rom xma amoeRo... germaniaSi nacistebi rom komunistebs

Transkript

germaniaSi nacistebi rom
komunistebs miadgnen,
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan komunisti ar vyofilvar.
ebraelebs miadgnen da
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan ebraeli ar vyofilvar.
profkavSirebs miadgnen da
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan profkavSireli ar vyofilvar,
kaTolikeebze gadavidnen da
xma ar amomiRia,
radgan kaTolike ar vyofilvar.
Semdeg me momadgnen...
da aRaravin iyo darCenili,
rom xma amoeRo...
martin niimioleri
pastori, germaniis
evangelur- luTeruli eklesia
solidaroba
#5(38)
saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcvelis Jurnali
redaqtori: nino cincaZe
stilis
redaqtori: levan bregaZe
dizaini:
besik danelia
foto:
levan xerxeuliZe
redkolegia: giorgi tuRuSi
beqa mindiaSvili
Tamar Samili
sergo ratiani
77
diskusia
5
eTnikuri umciresobebi saxelmwifos axali iniciativa
nino cincaZe
samarTali
13
garekanze:
levan xerxeuliZis foto
Jurnali momzadebulia saxalxo
damcvelTan arsebuli tolerantobis
centris mier
22
ibeWdeba gaeros ganviTarebis programis
mxardaWeriT
winamdebare gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli
mosazrebebi ar asaxavs gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis an gaeros
ganviTarebis programis Tvalsazriss
misamarTi: Tbilisi, ramiSvilis 6,
tel.: 92 24 81
saxalxo damcvelis moxsenebidan
Tavisuflebisa da piradi
usafrTxoebis ufleba
da sasamarTlos roli
misi dacvis saqmeSi
Tea wulukiani
TOLERANCE
32
www.ombudsman.ge
saqarTvelos
saxalxo
damcveli
samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba
tolerantobis testi
Tamar kinwuraSvili
zRvari
36
5 wlis bavSvi - baRSi Tu skolaSi?
naTia guliaSvili, nino beqiSvili
Targmani
gaeros
ganviTarebis
programa
42
ratom ar var konservatori
fridrix haieki
56
Tavisuflebis teqnologia
lari daimondi
LUMEN
71
arareligiuri rwmena, rwmena
adamianisadmi da ndoba,
rwmena sakuTari Tavisa
mitropoliti anton suroJeli
77
batoni Tu msaxuri?
beqa mindiaSvili
Tvalsazrisi
82
stereotipebi, kanonebi
postsabWour saqarTveloSi da
moqalaqeTa Tanasworoba
nugzar papuaSvili
99
STIGMA FREE
92
miTi geipraidis Sesaxeb
eka aRdgomelaSvili
orientiri
99
meamboxe - vladimer bukovsi
fridon sayvareliZe
sekularizacia
104
sekularizacia da
sekularizaciis bedi
saqarTveloSi
zaal andronikaSvili, giorgi maisuraZe
56
114
Summary
#5(38)
solidarobis mTavari idea is aris, rom
sxvisi cxovreba Seni cxovrebis nawilad
miiCnio, gaacnobiero, rom Seni uflebebis
dacva sxvisi uflebebis dacvasTanaa
gadajaWvuli, xolo Seni Tavisuflebis
uzrunvelyofa warmoudgenelia sxvisi
Tavisuflebis pativiscemis gareSe.
roca Cvengan gansxvavebuls vekidebiT
rogorc miuRebels, unda gvaxsovdes, rom
Cvenc yovelTvis gansxvavebuli varT
vinmesTvis, Cvenc SeiZleba aRmovCndeT
umciresobaSi.
am urTierTdamokidebulebis gacnobierebis
xelSewyobaa Cemi, rogorc uflebadamcvelisa,
da konkretulad Cveni gamocemis erT-erTi
orientiri.
amitomac Cveni Jurnalis meSveobiT mkiTxvels
adamianis uflebebis, tolerantobisa da
liberaluri demokratiis sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebul problemebs vacnobT.
Tu adre tolerantobis kulturaSi
moiazreboda religiur jgufebs Soris
Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba, dRes igi
nebismieri socialuri da individualuri
gansxvavebisadmi, nebismieri umciresobisa
da daucveli jgufisadmi Ria,
urTierTpativiscemaze, Tanadgomis mzaobaze
damyarebul mimarTebas gulisxmobs.
amgvari kulturis gaRviveba da ganviTareba
ki warmoudgenelia iq, sadac adamianis
uflebebs, demokratiis principebsa da
liberalur Rirebulebebs ar scemen pativs.
vimedovneb, rom Jurnalis publikaciebi,
rogorc saazrovno masala, ufro metad
Segviqmnis imis winapirobas, rom adamianebma
gavugoT gansxvavebuls da aramarto gavugoT,
aramed misi interesebis, uflebebis dacva
SevZloT, radgan sxvisadmi gamoCenili
tolerantoba Tu solidarobis aqti mxolod
moraluri imperativi ki ar aris, aramed
upirveles yovlisa sakuTari Tavis,
interesebis, uflebebis dacvis saukeTeso
SesaZleblobaa.
giorgi tuRuSi
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
4
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
diskusia
solidaroba
eTnikuri
umciresobebi
- saxelmwifos
axali iniciativa
ukve wlebia, saqarTveloSi kompaqturad mcxovrebi
eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi _
azerbaijanelebi da somxebi _ umaRles ganaTlebas,
rogorc wesi, qveynis gareT iReben. maTi gadinebis
ZiriTadi mizezi isaa, rom umetesobam cudad icis
saxelmwifo ena da konkurencias ver uwevs qarTulenovan
kontingents. am problemis gadasaWrelad da eTnikuri
umciresobebisTvis Tanabari garemos Sesaqmnelad
wels ganaTlebis saministrom maT did nawils
umaRles saswavleblebSi Casabareblad garkveuli
SeRavaTebi dauwesa. umciresobis warmomadgenlebi
saerTo erovnul gamocdebs ar Caabareben, mSobliur
enaze gaivlian unar-Cvevebis tests da, Tuki
minimaluri kompetenciis zRvars gadalaxaven,
universitetebSi moxvdebian. ras Secvlis ganaTlebis
saministros axali iniciativa? gamarTlebulia Tu
ara amgvari pozitiuri diskriminacia? ramdenad
efeqturi iqneba es nabiji? am sakiTxebze saxalxo
damcvelis ofisSi gamarTul diskusiaze vimsjeleT.
nino cincaZe
ras gulisxmobs
ganaTlebis saministros axali iniciativa
da konkretulad ra
Seicvala wels eTnikuri
umciresobebisTvis?
zaur xalilovi: ukanaskneli
sami wlis ganmavlobaSi imis
Taobaze vmsjelobdiT, Tu ra
formiT unda momxdariyo
eTnikuri umciresobebis umaR-
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Solidarity
monawileoben:
zaur xalilovi _ samoqalaqo
integraciis fondis
aRmasrulebeli direqtori
Salva tabataZe _ samoqalaqo
integraciis da erovnebaTSorisi
urTierTobebis centris
xelmZRvaneli
merab basilaia _ ilias
universitetis samoqalaqo
swavlebis centris direqtori,
nugzar Citaia _ ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministros umaRlesi
ganaTlebis ganviTarebis
sammarTvelos ufrosi
maia meliqiZe _ ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministro,
erovnuli gamocdebisa da
Sefasebis centris eqsperti
mari miqoiani _ saqarTvelos
somexTa saTvistomo da
saxalxo damcvelTan arsebuli
eTnikur umciresobaTa sabWo
tata xunwaria _ saxalxo
damcvelis moadgile
koba Cofliani _ saxalxo
damcvelis tolerantobis centri
les saswavleblebSi miReba.
wels reformis farglebSi
erTi mniSvnelovani problema
mogvarda: eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis umaRlesi
ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba
gaizarda. SevTanxmdiT aseT
modelze: 1+4, rac imas niSnavs,
rom studentebi pirvel wels
qarTul enas iswavlian da
Semdeg, oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi, Cveulebriv gaivlian
Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
5
diskusia
#5(38)
zaur xalilovi
bakalavriatis programas. es
cvlileba mxolod maT exebaT,
vinc azerbaijanul da
somxurenovan skolebSi
swavlobs. kvota iyo gamoyofili eTnikuri osebisa da
afxazebisTvisac, magram,
ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia,
maTgan arcerTi ganacxadi ar
Semosula. wels somxur da
azerbaijanul skoladamTavrebulma 300-mde abiturientma
Caabara universitetebSi da
dafinansebac miiRo. raodenoba
gaizarda, magram realurad
somex da azerbaijanel abituriantTa ricxvi gacilebiT
metia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
isev mxolod mcire nawili
cdilobs saqarTveloSi miiRos
ganaTleba. Tumca, bolo oTxi
wlis Sedegebs Tu SevadarebT
erTmaneTs, namdvilad
ukeTesi mdgomareobaa.
Salva tabataZe: ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, romel skolas
daamTavrebs eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli, Tuki
is testirebas somxurad da
azerbaijanulad gaivlis,
kvotireba masze gavrceldeba.
rac Seexeba statistikas, 2009
wlis monacemebi ar gamogvadge-
ba, radgan araqarTulenovan
skolebs maSin kursdamTavrebulebi ar hyoliaT. 2008 wels
250 azerbaijanulenovani
abiturienti abarebda, 2010-Si
ki _ 335, maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT 30-35 procentiT
gaizarda. 2008 wels 113-ma
somxurenovanma abiturientma
gaiara erovnuli gamocdebi.
wels maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT
250-mde gaizarda. aqedan
2008-Si 41 somxurenovani da
29 azerbaijanulenovani
abiturienti gaxda studenti.
vxedavT, rom msurvelTa
raodenoba 2010 wels TiTqmis
gaormagda, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom abiturientebi,
marTalia, abarebdnen, magram
Sedegi Zalian dabali iyo.
wels ukeTesi Sedegi gvaqvs.
azrebaijanelTa Soris moxvedris msurvelTa maCvenebeli
gaizarda, magram maTgan mxolod naxevarma gadalaxa zRvari.
wels sul 588 gancxadeba iyo
Semosuli da 214 abiturienti
studenti gaxda.
nugzar Citaia: mimaCnia, rom
jerjerobiT statistikuri
monacemebis Seswavla naadrevi
SeiZleba iyos, radganac
sistemaSi Zireuli da
principuli cvlilebebi
swored axla xdeba. ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros
mizani is aris, rom ganaTleba
saqarTvelos nebismieri
moqalaqisTvis, miuxedavad
misi eTnikuri warmomavlobisa,
Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi iyos.
swored am principis
safuZvelze amuSavda bolo,
2010 wlis dadgenileba.
kvotireba niSnavda ara maT
Caricxvas, aramed _ maTi
swavlis dafinansebas. erT
weliwadSi Sedegi ver gveqneba,
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
6
radganac is, rom dafinanseba
arsebobs, avtomaturad ar
gulisxmobs imas, rom abiturienti mzadaa umaRles
saswavlebelSi Casabareblad.
vfiqrob, Sedegebze ramdenime
wlis Semdeg unda visaubroT.
am dadgenilebas nel-nela
mohyveba abiturientebis
daintereseba. kvlevis Sedegad
dadasturda, rom eTnikuri
umciresobebisTvis ZiriTadi
problema qarTuli enis
arcodnaa. isini saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebi arian, magram
maTTvis qarTuli mSobliuri
ena ar aris da, bunebrivia,
ver gauweven konkurencias
maT, visTvisac qarTuli
mSobliuri enaa, miT umetes,
rodesac dafinanseba erTaderTi komponentiT, unaris
testis mixedviT, xdeboda. am
testis Cabareba, cxadia,
qarTulenovan abiturientebs
ufro uadvildebodaT.
rasakvirvelia, wlebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda rusulenovani testebi, magram eTnikuri
umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi verc danarCen sagnebs
abarebdnen saTanadod. mTeli
am procesis gaazrebis
Sedegad mivxvdiT, rom
saWiroa qarTuli enis codnis
Salva tabataZe
solidaroba
ganviTareba eTnikuri umciresobebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi. SemoviReT
bilingvuri swavlebis meTodebi,
rodesac moswavleebi ori enis
Seswavlis reJimze gadadian.
qarTuli ena maTTvis mniSvnelovani unda gaxdes. amas,
cxadia, wlebi sWirdeba da
Sedegs male ver miviRebT.
imisTvis, rom eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi gamxdariyo umaRles
saswavleblebSi Cabareba,
gadawyda somxur da azerbaijanul enebze mogvemzadebina
unaris testebi. adre somxur
da azerbaijanulenovan
abiturientTa umetesoba
somxeTSi, azerbaijanSi an
sulac ruseTSi midioda saswavleblad. reformis Sedegad,
marTalia, gamocdebs mSobliur
enaze abareben, magram maTTvis
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifo dafinansebiT garantirebulia saxelmwifo enis
Seswavla da amis Semdeg isini
mzad iqnebian swavla qarTul
enaze gaagrZelon _ momdevno
oTx weliwads nebismier, maTTvis sasurvel fakultetze
iswavlon. eTnikuri azerbajanelebi da somxebi konkursSi
ar monawileoben imgvarad,
rogorc sxvebi. maTTvis
unaris testis minimaluri
kompetenciis zRvaris daZleva
sakmarisia, rom studentebi
gaxdnen. swored amiT aixsneba
is faqti, rom wels azerbaijanul da somxurenovan
abiturientTa ricxvi gaizarda.
Tumca ukeTes Sedegs wlebis
Semdeg velodebiT. dRevandel
meaTe da mecxreklasel
moswavleebs meti motivacia
eqnebaT saimisod, rom swavla
qarTul umaRles saswavleblebSi gaagrZelon.
maia meliqiZe: mivesalmebi im
iniciativas, rasac wels Caeyara safuZveli, magram
vSiSob, ramdenad efeqturi,
realuri da sakmarisia is
programa, romelsac universitetebi araqarTulenovan
studentebs 60 kreditad
sTavazoben? ise xom ar
moxdeba, rom wlis bolos maT
isev ar ecodinebaT ena?
pirveli kursidanve umaRles
saswavleblebSi SeTavazebuli
kursebi enis codnis sakmaod
maRal dones iTvaliswinebs. am
SemTxvevaSi ori gza arsebobs.
pirveli _ umaRlesma saswavlebelma studenti, romelmac
ena ar icis, mainc Caricxos,
misces ufleba gaagrZelos
swavla, da meore _ ar Caricxos da ar misces swavlis
gagrZelebis saSualeba.
leqtorebi minimalur qulas
yvelas aZleven, es praqtika
saqarTveloSi realurad arsebobs. mogexsenebaT, studentebis
mier kursis daumTavreblobis
SemTxvevebi CvenTan Zalian
cotaa da Tanac studenti
finansuri wyaroa universitetebisTvis. Tumca aqac aris
gamosavali. roca saxelmwifo
awesebs kvotirebis sistemas _
es ki sakmaod radikaluri
nabijia _ man SeiZleba raRac
kontrolis meqnizmebic SemoiRos, _ magaliTad, momzaddes
nugzar Citaia: nu gavyofT
ase, TiTqos erT weliwads ena
iswavleba da oTx weliwads _
sabakalavriato sagnebi. studenti xuTi wliT iricxeba,
xuTi wliT iRebs dafinansebas
da amitom, Tu unda, SeuZlia
xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
mxolod ena iswavlos. mas am
statuss aravin SeuCerebs.
nugzar Citaia
Salva tabataZe: pirvel wels
yvela universitetSi qarTuli
enis Sesaswavlad 60-kreditiani
sistema moqmedebs, sagani
dayofilia komponentebis
mixedviT _ wera, kiTxva, mosmena,
saubari, aris gramatikis
sakiTxebic. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rogor xdeba zogadad
Cvens umaRles saswavleblebSi
kreditebis miniWeba, SeiZleba
studentma yvela kursi daZlios, samoci kreditic miiRos,
magram misi enobrivi kompetencia ar iyos Sesabamisi.
mari miqoiani: kargad ver
gavige da egeb ganmimartoT.
magaliTad, var axalqalaqis
romelime soflidan, somxurenovani, ar vici qarTuli ena.
vswavlob pirvel kursze da
ver vZlev programas. meore
kursze isev SemiZlia enis
Seswavla gavagrZelo?
Solidarity
Sefasebis sistema, erovnuli
gamocdebisa da Sefasebis
centrma Caataros testireba
da mxolod im studentma
SeZlos swavlis gagrZeleba,
vinc Sesabamisi kompetenciis
zRvars gadalaxavs.
nugzar Citaia: ra Tqma unda,
SegiZliaT gaagrZeloT enis
7
diskusia
#5(38)
Seswavla, magram studentma
xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 240
krediti unda daagrovos.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is ver
miiRebs diploms _ miiRebs
cnobas, rom kursi moismina.
maia meliqiZe: me saxelmwifos
poziciidan vsaubrob da
msurs am adamianebs hqondeT
moqalaqeobriobis gancda. es
Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan
swored aqedan Cndeba enis
Seswavlis survili. realobidan
maia meliqiZe
gamomdinare, miCndeba SiSi,
rom amgvari dauZleveli
problemebis gamo es adamianebi SeiZleba kvlav wavidnen
saqarTvelodan da umaRlesi
ganaTleba sxvagan miiRon. es
SeiZleba kargi SeTavazebaa,
magram, vfiqrob, problemas
mainc ver gadaWris.
merab basilaia: ganaTlebis
saministros iniciativa
erTaderTi da swori gamosavalia. saSiSroeba maSin arsebobda, roca maT verafers
vTavazobdiT. cnobilia, rom
eTnikuri umciresobebis
umetesoba daxuruli sazogadoebis, Temis, SigniT cxovrobs.
ara mxolod, vTqvaT, axalqalaqSi, TbilisSic asea. wels
TiTqmis gaormagda abiturientebis raodenoba da es imas
niSnavs, rom problemas nelnela Tavs varTmevT. geTanxmebiT, gaurkvevelia, ra bedi
ewevaT am adamianebs umaRles
saswavleblebSi, magram saxelmwifom Tavisi politikuri
neba gamoxata, ganaTlebis
saministrom ki es neba
absoluturad adekvaturad
Seasrula da wels axalgazrdebis uprecedento raodenoba
moxvda umaRles saswavleblebSi. rogor gaarTmeven
Tavs programas, iqnebian Tu
ara warmatebulebi, es ukve
universitetebis problemaa.
SesaZleblobebi universitetebs aqvT _ SeiZleba ar
Semoifarglon mxolod
akademiuri swavlebiT da
Seqmnan klubebi da a. S. wels
erTi gamocdiT miviReT
studentebi, magram momavali
wlidan, saatestato gamocdebi
Semodis da, vfiqrob, ufro
momzadebuli abiturientebi
movlen. Tumca arsebobs
kvleva, romlis mixedviTac
codnis zogadi done
araqarTulenovan skolebSi
dabalia, isini ar arian mzad
Caabaron qimiis, fizikis,
maTematikis gamocdebi. aTi
moswavlidan SeiZleba mxolod
sami iyos mzad amisaTvis.
meore problema isaa, rom
dRemde zustad ar aris
cnobili momaval wels ra
pirobebi iqneba, abiturientebma jerjerobiT ar ician ra
unda Caabaron.
nugzar Citaia: es sakiTxi
aseve gaurkvevelia qarTulenovani abiturientebisTvisac.
ar viciT arian Tu ara mzad
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
8
rva gamocdis Casabareblad.
jerjerobiT ar aris gadawyvetili, ra saxiT Catardeba
gamocdebi. Tu adre ar
uswavlia, meTormete klaseli
yvela sagans erT weliwadSi
ver iswavlis. bevria iseTi
moswavle, romelic humanitaruli ganaTlebis misaRebad
emzadeboda da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebs ar swavlobda.
saubaria imaze, rom atestati
gavceT ara rva gamocdiT,
aramed _ oTxiT. sami sagani
iqneba savaldebulo _ maTematika, qarTuli da ucxo ena,
meoTxe _ rasac moswavle
airCevs. moswavle iswavlis
oTx sagans, rac miRwevadi
amocanaa. magram aqac garkveuli uxerxuloba warmoiqmneba:
rogor unda gavceT atestati
mxolod oTxi sagnis mixedviT?
ase rom, jerjerobiT
erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi am
kiTxvaze ar arsebobs.
maia meliqiZe: isev qarTuli
enis codnis dones rom
davubrundeT, vfiqrob, rom
saxelmwifos mier gadadgmuli
nabiji problemas srulad ver
moagvarebs. didia imis
albaToba, rom studentma ver
moaxerxos erT weliwadSi enis
srulyofilad Seswavla.
albaT dameTanxmebiT, rom es
SiSi usafuZvlo ar aris.
zrdasruli adamianis motivacia ufro Zlieria da, Sesabisad, TiTqos ufro unda
gauadvildes enis Seswavla,
magram rCeba riskfaqtorebi.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar iyo
sworad miwodebuli enis
swavlebis motivacia. rodesac
saxelmwifo enas vTavazobT
rogorc instruments, es,
bunebrivia, ar iqneba efeqturi,
Tuki adamiani ver SeZlebs
solidaroba
programebi, rasac maT
umaRlesi saswavleblebi SesTavazeben.
mari miqoiani
enis gamoyenebas. wlebis win
swored amas veubnebodiT:
iswavle qarTuli da
dasaqmdebi. Camovidnen
axalqalaqidan, Caabares, enac
iswavles. Cven Tvals vadevnebdiT am process, magram
maTi dasaqmeba ver moxerxda.
saxelmwifo enis codna ar
aRmoCnda sakmarisi samuSaos
saSovnelad. vfiqrob,
saxelmwifo enis swavleba
instrumentuli midgomis
safuZvelze ar unda xdebodes.
adamianma Tavi saxelmwifos
moqalaqed unda igrZnos, es
gancda adreul asakSi,
skolaSive unda Camoyalibdes.
mgonia, rom skolis damTavrebis Semdeg amgvari RonisZiebebi ver iqneba efeqturi.
magram TavisTavad is
faqti, rom abiturientma gadawyvita
umaRlesi ganaTleba
saqarTveloSi miiRos
da sxvagan ar gaemgzavros saswavleblad,
ukve mis motivaciasa
da moqalaqeobriv
gancdaze metyvelebs.
aq albaT ufro mniSvnelovania ramdenad
adekvaturi iqneba is
zaur xalilovi: ra Tqma unda,
riskfaqtorebi arsebobs,
magram, roca es sistema, 1+4,
muSavdeboda, universitetebic iRebdnen monawileobas
mis momzadebaSi, maT hqondaT
survili, rom eTnikuri
umcresobebis warmomadgenlebs
eswavlaT. saubari iyo imaze,
rom cvlilebebi skolebsac
unda Sexeboda. es paralelur
reJimSi unda momxdariyo.
skolas unda moemzadebina
potenciuri abiturientebi,
qarTuli ena swored skolaSi
unda eswavlebinaT ise, rom
abiturients gaadvileboda
universitetSi swavla. rac
Seexeba zogadad araqarTul
skolebs, iq swavlebis done
marTlac dabalia.
maia meliqiZe: Catarda kvleva,
romlis Sedegebis mixedviTac
araqarTulenovani skolebis
maswavlebelTa 65-ma procentma qarTuli ena ar icis.
zaur xalilovi: isic sakiTxavia, akmayofilebs Tu ara
araqarTulskoladamTavrebuli
moswavlis zogadi ganaTlebis
done im standarts, rasac
umaRlesi saswavleblebi
iTxoven? dRes, magaliTad,
azrebaijanuli skolebis did
nawils ar hyavs fizikis,
qimiis, geografiisa da sxva
ZiriTadi sagnebis maswavleblebi. vinc arian, maTi kvalifikaciac sakmaod dabalia.
xSirad isec xdeba, rom erTi
sagnis pedagogi ramdenime
sagans aswavlis. es yvelaferi
aisaxeba moswavleebze da
rodesac aseTi skoladamTav-
Solidarity
rebuli universitetSi
moxvdeba, umaRlesi saswavlebeli didi problemis winaSe
dgeba _ studentma qarTul
enasTan erTad sxva sagnebic
Tavidan unda iswavlos. Cven
Tavis droze universitetebs
sxva sistema SevTavazeT: es
60-kreditiani kvota sxvadasxva sagnebze gadanawildes,
ZiriTadi qarTuls moxmardes,
magram sxva sagnebis amoqaCvac moxdes. an, vTqvaT, qarTulad aswavlon sxvadasxva
sagani. samwuxarod, universitetebi mzad ar aRmoCndnen am
sistemisTvis.
mari miqoiani: me skola rusulad davamTavre, universiteti _ qarTulad. ojaxisgan,
garemosgan mqonda motivacia
da viswavle saxelmwifo ena.
axla rac Seexeba skolis gasaWirs. araqarTul skolebSi
dRes imdeni problemaa, Tuki
maTi mogvarebiT ar daviwyeT,
moswavle universitetamde
namdvilad ver miva. Tumca me,
rogorc erT-erTi saTvistomos
warmomadgeneli, mivesalmebi
ganaTlebis saministros am
SemoTavazebas. aqamde araferi
merab basilaia
9
diskusia
#5(38)
ar gakeTebula da is, rom
raRac keTdeba, Zalian kargia.
merab basilaia: roca vsaubrobT eTnikuri umciresobebis
warmomadgenlebze, isic unda
vTqvaT, ra gvinda da ras
moveliT maTgan. azerbaijanuli
da somxuri skolebi didxans
ar iqnebian imisTvis mzad,
rom kargad moamzadon moswavleebi. problemebia qarTul
skolaSic. warmoudgenelia
skolebi Tundac xuT weliwadSi ise Seicvalon, rom iqidan
kargad momzadebuli
abiturientebi movidnen.
magram ra aris Cveni politikuri mizani? _ mivceT maT
Sansi, rom erTi gamocdiT,
romelsac TavianT mSobliur
enaze abareben, moxvdnen
umaRles saswavleblebSi. es
Cveni sazogadoebis gasakeTebelia, amiT ganvmuxtavT im
did daZabulobas, romelic am
TemebSi arsebobs. Tuki universitetSi cudad iswavlis,
davuwioT Tamasa, es xom
droebiTi RonisZiebaa. ver
agrovebs 60 kredits? CavuTvaloT 40 da gadaviyvanoT
tata xunwaria
Semdeg kursze. es pozitiuri
diskriminacia eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenel
studentsac sWirdeba, Cvenc
gvWirdeba _ sazogadoebasac
sWirdeba es.
Salva tabataZe: rac saministrom gaakeTa, namdvilad
kargia da es, wesiT, sakamaTo
ar unda iyos. mniSvnelovania,
rom is, rac daviwyeT, kargad
davamTavroT da pozitiuri
Sedegi miviRoT. araqarTul
skolebSi marTlac dgas maswavlebelTa problema. maTi 62
procenti 45 wlis asaks
gadacilebulia, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis specialistTa
sakmarisi raodenoba ar gvyavs.
radgan swavleba kvotirebis
sistemaze gadavida, jobs
yvelaferi kargad gakeTdes.
cxadia, saxelmwifo SromiTi
bazris regulaciaSi ver Caereva, magram SeiZleba saxelmwifom moiTxovos, rom im
abiturientTagan, romlebic
studentebi gaxdnen, raRac
nawili, vTqvaT, 20 procenti,
maswavleblis specialobebs
daeuflos. Torem SeiZleba
arcerTma ar airCios maswavlebloba da skola isev maswavleblis gareSe darCes. iqneb
abiturentebTan gagveformebina kontraqtebi, rom
swavlis damTavrebis Semdeg
isini isev regionebSi
dabrundnen? es ar aris
mxolod sabWoTa modeli.
amgvari ram bevrgan xdeba.
nugzar Citaia: ver dageTanxmebiT. Tu Cven gvgonia, rom
250 maswavlebels miviRebT,
vcdebiT. im Tanxas, rac
eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis
gamoiyo, konkretuli daniSnuleba hqonda _ azerbaija-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
10
neli da somexi abiturientebis
ucxoeTSi gadinebis Semcireba.
marTalia, Cveni umaRlesi
ganaTlebis sistema sakanonmdeblo baziT somxeTsac
uswrebs da azerbaijansac,
magram erTmniSvnelovnad ver
vityviT, rom saswavlo
procesi CvenTan ukeTesia.
Tuki abiturienti mxolod
imitom ver swavlobs aq, rom
saxelmwifo ena ar icis da
somxeTsa an azerbaijanSi
agrZelebs swavlas, maSin
Cveni gadawyvetileba sworia.
is problema ki, rom skolaSi
miRebuli ganaTleba ar aris
sakmarisi gamocdebis dasaZlevad, marto eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa ki
ara, yvela Cveni abiturientis
winaSe dgas. rac Seexeba
pedagogebs, wels atestacia
sakuTari surviliT daaxloebiT 11000-ma maswavlebelma
gaiara da mxolod 10%-ma
gadalaxa minimaluri kompetenciis zRvari, rac niSnavs,
rom Zalian dabalia
pedagogTa ganaTlebis zogadi
done. es problema erT-or
weliwadSi ver mogvardeba.
iTqva, rom qarTuli
enis flobis done im
maswavleblebSi,
romlebic eTnikurad
kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi
qarTuls aswavlian,
standarts ver akmayofilebs. ra keTdeba
am mdgomareobis
gamosasworeblad?
maia meliqiZe: vicnob yvela
kvlevas, romelic am
mimarTulebiT Catarda.
samwuxarod, vercerTi
solidaroba
realur da zust suraTs ver
gvaZlevs, Tumca zogadi mdgomareoba yvelgan erTnairia _
savalalo. Cvenma centrma
daiwyo kvleva eTnikurad
araqarTveli maswavleblebis
qarTuli enis donis Sesamowmeblad. gvinda SevideT yvela
skolaSi, saqarTveloSi
moqmed yvela qarTulis
maswavlebelze gavideT.
sakmaod didi jgufi muSaobs.
seqtembris damdegs daviwyeT
testireba qvemo qarTlSi, es
Tvisobrivi kvlevis Semadgeneli nawilia; igi imitom ki ar
tardeba, rom vinmes problemebi SevuqmnaT _ realuri
suraTis danaxva gvinda.
cxadia, kvlevaSi monawileoba
nebayoflobiTia. 2010 wlis
maisidan maswavlebelTa
profesiuli ganviTarebis
centrTan erTad Cveni centri
axorcielebs vauCeruli
dafinansebis proeqts,
romelic iaponuri grantis
farglebSi mimdinareobs da
ori qveprogramisagan Sedgeba;
pirveli _ wignierebis
kvlevaa, romelic mxolod
dawyebiT klasebSi arsebul
mdgomareobas Seiswavlis da
saqarTvelos ramdenime
regionSi tardeba, meore _
qarTulis, rogorc meore
enis, swavlebis qveprogramaa,
romelic mTel saqarTveloSi
yvela araqarTulenovan skolas
moicavs da gulisxmobs, rom
yvela skolas unda mieces
erTi vauCeri, raTa maswavlebelma enobrivi kompetenciebis
gafarToeba SeZlos. saswavlo
programis Sinaarsi da Sefasebis
kriteriumi ukve movamzadeT.
magram swored aq gaCnda es
kiTxva: rogor ganvsazRvroT
vis rogori kursi sWirdeba?
zogs qarTulis, rogorc
meore enis, swavlebis meTodika sWirdeba, zogs _ enis
Seswavla. es Tu ar mogvarda,
sxva RonisZiebebis gatarebas
azri ekargeba. erT-erTi
kvlevis SedegebiT, qarTulis,
rogorc meore enis, maswavlebelTa 65-67-ma procentma an
saerTod ar icis qarTuli, an
cudad icis, xolo saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi saSualod flobs
qarTul enas. mdgomareoba
savalaloa, magram es mainc
zogadi suraTia. roca maswavlebelTa codnis done ase
dabalia, verc saxelmZRvanelo
da verc meTodika verafers
Secvlis. maSin, roca kargi
maswavleblis xelSi saxelmZRvanelos ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki SeiZleba Sedegis
miRweva.
tata xunwaria: am sakiTxs
sakmaod kargad vicnob. xuT
weliwads vmuSaobdi samcxejavaxeTSi erT-erT
saerTaSoriso organizaciaSi.
vicnob regions da mis
problematikas. rom Cavedi,
2002 wels, saSineli mdgomareoba damxvda, romelic nelnela Cem Tvalwin icvleboda,
da 2007 wels, roca regioni
davtove, odnavi gaumjobeseba
igrZnoboda. kmayofili
wamovedi, radgan davinaxe,
rom raRac SevZeliT. rac
Seexeba ganaTlebis saministros
iniciativas, es namdvilad
wingadadgmuli nabijia,
gansakuTrebiT imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac manamde iyo.
ganaTlebis saministros wina
xelmZRvanelobasTan xSirad
misaubria am Temaze da pasuxad sul mesmoda _
umaRlesSi saukeTeso unda
moxvdes!. SeZlebdnen Tu vera
eTnikuri umciresobebi
Solidarity
koba Cofliani
yofiliyvnen saukeTesoebi,
amaze aravin fiqrobda.
ramdenime xnis win Sexvedra
mqonda axalqalaqis qarTulis
maswavleblebTan da ori
sityva ver gadaabes erTmaneTs
qarTulad. iq iyvnen rusuli
da somxuri skolebis ufrosklaselebic, romelTa
umetesobamac Tqva, rom
saqarTveloSi apirebdnen
umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebas.
maTac dagvidastures,
maswavleblebma qarTuli ar
iciano. amis gamo maTi umravlesoba kerZod emzadeba.
rogorc vici, qvemo qarTlSi
odnav ukeTesi mdgomareobaa,
radgan azerbaijanelebis
raRac nawils qarTul skolaSi
SehyavT bavSvebi, rac javaxeTSi ar xdeba.
mari miqoiani: sakmaod axlos
vicnob am problemas. axalqalaqSi erTaderTi qarTulenovani skolaa, romelic
daxurvis pirasaa. ras
vakeTebT am skolisTvis?
aseve SemiZlia vTqva, rom
rogorc adre ar iswavleboda
qarTuli araqarTul skolebSi,
11
diskusia
#5(38)
iseve ar iswavleba dResac.
miuxedavad imisa, rom rac
dRes gaakeTa ganaTlebis
saministrom, Zalian momwons,
mainc pesimisturad var ganwyobili. ara var darwmunebuli, rom im erTi wlis Semdeg
azerbaijanels, somexs Tu
erovnuli umciresobis
nebismier warmomadgenels ise
ecodineba qarTuli, rom
momdevno oTx weliwads
bakalavriatSi qarTulad
swavla SeZlos.
rogoria integraciis
perspeqtiva saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi ufro
mcirericxovani eTnikuri umciresobebis
warmomadgenlebisaTvis?
koba Cofliani: samoqalaqo
integraciaSi ganaTlebas
umTavresi roli akisria.
erovnuli umciresobebisTvis
Zalian mniSvnelovania
agreTve maTi mSobliuri enis
Tundac im doneze codna, rom
komunikacia SeZlon. es
problema ufro mcirericxovan da arakompaqturad
dasaxlebul eTnikur jgufebs
aqvT. SeiZleba samoqalaqo
integraciis TvalsazrisiT es
ar iyos damabrkolebeli
faqtori, magram Tuki gvjera,
rom umciresobebma swored
sakuTari kulturisa da enis
codniT unda igrZnon Tavi
Cveni qveynis moqalaqeebad,
bunebrivia, iq, sadac mSobliuri enis Seswavla surT, unda
hqondeT imis saSualeba, rom
ena zogadi ganaTlebis
sistemis farglebSi iswavlon.
aseve mniSvnelovania mediasTan da infrastruqturasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebic.
gzebi rom gakeTda, esec xels
uwyobs kompaqturad
dasaxlebuli umciresobebis
integracias da urTierTobis
pozitiuri mimarTulebiT
warmarTvas. zogadad, politikuri garemo umjobesdeba,
ufro meti iniciativa modis
saxelmwifo uwyebebis
warmomadgenlebisgan da wina
wlebisagan gansxvavebiT Cven
TvalnaTliv vxedavT
progress _ xorcieldeba
programebi da dRes ukve
imaze vmsjelobT, rogor
gavxadoT ufro efeqturi am
programebis muSaoba. mniSvnelovania is, rom erovnuli
umciresobebis warmomadgenlebic monawileobdnen am
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi.
nugzar Citaia: ganaTlebis
saministros strategiul
gegmaSi weria: 2011-2014
wlebSi dagegmilia eTnikuri
umciresobebiT dasaxlebul
regionebSi profesional
qarTuli enis maswavlebelTa
raodenobis zrda. amisTvis
konkretuli RonisZiebebic
tardeba. qarTuli enis
maswavleblebi saxelmwifosgan saxelfaso danamats, 1000
lars, miiReben. yvela pedagogi, romelic gaivlis
serTificirebas, damatebiT
280 lars miiRebs. es maswavleblebisTvis kargi stimuli
iqneba, raTa imuSaon sakuTar
Tavze, aimaRlon ganaTlebis
done, meore mxriv ki, es iniciativa umaRlesi saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulebs
waaxalisebs, rom pedagogis
profesia airCion. vfiqrob,
pesimizmis safuZveli
namdvilad ara gvaqvs.
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
12
samarTali
solidaroba
samarTliani
sasamarTlos ufleba
amonaridebi saxalxo damcvelis angariSidan saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebaTa
da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb (2009 wlis meore naxevari)
saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis pirveli
punqtis Tanaxmad, yovel adamians ufleba aqvs
Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad
mimarTos sasamarTlos~.1
imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos
yoveli moqalaqe iyos daculi
da cxovrobdes samarTlian
sazogadoebaSi, metad
mniSvnelovania, rom samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba
uzrunvelyofili iyos. Tumca
am uflebis mxolod Teoriul
doneze dacva sasurvel Sedegs
ver moitans. aucilebelia, rom
moqalaqes, romlis winaaRmdegac Cadenilia danaSauli an
romlis uflebebic dairRva,
hqondes samarTlianobis
aRdgenis gancdis realuri
molodini, rac pirdapir
moiTxovs Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi Tavmoyril uflebis
damcav normaTa praqtikul
realizacias.
sasamarTlo sistemaSi
ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi
ganxorcielda (moxda sasamarTlo sistemis instituciuri
reorganizacia, mosamarTleTa
raodenobis gazrda, Seiqmna
Solidarity
mosamarTleTa gadamzadebis
sistema da sxv), razec didi
odenobis Tanxebi daixarja,
Tumca rogorc saxalxo
damcvelis aparatSi Semosuli
gancxadebebidan ikveTeba da
rogorc qveynis SigniT moRvawe
sxvadasxva organizaciebi
aRniSnaven, rigi problemebisa
mainc arsebobs. aRniSnuls
adasturebs 2010 wlis 11 marts
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
saxelmwifo departamentis
demokratiis, adamianis
uflebaTa da Sromis biuros
mier 2009 wels saqarTveloSi
adamianis uflebaTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli
angariSi, romelSic erT-erT
umTavres problemad samarTliani sasamarTlos principis
ganxorcieleba saxeldeba.2
samarTliani sasamarTlos
uflebas saxalxo damcveli
Tavis saangariSo moxsenebebSi
araerTxel Seexo da xSir
SemTxvevebSi konkretuli
13
#5(38)
rekomendaciiTac miumarTavs
iusticiis umaRlesi sabWosa
Tu saqarTvelos uzenaesi
sasamarTlosTvis. sasamarTlo
Tavis saqmianobaSi damoukidebelia da aravis aqvs ufleba
Caerios marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcilebaSi3, Tumca
mniSvnelovania is garemoebac,
rom sazogadoebas hqondes
saqmis samarTlianad da miukerZoeblad ganxilvis gancda. am
kuTxiT ki metad mniSvnelovania saxalxo damcvelis saqmianoba. miT umetes, rogorc
adamianis uflebaTa
evropulma sasamarTlom
ganmarta, ombudsmenis mier
mosamarTleTa procedurul
nawilSi kontroli da
zedamxedveloba srulebiT ar
arRvevs sasamarTlos
damoukideblobis princips.4
saxalxo damcvelis 2009 wlis
meore naxevris moxsenebaSi,
iseve rogorc wina saangariSo
moxsenebebSi, gaanalizebulia
is problematuri sakiTxebi,
romlebic saangariSo periodSi
samarliani sasamarTlos
kuTxiT gamoikveTa. mniSvnelovania, rom saxalxo damcvelis
mier misi mandatis farglebSi
ganxorcielebulma saqmianobam
xeli unda Seuwyos marTlmsajulebis sistemis ganmtkicebasa da efeqturobas, xolo
rekomendaciebi da Sefasebebi
ki gamoyenebul unda iqnes,
rogorc sasamarTlos
damoukideblobis principebis
gamyarebis iaraRi.
garda amisa, saxalxo damcvelis
2009 wlis meore naxevris
saangariSi moxsenebaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia, erTi
mxriv, sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeebis ganxilvisas sasamar-
samarTali
Tlos gadawyvetilebebis
arasakmarisad dasabuTebis
problemaze, xolo, meore
mxriv, administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa saqmeebis
ganxilvasTan dakavSirebul
problemebze.
sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebebis
arasakmarisad
dasabuTebulobis
problema
samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba gulisxmobs saqmis ganxilvas kanonis safuZvelze Seqmnili
damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlos mier.
saxalxo damcvelis angariSSi
miTiTebulia, rom aparatSi
Semosuli gancxadebebi cxadyofs, rom erT-erTi yvelaze
problemuri sakiTxi
sasamarTlo sistemaSi aris
sasamarTlos mier miRebuli
Sualeduri Tu saboloo
gadawyvetilebebis (brZaneba
aRkveTis RonisZiebis SerCevis
Sesaxeb, uari Suamdgomlobis
dakmayofilebaze, ganaCeni da
sxv.) arasakmarisad dasabuTebulobis sakiTxi. aRniSnuli
problema araerT sisxlis
samarTlis saqmeSi gvxvdeba,
rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom
dResdReobiT sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebebis arasakmarisad dasabuTebuloba sistemur problemas warmoadgens.
aRkveTis RonisZiebis
saxiT dapatimrebis
SerCevis dasabuTebuloba
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saporceso kodeqsis 1510-e
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
14
muxlSi zustad aris gansazRvruli aRkveTis RonisZiebis
gamoyenebis mizani da safuZveli. aRkveTis RonisZiebis
saxiT dapatimrebis SerCevis
Sesaxeb brZanebis dasabuTebisas xSir SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo swored aRniSnuli
safuZvlebis miTiTebiTa da
Sesabamisi muxlis citirebiT
Semoifargleba.
magaliTisaTvis brZanebaSi
xSirad vxvdebiT miTiTebas _
arsebobs dasabuTebuli eWvi,
rom braldebulma SesaZloa
Tavi aaridos winaswar gamoZiebasa da sasamarTlos,
gaagrZelos danaSaulebrivi
saqmianoba, gaanadguros
mtkicebulebebi. xSir
SemTxvevebSi, brZanebaSi yvela
aRniSnuli safuZveli erTad
aris naxsenebi, Tumca ar aris
dasabuTebuli, Tu konkretulad raSi gamoixateba
dasabuTebuli varaudi, rom
braldebuli Tavs aaridebs
winaswar gamoZiebasa da
sasamarTlos an daemuqreba
procesis monawileebs.
aseve gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi,
rodesac aRkveTis RonisZiebis
saxiT dapatimrebis SerCevis
Sesaxeb brZanebaSi sasamarTlo
miuTiTebs, rom braldebulis
mier Cadenili danaSauli
miekuTvneba mZime danaSaulTa
kategorias, ris gamoc
mizanSewonilad Tvlis,
braldebuls aRkveTis
RonisZiebis saxiT Seefardos
dapatimreba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom danaSaulis simZime
ar SeiZleba avtomaturad
gaxdes braldebulisaTvis
aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT
dapatimrebis SerCevis
safuZveli.
solidaroba
saqmeSi facuria saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg adamianis uflebaTa
aRniSna, rom patimrobis
Sefardeba dadgenili prezumfciis gamo, romelic emyareba
braldebis simZimesa da
mimalvis, axali danaSaulis
Cadenis hipoTetur saSiSroebas,
ar Seesabameba konvenciis me-5
muxlis me-3 punqts. sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom xelisuflebam unda warmoadginos
aRniSnuli RonisZiebis
(patimrobis) mizanSewonilobis
damadasturebeli dasabuTeba.
mimalvis safrTxe warmoadgens
Tavisuflebis SezRudvis
mizanSewonilobis Sefasebis
elements, magram igi ar
SeiZleba dadgenil iqnas
dausabuTebeli, abstraqtuli
gancxadebebis safuZvelze.5
dapatimrebis, rogorc
aRkveTis RonisZiebis
vadis, gagrZelebis
dausabuTebloba
aseve, xSir SemTxvevebSi,
dausabuTebelia aRkveTis
RonisZiebis vadis gagrZelebis
brZanebebi. patimrobis vadis
gagrZelebisas, rogorc wesi,
aRniSnuli saxis brZanebaSi
xdeba igive safuZvlebsa da
garemoebebze miTiTeba, romlebzec saubari iyo aRkveTis
RonisZiebis saxiT dapatimrebis
SerCevis Sesaxeb brZanebaSi.
saqmeSi nikolova bulgareTis
winaaRmdeg adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom
daadgina, rom rac dakavebis
momentSi warmoadgenda aRkveTis RonisZiebis Sefardebis
safuZvels, igive safuZveli
yovelTvis ar SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iyos aseTi
RonisZiebis gasagrZeleblad.6
baSi aRniSnuli moTxovnis
dakmayofilebaze.
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
ar unda iyos zogadi saxis.
ucilebelia, rom yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi aRkveTis
RonisZiebis saxiT dapatimrebis
SerCevis da patimrobis vadis
gagrZelebis Sesaxeb brZanebaSi
saubari iyos im garemoebebze,
romlebic mxolod am
saqmisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac
saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvisas
gansasjelis interesebis
damcveli advokatis mier
dayenebuli Suamdgomlobis
dakmayofilebaze uari
sasamarTlos mier ar aris
dasabuTebuli da sasamarTlo
mxolod acxadebs, rom
advokatis Suamdgomloba
usafuZvloa, Tumca ar
akonkretebs, Tu raSi
gamoixateba aRniSnuli
garemoebebis dadgenis
usafuZvloba. aRniSnuli
problemac aseve sistemur
xasiaTs atarebs da, saxalxo
damcvelis aparatSi Semosuli
gancxadebebis mixedviT,
damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod
erTi sasamarTlos an
mosamarTlisTvis, aramed
saqarTvelos mTel
teritoriaze moqmedi
sasamarTloebis problemaa.
