q×
\RNVXOOXNYH\RNVXQOXNODU×Q×NXOODQDUDNHùLWLPKL]PHWLQLQDPDoODU×Q×NHQGL
o×NDUODU×LoLQNXOODQPD\D\|QHOPLüOHUGLU
2Q VHNL]LQFL \]\×O×Q VRQODU×QGD LNWLGDUODU×QD VDG×N \XUWWDüODU \HWLüWLUPH
LüOHYL\NOHQHQHùLWLPNXUXPODU×RQGRNX]XQFX\]\×O×QVRQODU×QGDVDQD\L
GHYULPL\OH ELUOLNWH VDGHFH HùLWLPOL GHùLO D\Q× ]DPDQGD IDEULNDQ×Q PRQWDM
KDWW×QGD Dù×U YH V×N×F× Lü VDDWOHUL JHoLUHFHN LWDDWNkU LüoLOHU \HWLüWLUPH\L GH
VWOHQPLüWLU6SULQJ
<DN×Q JHoPLüWH ONHOHUL \|QHWPH J|UHYLQL NUDOODU YH SDGLüDKODU VWOHQLUNHQ
EXJQDG×QDdemokrasiGHQLOHQYHNHQGLOHULQLKDONDVHoWLUWHQKNPGDUODUD
HWOHUH E×UDNP×üW×U 6DGHFH DG× GHùLüHQ \|QHWLP ELoLPOHULQGH GHùLüPH\HQ
WHN üH\ JHQLü KDON NLWOHOHULQLQ \RNVXOOXNODU× YH \RNVXQOXNODU×G×U +DWWD
\RNVXOOXùXQ\RNVXOODüW×UPDQ×QDOW×QGDELOHLNWLGDU×QGHYDP×Q×VDùOD\DQELU
\|QWHP\DWPDNWDG×U0RUH\]\×OODU|QFH´úQVDQODU×QQHNDGDUD]
PDO×YDUVD\RNVXOVDNUDO×QRNDGDUOHKLQHGLU6DQNLNUDO×QJYHQOLùLEXQGDG×U
oQN]HQJLQOLNYH|]JUON]DOLPDGLOROPD\DQELU\|QHWLPHEDüHùGLUWPH]
]DUXUHW YH \RNVXOOXNVD LQVDQ× N|UOHüWLULU VDE×UO× \DSDU EHOLQL ENHU RQX
LV\DQDLWHFHNGUW\\RNHGHUµGL\HUHN\RNVXOOXNLOHHJHPHQOLùLQVUHNOLOLùL
DUDV×QGDNL LOLüNL\L o|]POHPLüWLU 'Q\D KDONODU×Q×Q K×]OD \RNVXOODüPDODU×
6HOPD$OP×ü0HKPHW7DNL<×OPD]
EX \RNVXOODU×Q GD SDUDGRNVDO RODUDN NHQGLOHULQL \RNVXOODüW×UDQODU× LNWLGDU
\DSPDODU× LNWLGDUODU×Q GD HùLWLPL SDUDO× KDOH JHWLUPHN LoLQ FDQK×UDü
YHUGLNOHULoDED\×EXDo×GDQDQODPDNJHUHNLU
7KRPDV 0RUH·XQ \×O×QGD hWRS\D·V×QGD ´\RNVXOOXN LQVDQ× N|OHOHüWLULUµ
WHVSLWLQL 0HO .RKQ \×O×QGD V×Q×I IDUNO×O×ù×QD J|UH DQDEDEDODU×Q
oRFXNODU×QGDJ|UPHNLVWHGLNOHULGDYUDQ×üVDOWXWXP]HULQH\DSW×ù×DUDüW×UPD\OD
GHVWHNOHPHNWHGLU úüoL V×Q×I×QGDQ DQQHOHU oRFXNODU×QGDQ WRSOXPVDO GHùHUOHUH
X\PDG]HQHitaatGDYUDQ×ü×EHNOHUNHQRUWDV×Q×IDQQHOHUPXWOXOXNGüQFHOL
ROPDPHUDNYHGDKDID]OD|]JUGDYUDQ×üODUEHNOHPLüOHUGLU0LOEXUQ
.UHVHO(üLWVL]OLùLQ'HYDPO×O×ù×úoLQ.UHVHO'D\DWPDF×(ùLWLP
8OXVODU×Q NHQGL UHWLP ELoLPOHULQL NOWUOHULQL ELU VRQUDNL NXüDùD DNWDUPD
DPDF×WDü×\DQHùLWLP]DPDQODNUHVHOVHUPD\HLoLQXOXVDOV×Q×UODU×NDOG×UDQ