Suamdgomlobaze uaris
Tqmis dausabuTebloba
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
saproceso kodeqsis me-15
muxlis 1 nawilis Tanaxmad,
sisxlis samarTlis procesi
xorcieldeba mxareTa Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis
safuZvelze. amave muxlis
me-3 nawilis mixedviT, mxareebs,
sruli Tanasworobis safuZvelze, ufleba aqvT warmoadginon mtkicebulebani,
monawileoba miiRon maTs
gamokvlevaSi, ganacxadon
Suamdgomloba da acileba,
gamoTqvan sakuTari azri
sisxlis samarTlis saqmis
nebismier sakiTxze.
aRniSnuli niSnavs, rom
Tanabar pirobebSi unda
ganixilebodes braldebisa da
dacvis mxaris Suamdgomlobebi ama Tu im sagamoZiebo
moqmedebis Catarebis, mowmis
gamoZaxebisa da mtkicebulebebis Sefasebis Sesaxeb, aseve
miukerZoebeli da dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba unda
iqnas gamotanili im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo uars
ambobs procesis monawile
romelime mxaris Suamdgomlo-
Solidarity
magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia
moviyvanoT r. cagarelis,
s. beselias, r. miloravasa da
v. kirvaliZis braldebis
sisxlis samarTlis saqme.
baTumis saqalaqo
sasamarTlos mier sisxlis
samarTlis saqmis arsebiTi
ganxilvisas dacvis mxaris
mier dayenebul iqna Suamdgomloba saqmeze sagamoZiebo
eqsperimentis Catarebis
Sesaxeb braldebis erT-erTi
mowmis Cvenebis sisworis
dadgenis mizniT. miuxedavad
imisa, rom faqti momxdari iyo
agvistoSi, xolo saqmis
ganxilva mimdinareobda
noember-dekemberSi, dacvis
mxare iTxovda sagamoZiebo
eqsperimentis Catarebisas
15
#5(38)
gaeTvaliswinebinaT aRniSnuli
garemoeba da gansaxilveli
qmedebis garemoebebis msgavs
pirobebSi CaetarebinaT
sagamoZiebo eqspertimenti,
dacvis mxaris ganmartebiT,
aucileblad gamosarkvevi
sakiTxebis dadgenis mizniT.
sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila
Suamdgomloba im motiviT, rom
SeuZleblad miiCnia SemTxvevis
msgavsi pirobebis Seqmna
(SuamdgomlobaSi moTxovnili
iyo, rom sagamoZiebo eqsperimenti Catarebuliyo msgavsi
ganaTebisa da quCaze xalxis
igive raodenobis pirobebSi
imis dasadgenad, SeZlebda Tu
ara mowme garkveuli
garemoebebis danaxvas).
amasTan, sainteresoa aRniSnul
saqmeSi mosamarTlis ganmarteba, rodesac man aRniSna,
rom mas, rogorc mosamarTles
eSinoda Semdgomi problemebi
ar Seeqmna aRniSnuli
sagamoZiebo eqsperimentis
Catarebas piradad misTvis
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.
sasamarTlom dacvis mxaris
Samdgomlobis uaryofis
Sesaxeb dadgenileba aseve
daasabuTa im garemoebiT, rom
SesaZlebeli iyo mowmes, romelic CvenebaSi aRniSnavda, rom
SemTxvevis adgilze dainaxa
garkveuli garemoebebi da
swored am Cvenebis sinamdvilis
dadgenisaTvis iTxovda dacva
sagamoZiebo eqsperimentis
Catarebas, ver amoecno pirebi.
sasamarTlom uari Tqva
dacvis mxaris aRniSnuli
Suamdgomlobis dakmayofilebaze, Tumca, rogorc Tavad
aRniSna, didi survili hqonda
darwmunebuliyo, ramdenad
swori iyo mowmis mier
micemuli Cveneba.
samarTali
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom im garemoebis
dadgenaze Tqva uari, rasac
SesaZloa emoqmeda mis mier
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.
Tumca sasamarTlo, rogorc
marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebeli organo, dainteresebuli unda iyos gansaxilvel
saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgeniT.
Tu mxaris mier dayenebuli
iqneba Suamdgomloba, rasac
sasamarTlis azriT, SeuZlia
raime gavlena moaxdonos mis
mier gadawyvetilebis miRebaze,
man xeli unda Seuwyos mxareebs
aseTi garemoebebis dadgenaSi.
saboloo
gadawyvetilebebis
arasakmarisad
dasabuTebulobis
problema
arasamkarisad dasabuTebis
problema gvxvdeba ara
mxolod Sualedur, aramed
sasamarTlos mier gamotanil
saboloo gadawyvetilebebSic.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-18
muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad,
saqmis garemoebaTa gamokvleva unda iyos yovelmxrivi,
obieqturi da sruli. erTnairi
gulmodginebiT unda gairkves
eWvmitanilisa da braldebulis rogorc mamxilebeli, ise
gamamarTlebeli, agreTve
maTi pasuxismgeblobis
damamZimebeli da
Semamsubuqebeli garemoebani.
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
sasamarTlo ganaCenSi eyrdnoba
erT konkretul mtkicebulebas, maSin rodesac arsebobs
am mtkicebulebis sawinaaRm-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
16
dego mtkicebuleba. magaliTad,
rodesac saqmeSi aris ramodenime mowmis Cveneba, romelTa
nawili adasturebs piris
braleulobas, xolo nawili
braldebulis sasargeblod
metyvelebs, ganaCenSi
ganmartebuli unda iyos, Tu
ratom aqvs ama Tu im mtkicebulebas upiratesoba sxva
danarCen mtkicebulebebTan
SedarebiT, maSin rodesac
aRniSnuli Cvenebebi winaaRmdegobrivia. n. nadaraias
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi
quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom gamamtyunebel ganaCens
yaCaRobis nawilSi safuZvlad
daudo dazaralebul z. makariZis Cveneba, romelic aSkarad
urTierTsawinaaRmdego iyo
saqmeze dakiTxuli sxva
mowmeebis CvenebebTan, Tumca
sasamarTlos aRniSnuli
mowmeebis Cvenebebis Sefaseba
saerTod ar mouxdenia.
xSir SemTxvevebSi dausabuTebelia ganCineba sakasacio
saCivris ganxilvaze uaris Tqmis
Sesaxeb. sakasacio saCivris
ganxilvisas unezaesi sasamarTlo, rogorc wesi, uTiTebs
rom gansaxilvel saqmeSi ar
arsebobs sakasacio saCivris
ganxilvis winapirobebi.
2009 wlis 04 martis
ganCinebiT saqarTvelos
uzenaesma sasamarTlom ar
daakmayofila n. nadaraias da
misi interesebis damcveli
advokatis sakasacio saCivari
im garemoebaze miTiTebiT,
rom saqmeSi ar moipoveba
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso
kanonis iseTi arsebiTi
xasiaTis darRveva, rac
safuZvlad daedeba ganaCenis
gauqmebas.
solidaroba
mniSvnelovania, rom uzenaesma
sasamarTlom ixelmZRvanelos
konkretuli saqmisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli garemoebebiT
da misi gadawyvetileba
emyarebodes sasamarTlos
mier saqmis safuZvlianad
Seswavlas, raTa ganCineba
sakasacio saCivris ganxilvaze
uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb ar aRiqmebodes avtomatur uarad.
dacvis ufleba
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis
dasabuTebloba pirdapir
kavSirSia dacvis uflebis
efeqturad ganxorcielebasTan,
rac samarTliani sasamarTlos
uflebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
Semadgeneli nawilia da
garantirebulia saqarTvelos
konstituciis 42-e muxli me-3
punqtiT.
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso
kodeqsis me-11 muxlis
pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, ki
sasamarTlo da Tanamdebobis
piri, romlebic sisxlis
samarTlis process axorcieleben, valdebulni arian
eWvmitanili, braldebuli da
gansasjeli uzrunvelyon
dacvis uflebiT, ganumarton
uflebebi, miscen SesaZlebloba, daicvan Tavi kanoniT
nebadarTuli yvela saSualebiT,
uzrunvelyon maTi uflebebisa
da Tavisuflebebis dacva.
sasamarTlos winaSe garkveuli
sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis
Catarebisa Tu raime sakiTxis
dadgenis mizniT Suamdgomlobis dayeneba da mtkicebulebebis Tanabrad Sefaseba ki
swored erT-erTi kanonieri
saSualebaa dacvis mxarisaTvis Tavisi poziciis gasamya-
Solidarity
17
#5(38)
reblad. Tu aRniSnulis
dakmayofilebaze sasamarTlo
uars ambobs, mas unda hqondes
safuZvliani mizezi da sasamarTlos mier Suamdgomlobis
dakmayofilebaze uari unda
iyos myari da argumentirebuli.
administraciul
samarTaldaRvevaTa
saqmeebis ganxilvasTan
dakavSirebuli
problemebi
samarTliani sasamarTlo-s
principebis Sesabamisad
ganxilvas eqvemdebareba
administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa saqmeebic.
am kategoriis saqmeebis
ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli
sasamarTlo praqtikis
Seswavlis mizniT Tbilisis
saqalaqo sasamarTlodan
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis
aparatis mier gamoTxovili
iqna administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 166-e
(wvrilmani xulignoba), 173-e
(samarTaldamcav organoTa
muSakebis an samxedro mosamsaxureebis kanonieri gankargulebisadmi an moTxovnisadmi
daumorCilebloba) da 1741-e
(Sekrebis an manifestaciis
organizebisa da Catarebis
wesis darRveva) muxlebis
safuZvelze gamotanili dadgenilebebi. garda imisa, rom
e.w. muSa muxlebs warmoadgenen, 166-e da 173-e muxlebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli samarTaldarRvevebi maTi kvalifikaciis
TvalsazrisiT, igive SeiZleba
iTqvas 1741-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul samarTaldarRvevazec.
arsebuli dadgenilebebis
analizis safuZvelze Semdegi
problemebi gamoikveTa saxalxo
damcvelis aparatis mier:
samarTali
dadgenilebebis
Sablonuri forma
dadgenilebebis formaluri
analizis safuZvelze irkveva,
rom TiToeul mosamarTles
individualurad SemuSavebuli
(e.w. Sablonuri) forma aqvs,
sadac xSir SemTxvevaSi
mxolod rekvizitebi icvleba.
dadgenilebis standartuli
formis SemuSaveba, romelic
samuSao process aadvilebs,
TavisTavad darRveva ar aris.
dadgenilebis Sablonuri
forma problemas im SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens, roca masSi
mxolod saxelebi da gvarebi
icvleba. ganxiluli dadgenilebebis umetesoba (aRwerilobiTi da samotivacio
nawilebis CaTvliT) zogadi
da universaluri xasiaTisaa.
amgvari dadgenileba advilad
ergeba sxvadasxva SemTxvevas.
Tumca, imis gamo, rom ar
Seicavs miTiTebebs konkretuli garemoebebis Sesaxeb,
mtkicebulebaTa naklebobis
da dasabuTebulobis
problemas warmoSobs.
samarTaldarRvevis
faqtebis arasakmarisad
asaxva dadgenilebaSi
problema, romelic dadgenilebebis SablonurobasTanaa
dakavSirebuli samarTaldarRvevis faqtis Sesaxeb informaciis naklebobaa. Tbilisis
saqalaqo sasamarTlodan miRebul erTerT dadgenilebaSi
vkiTxulobT, rom 08 seqtembers
heidar alievis baRis mimdebare
teritoriaze administraciuli
wesiT dakavebuli iqna a.a. sapatrulo policiis kanonieri
moTxovnisadmi daumorCileblobis faqtze, razec Sedgenil
iqna administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa oqmi. dadgenile-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
18
bis aRniSnuli aRweriloba
ver iZleva informacias ra
kanonieri moTxovna gaaCnda
sapatrulo policias
samarTaldamrRvevis mimarT,
raSi gamoixata moTxovnisadmi
daumorCilebloba, rogori
iyo samarTaldamrRvevad
cnobili piris pozicia da a.S.
mtkicebulebebaTa
nakleboba
administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmis warmoeba
saqmis garemoebaTa yovelmxriv,
srul da obieqtur gamorkvevas
efuZneba. swored amgvari
gamokvlevis safuZvelze unda
miiRos mosamarTlem dadgenileba administraciuli saxdelis dadebis an administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmis
warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb.
dadgenilebis is nawili, romelic saqmis ganxilvisas dadgenili garemoebebis aRweras
unda Seicavdes, rogorc wesi,
aseTi Sinaarsisaa: saqmis masalebis SeswavliT da mxareTa
axsna-ganmartebebis mosmenis
Sedegad, sasamarTlos miaCnia,
saqmis masalebiT dadasturebulia a.a-s mier saqarTvelos
administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 173-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis
faqti da saqmis garemoebebis
mixedviT mas unda ganesazRvros
administraciuli saxdeli
saqarTvelos administraciul
samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis
am muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
sanqciis farglebSi. amdenad,
dadgenileba ver iZleva
warmodgenas ra konkretul
mtkicebulebebs daeyrdno
sasamarTlo dadgenilebis
gamotanisas, ramdenad safuZvliani iyo isini da a.S.
solidaroba
procesis zedapiruloba
administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa saqmeebis warmoeba
Tavisi mniSvnelobiT ver
utoldeba, Tumca raodenobiT
bevrad aRemateba sisxlisa da
samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebas.
es ar amarTlebs im zedapirulobas, romelic administraciul
samarTaldarRvevaTa saqmeebis
ganxilvas axasiaTebs. kodeqsis
Tanaxmad, administraciuli
samarTaldarRvevis saqmeze
miRebuli dadgenileba aseve unda
Seicavdes Canawers CamorTmeuli nivTebisa da dokumentebis,
agreTve specialuri saeqsperto
dawesebulebisa (eqspertisa)
da TarjimnisaTvis asanazRaurebuli momsaxurebis
xarjebis kompensaciis Sesaxeb.7
daaxloebiT 900 dadgenilebidan, romelic saxalxo
damcvelis ofiss Tbilisis
saqalaqo sasamarTlodan
moewoda, msgavsi miTiTeba
arcerTSi ar gvxvdeba.
dadgenilebaSi msgavsi Canawerebis ararseboba mtkicebulebaTa
naklebobaze, procesis zedapirulobasa da dacvis garantiebis
naklebobaze metyvelebs.
dacvis garantiebis
nakleboba
administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmeebze TiTqmis
ar xdeba mowmis dakiTxva,
mtkicebulebaTa gamokvleva
da a.S. msgavs praqtikas
mtkicebulebaTa naklebobis
garda, administraciul pasuxisgebaSi micemuli piri
dacvis garantiebis naklebobamdec miyavs.
iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda,
dadgenilebidan aseve ar
irkveva aRiarebs an/da inaniebs
Tu ara samarTaldamrRvevi
momxdars, ram ubiZga mas
samarTaldarRvevis Cadenisaken da a.S. aRniSnuli mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac
pirdapir kavSirSia saxdelis
saxisa da zomis gansazRvrasTan, vinaidan administraciul
samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsi
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
msgavsad, iTvaliswinebs
pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebel da damamZimebel
garemoebebs. es kidev erTi
maniSnebelia imisa, rom
procesi formalur xasiaTs
atarebs da, iSviaTi
gamonaklisebis garda, misi
daniSnuleba samarTaldarRvevis oqmis Sinaarsis
dakanonebiT Semoifargleba.
dasabuTebulobis
problema
administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 166-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, wvrilmani
xulignoba, ese igi sazogadoebriv adgilebSi lanZRvagineba, moqalaqeebze
Seuracxmyofeli gadakideba
da sxva amgvari moqmedeba,
romelic arRvevs sazogadoebriv wesrigsa da moqalaqeTa
simSvides, _ gamoiwvevs dajarimebas 100 laris odenobiT
an, Tu saqmis garemoebaTa da
damrRvevis pirovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT am zomis
gamoyeneba arasakmarisad iqneba
miCneuli, _ administraciul
patimrobas 90 dRemde vadiT.
aRniSnuli norma sasamarTlos
SesaZleblobas aZlevs, arCevani arsebiTad gansxvavebuli
simkacris saxdelebs Soris
gaakeTos. am Tavisuflebis
paralelurad kodeqsi sasamarTlos uwesebs moTxovnas
ixelmZRvanelos kanoniT da
Solidarity
marTlSegnebiT, xolo mtkicebuleba Seafasos Sinagani
rwmeniT, rac damyarebulia
saqmis yvela garemoebis
yovelmxriv, srul da obieqtur
gamokvlevaze maT erTobliobaSi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos
Tavisuflebas _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisas ixelmZRvanelos Sinagani rwmeniT,
upirispirdeba misi dasabuTebulobis valdebuleba.
dasabuTebuli dadgenileba
pasuxs unda iZleodes 2 arsebiTi mniSvnelobis SekiTxvaze:
1. ra garemoebebze dayrdnobiT miiCnia sasamarTlom
samarTaldarRveva Cadenilad;
2. ra garemoebebze dayrdnobiT
gansazRvra sasaamarTlom
saxdelis zoma. vinaidan, saxdelis dadebisas mxedvelobaSi
miiReba Cadenili samarTaldarRvevis xasiaTi, damrRvevis
pirovneba, misi bralis
xarisxi, qonebrivi mdgomareoba, pasuxismgeblobis
Semamsubuqebeli da
damamZimebeli garemoebani.8
rogorc saxalxo damcvelis
2009 wlis angariSidan gamomdinareobs, ganxiluli dadgenilebebis umetesi nawili ar
Seicavs miTiTebas, Tu ratom
gadawyvita mosamarTlem samarTaldamrRvevisTvis ama Tu im
saxdelis Sefardeba an Tundac
SeniSvniT9 Semofargla.
samarTaldamcavi
organos muSakebis
kanonieri
moTxovnisadmi
daumorCilebloba
dadgenilebebis ganxilvisas
yuradReba iqna gamaxvilebuli
administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 173-e muxlis
damoukideblad gamoyenebaze.
aRniSnuli muxli iTvaliswi-
19
#5(38)
nebs pasuxismgeblobas,
samsaxurebrivi movaleobis
Sesrulebis dros samarTaldamcav organoTa muSakebis an
samxedro mosamsaxureebis
kanonieri gankargulebisadmi
an moTxovnisadmi borotad
daumorCileblobisaTvis.10
imisTvis, rom saxeze dasaxelebuli Semadgenloba gvqondes,
aucilebelia (samsaxurebrivi
movaleobis Sesrulebis
procesSi myofi) samarTaldamcavi organos muSakis an
samxedro mosamsaxuris kanonieri gankarguleba an moTxovna,
romelsac samarTaldamrRvevi
borotad ar emorCileba. im
SemTxvevaSi, roca 173-e muxli
administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis sxva
muxlebTan erTad gamoiyeneba,
sakiTxi metnaklebad naTelia
da SekiTxvebic aRar Cndeba.
angariSSi mocemulia, rom
praqtikaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi,
roca piri ar emorCileba
sapatrulo policiis warmomadgenlis miTiTebas SeaCeros
avtosatransporto saSualeba,
Caitaros alkoholur an/da
narkotikul Trobaze Semowmeba, Sewyvitos xulignuri
qmedeba. 173-e muxlis gamoyeneba, moTxovnis warmomSob
sxva normasTan kavSirSi,
sruliad bunebrivia.
saxalxo damcveli aseve
miuTiTebs, rom gaurkvevelia,
samarTaldamcavi organos
warmomadgenlis romeli
kanonieri moTxovna ar sruldeba maSin, roca samarTaldarRvevaTa oqmi mxolod 173-e
muxls efuZneba. Cvens xelT
arsebuli dadgenilebebis
umetesoba dasaxelebul
SekiTxvaze pasuxs ar iZleva.
ganxilul dadgenilebebi
aseve ar iZleva imis garkvevis
SesaZleblobas, msjelobs Tu
ara sasamarTlo dasaxelebul
samarTali
sakiTxze. aRniSnulma
garemoebam ki Tavis mxriv
SeiZleba migviyvanos iseT
problemebamde, rogoricaa
qmedebis araswori
kvalifikacia, samarTlebrivi
safuZvlis gareSe dakaveba,
sasamarTlos kontrolis
ararseboba da a.S.
araswori kvalifikacia
saxalxo damcvelis 2009 wlis
meore naxevris angariSSi
mocemulia, rom kvalifikaciis
problema administraciul
samarTaldarRvevaTa
kodeqsis 1741-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebul qmedebasac
Seexeba. dasaxelebuli muxli
iTvaliswinebs
pasuxismgeblobas Sekrebis an
manifestaciis organizebisa
da Catarebis wesis darRvevisTvis.11 Sekrebisa da
manifestaciis organizebisa
da Catarebis wesi calke
kanoniT ganisazRvreba. sasamarTlom swored am kanonis
Sesabamisad unda Seafasos
garemoebebi. 1741 muxli aseve
iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas sasamarTlos Sesasvlelis
blokirebis, mosamarTlis
sacxovrebel adgilas an
saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloSi anda misgan oci metris
radiusSi mdebare teritoriaze Sekrebis an manifestaciis
CatarebisTvis. aRniSnuli
garemoebis gamo, kidev ufro
mniSvnelovania saqmis garemoebaTa yovelmxrivi, sruli da
obieqturi gamorkveva.
amisda miuxedavad, angariSi
miuTiTebs, rom saxalxo
damcvelis aparatis mier
Seswavlili dadgenilebebi
sapirispiro suraTs aCvenebs
Cvens xelT arsebuli dadgenilebebi.[... aqciaSi iRebda
ra monawileobas, arRvevda
sazogadoebriv wesrigs da
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
20
moqalaqeTa simSvides, igi
borotad ar daemorCila
policielTa kanonier moTxovnas, daecva wesrigi, daetovebina parlamentis win mimdebare adgili da ar mdgariyo
parlamentis SesasvlelTan...]
dadgenilebis am Canaweridan
Cans, rom sasamarTlom aqciaSi
monawileoba imTaviTve
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis
darRvevad CaTvala (dadgenilebis sarezolucio nawilis
Tanaxmad, samarTaldamrRvevs
saxdelis saxiT 166-e, 173-e
muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
samarTaldarRvevisTvis
administraciuli patimroba
Seefarda). calkeuli Senobebis SesasvlelebTan (aseve
maTgan 20 metris radiusSi)
Sekreba-manifestaciis Catarebas Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
kanoni krZalavs.12 Sesabamisad,
kanoniT dadgenili moTxovnebis
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, pirs
pasuxismgebloba administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa
kodeqsis 1741 muxliT unda
dakisreboda. es imTaviTve ar
gamoricxavs, pirisTvis 166-e
an/da 173-e muxlebis
Sesabamisad saxdelis dadebas.
administraciuli samarTaldarRvevebis saqmeebis
warmoeba, marTlmsajulebis
swrafad ganxorcielebiT
gamoirCeva. magram es garemoeba
marTlmsajulebis arajerovnad ganxorcielebas ver
amarTlebs. procesi, romelic
10-15 wuTi grZeldeba da
formalur xasiaTs atarebs,
uflebas saqmis samarTlian
ganxilvaze ver uzrunvelyofs.
procesis xangrZlivobas,
iseve rogorc formaluri
mxareebis dacvasa da ganmcxadebelTan sasamarTlos damokidebulebas samarTliani
sasamarTlos farglebSi ganixilavs adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli sasamarTlo.13
solidaroba
TiToeuli dasaxelebuli problema, damoukideblad aRebuli,
samarTliani sasamarTlosaTvis
safrTxes ar warmoadgens.
sapirispiro suraTs iZleva
maTi sinTezi. Sablonuroba
ganxilul dadgenilebaTa
ZiriTadi naklia. igi gamoricxavs saqmis garemoebebis
srulyofil aRweras, mtkicebulebaTa Sinaarsisa da gamokvlevis Sedegebisas, iseve,
rogorc samarTaldamrRvevisa
da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
safuZvlebis miTiTebas.
samarTliani sasamarTlos principis Semdgomi ganmtkicebis
mizniT, saxalxo damcveli
kompetentur organoebs mimarTavs Semdegi rekomendaciebiT:
saerTo sasamarTloebs:
saqmeTa ganxilvisas saerTo
sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa mier moxdes adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis (gansakuTrebiT
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
mimarTul saqmeebze
miRebuli) gaTvaliswineba
adamianis uflebaTa
darRvevebis momavalSi
Tavidan acilebis mizniT.
pirs, romlis mimarTac
ganixileba administraciuli
samarTaldarRvevis saqme,
ufleba aqvs dadgenlieba
yovelmxriv, srulad da
obieqturad gamorkveul
mtkicebulebebs daafuZnos.
saqarTvelos parlaments:
moqmedi administraciuli
samarTaldarRvevaTa
kodeqsi moZvelebulia
rogorc Sinaarsobrivad,
aseve sistemurad. masSi
bundovnad aris Camoyalibebuli samarTalwarmoebis
wesi, saqmeTa ganxilvis
wesi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivreba,
sasamarTlo ganxilvis
procedurebi, mxareTa
saxalxo damcveli miuTiTebs,
rom zemoT ganxiluli
problemebis naTel magaliTs
warmoadgens jaba jiSkarianis,
daCi caguriasa da irakli
korZaZis mimarT administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis
saqmeebi, sadac gamokveTilia
dasabuTebulobis problema.
am saqmeebis Seswavlis Sedegad,
saxalxo damcveli miiCnevs,
rom dairRva moqalaqeebis
daCi cagurias, jaba jiSkarianisa da irakli korZaias konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli
Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba.
SeniSvnebi:
1
2
3
4
aRniSnuli saqme cxadyofs, rom
administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmeebis ganxilvisas
sasamarTloSi araerTi problema arsebobs. procesis
zedapirulobas sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis dausabuTeblobamde mivyavarT, Sesabamisad
aucilebelia individualuri
midgoma yoveli saqmisadmi da
saqmis yovelmxriv, srulad da
obieqturad gamokvleva.
uflebebi da a.S. miuxedavad parlamentis araerTi
mcdelobisa cvlilebebisa
da damatebebis Setanis
gziT SeevsoT arsebuli
xarvezebi, aRniSnuli
sakanonmdeblo aqtis
srulyofa praqtikulad
SeuZlebelad mimaCnia.
xSir SemTxvevebSi
moqalaqeTa uflebebis
darRveva administraciul
samarTaldarRvevebTan
dakavSirebuli saqmeebis
warmoebisas, swored am
kanonis gaumarTaobis gamo
xdeba. gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan saqarTvelos
parlamentis mier miRebuli
iqnas axali administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis
kodeqsi;
saqarTvelos kanonSi
saerTo sasamarTlos
mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobisa da
disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb disciplinuri samarTaldarRvevis
calke saxed ganisazRvros
mosamarTlis mier sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis
(ganCineba, dadgenileba,
ganaCeni, gadawyvetileba)
dausabuTebloba.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
angariSis sruli versia xelmisawvdomia saxalxo damcvelis veb gverdze:
http:// www.ombudsman.ge
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136032.htm#
saqarTvelos konstituciis 82-e muxli; saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-8 muxli.
gasperi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo. 6
ivlisi 1998 weli.
facuria saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 6 noembris gadawyvetileba. saqme
#30779/04.
nikolova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 30 dekembris gadawyvetileba. saqme #40896/98.
administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 266-e muxlis me-4 nawili.
administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 33-e muxli.
saqarTvelos kanonis `Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb~ me-9 muxli.
donaZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.
Solidarity
21
#5(38)
samarTali
usafrTxoebis ufleba
da sasamarTlos roli
misi dacvis saqmeSi
Tea wulukiani
1. uflebis buneba da
Sinaarsi
usafrTxoebis uflebas
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
evropuli konvenciis (`konvencia~) me-5 muxli icavs. am
muxlis 1-li punqtis Tanaxmad:
`yvelas aqvs Tavisuflebisa da piradi usafrTxoebis ufleba. aravis
SeiZleba aRekveTos
Tavisufleba, Tu ara
kanoniT dadgenili proceduris Sesabamisad da
garda Semdegi
SemTxvevebisa:
a) kanonieri dapatimreba
uflebamosili
sasamarTlos mier
msjavrdebuli pirisa;
b) kanonieri dakaveba an
dapatimreba kanonis
Sesabamisad gacemuli
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
22
sasamarTlos brZanebis
SeusruleblobisaTvis,
anda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri valdebulebis Sesrulebis
uzrunvelsayofad;
c) piris kanonieri dakaveba
an dapatimreba,
uflebamosili samarTlebrivi organos winaSe mis
warsadgenad, rodesac
arsebobs am piris mier
samarTaldarRvevis
Cadenis safuZvliani eWvi,
an safuZvlianad aris
miCneuli piris mier
samarTaldarRvevis
Cadenis Tu misi Cadenis
Semdeg mimalvis aRkveTis
aucilebloba;
d) arasrulwlovnis dapatimreba kanonieri brZanebis
safuZvelze masze aRmzrdelobiTi zedamxedvelobisaTvis an uflebamosili
samarTlebrivi organos
winaSe mis warsadgenad;
solidaroba
e)
f)
piris kanonieri
dapatimreba gadamdeb
daavadebaTa gavrcelebis
Tavidan asacileblad, an
suliT avadmyofis,
alkoholikis, narkomanisa
da mawanwalis kanonieri
dapatimreba;
piris kanonieri dakaveba
an dapatimreba, qveyanaSi
misi unebarTvod Sesvlis
aRsakveTad, agreTve
imisa, vis mimarTac
xorcieldeba RonisZiebani
misi gaZevebis (deportacia) an gadacemisaTvis
(eqstradicia)~.
me-5 muxlis pirveli punqti
sakmaod kompleqsuri da
bevris momcvelia. Tumca,
masSi SedarebiT swrafad
garkvevisaTvis, sakmarisia,
vicodeT, rom mocemuli punqtis zemomoyvanili a) qvepunqti exeba gansasjelis
patimrobas pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier mis
winaaRmdeg gamamtyunebeli
ganaCenis gamotanis dRidan,
xolo c) qvepunqti faravs
dakavebisa da winaswari
patimrobis periods, romelic, evropuli sasamarTlos
precedentuli samarTlis
mixedviT1, mTavrdeba pirveli
instanciis sasamarTlos mier
braleulobis sakiTxis
gadawyvetisTanave. danarCeni
qvepunqtebi individTa
gansazRvrul kategoriebs
(alkoholikebi, mawanwalebi,
narkomanebi, fsiqikuri problemebis mqone, arasrulwlovnebi) an specifikur sakiTxebs
(magaliTad, patimrobas
eqstradiciis an
deportaciis mizniT) exeba.
me-5 muxlis pirvel punqtSi
CamoTvlili SemTxvevebis sia,
rodesac piri SeiZleba
Solidarity
dakavebul an dapatimrebul
iqnes, aris amomwuravi.
nebismier sxva SemTxvevaSi
TavisuflebaaRkveTili piri
ukanono patimaria.
me-5 muxlis pirvel punqtSi
moyvanili sityvebi `kanoni~
da `kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli~ Sida samarTalTan aris
upirveles yovlisa kavSirSi
da saxelmwifoebs akisrebs
Tavisuflebis aRkveTasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
Sida samarTlis arsebiTi da
proceduruli xasiaTis
debulebebTan SesabamisobaSi
moagvaron. marTalia, Sida
samarTlis ganmarteba da
gamoyeneba pirvel yovlisa
erovnuli sasamarTloebis
uflebamosilebaa, magram
evropul sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos, am sasamarTloebma xom ar daarRvies
kanoni, radganac Sida kanonis
23
#5(38)
darRveva avtomaturad me-5
muxlis pirveli punqtis
darRvevas niSnavs.2 patimroba, rogorc wesi, kanonieria
me-5 muxlis pirveli punqtis
gagebiT, Tuki is sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebas efuZneba.
am mxriv evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samarTalsa
da aw ukve evropul
samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi
gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs saqmes asaniZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg3, romelSic
momCivnis gangrZobad patimrobas aramcTu sasamarTlo
gadawyvetileba ar edo
safuZvlad, aramed gamamarTlebeli ganaCenis miuxedavad
adgilobrivi xelisufleba
mis gaTavisuflebaze piradi
motiviT ambobda uars.
gadawyvetileba asaniZis
saqmeze agreTve pirveli
precedenti gaxlavT, romelSic evropulma sasamarTlom
saxelmwifos pirdapir gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio
nawilSi miuTiTa, duyovnebliv uzrunveleyo momCivnis
gaTavisufleba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
patimrobis mxolod Sida
samarTalTan Sesabamisoba
konvenciis dacvas avtomaturad ar niSnavs. me-5 muxlis
pirveli punqti damatebiT
iTxovs, rom individi dacul
iqnes TviTnebobisagan.
maSasadame, me-5 muxlis pirveli punqtis amosavali
principis Tanaxmad, Sida
samarTlis darRveviT ganxorcielebuli dakaveba an
Sefardebuli patimroba ver
iqneba me-5 muxlTan SesabamisobaSi. Tumca Sida samarTlis
samarTali
Sesabamisi patimroba
amasTanave ar unda Seicavdes
TviTnebobis niSnebs
imisaTvis, rom konvenciis me-5
muxlis pirveli punqti
CaiTvalos daculad.4
me-5 muxlis pirveli punqti
ara mxolod individis fizikur
Tavisuflebas, aramed mis
pirad usafrTxoebasac icavs.
evropuli sasamarTlo me-5
muxlis pirveli punqtis
pirvel winadadebaSi moyvanil
usafrTxoebis uflebas erT,
ganuyofel uflebad
ganixilavs da miiCnevs, rom
piradi usafrTxoeba
Tavisuflebis konteqstSi
unda iqnes ganxiluli. evropuli sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, individis piradi
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa
gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifos mxridan mis fizikur
Tavisuflebas ar unda
emuqrebodes TviTneburad
SezRudvis safrTxe. es
debuleba usafrTxoebis
Sesaxeb Seaxsenebs saxelmwifos
im upirobo valdebulebas,
romlis mixedviTac, Tavisuflebis aRkveTis sferoSi,
saxelmwifom samarTlis
uzenaesobis principiT unda
ixelmZRvanelos da elementarulad aucilebeli
samarTlebrivi dacvis
meqanizmebi unda SeimuSaos.5
araerT saqmeSi daadgina, rom
piradi usafrTxoebis daculobis aucilebloba
Tavisuflebis SezRudvis
sakiTxebze momuSave saxelmwifo organoebs keTilsindisierebis valdebulebas akisrebs.6
amitomac individisTvis
Tavisuflebis aRkveTis an
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
24
sxvagvarad am Tavisuflebis
SezRudvis ganzraxva SeniRbuli ar unda iyos. agreTve
individs unda hqondes
realuri SesaZlebloba,
gamoiyenos gasaCivrebis
saTanado saSualebebi am
organoTa qmedebis winaaRmdeg
da sakuTari Tavisuflebis
dasacavad.7 rodesac saqme
adamianis Tavisuflebas
exeba, samarTlebrivi
garkveulobis principi8
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
iZens. kerZod, erTi mxriv,
sisxlis samarTlis kanoni da,
meore mxriv, uflebamosili
organoebis gadawyvetilebani
da qmedebani imdenad unda
iyos xelmisawvdomi da calsaxa, ramdenadac es saWiroa,
rom individma, Sesabamisi
iuridiuli rCevis daxmarebiT, SeZlos gonivrulobis
farglebSi gansazRvros
Sedegebi, romlebic mis
qmedebas SeiZleba mohyves.9
evropuli sasamarTlos
mixedviT, dakavebis faqti,
romelic ugulebelyofs
samarTlebrivi garkveulobis
princips, rogorc wesi, piradi usafrTxoebis uflebis
Sesabamisi ar aris.10
winaSe me-5 muxlis pirveli
punqtis safuZvelze dRemde
dayenebul sasarCelo moTxovnaTa TiTqmis 100% Tavisuflebis uflebis WrilSi
gadawyvetili saqmeebia. Zalze
cotaa piradi usafrTxoebis
kuTxiT ganxiluli saCivrebi,
radgan dRevandeli evropuli realoba adamianis devnaSeviwroebas xelisuflebis
mxridan TiTqmis aRar icnobs
da evropis sabWos wevri
saxelmwifoebis didi umrav-
solidaroba
lesoba samudamod gamoeTxova
totalitarizmsa da antidemokratiul mmarTvelobas.
Tumca arsebobs gamonaklisebic. swored am gamonaklisebis
aRkveTisaTvis Caido me-5
muxlSi piradi usafrTxoebis
cneba im eqspertebis mier,
romelTaTvisac is epoqa,
rodesac adamiani fexqveS
iqna gaTelili, arcTu ise
Sori warsuli gaxldaT.
Sesabamisi samuSao dokumentebidan irkveva Semdegi: 1949
wlis 19 agvistos gamarTul
sxdomaze eqspertebma
miiCnies, rom maTi Taobis
adamianebisaTvis, samwuxarod,
jer kidev aucilebeli iyo
imaze saubari, rom yvelas
unda hqonoda sicocxlis
daculobis, Tavisuflebisa
da piradi usafrTxoebis
ufleba. maT gaixsenes, rom es
uflebebi TavisTavad
SeZenilad miiCneoda manam,
sanam ar aRmoCnda, rom
adamians SeeZlo bedniereba
epova sxvisi sisxlis smiT,
damtkbariyo sxvisi cremlebiTa da ofliT. amitomac,
maTi azriT, konvenciaSi
aucileblad unda Cadebuliyo Sesabamisi muxli, romelic
totalitarTa dauokebeli
wyurvilisagan daicavda
yvelafer imas, rasac
adamiani warmoadgenda.11
samwuxarod, piradi usafrTxoebis uflebis Sesaxeb
Zalze mwir precedentul
samarTals axali mniSvnelovani Strixebi 2009 wels
giorgi nikolaiSvilis qarTul
saqmeze gamotanilma gadawyvetilebam Semata.12 am saCivris
ganxilvisas evropuli
sasamarTlos yuradReba im
garemoebebma miiqcia, romlebic Tan axlda saqarTvelos
moqalaqis, giorgi nikolaiSvilis (`momCivani~), dakavebas
2004 wlis 30 marts saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Sesabamisi
organebis mier. kerZod, am
organoebs aramcTu arasodes
ucnobebiaT, aramed arc ki
miuniSnebiaT momCivnisaTvis,
rom misi prokuraturaSi
nebayoflobiT gamocxadebis
SemTxvevaSi, mis winaaRmdeg
sisxlis samarTlis saqmis
aRZvris raime SesaZlebloba
arsebobda. momCivani daTqmul
dros mivida prokuraturaSi,
raTa dakiTxuliyo mowmis
statusiT mkvlelobis im
saqmeze, romelsac masTan
piradad araviTari kavSiri
ar hqonda. am saqmeSi misi Zma
iyo gareuli da saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobidan
gamomdinare, amgvar saqmeze
mowmed dabarebuli momCivani
Tavisufldeboda sakuTari
Zmis winaaRmdeg Cvenebis
micemisagan (sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis
maSindeli redaqciis 95-e
muxlis pirveli nawili).
evropulma sasamarTlom ar
gamoricxa, rom momCivnis
dakiTxvis Sedegad SesaZloa
aRmoCeniliyo iseTi garemoebebi, romlebic misi dakavebis
safuZvels Seqmnida iaraRis
ukanono tarebis muxliT.
Tumca dapatimrebis Sesaxeb
miRebuli gadawyvetilebebidan naTeli xdeboda, rom
momCivani dakavebul iqna im
garemoebebis safuZvelze,
romlebic jer kidev 2003
wlis zafxulis TveebSi iqna
gamovlenili mkvlelobis
saqmis Ziebis procesSi. es
garemoebebi am droidanve
aCenda momCivnis winaaRmdeg
Solidarity
eWvs iaraRis ukanonod
flobis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos
mTavrobam ver daasabuTa
evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe,
Tu riT iyo gamowveuli, rom
momCivani ar iqna dakavebuli
mis winaaRmdeg am garemoebebis
gamovlenisTanave 2003 wels,
da ratom gaxda gadaudeblad
aucilebeli misi dakaveba im
dRes, roca is nebayoflobiT
gamocxadda prokuraturaSi
misi Zmis saqmeze mowmis saxiT
dakiTxvisaTvis.13 momCivnis
dakavebis garemoebebi
SemaSfoTeblad CaTvala,
radganac, misi azriT, Sesabamis organoebs momCivani
ganzrax SehyavdaT SecdomaSi
mis mimarT arsebul realur
interesTan dakavSirebiT.
mixedviT, amgvari gaumWvirvale
meTodebiT adamianis dakaveba
arRvevda samarTlebrivi
garkveulobis princips,
daucvelobis gancdas aCenda
mowmis saxiT dasakiTxad
gamoZaxebul adamianebSi da,
zogadad, sazogadoebas
prokuraturisadmi ndobasa
da pativiscemas ukargavda.
rac Seexeba prokuraturaSi
mityuebuli momCivnis
amgvari meTodiT dakavebis
realur mizezs, evropulma
sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi
miiRo dacvis mier motanili
argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom
prokuraturis Sesabamisi
organoebi regularulad
emuqrebodnen momCivnis
mSoblebs da afrTxilebdnen,
rom Tu momCivnis ZebnaSi
myofi Zma ar CabardebodaT,
isini momCivans `daiWerdnen~.
faqtebis es versia mTavrobas
ar gauprotestebia. evropuli
sasamarTlos TvalSi ki is
25
#5(38)
damajereblobas iZenda
sasamarTloebis mier dapatimrebis Sesaxeb miRebul
gadawyvetilebebSi moyvanili
motivebidan gamomdinare.
kerZod, aRkveTis RonisZiebis
sakiTxis ganxilvisas arc
prokuraturas da arc Tavad
sasamarTloebs ar uaruyviaT
faqti, rom momCivnis dakavebiT prokuratura miznad
isaxavda momCivnis Zmis
winaaRmdeg aRZruli sisxlis
samarTlis saqmis saTanadod
gamoZiebas. momCivnis amgvari
dakaveba, Tundac igi SesabamisobaSi yofiliyo Sida
samarTalTan, ewinaaRmdegeboda konvenciis me-5 muxlis
pirvel punqts, radganac is
momCivanTan araviTari kavSiris mqone sisxlis samarTlis
saqmis warmoebisTvis damatebiTi berketis mopovebas
emsaxureboda. dakavebis
amgvar motivs ki me-5 muxlis
pirveli punqti ar icnobs.
evropulma sasamarTlom iqve
aRniSna, rom is ar gamoricxavda erovnuli xelisuflebis
organoebis mier garkveuli
fandebis SemuSavebas kriminalTan ufro efeqtiani brZolisaTvis. Tumca yvelanairi
fandi da mzakvroba xelisuflebis organoebis mxridan
ver iqneboda gamarTlebuli,
miT umetes maSin, rodesac
mzakvrobis ganxorcielebis
meTodi arRvevda samarTlebrivi garkveulobis princips.
mocemul konkretul saqmeSi,
prokuraturis mier dakavebis
faqtis moralur iaraRad
gamoyeneba ar Seesabameboda
im mizans, romelsac isaxavs
me-5 muxli: individi daculi
iyos TviTnebobisgan14. individis TviTnebobisgan dacva
ki, evropuli sasamarTlos
samarTali
azriT, aucileblad gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifos ekisreba valdebuleba, daicvas
adamianebi Tavisuflebis
aRkveTis usafuZvlo
muqarisagan.
2. dasabuTebuli
sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis
aucilebloba individis
TviTnebobisagan
dasacavad
me-5 muxlis me-3 punqtis
mixedviT:
`[me-5] muxlis 1-li c)
punqtiT gaTvaliswinebul
debulebaTa Sesabamisad
dakavebuli Tu
dapatimrebuli piri
dauyovnebliv waredgineba
mosamarTles an
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
gansaxorcieleblad
kanoniT uflebamosil sxva
moxeles da igi aRWurvilia
uflebiT, misi saqme
ganixilos sasamarTlom
gonivrul vadaSi, an
gaTavisufldes saqmis
ganxilvis ganmavlobaSi.
aseTi gaTavisufleba
SeiZleba pirobadebuli
iyos sasamarTloSi misi
gamocxadebis raime
garantiiT~.
me-5 muxlis me-3 punqti
dakavSirebuli proceduris
araerT aspeqts exeba: mokle
vadaSi dakavebuli piris
sasamarTlosaTvis wardgena
patimrobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad, pirveli instanciis
sasamarTlos mier saqmis
gonivrul vadaSi ganxilva
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
26
anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
winaswari patimrobis xangrZlivobis gonivrulobis valdebuleba15, sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebuloba, da sxv.
dakavSirebuli sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebulobis sakiTxi erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesia individis
TviTnebobisagan dacvis
TvalsazrisiT. evropul
sasamarTloSi Setanil qarTul saCivarTa didi nawili
swored am problemas exeba da
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
am mxriv qarTul sasamarTloebs struqturuli
problema yovelTvis hqondaT
da, miuxedavad facurias
saCivarze gamotanili
gadawyvetilebis16 aRsrulebis
procesSi ganxorcielebuli
progresisa, kvlavac aqvT.
ase, magaliTad, saqmeSi
facuria saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg, 2004 wlis maisSi,
pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom momCivnis winaswari
patimrobis aucileblobis
dasasabuTeblad Semdegi
argumentebi gamoiyena:
`saqmeze Sekrebili
mtkicebulebebidan
gamomdinareobs dasabuTebuli eWvi imis Sesaxeb,
rom braldebulma Caidina
misTvis Seracxuli
danaSauli... mtkicebulebebi saproceso kanonmdeblobis dacviT iqna
mopovebuli... braldebuls
bralad edeba mZime
danaSaulis Cadena... saqmis
masalebiT dasturdeba
eWvi, rom braldebulma,
gaTavisuflebis SemTxve-
solidaroba
vaSi, SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos saqmeze SeWmaritebis
dadgenas da, mosalodneli
mkacri sasjelis SiSiT,
daemalos gamoZiebas...~
saapelacio instanciam es
gadawyvetileba daadastura.
rac Seexeba pirvel motivs,
romlis mixedviTac aucilebeli iyo momCivnis winaswari
patimroba im dasabuTebuli
eWvidan gamomdinare, rom mas
Cadenili hqonda Seracxuli
danaSauli, evropulma
sasamarTlom Segvaxsena, rom
es gaxldaT sine qua non piroba
imisaTvis, rom romelime
individis patimroba yofiliyo SesaZlebeli. Tumca es
piroba ar aris sakmarisi
imisaTvis, rom patimroba
CaiTvalos aucileblad.
Zalze moklevadiani patimrobis
SemTxvevaSic ki, sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba patimrobis
Sesaxeb myar argumentebs
unda Seicavdes imis
asaxsnelad, Tu ratom ver
Catardeba winaswari gamoZieba
da riT daziandeba marTlmsajulebis interesi braldebulis TavisuflebaSi datovebis
pirobebSi.17 yvela saxelmwifos unda axsovdes, rom
Tavisufleba aris wesi, xolo
misi aRkveTa gamonaklisi da
ara _ piriqiT. sajaro
interesis mniSvnelovani
elementebi unda arsebobdes
imisaTvis, rom udanaSaulobis prezumpciis miuxedavad,
romliTac braldebuli
sargeblobs, upiratesoba mis
patimrobas mieniWos. 18 am
elementebis arsebobas ki
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi
Sesabamisi dasabuTeba
sWirdeba. amasTanave, ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom me-5 muxlis
me-3 punqtis mixedviT, braldebuls aqvs ufleba gaTavisufldes saqmis ganxilvis
ganmavlobaSi.19 amdenad,
erovnuli mosamarTlis mier
dasaxelebuli pirveli
motivi momCivnis patimrobis
sasargeblod, aucilebeli,
magram arasakmarisi iyo.
rac Seexeba meore motivs
(mtkicebulebebi saproceso
kanonmdeblobis dacviT iqna
mopovebuli), evropuli sasamarTlos azriT, is arafer
kavSirSi ar iyo patimrobis
gonivrulobis dasabuTebasTan.
mesame motivTan dakavSirebiT
imis Sesaxeb, rom momCivans
bralad edeboda mZime danaSauli, evropulma sasamarTlom kidev erTxel Segvaxsena,
rom es ar gaxlavT is mizezi,
romlis gamoc patimroba
aucileblad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos. amgvari midgoma
braldebulTaTvis patimrobis avtomaturad Sefardebas
niSnavs da ar Seesabameba me-5
muxlis me-3 punqtis moTxovnebs.20 garda amisa, es iwvevs
sxva saxis problemas, romelsac cixeebis gadatvirTuloba
da patimrebis araadamianur
pirobebSi yofna hqvia.
mosamarTlis Semdgomi motivi,
rom momCivani SeiZleboda
mimaluliyo, saTanado argumentia patimrobis aucileblobis dasasabuTeblad.
Tumca sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi mxolod amis
miTiTeba ar kmara. saWiroa,
dazustebul iqnes is konkretuli faqtorebi, romlebic
afiqrebinebs mosamarTles,
rom braldebuli marTlac
SeiZleba miimalos.21 mxolod
Solidarity
mosalodneli sasjelis simkacre ki amisaTvis sakmarisi ar
aris. facurias saqmeSi
mosamarTles ar miuTiTebia,
Tu romeli konkretuli
garemoebis gamo arsebobda
mimalvis safrTxe, raTa
patimroba aucilebeli
gamxdariyo. mosamarTles ar
mouyvania gadawyvetilebaSi
iseTi argumentebi, romlebic
gadawonida an gaabaTilebda
momCivnis argumentebs imis
Sesaxeb, rom is aucileblad
iTanamSromlebda gamoZiebasTan, moTxovnisTanave
gamocxaddeboda sagamoZiebo
organoSi, warmoadgenda
saWiro sabuTebs, hqonda
SeubRalavi reputacia da
sxv. amitom, evropulma
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom
mimalvis safrTxis Sesaxeb
mosamarTlis argumenti
saTanadod axsnili da
dasabuTebuli ar iyo.
rac Seexeba im motivs, rom
gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi
momCivani xels SeuSlida
saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenas,
miuxedavad imisa, rom
saTanado anu relevanturi
argumentia braldebulisaTvis
patimrobis Sesafardeblad,
is agreTve ar iyo dasabuTebuli saqmis konkretuli
garemoebebidan gamomdinare.
abstraqtuli gancxadeba imis
Sesaxeb, rom saqmeze
WeSmariteba ver dadgindeba,
Tu braldebuli gamoZiebis
xelT ar iqneba sapatimroSi,
ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis,
rom me-5 muxlis me-3 punqti
daculad CaiTvalos.22
amasTan, evropulma sasamarTlom isic miuReblad CaTvala,
rom saapelacio instanciaSi
27
#5(38)
mosamarTlem momCivans
daakisra mtkicebis tvirTi.
prokuraturam arasaTanadod
dasabuTebuli Suamdgomloba
Seitana sasamarTloSi patimrobis moTxovniT, romlis
winaaRmdegac momCivani
yovel Rones xmarobda Tavi
daecva. evropulma sasamarTlom sagangebod gausva xazi
imas, rom Tavisuflebis
aRkveTis sakiTxebSi, yovlad
dauSvebelia dakavebul
pirze mtkicebis tvirTis
gadatana, radganac is udanaSaulo adamiania da misTvis
patimrobis Sesafardeblad
prokuraturam da sasamarTlom unda moitanon saTanado,
damajerebeli da wonadi
argumentebi.23
da bolos, evropulma
sasamarTlom dagmo is faqtic,
rom mosamarTles arc ki
ganuxilavs patimrobis garda
sxva, alternatiuli aRkveTis
RonisZiebis gamoyenebis
sakiTxi, maSin, rodesac es
misi pirdapiri movaleoba
iyo. marTlac, me-5 muxlis
me-3 punqtis bolo winadadeba
miuTiTebs, rom braldebuls
aqvs ufleba, gaTavisufldes
saqmis ganxilvis ganmavlobaSi
da es gaTavisufleba SeiZleba
pirobadebuli iyos sasamarTloSi misi gamocxadebis raime
garantiiT.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan
gamomdinare, evropulma
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
momCivnis winaswari patimrobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebi
ar Seesabameboda me-5 muxlis
me-3 punqts, radgan patimrobis aucileblobis
dasamtkiceblad moyvanili
argumentebis nawili
samarTali
ararelevanturi iyo, xolo
danarCeni ki _ arasakmarisi.
darRvevis daskvnamde mivida
evropuli sasamarTlo saqmeSi
saRinaZe saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg24. am SemTxvevaSic
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom, miuxedavad misTvis
dakisrebuli movaleobisa,
damajereblad aexsna Tavis
brZanebaSi is konkretuli
garemoebebi, romlebic amarTlebda momCivnis patimrobaSi datovebas da miuxedavad
valdebulebisa, ganexila
aRkveTis sxva RonisZiebis
gamoyenebis mizanSewonilobis
sakiTxi, gadawyvetileba
gamoitana dabeWdili blankis
saxiT, romelSic patimrobis
safuZvlebi abstraqtuli
saxiT winaswar iyo CabeWdili.
am uxeSi darRvevis gamo
momCivani damatebiT eqvsi
Tvisa da 24 dRis ganmavlobaSi
darCa cixeSi. es periodi
gonivrulad ar CaTvala,
gamomdinare iqidan, rom misi
aucilebloba ar iyo dasabuTebuli Sesabamisi sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebiT, romelic
Seicavda saTanado da
sakmaris motivebs.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, aRkveTis RonisZiebis sakiTxis
ganxilvisas, mosamarTles
evaleba patimrobis alternatiuli zomebis SesaZleblobazec imsjelos. amgvar zomaTa
Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili
giraos uWiravs. Tumca am
SemTxvevaSic mosamarTlis
movaleobaa, iseTi odenobis
girao SearCios, romlis gadaxdis realuri saSualebac aqvs
braldebuls.25 Tu giraos
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
28
aragonivrul odenobas Tavad
kanoni adgens da amiT mosamarTles àiZulebs~, daarRvios
konvencia, mosamarTles
ufleba aqvs, ugulebelyos
Sida kanoni da pirdapir
konvencia gamoiyenos, radgan
konvencia maRla dgas
sisxlis samarTlis kanonze.
am nabijis gadasadgmelad ki
mosamarTles damoukideblobis saTanado xarisxi da, zog,
avtokratizmisaken midrekil
qveynebSi, profesiuli
gambedaobac sWirdeba.
erT-erT qarTul saqmeze
(CakvetaZe saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg26), romelic
Semdeg morigebiT damTavrda,
momCivans 13 000 lari giraos
gadaxda hqonda Sefardebuli
gamoZiebis mimdinareobisas
Tavisuflebis sanacvlod.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom is
sami larisa da 50 TeTris
qurdobisaTvis ixdida sasjels
da gansakuTrebiT gaWirvebuli
adamiani iyo, mosamarTles
SeeZlo evarauda, rom mas
giraos Tanxis gadaxdis araviTari saSualeba ar hqonda.
amgvari gadawyvetileba ar
Seesabameboda me-5 muxlis me-3
punqts, radgan mosamarTle
iluzorulad aqcevda
individis gaTavisuflebis
uflebas garantiis
sanacvlod.
3. samarTliani da
damoukidebeli
sasamarTlos
aucilebloba
Tavisuflebis aRkveTis
sakiTxis ganxilvisas
mixedviT,
solidaroba
`yvelas, visac dakavebiT
an dapatimrebiT aRekveTa
Tavisufleba, aqvs
ufleba, mimarTos
sasamarTlos, romelic
dauyovnebliv ganixilavs
misi dapatimrebis sakiTxs
da brZanebs mis
gaTavisuflebas, Tu es
dapatimreba ukanonoa~.
am muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
procesis garantiebi SeiZleba
ar iyos iseTive mkacri,
rogorc es konvenciis me-6
muxlis27 dacvis mizniT
moeTxovebaT saxelmwifoebs,
Tumca es procesi aucileblad
sasamarTlos winaSe unda
mimdinareobdes da uzrunvelyofdes yvela im tipis
garantias, romelic Seesabameba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis
mocemul formas konkretul
saqmeSi.28 iqidan gamomdinare,
rom Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
mocemuli piris ZiriTad
uflebebze seriozul
gavlenas axdens, evropuli
sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom
aRkveTis RonisZiebasTan
dakavSirebuli sasamarTlo
procesi samarTliani sasamarTlos sabaziso moTxovnebs
unda akmayofilebdes. 29
kerZod, procesi SejibrebiTobaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli
da uzrunvelyofdes mxareTa
Tanasworobas.30 amave dros,
Tumca masSi amis Sesaxeb
pirdapir ar aris miTiTebuli, me-5 muxlis me-4 punqti
moiTxovs, rom Tavisuflebis
sakiTxebis ganxilvaze
uflebamosili sasamarTlo
iyos damoukidebeli da
miukerZoebeli.31
saqmeSi ramiSvili da koxreiZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg32,
evropulma sasamarTlom me-5
muxlis me-4 punqtis darRveva
daadgina SedarebiT axal da,
aqedan gamomdinare,
precedentuli mniSvnelobis
motivebze dayrdnobiT.
dapatimrebulma momCivnebma
maT mimarT gamotanili winaswari patimrobis Sefardebis
Sesaxeb brZaneba gaasaCivres.
sasamarTlo sxdoma 2005 wlis
2 seqtembers Tbilisis
saolqo sasamarTloSi Sedga.
evropulma sasamarTlom am
sxdomasTan dakavSirebiT ara
mxolod mxareebis argumentebi,
aramed momCivanTa mier
warmodgenili foto- da
videomasalac Seiswavla.
aRmoCnda, rom sxdomisas,
sasamarTlo darbazi iyo
gadaWedili. momCivnebi
moTavsebulni iyvnen rkinis
gisosebSi darbazis erT
boloSi. darbazSi arsebuli
zogadi xmauris done, maT
Soris mwvave kamaTi da
lanZRva-gineba, arTulebda
mosmenas da imis gagebas, Tu
ras ambobda sityviT
gamomsvleli mxare. rodesac
sityviT gamodiodnen advokatebi, maT Tvals kveTda
JurnalistTa fotokamerebis
cimcimi da halogenis
sinaTleebi. maT usasrulod
awyvetinebdnen sityvas mosamarTle Tu damswre sazogadoeba, iseve rogorc Semosasvlel
karze garedan braxunis
uwyveti xma da sasamarTlos
siaxloves mimdinare samSeneblo samuSaoebis xmauri. aqa-iq
rekavda mobiluri telefonebi da ismoda maTi meSveobiT
gamarTuli saubrebi. dacvisa
da braldebis mxareebsa da
mosamarTles Soris azrTa
gacvla-gamocvla, romelsac
Solidarity
mudmivad aferxebdnen
Jurnalistebi, SesaZlebeli
xdeboda mxolod damswre
sazogadoebisadmi daJinebuli
moTxovnis Sedegad, rom
gverdze gaweuliyvnen an
damsxdariyvnen iatakze.
haeris temperatura darbazSi
maRali iyo da damswre
sazogadoeba oflSi iwureboda. sasamarTlos zogierTi
TanamSromeli da, savaraudod,
samoqalaqo tansacmelSi
gamowyobili Zalovani
agentebi mudmivad Sediodnen
mosamarTlis saTaTbiro
oTaxSi. imisaTvis, raTa
daenaxaT, Tu ra xdeboda,
epasuxaT mosamarTlisTvis an
miewvdinaT xma msmenelTaTvis,
rkinis gisosebSi moTavsebul
momCivnebs skamze dadgoma,
rkinis gisosebze Camokideba
da yvirili uxdebodaT. evropuli sasamarTlos azriT,
mosamarTles ar surda an ar
SeeZlo darbazSi wesrigis
damyareba. amasTanave,
prokurori da mosamarTle
imdenad axlos isxdnen
erTmaneTTan, rom advilad
SeeZloT erTmaneTSi saubari.
ramdenjerme, roca prokurors
gauZnelda momCivanTa kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, mosamarTlem an mis magivrad upasuxa
maT, an misaxvedri formiT
gaimeora maTi SekiTxvebi.
upirveles yovlisa evropulma
sasamarTlom savalalod
miiCnia forma, romliTac
warimarTa 2005 wlis 2 seqtembris sxdoma. man daadgina,
rom zepir mosmenas amgvar
qaotur pirobebSi Znelad Tu
SeeZlo keTilgonivruli
sasamarTlo ganxilvis
uzrunvelyofa. sasamarTlom
ar miiRo mTavrobis is
29
#5(38)
argumenti, rom aseT aurzaurSi Catarebuli sxdomis
Sedegebis gamosworeba
mxareebs Soris mosazrebaTa
werilobiTi gacvla-gamocvlis meSveobiT moxda. man
miuTiTa, rom zepiri da
audio-vizualuri kontaqti
mxareebsa da mosamarTles
Soris saqmis zepiri ganxilvisas unda mimdinareobdes
Rirseulad, Seuferxeblad
da dinamikurad. evropulma
sasamarTlom miuReblad
miiCnia momCivanTa gamoketva
rkinis gisosebs miRma da
sxdomis darbazSi specdaniSnulebis razmis warmomadgenelTa yofna, rac, misi
azriT, uaryofiT gavlenas
axdenda advokatTa koncentrirebis unarze, ris gareSec
isini efeqtian dacvas ver
ganaxorcielebdnen. evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia,
rom momCivanTa amgvar
damamcirebel pirobebSi
yola sajaro sxdomis mimdinareobisas, romlis kadrebic
saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze gadaica, zians ayenebda
udanaSaulobis prezumfcias,
romelic dacul unda iqnes
sisxlis samarTlis procesis
nebismier stadiaze, maT
Soris aRkveTis RonisZiebis
sakiTxis ganxilvis drosac.33
amasTan, evropuli sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, mas ar
SeeZlo ar aReniSna, rom
sxdomaze mosamarTlis saqcieli mis mikerZoebaze metyvelebda, kerZod, is exmareboda
prokurors SekiTxvebze mis
magivrad pasuxebis gacemiT an
SekiTxvebis ise gadakeTebiT,
rom maT prokurorisTvis
momgebiani forma mieRoT.
rac Seexeba mosamarTlis
damoukideblobas, evropuli
samarTali
sasamarTlos azriT, mas
udavod miadga Crdili samoqalaqo tansacmelSi gamowyobili Zalovani agentebis
didi raodenobisa da TviT
specialuri daniSnulebis
Zalebis darbazSi yofnis
gamo. mosamarTlem ver
uzrunvelyo damswre sazogadoebisTvis Tavisi damoukidebloba eCvenebina, radgan
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi ufro
akontrolebdnen darbazSi
situacias, vidre Tavad
mosamarTle. garda amisa,
saTaTbiro oTaxSi, romelic
mosamarTlis piradi da
xelSeuxebeli sivrcea, ucxo
adamianebi mimodiodnen.
Sesabamisad daaskvna, rom
dakavSirebuli 2005 wlis 2
seqtembris sasamarTlo
sxdoma ar pasuxobda saqmis
samarTliani mosmenis ZiriTad
moTxovnebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar qmnida garantiebs
individis TviTnebobisagan
dasacavad, rac zogadad me-5
muxlis da, ufro konkretulad
ki, misi me-4 punqtis darRvevaa.
zemoxsenebul saqmeSi (saRinaZe
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg) me-5
muxlis me-4 punqtis darRvevad CaiTvala aRkveTis RonisZiebis SerCevisas zepiri
sxdomis Cautarebloba. kerZod, 2006 wlis 29 ivniss
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom momCivans patimroba
aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT
mxolod prokuroris werilobiTi Suamdgomlobis
safuZvelze Seufarda. amis
gamo mxareTa Soris SejibrebiToba ver Sedga da maT
Soris Tanasworoba dairRva.
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
30
garda amisa, saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba winaswar dabeWdili blankis saxiT
iqna gamotanili, rac, rogorc
zeviT aRiniSna, me-5 muxlis
me-3 punqtis darRvevacaa.
amave tipis darRvevebi daadgina evropulma sasamarTlom
zemomiTiTebul saqmeSi _
giorgi nikolaiSvili saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.
usafrTxoebis uflebis daculobis xarisxi metia im qveynebSi, sadac sazogadoebas
demokratiuli institutebi
marTavs. sazogadoeba, romelSic individis TviTneburi,
dausabuTebeli dakavebis
SesaZleblobis Tundac
mciredi SiSi mainc arsebobs,
ar aris marTuli demokratiuli institutebis mier. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi amgvari SiSi
ar iarsebebda. swored am
SiSis aRkveTis valdebulebas
akisrebs saxelmwifos konvenciis me-5 muxliT uzrunvelyofili piradi usafrTxoebis
ufleba. rac Seexeba Tavisuflebis uflebas, misi dacvisaTvis saWiroa dakaveba
moxdes mxolod dasabuTebuli
(da ara gonivruli!) eWvis
SemTxvevaSi, dacul iqnes
proceduruli garantiebi
damkavebeli organoebis mier da
dakavebuli piri mokle vadaSi
iqnes sasamarTlos winaSe
wardgenili. aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis mxridan yvela
zemoxsenebuli uflebis darRvevis faqti SeiZleba gamosworebul iqnes sasamarTlos
mier, amitomac sasamarTlo
xelisufleba demokratiis
garantad gvevlineba im qveynebSi, romelTac demokratiuli
saxelmwifos Seqmna SeZles.
solidaroba
SeniSvnebi:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
vemhofi germaniis winaaRmdeg, 27 ivnisi 1968 w., §9, krebulTa seria A no.7; davTiani
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 73241/01, 2005 wlis 6 seqtembris ganCineba.
asaniZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 71503/01, §171, ECHR 2004 II.
ibid.
saadi didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 13229/03, §67, ECHR 2008.
qemal giuveni TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), no. 31847/96, 30 maisi 2000 w.; kurti
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 25 maisis gadawyvetileba, gadawyvetilebaTa da
ganCinebaTa krebuli 1998 III, §§122-123.
Conka belgiis winaaRmdeg, no. 51564/99,§§41-42, ECHR 2002 I da bozano safrangeTis
winaaRmdeg, 1986 wlis 18 dekembris gadawyvetileba, krebulTa seria A no. 111, §55.
ix. magaliTad, Samaevi da sxvebi saqarTvelosa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no. 36378/02, § 380,
ECHR 2005 III.
«legal certainty», inglisurad.
gusinski ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no.70276/01, §§62 da 68, ECHR 2004 IV; ladenti poloneTis
winaaRmdeg, no.11036/03, §§53 da 56, ECHR 2008; kauka poloneTis winaaRmdeg, no. 25874/94,
§49, 9 ianvari 2001 w.; lukanovi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, 1997 wlis 2 martis
gadawyvetileba, gadawyvetilebaTa da ganCinebaTa krebuli 1997 II, §44.
ix., mutatis mutandis,ojalani TurqeTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 46221/99, §85, ECHR 2005 IV.
ix. me-5 muxlis mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi, CDH (67) 10, 20 ivlisi 1967 w., strasburgi.
giorgi nikolaiSvili saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 37048/04, ECHR 2009 ... (nawyvetebi).
stepuleaki moldovas winaaRmdeg, no. 8207/06, §76, 6 noemberi 2007 w.
benhami didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg, 1996 wlis 10 ivnisis gadawyvetileba,
gadawyvetilebaTa da ganCinebaTa krebuli 1996 III, §43.
zogadad sisxlis samarTlis procesis gonivrul vadaSi dasrulebis valdebuleba
konvenciis me-6 muxliT uzrunvelyofil uflebebSi Sedis. am SemTxvevaSi procesis
xangrZlivoba aiTvleba dakavebis momentidan sakasacio instanciis gadawyvetilebis
gamotanamde. me-5 muxlis me-3 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gonivruli vada ki winaswar
patimrobas exeba da, evropuli precedentis Tanaxmad, aiTvleba dakavebis momentidan
pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier braleulobis sakiTxis gadawyvetamde.
facuria saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 30779/04, 6 noemberi 2007 w.
belCevi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, no. 39270/98, §82, 8 aprili 2004 w.
lavenci latviis winaaRmdeg, no. 58442/00, §70, 28 noemberi 2002 w.; i.a. safrangeTis
winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 23 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, gadawyvetilebaTa da ganCinebaTa
krebuli 1998-VII, §102.
garicki poloneTis winaaRmdeg, no. 14348/02, §39, 6 Tebervali 2007 w.
nikolovi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, no. 38884/97, §70, 30 ianvari 2003 w.
letelie safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 1991 wlis 26 ivnisis gadawyvetileba, sabuTTa
krebuli A no. 207, § 43.
smirnova ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no. 46133/99 da 48183/99, §63, ECHR 2003 IX.
ilikovi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, no. 33977/96, §§84 da 85, 26 ivlisi 2001 w.
saRinaZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 18768/05, 27 maisi 2010 w.
kabalero didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 32819/96, ECHR 2000 II.
CakvetaZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, no. 29869/07, 2008 wlis 21 oqtombris ganCineba
morigebis Sesaxeb.
konvenciis me-6 muxli samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas uzrunvelyofs da saqmis
arsebiTad ganxilvis process moicavs.
asenovi da sxvebi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, 1998 wlis 28 oqtomberi, §162,
gadawyvetilebaTa da ganCinebaTa krebuli 1998 VIII; vuoxi poloneTis winaaRmdeg,
no. 27785/95, §125, ECHR 2000 XI; megieri germaniiis winaaRmdeg, 1992 wlis 12 maisi, §22,
krebulTa seria A no. 237 A.
SiSkovi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, no. 38822/97, §77, 9 ianvari 2003 w.
nikolova bulgareTis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 31195/96, §58, ECHR 1999-II; Siseri Sveicariis
winaaRmdeg, 1970 wlis 4 dekemberi, §§30-31, sabuTTa krebuli A no. 34.
noimaisteri avstriis winaaRmdeg, 1968 wlis 27 ivnisi, § 24, sabuTTa krebuli A no. 8; d.n.
Sveicariis winaaRmdeg [GC], no. 27154/95, §42, ECHR 2001 III; bulbul TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,
no.47297/99, §§26-28, 2007 wlis 22 maisi.
momCivnebi im kerZo mediakompaniis damfuZneblebi da Tanamewileebi iyvnen, romelsac
TbilisSi mauwyebeli satelevizio arxi _ TV 202 ekuTvnoda.
iuoviecki poloneTis winaaRmdeg, no. 27504/95, §76, 4 oqtomberi 2001 w.; lebedevi
ruseTis winaaRmdeg, no. 4493/04, §95, 25 oqtomberi 2007 w.
Solidarity
31
#5(38)
TOLERANCE
tolerantobis
testi
`simamacis testi maSin dgeba, roca Cven umciresobaSi
varT, tolerantobis ki _ umravlesobaSi yofnisas~.
ralf u. sokmeni
Tamar kinwuraSvili
roca ucxoel stumrebs
sajaro dawesebulebebSi
dasaqmebul eTnikur umciresobebs demonstraciulad
warudgenen da xelis
CamorTmevisas gvar-saxelTan
erTad warmdgenebi maT
eTnikur kuTvnilebasac
daayoleben xolme, Tavis
damSvideba imiT SeiZleba,
rom am SemTxvevaSi ganzrax
diskriminaciasTan ki ar
gvaqvs saqme, aramed ubralo
CvevasTan. erTa Soris
mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba
xom sabWoeTSi demonstraciul
xasiaTs atarebda,
umciresobaTa CarTuloba
qveynis marTvaSi ki kvotirebul-gegmiuri movlena iyo.
CvenSi am mentalitetis
daZlevas albaT garkveuli
dro dasWirdeba, Tumca imis
Tqma, rom postrevoluciurma
xelisuflebam tolerantobisa
da samoqalaqo integraciis
kuTxiT Zireuli garRveva
moaxdina, Tanac ara mxolod
ritorikis doneze, udavod
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
32
SeiZleba. samarTaldamcavi
institutebi Zaladobis,
qsenofobiisa da rasizmis
gamovlenaze adekvaturad
reagireben, xelisufleba
aqtiurad axorcielebs
integraciul programebs,
tolerantobis kursi
saswavlo kurikulumis
nawili gaxda da a.S. ... Tumca
rCeba garkveuli dakonservebuli sakiTxebi, romlebzedac
sajaro diskursi Cvens
sazogadoebaSi aqtiurad ar
mimdinareobs da arc
aRniSnuli publikacia
isaxavs miznad am Temebze
tabus moxsnas. statiis mizani
ufro imis garkvevaa, Tu
ramdenad Seuqcevadi
SeiZleba iyos procesi,
romelic Svidiode wlis win
daiwyo. amisaTvis ki imis
gaazreba mogviwevs, Tu ris
xarjze moxda CvenSi es
gardatexa: 1) sazogadoebam
gadaafasa Tavisi Rirebulebebi? 2) instituciebi
gardaiqmnen Tu 3) ubralod
solidaroba
procesi menejirebulia
mmarTveli elitis mier?
Tu bolo akademiur kvlevas 1
daveyrdnobiT, romelic
saqarTveloSi sazogadoebis
RirebulebaTa testirebas
isaxavda miznad da 2006 wels
fond `Ria sazogadoeba _
saqarTvelo~-s mxardaWeriT
ganxorcielda, Tqma imisa,
rom 2003 wlis 24 noembers
saqarTvelos mosaxleobam
gaiRviZa da revoluciis
`paxmeliaze~ yvela Tavisi
faseuloba erTbaSad
gadaaxalisa, gadaWarbebuli
iqneboda. kvlevis Tanaxmad,
Cvens sazogadoebaSi Zalze
dabalia ndobis xarisxi
qveyanaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri
araqarTvelebisa da aramarTlmadidebluri jgufebis
mimarT. ufro metic, roland
inglhartisa da pipa norisis
Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis
Semwynareblobis dasadgeni
yvelaze kargi indikatori
aris misi damokidebulebis
gansazRvra yvelaze
marginaluri jgufebisadmi,
aseTad ki isini homoseqsualebs miiCneven. saqarTveloSi
am jgufis mimarT uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba, 2006 wlis
monacemebiT, 79,2 procents
aRwevs. amdenad, sazogadoebis
faseulobaTa sistemis
transformacia yvelaze
nakleb SeiZleba miviCnioT
bolodroindel cvlilebaTa
ganmapirobebel faqtorad.
bunebrivia, institutebic
sazogadoebis anareklia.
Cvens SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis faseulobaTa sistemis
Tanxvedra gansakuTrebiT
mkafio eklesiisa da mediis
SemTxvevaSia. es ukanaskneli
ar warmoadgens mravaleTnikuri da mravalkonfesiuri
qveynis mediaciis saSualebas,
ufro metic, xSirad is Tavad
gvevlineba qsenofobiuri,
rasistuli da Zaladobrivi
ganwyobebis tiraJirebis
instrumentad. Tu movlenebs
saxelisuflebo institutebis
prizmidan SevxedavT, cxadia,
instituciuri da mmarTvelobiTi faqtorebi urTierTkavSirSi unda ganvixiloT.
iseTi tradiciuli demokratiis qveyanaSic ki, rogoric
didi britaneTia, araprofesionalizmTan erTad swored
institucionalurma faqtorma
da menejmentis uunarobam
ganapiroba is, rom erT-erTi
yvelaze gaxmaurebuli mkvleloba, romelic londonSi
1993 wels rasistul niadagze
moxda, samarTaldamcavebs ar
gamouZiebiaT da am danaSaulis
gamo dRemde arc aravin
gausamarTlebiaT. Tumca
ojaxis, samoqalaqo aqtivistebisa da mediis xangrZlivi
da Tanmimdevruli brZolis
Sedegad, stiven lorensis
saqmis samTavrobo gamoZiebas
Sedegad farTo sazogadoebrivi diskursi da, rac mTavaria,
britanuli sisxlis samarTlis
kanonmdeblobisa da policiis
institutis fundamenturi
reformireba mohyva.
stiven lorensis saqmis gaanalizebisas CvenTvis mniSvnelovania ramdenime arsebiTi
faqtoris gaTvaliswineba:
pirvel yovlisa es aris
mediis, rogorc institutis,
roli gamoZiebis procesSi
sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis saqmeSi da, meorec, _
samTavrobo gamoZiebis mier
Solidarity
movlenebis adekvaturi
Sefasebis unari, ufro Tu
davkonkretdebiT, _ termin
ìnstitucionaluri rasizmis~
efeqtis zemoqmedeba policiaze, rogorc institutze.
rac Seexeba mediis rols
rasistuli motiviT Cadenil
da rasistuli motiviTve
gamouZiebel saqmeSi, unda
iTqvas, rom is mxolod
faqtebis mSralad aRweriT
ar Semoifargleboda da
garkveulwilad provokaciul
xasiaTsac ki atarebda.
magaliTad, 1997 wlis 14
Tebervals `deili meilma~
xuTi eWvmitanilis gamowveva
im publikaciiT scada,
romelSic isini `mkvlelebad~
gamoacxada, da mouwoda maT,
Tu es sicrue iyo, gazeTisTvis,
ciliswamebis gamo, sasamarTloSi eCivlaT. statias
saTauriT _ `mkvlelebi:
meili brals sdebs am
adamianebs mkvlelobaSi. Tu
Cven vcdebiT, gviCivleT~,
romelsac geri dobsonis,
nil eqorTis, jemi eqorTis,
luk naiTis da devid norisis
fotoebi axlda, gazeTis
winaaRmdeg sarCelis inicireba
ar mohyolia.
Tu Tvals gadavavlebT
imdroindel qarTul medias,
rodesac religiur eqstremistTa Zaladoba da maTi
dausjeloba zenits aRwevda,
davinaxavT, rom, `deili
meilisgan~ gansxvavebiT,
Cveni media damrbevTa mimarT
gacilebiT met solidarobas
iCenda, vidre Zaladobis
msxverplTa mimarT, da, zogadad, profesiuli neitralitetis mwvave deficits
SevamCnevT.
33
#5(38)
meore faqtori, romelmac
policiis sistemaSi ganxorcielebul reformebSi katalizatoris roli Seasrula,
policiis mimarT termin ìnstitucionaluri rasizmis~
gamoyenebis Sokismomgvreli
efeqti iyo. lorensis saqmis
gamoZiebam ìnstitucionaluri rasizmis~ Semdegi
definicia SemogvTavaza:
òrganizaciis koleqtiuri
uunaroba, uzrunvelyos
adamianebi saTanado da
profesiuli servisiT maTi
kanis feris, kulturis an
eTnikuri warmomavlobis
miuxedavad. is SesaZloa
gamovlindes gaucnobierebeli crurwmenebis,
ignorirebis, gauazreb-
TOLERANCE
lobisa da rasistuli
stereotipebis saxiT
procesSi, damokidebulebebsa da qcevaSi, rac
zians ayenebs eTnikur
umciresobebs da diskriminaciis tolfasia~.
marTalia, samTavrobo gamoZiebis xelmZRvaneli uiliam
makfersoni am terminis
gamoyenebis gamo mkacri
kritikis obieqti gaxda, magram
swored individualuri da
institucionaluri rasizmis
erTmaneTisagan gamijvna da
movlenebisaTvis Tavisi
saxelis darqmeba gaxda
mkvlelobis Cadenidan eqvsi
wlis Semdeg policiasa da
samarTlebriv sferoSi
sistemuri cvlilebebis erT-
erTi mTavari winapiroba.
policielebma es gamowveva
sakuTari mundiris Rirsebis
sakiTxadac miiCnies. sxva
cvlilebebTan erTad, aRniSnulma gamoZiebam 2003 wlis
kriminaluri aqtis miRebasac
daudo saTave, romelmac
Secvala erTi da imave
danaSaulisaTvis pasuxisgebaSi
ganmeorebiT micemis
saukunovani standarti.
Tumca mkvlelobis Cadenidan
12 wlis Semdeg britaneTis
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros
dakveTiT lorensis saqmis
gavlenis Taobaze inglisisa da
uelsis policiis sistemaSi
Catarebulma kvlevam2 aCvena,
rom rasistuli sentimentebisgan policia ar
gaTavisuflebula.
msgavsi kvleva qarTul policiaSi, Tundac imave basil
mkalaviSvilis dakavebis
Semdeg, ar Catarebula, Tumca
Znelad dasajerebelia, rom
policiis TanamSromelTa
Sexedulebebi gansxvavebuli
jgufebisadmi meti
loialobiT gamoirCeodes, an
sazogadoebaSi arsebul im
ganwyobebs ar asaxavdes,
romelzec zemoT mivuTiTeT.
imave basil mkalaviSvilis
dakavebis faqti imaze metyvelebs, rom mmarTveli elitis
mier procesebis menejirebasTan
ufro gvaqvs saqme (rac Tavis
mxriv fundamenturi motivebiT
Zaladobis prevencias isaxavs
miznad), vidre sayovelTao
konsensusTan.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi
TavianT daskvnebSi xSirad
miuTiTeben, rom saqarTveloSi
mimdinare modernizaciis
procesi zemodan marTuli
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
34
solidaroba
proeqtia (top down project) da
aris sferoebi, sadac
gaucxoeba gansakuTrebiT
sagrZnobia. bunebrivia,
yovelives gaTvaliswinebiT,
procesebis Seuqcevadoba
imazea damokidebuli, vin
marTavs mas da ra RirebulebebiTa da orientirebiT
xelmZRvanelobs is, vinc
marTvis berketebs flobs.
miuxedavad piradad Cemi
optimizmisa, vfiqrob, tolerantobis testi jer kidev
Casabarebelia da amisaTvis
problemebze Tvalis daxuWva
gamosavali srulebiTac ar aris.
am procesSi da sazogadoebrivi
ganwyobebis gajansaRebis
saqmeSi xelisuflebas partnioroba samoqalaqo seqtorma,
mediam da sazogadoebaSi
yvelaze maRali ndobis mqone
institutma, eklesiam, unda
gauwios, miT ufro, rom,
rogorc gasuli saukunis
damdegs kaTalikos-patriarqi
kirioni Tavis gujarSi werda,
qarTuli eklesia konfesiaTa
Soris harmoniuli
Tanaarsebobis magaliTs
istoriulad iZleoda:
`Cveni eklesiis sasiqadulod unda iTqvas, rom is
arasodes ar yofila
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gamamwvavebel
iaraRad da fanatikosebis
damyarebis mizezad.
piriqiT, Cven viciT, rom
qarTuli saxareba, israelebis Tora da mahmadianTa
yurani mSvidobianaT
Tavsdebodnen saqarTveloSi. eklesia iyo Tavi
mizezi imisa, rom yvela
ucxo tomi CvenSi hpoulobda meore samSoblos da
misTvis sisxlsa Rvrida~.3
stiven lorensis saqmis arsi
1993 wlis 22 aprils 18 wlis Savkaniani studenti,
stiven lorensi, megobarTan erTad Sin brundeboda,
rodesac is sasikvdilod daWres. avtobusis gaCerebaze
stivensa da mis megobars TeTrkaniani axalgazrdebis
jgufi daesxa Tavs. gaCerebaze myofi samive mowmis
sityviT, Tavdasxma imdenad moulodnelad da
swrafad moxda, rom maT eWvmitanilTa identificireba
ver SeZles.
1994 wlis aprilSi stiven lorensis ojaxma
eWvmitanilTa winaaRmdeg gamoZieba wamoiwyo.
mtkicebulebaTa naklebobis gamo sasamarTlom ar
daakmayofila braldeba ori Tavdapirveli
eWvmitanilis mimarT da sami damatebiTi eWvmitanilis
winaaRmdeg stivenis Tanmxlebi megobris, diuvane
brukis, Cvenebis miReba dauSveblad cno.
xuTi eWvmitanili, romlebic Tavdapirvelad
daapatimres, arasdros gausamarTlebiaT.
gamoZiebis sawyiss etapze gamoikveTa, rom stiven
lorensis mkvleloba rasistul niadagze moxda
da rom policiisa da prokuraturis mxridan
saqmis gamouZieblobac swored rasistulma
motivaciam ganapiroba.
1997 wels lorensis ojaxma policiis saCivrebis
samsaxurs mimarTa. policiis mokvlevis paralelurad
britaneTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma jek stroum
oficialuri gamoZiebis inicireba moaxdina.
gamoZiebam, romelsac uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadamdgari mosamarTle uiliam makfersoni
xelmZRvanelobda, daaskvna, rom policiis mokvleva
arakompetenturad warimarTa, policiis oficrebma
Secdomebi dauSves, maT Soris _ dazaralebulisTvis
incidentis adgilze pirveladi daxmarebis gawevisas
da damnaSaveTa dakavebisas. gamoZiebis Tanaxmad,
gamoikveTa sami fundamenturi Secdoma:
profesiuli arakompetenturoba, institucionaluri
rasizmi da maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis
mmarTvelobiTi uunaroba.
SeniSvnebi:
1
2
3
qarTuli sazogadoebis Rirebulebebi, 2006.
Assessing the impact of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (2005). Janet Foster, Tim Newburn
and Anna Souhami. Home Office Research Study.
gujari saqarTvelos eklesiis samwysois mimarT, q. tfilisi, 19 oqtombers
1917 w.
Solidarity
35
#5(38)
zRvari
5 wlis bavSvi
- baRSi Tu skolaSi?
2010 wlis 17 ivliss kanonSi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb Sevida
cvlileba, romlis mixedviTac zogadi ganaTlebis
sistemaSi swavlis dawyebis asaki 5 weli gaxda.
cvlileba 2011 wlis saswavlo wlidan amoqmeddeba.
movlena, romelic sakmaod masStaburia da Cveni qveynis
momaval Taobebs uSualod exeba, arc akademiur wreebSi
da arc farTo sazogadoebaSi winaswar safuZvlianad
ganxiluli ar yofila.
kiTxvebi ki, romlebic albaT jobda sakiTxis gadawyvetamde
dasmuliyo, aseTia: aris Tu ara 5 wlis bavSvi
inteleqtiTa da socialur-emociuri ganviTarebiT mzad
skolaSi wasasvlelad? moxda Tu ara erovnul saswavlo
gegmebSi Sinaarsisa da saswavlo miznebis Zireuli
cvlilebebi asakobrivi Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT?
moxda Tu ara maswavlebelTa gadamzadeba da skolis
infrastruqturuli cvlileba am asakis bavSvebis
misaRebad? ramdenad exmianeba da iTvaliswinebs es
cvlileba skolamdeli aRzrdis saxelmwifo politikisa
da samoqmedo gegmis Sinaarss, romlisTvisac saboloo
saxis micemaze donori organizaciebi da saxelmwifo
struqturebi dRemde muSaoben? ramdenad exmianeba da
iTvaliswinebs es cvlileba saxelmwifo politikas
inkluziuri swavlebis Sesaxeb, romlis danergvazec
bolo wlebis manZilze donorTa sakmaod didi Tanxebi
ixarjeba? ramdenad exmianeba da iTvaliswinebs es
cvlileba araqarTulenovani mosaxleobis integrirebis
saxelmwifo politikas? ramdenad iyo am cvlilebis
miRebisas gaTvaliswinebuli sxva qveynebis gamocdileba
da ra kvlevebi uZRoda win am cvlilebas?
naTia guliaSvili, nino beqiSvili
arian Tu ara mzad
oficialuri pozicia aseTia:
Cvens qveyanaSi bavSvebi
sakmarisad aqselerilebulebi
arian saimisod, rom skolaSi
swavla 5 wlis asakSi daiwyon.
Tumca, romel kvlevas efuZ-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
36
neba es mosazreba an konkretulad ra igulisxmeba aqseleraciaSi, naTeli ar aris.
fsiqologiaSi 5 wlis asakis
bavSvi iTvleba TamaSis da ara
swavlis subieqtad. Sesabamisad, 5 weli skolamdel asakad
solidaroba
moiazreba. skolisaTvis
mosamzadeblad ki sabavSvo
baRia gaTvaliswinebuli.
maSin, roca skola infrastruqturuladac ki araa
momzadebuli saamisod, 5 wlis
bavSvis pirdapir skolaSi
Seyvana aramarto miuRebelia,
saSiSicaa, _ ambobs ilias
universitetis profesori,
fsiqologi naTela imedaZe.
misi TqmiT, kanonis es
cvlileba mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi iqneba gamarTlebuli, Tu skola 5 wlis
bavSvs specialur pirobebs
Seuqmnis, Tu swavla TamaSis
meTods daemyareba, anu
pirveli klasi mosamzadebeli
klasi iqneba. Tumca kanoni
mosamzadebeli klasis
arsebobas ar iTvaliswinebs.
CvenTan yvela Taviseburad
ganixilavs im sakiTxs, Tu ras
niSnavs skolisTvis momzadeba.
Zalian bevrs dRes saqarTveloSi es esmis rogorc werakiTxvis swavleba, _ abobs
neirofsiqologi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori Tamar
gagoSiZe. cneba _ skolisaTvis mzaoba _ fsiqologiasa da
pedagogikaSi ramdenime
komponents gulisxmobs. es
aris SemecnebiTi, anu kognituri, mzaoba, nebelobiTi,
fizikuri da emociurpirovnuli mzaoba. Tu bavSvi
aqedan erTi komponentiT
mainc CamorCeba Tavisi
asakisTvis Sesabamis
maCvenebels, misi skolaSi
Seyvana danaSaulia.
Tamar gagoSiZis azriT, mniSvnelovania erTmaneTisgan
ganvasxvaoT wera-kiTxvis
swavleba da skolisTvis mzaoba.
Solidarity
37
#5(38)
bavSvma SeiZleba Zalian
kargad iswavlos wera-kiTxva,
Sevides skolaSi da meore
klasSi daiwyos CamorCena. es
skolisTvis mzaobis
aucilebeli komponentebidan
erT-erTis naklebobiT
aixsneba da ase gamoixateba:
Tavidan niWierebis, kargi
smeniTi da mxedvelobiTi
mexsierebis xarjze bavSvi
axerxebs yvelafris damaxsovrebas. roca xedavs, rom
mSobels da maswavlebels es
moswons, waxalisebulia,
cdilobs maqsimumi gakeTos
da gamosdis kidec, izepirebs
asoebs, marcvlebs. magram
rogorc ki Sesaswavli masala
izrdeba, motivacia ufro da
ufro iklebs da bavSvs
programis daZleva uWirs.
mere aRmoCndeba, rom am
bavSvs kiTxvis gaumjobesebisTvis aucilebeli elementaruli fonologiuri unari
jer ara aqvs momwifebuli, ar
SeuZlia fonema grafemaSi
gadaiyvanos da piriqiT.
amitom specialuri TamaSebi
sWirdeba, romliTac am
problemas daZlevs. Tu ase ar
moviqceviT, rac ar unda
Zlieri inteleqti hqondes, is
kiTxvas ver iswavlis, _
ambobs q-ni Tamar gagoSiZe,
romelic CarTulia saxelmwifo
programaSi bavSvis ganviTarebis problemebis adreuli
identifikaciisTvis.
imave problemas gamoyofs q-ni
naTela imedaZec: bavSvma
sityva unda ganicados,
Seafasos rogorc damoukidebeli subieqti, misTvis sityva
gamWvirvalea da is mxolod
mis SinaarsTan da mniSvnelobasTan asocirdeba. amis
zRvari
dasaZlevad Zalian saintereso
fsiqologiuri meTodebi
arsebobs, rac sabavSvo baRebSi
unda gamoiyenebodes. imis
Sesamowmeblad, ramdenad SeuZlia bavSvs kiTxvisas Sinaarsis
gamoyofa, romlis aRqma
Tavidan globaluri da
difuzuria, ekiTxebian,
ramdeni sityvaa winadadebaSi
sami biWi TamaSobs ezoSi?
pasuxi, rogorc wesi, aris _
sami. an kidev, roca ekiTxebian,
romeli sityva ufro grZelia
WianWvela Tu gveli?
pasuxobs _ gveli.
aseT dros bavSvs inteleqtis
maCvenebeli SeiZleba Tavisi
asakis Sesabamis maCvenebelze
maRalic hqondes da advilad
SeZlos asoebis dazepireba, ris
gamoc fonologiuri ganviTarebis problema zogjer
SeumCneveli rCeba da gvian
iCens Tavs.
amdenad, cxadi xdeba gansxvaveba wera-kiTxvis swavlebasa
da skolisaTvis momzadebas
Soris, rasac xSirad skolebSi,
iseve rogorc skolamdeli
aRzrdis dawesebulebebSi,
yuradRebas ar aqceven.
erovnuli gamocdebis centris
zogadi unarebis jgufis wevri
Teona lodia, romelic
dawyebiTi safexuris maswavleblebis saserTifikacio
gamocdis testze muSaobs,
ambobs, rom im programebis,
saxelmZRvaneloebis, meTodebisa da fizikuri garemopirobebis imediT, rasac dRes
skola gvTavazobs, 5 wlis
asakSi swavlis dawyeba absurdia. yvelaferi gadasaxedia.
rogorc vici, amaze pasuxismgebelia erovnuli saswavlo
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
38
gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri,
romelmac unda moamzados
programis standartebi da mis
safuZvelze axali saxelmZRvaneloebi unda Seiqmnas.
misi azriT, problemuri iqneba
5 wlis bavSvis eqvswlianebTan
erT jgufSi yofnac, radgan
am asakSi maT sxva tipis
aqtivobebi sWirdebaT, vidre
6-7 wlis bavSvebs. es exeba
gakveTilebis da dasvenebebis
xangrZlivobasac _ 5 wlis
bavSvs gacilebiT cota xans
SeuZlia yuradRebisa da
nebisyofis mobilizeba. misi
azriT, SesaZlebelia problema
individualuri midgomebiTac
mogvardes, Tumca esec
Znelad gansaxorcilebeli
xdeba im pirobebSi, roca
jgufSi 30-35 bavSvia.
ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba 5 wlis
bavSvmac daZlios programa,
magram aseTi SemTxvevebi
iSviaTia da gamonaklisad
iTvleba. umetesobas ar SeuZlia moergos im moTxovnebs,
rasac skola uyenebs da amis
gamo Semdeg Tavs iCens
TviTSefasebis problema, rac
bavSvis momavali ganviTarebis
seriozuli Semaferxebeli
SeiZleba gaxdes. roca bavSvi
xedavs, rom misi Tanatoli
kargad umklavdeba masalas,
kargad wers da kiTxulobs,
gamarTulad zis gakveTilze,
TviTon ki yovelive amas Tavs
ver arTmevs, sul ufro da
ufro naklebad iniciativiani
xdeba, naklebad cdilobs
sakuTari Zalebi mosinjos.
erovnuli gamocdebis centris
wevri miiCnevs, rom umjobesia
baRebisTvis daixvewos da
Seiqmnas axali saswavlo prog-
solidaroba
ramebi, vidre skolaSi moxdes
yovelive amis gadatana, sadac
araferia mzad imisTvis, rom 5
wlis bavSvebi miiRon da
aswavlon. im SemTxvevaSic ki,
Tu kompetenturi fsiqologi
dawers skolebisTvis saTanado
swavlebis programas, problemad pedagogebi da maTi
momzadebis xarisxi rCeba.
Teona lodia: dawyebiTi
swavlebis meTodologia calke
filosofiaa da Zalian
meeWveba 1-2-kviriani
treningebiT es unarebi
SeiZinon maswavleblebma.
vicnob dawyebiTi swavlebis
saxelmZRvaneloebs da maT
Soris Zalian cotaa iseTi,
romelic bavSvis asakobrivi
ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs
iTvaliswinebs. zogjer isini
6 wlis bavSvisTvis gaugebari
terminologiis gamoyebiTac
kia Sedgenili. rogor, ra
meTodiT miawodebs codnas
maswavlebeli moswavleebs,
da, saerTod, gaamaxvilebs Tu
ara mcirewlovnaTa swavlebis
Taviseburebebze yuradRebas,
es maswavleblis kompetenciazea damokidebuli. ar minda
yvelaferi maT gadavabralo.
albaT universitetebSic ver
vTavazobT Sesabamis ganaTlebas pedagogebs, Tanamedrove
meTodologiebis saxelmZRvaneloebi ar aris xelmisawvdomi, miT umetes raionebSi.
saxelmwifos aqvs prerogativa
raRac etapze gadawyvitos,
rom sistemaSi cvlilebebis
SetaniT dawyebiT klasSi
miRebis asakis erTi wliT
daweva SesaZlebelia, magram
amasTanave mas saTanado pirobebis Seqmnis valdebulebac
ekisreba. Tamar gagoSiZe: Cven-
Tan saxelmwifo amgvari
cvlilebisTvis sakmarisad
miiCnevs Tqvas, rom Tanamedrove bavSvi aqselerirebulia,
ese igi, SesaZlebelia man 5
wlis asakSi daZlios pirveli
klasis masala. amgvari
midgomis uaryofiTi Sedegebi,
Tavs momavalSi iCens. 5 wlis
bavSvis fizikuri ganviTarebis
daCqarebis pirdapirproporciulad gaizarda mis mimarT
moTxovnac da garemo gamRizianeblebiT datvirTvac,
rasac aqselerirebuli
bavSvis centraluri nervuli
sistema ver uZlebs. aq me
rogorc specialisti,
yovelTvis fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis advokati
viqnebi da verasodes
mivemxrobi azrs, rom
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis
xarjze vaswavloT bavSvs.
ra Seicvala
specialistebis winaswari
SefasebiT, dawyebiT klasSi
misaRebi asakis erTi wliT
daweva safuZvlian sistemur
da programul cvlilebebs
moiTxovs. ganaTlebis saministros oficialuri ganmarteba
aseTia: 5 wlis bavSvis
ganviTarebis asakobrivi
Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT erovnuli saswavlo
gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris
farglebSi Seiqmna axali
standarti, romlis safuZvelzec SemuSavda saswavlo gegma.