YH DG×QD ´NUHVHOOHüPHµ \DQL HPSHU\DOL]P GHQLOHQ \DS×Q×Q GLùHU
ONHOHULQ HùLWLP VLVWHPOHULQH GH PGDKDOH HGHUHN GQ\D\× NHQGLOHULQH J|UH
ELoLPOHQGLUPHDUDF×QDG|QüPüWU
$U]ID]ODVׁ]HULQHNXUXOXNDSLWDOLVWVLVWHPYDURODELOPHND\DNWDNDODELOPHN
LoLQ \HQL ND\QDNODUD XODü×S RQODU× GHQHWOHPHN \HQL SD]DUODUD Do×OPDN YH
\HQL SD]DUODU DoPDN ]RUXQGDG×U <DQL YDUO×ù× \D\×OPD\D YH JHQLüOHPH\H
EDùO×G×U %X \D\×OPD YH JHQLüOHPH\L EHOOL ELU LGHRORMLN WHPHOH YH IDUNO×
SUDWLNOHUH GD\DQG×UDUDN KDUHNHWH JHoLULU .DSLWDOL]P üDUWODU×Q ROJXQODüPDV×
LOH·OHUGHQVRQUDNUHVHOOHüPHHWLNHWLDOW×QGDQHROLEHUDOLGHRORML\LPHüUX
LGHRORMLRODUDNNXOODQP×üYHJQP]GHWPWRSOXPVDOYHHNRQRPLNSROLWLNDQ×Q
EDVN×Q RGDN QRNWDV× KDOLQH JHWLUPLüWLU .UHVHOOHüPH YH SRVWPRQHUQL]P
NDYUDP×\ODQHROLEHUDOSROLWLNDODU|]HOOLNOHYDKüLNDSLWDOL]PPDVNHOHQPLüWLU
1HROLEHUDOL]PVHUPD\HQLQOHKLQHRODQELUHNRQRPLWRSOXPWHRULVLYHSUDWLùLGLU
5LNRZVNL 1HROLEHUDOL]PLQ o WHPHO DPDF× YDUG×U 3L\DVD YH
UHNDEHW \DUDWPDN VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQL EHVOHPHN YH VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQLQ
|QQGHNLWPHQJHOOHUL\×NPDNW×U5LNRZVNL
·OHUGHQEHULGQ\DGDNLUHWLPID]ODV×Q×QVRQXFXRODUDNNDSDVLWH\LUHWLPH
\|QHOLNJHOLüWLUPHNWHQDO×QDQNDU×QD]DOPDVׁUHWLP\HULQHÀQDQVD\DW×U×PGD
E\N DUW×üD \RO DoP×üW×U 0FODUHQ 5LNRZVNL &ROH +LOO )LQDQV×Q VHUEHVWoH GRODü×P× LoLQ GHYOHWOHULQVRV\DO SROLWLNDODUGDQ oHNLOPHVL
\DQL NDPX \DW×U×PODU×Q×Q |]HOOHüWLULOPHVL GRùUXGDQ G×ü \DW×U×PD Do×N KDOH
JHWLULOPHVLYHVHUEHVWWLFDUHWLoLQJHUHNOLNRüXOODU×QXOXVODUDUDV×DQODüPDODU×Q
\DVDO G]HQOHPHOHULQ YE VDùODQPDV× |Q SODQD o×NPDNWDG×U 1LVDQ WDULKLQGHLP]DODQDQ8UXJXD\5RXQG6RQXo%HOJHVLLOH+L]PHW7LFDUHWL*HQHO
$QODüPDV×*$76EXNRüXOODU×QVDùODQPDV×Q×QHQVRPXW|UQHNOHULGLU
35
úQVDQ×Q7RSOXPVDO'RùDV×YH7RSOXPVDO×Q6UGUOHELOLUOLùL$o×V×QGDQ(ùLWLP
1HROLEHUDOLGHRORMLXOXVODUDUDV×NXUXOXüODUDUDF×O×ù×\OD\D\J×QODüW×U×OPDNWDG×U
'Q\D7LFDUHWgUJW'7g8OXVODUDUDV×3DUD)RQX,0)'Q\D%DQNDV×