Tumca, rogorc centris
TanamSromlebi pirad saubrebSi aRniSnaven, marTalia,
pirveli klasis gegmas
daemata ramdenime Sedegi da
indikatori, magram standarti
ki ar gamartivda, an xuTi
Solidarity
wlis bavSvis asakobrivi
Taviseburebani ki ar iqna
gaTvaliswinebuli, aramed
ufro dakonkretda, calke
gamoiyo da meti yuradReba
daeTmo anbanis aTvisebasTan
dakavSirebul problemebs,
rigoricaa fonologiuri
unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba,
anbanuri principis gageba da
gamoyeneba, werilobiTi kodis
gaSifvra da sxv. yvelaferma
aman ki standarti ar gaamartiva, ar moargo is xuTi wlis
bavSvis SesaZleblobebs _
aseTi ram arc iyo Cafiqrebuli, roca amaze daiwyes
muSaoba 2010 wlis ianvarSi da
2010 wlis seqtembris bolos
daasrules. asakis dawevasTan
dakavSirebuli cvlileba ki
ivlisSi dakanonda. ramdenadac
cnobilia, arc skolebSi
maswavlebelTa gadamzadeba an
raime infrastruqturuli
cvlilebebi ar ganxorcielebula.
winasaskolo politika
specialistebis azriT,
swored baRis damamTavrebeli
etapia 5 wlis bavSvisTvis
optimaluri, roca man SeiZleba
skolisaTvis saWiro unarCvevebi SeiZinos. jerjerobiT
saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs
skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebisTvis erTiani
saswavlo standarti, romlis
mixedviTac baRebma SeiZleba
ixelmZRvanelon. amitom
damamTavrebel jgufebSi
skolisaTvis mosamzadebel
aqtivobebs baRis xelmZRvanelebis mxridan wamosuli
calkeuli iniciativebis saxe
aqvs. Tumca gaeros bavSvTa
fondis mxardaWeriT saqarT-
39
#5(38)
veloSi ukve ramdenime welia
mimdinareobs muSaoba
skolamdeli ganviTarebis
saxelmwifo programaze. am
muSaobaSi CarTuli iyo
saqarTvelos parlamentis
sainiciativo jgufi, mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministrosa da janmrTelobis
dacvis saministros uwyebebi.
am muSaobis Sedegad, sxva
dokumentebTan da cvlilebebTan erTad, ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministroSi
Seiqmna bavSvis adreuli
ganviTarebis standartebi. am
standartebis safuZvelze
ganaTlebis saministros
eqspertTa jgufi dRemde
muSaobs baRebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnaze, romlis
ZiriTadi nawili swored 5-6
wlis bavSvebis asakobriv
Taviseburebebsa da aRzrdis
meTodologias eTmoba. gegmis
mixedviT, am saxelmZRvaneloze
muSaoba 2011 wlis damdegisTvis unda dasruldes da Semdeg
igi baRebs unda gadaeceT.
Tumca savaraudod wignis es
nawili baRebSi saWiro aRar
iqneba...
Sesabamisoba saxelmwifos
sxva iniciativebTan
rogorc cnobilia, bolo
wlebis manZilze saxelmwifoSi
aqtiurad muSaoben inkluziuri swavlebis danergvisa da
araqarTulenovani mosaxleobis
integraciis mimarTulebiT. am
miznebis misaRwevad sakmaod
didi adamianuri da materialuri resursi ixarjeba.
saeWvoa, rom skolis asakis
daweva am or iniciativas
ramenairad daexmaros, radgan,
Tu maRali, asakTan Seusabamo,
zRvari
moTxovnebi riskis Semcveli
SeiZleba aRmoCndes bavSvebis
umravlesobisaTvis, miT umetes
saxifaToa aseTi moTxovnebis
wayeneba gansakuTrebuli
saWiroebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis (da am SemTxvevaSi
araqarTulenovani bavSvebic
gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis
mqoneTa kategoriaSi Sedian).
sxvaTa Soris ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministroSi
muSaobas iwyebda proeqti,
romelic eTnikuri umciresobebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul
regionebSi qarTulenovani
skolamdeli ganaTlebis
jgufebis gaxsnas gulisxmobda,
sadac bavSvebs qarTuli ena,
qarTulenovani maswavleblis
meSveobiT, TamaSis gziT unda
SeeswavlaT. rogor moergeba
es proeqti axal iniciativas,
jer gaurkvevelia.
sxva qveynebis
gamocdileba
sxvadasxva qveynis saganmanaTleblo sistemebSi gansxvavebulia rogorc skolaSi
miRebis asaki, ise dawyebiTi
klasis cnebis gansazRvreba
da skolamdel da skolis
saswavlo programebisadmi
midgomis principebic. oRond
erTi ram, ZiriTadad, saerToa:
iq, sadac savaldebulo
swavleba 5 wlidan iwyeba,
swavlis pirveli weli e.w.
preschool-ad iTvleba. aseT
klasebSi ar dgas merxebi da
araa saskolo garemo. programebic absoluturad
gamijnulia dawyebiT skolis
swavlebis meTodologiisgan.
albaT gasaTvaliswinebelia,
rom fineTSi, qveyanaSi, rome-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
40
lic msoflioSi erT-erTi
saukeTeso saganmanaTleblo
sistemis mqonedaa aRiarebuli,
skolaSi swavla 7 wlis asakidan
iwyeba. magram, miuxedavad
amisa, saerTaSoriso gamokvlevebiT fineli mozardebi
msoflios yvelaze WkvianTa
reitingSi lideroben. 15 wlis
moswavleebSi maT umaRlesi
Sefaseba daimsaxures 57 qveynis monawileTa Soris. fineTi
pirvel adgils aravis uTmobs
programebis saerTaSoriso
Sefasebisas, roca moswavleTa
saganmanaTlebo miRwevebi
kombinirebuli sistemiT
fasdeba. bolo gamocdis
dros, romelic msoflios
masStabiT Catarda da mecnierebis Seswavlis xarisxs
afasebda, finelma studentebma zogad mecnierebebsa da
umaRles maTematikaSi
saukeTeso Sedegi aCvenes.
fineli moswavleebis
akademiurma warmatebam
mravali qveynis maswavlebelTa
da ganaTlebis specialistTa
yuradReba miipyro. isini
yovelwliurad akvirdebian
da ikvleven, Tu rogor moaxerxa saxelmwifom hqondes
aseTi ganaTlebis sistema,
hyavdes amdeni maRalkvalificiuri maswavlebeli da
sistematurad zrunavdes maT
profesiul ganviTarebaze.
`maikrsoftis~ fineli
ganaTlebis menejeri kati
turala miiCnevs, rom finuri
ganaTlebis sistemis warmateba
sxva faqtorebTan erTad
SeiZleba im mniSvnelovan
reformebsac mivaweroT, rac
fineTSi 1970-ian wlebSi gatarda. es reformebi gulisxmobda skolamdel ganaTlebas
solidaroba
qveyanaSi mcxovrebi
TiToeuli bavSvisTvis.
fizikur ganviTarebas
gulisxmobs~.
skandinaviis samive qveyanaSi
moswavleebi skolaSi Svidi
wlis asakidan Sedian. magram,
sanam skolaSi Sevlen, yvela
moswavle saxelmwifos mier
dafinansebul 2-wlian
winasaskolo programas gadis.
naxtomebze fokusirebuli
akademiuri programebisgan
gansxvavebiT, es adreuli
sabavSvo programebi TviTrefleqsiasa da socialur
qcevazea orientirebuli.
sainteresoa aRvniSnoT, rom
fineli bavSvebis erT-erTi
yvelaze gamorCeuli Tviseba
maTi pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis maRali xarisxia.
adreuli asakidan TviTrefleqsiaze fokusireba ganixileba
rogorc swavlis procesSi
pasuxismgeblobis ganviTarebis amosavali komponenti.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
Catarebuli perlis skolamdeli kvlevis mixedviT,
skolamdeli aRzrda adamianze
mTeli momavali cxovrebis
manZilze axdens zegavlenas.
kvlevaSi monawile mecnierTa
TvalsazrisiT, moqalaqeebis
socio-ekonomikuri statusis
farTo speqtris da am jgufSi
Semavali mSoblebis gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebisa da
ganaTlebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
mozardebis homogenizaciisa da
ganaTlebaze orientirebuli
axali Taobis aRzrdis yvelaze
efeqturi gza swored universalur winanaskolo ganaTlebis
SemuSavebaze unda gadiodes.
es midgoma exmianeba sabavSvo
baRebis originalur Teorias,
romelic germanelma mecnierma
fridrix froebelma 1837
wels SeimuSava. froebelis
naSromebSi gvxvdeba aseTi
msjeloba: Cveni dakvirvebiT,
Tuki bavSvebi ver iReben iseT
aRzrdas, romelic maT ganviTarebas gansjis mimarTulebiT
waiyvans, maT moakldebaT is
safuZveli, rac aucilebelia
im amocanebis gadasaWrelad,
romelTa winaSec skolaSic da
momavali cxovrebis manZilzec
aRmoCndebian. is imasac
ambobs, rom nebismieri
socialuri klasis qalebisa
da mamakacebis dRevandel da
xvalindel cxovrebis stils
ganapirobebs adreul
bavSvobaSi miRebuli aRzrda,
romelic mentalur da
bavSvebis socialuri da emociuri Cvevebis gamosavlenad
martin habermanis Teoriaze
dafuZnebuli kvlevac
Catarda aSS-is 207 skolaSi.
CikagoSi dafuZnebuli
jgufis, CASEL-is (the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and
Emotional Learning _ saerTo
akademiuri, socialuri da
emociuri swavleba), oTxwliani
kvleva gviCvenebs, rom, Tuki
pedagogi dros uTmobs
moswavleebisTvis emociebis
marTvis swavlebas, TanagrZnobis, yuradRebisa da
TanamSromlobis gamomuSavebis
saSualebiT, maSin ara mxolod
skolis saerTo socialuri
klimati umjobesdeba, aramed
moswavleTa akademiuri
moswrebis xarisxic izrdeba.
Sedegebs. Cven ar gvaqvs
navTobi da sxva bunebrivi
resursebi an simdidreebi.
codna da ganaTleba _ es aris
is, rac fineTs da finel
xalxs konkurentunarians
xdis mTel msoflioSi~, _ ambobs
erT-erTi finuri skolis
direqtori elen franci.
P.S.
marTalia, saqarTveloSi
skolaSi swavlis dawyebis
asakma daiwia, magram saskolo
mzaobis kvleva axla mimdinareobs da jer ar dasrulebula.
am kvlevas erovnuli
saswavlo gegmebisa da
Sefasebis centri skolamdeli ganaTlebis iniciativebis
xelSewyobis proeqtis~
farglebSi axorcielebs. kvleva
saqarTvelos masStabiT
SerCeuli 1500 pirvelklaselis
saskolo mzaobis Sefasebas
iTvaliswinebs. aRniSnuli
kvlevisTvis Seiqmna specialuri kiTxvari da bavSvze
dakvirvebis instrumenti.
amJamad mimdinareobs savele
samuSaoebi. Segrovebuli
monacemebis safuZvelze
SesaZlebeli iqneba bavSvTa
saskolo mzaobis donis
Sedareba socialur-ekonomikuri statusis, asakis (5 da 6
wlis), sacxovrebeli adgilis
(qalaqi/sofeli) da sxva
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.
kvlevis Sedegebi 2010 wlis
bolosTvis iqneba warmodgenili. sainteresoa, ras ityvis
es kvleva Cveni bavSvebis
aqseleraciis Taobaze?
fineTSi am process jer kidev
skolamdeli wlebidan iwyeben
da swored es faqtori gansazRvravs momaval dadebiT
Solidarity
41
masalis momzadebisas
gamoyenebulia Ellen Gamermann-is
statia Finish Kids
#5(38)
Targmani
ratom ar var
konservatori
1
Tavisuflebis gulwrfeli megobrebi yvela droSi
cotani iyvnen, Tavis gamarjvebas is umciresobebs unda
umadlodes. es ukanasknelni ki warmatebas mxolod im
mokavSireebTan erTad aRwevdnen, romlebsac xSirad
sul sxva miznebi hqondaT; amgvari aliansi, romelic
riskiania nebismier SemTxvevaSi, zogjer damRupvelic
aRmoCenila, vinaidan amiT mowinaaRmdegeebs maTi
winsvlisTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis samarTliani
safuZveli eZleodaT.
lordi aqtoni
fridrix haieki
1. im dros, roca TiTqmis
yvela progresulad miCneuli
politikuri moZraoba
pirovnuli Tavisuflebis
winaaRmdeg Setevisken
mogviwodebs2, misi
damcvelebi iZulebulni
arian maT opoziciaSi
Caudgnen. amrigad, isini erT
banakSi aRmoCndebian xolme
maTTan erTad, romlebic,
rogorc wesi, ewinaaRmdegebian yovelgvar cvlilebebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom
pozicia, romlis aRwerasac
me vcdilob, nawilobriv
`konservatiulia~, is kardinalurad gansxvavdeba im
poziciisgan, romelic tradiciulad moiazreba am terminSi.
es omonimuri orazrovneba,
romelic opoziciis erTiani
bairaRis qveS aerTianebs
Tavisuflebis qomagebsa da
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
42
namdvil konservatorebs, _
rac realur safrTxes
warmoadgens maTi idealebisTvis, _ Zalian saSiSia.
Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania
mkafiod ganvasxvaoT
pozicia, romelsac qvemoT
aRvwer, im poziciisgan, romelic sakmao xnis manZilze, _
da SesaZloa ufro dasabuTebuladac, _ cnobili iyo
konservatizmis saxeliT.
mkacri gagebiT konservatizms
aqvs arsebobis ufleba da is
albaT aucilebeli da, udavod, sakmaod farTod
gavrcelebuli msoflmxedvelobaa, romelsac mkveTri
cvlilebebis miuRebloba
axasiaTebs. safrangeTis
revoluciidan saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi is mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda
solidaroba
evropis politikur
cxovrebaSi. manam, sanam
socializmi Zalas moikrebda,
am msoflmxedvelobis
opozicia liberalizmi iyo.
maT Soris dapirispirebas
aranairi paraleli ar
moeZebneba aSS-is istoriaSi,
ramdenadac is, rac evropaSi
iwodeboda `liberalizmad~,
aq saerTo tradicias warmoadgenda, romelic amerikuli
saxelmwifoebriobis
mSeneblobis safuZveli gaxda:
amrigad, evropuli kriteriumebiT, amerikuli tradiciis
mimdevari liberali
iqneboda.3 amgvari domxali
kidev ufro gaRrmavda
evropuli yaidis konservatizmis amerikul niadagze
gadanergvis bolodroindeli
mcdelobebiT, ramac, ucxo
iyo ra amerikuli tradiciisTvis, ucnauri xasiaTi SeiZina.4
cota ufro adre amerikelma
radikalebma da socialistebma sakuTari Tavis
`liberalebad~ moxsenieba
iwyes. miuxedavad amisa, me
SemdgomSic `liberalurs~
vuwodeb sakuTar pozicias,
romelic, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT,
aranaklebad gansxvavdeba
namdvili konservatizmisgan,
vidre socializmisgan. Tumca
neba momeciT aqve vaRiaro,
rom es epiTeti CemSi eWvebs
iwvevs da winamdebare statiis
dasasruls me ganvixilav
sakiTxs Tavisuflebis partiis
yvelaze ufro Sesaferisi
dasaxelebis Sesaxeb. saqme
mxolod is ki ar aris, rom
termins `liberali~
Tanamedrove aSS-Si mudmivad
araswori interpretacia
eZleva, aramed isic, rom
evropaSi racionalisturi
liberalizmis gabatonebuli
mimdinareoba ukve didi xania
gadaizarda socialistebis
moZRvrebaSi.
neba miboZeT axla gamovTqva
argumenti, romelic, Cemi
azriT, konservatizmis
nebismieri im saxeobis mTavar
uaryofas warmoadgens, romelsac am saxels (konservatizms)
samarTlianad uwodeben. Cemi
argumenti ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom konservatizms
Tavisi bunebis gamo ar
ZaluZs Cveni moZraobis
amJamindeli mimarTulebis
araviTari alternativis
SemoTavazeba. Tanamedrove
tendenciebisadmi dapirispirebis TvalsazrisiT mas
SeuZlia warmatebiT Seanelos
arasasurveli procesebi,
magram ramdenadac ganviTarebis sxva mimarTulebas is
ar gvTavazobs, mimdinare
tendenciis saboloo SeCereba
mas ar SeuZlia. am mizeziT
konservatizmi ganwirulia
uneburad iaros garedan
Tavsmoxveuli gziT. konservatorTa da progresistTa
jgufebis mier bagiris
gadaZalvebi xan erT da xan
meore mxares gavlenas axdens
mxolod tempze da mimdinare
ganviTarebis mimarTulebaze.
piradad me vaRiareb
`progresis lokomotivze
muxruWis~5 arsebobis
aucileblobas, magram ar
SemiZlia marto imiT dakmayofileba, rom mxolod
damuxruWebaSi davexmaro
maT. liberalma Semdegi
SekiTxviT unda daiwyos:
`saiT vapirebT wasvlas?~
da ara `ramdenad swrafad?~
an `ramdenad Sors?~.
sinamdvileSi liberali
ufro metad gansxvavdeba
Solidarity
dRevandeli radikalkoleqtivistisgan, vidre
konservatori. maSin, roca es
ukanaskneli, rogorc wesi,
mxars uWers Tavisi drois
stereotipebis mxolod
zomier da Serbilebul
versias, dRevandeli liberali valdebulia sakmaod
mkveTrad gaakritikos rigi
fundamenturi principebisa,
romlebic konservatorTa
umravlesobas socialistebTan aaxloebs.
2. am sami partiis urTierTdamokidebulebis tradiciuli
aRwera ufro abundovanebs,
vidre ganmartavs maT
namdvil urTierTobebs.
Cveulebriv maT gamosaxaven
rogorc sxvadasxva wertils
erT xazze: socialistebi
marcxniv, konservatorebi
marjvniv, liberalebi ki
sadRac SuaSi. magram es
suraTi saerTod ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. Tuki
diagramis gakeTebaa saWiro,
ufro moxerxebuli iqneboda
samkuTxedis daxazva,
romelSic erT daboloebas
konservatorebi eqaCebian,
meores socialistebi da
mesames liberalebi. magram
ramdenadac socialistebs
ufro didxans da Zlierad
uxdebodaT es `gadaqaCva~,
konservatorebma amjobines
socialistebis da ara
liberalebis mimarTulebiT
wasuliyvnen da drogamoSvebiT
iTavisebdnen ideebs,
romlebmac avtoritetuloba
radikaluri propagandiT
SeiZines. swored konservatorebi midiodnen socializmTan
regularul kompromisze,
iparavdnen ra maT mquxarebas.
`Sualeduri gzis~6 mimdevrebi,
43
#5(38)
konservatorebi, romelTac
sakuTari miznebi ar
gaaCndaT, xelmZRvanelobdnen
SexedulebiT, romlis
mixedviTac WeSmariteba or
ukiduresobas Soris sadRac
SuaSia, _ amitomac cvlidnen
sakuTar pozicias yovelTvis,
rodesac romelime mxares
eqstremistuli moZraoba
warmoiqmneboda.
amitom pozicia, romelsac
nebismier dros dasabuTebulad SeiZleba vuwodoT
konservatiuli, damokidebulia mimdinare tendenciebis
mimarTulebaze. ramdenadac
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi
saerTo ganviTareba socialisturi mimarTulebiT
midioda, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom konservatorebic da
liberalebic cdilobdnen
SeenelebinaT es tendencia.
magram liberalizmis mTavari
Tviseba sworedac rom
moZraobisaken da ara umoZrao
mdgomareobaSi yofnisken
swrafvaSi mdgomareobs.
marTalia, Cvens droSi,
SesaZloa, amis Taobaze
sapirispiro STabeWdileba
iqmneba, radgan liberalizms
warsulSi ufro farTo
mxardaWera hqonda, xolo
zogierTi misi mizani axlos
iyo ganxorcielebasTan. da
mainc, igi arasodes yofila
ukan mimarTuli doqtrina.
istoriam ar icis SemTxvevebi,
roca liberaluri idealebi
mTlianad da bolomde
ganxorcielebuliyo cxovrebaSi: liberalizmi arasodes
kmayofildeboda miRweuliT,
yovelTvis momavlisken
imzireboda, miiswrafoda ra
institutebis Semdgomi
srulyofisken. liberaliz-
Targmani
es gansxvaveba liberalizmsa
da konservatizms Soris ar
unda daiCrdilos im faqtiT,
rom aSS-Si jer kidev
SesaZlebelia pirovnuli
Tavisuflebis dacva,
tradiciuli institutebis
dacvis paralelurad. liberali afasebs maT ara maTi
xangrZlivi istoriis an
amerikis tradiciisadmi
kuTvnilebis gamo, aramed
imitom, rom isini Seesabameba
maT idealebs.
ekonomikuri sferos miRma),
romlebic udavod dagvexmara
Tavisufali sazogadoebis
bunebis gaazrebaSi. ra
reaqcionerebadac ar unda
gamoavlinon sakuTari Tavi
iseTma moRvaweebma, rogorebic arian kolriji, bonaldi,
de mestri, iustus mozeri an
donoso kortesi, isini
Zalian kargad acnobierebdnen
spontanurad ganviTarebadi
institutebis _ enis,
samarTlis, moralisa da wesCveulebebis _ mniSvnelobas.
isini iTvaliswinebdnen
yovelive amas sakuTar TeoriebSi, romlebsac SeuZliaT
liberalebsac da Tanamedrove
mecnierul midgomebsac
gauwion samsaxuri. magram Tu
konservatorebi ixiblebian
kidec Tavisufali ganviTarebiT, es mxolod gardasul
dReebTan mimarTebiT xdeba.
maT, rogorc wesi, ar hyofniT
gambedaoba, raTa miesalmon
aseTive daugegmav cvlilebebs
awmyoSi, cvlilebebs, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi
axal xelsawyoebs warmoSoben
kacobriobis progresis kidev
ufro ganviTarebisTvis.
3. sanam ZiriTad punqtebs
ganvixilavde, romelTa
mixedviT liberaluri
pozicia radikalurad
ewinaaRmdegeba konservatiuls,
unda aRvniSno, rom liberals
SeuZlia bevri sargebloba
miiRos konservatiulad
moazrovneTagan. Cven davalebulni varT maT mier mowiwebiTi SegnebiT ganxorcielebul
kvlevebSi gamoTqmuli
zogierTi Rrma azrisagan
aqamde ganviTarebuli
institutebis mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb (yovel SemTxvevaSi,
axla ki gadavdivar pirvel
punqtze, romlis mixedviTac
konservatiuli da liberaluri msoflmxedvelobebi
radikalurad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan. konservatori
avtorebi xSirad aRiarebdnen,
rom konservatiuli midgomis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli cvlilebebisadmi SiSSi mdgomareobs,
siaxlis, rogorc aseTisadmi,
frTxil undoblobaSi7, maSin,
roca liberaluri pozicia
simamacesa da sakuTar TavSi
darwmunebulobas, cvlilebe-
misTvis ar aris ucxo
evolucia da cvlilebebi. iq,
sadac saxelmwifo kontroli
Trgunavs spontanur
cvlilebebs, is mniSvnelovani
politikuri cvlilebebisTvis
ibrZvis. dRevandel samyaroSi,
samTavrobo politikasTan
mimarTebiT, liberali ver
xedavs azrs arsebuli
wesrigis SenarCunebaSi. ufro
metic, liberals eCveneba, rom
msoflios umetesi regioni
dauyovnebliv saWiroebs im
gzis safuZvlian gawmendas
uamravi dabrkolebisgan,
romelic Tavisufal
ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
44
solidaroba
bisadmi ndobas efuZneba,
maSinac ki, roca ar SegviZlia
imis prognozireba Tu ra
Sedegebs moitans es cvlilebebi. albaT gansakuTrebuli
azri ar aqvs konservatorebis
kritikas, Tuki maT
aTvalwunebuli aqvT Zalian
swrafi cvlilebebi
institutebsa da saxelmwifo
politikaSi; aq arsebobs
pirdapiri safuZveli imisaTvis, rom viyoT frTxilni da
vimoqmedoT auCqareblad.
magram konservatorebi
midrekilni arian mTavrobis
Zala cvlilebebis SesaCereblad an misi masStabis
maqsimaluri SezRudvisTvis
gamoiyenon. konservatorebi
momavals rwmenis gareSe
uyureben, maSin, roca
liberali Tavisi rwmenis
gamo iZulebulia optimisturad ganewyos cvlilebebisadmi
Tundac man ar icodes,
rogor unda ganxorcieldes
aucilebeli koreqcia. ufro
metic, liberaluri
msoflmxedvelobis erT-erT
nawils Seadgens Tezisi, rom
bazris TviTregulirebadi
Zalebi, gansakuTrebiT
ekonomikur sferoSi, rogorRac miaRweven sazogadoebis
aucilebel adaptacias axali
viTarebisadmi, Tumca aravis
ZaluZs imis winaswarmetyveleba, Tu rogor moxerxdeba
es yovel konkretul
SemTxvevaSi. bazrisadmi
moqmedebis Tavisuflebis
miniWebis mimarT ase Zalian
gavrcelebuli undobloba
adamianebSi, SesaZloa, ganpirobebulia maTi uunarobiT
warmoidginon Sesabamisi
wonasworoba moTxovnasa da
miwodebas, eqsportsa da
imports Soris da a.S. konser-
vatori Tavs daculad da
kmayofilad grZnobs maSin,
roca man icis, rom romeliRac
umaRlesi brZnuli Zala
akontrolebs da zedamxedvelobs mimdinare cvlilebebs,
Tuki romelime Zlieri
institucia valdebulia
uzrunvelyos am cvlilebebis
`mowesrigebuli msvleloba~.
ukontrolo sazogadoebrivi
Zalebisadmi mindobis SiSi
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli
konservatizmis or sxva
TvisebasTan: xelisuflebisadmi mowiwebasa da ekonomikur faqtorTa moqmedebis
bunebis zedapirul codnasTan.
ramdenadac konservatizmi ar
endoba arc abstraqtul
Teoriebsa da arc zogad
principebs,8 mas ar esmis
spontanurad moqmedi
faqtorebisa, romlebsac
efuZneba Tavisuflebis
politika, arc baza gaaCnia am
politikis principebis
gamomuSavebisTvis. konservatoris warmodgeniT, wesrigi
xelisuflebis mudmivi
yuradRebis Sedegia. Sesabamisad, saWiroa xelebi gavuxsnaT
xelisuflebas _ dae, gaakeTon
is, rasac iTxovs situacia
sakuTari Tavis aucilebeli
wesebiT SezRudvis gareSe.
principebisadmi erTguleba
Tavidanve gulisxmobs
ZiriTadi faqtorebis bunebis
amocnobas, romlis wyalobiTac
sazogadoebis koordinireba
xdeba, _ magram konservatizmis swavlebaSi sazogadoebis
Sesaxeb msgavsi Teoria,
gansakuTrebiT ekonomikur
meqanizmTan dakavSirebiT,
Segnebulad ar arsebobs.
konservatizms ar warmouqmnia
amqveynad araviTari ganzoga-
Solidarity
debuli koncefcia, romelic
axsnida, Tu rogor inarCunebs
stabilurobas esa Tu is
sazogadoebrivi wyoba. ase
rom, konservatizmis
Tanamedrove apologetebi,
cdiloben ra Seqmnan Teoriuli baza, iZulebulni arian im
avtorebs mimarTon,
romlebic sakuTar Tavs
liberalebad miiCnevdnen.
makolei, tokvili, lordi
aqtoni da leki mtkiced da
samarTlianad Tvlidnen
sakuTar Tavs liberalebad;
edmund berkic ki `Zvel vigad~9
darCa samaris karamde da,
vfiqrob, gaaJrJolebda
kidec, Tu vinme mas Torad10
miiCnevda.
neba miboZeT davubrunde
Cems ZiriTad Temas, kerZod,
konservatorTaTvis damaxasiaTebel Semwynareblobas
oficialuri xelisuflebis
moqmedebebisadmi: konservatoris mTavari sazrunavi is
gaxlavT, rom es Zalaufleba
ar Sesustdes, da ara is, rom
misi siZliere garkveul
sazRvrebSi `daiWiros~.
rTulia aseTi midgomis
morigeba TavisuflebisaTvis
zrunvasTan. rogorc Cans,
dasaSvebia Semdegi ganzogadebuli formulireba:
konservators araferi aqvs
sawinaaRmdego xelisuflebis
mxridan iZulebis an TviTnebobis mimarT manam, sanam
aseTi meTodebi im mizans
emsaxureba, romelic mas
samarTliani hgonia. Tuki
qveynis xelisuflebaSi
patiosani adamianebi arian, _
miaCnia mas, _ ar aris saWiro
saxelmwifos moqmedebaTa
SezRudva mkacri wesebiT.
ramdenadac konservatori
45
#5(38)
Tavisi bunebiT oportunistia,
romelic principebis deficits ganicdis, misi umTavresi
imedi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
qveynis mmarTvel elitaSi
mxolod brZeni da marTali
adamianebi iqnebian, romlebic
ara mxolod pirad magaliTs
aZleven rigiT moqalaqeebs,
aramed maTTvis miniWebuli
uflebamosilebis praqtikuli
ganxorcielebis gziT midian11.
socialistis msgavsad, konservatori zrunavs ara imdenad
saxelmwifos SezRudvaze,
ramdenadac Semdeg sakiTxze:
vin iqneba xelisuflebaSi;
socialistis msgavsad,
konservatori uflebas
aZlevs Tavs sxvebs sakuTari
faseulobebi moaxvios.
roca aRvniSne, rom konservators ar aqvs sakuTari
principebi, ar migulisxmia,
rom is uzneoa. tipuri
konservatori, rogorc wesi,
aris adamiani, romelic
sakmaod myari moraluri
Sexedulebebis matarebelia.
me vgulisxmobdi, rom mas ar
gaaCnia politikuri principebi, romelic gansxvavebuli
moraluri Sexedulebebis
mqone adamianebTan erTad
iseTi politikuri reJimis
Seqmnis SesaZleblobas
miscemda, romlis pirobebSic
yvela adamians eqneboda
sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis
Sesabamisad cxovrebis
saSualeba. mxolod amgvari
aucileblobis aRiareba
uSvebs sxvadasxva faseulobaTa sistemis Tanaarsebobas,
rac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZlebels
xdis mSvidobiani sazogadoebrivi wyobis damyarebas
minimaluri Zaladobis gamoyenebiT. amgvari politikuri
Targmani
principebis miReba niSnavs,
rom Cven Tanaxmani varT
moviTminoT bevri CvenTvis
miuRebeli ram. faseulobaTa
konservatiuli sistema bevr
iseT rames Seicavs, rac CemSi
simpaTias iwvevs, gansxvavebiT
socialistebis idealebisgan;
da mainc, liberalisTvis
prioritetuli statusi,
romelsac igi garkveul
miznebs aniWebs, jer kidev ar
niSnavs sxvebis iZulebas
gaiziaron igi. me TiTqmis ar
mepareba eWvi, rom Cems
konservator megobarTagan
bevri Sokirebuli darCeba im
`daTmobebiT~ (rogorc isini
Seafaseben) Tanamedrove
Sexedulebebis winaSe, razedac
me wavedi Cemi wignis mesame
nawilSi.12 magram, miuxedavad
imisa, rom me konservatorebze
ufro TavSekavebulad viwoneb
aseT zomebs, da, SesaZloa,
maT winaaRmdegac mimeca xma,
amave dros CemTvis ucnobia
raime zogadi principi, romlis safuZvelzec SevZlebdi
oponentebis darwmunebas
amgvari zomebis SeusabamobaSi
sazogadoebis ganzogadebul
saxesTan, romliskenac TiToeuli Cvengani miiswrafis.
imisaTvis, rom warmatebiT
vTanamSromlobdeT sxvasTan,
ar aris sakmarisi sakuTari
konkretuli miznebis erTguleba. aucilebelia azrTa
garkveuli sistema _ im tipis
sazogadoebrivi wyobis
erTguleba, romelSic piradad SenTvis sasicocxlod
mniSvnelovan sferoebSic ki
adamianebs eZlevaT neba sxva
miznebis qonisa.
ai, swored amis gamo liberalisTvis ar arsebobs raime
gamamarTlebeli mizezi
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
46
rogorc zneobrivi, ise
religiuri xasiaTis idealebis
iZulebiTi ganxorcielebisTvis, maSin, roca konservatorebisa da socialistebisTvis
ar arsebobs msgavsi
SezRudvebi (romelsac
liberali uwesebs sakuTar
Tavs. _ mTargm.). zogjer
meCveneba, rom liberalizmis
yvelaze cxadi damaxasiaTebeli niSani, romelic mas
Tanabrad ganasxvavebs
rogorc konservatizmisgan,
aseve socializmisgan, aris
Tvalsazrisi, romlis
mixedviTac zneobasTan
dakavSirebul sxvadasxva
qceviT stilTan mimarTebiT,
Tu isini uSualod ar
iWrebian sxva adamianebis
cxovrebis kanoniT dacul
sferoSi, iZuleba dauSvebelia.
iqneb es garemoeba imasac
ganmartavdes, ratom aris
yofili socialistisTvis
sakuTari axali meqis povna
SesaZlebeli konservatizmis
da ara liberalizmis wiaRSi.
saboloo jamSi, konservatiuli
pozicia efuZneba warmodgenas,
rom nebismier sazogadoebaSi
arseboben umaRlesi Tanrigis
adamianebi, im namemkvidrevi
principebisa da Rirebulebebis matarebelni, romlebic
saTuTad unda iqnes daculi,
_ da swored es adamianebi
arian isini, romlebsac yvelaze meti wona unda hqondeT
sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.
liberali, rasakvirvelia, ar
uaryofs, rom erTi adamiani
aRemateba meores, _ saboloo
jamSi, liberali mainc ar
gaxlavT egalitaruli tipi,
_ magram uaryofs im SesaZleblobas, romlis mixedviTac
viRacebma (vinc ar unda
solidaroba
iyvnen isini) unda gadawyviton, Tu vin unda iyvnen es
umaRlesi kategoriis adamianebi. maSin, roca konservatori
midrekilia daicvas ukve
dadgenili konkretuli
ierarqia, da imedi aqvs, rom
xelisufleba daicavs im
pirebs, romelTac maT
TvalSi maRali fasi aqvT;
liberali Tvlis, rom
tradiciuli faseulobebisadmi araviTar pativiscemas
ar SeuZlia gaamarTlos
monopoluri privilegia an
nebismieri sxva SemTxveva
saxelmwifos Zalauflebis
gamoyenebisa ekonomikuri
cvlilebebis Sedegebisgan
adamianTa garkveuli jgufis
dasacavad. Tumca liberali
yovliTurT acnobierebs
kulturuli da inteleqtualuri elitis mniSvnelovan
rols civilizaciis
ganviTarebaSi, magram is
imavdroulad moelis, rom am
elitebma saqmiT daamtkicon
sakuTari faseuloba, _
kerZod, sakuTari mdgomareobis SenarCuneba yvelasaTvis
saerTo wesebis pirobebSi.
amasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli agreTve tipuri
konservatoris Sexeduleba
demokratiaze. zemoT me
naTlad aRvniSne, rom
umravlesobis Zalauflebas
vTvli ara miznad, aramed
mxolod saSualebad; imis
Tqmasac gavbedav, rom es,
SesaZloa, yvelaze naklebad
suleluri variantia mmarTvelobis im formebs Soris,
romelTagan aucileblad
unda avirCioT erTi romelime.
magram, rogorc me meCveneba,
konservatorebi cdebian,
rodesac demokratias
abraleben Cveni epoqisTvis
damaxasiaTebel yvela saSinelebas. mTavari boroteba _ es
aris mmarTveli gundis
SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba;
aravis aqvs ufleba hqondes
SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba.13
Tanamedrove demokratiuli
mmarTvelobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli uflebamosilebani,
moqceuli mcire elitis xelSi,
saerTod autaneli iqneboda.
unda vaRiaroT, rom rodesac
Zalaufleba umravlesobis
xelSi moeqca, warmoiSva Sexeduleba saxelmwifo Zalauflebis SezRudvis mizanSeuwonlobis Sesaxeb. am kuTxiT
demokratia da SeuzRudavi
Zalaufleba erTmaneTTan
arian dakavSirebuli. magram
aq kritikas iwvevs ara demokratia, aramed idea SeuzRudavi
Zalauflebis Sesaxeb. me ver
gamigia, ratom ar SeiZleba
SevzRudoT umravlesobis
Zalaufleba imave meTodebiT,
romeli meTodebiTac izRudeba
yvela sxva Zalaufleba.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi
demokratiis upiratesobani
mSvidobiani cvlilebebisa da
politikuri ganaTlebis
SesaZleblobaTa uzrunvelyofis sferoSi imdenad
aRemateba yvela sxva wyobis
Rirsebebs, rom me aranairad
ar SemiZlia simpaTia
gamovxato konservatizmSi
antidemokratiuli tendenciebis mimarT. Cemi azriT,
mTavari problemaa ara is, Tu
vin marTavs, aramed is, Tu
risi ufleba aqvs mTavrobas
da risi ara.
is garemoeba, rom konservatorTa protesti mTavrobis
mxridan zomaze meti
Solidarity
kontrolis mimarT principis
saqme ki ar aris, aramed
mTavrobis konkretul miznebTan uTanxmoebaa, naTlad Cans
ekonomikis dargSi. samewarmeo
sferoSi konservatorebi,
rogorc wesi, koleqtivisturi
da biurokratiuli stilis
winaaRmdeg gamodian da aq
liberalebi maTSi mokavSireebs
xedaven. magram amave dros
agrarul sferoSi konservatorebi proteqcionizmis
momxreni arian da xSirad
uWeren mxars socialisturi
xasiaTis zomebs. ufro metic,
miuxedvad imisa, rom
dRevandel samewarmeo da
savaWro sferoSi arsebuli
SezRudvebi ZiriTadad
socialisturi Sexedulebebidan momdinareobs, soflis
meurneobaSi aseTive seriozuli SezRudvebis umravlesoba gacilebiT adre konservatorebis mier iqna SemoRebuli. xolo Tavisufali
mewarmeobis diskreditirebis
saqmeSi wamyvani konservatorebi socialistebs ejibrebodnen.14
4. me ukve vaxsene gansxvavebebi
liberalizmsa da konservatizms Soris wminda azrobriv
sibrtyeze, magram momiwevs
kvlav mivubrunde am sakiTxs,
radgan am sferoSi
konservatorTa Sexedulebani
ara mxolod konservatizmis
sisustea, aramed saSiSia
yvelasTvis, vinc maTTan
kavSirSi Seva. konservatorebi instinqturad grZnoben,
rom cvlilebaTa pirvelmizezi
sxva araferia, Tu ara axali
ideebi. aqedan gamomdinareobs sruliad bunebrivi SiSi
axali ideebis mimarT _
konservatizmi xom, ar gaaCnia
47
#5(38)
ra sakuTari ganmasxvavebeli
principebi, verafers ver
daupirispirebs maT. misi
undobloba Teoriebisadmi da
fantaziis simwiris gamo
raime axlis warmodgenis
uunaroba imasTan SedarebiT,
rac ukve praqtikiTaa Semowmebuli, mizezia imisa, rom
konservatizms aklia
yovelgvari `SeiaraReba~
ideuri brZolisTvis. liberalizmisgan gansxvavebiT,
romlisTvisac ideaTa
Sorsmimavali siZlieris
rwmena ganuyofelia,
konservatizmi iZulebulia
Semoifarglos im ideebis
nakrebiT, romelic man
memkvidreobiT miiRo
warsulisgan, da ramdenadac
konservatizms argumentirebis gareSe sjera maTi, misi
saboloo daskvna martivia _
is flobs umaRles sibrZnes
(superior wisdom), romelic
dafuZnebulia gansakuTrebulobis pretenziebze.
es gansxvaveba yvelaze naTlad
codnis gamravlebisadmi ori
tradiciis sxvadasxva
midgomaSi vlindeba. Tumca
liberali yovelgvar
cvlilebas progresad ar
Tvlis, codnis gamravlebas
igi usityvod miakuTvnebs
kacobriobis ganviTarebis
prioritetul amocanaTa
rigs, romelic, misi azriT,
TandaTan gadawyvets yvela
problemasa da sirTules,
romelTa gadaWris mxolod
imedi SeiZleba gvqondes.
liberali Sors aris im azrisgan, rom yovelive axals upiratesoba mianiWos mxolod
misi siaxlis gamo, _ magram
igi acnobierebs, rom
kacobriobis miRwevebi yovel-
Targmani
Tvis raRac axals gvTavazobs
da mzad aris mourigdes am
axal codnas imisda miuxedavad, moswons Tu ara mas misi
pirdapiri Sedegi.
Tu piradad Cems Sefasebaze
visaubrebT, konservatiuli
azrovnebis yvelaze saZraxis
Tvisebad mimaCnia misi midrekileba uaryos argumentirebulad dasabuTebuli axali
codna imis gamo, rom
konservators ar moswons
misi zogierTi garegani
Sedegi, rac, uxeSad rom
vTqvaT, obskurantizmia. ar
daviwyeb imis mtkicebas, rom
swavlulebi yvelaze metad
arian daqvemdebarebulni
modas da rom sifrTxiliT
unda movekidoT maT daskvnebs,
romlebic TavianTi uaxlesi
Teoriebidan gamoaqvT. magram
Cveni sifrTxilis mizezebi
racionaluri unda iyos,
isini unda ganvacalkeoT im
dananebisgan, romelic CvenSi
warmoiqmneba, roca vxedavT,
rom axali Teoria ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens sayvarel rwmenawarmodgenebs. me piradad ver
vitan maT, vinc, magaliTad,
uaryofs evoluciis Teorias
an sicocxlis fenomenTa e.w.
`meqanikur axsnebs~ imis
safuZvelze, rom am Teoriebidan garkveuli moraluri
xasiaTis Sedegebi SeiZleba
warmoiSvas. ufro metad ki
isini maRizianeben, romlebic
saerTod arasaWirod da
saCoTirod miiCneven am sakiTxebis ganxilvas. konservatori
mxolod asustebs Tavis
pozicias imiT, rom ar surs
faqtebs TvalebSi Caxedos.
daskvnebi, romlebic racionalistur Segnebas gamoaqvs
axali samecniero aRmoCenebi-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
48
dan, xSirad sulac ar
gamomdinareobs am ukanasknelTagan. magram mxolod
axali samecniero aRmoCenebis
SedegebTan dakavSirebiT
wamowyebul diskusiebSi
aqtiuri CarTviT SegviZlia
gavigoT ipovian Tu ara isini
adgils Cvens sakuTar
msoflmxedvelobaSi. Tu
aRmoCndeba, rom Cveni
zneobrivi principebi damokidebulia Cvens warmodgenebze,
romelTa mcdarobac ukve
damtkicebulia faqtobrivad,
_ ramdenad zneobrivia am
principebis dacva da xsenebuli faqtebis uaryofa?
yovelive axlisa da ucxosadmi
konservatorTa undoblobasTan aris aseve dakavSirebuli
maTi mtruli damokidebuleba
internacionalizmisadmi da
maTi midrekileba agresiuli
nacionalizmisken. aq aris
dafaruli konservatizmis
sisustis meore wyaro ideaTa
brZolaSi. konservatizmi ver
uaryofs im faqts, rom ideebi,
romlebic cvlian Cvens
civilizacias, ar cnoben
sazRvrebs. axali ideebis
gacnobaze uaris Tqma niSnavs
sakuTar Tavs moaklo SesaZlebloba warmatebiT
gaakritiko/gaabaTilo isini,
roca amis aucilebloba
dadgeba. ideebis ganviTareba
internacionaluri procesia
da mxolod maT SeuZliaT
masze didi gavlenis moxdena,
vinc bolomde monawileobs
diskusiaSi. gamoacxado
romelime idea àraamerikulad~ an àragermanulad~ _
jer kidev ar warmoadgens
arguments. mcdari an mankieri
idea ver gaxdeba ukeTesi
mxolod imis gamo, rom is
solidaroba
romelime Cveni Tanamemamulis
TavSia gaCenili.
kidev bevri ramis Tqma
SeiZleboda konservatizmis
siaxloveze nacionalizmTan,
magram aRar SevCerdebi am
momentze imitom, rom ar
warmoiqmnas STabeWdileba,
TiTqos Cemi mdgomareoba ar
maZlevs saSualebas simpaTiiT
viyo ganwyobili nacionalizmis nebismieri formis
mimarT. me mxolod davamateb,
rom es winaswarganwyoba
nacionalizmis mimarT xSirad
xdeba damakavSirebeli rgoli
konservatizmsa da koleqtivizms Soris: Tu Tqven
mrewvelobas an bunebriv
resursebs aRiqvamT rogorc
`Cvensas~, mxolod erTi patara
nabiji rCeba mowodebamde
naciis es monapovari
nacionaluri interesebis
samsaxurSi Cadges. cxadia, am
kuTxiT kontinenturi
liberalizmi, romelic
safrangeTis revoluciidan
iRebs saTaves, konservatizmze
ukeTesi ar aRmoCndeba. albaT
zedmetia imis mtkiceba, rom
aseTi tipis nacionalizmi
safuZvelSive gansxvavdeba
patriotizmisgan da rom
nacionalizmisTvis
zurgSeqceva (aversion) savsebiT
SeTavsebadia nacionaluri
tradiciebisadmi
erTgulebasTan. Tumca is
faqti, rom me pativs vcem
Cemi sazogadoebis zogierT
tradicias, ar unda gulisxmobdes mtrul damokidebulebas gansxvavebulisadmi da
CemTvis ucnaurisadmi.
is garemoeba, rom konservatizmis antiinternacionalizmi ase xSirad asocirdeba
imperializmTan, mxolod
erTi SexedviT Cans paradoqsuli. rac ufro Zlieria
adamianis siZulvili
yovelive ucxosadmi da
darwmunebuloba sakuTaris
upiratesobaSi, miT ufro
Rrmad aris igi Tavdajerebuli,
rom sxvebis `gacivilizebis~
(civilize) misia akisria15 _
gacivilizeba ara nebayoflobiTi da daubrkolebeli
urTierTgacvlis azriT,
romelsac liberali mianiWebda upiratesobas, aramed
efeqturi saxelmwifos
`sikeTeebis~ sxvebisaTvis
gadacemis gagebiT. simptomaturia, rom am sakiTxTan
mimarTebaSic ki, rogorc es
xSirad vlindeba, konservatorebi kavSirs kraven
socialistebTan liberalebis winaaRmdeg _ ara mxolod
inglisSi, sadac col-qmari
vebebi (Webbs) da maTi fabianuri sazogadoeba16 gaafTrebuli imperialistebi iyvnen,
an germaniaSi, sadac saxelmwifo socializmi da koloniuri eqspansionizmi17 erTmaneTis mxardamxar ibrZodnen
da `kaTeder-socialistebis~18
mxardaWerac moipoves, aramed
aSS-Sic, sadac ukve pirveli
ruzveltis dros iyo cxadi:
jingoistebi19 da socialistreformatorTa moZraobis
momxreebi gaerTiandnen da
politikuri partia Camoayalibes, romlis meSveobiTac
saxelmwifo Zalauflebis
xelSi Cagdebasa da sakuTari
cezaristuli paternalizmis
programis ganxorcielebas
apirebdnen; rogorc Cans es
safrTxe aRar gvemuqreba
mxolod imis wyalobiT, rom
sxva partiebma maTi
programis xarisxiTa da
Solidarity
formiT zomieri varianti
miiRes.20
5. garkveuli azriT, dasaSvebia socialistsa da konservators Soris liberalis
moazreba: liberali iseve
Sors dgas socialistis
(romelsac yvela
sazogadoebrivi institutis
gardaqmna surs im gegmis
mixedviT, calke aRebul mis
TavSi rom gaCnda) uxeSi
racionalizmisgan, rogorc
misticizmisgan, romelic ase
xSirad xdeba konservatoris
TavSesafari. pozicias,
romelsac me aRvwer rogorc
liberalurs, konservatizmTan gonebisadmi undobloba
aaxloebs im zomiT, ra
zomiTac liberali naTlad
acnobierebs, rom yvela
kiTxvaze pasuxi Cven ar viciT.
ufro metic, liberali arc
imaSi gaxlavT bolomde
darwmunebuli, rom misTvis
cnobil pasuxTagan yvela
sworia da rom, saerTod,
adamians unari aqvs yvela
kiTxvaze ipovos pasuxi.
liberali arc imas Takilobs,
rom daxmarebisTvis nebismier
iracionalur institutsa da
wes-Cveulebas mimarTos,
romelTac daamtkicebuli
aqvT sakuTari Rirseba.
konservatorisgan liberali
gamoirCeva Tavisi mzadyofniT
_ ar daxuWos Tvali sakuTar
umecrebaze, da imis
aRiarebiT, rom Cven Zalze
cota viciT; gonebis uZlurebis
dros is ar mimarTavs
zebunebriv Zalebs daxmarebisTvis. unda vaRiaroT, rom
liberali aSkara skeptikosicaa,21 _ magram garkveuli
doziT damTmoblobac aris
saWiro, raTa vcnoT sxvaTa
49
#5(38)
ufleba bednierebisken sakuTari gzebiT iaron da mtkiced
vaRiaroT tolerantobis
principi, romelic liberalizmis ganuyofeli nawilia.
yovelive es sulac ar niSnavs
imas, rom liberalisTvis
ucxoa religiuroba. franguli revoluciis racionalizmisgan gansxvavebiT, namdvili
liberalizmi ar ebrZvis
religias; me mxolod sinanuli SemiZlia gamovxato imis
gamo, rom me-19 saukunis
kontinenturi liberalizmi
xSirad iyo gamsWvaluli
mebrZoli, arsobrivad
araliberaluri antireligiurobiT. is faqti, rom
aTeizmi ar warmoadgens
liberalizmis ganuyofel
nawils, naTlad Cans misi
ingliseli damfuZneblebis _
`Zveli vigebis~ _ magaliTze,
romlebic piriqiT, Tavgamodebuladac ki uWerdnen
mxars konkretul konfesias.
Tumca, gansxvavebiT konservatorisgan, liberali, rogori
Rrmad morwmunec ar unda
iyos Tavad, arasodes miscems
sakuTar Tavs imis uflebas,
rom sxvas moaxvios Tavze
sakuTari rwmena; misTvis
sakraluri da sekularuli
sxvadasxva sferoebia,
romelTa erTmaneTSi aRreva
dauSvebelia.
6. Cem mier aq warmodgenili
msjeloba SesaZloa sakmarisic iyos imis asaxsnelad, Tu
ratom ar miviCnev Tavs
konservatorad. Tumca bevrs
albaT moeCveneba, rom zemoT
warmodgenili pozicia Zalian
mcirediT hgavs im msoflmxedvelobas, romlis `liberalizmad~ moxseniebasac arian
Targmani
miCveulni. maSasadame, axla
unda gadavide im sakiTxze,
Seefereba Tu ara Cvens droSi
es saxelwodeba Tavisuflebis
partias. ukve aRvniSne, rom,
Tumca sakuTar Tavs mudam
liberals vuwodebdi, bolo
dros amas raRac arcTu ise
didi xalisiT vakeTeb ara
mxolod imitom, rom aSS-Si es
termini mudmivad gaugebrobebs warmoqmnis, aramed
imitomac, rom sul ufro
mwvaved vacnobiereb ra didi
ufskrulia, erTi mxriv, Cems
poziciasa da, meore mxriv,
racionalistur kontinentur
liberalizmsa da utilitaristTa inglisur liberalizms
Soris.
Tu sityva `liberalizmi~
axlac imis aRmniSvneli
iqneboda, rasac igi niSnavda
ingliseli istorikosisTvis,
romelic 1827 wels 1688 wlis
revolucias axasiaTebda
rogorc ìm principTa
triumfs, romlebic Tanamedroveobis enaze liberalurad
an konstituciurad
iwodeba~,22 an, Tu Cven
uwindeburad SegveZleboda,
lord aqtonis msgavsad,
berki, makolei da gladstoni
sam udides liberalad
mogvexseniebina, an, Tu Cven,
harold laskiseburad,
tokvilsa da lord aqtonSi
`me-19 saukunis mTavar
liberalebs~ davinaxavdiT,23
me udides pativad CavTvlidi
sakuTari TavisTvisac igive
mewodebina. magram rogori
macdunebelic ar unda iyos
CemTvis maTi Sexedulebebis
liberalizmad moxsenieba,
iZulebuli var vaRiaro, rom
kontinentur liberalTa
umetesoba mxars uWerda im
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
50
ideebs, romelTa winaaRmdeg
ibrZodnen es adamianebi,
da isini ufro im surviliT
xelmZRvanelobdnen, rom
Tavs moexviaT am samyarosTvis winaswar mofiqrebuli
racionaluri modeli, vidre
SeeqmnaT SesaZlebloba
Tavisufali ganviTarebisa.
met-naklebad igive xdeba
inglisSic, yovel SemTxvevaSi
loid jorjis droidan, roca
liberalizmad wodebuli
moZraoba iwyeba.
amrigad, aucileblad unda
vaRiaroT, rom `liberalizms~
TiTqmis araferi aqvs saerTo
arcerT im politikur moZraobasTan, romlebic Cvens
droSi amgvarad (liberalurad. _ mTargm.) iwodebian.
aseve sadavoa, SeuZliaT Tu
ara am saxelwodebasTan
dakavSirebul istoriul
asociaciebs romelime politikuri moZraobis warmatebis
xelSewyoba. SeiZleba
sxvadasxva azri arsebobdes
imis Taobaze, saWiroa Tu ara
mocemul viTarebaSi am
terminis reabilitireba maT
mier, vinc fiqrobs, rom mas
arasworad iyeneben. piradad
me sul ufro mwvaved
vgrZnob, rom am terminis
gamoyeneba vrceli axsna-ganmartebis gareSe bundovanebas
warmoqmnis, da rom is,
rogorc politikuri
iarliyi, moZravi Zalidan
balastad gardaiqmna.
aSS-Si, sadac sityva
`liberalis~ gamoyeneba ukve
SeuZlebelia im azriT, ra
azriTac me is zemoT gamoviyene, misi Canacvleba xSirad
sityva `libertarianiT~ xdeba.
SesaZloa es gonivrulia.
solidaroba
magram me es termini ar
mizidavs, raRac xelovnuri
agebulebisa Cans da amiT
surogatuli ufroa. me
mWirdeba sityva, romelic
amomwuravad daaxasiaTebda
sicocxlis partias, partias,
romelic mxars uWers Tavisufal zrdasa da spontanur
ganviTarebas. magram vZabav ra
gonebas, mainc ver vaxerxeb
raime deskrifciuli terminis
SerCevas, romelic am moTxovnebis Sesabamisi iqneboda.
7. Tumca, modiT, gavixsenoT
Semdegi: rodesac es idealebi,
romelTa gadmocemasac me aq
xelaxla vcdilob, pirvelad
gavrcelda dasavleTSi,
partias, romelic maT propagandas eweoda, sayovelTaod
cnobili saxelwodeba hqonda.
swored inglisel vigTa
idealebiT iyo STagonebuli
is moZraoba, romelsac
Semdgom liberalizmi ewoda
mTel evropaSi,24 da warmoqmna
ideebi, romlebic mere
amerikelma kolonistebma
waiRes okeanis gadaRma; am
idealebma ubiZga maT damoukideblobisTvis brZolisken
da male maTi konstituciis
fundamentad iqca. 25 ufro
metic, sanam am tradiciis
buneba safrangeTis revoluciasTan dakavSirebuli danaSrevebiT, misi totalitarulad
demokratiuli da socialisturi midrekilebebiT ar
damaxinjda, Tavisuflebis
partia swored `vigis~
saxelwodebiT iyo sayovelTaod cnobili.
qveyanaSi, sadac is gaCnda, es
saxeli gardaicvala: nawilobriv imitom, rom principebi,
romlebTanac is iyo asocire-
buli, garkveuli drois
manZilze aRar warmoadgenda
romelime konkretuli
partiis ganmasxvavebel
niSans, nawilobriv ki imitom,
rom adamianebma, romlebic am
saxels atarebdnen, uRalates
mis principebs. me-19 saukuneSi britaneTSi da aSS-Si
vigTa partiam sakuTari
saxelis diskreditacia
moaxdina radikalTa Soris.
magram imis gamo, rom, jer
erTi, liberalizmma vigizmis
adgili mxolod mas Semdeg
daimkvidra, rac TavisuflebisTvis brZolis tradicia
franguli revoluciis uxeSi
da mebrZoli racionalizmiT
ganimsWvala, da meorec, raki
Cveni mTavari amocanaa gavaTavisufloT is hipernacionalisturi, nacionalisturi da
socialisturi gavlenebisgan,
romlebic mas amaxinjebs,
istoriuli perspeqtiviT
sityva `vigizmi~ adekvaturad
gamoxatavs Cems Tvalsazriss.
rac ufro mets vgebulob
ideebis evoluciaze, miT
ufro Rrmad vrwmundebi
imaSi, rom, ubralod,
gamousworebel `Zvel vigs~
warmovadgen _ aq aqcenti
sityva `Zvelze~ modis.
`Zvel vigebTan~ mikuTvnebulobis aRiareba, rasakvirvelia, jer kidev ar niSnavs
miswrafebas warsulisken,
me-17 saukunis droindeli
mdgomareobisken. winamdebare
naSromis erT-erT mizani
Semdegis damtkicebaa: doqtrinebi, romlebic pirvelad
im dros Camoyalibda, izrdeboda da viTardeboda yvela
konkretuli politikur
partiis miRma. es procesi ki
Sewyda mxolod 70-80 wlis
Solidarity
win. am wlebis manZilze Cven
sakmaod gavamdidreT Cveni
codna da axla SegviZlia am
doqtrinis xelaxla gadmocema
ufro damakmayofilebeli da
efeqturi formiT. miuxedavad
imisa, rom is garkveul
gadamuSavebas iTxovs Cveni
dRevandeli codnis gaTvaliswinebiT, misi fundamenturi principebi upirveles
yovlisa `Zvel vigTa~ principebia. marTalia, rom mogviano
istoriam partiisa, romelic
am saxels atarebda, bevr
istorikoss eWvi aRuZra
vigebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
principebis gansakuTrebuli
korpusis arsebobaSi. magram
ar SemiZlia ar daveTanxmo
lord aqtons, romelic wers:
`Tumca am doqtrinis zogierTi
patriarqi saZageli adamianic
iyo, magram is, riTic daiwyo
vigizmi, _ uzenaesi kanonis
gageba, romelic municipalur
kodeqsebs efuZneba, _ ingliselebis udidesi miRwevaa da
maTi saCuqaria erisadmi~,26 _
Cven ki davamatebdiT _ mTeli
samyarosadmi. swored es
doqtrina udevs safuZvlad
anglosaqsonuri qveynebis
saerTo tradicias. swored am
doqtrinidan kontinenturma
liberalizmma imemkvidra
yvelaferi is, ris gamoc igi
Rirebulia. swored es doqtrina gaxda amerikuli saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis safuZveli.
Tavisi wminda formiT man Tavi
iCina aSS-Si ara jefersonis
radikalizmiT, ara hamiltonis
an Tundac jon adamsis
konservatizmiT, aramed
jeims medisonis, `konstituciis mamis~,26 ideebSi.
ar vici sasargeblo iqneba Tu
ara Zveli saxelis aRdgena
51
#5(38)
praqtikuli politikis
TvalsazrisiT. is faqti, rom
dRes adamianTa umravlesobisTvis rogorc anglosaqsonur samyaroSi, ise mis
sazRvrebs gareT es termini
ar asocirdeba raime konkretulTan, ufro upiratesobaa,
vidre nakli. maTTvis ki, vinc
icnobs ideaTa istorias,
`vigi~, albaT, erTaderTi
saxelwodebaa, romelic mkafiod gamoxatavs tradiciis
arss. is, rom socialisturi
warsulis mqone namdvili
konservatorisTvis da, miT
umetes, konservatorTa
umravlesobisTvis sityva
`vigizmiT~ aRiniSneba maTi
mTavari doqtrina, maTi
qvecnobieri refleqsebis
sijansaRes mowmobs. am saxels
atarebda idealTa erTaderTi sistema, romelic mtkiced
upirispirdeboda yovelgvar
despotur Zalauflebas.
8. aq SeiZleba gaCndes logikuri SekiTxva: ase mniSvnelovania saxelwodeba? aSS-is
msgavs qveyanaSi, sadac
uwindeburad SenarCunebulia
Tavisufali institutebi da
sadac, Sesabamisad, ukve
arsebuli wesrigis dacva
xSirad Tavisuflebis dacvas
niSnavs, mis qomagebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT sakuTari
Tavi konservatorebad moixsenion, magram aqac konservatiuli tradiciis mimdevroba
did eWvebs iwvevs. maSinac ki,
rodesac adamianebi erTsa da
imave wyobas iwoneben, saWiroa
vikiTxoT, ratom moswonT
maT is _ imis gamo, rom es
wyoba ukve arsebobs, rogorc
mocemuloba, Tu imitom, rom
is Tavisi bunebiT maT survilebs Seesabameba? koleqti-
Targmani
visturi tendenciebis
winaaRmdeg saerTo galaSqrebam ar unda daCrdilos is
faqti, rom Tavisuflebis
rwmena momavlisaken swrafvas
efuZneba da ara nostalgias
warsulis gamo an romantikul aRfrTovanebas imiT,
rac ukve warsuls Cabarda.
es mkafio gamijvna miT umetes
aucilebelia iq, sadac,
rogorc, magaliTad, evropis
bevr regionSi, konservatorebma ukve gaiziares mniSvnelovani nawili koleqtivisturi kredosi, romelic ise
didxans iyo politikis
wammarTveli Zala, rom mis
mier Seqmnili bevri instituti
aRqmul iqna rogorc
mocemuloba da siamayis
wyarod iqca `konservatiuli~
partiebisTvis, romlebic
misi Semoqmedni arian.27 aq
Tavisuflebis momxre konfliqtSi modis konservatorTan
da iWers radikalur pozicias,
romelic mimarTulia farTod
gavrcelebuli stereotipebis,
mtkice poziciebisa da
myarad fesvgadgmuli privilegiebis winaaRmdeg. ugunureba da borotmoqmedeba ar
SeiZleba gaxdes ukeTesi imis
gamo, rom isini ukve karga
xania aRiarebulni arian sazogadoebrivi wyobis safuZvlad.
saxelmwifo moRvawisTvis
devizi Quieta non movere
(`mZinares nu gaaRviZeb~)
zogjer brZnul rCevas
warmoadgens, Tumca politikur filosofoss (political
philosopher) is ver daakmayofilebs. SesaZloa, filosofoss
surdes kidec, rom politikuri gadawyvetilebani windaxedulad xorcieldebodes da
Solidarität
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52
am dros gaTvaliswinebuli
iyos sazogadoebrivi mzaobac,
magram mas ar ZaluZs Seurigdes ukve arsebul wyobas
mxolod imis safuZvelze,
rom mocemul momentSi
sazogadoebrivi azri amaze
sanqcias iZleva. samyaroSi,
romelic kvlav saWiroebs
(iseve rogorc me-19 s-is
damdegs) pirvel yovlisa
Tavisufali ganviTarebis
gamoTavisuflebas adamianTa
ugunurebiT warmoqmnili
sxvadasxva saxis dabrkolebisa da sirTuleTa wnexisgan,
filosofosis umTavresi
amocana imaT darwmunebasa da
imaTi mxardaWeris mopovebaSi
mdgomareobs, vinc Tavisi
bunebiT progresisken aris
midrekili. miuxedavad imisa,
rom amJamad es adamianebi
cvlilebebis araswori
mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebisken miiltvian, isini mzad
arian kritikulad miudgnen
arsebuls da Secvalon is,
roca es aucilebelia.
imedi maqvs mkiTxveli ar
Semiyvania SecdomaSi, roca
zogjer sityva `partiaSi~
inteleqtualuri da moraluri
principebis damcvel adamianTa
jgufs vgulisxmobdi.
winamdebare naSromis mizani
ar yofila ganexila ama Tu im
qveynis politikuri partiis
politika. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb,
is principebi, romelTa
rekonstruqciasac vcdilobdi tradiciis namsxvrevebidan,
rogor gardavqmnaT farTo
masebisTvis mimzidvel programad, politikurma filosofosma unda gadaulocos
ìm cbier da moxerxebul
cxovels, romelsac, martivi
eniT saxelmwifo moRvawe anu
solidaroba
politikosi hqvia, visi
gadawyvetilebebic mimarTulia saqmeTa viTarebis
spontanuri cvlilebebisken~.28
politikuri filosofosis
amocana SeiZleba iyos
sazogadoebriv azrze gavlenis
moxdena da ara adamianebis
organizeba praqtikuli
moqmedebebisTvis. am amocanas
efeqturad mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi Seasrulebs, Tuki
is, dainteresebuli mocemuli
politikuri mdgomareobiT,
ganuxrelad daicavs `zogad
principebs, romlebic
yovelTvis ucvlelia~. 29 am
TvalsazrisiT me eWvi mepareba,
SesaZlebelia Tu ara saerTod
konservatiuli politikuri
filosofia. konservatizmi
xSirad SeiZleba iyos sasargeblo praqtikuli midgoma,
magram misgan SeuZlebelia
raime saxelmZRvanelo principebis miReba, romlebic
gavlenas moaxdendnen
xangrZliv ganviTarebaze.
Targmna da SeniSvnebis
nawili daurTo
daviT TinikaSvilma
SeniSvnebi:
1
gamoqveynebulia: Hayek F.A. The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press, 1960.
2
es simarTles warmoadgens ager ukve saukuneze meti xania. Jer kidev 1855
wels j. s. mili aRniSnavs, rom àmJamindel socialur reformatorTa
TiTqmis yvela proeqti marTlac momakvdinebelia TavisuflebisTvis~ (ix.:
Hayek F.A. John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor [London; Chicago, 1951]. p. 216).
3
Crick B. The Strange Quest for an American Conservatism // Review of Politics. 1955. Vol.
XVII. p. 365. is agreTve samarTlianad miuTiTebs, rom `normaluri amerikeli,
romelic sakuTar Tavs `konservators~ uwodebs, sinamdvileSi liberalia~.
rogorc Cans, am araadekvaturi zedwodebis mizezi aseT konservatorebTan
mimarTebaSi àxali kursis im droSi unda veZeboT, roca am saxels borotad
iyenebdnen.
4
saubaria `makartizmze~ _ komunizmis mxardamWerebis devnis kampaniaze,
romelsac senatori makkarti xelmZRvanelobda.
5
rogorc es gamoTqva r. j. kolingvudma àxal leviaTanSi~ (Collingwood R.G. The
New Leviathan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1942. p. 209).
6
simptomaturia, rom britaneTis amJamindelma (konservatorma) premierministrma herold makmilianma es saxelwodeba airCia Tavisi saprogramo
7
wignisTvis (Macmillan H. The Middle Way. London, 1938).
Sdr.: `bunebrivi konservatizmi... es aris cvlilebebis miuRebloba; nawilobriv igi momdinareobs yovelive ucnobis mimarT undoblobidan~ (Cecil H.
Conservatism. [London:] Home University Library, [1912]. p. 9.
8
Sdr. konservatoris TviTdaxasiaTeba: `memarjveneebs eSiniaT masebidan aRebuli ideebis, gana swori ar iyo dizraeli, roca Tqva, rom praqtikuli
adamiani `sakuTar winamorbedTa uxeS Secdomebs imeorebs~? xangrZlivi periodebis ganmavlobaSi sakuTari istoriis manZilze isini xelaRebiT upirispirdebodnen srulyofis yvela mcdelobas; amtkiceben ra, rom Tayvans
scemen sakuTar winaprebs, maT sakuTari Sexedulebebi xSirad Zvel kerZo
stereotipebamde dahyavT. maTi pozicia ufro daculi, magram imavdroulad
ufro rTuli xdeba, Tuki amas imasac davumatebT, rom marjvena frTa
ganuwyvetliv cdilobs daewios marcxenas; rom is liberaluri ideebis
ganuwyveteli ineqciiT cocxlobs, da amitomac itanjeba kompromisis mudmivad arasrulyofil mdgomareobaSi yofniT (Feiling K. Sketches in Nineteenth
Century Biography. London, 1930. p. 174).
9
10
11
Whig _ ase ewodeboda britaneTSi im partiis wevrs, romelic mxars uWerda
progressa da reformebs. mogvianebiT is liberalur partiad gardaiqmna
(Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English, 7th edition, 2009).
Tory _ britanuli konservatiuli partiis wevri an mxardamWeri (Oxford Dictionary 2009).
imedi maqvs, mepatieba aq im azris gameoreba, romelic sxva dros gamovTqvi
da arcTu umniSvnelo meCveneba: ìndividualizmis mTavari Rirseba, romelsac qadagebdnen [adam smiti] da misi Tanamedroveni, mdgomareobs SemdgomSi:
es aris wyoba, romlis drosac ugunur adamianebs naklebi ziani moaqvT. es
aris sazogadoebrivi wyoba, romlis funqcionirebisTvis ar aris aucilebeli, rom patiosani adamianebi vipovoT qveynis marTvisTvis, ar aris aucilebeli, rom yvela adamiani ukeTesi gaxdes. piriqiT, es wyoba gvaiZulebs
yvela adamians vemsaxuroT maTTvis damaxasiaTebel mravalferovnebasa da
araerTgvarovnebaSi, rasac zogjer mwyobri, zogjer qaosuri, zogjer gonivruli da xSirad ki ugunuri xasiaTi aqvs~ (Hayek F.A. Individualism and Economic Order [London; Chicago, 1948]. p. 11).
12
`Tavisuflebis konstituciis~ mesame nawilSi saubaria saxelmwifo regulirebis im elementebze, romlebic haieks liberalizmTan SeTavsebadad miaCnda
socialuri dazRvevis, sagadasaxado, qalaqis dagegmarebis, ganaTlebisa da
bunebrivi resursebis SenarCunebis sferoebSi.
13
Sdr. lordi aqtonis sityvebi: `saSiSroebas ar warmodgens, rom esa Tu is
konkretuli klasi marTvis unars aris moklebuli. arcerT klass ar ZaluZs
Solidarity
53
#5(38)
Targmani
marTva. Tavisuflebis kanoni iqiTken miiswrafis, rom gaauqmos batonoba
erTi rasisa meoreze, erTi sarwmunoebisa meoreze, erTi klasisa meoreze~
14
(Letters of Lord Acton to Mary Gladstone /Ed. H. Paul. London, 1913. p. 73).
J. hiqsi samarTlianad aRniSnavda amasTan dakavSirebiT àxalgazrda dizraelis, marqsisa da gebelsis mier daxatul karikaturaze~ (Hicks J.R. The Pursuit
of Economic Freedom // What We Defend / Ed. E.F. Jacob [Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1942]. p. 96). am konteqstSi konservatorTa rolis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve Cemi
naSromi Introduction to Capitalism and the Historians (Chicago: University of Chicago
15
Press, 1954. p. 19 ff).
Sdr. milTan: `me ar vici adamianTa romel jgufs ekuTvnis ufleba sxvebi
ZaliT aziaros civilizebulobas (Mill J.S. On Liberty / Ed. R.B. McCallum. Oxford,
1946. p. 83).
16
fabianuri sazogadoeba _ 1884 wels dafuZnebuli inglisuri social-reformistuli politikuri organizacia, romelic qadagebs TandaTanobiT
gadasvlas socializmisken nawilobrivi reformebis gziT. mogvianebiT gaerTianda leiboristul partiasTan koleqtiuri wevris uflebebiT.
17
18
19
20
kaTeder-socializmi (`socializmi kaTedridan~) _ me-19 saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi warmoqmnili germanuli politikuri moZraoba, romelic qadagebs
kapitalizmis mSvidobian `Sezrdas~ socializmSi reformebis gziT.
jingoisti _ dizraelis axloaRmosavleTTan dakavSirebuli agresiuli politikis mimdevari. gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT _ Sovinisti, vaSapatrioti .
J. W. Burgess, The Reconciliation of Government with Liberty (New York, 1915), p. 380.
Sdr.: `Tavisuflebis suli _ es aris suli, romelic Zalian darwmunebuli ar
aris sakuTar simarTleSi~ (Hand L. The Spirit of Liberty / Ed. I. Dilliard. N.Y., 1952.
p. 190). ix. agreTve oliver kromvelis xSirad citirebadi gamonaTqvami Sotlandiuri eklesiis asambleisadmi 1650 wlis 3 agvistos mimarTuli werilidan: `qristes gulisTvis, gTxovT gaiTvaliswineT isic, rom Tqven SeiZleba
cdebodeT~. simptomaturia, rom britaneTis istoriidan cnobili am erTaderTi `diqtatoris~ gamonaTqvamTa Soris yvelaze ufro Rrmad xalxis mexsierebas swored es gamonaTqvami SemorCa!
21
Hallam H. Constitutional History. T. III. [London], 1827. p. 90. arsebobs azri, rom termini
`liberali~ momdinareobs espanuri sityvisgan `liberales~, romelic me-19
saukunis damdegs espaneTis erT-erTi partiis saxelwodeba iyo. Cemi azriT
ki, es sityva adam smitis mier aris Semotanili mimoqcevaSi iseT konteqstebSi, rogoricaa: `Tavisufali eqsportisa da importis liberaluri sistema~
(Smith A. [An inquiry into the nature and causes of the] w[ealth] o[f] n[ations]. Vol. II [London,
1776]. p. 41) da `TiToeul adamians unda mieces neba ganaxorcielos Tavisi
interesebi sakuTari qcevebis mixedviT, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebisa da
22
samarTlianobis liberaluri gegmis mixedviT~ (p. 216).
Letters of Lord Acton to Mary Gladstone / Ed. H. Paul. London, 1913. p. 44. Sdr. aseve misi
msjeloba tokvilis liberalobis Sesaxeb naSromSi Lectures on the French Revolution (London, 1910. p. 357).
23
jer kidev me-18 saukunis damdegs SeniSna erTma ingliselma, rom `mas ar SeeZlo gaexsenebina erTi ucxoelic ki, ara aqvs mniSvneloba germaneli iqneboda
is, frangi, italieli Tu Turqi, romelic inglisSi dafuZnebis Semdeg vigad
ar qceuliyo~ (citirebulia: Guttridge G.H. English Whiggism and the American Revo-
24
lution [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1942]. p. 3).
aSS-Si termin vigis mniSvnelobam, romelic me-19 saukuneSi gamoiyeneboda, waSala
xsovna im faqtisa, rom me-18 s-Si is im principebTan iyo asocirebuli, romlebmac
revolucias suli STabera, qveyanas damoukidebloba moapovebina da konstituciis safuZvlad iqca. swored vigebis sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibda axalgazrda
jeims medisonisa da jon adamsis politikuri idealebi (Sdr.: Burns E.M. James
Madison [New Brunnswick (N.J.): Rutgers University Press, 1938]. p. 4); jefersonis mowmobiT,
swored vigebis principebiT moqmedebda yvela iuristi, romlebic absolutur
umravlesobas warmoadgendnen maT Soris, vinc damoukideblobis deklaracias
moawera xeli, aseve konstituciuri konventis monawileTa Sorisac (ix.: Writings
of Thomas Jefferson. Ò. XVI [Washington, 1905]. p. 156). vaSingtonis jariskacebic ki
tradiciuli viguri ferebiT _ `lurji da kameCis tyavis ferebiT~ _ morTul
Solidarität
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54
solidaroba
formebSi iyvnen gamowyobilni, rac maT inglisuri parlamentis foqsis (the Foxites)
partiis vigebTan aaxloebda. Cvens dromde es ferebi SemorCa Jurnal èdinburgrevius~ ydas. Tuki socialistTa Taobam vigizmi Tavis sayvarel samizned
gaixada, ufro gonivruli iqneboda am saxelis dacva socializmis mowinaaRmdegeTa mxridan. dReisTvis es erTaderTi sityvaa, romelic adekvaturad
axasiaTebs liberal-gladstonianelebs, romlebic meitlendis, aqtonisa da
braisis Taobis warmomadgenlebi arian, ukanaskneli Taobisa, romlisTvisac
mTavari mizani Tavisufleba iyo da ara Tanasworoba an demokratia.
25
26
Acton, lord. Lectures on Modern History. London, 1906. p. 218
Sdr. s. padoveris sityvebi misi wignidan Introduction to The Complete Madison
(N.Y., 1953. p. 10): `Cveni drois eniT medisoni daxasiaTebuli iqneboda rogorc
`liberal-centristi~, jefersoni ki rogorc `radikali~. es savsebiT swori
da Zalian mniSvnelovani azria, Tumca arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom e. korvini jefersonis dauZleveli gavlenis winaSe medisonis mogviano kapitulaciaze saubrobs (Corwin E.S. James Madison: Layman, Publicist, and Exegete // New York
University Law Review [1952]. Vol. XXVII. p. 285).
27
Sdr. didi britaneTis konservatiuli partiis politikuri platforma, sadac
sakmaod argumentirebulad aris saubari imis Sesaxeb, rom ès axali koncefcia
[socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema] koaliciuri mTavrobis mier iyo
SemuSavebuli, romelSic umravlesoba ministri-konservatorebi iyvnen da
romelic erTxmad moiwona konservatorTa umravlesobam... [Cven] SevimuSaveT
principebi sapensio uzrunvelyofisTvis da gaviTvaliswineT daxmarebebi
avadmyofobisTvis, umuSevrobisTvis, mrewvelobis Seferxebisa da saxelmwifo
jandacvis sistemisaTvis~ (The Right Road for Britain. London, 1950. p. 41-42).
28
29
Smith A. Op. cit. Vol. I. p. 432.
Ibid.
Solidarity
55
Targmani
#5(38)
Tavisuflebis
teqnologia
lari daimondi
lari daimondi
aris huveris institutisa
da frimen spoglis
saxelobis saerTaSoriso
mecnierebaTa institutis
ufrosi mecnieri
TanamSromeli, stenfordis
universitetis
demokratiis,
ganviTarebisa da kanonis
uzenaesobis centris
direqtori da
`demokratiis Jurnalis~
damfuZnebeli
Tanaredaqtori.
2003 wlis martSi guanCJous
(kantoni CineTSi) policiam
daakava 27 wlis san Jigangi da
mas droebiTi sacxovrebeli
nebarTvisa da piradobis
mowmobis Cveneba mosTxova.
vinaidan dakavebulma ver
SeZlo am sabuTebis wardgena,
is dakavebis centrSi
gaigzavna. sami dRis Semdeg
san Jigangi gardaicvala
dawesebulebis saavadmyofoSi.
sikvdilis mizezad dafiqsirda
gulis Seteva, magram misi
mSoblebis nebarTviT
Catarebuli gvamis gakveTis
Sedegad dadginda, rom is
umowyalod iyo nacemi.
sanis mSoblema TavianTi
Svilis istoria miitanes
liberalur gazeTSi Nanfang
Dushi Bao (samxreT metropolisis yoveldRuri gazeTi),
Solidarität
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56
romlis gamoZiebamac
daadastura, rom sani cemiT
iyo mokluli patimrobisas.
rogorc ki 25 aprils
gamoZiebis Sedegebi
gamoqveynda, `gazeTebma da
vebgverdebma mTel CineTSi
gaavrceles angariSi,
internetis forumebi da
eleqtronuli gancxadebebis
dafebi aRSfoTebam moicva~
da es SemTxveva swrafad
gaxda nacionaluri istoriis
nawili1. centraluri
xelisufleba iZulebuli
Seiqna sakuTari gamoZieba
daewyo da 27 ivniss man
gamoavlina Tormeti
adamiani, romlebsac brali
miuZRodaT sanis sikvdilSi.
sanis saqme, romelic oficialuri samarTaldarRvevis
gamovleniTa da damnaSaveTa
solidaroba
mTavrobam ganacxada, rom is
mTlianad daxuravda rvaasze
met C&R dakavebis centrs.2
dasjiT damTavrda, iSviaTi
SemTxveva iyo CineTSi, magram
man farTo da xangrZlivi
zegavlena iqonia, radgan
erovnuli debatebi gamoiwvia
`dapatimrebisa da repatriaciis~ (C&R) zomebis Taobaze,
romlis mixedviTac policias
ufleba hqonda daekavebina
soflidan emigrirebulebi
(Cveulebriv, sazarel pirobebSi mcxovrebni) sacxovrebeli adgilis an droebiTi
nebarTvis uqonlobis gamo.
sanis SemTxveva gardatexad
aRiqmeboda _ pirvelad
moxda, rom sazogadoebrivi
azris mSvidobianma gamoxatvam
aiZula CineTis komunisturi
xelisufleba Seecvala
erovnuli wesi. magram male
es movlena redaqtor Ceng
izhongis aramarTlzomier
saqcielSi dadanaSaulebis
sanis sikvdilis Semdgomi
aRSfoTebis talRis dros
mravalma Cinelma moqalaqem
gamoaqveyna internetistoriebi `dapatimrebisa da repatriaciis~ sakuTar gamocdilebaze, xolo kanonmdeblobis
konstituciuroba cxare
debatebis sagnad iqca
universitetebSi. internetiT
gamoqveynebulma peticiam,
romelic Txovda sruliad
CineTis erovnul warmomadgenelTa mudmiv komisias
gadaesinja dapatimrebisa da
repatriaciis meqanizmi, male
moipova sayovelTao saxalxo
mxardaWera da 2003 wlis ivnisSi
sababadac iqca, romelic
adgilobrivma Cinovnikebma mis
sam kolegasTan erTad daapatimres maTi im mcdelobis
sapasuxod, rom gamoZiebinaT
danaSauli, ramac sanis
sikvdili gamoiwvia. samarTlebrivi dacva, romelic xiu
zhiongma wamoiwyo oTxi
Jurnalistis saxeliT, Tavad
iqca gaxmaurebul sasamarTlo
procesad. im dros, rodesac
maTma kolega Jurnalistebma
uprecedento kampania daiwyes
maTi ganTavisuflebisTvis,
risTvisac sxva saSualebebTan
erTad internetpeticiac
gamoiyenes, xium Seqmna
Solidarity
vebgverdi _ Ria konstituciuri iniciativa _ saqmesTan
dakavSirebuli dokumentebisa
da iuridiuli argumentebis
gamosaqveyneblad. yovelive
es ùflebebis dacvis~ _
weiquan-is _ mzardi moZraobis
saxes iRebda. magram rodesac
Cengi da misi moadgile
redaqtori braldebis gareSe
gamouSves cixidan, maT dakarges samsaxuri da xelisuflebam
daxura xius vebgverdi. xium
uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT
moRvaweoba gasuli wlis
ivlisamde gaagrZela, im
dromde, vidre mis organizacias daxuravdnen da mas
daakavebdnen politikurad
motivirebuli braldebebiT
gadasaxadebisagan Tavis
aridebis gamo.
am movlenebTan dakavSirebiT
optimistebi aRniSnaven
internetisa da `Tavisuflebis
teqnologiis~ sxva formebis
saocar unars _ gaafarToon
adamianuri SesaZleblobebi,
xeli Seuwyon damoukidebel
komunikacias da mobilizacias
da gaaZlieron ganviTarebadi
57
#5(38)
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.
pesimistebi amtkiceben, rom
CineTSi Zireulad araferi
Secvlila. CineTis komunisturi partia myarad rCeba
Zalauflebis saTaveSi
angariSvaldebulebis gareSe.
Weiquan-moZraobam kraxi
ganicada, xolo CineTis
saxelmwifom daawesa
cifruli cenzuris
uprecendento sistema.
orive xedva garkveulwilad
marTebulia. Tavisuflebis
teqnologia saSualebas
aZlevs moqalaqeebs
gaavrcelon axali ambebi,
gamoavlinon
samarTaldarRvevebi,
gamoxaton sakuTari
Sexedulebebi, moaxdinon
saprotesto moZraobis
mobilizacia, Tvali adevnon
arCevnebs, akontrolon
xelisufleba, gaaRrmaon
CarTuloba da gaafarToon
Tavisuflebis horizonti.
magram iseT avtoritarul
saxelmwifoebs, rogoric
CineTi, belorusia da irania,
SeZenili da gaziarebuli
aqvT STambeWdavi teqnikuri
SesaZleblobebi internetis
gasafiltrad,
gasakontroleblad da
gansxvavebuli azris mqone
pirebis gamosavlenad da
dasasjelad. dResdReobiT
demokratebi da
avtoritarebi ejibrebian
erTmaneTs am teqnologiebis
dauflebaSi. Tumca, saboloo
jamSi, ara teqnologia,
aramed politikuri wyoba da
strategia da damkvidrebuli
normatiuli, socialuri da
ekonomikuri faqtorebi
gansazRvraven imas, Tu vin
`gaimarjvebs~ am SejibrSi.
Targmani
Tavisuflebis teqnologia _
es aris sainformacio da
sakomunikacio teqnologiebis
nebismieri forma, romelsac
SeuZlia gaafarToos politikuri, socialuri da
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi es
gulisxmobs cifruli sainformacio da sakomunikacio
teqnologiebis arsebiTad
axal, urTierTdakavSirebul
formebs _ kompiuters,
internets, mobilur telefons da uricxv inovaciur
aplikaciebs, romelTa
Sorisaa iseTi àxali socialuri mediasaSualebebi~
rogoricaa Facebook-i da
Twitter-i. cifrul sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebs adrindel
teqnologiebTan SedarebiT
garkveuli TvalSisacemi
upiratesobebi aqvs. internetis decentralizebuli
xasiaTi da SesaZlebloba
(mobilur telefonebTan
erTad), rom umokles droSi
miawvdinos xma adamianTa did
raodenobas, Zalze xelsayrelia farTo masebis organizebisTvis. radiosa da
televiziisgan gansxvavebiT,
axali sainformacio da
sakomunikacio teqnologiebi
ormxrivia da komunikaciis
mravalmxriv formebsac
Seicavs. iseTi saSualebebiT,
rogorc aris Twitter-i (socialuri qselebis da
mikroblogebis momsaxureba,
rac mis momxmareblebs
saSualebas aZlevs gaagzavnon
da waikiTxon Setyobinebebi,
romlebic 140-mde simbolos
Seicaven), momxmarebels
SeuZlia myisierad daukavSirdes asobiT da aTasobiT
`mimdevars~. amgvarad, momx-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
58
mareblebi arian informaciis
ara mxolod pasiuri mimRebni,
aramed Jurnalistebi, komentatorebi, videooperatorebi,
garTobis industriis
muSakebi da organizatorebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am
saSualebaTa gamoyenebis
udidesi wili arapolitikuria, teqnologias SeuZlia
gazardos maTi SesaZleblobebi da uflebebi, visac surs
politikuri iyos da gaakritikos avtoritaruli
mmarTveloba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom misi
potencialis gamo arsebobs
Sexeduleba internetze,
rogorc politikuri
movlenebis ganviTarebaSi
uprecedento mediasaSualebaze. Tumca istoria frTxilia aseTi warmodgenebis
mimarT. meTxuTmete
saukuneSi beWdviT presaSi
Zireuli gardatexa moxda
informaciis Segrovebisa da
gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT,
ramac safuZveli daudo
renesanss, protestantul
reformacias da samecniero
revolucias. am fundamentebze aRmocenda Tanamedrove
demokratia. magram beWdviTma
presam aseve xeli Seuwyo
centralizebuli saxelmwifos
warmoqmnas da daaCqara
moZraoba cenzuris mimarTulebiT.3 erTnaxevari saukunis
Semdeg warmodgenili iyo
telegrafi, rogorc mSvidobisa da urTierTgagebis
xelSewyobis saSualeba.
uecrad msoflio SeikumSa;
axali ambebi, romelTa
msoflioSi gavrcelebas erT
dros kvirebi sWirdeboda,
myisierad SeiZleboda
gadacemuliyo. amas mohyva ara
solidaroba
mSvidoba da Tavisufleba,
aramed yvelaze sisxliani
saukune kacobriobis istoriaSi. Tavisuflebis teqnologiis dRevandeli enTuziastebi SeiZleba davadanaSauloT
maTi viqtorianeli winaprebis
analitikuri codvebis
CadenaSi, `teqnologiur
utopizmsa~ da `qronocentristulobaSi~ _ rac gulisxmobs ègocentrulobas
imasTan mimarTebaSi, rom
adamianis Tanamedrove Taoba
ikavebs adgils istoriis
mwvervalze~.4
saboloo jamSi teqnologia
mxolod iaraRia, romelic
xelmisawvdomia rogorc
keTilSobili, ise bilwi
miznebisTvis. radio da
televiziac xom, erTi mxriv,
SeiZleba iyos sainformacio
pluralizmisa da racionaluri
gansjis gamtari saSualeba,
magram, meore mxriv, isini
SesaZloa totalitaruli
reJimebis mier fanatikuri
mobilizaciisa da saxelmwifos totaluri kontrolis
mizniT imarTebodnen.
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs
SeuZliaT amave miznebisTvis
xelSi Caigdon cifruli
sainformacio-sakomunikacio
teqnologiebic. da mainc
manam, sanam axleburad
moazrovne moqalaqeebs
SeuZliaT gaaumjobeson da
ukeTesad gamoiyenon es
saSualebebi, maT SeuZliaT
CaaxSon avtoritarizmi _
rogorc es rig SemTxvevebSi
ganaxorcieles kidec.
mobilizacia avtoritaruli
mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg
cifruli sainformacio da
sakomunikacio teqnologiebis
`ganmanTavisuflebeli~
funqciis mxolod erT-erTi
SesaZlo mimarTulebaa. vidre
demokratiis umaRles wertilamde mobilizacias
moaxerxebdes, manamde gacilebiT adre es saSualebebi
SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes
sazogadoebrivi sferos
gafarToebis xelSewyobisaTvis, siaxleebis, komentarebisa
da informaciis gaziarebisTvis ufro pluralisturi
da avtonomiuri platformis
Sesaqmnelad. axali sainformacio da sakomunikacio
saSualebebi Zlieri instrumentebia gamWvirvalobisa da
angariSvaldebulebis,
dokumenturi dasabuTebis
TvalsazrisiTac, agreTve
adamianTa uflebebis
darRvevis Sesakaveblad da
demokratiuli procesebis
gasaviTareblad. da, marTalia,
aq am azrs ver ganvaviTareb,
magram cifruli sainformacio
da sakomunikacio teqnologiebi siRaribisa da
daavadebaTagan xalxis xsnis
saSualebacaa: is gvawvdis
droul informacias mosavlis
fasebze, uzrunvelyofs
mikrodafinansebas mcire
mewarmeebisTvis, iZleva
informacias epidemiebis
gavrcelebis kerebis Sesaxeb
da ufro qmediTad akavSirebs
pirveladi jandacvis
momsaxurebis mimwodeblebs
sasoflo dasaxlebebTan.5
malaizia:
gafarToeba
avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis
kritikuli sayrdeni aris
informaciis kontroli.
Solidarity
blogebis (amJamad mTel
msoflioSi as milionze meti
blogia), internetdRiurebis,
Tematuri Cetebis da ufro
formalizebuli internetmediis meSveobiT interneti
uzrunvelyofs eqskluziurad
axal saSualebebs sainformacio nakadis gamravlebisa
da komentarebis, debatebisa
da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis
masStabebis gafarTovebisTvis.
amis erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli magaliTia internetgazeTi `malaisiakini~,
romelic malaiziaSi axali
ambebisa da komentarebis
umTavres alternatiul
wyarod iqca.6 `Tavisuflebis
saxlis~ Tanaxmad, malaiziaSi
izRudeba presis Tavisufleba.
reJimi (rogorc saxelmwifo,
ise mmarTveli koalicia
Barisan Nasional-i) akontrolebs beWdviT da samauwyeblo
mediasaSualebebs pirdapiri
mflobelobisa da monopoliuri meTodebis meoxebiT.
amgvarad, mas SeuZlia forma
misces imas, rasac kiTxuloben
da uyureben malaizielebi da
SeuZlia samsaxuridan
daTxovniT dasajos kritikulad ganwyobili Jurnalistebi.
represiuli kanonebi mkacrad
zRudaven informaciis
miwodebis, gamoqveynebisa da
gadacemis Tavisuflebas.
magram malaiziaSi, ganaTlebis
maRali donis mqone swrafad
ganviTarebad qveyanaSi,
mkveTrad gaizarda internetis
xelmisawvdomoba (xolo
bolo dros farToxazovani
misawvdomoba), Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom 2000 wels
internetiT sargeblobda
mosaxleobis 15%, xolo 2009
wels _ 66% (rac tailandis
59
#5(38)
monacemebs utoldeba da
cotaTi CamorCeba honkongisas).7 tradiciul mediasaSualebebze mTavrobis mkacri
kontrolisa da farTod
gavrcelebuli internetmisawvdomobis da masSi
SedarebiTi Tavisuflebis
kombinaciam malaiziaSi gza
misca internetJurnalistikas,
romelSic moRvaweoba daiwyo
orma damoukidebelma
Jurnalistma _ stiven ganma
da premeS Candranma. ganma da
Candranma, romlebic
studentobis droidan
oponentebi iyvnen, 1998 wlis
reformebis periodSi
gaacnobieres, rom malaiziaSi
dadga mediis reformirebis
da damoukidebeli informaciis miwodebis dro. TiTqmis
9000 aSS dolaris odenobis
sakuTari danazogiT maT 1999
wlis noemberSi `malaisiakini
daaarses da TiTqmis dauyovnebliv moixveWes saxeli,
rodesac gamoaaSkaraves, Tu
rogor amoWra samTavrobo
gazeTma opoziciis
dapatimrebuli lideris (da
premier-ministris yofili
moadgilis) anvar ibrahimis
gamosaxuleba mmarTveli
partiis politikosebis
jgufuri fotodan.
`malaisiakinma~ Tavidanve
mkiTxvelTa loialuri da
mzardi auditoria moipova
imis gamo, rom sando da
damoukidebel cnobebs awvdida
sazogadoebas malaiziuri
politikisa da mmarTvelobis
Sesaxeb. misi mkiTxvelebis
ricxvis zrdis proporciulad viwrovdeboda ZiriTadi
gazeTebis mkiTxvelTa wre.
moulodnelad malaizielebs
Targmani
saSualeba miecaT waekiTxaT
didi xnis tabudadebuli
Temebis Sesaxeb, rogoric
aris korufcia, adamianis
uflebebis darRveva, eTnikuri diskriminacia da policiis
sisastike. amJamad internetgazeTi dReSi daaxloebiT
TxuTmet axal ambavs
aqveynebs inglisur enaze,
garda imisa, rom aq ibeWdeba
saavtoro statiebi, werilebi,
mkiTxvelTa SeniSvnebi da
yoveldRiuri satiruli
nakvesebi (`kartunkiniSi),
amasTan erTad _ Targmanebi
da originaluri masalebi
Cinur, malaiur da Tamilur
enebze. `malaisiakini~ wers im
skandalur Temebze, romlebsac
ar Seexeboda arcerTi
samTavrobo gazeTi; es Temebia
_ biujetis uyairaTod
xarjva, rac qveynis mTavari
portis saagentoSi arsebul
interesTa konfliqts
ukavSirdeba, da finansuri
darRvevebi bankSi (Bank Islam
Malaysia), romelic mTavrobis
mxardaWeriT sargeblobs.
anvar ibrahimis mimarT reJimis
mxridan axali samarTlebrivi
ieriSis pirobebSi, `malaisiakini~ aris erTaderTi adgili,
sadac malaizielebs SeuZliaT
miiRon miukerZoebeli
informacia opoziciis lideris winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli samarTlebrivi devnis
Sesaxeb. 2008 wlis ivlisSi is
gaxda malaiziis yvelaze
xSirad monaxulebadi sainformacio gverdi, romelic
TveSi TiTqmis 2,5 milion
vizitors iTvlis. magram mainc,
iseve, rogorc internet
gamocemaTa umravlesoba
mTel msoflioSi, is kvlav
cdilobs moipovos finansuri
mdgradoba.