'% YH $YUXSD %LUOLùL $% JLEL NXUXOXüODU \DSW×NODU× WLFDUHW YH \DW×U×P
DQODüPDODU× |]HOOLNOH D]JHOLüPLü \D GD JHOLüPHNWH RODQ ONHOHUH YHUGLNOHUL
NUHGLOHUGD\DWW×NODU×X\XPSROLWLNDODU×YE\ROODUODHNRQRPLNVRV\DOYHVL\DVDO
\DüDP×NRQWURODOW×QGDWXWDELOPHNWHGLUOHU$VODQ
6×Q×IVDO ELU SURMH RODQ QHROLEHUDOL]PLQ WRSOXPODU× VRV\DO LOLüNLOHUL YH
WRSOXPVDO \HQLGHQ UHWLPGH NLOLW URO R\QD\DQ NXUXPODU× \HQLGHQ RUJDQL]H
HWPH\HJLULüPHVLQLQDUNDV×QGDoWHPHODPDoYDUG×U=HQJLQOLùLQ\HQL\|QHWVHO
\DS×ODUOD\XNDU×\D\|QHWHQHOLWOHUH\HQLGHQGDù×W×OPDV×HùLWLPVLVWHPOHULQLQ
WHPHO DPDF×Q×Q HNRQRPL\H LüoL \HWLüWLUHFHN WDU]GD \HQLGHQ \DS×ODQPDV× YH
HùLWLPLQNDPXKL]PHWLROPDNWDQo×NDU×O×SNDUDPDF×JGHQüLUNHWOHUHVWUDWHMLN
ELU\DW×U×PDODQ×RODUDNVXQXOPDV×5REHUWVRQ
36
hUHWLPL GHùLO GH LWKDODW× GHVWHNOH\HQ \DQL JHOLüPLü ONHOHULQ Do×N SD]DU×
KDOLQH G|QüWUOPü EDù×PO× ELU HNRQRPL SROLWLNDV×Q×Q HJHPHQ ROGXùX
ONHOHUGH IHQ ELOLPOHULQH PHVOHNL YH WHNQLN RNXOODUD YH DUJH \DW×U×PODU×QD
\|QHOLN ELU SODQODPD \DS×OPD] %|\OH ONHOHUGH HùLWLP VLVWHPLQLQ JHOLüLPL
GHùLüLPLONHQLQLoGLQDPLNOHULQLQLKWL\DoODU×GRùUXOWXVXQGDGHùLOGHEDù×PO×
ROGXNODU×NUHVHOHNRQRPLQLQo×NDUODU×GRùUXOWXVXQGD\LQHHùLWLPSROLWLNDODU×
LWKDO HGLOHUHN üHNLOOHQGLULOLU %XQODU 7RSODP .DOLWH <|QHWLPL dRNOX =HND
<DS×ODQG×UPDF×<DNODü×P%RORJQD6UHFLYEJLELDGODUODDQ×O×UODU
%XQXQHQVRPXWYHVRQ|UQHùLQLLQVDQODU×QELOLPVHOGüQPHDOJ×V×QDGRùUXGDQ
PGDKDOH HGHQ EWQ SDUoDOD\DQ YH SDUoD\× EWQGHQ LOLüNLVL]OHüWLUHUHN
DQODPD\× \RUXPODPD\× DPDo HGLQHQ YH EX JQ ELUoRN ONHQLQ HùLWLP
VLVWHPLQLüHNLOOHQGLUHQ´\DS×ODQG×UPDF×µ\DNODü×PGDJ|UPHNWH\L]3HUNLQV·H
J|UH $NW <DS×F× \DS×ODQG×UPDF× \DNODü×P×Q GRùDV×QGD
okumak YH GLQOHPHN \HULQH WDUW×üPDN YDUG×U %LOJL EHFHUL YH \HWHUOLOLNOHU
ELOLPVHOELOJL\LPHUNH]DODUDNGHùLO|ùUHQFLQLQDNWLIROGXùXHWNLQOLNOHU\ROX
LOHJHUoHNOHüWLULOPHNWHGLU<DS×F×
<LQH EX \DNODü×PD J|UH JHUoHNOLN ]LKLQ WDUDI×QGDQ EDVLWoH DOJ×ODQPD]
ROXüWXUXOXU EX ROXüWXUXODQ JHUoHNOHU oRN oHüLWOLGLU YH KLo ELULVL GLùHULQGHQ
VWQ GHùLOGLU %XQGDQ GROD\× GRùUXQXQ YH JHUoHNOLùLQ GRùDV× EWQ\OH
EHOLUVL]GLU7DUQDV$NW$\G×Q*HUoHNOLNYHGRùUXOXNGLO
NOWUYHELUH\LQELOLüVHO\DS×V×QDEDùO×ROGXùXQGDQHYUHQVHOELUELOJLYHGHùHU
GH EXOXQPDPDNWDG×U KHU üH\ \HUHO YH NOWUHOGLU<HUHOOLN ROJXVX JHUoHùLQ
NOWUOHUHJ|UHGHùLüHELOHFHùLYHHYUHQVHOGRùUXQXQEXOXQDPD\DFDù×VDY×Q×Q
ELUVRQXFXGXU.×VDFDKHUNOWUQNHQGLVLQHJ|UHGRùUXODU×RODQELUGQ\DGD
HYUHQVHOELOJL\H\HU\RNWXU$\G×Q
6HOPD$OP×ü0HKPHW7DNL<×OPD]
%X GXUXP HYUHQH WRSOXPD YH LQVDQD \DS×ODQG×UPDF×O×N SHQFHUHVLQGHQ
EDN×OG×ù×QGDSDUoDO×E|ONS|UoNQH\LQKDQJLüH\OHLOLüNLOLROGXùXEHOLUVL]GLU
6LVWHPVL] ELOJLOHU ]LKLQVHO ELU NDUPDüDQ×Q \DQ× V×UD JHUoHùLQ EWQFO
IRWRùUDI×Q× oHNPH\L GH HQJHOOHPHNWHGLU %XQXQ ROXPVX] VRQXoODU× HùLWLP
ELOLPOHULYH\DS×ODQG×UPDF×O×ù×WHPHODODQELUHùLWLPSURJUDP×LoLQGHLoLQGHQ
o×N×OPDV× RODQDNV×] SDUDGRNVODU ROXüWXUDFDN QLWHOLNWHGLU $\G×Q 3RVWPRGHUQSHGDJRMLNLPOLNOHULIDUNO×O×NODU×|]QHOGHQH\LPOHULNLüLVHO
KLNk\HOHUL IDUNO× YDND VXQXPODU×Q× |QH o×NDU×UNHQ QHVQHO ELOJL LPNkQODU×Q×
HQWHOHNWHO \HWL YH oDEDODU× %LOLP·H RODQ LQDQF× $\G×QODQPD JHOHQHùLQL
GH ]D\×ÁDWPDNWDG×U úQDO <DS×VDOF×O×N VRQUDV× RUWD\D o×NDQ
SRVWPRGHUQL]P YE DN×PODU×Q ELOLP YH WHNQRORML HOHüWLULOHUL GDKD IDUNO× ELU
QLWHOLNDU]HGL\RU2QODUVRUXQXQELOLPLQHYUHQVHOFL\RUXPXQGDDN×OF×O×ù×QGD
\|QWHPVHO WHNoLOLùLQGH YH QHVQHO GRùUX NDYUDP×QGD \DWW×ù×Q× GüQ\RUODU
,U]×N%XWUGHQPRGD\DNODü×PODUELOLPVHOGüQFHQLQQHVQHO
ROJXVDO GRùUXQXQ DNO×Q NDUü×V×QGD NRQXPODQPDNWDG×UODU %X NRQXPODQPD
,U]×N·DJ|UHQHVQHOGRùUX\XRUWDNDN×OLGHDOLQL\DGV×PDNPHYFXW
LNWLGDU×Q RWRULWHVLQL PHüUXODüW×U×U (ùHU HYUHQVHO NOWUOHUVW \DGD RUWDN
GRùUXODU YH UDV\RQDOLWH \RNVD ]D\×ÁDU JoOOHUL HOHüWLUPHN LoLQ oRN |QHPOL
YHHWNLOLELUDUDoWDQ\RNVXQNDO×UODU.HQGLGRùUXODU×QDGD\DQDUDN\DSW×NODU×
V|PU HOHüWLULVL LNQD HGLFL ROPD\DFDNW×U oQN JoOOHU ´VL]H J|UH VL]LQ
Do×Q×]GDQ |\OH EL]H J|UH GHùLOµ GL\HFHNOHUGLU 1HVQHO GRùUXODU YH EX
GRùUXODUD GD\DQDUDN \DS×ODQ HOHüWLULOHULQ KDNO×O×ù× ]D\×ÁDU×Q H]LOHQOHULQ YH
V|PUOHQOHULQoRùX]DPDQWHNVLODK×G×U