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
60
Tumca dResdReobiT malaiziaSi avtoritaruli mmarTveloba ar Sesustebula
imasTan SedarebiT, rac
`malaisiakinis~ daarsebis
dros iyo aTi wlis win, is
ufro konkurentunariani
gaxda da SesaZloa ufro
miuaxlovda demokratiul
`garRvevas~, vidre odesme
gasuli oTxi aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi momxdara. Tu
gardatexa miRweul iqna, es
ZiriTadad politikuri
faqtorebis damsaxureba iqneba
_ efeqturi opoziciuri
Zalebis gaerTianebis da
qedmaRali reJimis uxeSi
Secdomebis damsaxureba.
amasTan, ekonomikuri da
socialuri cvlileba warmoSobs ufro ganaTlebul da
mravalferovan mosaxleobas,
romelic naklebad tolerantulia mTavrobis mxridan
gadaWarbebuli meurveobisa
da kontrolis mimarT.
arCevnebis Sedegebi da sxva
monacemebi miuTiTeben, rom
axalgazrda malaizielebi
gansakuTrebiT emxrobian
(ufro demokratiul) opozicias. magram Znelia am
politikuri da socialuri
faqtorebis CamoSoreba
damoukidebeli sazogadoebrivi sferos gafarToebisagan,
risi iniciatoric `malaisiakini~ iyo. 2008 wlis martSi
`barisan nasionalma~ naxevari
saukunis manZilze yvelaze
cudi Sedegi miiRo arCevnebSi,
rodesac, pirvelad damoukideblobis Semdeg, saparlamento umravlesobis ori
mesamedi dakarga. amas xeli
Seuwyo internetJurnalistikis mzardma ganviTarebam,
ramac daaknina koaliciis
solidaroba
`malaisiakini~ da misi saZmo
garkveul demokratiul
funqciebs asruleben. isini
iseT faqtebsa da gamosaxulebebs gadascemen, romelTac malaizielebi sxvagvarad
ver gaecnobodnen; komenta-
gavrcelebuli pasuxia _ ara:
CineTis `didi damcavi ekrani~
telefonebze cenzuris,
monitoringisa da kontrolis
zomebisaTvis~.8 globalur
qselTan dakavSireba
monopolizebulia mTavrobisgan marTuli ramdenime
operatoris mier, romelTac
mkacri SezRudvebi aqvT
dawesebuli, rac warmoSobs
arsebiTad èrovnul Sida
qsels~, romelic gaTiSulia
yvelafrisgan, ramac SeiZleba problema Seuqmnas CineTis
komunisturi partiis
monopolias Zalauflebaze.
kritikuli vebgverdebisa da
rebisa da debatebisTvis
uzrunvelyofen cenzurisgan
Tavisufal forums, rac
kritikulad moazrovne sazogadoebriv sferos warmoSobs;
sTavazoben sivrces da azris
gamoTqmis uflebas maT,
visac Semosavali, eTnikuri
warmomavloba an asaki
sazogadoebis marginalur
wevrebad aqcevs; politikur
opozicias, romlisTvisac
miuwvdomelia samTavrobo
media, aZleven SesaZleblobas
daicvas Tavisi pozicia. am
procesSi isini politikur
ganaTlebas awvdian malaizielebs da xels uwyoben ufro
demokratiuli normebis
damkvidrebas. bevri onlainpublikacia da internetblogis saiti asrulebs analo-
(Great Firewall), internetis
gafiltvrisa da kontrolisTvis gamiznuli, xels uSlis
damoukidebeli sazogadoebrivi sferos gaCenas
internetSi. marTlac
gansacvifrebelia CineTSi
internetsivrcis kontrolis
rogorc masStabebi, ise
sirTule. CineTs dResdReobiT internetmomxmarebelTa
yvelaze didi raodenoba
hyavs msoflioSi _ 380
milion adamianze meti (es
ricxvi mosaxleobis 29%-s
utoldeba da Teqvsmetjer
aRemateba 2000 wlis
maCvenebels). magram mas aqvs
agreTve msoflioSi yvelaze
ZviradRirebuli, `mravalfenovani~ da rTuli sistema
ìnternetsa da mobilur
onlainmauwyeblobis
misawvdomoba sistematurad
ferxdeba. kompania Google-i
gavida CineTidan cenzurisadmi protestis niSnad,
xolo YouTube-i, Facebook-i
da Blogspot-i, sxva farTod
gamoyenebad saitebTan erTad,
intensiurad iblokebian an
dabrkolebebi eqmnebaT.
Cinuri kompaniebi, romlebic
saZiebo da qselur momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofen,
saerTaSoriso kompaniebze
ufro mkacr TviTcenzuraze
Tanxmdebian. saprotesto
talRis agorebis (rogorc,
magaliTad, es moxda tibetis
irgvliv 2008 wels) an sxva
sensitiuri politikuri
momentebis moaxloebisas,
xelisufleba upirveles
Zlieri upiratesoba mediis
misawvdomobis mxriv da
`Tavzari dasca qveyanas~
policiis mier demonstrantebis, gansakuTrebiT induri
warmoSobis pirebis,
Seuracxyofis uxeSi faqtebis
dasabuTebiT.
giur funqciebs sxva
naxevradavtoritarul
(rogoricaa nigeria) da
mzardi da araliberaluri
demokratiis mqone qveynebSi.
magram SeuZliaT Tu ara am
funqciebs damkvidreba iseT
avtoritarul qveyanaSi,
rogoric dRes CineTia?
warmoSoba CineTSi
Solidarity
61
#5(38)
yovlisa sainformacio
centrebs da onlainforumebs
xuravs. amJamad erTpartiuli
mmarTveloba cdilobs
aRmofxvras anonimuri komunikacia da qseluri kavSirebi
blogebsa da komentarebze
namdvili saxelebis registraciis moTxovniT da internetkafeebis mWidro kontroliTa da monitoringiT.
ormocdaaTiaTaskaciani
internetpolicia malulad
daZvreba internetsivrceSi
da auCinarebs `mavne
Sinaarsis~ Semcvel informacias _ rogorc wesi, 24-48
saaTis ganmavlobaSi. studentebs qiraoben maT Tanatolebze TvalTvalis mizniT da
reJimi fuls uxdis meoTxed
milion internethakers
(romelTac `50-centianebs~
uwodeben, radgan dabal
anazRaurebas jerdebian),
rom saxelmwifoze dadebiTi
komentarebi daweron da
cnobebi miawodon
xelisuflebas uaryofiTi
komentarebis Sesaxeb.
magram internetsivrcis
amgvari, TiTqmis totaluri,
kontroli ambis mxolod erTi
nawilia. ubralod, Zalze
didia komunikaciisa da
qseluri kavSirebis moculoba
internetSi (da mobilur
satelefono qselebSi)
imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifom
yvelafers gauwios cenzura
da monitoringi. ufro metic,
CineTis qselis momxmareblebs _ gansakuTrebiT
axalgazrdebs, romlebic am
teqnologiis wiaRSi izrdebian _ gamWriaxi goneba aqvT,
mizandasaxulebi da cinikurebi arian oficialuri orTodoqsalobis mimarT. bevri
Targmani
maTgani mudmivad eZebs ukeTes
teqnologiebs, raTa dauZvres
internetcenzuras, da isini
mokle droSi uziareben
erTmaneTs TavianT mignebebs.
Tu CineTis axalgazrda
internetmomxmarebelTa
umravlesoba apolitikuri da
frTxilia, isini aseve Sors
arian politikuri avtoritetebisgan da mgznebared
mimarTaven daumorCileblobis
zomier formebs, risTvisac
xSirad iyeneben sityvaTa
TamaSs.
ramdenime xnis win axalgazrda
Cinelma blogerebma gamoigones da intensiuri propaganda gauwies animaciur
cxovels, romelsac isini
protestis gamoxatvis niSnad
`balaxis talaxian cxens~
uwodeben (saxeli Cinurad
bilwi kalamburia). es miTiuri cxeni, rogorc istoria
mogviTxrobs, mamaci da
gamWriaxi cxovelia, romlis
sacxovrebelSi SeiWrnen
`mdinaris kiborCxalebi~.
Cinurad am mtknari wylis
kibosebrTa saxelwodeba
(hexie) Zalian hgavs sityvas,
romelic aRniSnavs hiu jintaos
oficialur mmarTvel
filosofias `harmoniaze~ _
es aris iarliyi, romelic,
kritikosTa azriT, cotaTi
metia, vidre evfemizmi cenzurisa da kritikis daxSobis
aRsaniSnavad. gazeT China
Digital Times-is redaqtoris
xiao piangis gancxadebiT,
balaxis talaxiani cxeni iqca
cenzuris mimarT winaaRmdegobis simbolod. gamoxatuleba da animaciuri videoebi
SeiZleba Candes, rogorc
axalgazrduli pasuxi
araracionaluri mmarTvelo-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
62
bisadmi, magram is faqti, rom
gunds SeuerTda internetmosaxleobis didi umravlesoba,
seriozuli mecnierebiT
dawyebuli politikisadmi,
Cveulebriv, gulgrili
qalaqeli muSa-mosamsaxureebiT damTavrebuli, gviCvenebs, Tu ramodena rezonansi
aqvs am gamoxatulebas.9
daumorCileblobis moZraobis
gavrcelebisaTvis Cinelebs
cifruli instrumentebis
mzardi arCevani aqvT. Twitteri politikuri da socialuri
qseluri kavSirebisaTvis
yvelaze Zliermoqmedi saSualeba gaxda axali ambebis,
Sexedulebebisa da gamanadgurebeli satiris swrafad
gasavrceleblad. 22 aprils
pekinis saxalxo universitetSi adamianTa uflebebis
damcvelma samma aqtivistma
gaaprotesta CineTis komunisturi partiis cnobili
propagandistis vu haois
gamosvla. mas dabalfasian
banknotebs ayridnen da
uyvirodnen _ `vu hao aris vu
mao!~ (anu vu hao aris ormocdaaTcentiani). Twitter-ma am
epizodis fotoebi mTel
CineTs aCvena, ramac gaamxiarula milionobiT studenti,
romlebic siamovnebiT
amasxaraveben moZvelebul
Sinaarss, tiranul azrovnebas da reJimis mimdevrebis
sisastikemde uxeS qcevas.
rodesac Google-ma 2010 wlis
martis bolos ganacxada, rom
uars ambobda CineTSi
internetsaZiebo momsaxurebaze (mas Semdeg, rac
uSedegod dasrulda misi
konfliqti mTavrobasTan
cenzurisa da kiberSetevebis
solidaroba
gamo), CineTis Twitter-sfero
gamococxlda. bevri Cineli
guldawyvetili iyo, rom
Google-i tovebda maT
alternatiuli Cinuri
saZiebo sistemebis (rogoric
aris Baidu) ufro farTod
moqmedi cenzuris xelSi da
SiSobdnen, rom `didi ekrani
dablokavda sxva servisebsac,
rogoric iyo Google Scholar-i
da Google Maps-i. zogierTi
eWvobda, rom Google-i aSS-is
mTavrobis brZanebas asrulebda. magram kompaniis
poziciam TanagrZnobisa da
glovis didi talRa gamoiwvia,
imisi msgavsi, rac ianvarSi
moxda, rodesac Google-ma
pirvelad gamoacxada, rom
wasvlaze fiqrobda: `moqalaqe-reportiorebi gamudmebiT
aqveynebdnen axal ambebs
Twitter-ze, aCvenebdnen Cinel
internetmomxmareblebs,
romlebic gauTaveblad
sTavazobdnen yvavilebs,
baraTebs, leqsebs, sanTlebs
da qedsac ki ixridnen
Google-is abris winaSe,
romelic kompaniis ofisebis
win ekida pekinSi, Sanxaisa da
guanCJouSi~.10 dacvis
TanamSromlebi mgloviareebs
fantavdnen, maT mier SeTavazebul ZRvens ki ùkanono
yvavilebis xarks~ uwodebdnen.
es termini swrafad
gavrcelda CineTis internetforumebSi da simbolurad
Tavisuflebis CaxSobas
gamoxatavda.
ra Tqma unda, sazogadoebrivi sfero CineTSi ufro
farToa, vidre is auditoria,
romelsac Tweets-is anu
Twitter-is momxmareblebi
Seadgenen. isini xSirad
ukavSirdebian ufro vrcel
blogebs, sadiskusio jgufebsa
da axali ambebis reportebs.
im saitebis didi nawili,
romlebic aaqtiurebs azrovnebas, ufro Znelad dasablokia, radgan maTSi CineTis
komunisturi partiis orTodoqsalobis kritika ufro
daxvewili formiT xdeba, aq
mocemulia demokratiuli
principebisa da zogadi
filosofiuri koncefciebis
axsna-ganmarteba, zogjer
miniSnebebiT konfucianizmsa
da daoizmze, aseve tradiciuli Cinuri azrovnebis sxva
SezRudvebze, amitom maT
akrZalvas Ckp ver bedavs.
srulmasStabiani blogebis
gancxadebebi (romlebzedac
ar vrceldeba Twitter-is
mkacri limitebi teqstis
sigrZesTan mimarTebiT)
gacilebiT ufro mosaxerxebelia mTavrobis kritikisTvis
(Tumca es, cxadia, ostaturad
da Serbilebulad unda
moxdes). rebeka makkinoni
fiqrobs, rom CineTSi
blogosfero `gacilebiT
ufro Tavisufali sivrcea,
vidre mTavari mediasaSualebebi~, _ iq cenzuris masStabebi gansxvavebulia blogebis
servisis im TxuTmeti mimwodeblis cenzuris masStabebisagan, romlebic man
Seamowma. amgvarad, `politikurad sensitiuri masalis
didi nawili cocxlobs
CineTis blogosferoSi da
misi gadarCenis Sansebi
SeiZleba gaizardos
codnisa da strategiis
daxmarebiT~.11
kontrolis gavrcelebuli
meqanizmebis miuxedavad,
Cineli aqtivistebis azriT,
iseTi cifruli saSualebebi,
Solidarity
rogoricaa Twitter-i, Gmail-i
da programebi, romlebsac
SeuZliaT filtracias Tavi
aaridon, iZlevian komunikaciis, qseluri kavSirebisa da
informaciis gamoqveynebis
saSualebas, rac sxvagvarad
warmoudgeneli iqneboda
dRevandel CineTSi. Tavisuflebis teqnologiis daxmarebiT
disidenti inteleqtualebi
adamianTa liberaluri
klasidan, romelTac ar
gaaCniaT konkretuli mizani
an programa, cocxal da
TvalsaCinod mzard erTian
Zalad iqcnen. maTma progresulma manifestma _ `qartia
08~-m, romelic mowodebaa
cxrameti reformis
ganxorcielebisaken, raTa
CineTSi damkvidrdes
`Tavisufleba, demokratia da
kanonis uzenaesoba~ _
xelmomweraTa umravlesoba
moipova blogebis daxmarebiT,
rogoric aris, magaliTad,
bullog.cn. rodesac `qartia 08~
gamoqveynda internetSi 2008
wlis 10 dekembers, samasze
meti Cineli inteleqtualisa
da adamianTa uflebebis
damcvelis xelmowerebiT,
mTavrobam saswrafod daiwyo
misi yvelanairi xsenebis
CaxSoba. magram Semdeg `moxda
raRac uCveulo.
Cveulebrivma adamianebma,
rogoric iyo tangi [xiaoZao],
romelTac arasodes gaukritikebiaT mTavroba, daiwyes
dokumetis gavrceleba da
Tavs mxardamWerebad
acxadebdnen, riTic daZlies
Tavisi adrindeli SiSi. erTi
Tvis ganmavlobaSi xuTi aTasze
metma Cinelma moqalaqem
moawera xeli dokuments. maT
Soris iyvnen ara mxolod
ubralo disidentebi, aramed
63
#5(38)
Targmani
swavlulebi, Jurnalistebi,
kompiuteris specialistebi,
biznesmenebi, maswavleblebi
da studentebi, romelTa
saxeli warsulSi ar yofila
dakavSirebuli aseT moZraobebTan, aqve iyvnen CineTis
socialuri ierarqiis dabali
fenebis warmomadgenlebic _
fabrika-qarxnebsa da mSeneblobebze dasaqmebuli muSebi
da fermerebi~.12
rebs hiu, `Tu maT akrZalavT,
barem mec amkrZaleT!~ `ra
giTxraT~, Seepasuxnen
qveSevrdomebi, `xalxi ambobs,
rom, Tu isini Tqven
agkrZalaven, qartias mainc
daanebeben Tavs~.13
mTavrobam maleve daxura
tangis blogi, mas Semdeg, rac
man xeli moawera qartias, da
amnairadve gausworda uamrav
sxva blogs, romelic mas
mxars uWerda (maT Soris
bullog.cn-is mTlian saits).
magram kampania grZeldeba
iatakqveSa salonebSi, mokle
miniSnebebSi da antisaxemwifoebriv xumrobebSi, romlebic
virusiseburad vrceldeba
socialuri mediiTa da swrafi
teqsturi SetyobinebebiT.
erTi aseTi xumrobis mixedviT,
CineTis gulficxi prezidenti hiu jintao pretenziebs
gamoTqvams qartiis demokratiul koncefciebze,
rogoricaa federalizmi,
opoziciuri partiebi da
kavSirebis Seqmnis Tavisufleba. `saidan modian eseni?~ _
kiTxulobs is. misi favoritebi moiZieben wyaroebs da
cudi ambiT dabrundebian: es
abezari cnebebi saTaves
iReben mao Zedunis, Cjou
enlais, CineTis komunisturi
partiis, oficialuri
gazeTisa (The Xinhua Daily) da
Tavad saxalxo respublikis
konstituciidan. aRelvebuli
hiu fiqrobs ra gaakeTos.
misi qveSevdromebi sTavazoben
akrZalos am cnebebis xseneba.
`Tqve idiotebo!~, wamoiyvi-
amavdroulad àngariSvaldebulebis teqnologiaa~ imiT,
rom is uzrunvelyofs efeqtur da Zliermoqmed
saSualebebs gamWvirvalobisa
da monitoringisTvis.
cifruli kamerebi iseT
saitebTan kombinaciaSi,
rogoric aris YouTube-i,
qmnian axal SesaZleblobebs
Zalauflebis borotad
gamoyenebis SemTxvevebis
gamovlenisa da gamoZiebisTvis.
policiis mxridan sisastikis
faqtebs iReben mobiluri
telefonebis kamerebiT da
deben YouTube-sa da sxva
saitebze, ris Semdegac
blogerebi aRSfoTebuli
sazogadoebis yuradRebas
miapyroben maTze. CawereT
àdamianTa uflebebis darRveva~ YouTube-is saZiebo
sistemaSi da miiRebT
daaxloebiT aTi aTas videos,
romlebzec naCvenebia yvelaferi: bambis mwarmoeblebis
samuSao pirobebi uzbekeTSi,
samTo mrewvelobis meTodebi
filipinebze, adamianis organoebis amokveTis faqtebi
CineTSi, bahaisinis devna iranSi.
YouTube-ze atvirTulma
videom, romelzec warmodgenilia axalgazrda malaizieli
qali, romelsac policia
mmarTvelobis
monitoringi,
darRvevebis gamovlena
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
64
Cabuqvnas aiZulebs SiSvel
mdgomareobaSi, qveynis
premier-ministri iZulebuli
gaxada damoukidebeli
gamoZieba moeTxova. rodesac
venesuelis prezidentma ugo
Cavesma akrZala radio karakasis satelevizio mauwyebloba 2007 wlis maisSi, man
YouTube-is saSualebiT
gaagrZela mauwyebloba. da
gasakviri ar aris, rom iseTma
avtoritarulma saxelmwifoebma, rogoric irani da saudis
arabeTi arian, mTlianad
dablokes Sesvla am saitze.
msoflios umetes nawilSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki afrikaSi,
angariSvaldebulebis Ziebisas
gamoiyeneba Tavisuflebis
teqnologiis umartivesi
forma: teqsturi Setyobinebebi mobiluri telefonebiT
(dadasturebuli faqtia, rom
mobiluri satelefono
qselebi gansakuTrebiT
gamosadegia infrastruqturis
siRaribiT gamorCeul
afrikaSi, radgan isini did
teritoriebs faraven,
risTvisac fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis ramdenime anZis garda
bevri araferia saWiro).
msoflios garSemo mobiluri
telefonebis gavrcelebis
areali da SesaZleblobebi
mkveTrad izrdeba iseTi Ria
tipis programuli uzrunvelyofiT, rogoricaa
FrontlineSMS-i, romelic
uzrunvelyofs farTomasStabian ormxriv teqstur kavSirs
mobiluri telefonebis
saSualebiT. ukanasknel
wlebSi programa gamoyenebuli
iyo mobiluri satelefono
qselebis saSualebiT
erovnuli arCevnebis monitoringisaTvis nigeriasa da
solidaroba
ganaSi, adamianis uflebebis
darRvevis faqtebis swrafi
SetyobinebisTvis _ egvipteSi,
korufciis sawinaaRmdego da
adamianis uflebebis dacvis
sakiTxebze moqalaqeTa
informirebisTvis _ senegalSi,
da samoqalaqo areulobis
monitoringisa da aRwerisTvis _ pakistanSi. keniuri
organizaci ùSahidi~
uflebebis darRvevis
monitoringisaTvis _ kongos
demokratiul respublikaSi
da arCevnebze dakvirvebisaTvis _ avRaneTSi, indoeTSi,
libansa da meqsikaSi.
(suahilurad `mtkicebuleba~)
iyenebs programas `krizisebis
dagegmarebisTvis~. es
saSualebas aZlevs nebismier
msurvels, rom adresats
miawodos krizisis Sesaxeb
informacia teqsturi
SetyobinebiT mobiluri
telefonis, elfostis Tu
onlain sakontaqto formis
saSualebiT, Semdeg ki aerTianebs informacias da gamosaxavs mas rukaze realur
droSi. Tavdapirvelad es
xerxi gamoyenebuli iyo
moqalaqe Jurnalistebis mier
keniaSi arCevnebis Semdgom
gabatonebuli Zaladobis
faqtebze Setyobinebebis
rukaze datanis mizniT 2009
wlis damdegs, raSic CaerTo
TiTqmis 45000 kenieli
momxmarebeli. mas Semdeg is
gamoiyeneboda samxreT afrikaSi
qsenofobiis niadagze
momxdari Zaladobrivi
incidentebis aRwerisas,
Zaladobisa da adamianis
sainvesticio fondi, romelic eqvsi wlis win daarses
Bay-is damfuZnebelma pier
omidiuarma da misma meuRle
pemma. is Bay-is midgomas
avrcelebs politikuri da
socialuri inovaciebis
samyaroSi: yvelas eZleva
Tanabari ufleba miiRos
informacia da SesaZlebloba,
rom daareguliros adamianTa
potenciali da bazrebis
Zala. am axleburi midgomis
farglebSi (romelic moicavs
rogorc erToblivi saaqcio
kapitalis fonds, mimarTuls
mogebaze orientirebuli
wamowyebebisken, aseve
arakomerciuli grantebis
gamcem fondsac) gacemulia
325 milion aSS dolarze meti
investiciebisa da grantebis
saxiT or farTo sferoSi:
`kapitalis misawvdomoba~
(mikrofinansireba, mewarmeoba
da sakuTrebis ufleba) da
`media, bazrebi da gamWvirvaloba~ (romelic xels uwyobs
rogorc Ushahidi-is, ise
FrontlineSMS-is umsxvilesi
damfinansebeli aris Omidyar
Network (ON) _ saqvelmoqmedo
Solidarity
gamWvirvalobis mxardamWer
teqnologias, angariSvaldebulebas da ndobas mediis,
bazrebisa da mTavrobis
doneze). ON exmareba
erovnul partniorebs
nigeriaSi, ganasa da keniaSi,
romlebic iyeneben sainformacio teqnologiebs mmarTvelobis gaumjobesebisa da
sityvis Tavisuflebis
amaRlebis mizniT. maT
Sorisaa Infonet-i _ vebportali, romelic uzrunvelyofs moqalaqeebis, mediisa
da arasamTavrobo organizaciebisTvis advilad
misawvdom informacias
erovnuli da adgilobrivi
xelisuflebis biujetebze
keniaSi, da Mzalendo _
mravlismomcveli saiti,
romelic saSualebas aZlevs
kenielebs Tvali adevnon
maTi parlamentis wevrebis
moRvaweobas.
ON-is mxridan gamWvirvalobisken mimarTuli
iniciativebis mxardaWera
vrceldeba sxva qveynebzec
da aSS-Si dafuZnebul organizaciebzec. maT Sorisaa
Global Integrity, romelic
iyenebs internets da sxva
sainformacio wyaroebs
oTxmocdaaTze met qveyanaSi
korufciis detaluri
Sefasebebis Sesadgenad; da
65
#5(38)
fondi Sunlight-i, romelic
iyenebs internets da Sesabamis teqnologias, rom aSS-is
amomrCevlebisTvis ufro
xelmisawvdomi gaxados informacia federaluri mTavrobis
danaxarjebze, kanonmdeblobasa da gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesebze.
cifruli mobilizacia
cifruli revoluciis
erT-erTi yvelaze pirdapiri,
Zlieri da avtoritaruli
reJimebisTvis sagangaSo
efeqti is aris, rom igi xels
uwyobs swraf da farTomasStabian saxalxo mobilizacias.
mokle teqsturi Setyobinebebis funqciiT aRWurvilma
mobilurma telefonebma
SesaZlebeli gaxades is,
rasac teqnologiis guru
hovard reingoldi
`fleSmobs~ uwodebs _ es aris
masobrivi qselebi momxmareblebisa, romlebic erTmaneTTan didi siswrafiT urTierToben, ierarqiuli sistemiT
Tu centraluri direqtiviT,
da erTimeores atyobineben
Seikribon (an `mogrovdnen~)
garkveul adgilas protestis
gamoxatvis mizniT. 2001 wlis
ianvarSi filipinebis prezidenti jozef estrada `gaxda
istoriaSi saxelmwifos
pirveli mmarTveli, romelmac
daTmo Zalaufleba `fleSmobis~ sasargeblod~, rodesac
aTobiT aTasi, da Semdeg,
oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi,
milionze meti cifrulad
mobilizebuli filipineli
Seikriba istoriul saprotesto adgilze manilaSi.14
mas Semdeg Tavisuflebis
teqnologia iyo xelSemwyobi
Targmani
TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac xalxi masobrivad
gamovida demokratiisa da
politikuri reformebis
moTxovniT.
garkveviT figurirebda
narinjisfer revoluciaSi,
romelmac daamarcxa arCeviTi
avtoritaruli reJimi ukrainaSi masobrivi saprotesto
aqciebis meSveobiT 2004 wlis
noembersa da dekemberSi.
axali ambebisa da informaciis
mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda internetgazeTi
ùkrainskaia pravda~,
romelic werda rogorc
reJimis mier saprezidento
arCevnebis gayalbebis, ise
opoziciis mier amis SeCerebis
mcdelobebze. revoluciis
dasasrulisTvis es internetgazeTi gaxda `yvelaze
farTod wakiTxvadi sainformacio wyaro, rac ki odesme
yofila ukrainaSi~.15 vebgverdis sadiskusio forumebi
aqtivistebs aZlevdnen
sivrces, sadac maT SeeZloT
gayalbebis faqtebis dasabuTeba da saukeTeso praqtikuli
meTodebis Sesaxeb informaciis gacvla.16 teqsturi
Setyobinebebis daxmarebiT
SesaZlebeli gaxda masobrivi
saxalxo protetis mobilizeba
da koordinireba, ramac
yinulovan amindSi gamoiyvana
asobiT aTasi kieveli
damoukideblebis moedanze da
sabolood arCevnebis meore
turis daniSvna gamoiwvia,
romelSic demokratiulma
opoziciam gaimarjva.
am cifrulma saSualebebma
xeli Seuwyves agreTve 2005
wlis kedris revolucias
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
66
libanSi (ramac gaaerTiana
milionze meti demonstranti,
romlebic siriuli jarebis
gayvanas iTxovdnen), 2005
wels gamarTul saprotesto
aqciebs qalTa saarCevno
uflebebisTvis kuveitSi,
2007 wels venesueleli
studentebis protests
radio karakasis televiziis
daxurvis gamo da 2008 wlis
aprilis saxalxo amboxebas
egvipteSi, sadac aTobiT
aTasi axalgazrda demonstrantis mobilizeba Facebookis daxmarebiT ganxorcielda.17
2007 wlis seqtemberSi
ìnternetma, kamerianma
telefonebma da sxva cifrulma
qselurma teqnologiebma
gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes~
birmis zafranis revoluciaSi,
romelsac ase ewoda aTasobiT
budisti beris monawileobis
gamo. marTalia saprotesto
moZraobis mobilizaciaSi
cifruli teqnologiis
pirdapiri roli mcire iyo,
magram is xmamaRla atyobinebda msoflios amis Sesaxeb
da saaSkaraoze gamohqonda
sisxliani sadamsjelo RonisZiebebi, romlebic mTavrobam
wamoiwyo sapasuxod: `birmis
macxovreblebi mobiluri
telefonebiT iRebdnen
fotosuraTebsa da videoebs
da Cumad tvirTavdnen maT
internetkafeebidan an
cifrul failebs
agzavnidnen sazRvrebs
gareT internetSi
asatvirTad~. aseTma
saerTaSoriso xilulobam
SesaZloa bevris sicocxle
gadaarCina imiT, rom SeaCera
samxedroebis mier Zalis
gamoyeneba ise farTod da
iseTi sisastikiT, rogorc
es 1998 wels moxda.18
solidaroba
CineTSi teqsturi gzavnilebiT
yovlismomcveli kavSiri iyo
masobrivi saprotesto
talRis warmoSobis mTavari
faqtori. 2007 wels mobiluri
telefonebiT gagzavnili
asobiT aTasi teqsturi
gzavnilis vulkaniseburma
amoxeTqvam qalaq siaminSi,
romelic taivanis sruteze
mdebareobs, safuZveli
daudo iseT saxalxo mRelvarebas ekologiurad mavne
qimiuri nivTierebebis qarxnis
SenobasTan, rom xelisuflebam SeaCera proeqti.19 teqsturi gzavnilebis zegavlena
gaizarda da gavrcelda
mTeli qveynis masStabiT,
rodesac blogerebma CineTis
sxva qalaqebSi miiRes isini
da swrafad gaaRvives ukmayofileba. teqnologiam SeaRwia
CrdiloeT koreaSic ki,
romelic msoflioSi yvelaze
Caketili sazogadoebaa,
radgan Crdilokoreeli
emigrantebi da samxreTkoreeli adamianis uflebebis
damcvelebi cdiloben daiyolion Crdilokoreelebi Tan
waiRon telefonebi samSobloSi CineTidan da Semdeg
gamoiyenon movlenebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb cnobebis
gadasacemad (CineTis mobiluri qselebis meSveobiT).20
navTobiT mdidar yureSi
mdebare saxelmwifoebSi
teqsturi Setyobinebebis
daxmarebiT samoqalaqo aqtivistebi da politikuri
opozicionerebi àdgenen
wevrebis araoficialur
siebs, avrceleben cnobebs
dakavebuli aqtivistebis
Sesaxeb, mouwodeben amomrCevlebs Seikribon, gegmaven
Sexvedrebsa da demonstraciebs, organizebas uweven
kampaniebs saWirboroto
sakiTxebis mosagvareblad.
yovelive es mTavrobis
mxridan kontrolirebadi
gazeTebis, satelevizio
sadgurebisa da vebgverdebis
gverdis avliT xdeba~.21
cifruli mobilizaciis
bolodroindeli yvelaze
dramatuli magaliTia iranis
mwvane moZraoba, romelic
mohyva aSkara ukanono
qmedebebs arCevnebis dros,
ris Sedegadac, rogorc
aRmoCnda, opoziciis saprezidento kandidatma ver
moipova gamarjveba 2009 wlis
12 ivniss. wina wlebSi iranis
internetsfero swrafi
tempiT viTardeboda, rasac
mowmobs qveyanaSi arsebuli
`60000 sistematurad ganaxlebadi blogi~, romelic
moicavs socialuri, kulturuli, religiuri da politikuri sakiTxebis farTo
speqtrs;22 Facebook-is mkveTri
popularizacia, romelmac
Semoikriba TiTqmis 600 000
sparsulenovani momxmarebeli;23 da axali ambebis
saagentoebis, samoqalaqo
jgufebis, politikuri
partiebisa da kandidatebis
mier internetis moxmarebis
intensiuri zrda.
rodesac 13 ivniss arCevnebSi
amJamindeli prezidentis
mahmud ahmedi nejadis gamarjveba gamocxadda (xmaTa 62%iani upiratesobiT), internetis sasaubro forumebze,
blogebze da socialur
qselebSi swrafad gavrcelda
SemaSfoTebeli cnobebi
kenWisyris gayalbebis Sesaxeb.
Twitter-is, teqsturi gzavnilebis, Facebook-is da iseTi
Solidarity
sparsulenovani socialuri
qselebis saitebis saSualebiT, rogor aris Balatarin-i
da Donbleh-i, iranelebi
swrafad avrcelebdnen axal
ambebs, Sexedulebebs, demonstraciebisken mowodebebs. 17
ivniss musavis mxardaWerebma
Twitter-is daxmarebiT mouwodes
aTobiT aTas Tanamoqalaqes
Teiranis centrSi gamosuliyvnen. internetmomxmareblebi
mTeli Tvis ganmavlobaSi
awyobdnen saprotesto aqciebs
mTel qveyanaSi, maT Soris
iyo farTomasStabiani demonstraciebi dedaqalaqSi, aseve
aqciebi, romlebsac oridan
sam milionamde adamiani
eswreboda. YouTube-i aseve
uzrunvelyofda sivrces
foto- da videomasalis
gamosaqveyneblad adamianis
uflebebis darRvevaTa da
mTavrobis mier represiuli
zomebis miRebis faqtebze. 20
ivniss Teiranis Zaladobrivi
saprotesto aqciebis dros
neda agha-soltanis sikvdilis
amsaxveli 37-wamiani videoklipi swrafad gavrcelda
internetSi, iseve, rogorc
policiisa da reJimis avazakebis fotoebi, romlebic
scemdnen mSvidobian demonstrantebs. nedas sikvdilma da
barbarosuli sisastikis
SemaSfoTebelma kadrebma
bolo mouRes islamuri
respublikis narCen legitimurobas rogorc saSinao, ise
saerTaSoriso arenaze.
dRemde mwvane moZraoba warmoadgens ganTavisuflebis
teqologiis rogorc potencialis, ise SezRudvebis
magaliTs. am dromde islamuri
respublikis reaqcioneri
istebliSmenti Zalauflebas
67
#5(38)
imiT inarCunebs, rom zewolis
berketebs akontrolebs da
cdilobs isini sastiki gadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebisaTvis gamoiyenos. cifrulma teqnologiam ver SeaCera tyviebi
da xelketebi 2009 wels da
ver SeuSala xeli bevri
protestantis gaupatiurebas,
wamebasa da sikvdiliT dasjas.
magram man naTlad daasabuTa
es boroti qmedebebi, aaSkaravebda ra reJimis xelSemwyobi
bazis mTavar sayrdenebs,
romelTa Soris aris Siituri
samRvdeloebis didi nawili.
maSin, rodesac reJimi wamebiT
cdilobda disidentebisgan
maTi elfostis parolis
mopovebas, raTa meti oponentis
vinaoba daedgina, interneti
xels uwyobda samoqalaqo da
politikuri pluralizmis
damkvidrebas iranSi; qveynis
SigniT moqmed opozicias
iranul diasporasTan da sxva
msoflio TemebTan akavSirebda;
aviTarebda agreTve cnobierebas, codnasa da mobilizebis
unars, rac bolos da bolos
daamarcxebs avtokratiul
reJims iranSi. mTavari faqtori,
romelic gansazRvravs, Tu
rodis moxdeba es, erTmaneTTan iranelebis ufro
Tavisuflad da usafrTxod
urTierTobaa internetiT.
kedlebis ngreva
yvelaze Tavisufal garemoSic
ki axal cifrul sainformacio
da sakomunikacio saSualebebs
seriozuli SezRudvebi da
xarjebi aqvT. Zalze mkrTalia
zRvari pluralizmsa da
kakofonias Soris, propagandasa da aratolerantulobas
Soris da sazogadoebrivi
Targmani
sferos gafarToebasa da mis
uimedo danawevrebas Soris.
mediaportalebis ricxvis
gamravlebis Sedegad ufro
met adamians mieca azris
gamoTqmis ufleba, magram
yvela azri rodia racionaluri da civilizebuli yofis
Sesaferisi. sainterneto (da
sakabelo) mediis gavrcelebiT
calsaxad ar gaumjobesebula
sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis
xarisxi, axalma teqnologiam
warmoSva erTgvari èqokamera~
ideologiurad erTnairad
moazrovne adamianebisTvis,
romlebic cdiloben mibaZon
erTmaneTs. xolo xelmisawvdomoba xels uwyobs
gacilebiT uaress: zizRis
gaRvivebas, pornografias,
terorizms, kiberdanaSaulobebs, onlainSpionaJs da
sainformacio oms. es
realuri problemebia da
zedmiwevniT analizs moiTxovs _ maregulirebeli da
sakanonmdeblo normebis
miRebamde _ raTa ganisazRvros, rogor SeuZlia demokratias daabalansos adamianis
Tavisuflebis, codnisa da
unarebis ganviTarebis
udidesi SesaZleblobebi da
is safrTxeebi, romlebsac es
teqnologiebi erTnairad
uqmnis individualur da
koleqtiur usafrTxoebas.
da mainc yvelaze didi gamowveva cifruli samyarosTvis
kvlavac Tavisufali
misawvdomobaa. internetiT
sargeblobis gafiltvra da
gakontroleba arademokratiuli reJimebis mxridan sul
ufro da ufro xSirdeba da
amave dros ufro kompleqsuric xdeba. xolo zogierT
naklebad rTul xerxs, rom-
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
68
lebic komerciul programebs
iyeneben gasafiltrad, saitebis
erTmaneTisgan ganurCevlad
dablokva SeuZlia. amJamad
sam aTeul saxelmwifoze meti
axorcielebs internetis
gafiltvras an saerTod
ukrZalavs iq Sesvlas Tavis
moqalaqeebs.24 sazrian
momxmareblebs SeuZliaT
gamoiyenon teqnologiebi,
romliTac Tavs aarideben
kontrols, magram zogierTi
aseTi teqnologia programebis
dayenebas moiTxovs, rac ar
aris SesaZlebeli, Tu internetSi Sesvla sajaro kompiuteridan an internetkafedan
xorcieldeba; bevri qseluri
aplikacia iblokeba imave
filtrebiT, romlebic politikurad sensitiur saitebs
blokaven; garda amisa, am
teqnologiebis umetesoba
momxmareblisgan teqnikuri
codnis garkveul dones
moiTxovs.25 yvela SemovliTi
meTodi ar icavs qselis
momxmareblebis piradi
informaciis saidumloebas da
anonimurobas, rac SeiZleba
gansakuTrebiT mwvave problemad iqces, rodesac
internetis momwodebeli
saxelmwifos mier marTuli
kompaniaa. iranelebSi
popularuli ufaso programa
Tor-i momxmarebels im gziT
sTavazobs anonimurobis
dacvas, rom àxorcielebs
kodirebuli informaciuli
nakadis gadamisamarTebas
mravali gadacemis saSualebiT... msoflios garSemo~,
rac aZnelebs reJimis mier
transmisiis SeCerebas.26
magram Tu is efeqturad
axdens internetmomsaxurebis
miwodebis monopolizebas,
sasowarkveTili reJimi, rogo-
solidaroba
ric birmaSi iyo 2007 wels,
yovelTvis SeZlebs sapasuxo
zomebis miRebas qveynis
internetmomsaxurebis gaTiSviT an, rogorc es iranis
mTavrobam gaakeTa, siCqaris
Senelebis meSveobiT servisis
paralizebis gziT, maSin,
rodesac xelisufleba
eleqtronul sainformacio
nakadSi eZebda protestis
Semcvel informacias.27
liberaluri demokratiis
qveynebSic ki Tavs iCens xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxi. bolo
periodSi qselis momxmareblebi mTeli msoflios masStabiT da aSS-is mTavroba
SeaSfoTa avstraliaSi
gamocemulma uaRresad
vrcelma sakanonmdeblo
winadadebebma, romlebic
aiZuleben internetmomsaxurebis mimwodeblebs, rom
garkveuli samarTlebrivi da
moraluri mosazrebebiT (maT
Soris bavSvTa dacvis motiviT) didi raodenobis saitTa
Savi sia Seadginon. CineTSi
miRebuli praqtika, romelic
aiZulebs internetprovaiderebs pasuxismgebloba aiRon
im Sinaarsze, romlis xelmisawvdomobasac isini uzrunvelyofen, aRwevs internetTan
dakavSirebiT evropis samarTlebrivi da maregulirebeli
normebis ganxilvebSi.28
dResdReobiT mimdinareobs
teqnologiuri Sejibri demokratebs, romlebic cdiloben
gverdi auaron internetis
cenzuras, da diqtaturul
reJimebs Soris. bolo xanebSi
iseTma diqtaturulma reJimebma, rogoric iranisaa,
mniSvnelovan warmatebas
miaRwies represiebis kuTxiT.
nawilobriv es imiT aris
ganpirobebuli, rom dasavluri kompaniebi, rogoricaa
nokia-simensi, mzad arian
mihyidon maT progresuli
sameTvalyureo da filtrirebis teqnologiebi. nawilobriv ki es Tavad diqtatoruli
reJimebis damsaxurebaa,
romlebic siamovnebiT uziareben erTmaneTs TavianT
yvelaze cud meTodebs. axali
SemovliTi teqnologiebis
sabazo kompiuteruli
sistema Semodis bazarze da
milionobiT Cinels, vietnamels, iranels, tuniselsa da
sxvas mxurvaled surs maTi
mopoveba. liberaluri demokratiis mdidarma qveynebma
bevrad meti unda gaakeTon
aseTi teqnologiebis
mxardasaWerad da xeli
Seuwyon (subsidirebiTac)
maT gavrcelebas xelmisawvdom fasad da usafrTxod
iseT qveynebSi, sadac interneti izRudeba. kidev metis
gakeTeba SeiZleba kodirebis
gasaumjobeseblad, raTa
pirobebSi mcxovrebi adamianebisTvis onlainkomunikacia
da organizeba ufro usafrTxo iyos. progresi SeiZleba
miRweuli iqnes imgvari satelituri SeRwevis gavrcelebiTac, romelic gverds uvlis
erovnul sistemebs, Tuki
satelituri TefSebis fasi da
yovelTviuri sargeblobis
tarifebi mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba. dasavlur saxelmwifoebs
SeuZliaT daxmarebis gaweva
filtrirebisa da meTvalyureobis gaumjobesebuli
teqnologiebis represiuli
mTavrobebisTvis eqsportis
akrZalviT da dasavluri
teqnologiuri kompaniebis
Solidarity
mxardaWeriT, rodesac diqtatoruli reJimebi axorcieleben maTze zewolas, rom
`gadascen internetis momxmarebelTa piradi monacemebi~.29
da sabolood, liberaluri
demokratiis qveynebma xma unda
aRimaRlon im blogerebis,
aqtivistebis, Jurnalistebis
uflebebis dasacavad, romlebic dakavebuli iqnen mSvidobiani reportaJebisTvis,
qseluri kavSirebis
damyarebisa da internetis
saSualebiT saorganizacio
saqmianobisTvis.
mniSvnelovania, rom amerikis
SeerTebulma Statebma ganacxados, rogorc es saxelmwifo
mdivanma hilari klintonma
gaakeTa Tavis istoriul
gamosvlaSi 21 ianvars, rom
`Cven mxars vuWerT erTian
internets, sadac mTel
kacobriobas Tanabari ufleba
aqvs miiRos codna da gamoxatos ideebi~. magram brZola
eleqtronuli xelmisawvdomobisTvis realurad aris
sainformacio saSualebebis
gamudmebuli brZola TavisuflebisTvis. ara teqnologia,
aramed adamianebi,
organizaciebi da mTavrobebi
gansazRvraven imas, Tu vin
gaimarjvebs.
69
#5(38)
Targmani
SeniSvnebi:
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23
24
25
26
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29
Sophie Beach, The Rise of Rights? China Digital Times, http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2005/05/rise-of-rights.
Yongnian Zheng, Technological Empowerment: The Internet State and Society in China (Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 2008), 14751.
Ithiel de Sola Pool, Technologies of Freedom (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press,1983), 251.
Tom Standage, The Victorian Internet (New York: Berkley, 1998), 210, 213.
For various accounts, see http://fsi.stanford.edu/research/program_on_liberation_technology .
This account draws heavily from a student research paper conducted under my supervision: Astasia
Myers, Malaysiakini: Internet Journalism and Democracy, Stanford University, 4 June 2009.
Figures on the growth of Web use in Malaysia and China are available at www.internetworldstats.com/
stats3.htm.
Freedom House, Freedom on the Net: A Global Assessment of Internet and Digital Media, 1
April 2009, 34; available at www.freedomhouse.org.
Private email message from Xiao Qiang, May 2009. Quoted with permission.
S.L. Shen, Chinese Forbidden from Presenting Flowers to Google, UPI Asia Online,15 January
2010; available at www.upiasia.com/Politics/2010/01/15/chinese_forbidden_from_presenting_flowers_to_
google/4148.
Rebecca MacKinnon, Chinas Censorship 2.0: How Companies Censor Bloggers, First Monday,
2 February 2009; available at http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2378/
2089. See also Ashley Esarey and Xiao Qiang, Below the Radar: Political Expression in the Chinese
Blogosphere, Asian Survey 48 (September-October 2008): 752-72.
Ariana Eunjung Cha, In China, a Grass-Roots Rebellion, Washington Post, 29 January 2009.
Charter 08 Still Alive in the Chinese Blogosphere, China Digital Times, 9 February 2009. Larry
Diamond 83
Howard Rheingold, Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 158.
Michael McFaul, Transitions from Postcommunism, Journal of Democracy 16 (July 2005): 12.
Robert Faris and Bruce Etling, Madison and the Smart Mob: The Promise and Limitations of the
Internet for Democracy, Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 32 (Summer 2008): 65.
Cathy Hong, New Political Tool: Text Messaging, Christian Science Monitor, 30 June 2005; Jóse de
Córdoba, A Bid to Ease Chávezs Power Grip; Students Continue Protests in Venezuela; President
Threatens Violence, Wall Street Journal, 8 June 2007.
Mridul Chowdhury, The Role of the Internet in Burmas Saffron Revolution, Berkman Center
for Internet and Society, September 2008, 14 and 4; available at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/
cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Chowdhury_Role_of_the_Internet_in_Burmas_Saffron_Revolution.pdf_0.pdf
Edward Cody, Text Messages Giving Voice to Chinese, Washington Post, 28 June 2007.
Choe Sang-Hun, North Koreans Use Cell Phones to Bare Secrets, New York Times, 28 March 2010.
Available at www.nytimes.com/2010/03/29/world/asia/29news.html .
Steve Coll, In the Gulf, Dissidence Goes Digital; Text Messaging is the New Tool of Political
Underground, Washington Post, 29 March 2005.
John Kelly and Bruce Etling, Mapping Irans Online Public: Politics and Culture in the Persian
Blogosphere, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, April 2008; available at http://cyber.law.
harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Kelly&Etling_Mapping_Irans_Online_Public_2008.pdf.
Omid Habibinia, Whos Afraid of Facebook? 3 September 2009; available at
http://riseoftheiranianpeople.com/2009/09/03/who-is-afraid-of-facebook .
In addition to Freedom House, Freedom on the Net, see Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski,
and Jonathan Zitrain, Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering (Cambridge: MIT
Press, 2008). For the ongoing excellent work of the OpenNet Initiative, see http://opennet.net.
University of Toronto Citizen Lab, Everyones Guide to By-Passing Internet Censorship,
September 2007; available at www.civisec.org/guides/everyones-guides.
Center for International Media Assistance, National Endowment for Democracy, The Role of
New Media in the 2009 Iranian Elections, July 2009, 2; available at http://cima.ned.org/wp-content
/uploads/2009/07/cima-role_of_new_media_in_iranian_electionsworkshop_report.pdf.
Rory Cellan-Jones, Hi-Tech Helps Iranian Monitoring, BBC News, 22 June 2009. Available at
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8112550.stm.
Rebecca MacKinnon, Are Chinas Demands for Internet Self-Discipline Spreading to the West?
McClatchy News Service, 18 January 2010; available at www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/01/18/82469/
commentary-are-chinas-demands.html.
Daniel Calingaert, Making the Web Safe for Democracy, ForeignPolicy.com, 19 January 2010; available at www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/19/making_the_web_safe_for_democracy .
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
70
solidaroba
LUMEN
arareligiuri rwmena,
adamianisadmi rwmena
da ndoba,
rwmena sakuTari Tavisa
mitropoliti anton suroJeli
qvemoT warmodgenili saubari 1972 wels bi-bi-sis
rusulenovani religiuri programiT gadaica
rwmenaze saubrisas yovelTvis
RvTisadmi rwmenas
vgulisxmobT. sinamdvileSi
adamianisadmi rwmenac
arsebobs. igi TiTqmis iseve
mudmivad da Rrmad gansazRvravs Cvens cxovrebas, rogorc
RvTis rwmena. amasTan, RvTisa
yvelas ar swams, adamianebTan
Tanacxovreba ki maTdami
rwmenas moiTxovs. sazogadoebrivi, politikuri, ojaxuri
gardaqmnis yvela mcdeloba
adamianisadmi rwmenas efuZneba.
religiisa Tu cxovrebis
axali wesis qada-gebisas
Canafiqri verasodes
ganxorcieldeba adamianis
Sromisa da Zalisxmevis gareSe.
amitom yoveli gardamqmneli,
yoveli adamiani, romelic
xalxs raime siaxlisken
mouwodebs, Tavis mowodebas
maTdami rwmenaze afuZnebs.
wvrilmanebSi, yoveldRiur
Solidarity
yofaSi yvelafers gansazRvravs rwmena imisa, rom
adamianSi aris raRac kargi,
keTili, romelic gaWirvebas,
mwuxarebas, sixaruls exmianeba
da cxovrebis warmarTvis
safuZvels warmoadgens. swored
am rwmenaze msurs saubari.
aseTi rwmena malemrwmenobasa
da gulubryvilo damokidebulebas rodi gulisxmobs. igi
ar niSnavs, TiTqos yvelaferi
SesaZlebelia da adamianis
TanagrZnobis mosapoveblad
mxolod mimarTva kmara. amave
dros unda gvjerodes, rom ar
arsebobs adamiani WeSmariti
adamianuri siRrmeebis gareSe,
ar arsebobs kaci, romelSic
ver gaaRviZeb sikeTesa da
Rirsebas.
aseT daskvnamde mivyavarT
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi
71
#5(38)
LUMEN
dagrovebul gamocdilebas.
magaliTad, msoflios bevr
qveyanaSi sasjelaRsrulebiTi
sistemis gardaqmna mimdinareobs. adre damnaSaves cixeSi
aTavsebdnen sazogadoebisgan
mosacileblad. igi mokveTil
nawils warmoadgenda. dRes
cixes sul ufro xSirad im
adgilad ganixilaven, sadac
SesaZlebelia, daexmaro
patimars, gaxdes adamiani.
adamianisadmi rwmena swored
aseT damokidebulebas
gulisxmobs. igi ar efuZneba
sicxades. xSirad gviwevs sicxadis miRma gaxedva da aRmovaCenT raRacas, rac TiTqos
arc ki arsebobs. saxarebaSi
ori ambavia gadmocemuli,
romlebic naTlad warmoaCenen
adamianisadmi qristes
damokidebulebas, adamianis
mimarT mis rwmenas.
qali mixvda, rom, Tuki sicocxles SeunarCunebdnen, arasodes
Caidenda imas, rac misi
sikvdilis mizezi gaxdeboda.
macxovarma zustad ganWvrita
es, miubrunda garSemomyofT
da uTxra:
pirveli ioanes saxarebis
merve TavSia moTxrobili. es
aris ambavi mruSobaSi mxilebuli qalisa, romelic
macxovarTan miiyvanes. faqtebi
mis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.
mas danaSaulze waaswres da
gmobasa da mkacr sasjels
imsaxurebda. qristem ganikiTxa
ara is qali, aramed misi
saqcieli. igi memruSed ki ar
miiRo, aramed misi sulis
siRrmeSi Caixeda, ganWvrita
masSi siwminde da axali
cxovrebis SesaZlebloba
amoikiTxa. roca qali samsjavros winaSe wardga da
gaacnobiera, rom misi codva
sikvdilis tolfasi iyo, is,
ra Tqma unda, gamofxizlda.
im wuTSi realobad iqca is,
rasac eubnebodnen, rom codva
akvdinebs da angrevs: man
Sescoda da maTi rjulis
mixedviT, unda CaeqolaT.
aseve saocaria meore ambavi,
qristes Sexvedra petre
mociqulTan mas Semdeg, rac es
ukanas-kneli dafrTxa, SiSma
Seipyro da samjer uaryo
macxovari. qriste ar ekiTxeba
mas, nanobs Tu ara imis gamo,
rac Caidina, aramed eubneba:
_ vinc ucodvelia Tqvens Soris,
pirvelad iman esrolos qva!...
yvela wavida. qriste marto
darCa qalTan:
_ sad arian Seni ganmsjelni?
_ wavidnen, _ upasuxa qalma.
_ arc me gangikiTxav. wadi da
amieridan nuRar Sescodav.
es magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu
rogor ganWvrita qristem
adamiani da dainaxa is
SesaZleblobebi, romelic
dafaruli iyo misi qmedebiT.
_ giyvarvar?
petre mTeli guliT pasuxobs:
_ diax, ufalo, miyvarxar.
macxovari samjer usvams mas am
SekiTxvas. uceb petre xvdeba,
rom faqtebis sicxade mis
winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. igi
ambobs:
_ ufalo, Sen uwyi yoveli,
uwyi, rom miyvarxar! qristem
kvlav mowafeTa Soris miuCina
mas adgili.
gana Cven ase viqceviT? gana
vijerebT, rom adamians,
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
72
romelic cudad mogveqca,
aqvs ufleba, gviTxras:
_ diax, miyvarxar! me arc
mamacoba meyo, arc sulieri
Zala da siRrme, magram mainc
miyvarxar! _ da yovelive
SesaZlebeli xdeba.
netav, Cvenc ase vepyrobodeT
erTmaneTs, erTmaneTis
gvjerodes da ar gvabrmavebdes
adamianebis qmedebebi, ar
gvayruebdes maTi sityvebi,
aramed SegveZlos adamianis
sulSi Cumad Caxedva da masSi
humanurobis, SesaZlo
adamianuri sidiadis danaxva da,
aqedan gamomdinare, adamians
axal cxovrebas, Cvens ndobas
vTavazobdeT da sakuTari
adamianuri Rirsebis Sesabamisad
cxovrebisken movuwodebdeT.
ase rom vepyrobodeT
erTmaneTs, maSin adamianTa
Soris yvelaferi SesaZlebeli
gaxdeboda, nebismieri gardaqmna da kacobriobisTvis axali
cxovreba daiwyeboda.
wina saubris dros mkiTxes: ra
movimoqmedoT maSin, roca
adamiani ambobs: àr Semwevs
Zala, Seni Cemdami rwmena da
ndoba vitvirTo.~ es kiTxva
metad mniSvnelovania da
msurs, pasuxi gavce.
Cveulebriv, Zalian ganvicdiT
Cvendami undoblobas. vgrZnobT,
rom gvaqvs garkveuli
SesaZleblobebi, magram maT
gansaxorcieleblad gvWirdeba
rwmeniT savse gulis mxardaWera, im adamianis siyvaruli,
romelic gvetyoda: `Sen
SeZleb Seni Tavis realizebas,
ganxorcielebas.~ xdeba isec,
roca ndobas gvicxadeben,
uceb SiSi gvipyrobs, vaiTu
solidaroba
ver gavamarTlo es ndoba,
araferi gamomivides da Cemi
ocnebebi ise gaifantos,
rogorc nisli mzis amosvlisas.
ra moxdeba maSin? nuTu srulad
davkargav im adamianebis
ndobas, pativiscemas da,
SesaZloa, siyvarulsac ki,
romlebsac ase veimedebodi?
es garemoeba xSirad abrkolebs
adamians. magram ufro didi
xelSemSleli faqtori,
SesaZloa, is iyos, rom Zalian
xSirad, roca meore adamiani
ndobas gvicxadebs, mas
TiTqos SeuZleblis swams da
ar iTvaliswinebs, rom
Cveulebrivi mokvdavebi varT.
gvgonia, rom is Cvengan Zalian
bevrs moelis, TiTqos yovlisSemZleni viyoT, yvelafris
gakeTeba SegveZlos upirobod,
SeuzRudavad. aseT dros
vacnobierebT, rom, erTi mxriv,
es SeuZlebelia da nabijis
gadadgmis SiSi gvipyrobs,
meore mxriv, roca raimes
ganxorcielebas vcdilobT,
aRmovaCenT, rom ver vmaRldebiT im ùgunur~, `gauazrebel~,
ùpasuxismgeblo~ ndobamde,
romelic gamogvicxades. aq
ori garemoeba ikveTeba.
erTi mxriv, is, vinc meore
adamians endoba da Tavis
rwmenas mas STagonebisTvis
uZRvnis, amas dafiqrebiT,
gonivrulad da brZnulad
unda akeTebdes. meore mxriv,
adamiani, romelic am rwmenis
Rirsi xdeba, fxizlad unda
iyos, gonivrulad moqmedebdes
da mTeli Zalisxmeva mimarTos
iqiT, rom SemoqmedebiTad
ganaxorcielos Tavisi mowodeba. amasTan, unda acnobierebdes, zogierTi SezRudva
mainc arsebobs. es SezRudvebi
xSirad yuradRebis miRma
gvrCeba, sanam saqmes SevudgebiT. mxolod maSin, roca
viwyebT romelime mecnierebis
Seswavlas, wignis kiTxvas,
raime saqmianobas, vxedavT,
risi gakeTeba SegviZlia da sad
gadis Cveni SesaZleblobis
zRvari. magram dawyeba aucilebelia. ar unda SevuSindeT
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
zRvarTan miaxloebas, radgan
(es Zalze mniSvnelovania)
Cvendami ndoba, Cvendami rwmena
gulisxmobs ara yovelive imis
ganxorcielebas, rac saerTod
adamianisTvisaa SesaZlebeli,
aramed imas, rom maqsimalurad
srulyofilad ganvaxorcieloT
sakuTari Tavi.
es azria Cadebuli qristes
igavSi talantebis Sesaxeb.
sityvam `talanti~ aswleulebis
manZilze specifikuri elferi
SeiZina. yvelam icis, ra
igulisxmeba talantSi, roca
saubaria musikaze, xelovnebaze,
literaturaze. qristes dros
talanti fulad erTeuls
warmoadgenda. ai, romeliRac
pirovnebas mieca anabari,
SesTavazes misi dabandeba da
imis maqsimalurad miRweva, rac
mas SeeZlo. Tu es adamiani
niWieria, mTeli Zalisxmevis
daZabviT gaaormagebs da
gaasammagebs misTvis boZebul
talants, saCuqars, niWs. Tu
is naklebad dajildoebulia,
mcireds mainc miaRwevs.
magram mas ara aqvs ufleba,
daemsgavsos igavSi warmodgenili sami pirovnebidan imas,
visac yvelaze naklebi talanti,
naklebi niWi mieca. mas
SeeSinda, vaiTu, is, rac CemSia
Cadebuli, rac meboZa, gavflango, davkargo da amis gamo
pasuxi momeTxoveba. man talanti
Solidarity
dafla, anu ubralod, gverdiT
gadado, miwaSi Camarxa,
Seinaxa. gansjisa da angariSis
gasworebis dro roca movida,
samiveni patronis winaSe wardgnen. aRmoCnda, rom pirvelma
da meorem raRacas miaRwies,
raRac moiges, mxolod mesamem
ver moipova veraferi.
is gansajes ara imitom, rom
Tavis patrons veraferi moagebina, aramed imitom, rom
SeSinda da verafris gakeTeba
gabeda, gadawyvetileba ver
miiRo.
Tu am suraTs Cveulebriv
yofaSi gadmovitanT, igavSi
moxsenebuli talanti SeiZleba
gavaigivoT xelovnebis, literaturis, poeziis sferoSi
gamovlenil niWTan, magram es
igavis SezRuduli gageba
iqneboda. Tavidanve CvenSi
Cadebuli talanti aris yovelive is, rac Cvens SesaZleblobebSi Sedis. es aris mTeli
simdidre, mravalsaxeoba,
mravalferovneba Cveni
pirovnebisa. SevZlebT mis
xorcSesxmas Tu ara? SevZlebT.
TiToeuls SeuZlia yovelive
imis ganxorcieleba, razec
mas nebisyofa, gambedaoba,
STagoneba eyofa. swored aq
aris simZimis centri, es aris
am problemis arsi. adamianis
imdenad unda gvwamdes, iseTi
ndoba unda gamovucxadoT,
ise unda STavagonoT, rom man
sakuTar TavSi aRmoaCinos
simamace, mxneoba, igrZnos
SemoqmedebiTi sixarulis
Zala TviTrealizaciis dros.
marTalia, SeiZleba is geniosi
ar aris, magram adamiania,
SeiZleba arafriT gamoirCeodes, magram iyos TavisTavadi,
ramdenadac Zala Seswevs,
73
#5(38)
mSvenivrad da srulyofilad
SeZlos es. am SemTxvevaSi aRar
davadebT mas mZime uRels,
aRar avkidebT tvirTs, romlis
tarebac arafriT ZaluZs, ar
moviTxovT misgan, gaxdes
iseTi, rogoric is arasdros
(Tavis ocnebaSic ki) gaxdeba,
aramed vetyviT: Sexede, ra
simdidrea SenSi, gankarge is,
nu gazomav mas, warmoaCine
SenSi Semoqmedi da ganaxorciele igi! rasac goneba ver
miswvdeba, guls uxme; roca
simtkice giRalatebs,
megobars mimarTe da naxav,
rom, ris ganxorcielebasac
marto ver SeZleb, sxvebTan
erTad frTebs Seasxam da
kacobriobis saganZurSi Sens
wvlils Seitan.
Tu aseTi rwmeniT mivudgebiT
adamians, mis STagonebasac
SevZlebT, arc Cveni ndobiT
davamZimebT da igi, Tavisi
SesaZleblobis Sesabamisad,
SemoqmedebiTi sixaruliT
gaizrdeba.
germaneli mwerlis bertold
brextis erT-erT moTxrobaSi
daaxloebiT aseT dialogs
vxvdebiT. erT kacs ekiTxebian:
`ras akeTebT, roca vinme
giyvarT?~ `me, _ pasuxobs is, _
masTan dakavSirebiT samoqmedo gegmas vadgen~. `gegmas?
Semdeg ras akeTebT?~ `Semdeg
vzrunav, rom orive erTmaneTs
moergos, Seesabamebodes~.
`miTxariT, vin an ra unda
moergos meores: adamiani
gegmas Tu gegma adamians?~ `ra
Tqma unda, _ pasuxobs batoni
kerneri, _ adamiani unda
Seesabamebodes gegmas~.
aseT midgomas xSirad adamianisadmi rwmenas uwodeben,
LUMEN
TiTqos adamianis Seswavla,
misi Secnoba, yvela SesaZleblobis ganWvreta, gegmis
Sedgena da is, rom adamiani
aiZulo, am gegmas moergos,
SesaZlebeli iyos. es Secdomac
aris da danaSaulic, romelsac
uSveben calkeuli adamianebi
ojaxSi, sazogadoebebi da
ideologiuri dajgufebebi
rogorc morwmune, ise urwmuno
adamianebisa. ojaxur cxovrebaSi es movlena zogjer
tragikul aspeqts iZens.
mSoblebi winaswar gansazRvraven, ra moutans maT Svilebs
bednierebas. isini aiZuleben
maT, gaxdnen bednierebi ise,
rogorc TviTon warmoudgeniaT. es exeba colqmrul
urTierTobebsac, megobrebTan
damokidebulebasac: àra, me
vici, ra aris sasargeblo
SenTvis, ra aris ukeTesi! naxav,
ra kargad iqneba yvelaferi!~
da am momakvdinebeli, sulis
SemxuTveli, cxovrebis
damangreveli siyvarulis
msxverpli zogjer evedreba
kidec: `Tundac nuRar
geyvarebi, oRond momeci
Tavisufleba!~
adamianTa sazogadoebebSi es
garemoeba xSirad ufro tragikul formebs iRebs, roca
umravlesoba an romelime
Zalauflebis mqone dajgufeba
calkeul adamianebs Tu
mTlianad sxva dajgufebas
Tavis gavlenis qveS aqcevs da
moiTxovs, rom yvelam warmodgenili gegmis mixedviT
imoqmedos. isini, vinc amas
akeTeben, yovelTvis fiqroben,
rom maT swamT adamianisa,
sjeraT, rom is SeiZleba didi
da mniSvnelovani gaxdes.
fiqroben, rom Tavad mas ar
sjera sakuTari Tavisa. es
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
74
rom ase iyos, is yvelafers
miatovebda da maTi diqtatis
morCili gaxdeboda. sinamdvileSi aseTi midgoma adamianis
rwmenis sruli uaryofaa.
aseTi midgoma efuZneba imas,
rom adamianis an sazogadoebis
civi, gonebismieri, profesiuli analizis Sedegad, yvela
monacemis Segrovebis Semdeg,
ikveTeba gamosaxuleba, saxe
adamianis, sazogadoebis an
mTlianad kacobriobisa. Semdgom ki am sacodavi sazogadoebis, anu kacobriobis
`gegmaSi Casmas~ cdiloben. am
dros aviwydebaT, rom
adamianisadmi rwmena imas
niSnavs, rom im codnis zRvris
miRma, rac ukve mis Sesaxeb
SevityveT, TvalTaxedvis
zRvris miRma mas CvenTvis
miuwvdomeli siRrmeebi aqvs:
uZiro, siRrmiseuli qaosi,
romlis Sesaxeb germaneli
filosofosi nicSe odesRac
werda: `vinc Tavis TavSi qaoss
ar atarebs, is verasodes Sobs
varskvlavs.~
aqedan gamomdinare, b-n kerneris midgoma, romelzec
brexti mogviTxrobs, zustad
SemoqmedebiTi qaosis
SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs.
oRond ara im qaosis, romelic
uimedo mouwesrigeblobas
niSnavs, aramed qaosis, rogorc
Camouyalibebeli yofierebisa,
romlis Rrma fesvebidan
TandaTan amoizrdeba wesrigi,
gaazrebuli qmedeba. adamianisadmi WeSmariti rwmena zustad
imas iTvaliswinebs, rom
damkvirveblisTvis adamiani
saidumlod rCeba. miTumetes,
gonebiT damkvirveblisTvis,
radgan WeSmariti xedva
adamianisa ara Wkua-gonebidan
gamomdinareobs, aramed guli-
solidaroba
dan. mxolod gulia WeSmariti
mWvreteli. mxolod mas
SeuZlia, goneba miuwvdomel
siRrmeSi Caaxedos. adamianisadmi WeSmariti rwmena
iTvaliswinebs siRrmeebis
arsebobas da maT farul
SesaZleblobebs da mudam
elis, rom raRac moulodneli,
araCveulebrivi SeiZleba moxdes.
magram erTi ram TiTqmis
yovelTvis xdeba. Cven adamians
Tavisuflebas vaniWebT da
amavdroulad vendobiT, Cveni
rwmeniT vamdidrebT mas da
STavagonebT. xSirad damkvidrebis procesSi adamiani
zurgs aqcevs imas, vinc misi
STamgonebeli da damxmare
iyo; da ara marto zurgs
aqcevs, periodulad misTvis
es aucileblobasac warmoadgens. is valdebulia, ganagrZos
TviTganviTareba da pirovnuli
damoukideblobis ganmtkiceba,
manamde arsebul urTierTobaTagan gamijvna. da adamiani,
romelic SemoqmedebiTi
rwmeniT STaagonebs dids Tu
pataras, saero sazogadoebas
Tu eklesiurs, imisTvis mzad
unda iyos, rom mas zurgs
Seaqceven. am dros man sxvaTa
mimarT sakuTari rwmena unda
gamoscados. gamoscados
daueWveblad, Seuryevlad,
zurgis Seqcevis gareSe. man
rogorc sasixarulo aRmoCena,
ise unda miiRos, is faqti,
rom adamiani, romelic uwin
masze iyo damokidebuli
(Tundac mxolod misi ndobisa
da misive rwmenis mxriv), amJamad damoukedeblad iwyebs
arsebobas da misi damoukideblobis xarisxi izrdeba. Tu
adamiani, romelmac Tavidan
STaagona meore da irwmuna
misi, maSinac uryevi darCeba,
rodesac Camoyalibebis
procesSi droebiT zedmeti
aRmoCndeba, Tu SeZlebs uari
Tqvas ZalauflebiT Zaladobasa
da darwmunebis survilze,
anda nazi (zogjer ki sastiki)
siyvaruliT Zaladobaze, maSin
is TviTon gaxdeba adamiani, am
sityvis sruli, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, sityvis
aRmatebuli mniSvnelobiT.
amrigad, imisTvis, rom sxva
adamiani iwamo, unda gabedulad
da SemoqmedebiTad gwamdes
sakuTari Tavis; da Tu es ase
ar aris, Tu ar gvwams im
siRrmeebisa, romelTagan
SesaZloa amoizardos miuwvdomeli sidiade, maSin verc
sxvas vuboZebT iseT Tavisuflebas, romelic mas sakuTari
Tavis povnaSi daexmareba.
daexmareba gaxdes moulodneli da miuwvdomeli, iseTi,
gansakuTrebul wvlils rom
Seitans sazogadoebisa da
kacobriobis cxovrebaSi, ara
dadgenils, aramed gamorCeuls
(individualurs) da
SemoqmedebiTs.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,
SeuZlebelia gwamdes sxva
adamianis, Tu sakuTari Tavis
ara gvwams. ra aris sakuTari
Tavis rwmena? profesiulad da
yofidan gamomdinare,
adamianebis umravlesoba
gvipasuxebda: sakuTari Tavis
rwmenaa, roca uryevad gjera,
rom Tuki nebisyofas daZabav
da gonebis mTel Zalebs
moikreb, yovelive sasurvels
miaRwev, ra Tqma unda, dasaSveb
farglebSi... sakuTari Tavis
aseTi rwmena sadRac Tavdajerebulobas esazRvreba, masSi
advilad gadadis da saboloo
jamSi es aris rwmena ara
Solidarity
sakuTari Tavisa, aramed imis
dajereba, rom garSemomyofni
Cvens Zalisxmevas daemorCilebian. raRac aspeqtSi es
imis dajerebacaa, rom meyofa
Zal-Rone, gardavqmna da
Sevcvalo garSemomyofni an
viTareba, mosalodneli
situaciebi Cems garSemo.
sakuTari Tavis WeSmariti
rwmenaa, roca mjera, rom
CemSi aris raRac iseTi, rac
ar vici, rac CemTvis miuwvdomelia, rac izrdeba, viTardeba
da, SesaZloa, srulyofilebamde mivides. Tavdajerebulobis
safuZveli sakuTari Tavis
codnaa, zogjer _ gadaWarbebuli TviTSefaseba. rwmenas ki
araviTari TviTSefaseba ar
sWirdeba, radgan misi kvlevis
sagani aris adamianis saidumlo.
da rodesac adamianis
saidumloze vsaubrob, imis
Tqma ki ar msurs, rom adamianSi aris raRac miCqmaluli,
aramed imis, rom adamiani
mTlianobaSi aris mudmivi
dinamika, uwyveti sicocxle,
moZraoba da zrda. da arc erTi
wamiT, verc TviT adamiani,
verc vinme sxva amis Sekavebas
ver SeZlebs. dinamikas ver
SeaCerebs. misi kvlevis, mis
arsSi wvdomis mizniTac ver
SeaCerebs. dinamika gayinvas ar
eqvemdebareba: adamiani dinamiuria yovelJams da maradis.
gamodis, rom adamianisa da
sakuTari Tavis rwmena aris
rwmena imisa, rom CemSic da
yovel adamianSi, sicocxlis
daumarcxebeli dinamikaa
Cadebuli. da erTaderTi,
ramac SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos
am dinamikis ganxorcielebas
da realobaSi gadazrdas, aris
Cemi simxdale, gaubedaoba.
75
#5(38)
garemoebebi, raoden kargi da
cudi, raoden sastikic unda
iyos, rogorc unda iyos
mimarTuli pirovnebis gatexaze,
ganadgurebaze, mxolod imis
sababs iZleva, rom Sinaganma
SemoqmedebiTma dinamikam
gamoamJRavnos Tavi axleburad,
sxvagvarad, moulodneli
saxiT, magram, yvelafris
miuxedavad, gamoamJRavnos.
sakuTari Tavis rwmena aris
dajerebuloba am Sinagan,
saidumlo, SemoqmedebiT, da
saboloo jamSi, gamarjvebul
dinamikaSi. sakuTari Tavis
rwmena amitomac sakuTar
TavSi dajerebulobacaa.
gjera, rom yovel adamianSi
da, kerZod, CemSic aris iseTi
siRrme, romelic CemTvisac
SeumCnevelia. da Tu dRidan
dRemde sul ufro meti
srulyofilebiT gamoamJRavneb Sens Tavs, maqsimaluri
gulaxdilobiT, simarTliT,
RirsebiT da gabedulad,
saboloo jamSi, gamoaCen da
aamoZraveb sul ufro axal da
axal Zalebs, romelTa SeCereba
SeuZlebeli iqneba.
magram zemoaRwerili brma
process ar warmoadgens, masSi
xedvis unaricaa. adamiani
TviTganviTarebis dros
sakuTari Tavis meTvalyurec
unda iyos _ oRond uSiSari da
uSfoTveli. ar unda usvamdes
sakuTar Tavs SekiTxvas: var
ki me is, vinc minda gavxde, an
vinc minda viyo? aramed
cxoveli interesiT, rogorc
meTvalyure, romelic process
Tvals adevnebs, mis aRricxvas
awarmoebs da cdilobs gamoiyenos, moixmaros, iRonos
yvelaferi is, rac misi SesaZleblobebis farglebSi Sedis.
es niSnavs, rom adamianma unda
LUMEN
iswavlos sakuTari Tavis
mosmena, upirveles yovlisa,
yuri daugdos sindiss, anu im
simarTles, romelic masSia
davanebuli. imitom, rom Tu
sindisis xma, simarTlis xma
miCumebulia, mas veranairad
da verasodes Seenacvleba
kanoniereba, piro-biToba,
adamianuri wesebi. Semdgom,
adamianma yuri unda miugdos
cxovrebis xmas, anu imas, rasac mas cxovreba aswavlis:
calkeuli adamianis cxovreba
da mis gverdiT sazogadoebis,
xalxis cxovreba, kacobriobis
cxovreba, biologiuri sicocxle. da sabolood, morwmunem,
ueWvelad, yuri unda daugdos
TviT uflis xmas, romelic
wminda werilSia gacxadebuli,
romelic ufro xmamaRla,
samarTlianad da WeSmaritad
JRers, vidre adamianis sindisi.
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli
adamians saSualebas aZlevs,
miakvlios sakuTar TavSi,
yuri daugdos da Tvali
adevnos siRrmeebs da amiT
cxovreba gaamdidros, gaamravalferovnos. rogorc ukve
iyo naTqvami, mas mouwevs
mTeli Zalisa da didi gambedaobis mokreba, radgan es
procesi aris cxovrebis
brZola kvdomis winaaRmdeg,
brZola Semoqmedebisa im
yvelafris winaaRmdeg, rac
mas klavs, brZola sindisisa
imis winaaRmdeg, rac usindisod cxovrebas uwyobs xels.
Tavmdablurad, morCilad
mivendoT cxovrebis kanons da
viyoT mzad, vicxovroT
Tundac Cvenive sikvdilis
fasad. es gamoTqma, SesaZloa,
ucnaurad mogeCvenoT, velur
gamoTqmadac ki, magram
morwmunisgan amis mosmena arc
ucnauria da arc veluri.
radgan mxolod imas SeuZlia,
Tavisi cxovreba ideals Sewiros, visac sicocxlis swams
da sikvdilis gamarjvebis ar
sjera. visac Seswevs unari,
Seiyvaros mTeli suliT,
guliT, gonebiT, nebisyofiT,
mTliani sxeuliT. mxolod im
adamians, romelSic sicocxlem sikvdili daamarcxa,
ZaluZs, gaswiros Tavisi
cxovreba. gaswiros ise, rom
garegnulad damarcxebuli,
gatexili gamoCndeba, sikvdili daetyoba, magram Sinaganad
ecodineba, rom gaimarjva.
odesRac Sliselburgis
cixeSi warwera aRmoaCines:
`qristesTan erTad cixeSic
Tavisuflebi varT, mis gareSe
ki, Tavisuflebac cixea.
zustad es kontrasti _
ZlevaSemosili sicocxle da
garegnuli sikvdili _
adamianis sakuTari Tavisadmi
WeSmariti rwmenis damaxasiaTebeli niSania, ara TviTdajerebulobis niSani, aramed
cxovrebis daumarcxebeli
dinamikisadmi rwmenisa, visi
saxelic aris RmerTi.
Targmna
giorgi araviaSvilma
moiTxovs ki es simamaces? _
diax, magram amave dros
moiTxovs Tavmdablobasac da
morCilebasac. ara im gagebiT,
rom Cven vinmes unda daveqvemdebaroT, aramed im gagebiT,
rom Cven valdebulebi varT
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
76
solidaroba
batoni
Tu msaxuri?
uZlurebaSi xdeba srulyofili Cemi Zala
(2. kor. 12, 9)
beqa mindiaSvili
taZrebis gumbaTebidan Tu
sakurTxevlebidan pantokratori, yovlismpyrobeli
qriste, mSvidi, magram pirquSi,
imperatoruli simkacriT
dagvcqeris. es mzera imis
maniSnebelia, rom swored mas
upyria samyaro, romelSic
dedamiwa WianWvelebis budes
waagavs. is aris namdvili mefe,
mis xelTaa ukidegano dro da
sivrce, sicocxle da
sikvdili. misi prerogativaa
kacobriobis gankiTxva.
adamiani xdeba RmerTi, radgan
Tavad RmerTi adamianis, ufro
metic, monis xats Seimosavs da
ase, gomurSi, pirutyvebis
samSobiaroSi, yovelgvar didebas
moklebuli, Cvili bavSvis
saxiT moevlineba qveyanas,
radgan misTvis ar gamoCndeba
sxva TavSesafari. marTlmadideblur xatze mis bagas
akldamis formiT gamosaxaven
_ TiTqos is imTaviTve
sikvdilisTvisaa dabadebuli,
TiTqos es aris is adgili,
romelic kacobriobam
RmerTs unda miuCinos.
RmerTis am iers saxareba ar
uaryofs, magram radikalurad
gansxvavebuli perspeqtividan
gvTavazobs misi Zalauflebis
danaxvas, Sebrunebuli perspeqtividan, romelSic pirveli
xdeba ukanaskneli, batoni
xdeba msaxuri, mdidari xdeba
Rataki, Zlieri xdeba uZluri,
saxareba mogviTxrobs, rom
romis imperiaSi, RmerTi
adamianad maSin daibada, roca
imperatorma avgustusma Tavi
RmerTad gamoacxada, xolo
mis koloniaSi, iudeaSi,
adgilobrivi tirani herode
Tavisi patara taxtis dakargvis
SiSiT Zrwoda da bavSvebs
bavSvis Zalaufleba
Solidarity
77
#5(38)
mosaklavad dasdevda, raTa misi
da misi ojaxis batonobisaTvis
metoqeoba aravis gaewia.
herodeze xelCaqneuli
mRvdlebi, rjulismoZRvrebi,
ubralo xalxi imJamad marTlac
rCeuli eris namdvil winamZRols, mefesa da mRvdelmTavars
_ mesias elodnen, romelsac
romis uReli unda gadaegdo,
ierusalimis taZari axali
msoflio wesrigis centrad
eqcia da erTi RmerTis
Teokratiuli wyoba
daemyarebina dedamiwis yvela
kuTxesa da kunWulSi.
Tumca protopresviteri
aleqsandre Smemani beTlemSi
dabadebuli mesiis Zalauflebas swored axalSobili
bavSvis Zalas adarebs. Cvili
ukiduresad umweoa. mas iolad
avneb. amitom mis winaSe ufrosebi CurCuliT laparakoben,
fexakrefiT dadian. erTaderTi, riTac bavSvi maT ipyrobs,
misi arsebobiT gamowveuli
idumalebis, sixarulisa da
siyvarulis SegrZnebaa. masTan
urTierToba mSoblebis
upirvelesi sazrunavi da saqme
xdeba, mas mudmivi, moudunebeli
yuradReba sWirdeba, romelic
gRlis, magram sazrisisa da
bednierebis gancdas swored
es ganiWebs. Smemani ambobs,
rom RmerTic bavSvia, iseTive
uZluri, rogorc axalSobili,
da iseTive Zlieri, rogorc
misi dabadebis garSemo
Semokrebili cxovrebis azri _
siyvaruli. misi Zalaufleba ki
adamianis Tavisuflebisadmi
mindobaSi xorcieldeba.
brZola udabnoSi
maTe da luka maxaroblebi
gviamboben, rom msaxurebis
LUMEN
dawyebamde 30 wlis mesia sulis
mier udabnoSi iqna ayvanili
da gamoicada. 40-dRiani
marxvis miwuruls moxda
Sexvedra, oRond ara RmerTTan,
rogorc es xdeba xolme aseT
udabur alagebSi, aramed
macdurTan, raki RmerTi Tavad
es namarxulevi adamiani iyo,
romelsac iq Zalian moSivda.
iudeis udabno aziuri
lavaSis msgavsi brtyeli
patara qvebiT iyo mofenili.
Tu Ze xar RvTisa, Tqvi, rom es
qvebi purad iqcnen _ gaisma
xma. im dros yvela ebraelma
icoda, rom mesiis mosvla maT
ekonomikur problemebsac
mouRebda bolos. daapure
mSieri xalxi, aCuqe maT
bedniereba da gamogyvebian.
moaxdine ekonomikuri
saswauli da yvelani Seni
religiis adeptebad iqcevian.
magram ieso am, erTi SexedviT,
efeqtur gamosavals uaryofs,
radgan ara mxolod puriTa
cocxlobs kaci, aramed
yoveli sityviT, romelic
gamodis RmerTis piridan.
rac imas niSnavs, rom
adamianebma Tavad unda
icxovron TavianTi cxovreba,
Tavad unda gaakeTon swori
arCevani Tavsmoxveuli
bednierebis gareSe.
Tu Ze xar RvTisa, gadafrindi
taZris qimidan, `radgan
dawerilia: Tavis angelosebs
ubrZanebs, da agitaceben,
raTa ar wamohkra qvas fexi, _
eubneba macdunebeli. ai, magaliTad, aatire qandakebebi,
sisxli an mironi adine xatebs,
uceb umizezod cecxli
aRmoacene Sens taZarSi an
dadeqi taZris qimze da
gadafrindi! uvneblad daeSvebi.
roca am saocrebiT saxels
gaiTqvam, yvelani Sen gamogy-
Solidarität
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vebian. ar gamoscado ufali
RmerTi Seni, _ upasuxebs ieso,
radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi
adamianebi iZulebulebi
gaxdebian gaRiaron imitom,
rom dainaxaven da maTi rwmena
isev Tavisuflebas moakldeba,
susti da xanmokle iqneba.
bolo, mesame, gamocdac:
àiyvana eSmakma igi Zalian
maRal mTaze da uCvena mas
qveynis yvela samefo da dideba
maTi, da uTxra: yovelive amas
mogcem, Tu daecemi da Tayvans
mcem me. miwieri absoluturi
Zalauflebis mopovebis SesaZlebloba gadaiSala
Ronemixdili qristes Tvalwin.
gamSordi satana, radgan
dawerilia: ufals RmerTs
Sensas Tayvani eci da mxolod
mas emsaxure, _ ucxadebs
qriste.
puri, sanaxaoba, saswauli _
esaa materialuri
Zalauflebis mopovebisa da
SenarCunebis, adamianebis
marTvis meqanizmi, esaa im
tradiciuli wesrigis
safuZveli, romelzedac idga
politikac da religiac,
kapitoliumic da taZaric.
es sami cduneba TiTqos
laitmotivad gasdevs qristes
mTel gzas. ieso qriste
marTlac aTasobiT adamians
apurebs xuTi puriTa da ori
TevziT, gaivlis wyalze,
wyals Rvinod gadaaqcevs,
kurnavs mZime avadmyofebs,
aRadgens micvalebulebs, mas
SeuZlia fizikuri Zalac
gamoiCinos da taZridan
gandevnos movaWreebi. yovelive
amis gamo xalxi mas marTlac
mihyveba. Tavisi gzis miwuruls
is didebiT Sedis ierusalimSi,
sadac xvdebian rogorc
aRTqmul mefes, israelis
solidaroba
yvelaze Zlevamosili mmarTvelis, daviTis, memkvidres,
romelmac damSeuli xalxi
unda daapuros, religiuri
monopolia daamyaros, mTeli
msoflios baton-patronad,
axal saRvTo imperatorad
iqces. amitomac mas osanas
umRerian, palmis rtoebsa da
samoss ufenen.
nazarevels TiTqos erTi
nabijiRa aSorebs Zalauflebis
zenitamde, ierusalimis
taZris dauflebamde. radgan
swored es taZaria Teokratiuli mmarTvelobis simbolo,
romelSic religiuri, ideologiuri, politikuri Zala-
uflebis mTeli kompleqsi
moiazreboda. magram daviTis
qalaqSi didebiT Sesuli mesia
im dros, roca misi mowafeebi
am nagebobis didebulebiT
arian aRtacebulni, yvelasTvis
gasagonad gamaognebel sityvas
warmoTqvams: taZars davangrev
da mesame dRes aRvadgen mas.
es aris ieso qristes pasuxi
udabnos gamocdaze.
axali taZari
cxadia, qriste taZris dangrevaSi ara qvis nagebobis, aramed
mTeli religiuri sistemis
dekonstruqcias gulisxmobda,
Solidarity
raTa masSi mxolod misi arsi
daetovebina: adamianisa da
RmerTis urTierTsiyvaruli.
ierusalimSi Semosuli mesia
nabij-nabij, mizanmimarTulad
yvela im miTs angrevs, romelic misi mesianuri daniSnulebis garSemo warmoiSva
xalxSi, yvela im molodins
aqarwylebs, romelic masTan
dakavSirebiT gauCndaT
mcodneebsac da umecrebsac.
is iwyebs batonobis, miwieri,
obieqturad mocemuli
Zalauflebis struqturidan
gasvlas. tovebs ierusalimis
taZars, sadac misi sakurTxevelia aRmarTuli, da, pirobiTad
79
#5(38)
rom vTqvaT, golgoTis
borcvisken iRebs gezs. aqedan
mokidebuli yoveli misi
momdevno nabiji misi
mimdevrebis TvalSi akninebs
mis didebas, mis mniSvnelobas,
afermkrTalebs misdami
simpaTiebs.
pirveli, rasac am gzaze
moimoqmedebs, is aris, rom
paseqis aRniSvnis dros (paseqi
gadasvlas niSnavs) fexebs
dabans mociqulebs. gakvirvebuli mowafeebi ver xvdebian,
ratom sCadis amas. nuTu
piriqiT ar unda iyos? maT ar
unda dabanon ufals, batons,
fexi? nuTu yovlisSemZle
moZRvarma, magaliTad, am
gaburZgnuli meTevzis, simonpetres, winaSe aserigad unda
daimciros Tavi?
ìeso adga serobidan, moiZro
mosasxami, aiRo pirsaxoci da
welze Semoirtya, mere wyali
Caasxa sabanelSi, da daiwyo
mowafeebisTvis fexebis bana
da pirsaxociT SemSraleba,
romelic welze ertya. da
mivida simon-petresTan da
uTxra mas petrem: ufalo, Sena
mban fexebs? miugo iesom da
uTxra mas: rasac me viqm, Sen
jer ar ici, mxolod amis Semdeg
gaigeb. uTxra mas petrem: ar
damban fexebs ukunisamde.
miugo mas iesom: Tuki ar dagban,
CemTan ar geqneba wili. uTxra
mas petrem: ufalo, ara marto
fexebs, aramed xelsac da
Tavsac... da roca fexebi
dabana, aiRo Tavisi mosasxami,
kvlav inaxiT dajda da uTxra
maT: iciT ra giyaviT Tqven?
Tqven me miwodebT ufals da
moZRvars da kargad ambobT,
radganac var. xolo, Tu me
moZRvarma da ufalma dagbaneT
fexebi, Tqvenc aseve unda
LUMEN
hbandeT erTmaneTs fexebs.
vinaidan magaliTi mogeciT,
raTa, rogorc me mogeqeciT,
Tqvenc iseve moiqceT (ioane.
13. 3,15)
adamianebis msaxurebisaTvis
movlenili RmerTi mowafeebs
mxolod amis Semdeg gaumxels
iq, ierusalimSi, Sekrebis
saidumlos. es saidumlo
qristes mier maTTvis gaziarebuli, msxverplSewiruli
sicocxlea, es aris arsobis
puric da Rvinoc _ RmerTis
adamianuri sisxli da xorci,
axali aRTqmis axali mcneba:
rogorc me SegiyvareT Tqven,
aseve giyvardeT Tqven erTmaneTi, imiT gicnobT yvela, rom
Cemi mowafeebi xarT, Tu
geqnebaT erTmaneTis siyvaruli (ioane. 13. 34,35) .
mesiis es ucnauri qceva saZirkvlad daedeba, axali taZris,
axali aRTqmis eklesiis mSeneblobas.
Zalauflebis daTmoba
saidumlo serobis Semdeg,
mas Semdeg, rac fexs dabans
mociqulebs da gaacxadebs,
rom man sakuTari misiis
Sesasruleblad, axali taZris
asagebad Tavisi sicocxle
unda gaiRos msxverplad, qriste TiTqos mizanmimarTulad
iwyebs im Zalauflebis
daTmobas, romlis aRebasac
misgan mociqulebic da misi
mimdevrebic elodnen.
pirveli, vinc xvdeba, rom ieso
sulac ar aris mefe, ar aris is,
radac Tavs acxadebda, iudaa.
amis Semdeg is gadawyvets
vaWrobis sagnad aqcios igi,
ivaWros im interesiT, romelic
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
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mis mimarT gauCndaT, ivaWros
im SiSiT, romliTac
mRvdelmTavrebi arian
aRZrulni, raki xvdebian, rom
is safrTxea maTi religiuri
da ideologiuri sistemisTvis, maTi tradiciebisTvis,
romlis saboloo mizans
Zalaufleba warmoadgens.
iudas surs uCvenos Tavis
moZRvarsa da megobars, rom
taZris, kerpis, imedis msxvreva
mtkivneuli ramaa, rom amis
gamo man pasuxi unda agos. rom
nanatri Zalauflebis gzidan
gadaxvevas mtkivneuli pasuxi
SeiZleba mohyves. ra gamovida?
man sami weli gaatara masTan
erTad amao xetialSi da veraferi miiRo dabanili fexis,
puris natexisa da Wiqa Rvinis
garda. arada, swored mas ebara
saerTo salaro. amitomac is
am saqmidan xelcarieli ar
unda gamovides. mas ki simdidre da Zalaufleba swyuroda,
iseve, rogorc im mociqulebs,
romlebic urigdebodnen
momaval mefes, Sens gverdiT
pirvelebi Cven davsxdebiTo.
axlaRa mixvda iuda, ras
gulisxmobda moZRvari, roca
ambobda, visac pirveloba surs,
is ukanaskneli aRmoCndebao.
iudas namdvilad ar surda
bolo rigSi jdoma, is marTlac
pirveli iyo. man sxvebs daaswro, pirvelma Caiqnia iesoze
xeli. molarem moZRvari da
megobari swored savaWro,
samomxmareblo produqtad
aqcia. Tuki gaCnda masze
moTxovnileba, sxva ra darCenia,
man miwodeba unda uzrunvelyos, cotaTi jibec gaisqelos.
amiT iudam Zalaufleba
moipova iesoze _ is masze
mdidari gaxda. formalurad
nazareveli swored misi
gacemis msxverpli aRmoCndeba.
solidaroba
geTsimaniis baRSi, sadac
qristes Seipyroben, masTan
erTad kidev sami mociqulia _
iakobi, ioane da simon-petre.
am uka-nasknels yvelaze
gulmxurvaled uyvars rabi.
roca mRvdelmTavris
msaxurebi da romaeli
jariskacebi mas Sesapyrobad
moakiTxaven, mociqulebi
moZRvrisgan saswauls elian.
aseTi ram manamdec araerTxel
momxdara, magram yovelTvis
dauRweviaT Tavi. saswauls
elian, magram axla msgavsi
araferi xdeba, amitom petre
maxvils iSiSvlebs da marjvena
yurs CamoaTlis momxdurs.
qriste swored am dros axdens
saswauls, es misi bolo
saswaulia _ Sepyrobili mesia
yurs gaumTelebs Sempyrobs.
petre ki gaognebulia. mas swams,
rom qristes yvelaferi
SeuZlia, magram ver xvdeba,
ratom arafers akeTebs
saimisod, rom Tavi daaRwios
mtrebs. is xom mesiaa, man xom
sul mokle xanSi msoflio
unda daipyros. aq ki ra? mis
Sesapyrobad ramdenime aTeuli
adamiania mosuli. am umoqmedobis gamo petres Cveulebrivi, adamianuri SiSi ipyrobs. is
sagonebelSi vardeba da ise
moxdeba, rom gaTenebamde,
manamde, sanam mamali samjer
iyivlebs, samjer uaryofs
Tavis megobarsa da maswavlebels. mimoifantebian danarCeni mociqulebic. maT, iseve
rogorc petrem, uaryofis gza
unda gaiaron. maTi imedebic
unda daimsxvres.
RvTismsaxurTa samsjavro
Sepyrobili RmerTkaci jer
religiuri Zalauflebis
winaSe wardgeba. mas, faqtobrivad, misive msaxurebi,
mRvdelmTavrebi, asamarTleben.
uRono RmerTi Zlevamosili
RmerTis saxeliT ganikiTxeba.
es religiuri Zalauflebis,
mesianisturi ideologiis
dekonstruqciis dasawyisia.
orTodoqsi sinedrionis
wevrebi icaven WeSmaritebas
WeSmaritebisgan. mRvdelmTavrebi, sjulis mecnierni, uxucesebi _ ierusalimis taZris
elitas warmoadgenen. isini
albaT gulwrfeli morwmuneebi arian, darwmunebulebi, rom
religiis arsi misi tradiciis
ubiwo erTgulebaa, darwmunebulebi, rom mruSi dedakaci
aucileblad unda Caiqolos,
rom samaritel seqtants
gamarjoba ar unda uTxra,
rom meZavebTan, mevaxSeebTan,
socialur keTrovnebTan,
urjuloebTan saqme ar unda
daiWiro, maT WerqveS ar unda
Sexvide, rom rCeuli eri da
religia yvelaze aRmatebulia,
rom mters mtrulad unda
moepyro da raRac sisuleleebi
ar unda moroSo maTi siyvarulis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, rom
swored es didebuli taZari, es
qvis nageboba, romlisTvisac
asamarTleben galilevels,
samyaros uwmindesi adgilia,
xolo mis dangrevaze laparaki
gaugonari mkrexelobaa RvTis
winaSe, rom es maTi faqizi
religiuri grZnobebis
eniTuTqmeli Seuracxyofaa.
bolos da bolos
yovlisSemZle RmerTs xom
SeuZlebelia es moxetiale
provincieli gamoerCia
sakuTari eris dasamwyemsad.
nili da naTqvami sisuleebis
garda, mas saswaulebis moxdenac ZaluZs. amitom mRvdelmTavari kaiafa ityvis: jobs
erTi mokvdes mTeli erisTvis,
vidre aTasobiT adamiani
cdundes, acdes WeSmaritebis
gzas. es fraza maradiuli
simboloa imisa, rac SeiZleba
gamoixatos mxolod erTi
sityviT _ interesebi.
eklesiis interesebi, eris
interesebi, usafrTxoebis
interesebi, WeSmaritebis
interesebi moiTxovs mokvdes
erTi, Tundac sruliad
marTali da udanaSaulo,
Tundac bavSviviT ucodveli,
Tundac RmerTi. interesebi
upirveles yovlisa! ieso dgas
maT winaSe, WeSmariti,
legitimuri mRvdelmTavrebis
winaSe, rogorc cru,
TviTmarqvia mRvdelmTavari.
is dums.
sinedrionSi mas sasikvdilo
ganaCens gamoutanen da
iudeis prefeqts gadascemen
saboloo gadawyvetilebis
misaRebad.
am glaxak galilevelSi
religiuri aristokratia
safrTxes xedavs _ man SeiZleba
bevri acdunos, mis mier Cade-
Solidarity
81
gagrZeleba momdevno nomerSi
#5(38)
Tvalsazrisi
stereotipebi, kanonebi
da moqalaqeTa Tanasworoba
postsabWour
saqarTveloSi
nugzar papuaSvili
(sidamoniZis) axalgardacvlili cxedari esvena.
dro Seicvala.
stereotipebi?
marTlmadidebel eklesias
1972 wlidan davukavSirdi.