.RPSUDGRUODU HOL\OH HùLWLP VLVWHPLQH GD\DW×ODQ \DS×ODQG×UPDF× \DNODü×P×Q
EDO\R]X\OD DOJ×ODPD DQODPD YH \RUXPODPD VLVWHPDWLùL SDUoDODQP×ü KDON
\×ù×QODU× \DùPDF× NUHVHO VHUPD\HQLQ URERWODU× KDOLQH G|QüUOHU +DONODU
\DU×RNXPXüODU HOL\OH ELOLPLQ EWQOH\LFL ELOJLVLQGHQ X]DNODüW×U×O×U GDKD
\HUHO HWQLN YH GLQVHO GüQPH\H EDüODUODU úVWHQHQ GH ]DWHQ EXGXU ROD\ODU
YHROJXODUDUDV×QGDEDùODQW×NXUDPD\DQELUH\OHUGHQROXüDQNLWOHOHU%|\OHFH
KDON \×ù×QODU× \RNVXOOXNODU×Q× DoO×NODU×Q× HùLWLP YH VDùO×ù×Q DO×Q×S VDW×ODQ
PHWD·\DG|QüWUOPHVLQLWRSOXPVDOHüLWVL]OLNOHULQQHGHQOHULQLGRùDQ×QQDV×O
YH NLP LoLQ \DùPDODQG×ù×Q× YH NHQGLOHULQLQ EX \DùPDODPD\D QDV×O KL]PHW
HWWLNOHULQLDQODPDODU×JoOHüLU(ùLWLP\ROX\OD\DUDW×OPD\DoDO×ü×ODQ\]\×O
2UWDoDù×·G×U
6RQXo
(ùLWLPLQ J|UHYL ELUH\L KHU \|Q\OH WDQ×\DUDN RQGD EXOXQDQ JL]LO JF
EXOXS R JF JHOLüWLUHFHN RUWDP× VDùODPDN E|\OHFH ELUH\LQ NHQGLVLQL
JHUoHNOHüWLUPHVLQH \DUG×PF× ROPDNW×U 2\VD JQP]GH HùLWLP ELUH\L
NHQGLVLQH WRSOXPD YH GRùD\D \DEDQF×ODüW×UPDNWDG×U úQVDQ NHQGLVL ROPDN
\HULQHUHNDEHWLNXWVD\DQSL\DVDQ×QWDOHSHWWLùLELUPDNLQH\HG|QüPHNWHGLU
37
úQVDQ×Q7RSOXPVDO'RùDV×YH7RSOXPVDO×Q6UGUOHELOLUOLùL$o×V×QGDQ(ùLWLP
úQVDQGRùDYHLQVDQWRSOXPLOLüNLOHULQLQELU|ùHVLRODQHùLWLPEXDQODP×\OD
SHN oRN WRSOXPVDO GXUXPOD Lo LoHGLU <XNDU×GDNL GHùHUOHQGLUPHOHUL GLNNDWH
DOG×ù×P×]GD WRSOXPVDO ELU ROJX RODQ HùLWLPLQ GLQDPLN ELU NDUDNWHUH VDKLS
ROGXùXJ|UOHELOLU(ùLWLPEX\|Q\OHKHPWRSOXPVDOJHOLüLPYHGHùLüLPGHQ
HWNLOHQHQKHPGHWRSOXPXQJHOLüLPLQLYHGHùLüLPLQLHWNLOH\HQELU|]HOOLNWDü×U
hUHWLP DUDoODU×Q× HOLQGH EXOXQGXUDQ JoOHULQ PDQLSOH DUDF×QD HYULOHQ
HùLWLP WRSOXPODU DUDV×QGDNL IDUNO×O×NODU× GüPDQO×N QHGHQL RODUDN J|UHQ
ELUH\OHUL|Q\DUJ×ODUODNRüXOODQG×UDQHPHNYHVHYJLXQVXUODU×Q×J|]DUG×HGHQ
ELUH\OHUDUDV×QGDVUHNOLUHNDEHWRUWDP×\DUDW×SLüELUOLùLQL´LQVDQ×QHQNXWVDO
GDYUDQ×ü×GD\DQ×üPD\×µG×üOD\DQJoOHULQDPDoODU×QDKL]PHWHGHU%XGXUXP
HùLWLPLQ \DOQ×]FD QLFHO ER\XWXQXQ |QH o×NPDV×QD QLWHO ER\XWXQXQ LVH \RN
VD\×OPDV×QDQHGHQROXU2NXOODUGRùD\DWRSOXPDYHLQVDQD\DEDQF×ROPD\DQ
ELUH\OHU \HWLüWLUPHN \HULQH V×QDYODUGD \NVHN QRW DODQ UHNDEHWL N|UNOH\LS
GD\DQ×üPD\× \RN HGHQ GRùD\D YH WRSOXPGD ROXS ELWHQH GX\DUV×] LüLQL L\L
ELOHQ" V×QDY WHNQLNOHULQL |ùUHQHQ N|OHOHU \HWLüWLUHQ ELU NXUXP KDOLQH
JHOLU %|\OHFH ELUH\OHU NHQGLOHULQL HWNLOH\HQ WRSOXPVDO JoOHULQ ELOLQFLQH
YDUDPDG×ù×LoLQEXJoOHULGHùLOG|QüWUPHNEXJoOHULQGHYDP×Q×VDùODPDN
LoLQoDEDOD\DQYDUO×NODUDG|QüUOHU
38
(YUHQLFDQO×ELURUJDQL]PDRODUDNJ|UPHQLQ]DPDQ×JHOPLüWLU.|\GHNHQWWH
ONHGHGDKDGRùUXVXGQ\DGD\DüDQDQODUVDGHFHEL]OHULGHùLOWPLQVDQODU×
YHFDQO×ODU×HWNLOHUGXUXPGDG×U'Q\DP×]×QDNFLùHUOHULNRQXPXQGDNL\DùPXU
RUPDQODU×Q×Q\RNROPDV×NXWXSODUGDNLEX]XOODU×QHULPHVLWHUPLNYHQNOHHU
VDQWUDOOHUVDYDüODUNXüODUODWDü×QDQVDOJ×QKDVWDO×NODUYH$,'6JLEL|OPFO
KDVWDO×NODU \DOQ×]FD RUWD\D o×NW×NODU× E|OJHOHUL GHùLO WP GQ\D\× WHKGLW
HGHQROD\ODUG×U(ùLWLPELUH\OHUHWRSOXPXQNOWUQDNWDUPDNODNDOPD\×S
ELUH\OHUHLQVDQ×UN×Q×QYHGRùDQ×QELUSDUoDV×ROGXùXQXGD|ùUHWPHOLGLU
7DQLOOL·\H J|UH oDùGDü HùLWLPLQ DQODP× ER\XWODU× YH
KHGHÁHUL .|NQGHQ V|NOS NRSDUPDGDQ JHOLüWLUPHN GDOODU×Q× N×UPDGDQ
]HQJLQOHüWLUPHN XOXVDO NOWUOHULQ ]HQJLQOLN YH GHùHUOHULQL \DGV×PDGDQ
HYUHQVHO NOWU GHùHUOHUL\OH GRQDWPDN LQVDQ× GQ\DGDNL \HUL NRQXVXQGD
ELOLQoOHQGLUPHN JHoPLüH QHOHU ERUoOX ROGXùX EXJQQ QH ROGXùX YH
JHOHFHùLQ QDV×O RODFDù× NRQXVXQGD ELOLQoOL N×OPDN LQVDQD JHOHFHùL NHQGL
HOOHULQGHWXWWXùXJYHQLQLYHUPHNWLU
6RQXoRODUDN0DU[·×QEDüWDEHOLUWWLùLPL]V|]QGHQ\RODo×NDUVDNHùLWLPLQVDQ×
NHQGLVLQHWRSOXPDYHGRùD\D\DEDQF×ODüW×UPDGDQJL]LOJoOHULQLJHOLüWLUPH
NHQGLVLQLJHUoHNOHüWLUPH\DQL´VDKLSRODQLQVDQµGHùLONHQGLVLELUüH\´RODQ
insan”×\HWLüWLUGLùLRUDQGD´LQVDQLQVDQODüDFDNµ\DQLGRùDV×QDG|QHFHNWLU
6HOPD$OP×ü0HKPHW7DNL<×OPD]
.$<1$.d$
$OWKXVVHU/úGHRORMLYH'HYOHWLQúGHRORMLN$\J×WODU×$7PHUWHNLQ
dHYúVWDQEXOúWKDNL<D\×QODU×
$\G×Q + ´3RVW0RGHUQL]PLQ (ùLWLPGHNL ú] 'üP
<DS×ODQG×UPDF×O×Nµ(ùLWLP%LOLP7RSOXP'HUJLVL&LOW6D\×
*HoWDQ(úQVDQ2OPDNúVWDQEXO5HP]L.LWDSHYL
*HoWDQ(E3VLNDQDOL]YH6RQUDV×úVWDQEXO5HP]L.LWDSHYL
*|NoH ) 'HùLüPH 6UHFLQGH 'HYOHW YH (ùLWLP $QNDUD 7HNDùDo
.LWDS
*XWHN *HUDOG / (ùLWLPH )HOVHÀ YH úGHRORMLN <DNODü×PODU dHY
1HVULQ.DOH$QNDUDhWRS\D<D\×QHYL
*QG] 0 YH *QG] ) 9DWDQGDüO×N %LOLQFL $QNDUD $Q×
<D\×QF×O×N
,U]×N * %LOLP 6DYDüODU× $QNDUD 7UNL\H %LOLPOHU $NDGHPLVL
<D\×QODU×
úOLQ 0 YH 6HJDO ( úQVDQ 1DV×O úQVDQ 2OGX" dHY $ =HNHUL\D
úVWDQEXO6D\<D\×QODU×
úQDO . 0üWHUL ² gùUHQFL 1DV×O hUHWLOLU" %LUJQ *D]HWHVL
úQDO.(ùLWLPYHúGHRORMLúVWDQEXO.DONHGRQ<D\×QF×O×N
úQDO.0HVOHN/LVHVL0HPOHNHW0HVHOHVL(OHüWLUHO3HGDRML
.HPHUOLRùOX(.×]×OoHOLN6*QG]0(ùLWLP6RV\RORMLVLú]PLU
6DUD\.LWDEHYOHUL
.|VH05$LOH6RV\R(NRQRPLNYH'HPRJUDÀNg]HOOLNOHUL
LOH2NXOYHg]HO'HUVKDQHQLQ/LVHOHUH*LULü6×QDY×QD.DW×ODQgùUHQFLOHULQ
$NDGHPLN %DüDU×ODU× h]HULQGHNL (WNLOHUL (ùLWLP %LOLP 7RSOXP 'HUJLVL
39
úQVDQ×Q7RSOXPVDO'RùDV×YH7RSOXPVDO×Q6UGUOHELOLUOLùL$o×V×QGDQ(ùLWLP
0DU[.(NRQRPL3ROLWLùLQ(OHüWLULVLQH.DWN×$QNDUD6RO<D\×QODU×
0F/DUHQ 3 2NXOODUGD <DüDP (OHüWLUHO 3HGDJRML\H *LULü $QNDUD
$Q×<D\×QF×O×NdHY(G(U\DPDQ0<YH$UVODQ+
0F/DUHQ 3 *OHHQ 5 0LNH & 'DYH + .×]×O 7HEHüLU (ùLWLP
6|\OHüLOHULdHYg]JH<×OPD]úVWDQEXO.DONHGRQ<D\×QODU×
0LOEXUQ 0 $ 6RV\DO 3VLNRORMLN $o×GDQ .DPXR\X YH 6L\DVHW
$QNDUDúPJH<D\×QHYL
0RUH78WRSLDúVWDQEXO&HP<D\×QHYLdHY(*URO
2]DQND\D g 7RSOXP %LOLP 7HULPOHUL 6|]Où $QNDUD 6DYDü
<D\×QODU×
2]DQND\Dg7RSOXPELOLPúVWDQEXO&HP<D\×QHYL
g]NDQ++´3RSOHU.OWUYH(ùLWLPµ.DVWDPRQX(ùLWLP'HUJLVL
&LOW6D\×
40
g]WUN+(ùLWLP6RV\RORMLVL$QNDUD+DWLSRùOX<D\×QODU×
5XVVHOO % 6RUJXOD\DQ 'HQHPHOHU $QNDUD 7h%ú7$. dHY 1
$U×N
6SULQJ-g]JU(ùLWLPúVWDQEXO$\U×QW×<D\×QODU×dHY$(NPHNoL
7DQ0´(ùLWLPGH.DG×Q(UNHN(üLWOLùLYH7UNL\H*HUoHùLµ.DG×Q
(UNHN (üLWOLùLQH 'RùUX <U\ü (ùLWLP dDO×üPD <DüDP× YH 6L\DVHW
úVWDQEXO7h6ú$'
7DQLOOL61DV×O%LU(ùLWLPúVWL\RUX]úVWDQEXO$GD<D\×QODU×
7H]FDQ0(ùLWLP6RV\RORMLVL$QNDUD<D]DU×Q.HQGL<D\×Q×
<DS×F× 0 <DS×ODQG×UPDF×O×N<×OG×U×P ú 'HU (ùLWLP 3VLNRORMLVL
$QNDUD$Q×<D\×QF×O×N
<×OPD] 7 2NXOXQ 7RSOXPVDO úüOHYL dHYLUPHQLQ gQV|] ú
6]DQLDZVNLLoLQGH$QNDUD2QXU<D\×QODU×

Benzer belgeler

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum N|W ROPD GXUXPXQX J|VWHUHQ ELU DQODPD EUQPHPLüWLU$QFDN 7'.·QLQ JQFHOWDQ×PODPDODU×DUDV×QGD´%LUüH\LQQDV×OROGXùXQXEHOLUWHQRQXEDüND üH\OHUGHQ D\×UDQ |]HOOLN YDV×I NH\À\...

Detaylı

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum *HPDOPD]RùOX YG    |QQH JHoLOPLü ROXQDFDNW×U 8OXVDO ER\XWWD JHUoHNOHüHFHN EX G]HQOHPHOHULQ \DQ× V×UD 'Q\D .DG×Q .RQIHUDQVODU×·QGD ROGXùX JLEL XOXVODUDUDV× |UJWOHU...

Detaylı

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum JHOLüPHNWHRODQONHOHUGHYDURODQELUoRNIDUNO×NHQWVHOWRSOXPVDOKDUHNHWOHUL WDQ×PODPDN LoLQ NXOODQ×OPDNWD úON RODUDN )UDQV×] NHQW VRV\RORùX +HQU\ /HIHEYUH·LQ NDYUDPVDOODüW×UG×ù× GH...

Detaylı

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum KDVWDO×NUHWLUKDOHJHOPLüWLU Detaylı

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum HNRQRPLVLNDGDUVRV\DO\DS×V×ELOKDVVDHùLWLPL\DS×VDOELUG|QüPHXùUDP×üW×U%DüWD'Q\D %DQNDV×,0)ROPDN]HUHELUoRNXOXVODUDUDV×NDSLWDOLVW|UJW7UNL\H·GHSL\DVDHNRQRPLVLQLQ \HUOHüW...

Detaylı

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum %XQRNWDGDEXPDNDOHWHPHORODUDNLNLVRUX\XFHYDSODPD\DoDO×üPDNWDG×U $OPDQ\D·GDNL HùLWLP SROLWLNDODU× NOWUHO oHüLWOLOLùLQ WDQ×QPDV× QRNWDV×QGD HüLWI×UVDWODUVXQPDNWDP×G×U\RNVDGDK...

Detaylı

Yeni Çocukluğun Kurucuları Kürt Çocukların Siyaseti ve Siyaset

Yeni Çocukluğun Kurucuları Kürt Çocukların Siyaseti ve Siyaset dRFXNODU×Q IDUNO× oRFXNOXN GHQH\LPOHULQH SDUDOHO ELoLPGH ROXüWXUXODFDN KL]PHW PRGHOOHULQH JHUHNVLQLPROGXùXGüQOPHNWHGLU%XEDùODPGDPRGHUQoRFXNOXNSDUDGLJPDV×QDHOHüWLUHO ELU \DNO...

Detaylı

Baskı önizleme - Eğitim Bilim Toplum

Baskı önizleme - Eğitim Bilim Toplum YHUGLùL|QHPH|UQHNRODUDNJ|VWHULOHELOLU&XPKXUL\HWLQLONRQ\×O×QGDPDGGL ]RUOXNODU YH \HQL NDGURODU×Q ROXüPDV×QGDNL JoONOHU QHGHQL\OH NXUXPVDO HùLWLPGH FLGGL VRUXQODU \DüDQG× $Q...

Detaylı