TbilisSi axali Camosuli
gaxldiT; universitetSi
Casabareblad vemzadebodi,
rodesac gavige (maswavleblisagan, profesor meia yubaneiSvilisagan), rom aRdgomas
eklesiebSi RamisTeviT
xvdebian; asea TbilisSic,
gansakuTrebiT sionSi.
davinteresdi da gadavwyvite,
saaRdgomo RamismTevelebs
mec SeverTebodi. ase aRmovCndi
didi SabaTis SuaRames sionSi,
sadac wesisa da rigis mixedviT
didi litania da wirva Sedga.
igrZnoboda zeimi da sixaruli,
Tumca egvterSi, romelsac
maSin rusebis samlocvelos
eZaxdnen (radgan iq Jami rusulad iwireboda), kaTalikos-patriarq efrem I I -is
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
82
xalxi blomad iyo, metwilad
axalgazrdebi, ramac
gamakvirva. magram ufro
axalgazrdebis im arcTu
mcire nawilis saqcielma
gamakvirva, romlebic Tan
pirjvars iwerdnen, sanTelsac
anTebdnen da Tan siciliT
kvdebodnen. vinme maTgani
zogjer daiCoqebda kidec,
rasac Cveulebriv ukan
mdgomTa demonstraciulad
xmamaRali SeZaxilebi da
xarxari mohyveboda: `naxe,
naxe, daiCoqa, Cemi kargi!~;
`biWo, Sen, gaige, kaTalikosi
efremi Turme dRes unda
gacocxldes~; `va, xedav?!~
kvlav sicili da urTierTmujluguni. vifiqre, eseni
saeWvo kulturis moseire
xalxia, romlebsac eoxunjebaT da kidec oxunjoben,
solidaroba
magram male davrwmundi, rom
saqme ase martivadac ar iyo.
iqneboda dilis 4 Tu 5 saaTi,
rodesac eklesiidan gamovedi
da saxlSi wasvla gadavwyvite.
am dros win gadamidga ramdenime axalgazrda, romelTa
Soris xsenebuli moseiremeoxunjeebi Sevicani. miTxres,
CvenTan unda wamoxvideo.
civi uari miiRes: ìqneb
qurdebi xarT, iqneb yaCaRebi
xarT!~. magram roca wiTeli
wignakebi maCvenes, SevSindi da
maT sruli morCileba
gamovucxade. wamiyvanes da
Semiyvanes SenobaSi, sadac
axla sasuliero seminaria da
akademiaa. aRmovCndi antireligiuri reidis tyveobaSi da
antireligiur StabSi, romlis
xelmZRvanlad gamoiyureboda
cnobili da im dros sakmaod
maRali Tanamdebobis partiuli muSaki, Tanac mecnieri,
saqarTvelos istoriis
specialisti, sayuradRebo
gamocemebis avtori am dargSi.
igi maSin masobrivi aTeizmisaTvis ibrZoda da, amdenad,
eklesias ebrZoda (Tanamdebobac, komkavSiris umaRlesi
eSeloni, amas avalebda), dRes
ki cisa da qveynis gasagonad
masobriv morwmuneobas
qadagebs da marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis apologetobis
pretenzia afiSirebulad aqvs.
saqarTvelos kaTalikospatriarqi da misi garemocva
mas did ndobas ucxadebs da
sapatriarqos velSi is erTerTi sapatio profesori da
akademikosia. igi dRes
axalgazrdebs mouwodebs:
iareT eklesiaSi da daicaviT
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
interesebi! diax, asea dRes.
maSin ki man me damgmo: rogor
ara grcxvenia, komkavSireli
xar da eklesiaSi dadixaro!
Solidarity
83
#5(38)
yvelaferi TiTqos amiT
amoiwura da, cxadia, qveyana
ar daqceula.
erTi SexedviT aSkaraa revolucia msoflmxedvelobaSi
anu, rom davakonkretoT,
Semdegi viTareba: kacs (am
SemTxvevaSi profesors) ar
swamda, rom RmerTi arsebobs,
mere ki irwmuna es, rac
misasalmebelia, Tuki guli
gafaqizda da goneba gafarTovda. gvmarTebs gaviTvaliswinoT
is, rasac Teologebi, filosofosebi Tu moralistebi
xSirad amboben da adastureben: RvTisa da misi angelozebis
rwmena mxolod im SemTxvevaSia
sikeTe, Tuki aseTi sarwmunoeba kacs gaakeTilSobilebs da
gaaumjobesebs. am TeoriiT,
romelic mkacr ligikasa da
gamocdilebazea damyarebuli,
sarwmunoeba yovelTvis ar
warmoadgens zneobriv Rirebulebas, piriqiT, sarwmunoeba
SeiZleba uzneobis wyarodac
gadaiqces. teroristebi gana
morwmuneebi ar arian?
gavixsenoT, ras gveubneba
mociquli: `Sen gwams, rom
RmerTi erTia. kargs Svrebi!
magram eSmakebsac swamT igi
da kankaleben... rwmena saqmeTa
gareSe mkvdaria~ (iakobi 2,
19-20). maSasadame, SeiZleba
arsebobdes RvTis rwmena,
Teoriulad da dogmaturad
marTali da adekvaturi
(monoTeisturi, rom RmerTi
erTia, erTarsebaa), Tanac
iseTi Rrma, mtkice da
Seuorgulebeli, romelic
morwmunes aaTrTolebs da
aakankalebs, magram Sors idges
sikeTisa da zneobrivi Rirebulebisagan. es vrceli Tema
da calke msjelobis sagania.
albaT mixvdebiT, rom miznad
xsenebuli profesorisa da
Tvalsazrisi
Zveli funqcioneris sulis
mdinaris analizi ar damisaxavs (arc mis gulwrfelobaSi
Semaqvs eWvi). igi magaliTad
movixme, raTa mivaniSno,
ramdenad gamoicvala dari da
adamianebic drois Sesabamisad.
magram sakiTxavia: arsobrivad
Seicvala dro? zneobrivadac
gamoicvalnen adamianebi da
msoflmxedvelobiTac gakeTilSobilda anu ganaTlda
Cveni garemomcveli sazogadoeba? gvmarTebs aqve aseve
vTqvaT: revolucia msoflmxedvelobaSi kargia, Tuki
igi inteleqtisa da zneobis
gaumjobesebas gulisxmobs.
magram ra sargebels naxavs an
pirovneba, an koleqtivi,
erTi sityviT, _ eri da beri,
anu qveyana, Tuki ama Tu im
msoflmxedvelobis erTi
stili meore msoflmxedvelobis imave stilma da
azrovnebis imave horizontma,
mxedvelobis imave velma
Secvala? ra bedenaa, Tuki
saxelmwifos erTi ideologiis adgili meorem, magram
arsobrivad imave formam da
imave stilma daikava?
arsobrivad ra Seicvleba,
Tuki erT uzurpators meore
Caenacvla? gaviTvaliswinoT,
rom nebismieri aRmsarebloba
da, zogadad, msoflmxedveloba formisa da stilis
TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iyos
aseTic da iseTic, liberaluric da fundamentalisturic,
lmobieric da ulmobelic,
Sembralebelic da monstric
iakob mociqulis zemoT
damowmebuli sityvisa da
Segonebis Sesabamisad.
marTalia, Cveulebriv
viTarebaSi kerZo da rigiTi
pirovnebis sulis mdinareSi
ver Caixedav da arc gaqvs
ufleba, rom Caixedo, radgan
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
84
es sivrce avtonomiuria da
xelSeuxebeli, magram
yuradRebas ver moaduneb da
Tvalsac ver daxuWav maT
mimarT, romlebic sulieri
da gonebrivi Rirebulebebis
klimats sxvebisTvisac qmnian,
miT ufro maSin, rodesac
sityva da saqme sazogadoebis
Wir-varams Seexeba. sazogadoebis saxes da mis Wir-varams
xom swored pirovnebebi
apirobeben? _ is pirovnebebi,
romlebsac am konteqstSi
vgulisxmobT da romlebsac
miecaT saSualeba, SemTxveviT
Tu kanonzomierad, msoflmxedvelobrivi stereotipebi
Seqmnan, kliSeebi Camoayalibon
da sxvebs gezi da orientacia
miscen iqiT Tu aqeT.
gavimeorebT: faqtia, rom
dro da garemo Cvens sinamdvileSi da Cven Tvalwin (Cemi
Taobis Tvalwin) gamoicvala.
magram Tavs iCens (da zogjer
mwvavedac) kiTxva, romelic,
winamdebare interesebis Sesabamisad, ase warmogvidgeba:
dro ki gamoicvala, magram
rogor da ra mimarTulebiT
Seicvala sazogadoebis msoflmxedveloba? sikeTisaken?
demokratiisaken? imisaken,
rasac dRes evropulsa da
dasavlur Rirebulebebs
veZaxiT? aq ibadeba eWvi,
romelic, pirvel yovlisa,
guSindeli da dRevandeli
dReebis msoflmxedvelobriv
stereotipTa mimoxilvisaken,
masis ganwyobilebisa da misi
religiurobis ragvarobis
gamokiTxvisaken gvibiZgebs.
Tu gairkveva, rom morwmuned
gadaqceuli aTeistebi da
maTi Svilebi metad gaxsnili
gonebisa da farTo azrovnebis
arian, vidre isini, mSoblebi,
urwmunoebaSi iyvnen, SegveZleba vTqvaT: stereotipebi
solidaroba
daimsxvra! magram Tu isini,
stereotipebi, ar daimsxvra
da mxolod gamoicvala, sazogadoebas da qveyanas arsobrivad araferi ar Sematebia.
religia sabWoTa da
postsabWoTa
saqarTveloSi
SegviZlia dokumenturadac
davadasturoT, rom Cveni
sazogadoeba da, pirvel
yovlisa, studentoba perestroikamdel saqarTveloSi
cnobieredac da qvecnobieradac eklesiisagan imaze
ufro Sors idga, vidre amas
Sesabamisi reJimisa da
propagandis simZafre gulisxmobda. ar vlaparakob im
axalgazrdebze, 1972 wels
sionSi Cem Tvalwin rom
oxunjobdnen. isini specsamsaxuris msaxurebi iyvnen da
am samsaxuris msaxurebi,
kaTalikos-patriarq kalistrate cincaZis erTi Canaweris
Tanaxmad, Turme yovel
aRdgomas, gansakuTrebiT 30ian wlebSi, ase oxunjobdnen.
mxedvelobaSi myavs aRniSnuli
periodis sazogadoeba, romelic eklesiasTan da sarwmunoebasTan damokidebulebaSi
metwilad diaxac rom cinikuri,
anda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
gulgrili iyo. masas mxolod
religiuri Seferilobis
xalxuri ritualebis daTmoba
eZneleboda da, Tu vinme xandaxan eklesiis karsac SeaRebda,
ufro tradiciis gavleniTa
da magiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis kvaldakval (sxvadasxva
saxis aRTqmebi, bavSvebis
monaTvla, _ avi araferi
SegvemTxveso da ase Semdeg).
vinc im Taobisaa da visac
religiis sakiTxebi maSinac
ainteresebda, dameTanxmeba,
rom saqarTveloSi mrevlis
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze
Raribulad am qveynis
marTlmadidebeli eklesia
gamoiyureboda. sionSi,
magaliTad, kaTalikos-patriarq daviT V-is (devdarianis)
dros (1972-1977) samRvdelmTavro liturgiaze,
Cveulebriv, 20-25 mlocveli
Tu grovdeboda. da es maSin,
rodesac ruseTisa da somxeTis
sapatriarqo taZrebi xalxs
lamis veRar itevda. Tbilisis mudmivi mrevlis did
nawils im dros rusi qalebi,
`matuSkebi~, Seadgendnen.
maxsovs mecnieruli aTeizmis
erTi profesoris, saxarovis,
sajaro leqcia imave 1972
wels sazogadoeba `codnis~
auditoriaSi. man aseTi informacia mogvawoda: moskovSi,
sakavSiro mTavrobis centralur aparatSi, sabWoTa
moqalaqeebis religiurobis
Taobaze didi TaTbiri da
sja-baasi gaimarTa. aRiniSna:
saqme yvelaze kargad saqarTveloSia; aTeistobis, e.i.
RvTismgmobelobis, TvalsazrisiT yvelaze kargi
moqalaqeebi saqarTvelos
hyavs; am respublikis, saqarTvelos, aTeisti agitatorebi
da politxelebi yvelaze
bejiTad muSaoben da Cvenc
mzad varT saqarTvelo, da
mxolod saqarTvelo, masobrivi aTeizmis respublikad
gamovacxadoT, magram amas
ver gavakeTebT, radgan am
qveyanaSi Zlieri sinagogebi
arsebobso! es marTlac ase iyo.
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom ebraelebis repatriacia jer
dawyebuli ar iyo. me isic
maxsendeba, Tu ra siamayiT
warmouTqvamT onel ebraelebs:
`Cven vicavT da vinaxavT mamapapebis rjuls Tqvengan, qarT-
Solidarity
velebisagan, gansxvavebiT!~.
imave profesoris TqmiT,
saqarTvelosaTvis aRniSnuli
titulis (`masobrivi aTeizmis
respublika~) miniWebas xels
uSlida agreTve Tbilisis
sakmaod mravalricxovani
baptisturi eklesia (misi
definiciiT _ seqta), romelSic qarTvelebi blomad arian,
magram yvelaze mdidari mainc
rusuli Temiao. davazustebT,
rom am Temis ZiriTad birTvs
yofili malaknebi, wyliT
monaTlulebic da mSralad
monaTlulebic (`suxoi
baptistebi~), warmoadgendnen.
Sefasebas, rom saqarTvelo
TiTqmis masobrivi aTeizmis
respublikaa, komunistebis
miTad da fantaziad ver
movnaTlavT, radgan amasve
gvidasturebs maSindeli
saqarTvelos sinamdvilec,
romlis danaxva SeuiaraRebeli
TvaliTac SeiZleboda. im
dros batonobda azri da
Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad
qarTvelebi bunebiTad araeklesiuri xalxia. ambobdnen da
sakmao rixiTac: Cven religiis
mimarT yovelTvis gulgrilebi viyaviT; saeklesio ritualebi ar gviyvars da arc
unda gviyvardes, radgan Cven,
qarTvelebi, aseTebad varT
dabadebuli; Cven, rusebisagan
gansxvavebiT, ara dogmaturebi
da avtoritetebs mindobilebi
varT, aramed laRebi, poeturebi da Tavisuflad moazrovneebi; saqarTvelos mTam da
barmac ki jvarcmuli RmerTi
da misi mcnebebi ar miiRo;
Cven bunebis Svilebi viyaviT
da bunebis Svilebad davrCiT,
rac Sorsaa qristianobisagan
da es Sorsyofna Cveni siamayea!
aseTi gaxldaT sabWoTa saqarTvelos stereotipebi da, Tu
85
#5(38)
vinmes ar sjera, gadaxedos
imdroindel literaturul
produqcias da darwmundeba,
rom es asea. es paTosi da
Tvalsazrisebi, cxadia, mosaxleobis inteligentur fenebSi
muSavdeboda da maTSive
trialebda. marTalia, alternatiuli poziciebic arsebobda,
magram isini prestiJulad ar
miiCneoda da popularobas
ver ixveWda. mokled, sabWoTa
saqarTvelos is moqalaqeebi,
romlebsac aseT Temebze fiqri
ar ezarebodaT, erovnul
idealsa da identobas warmarTobasa da aTeistobaSi
ufro xedavdnen, vidre qristianobasa da eklesiurobaSi.
sabWoTa kavSirSi da, cxadia,
saqarTveloSic sociologiur
gamokvlevebs didi dro da
resursi ar eTmoboda;
iTvleboda, rom amis gareSec
yvelaferi naTelia da garkveuli. postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi viTareba ramdenadme
gaumjobesda, magram sociologebi da statistikosebi
religiuri TemebiTa da
motivebiT gvian dainteresdnen. amis miuxedavad Cven
SesaZlebloba gvaqvs am qveynis
moqalaqeebis religiasTan
damokidebulebis cvalebadobis suraTi warmovaCinoT.
Cven xelTaa Sesabamisi Sinaarsis rogorc perestroikamdeli, ise perestroikis
Semdegdroindeli dokumenturi monacemebi anu statistikis Sedegebi, romelTa
gaTvaliswinebiT realuri
viTarebis warmosaxva xerxdeba.
am gziT SegviZlia gavarkvioT, Tu rogor, ra dinamikiT
da ra mimarTulebiT
Seicvala Cveni Tanamoqalaqeebis religiisadmi damokidebuleba. yuradRebas iqcevs
religiis istoriis profeso-
Tvalsazrisi
ris Teimuraz fanjikiZis
informaciebi, romlebic
gvxvdeba mis qvemoT miTiTebul wignebsa da statiaSi da
romlebic axalgazrdebSi
religiis adgilisa da rolis
garkvevas isaxavs miznad
faqtobriv masalaze
dayrdnobiT.
1978 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Catarda
sociologiuri gamokiTxvagamokvleva, romlis mizans
RvTis rwmenasTan da eklesiasTan studentebis damokidebulebis garkveva warmoadgenda. gamokiTxvaSi monawileoba
miiRo sxvadasxva fakultetis
360-ma studentma. morwmuned
Tavi Turme gamokiTxulTa
mxolod erTma procentma
gamoacxada, danarCenebi ki
Camoyalibebuli aTeistebi
(26%) anda RvTisa da sarwmunoebis mimarT indiferentulebi aRmoCndnen. aRsaniSnavia,
rom ukanasknel kategoriaSi
gamoikveTa jgufi (20%),
romelic Tavs morwmuned ar
Tvlis, magram ambobs:
àdamiani, romelsac RmerTi
swams, ar SeiZleba cudi
saqmeebis Cadenaze da borotebaze fiqrobdes~, e.i.
religia da morali, am msjelobiT, faqtobrivad erTi da
igivea. aranakleb sainteresoa
im respondentebis motivacia,
romlebic im erT procents,
e.i. sam-oTxkacian jgufs,
miekuTvnebian. ai, erT-erTi
maTganis sityvebi: `me mwams
RmerTi. mwams ise, rom Cemi
bedi misTvis mimindvia...
RmerTs Cemi Txovna Seusrulebia... diaR, me mjera
RmerTis, me did imedebs
vamyareb masze (T. fanjikiZe,
Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba
da religia, Tb., 1978, gv. 8-11;
misive _ religia, aTeizmi,
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
86
axalgazrdoba, Tb., 1979, gv.
10-15). imdroindeli viTarebis
zogadi Sefaseba, romelsac
dasaxelebuli wignebi warmogvidgens, aseTia: saqarTvelo, `sabWoTa xelisuflebis
pirobebSi gaweuli giganturi
muSaobis Sedegad, msoflioSi
pirveli iqca masobrivi
aTeizmis qveynad~ (gv. 3). es
daskvna namdvilad ar aris
sinamdvilisagan Sors, raSic
davrwmundebiT, Tuki ar
davizarebT da mexsierebaSi
70-iani wlebis (zogadad,
sabWoTa saqarTvelos) realur
suraTs aRvadgenT. ityvian,
devnileba iyo da xalxi
sarwmunoebrivi grZnobebis
gamomJRavnebas ver bedavdao.
ki, religiis safuZvelze
raRac doziT devna aRniSnul
wlebSic grZeldeboda (misi
marwuxi, rac aRvniSne da rac
aRsaniSni damrCa, mec viwvnie),
magram mas is masStabi da
sisastike ar hqonia, rom amiT
marTlmadidebeli eklesiisagan qarTveli mosaxleobis
TiTqmis totalur gandgomas
axsna da gamarTleba moeZebnos (ebraelebs naklebad sdevnidnen, anda baptistebs?).
analogiuri RonisZieba, anu
gamokiTxva, aRniSnuli universitetis bakalavriatisa da
magistraturis studentebs
Soris 2000 welsac Catarda.
imave profesoris ganmartebiT, `gamokvlevis mizani imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom gagverkvia, ra transformacia
ganicada Cvenma rwmenam mas
Semdeg, rac postsabWour
sivrceSi religia akrZaluli
xilidan nebadarTul
fenomenad iqca; dagvedgina...
ra rols asrulebs religia
Cvens cxovrebaSi, gvxdis ki
igi ufro srulyofils da
zneobrivs?!~. es kiTxva,
solidaroba
romelic Zaxilis niSniT
mTavrdeba da, amdenad,
ritorikulia, erTgvarad
siaxlis elfers atarebs,
radgan am saganze, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Zveli da axali
aTaswleulebis gzagasayarze,
kiTxvis niSans aravin svamda.
gvrCeboda STabeWdileba, rom
mecnieruli aTeizmis yofili
kaTedris warmomadgenlebi
`papze meti kaTolikeebi~
gaxdnen da religias, rogorc
aseTs, zneobisa da moralis
wyarod usityvod da upirobod
aRiarebdnen, miT ufro maSin,
rodesac sityva `qarTuli
marTlmadideblobisa~ da
`qarTuli eklesiis~ erovnul
rolsa da mniSvnelobas Seexeboda. da, ai, 2001 wels qvemoT
damowmebul publikaciaSi
TiTqmis moulodnelad gaielva
azrma da daSvebam, rom Turme
SeiZleba, rom religiam da,
warmoidgineT, marTlmadideblobamac ki adamiani
srulyofilebis gzaze win
ver waswios da zneobrivad
ver gaaumjobesos; SeiZleba
adamiani gaxdes morwmune
marTlmadidebeli, magram zne
da xasiaTi ar gamoukeTdes.
Tumca konkretul SemTxvevaSi
Cven aranaklebad gvainteresebs statistikuri monacemebi.
isini ki aseT suraTs gvaZleven: 2000 wels morwmuned
Tavi qarTveli studentebis
88,8%-ma gamoacxada, 6,2%-ma
_ aramorwmuned, 5%-s pasuxis
gacema gauWirda. morwmuneTa
umravlesoba _ 97,5% _
marTlmadidebelia,
danarCeni, e.i. 2,5% islamis,
iudaizmis, kaTolicizmisa da
baptizmis mimdevrebi arian
(T. fanjikiZe, rogora gvaqvs
saqme RmerTTan. _
gaerTianebuli samecniero
konferenciis masalebi, Tb.,
2001, gv. 61-62).
bolo periodis sxvadasxva
statistika, sxvadasxva
organizaciis mier sxvadasxva
mizniT warmoebuli, cxadyofs,
rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi morwmuneTa ricxvi
izrdeba da es procesi
mxolod marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis sasargeblod mimdinareobs. sxva konfesiebis
mimdevarTa ricxvi, iqnebian
isini qristianebi Tu araqristianebi, mcirdeba. muslimebi,
magaliTad, aWaraSic ki, 2002
wlis aRweriT, umciresobaSi
aRmoCndnen. mkveTrad Semcirda kaTolikeebis ricxvi
kaTolikuri tradiciis
soflebSic (mesxeTSi).
daimsxvra Tu Seicvala
stereotipebi?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas
bunebrivad wamoiWreba axali
kiTxva: ram ganapiroba
marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan masis damokidebulebaSi
aseTi radikaluri cvlileba?
mTavari mizezi, cxadia, aris
is, rac qveynis oficiozSi
moxda, _ antireligiuri
propagandis religiuri
propagandiT gamocvla. aq
usaTuod unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom es `religiuri
propaganda~ saqarTvelos
mTeli masStabiT mxolod da
mxolod marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis sasargeblo propagandas gulisxmobs. amitom
araa gasakviri, rom am propagandis wyalobiT mxolod da
mxolod saxelmwifos proteqtoratSi myofi marTlmadidebeli eklesia gaZlierda
xalxiT da qonebiT. am mizezs
ori Semavsebeli mizezic
daerTo: kaTalikos-patriarqis
pirovneba da qarTuli marTlmadidebluri nacionalizmi.
Solidarity
kaTalikos-patriarq ilia I I is imijis SeqmnaSi didi roli
zviad gamsaxurdiam Seasrula.
es vrceli Temaa da amjerad
mokled aRvniSnavT: zviad
gamsaxurdia 70-ian wlebSi,
misi aqtiuri disidentobis
xanaSi, ambobda da werda
kidec TviTgamocemebSi, rom
cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti
ilia ganaTlebuli da patrioti
pirovnebaa, romelsac
arasabWourad moazrovneebma
ndoba unda gamovucxadoTo.
marTalia, man misi uwmindesobis gapatriarqebis Semdeg
es damokidebuleba Secvala,
magram misma Zvelma Sefasebebma sazogadoebaze,
gansakuTrebiT disidenturad
ganwyobil nawilze, aqtiurad
imuSava. amis gamo da kidev
sxva pirovnuli Tvisebebis
gamo patriarqma bevri Tbiliseli moxibla da sionSi
mrevlis ricxvma 1977 wlis
dekembridan mateba daiwyo.
am procesze gacilebiT didi
gavlena iqonia nacionalurma
ideologiam, romelic masaSi
perestroikis dros inergeboda
àraformalebis~ mravalricxovani aqciebisa da masmediis
mier. mokled: brZolam
saqarTvelos politikuri
damoukideblobisaTvis Tavidanve marTlmadideblurreligiuri Seferiloba
miiRo. gaCnda lozungebi:
`qarTveli eri da saqarTvelos
erTi da igivea!~, `gaumarjos
erTian, marTlmadidebel
saqarTvelos!~, `marTlmadidebeli eklesia eris gamaerTianebeli Zalaa!~, ìgi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis
safuZvelia!~. ideebi da poziciebi, rac am lozungebis
ukan dgas, sxva araferia, Tu
ara marTlmadidebluri
87
#5(38)
nacionalizmi, ufro zustad,
_ filetizmi (metomeoba
eklesiaSi). igi dagmobilia
konstantinopolis didi
krebis mier (1872 w.); Sefasebulia `sekularul marTlmadideblobad~ da mas micemuli
aqvs eresis kvalifikacia.
amis miuxedavad am movlenisagan arcerTi marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavisufali ar
aris. igi gansakuTrebiT im
politikur elitasa da
politizebul mosaxleobas
izidavs, romelic marTlmadideblobas iCemebs da
romelsac marTlmadideblur
Teologiasa da eklesiologiaze zedapiruli warmodgena
aqvs. aseTi aRmoCnda, da
aseTia dResac, saqarTvelos
politikuri elita da
politizebuli mosaxleoba.
vxedavT, rom marTlmadideblurma nacionalizmma
postsabWouri saqarTvelos
SesamCnevi nawili globalurad
moicva da masis cnobierebaSi
es ideologia myar stereotipad iqca. Camoyalibda rwmena:
saqarTvelo marTlmadidebeli
qveyanaa! es rwmena ukve
faqtobrivad erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi
ideologiis rangSia ayvanili
da qveynis politikur
elitaSi ar Cans Zala,
romelic am stereotips
daupirispirdeba. piriqiT:
ise gamoiyureba, rom es
stereotipi TiTqos yvelas
moswons _ xelisuflebasac
da opoziciasac (umniSvnelo
gamonaklisis garda). am
sakiTxSi isini erTad arian
da religiur-nacionalur
ritorikaSi, gansakuTrebiT
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis,
ufro sworad _ sapatriarqos,
gulis mogebasa da moTaflvaSi erTmaneTs ejibrebian.
Tvalsazrisi
pasuxi kiTxvaze, ra bedi ewia
stereotipebs saqarTveloSi,
aseTia: Zveli kliSeebi da
stereotipebi axalma kliSeebma
da stereotipebma Secvala.
moqalaqeTa Tanasworoba
da kanonmdebloba
amjerad aseTi kiTxva gvaxsenebs Tavs: rogoria saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis humanurobis xarisxi postsabWoTa
saqarTveloSi, sadac marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoeba
erTi SexedviT arnaxulad
aRorZinda?
faqti, rom qarTuli marTlmadidebluri nacionalizmi
saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo
ideologiis rangSia ayvanili,
TavisTavad gulisxmobs
aramarto heterodoqsebis,
e.i. aramarTlmadideblebis,
diskriminacias, aramed igi
araqarTveli marTlmadideblebisTvisac diskriminaciul
garemos qmnis. marTlmadidebluri nacionalizmis faqtobrivi gasaxelmwifoebrioba
swored saxelmwifos teritoriul mTlianobas uqmnis
safrTxes da am safrTxem ukve
dagvanaxa Tavi katastrofuli
SedegebiTac. es mZime Temaa
da sityvis gagrZelebisagan
Tavs Sevikaveb. savalaloa is,
rom am safrTxes saqarTveloSi politikuri speqtri
ver acnobierebs.
politikuri speqtris didi
nawilis deklarirebuli
emociebi da lozungebi anu
igive axali Sablonebi,
kliSeebi da stereotipebi
iuridiul sivrceSic aisaxa.
amis nimuSia `sakonstitucio
SeTanxmeba~ (konkordati),
romelic saxelmwifom mxolod
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
88
da mxolod marTlmadidebel
eklesiasTan gaaforma da sxva
aRmsareblobis eklesiebTan
analogiuri an msgavsi xelSekrulebis gaformebaze
xmamaRla da mkafiod uari
ganacxada. aseTi proteqtoratis qveS myofma eklesiam
ganusazRvreli privilegiebi
miiRo da igi nebismier
arasaxelmwifo Tu saxelmwifo
instituciaze maRla dadga.
am dokumentiT (anu saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoniT)
saqarTvelos samociqulo
avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesia gamocxadebulia
èrovnuli msoflmxedvelobis~ Camomyalibeblad
(preambula), rac mosaxleobis
religiuri niSniT daxarisxebis muxts Seicavs (mivaqcioT
yuradReba, rom es ukve
saxelmwifos oficialuri
poziciaa!). aseTive muxts
Seicavs agreTve bevri sxva
punqtic, romelTa Tanaxmad
saxelmwifo uSvebs `saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi
marTlmadidebluri
sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb sagnis
swavlebas~ èklesiis wardginebiT~ (5,1) da, maSasadame,
kontroliT; eklesiis
àraekonomikuri mizniT
arsebuli qoneba da miwa
gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadebisagan~ (6,5); eklesiis
sakuTrebad gamocxadebulia
`saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze arsebuli marTlmadidebluri taZrebi... nangrevebi...
miwis nakveTebi... saxelmwifo
dacvaSi myofi saeklesio
saganZuri~ (7-8); saxelmwifos
mier aRebulia valdebuleba,
aunazRauros eklesias zarali
(ramdenadme mainc), romelic
mas XIX-XX ss-Si miadga (10).
yuradReba rom ar mivaqcioT
cnebebs: èrovnili msofl-
solidaroba
mxedveloba~, `marTlmadidebluri taZari~, `saeklesio
saganZuri~ da sxv., rac aSkarad
araiuridiuli cnebebia da
SinaarsiT arcTu mTlad naTeli da gamWvirvale, sakiTxavia: aris Tu ara saqarTvelo samoqalaqo, demokratiuli da sekularuli saxelmwifo? Tu _ ki, maSin igi ratom
sxva eklesiebis àraekonomikuri mizniT arsebul qonebasa
da miwas~ ar aTavisuflebs
gadasaxadebisagan? saxelmwifo am dokumentiT iuridiulad uars ambobs saqarTvelos
qristianuli warsulis yvela
materialuri Zeglis mesakuTreobaze da maT aseve iuridiulad marTlmadidebel
eklesias akuTvnebs. amis
Sedegad qveynis mTeli aramarTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba am
sakuTrebis miRma xom ar
dgeba? anda: apirebs Tu ara
igi, es saxelmwifo, aramarTlmadideblebsac (muslimebs,
ebraelebs, kaTolikeebs,
luTeranebs) aunazRauros
zarali, romelic maT sabWoTa
periodSi miadgaT? Tu ar
apirebs, maSin es dokumenti
logikurad SeiZens diskriminaciul xasiaTs da ukve
SeiZina kidec. amis niSania
religiuri motiviT moqalaqeTa diskriminaciis ara erTi
da ori SemTxveva, rac aisaxa
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis yovelwliur angariSebSi.
diskriminaciul garemos sxva
analogiuri, Tumca SedarebiT
dabali rangis, sakanonmdeblo
aqtebic apirobebs. amis yvelaze
TvalsaCino magaliTia
saqarTvelos iusticiis
saministrosa da saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
sapatriarqos Soris 2001 wlis
20 aprils dadebuli xelSekruleba, romlis me-2 da me-4
muxlebis Tanaxmad, mxolod
marTlmadidebel eklesias
aqvs ufleba, sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi
nebismier dros daubrkoleblad ganaxorcielos samoZRvro da saRvTismsaxuro misia.
rac Seexeba sxva konfesiis
eklesiebs, msgavs misias isini
mxolod da mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi ganaxorcieleben,
Tuki sanqcias amis Taobaze
gascems. aseTive uflebebi
aqvs micemuli marTlmadidebel eklesias saxalxo ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferoSic. amaze metyvelebs, erTi
mxriv, `kanoni zogadi
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ (8. IV.
2005) da, meore mxriv (Tanac
ufro metad), ùrTierTgagebis memorandumi ganaTlebis
saministrosa da marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris~,
romelsac xeli 2005 wlis 22
ianvars sapatriarqoSi moewera. am dokumentebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo mzadaa,
sajaro skolebSi dauSvas
`marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis swavleba~ da eklesiis
mxridan kontrolic aitanos.
ase rom, postsabWour saqarTveloSi darRveulia rogorc
aramarTlmadidebeli patimrebis, ise aramarTlmadidebeli mowafeebis uflebebi.
politikuri elitis
cnobiereba
kargad gvaxsovs risxva da
isteria, romelic saqarTvelos parlamentarebis
umravlesobam, xelisuflebis
mxaremac da opoziciamac,
ramdenime wlis win saxalxo
damcvels, sozar subars,
daatexa Tavs, radgan mis
angariSsa da saparlamento
Solidarity
gamosvlaSi Semdegma azrma
gaielva: sanam msgavsi privilegiebiT sxva eklesiebic
(religiuri organizaciebi) ar
isargebleben, manam `sakonstitucio SeTanxmebas~ diskriminaciuli xasiaTi eqneba.
vdgavarT odiozuri faqtis
winaSe: religiasTan dakavSirebiT araiuridiul cnobierebas saqarTveloSi yvelaze
metad iuristebi, kanonSemoqmedebi da kanonmdeblebi
amJRavneben. davanebiT Tavi
`sakonstitucio SeTanxmebas~,
romlisTvisac sasuliero
pirebze met interess politikuri speqtris warmomadgenlebi, mTavrobisa da
xelisuflebis xelmZRvaneli
pirebi, maT Soris (da ufro)
iuristebi, amJRavnebdnen
(idea politologsa da konfliqtolog paata zaqareiSvils
ekuTvnis, Tumca mas am ideis
Tanasworuflebianobis
principiT ganxorcieleba
undoda). gavixsenoT, ra
skandalsa da isterias aqvs
adgili, rodesac vinme marTlmadidebeli eklesiis Tanamedrove ierarqiis warmomadgenlis kritikas gabedavs.
magram yelafers gadaaWarba
erTma ambavma, romlis Sesaxeb
oriode sityvis Tqmas pirad
movaleobadac miviCnev.
2009 wlis 2 dekembers internetiT gavrcelda `SekiTxvebi
patriarqs~ da `SekiTxvebi
xelisuflebas~, romlebic,
Cemi SefasebiT, arakoreqtul,
usagno da zedmet punqtebsac
Seicavs. amis miuxedavad
SekiTxvaTa teqstebs xeli
mec movawere, radgan davinaxe
aqcentebi im problemebze,
romelTa mougvarebloba
qveynis demokratiasa da
saxelmwifoebriv aRmSeneb-
89
#5(38)
lobas did safrTxes uqmnis.
mxedvelobaSi maqvs is SekiTxvebi, metwilad ritorikuli,
romlebSic gamoxatulia
protesti: saqarTveloSi
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
gayofis konstituciuri
principi irRveva! vfiqrobdi
da vfiqrob, rom es araa
meorexarisxovani problema.
vxedav imasac, rom sazogadoeba am problemis simwvaves
jerjerobiT ver acnobierebs.
CvenSi aseTi cnobierebis
deficitia, romlis amovsebis
survili aRniSnul dokumentebSi davinaxe. amitom
movawere maT xeli, Tumca,
vimeoreb, zogierTi detali
maTSi arc maSin momwonda,
roca xels vawerdi, da arc
axla momwons. asea Tu ise, esaa
SekiTxvebi, rac adresatebs an
aseTi, an iseTi pasuxis gacemas
avaldebulebs, _ iuridiuladac da zneobrivadac.
magram ra vnaxeT? sruliad
araadekvaturi reaqcia
yoveli mxridan, _ jgufuri,
koleqtiuri, bolSevikuri
yvirili. metyvian, koleqtiur
werilebsac bolSevikobis da
avadsaxsenebeli komunisturi
reJimis suni asdiso. ki,
batono! magram SekiTxvebi
mainc SekiTxvebia, Tundac
gamomwvevi da provokaciuli.
gaeces maT pasuxi da dasabuTdes, rom xmaurs, romelic
iqaa atexili, safuZveli ara
aqvs. magram ra davarqvaT
koleqtiur ayayanebas, romelic am SekiTxvebs mohyva? _ es
ra gaubedia!? es ra dauweria!?
es ra mouCmaxia!?... arc
patriarqma da arc
prezidentma SekiTxvebs
pasuxi ar gasces. ugulebelyofis motivad sapatriarqos
prescentris xelmZRvanelma,
dekanozma daviT SaraSeniZem,
Tvalsazrisi
JurnalistebTan satelefono
saubarSi Turme Semdegi
garemoeba daasaxela: àm
adamianebs (aRniSnul werilebze xelis momwerebs. _ n. p.)
sazogadoebis nawilad ar
vTvliT da ar vapirebT
pasuxis gacemas~. Znelia
daijero, rom es sityvebi
saxarebis mqadagebelma
mRvdelma warmoTqva, _ saxarebisa, romlis centralur
ideas pirovnebis pativiscema,
misi nebisa da sindisis
xelSeuxebloba Seadgens.
sulieri mwyemsebi da, miT
umetes, mwyemsmTavrebi imitom
arian mwyemsebad da mwyemsmTavrebad xeldasxmulebi,
rom SekiTxvebs, Tundac
warmarTebisa da eklesiis
mtrebis mier dasmulT, pasuxi
gascen petre mociqulis
Segonebis Sesabamisad:
`wmidahyavT qriste, rogorc
ufali, Tqvens gulSi da
mudam mzad iyaviT, rom
simSvidiT da mowiwebiT
upasuxoT yvelas, vinc Tqveni
imedis gamo axsna-ganmartebas
mogTxovT~ (1 petre 3,15).
prezidentic mwyemsmTavaria
(cxadia, arasasuliero) da
Tanamoqalaqeebis mimarT
masac igive movaleoba aqvs. man
ki, b-nma mixeil saakaSvilma,
pasuxi iseTi sityvebiT amowura,
rac arafers ar niSnavs:
`konkordati unda amoqmeddes
ise, rom marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis rolsa da funqcias
saqarTvelos istoriaSi
sagangebod gaesvas xazi~
(vrclad: n. beqiSvili,
kiTxvebi eklesias da
xelisuflebas. eklesiis
sabWoTa warsuli. _
`liberali~, #15, gv. 33).
imdroindel Jurnal-gazeTebs
Tu gadavxedavT (maSin me
TbilisSi ar vimyofebodi),
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
90
vnaxavT, rom isteriam
`SekiTxvebis~ gamo indikatoris roli Seasrula da
sxvadasxva pirovnebasa Tu
koleqtivs azrovnebis stilisa
da xasiaTebis gamomJRavnebisaken ubiZga. aRmoCnda, rom
CvenSi marTlmadideblobis
damCemebel da marTlmadideblobiT gaamayebul adamianebs adamianis qristianul
koncefciasa da adamianis
uflebebis saRvTo warmomavlobaze warmodgena ara aqvT.
sxvagvarad ver avxsniT erTerT saprotesto aqciaze
risxviTa da muqariT warmoTqmul sityvebs: `beqa mindiaSvili seqsualuri da religiuri
umciresobebis dacvaSia
SemCneuli da qarTul eklesiaze laparakis ufleba ara
aqvs~ (`24 saaTi~, 2009, 4. XI I ,
#265, gv. 2). arc Jurnalistebs, arc politikosebsa da
arc sazogadoebis rigiT
wevrebs ar dausvamT kiTxva:
ucxoa `qarTuli eklesiisaTvis~ `seqsualuri da religiuri umciresobebis~ adamianur
uflebaTa dacva?! vimeoreb:
adamianuri uflebebis, _ maTi
pirovnuli Rirsebisa da
usafrTxoebis! esaa, qalbatonebo da batonebo, qristianoba
da qristianuli azrovneba?
yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba q-n nino burjanaZisa da
b-n eduard SevardnaZis
komentarebma `SekiTxvebze~.
kiTxulob am teqstebs da ar
gjera, rom maTi avtorebi
politikosebi, adre saxelmwifos saTaveSi mdgomi pirebi
arian, erTi maTgani ki
profesionali iuristia.
n. burjanaZe: `me mikvirs, es
xalxi, saerTod, sad gaizarda!..
es aris pirdapir saakaSvilis
kabinetSi dagegmili aqcia
solidaroba
patriarqis winaaRmdeg!.. es
aris pirdapir patriarqis
mkvlelobis mcdeloba...
msoflio patriarqi rom
Camovida da uzarmazari
delegacia Camoiyvana Cveni
patriarqis pativsacemad,
vaxSami ar unda gamarTuliyo
da im xalxisaTvis sastumros
fuli ar unda gadagvexada?
manqanaSi benzini ar unda
Cagvesxa da gveTqva, CamodiT
da Tqven TviTon iareTo?
(àsaval-dasavali~, 7-13. XI I ,
#49, gv. 24. amave nomerSia
dabeWdili `SekiTxvebis~
teqstebi).
e. SevardnaZe: ìm xalxs, vinc
es kiTxvebi Seadgina da
patriarqs Seuracxyofas
ayenebs, angariSs ar gavuwevdi,
aranormalur adamianebad
CavTvlidi. es erTi kaciRa
darCa, visac xalxi endoba da
mas gafrTxileba unda. vinc
mas Seuracxyofas ayenebs da
masTan gajibrebas cdilobs,
aseTi adamiani normaluri
fsiqikis ver iqneba. patriarqi xalxma unda daicvas!.. me
ar vici, vin arian isini da
saidan movidnen, magram erTi
ki cxadia, rom raRac antierovnul jgufTan gvaqvs
saqme. patriarqma saqarTvelos mosaxleoba eklesiisaken
Semoabruna. me, magaliTad,
komunisti viyavi. CemisTana
aTasebi da asiaTasebia da
Cven rom RmerTisaken SemovbrundiT, es patriarqis
damsaxurebaa. antierovnul
Zalebs, albaT, swored es
aRizianebT. vfiqrob, sisxlis
samarTlis saqme unda aRiZras
da is adamianebi, vinc patriarqis Seuracxyofas da
ciliswamebas bedavs, unda
gasamarTldnen...~ (àsavaldasavali~, 2009, 14-20. XI I ,
#50, gv. 16).
SeuZlebelia, kacma, Tundac
Sesabamisi saqmisa da sagnis
diletantma, es striqonebi
waikiTxo, toni da paTosi
ganicado, obieqtur mxares
yuradReba miaqcio, Sinagan
logikas Tvali gaadevno,
azrebis dinamikis Targs
gadaxedo da samarTlis anbanic
gaiTvaliswino, rom tragikomediis gancda ar dageuflos.
kanoni Tu
samarTlebrivi
cnobiereba?
erT saerTaSoriso simpoziumze
movismine: `saqarTvelos
kanonebi ki ara, kanoniereba
sWirdeba~. mec ase vfiqrob:
saqarTvelos mTavari problema, religiisa da mistikis
sferos rac Seexeba, politikuri elitis ucnauri cnobierebaa. am movlenis zust
kvalifikacias amJamad ver
vaxerxeb, magram faqtia, rom
igi opoziciasac da xelisuflebasac erT sibrtyeze ayenebs
da erTmaneTis sulismier
Zmebad warmoaCens. misi arsebiTi niSani eklesiisa da
saxelmwifos urTierTobaSi
arasamarTlebrivi, arasaxelmwifoebrivi, araerovnili,
diaxac rom araqristianuli
da, momiteveT, arainteleqtualuri azrovnebis
demonstrirebaa.
gvrCeba STabeWdileba, rom
SejibrSi, romelsac `socSejibrs religiurobaSi~
davarqmevdi, xelisuflebas
opozicia sjobnis, magram ver
sjabnis. ra Seedreba, magaliTad, uflebaTa cnobili
damcvelisa da saxelisuflo
gundis erT-erTi aqtivistis,
b-n gia arseniSvilis sityvebs,
romlebic man mowafeebis
Solidarity
winaSe ama wlis 23 aprils,
winasaarCevno kampaniis dros,
warmoTqva da im dRes I
telearxis eTeriT gadaica.
misi pasuxi SekiTxvaze, aqvT
Tu ara religiur umciresobebs problemebi saqarTveloSi,
aseTi iyo: ara aqvT, Tumca
hqondaT; `rodesac Cven
TviTon viyaviT daCagrulebi,
_ gavixsenoT, ra gviqnes
afxazeTSi, rogor SegveZlo
Segvecodebina sxvebi, sxva
religiebi?~.
komentarebi zedmetia. rodesac
sajaro piri, umaRlesi saxelmwifo moxele da profesori,
mis qveyanaSi arsebul religiebs
ase axarisxebs, Tanac
mozardebis winaSe: Cveni da
sxvisi religiebi (`sxva
religiebi~) da uxerxulobas
ver grZnobs, sarwmunoebaTa
Tanasworuflebianobaze,
moqalaqeTa religiuri niSniT
diskriminaciis ararsebobaze
laparaki zedmetia.
simpoziumi, romelic postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi
religiisa da saxelmwifos
urTierTobis sakiTxebs
mieZRvna da romelzec zemoT
moyvanili sityvebi
movismine, aTi wlis winaT
Sedga. amasobaSi dro da
xelisufleba gamoicvala.
ramdenime eqstremistuli
aqti aRikveTa da zogierTi
eqstremisti daakaves, magram
eqstremizmis gamomwvevi da
wamaxalisebeli garemo ar
gamocvlila da arc
gamoicvleba, vidre
sazogadoebis farTo
sivrceSi, pirvel yovlisa
ki politikosTa
azrovnebaSi, msoflmxedvelobrivi stereotipebi
ar daimsxvreva.
91
#5(38)
STIGMA FREE
miTi
geipraidis
Sesaxeb
eka aRdgomelaSvili
pirveli Wori saqarTveloSi
lesboselebiT~.1
geipraidis Catarebis Taobaze
2007 wlis gazafxulze agorda.
maSin am Wors konkretuli
erTi kviris Semdeg gazeTma
Tavadve uaryo Wori, sami Tvis
avtoric hyavda _ gazeTi
Tavze ki geiaRlumi TbilisSi
alia da Jurnalisti irakli
mamalaZe. Jurnalisti
gadmoitana da qveyanas amcno,
rom evrosabWos mier
irwmuneboda, rom mis xelT
dagegmili kampaniis _ yvela
arsebuli informaciiT, maisSi
foTSi 5000-mde gei da
gansxvavebuli, yvela Tanaswori _ farglebSi dagegmili
lesboseli aqtivisti
aqcia, romelic 1995 wlis mere
TavSeyras da msvlelobis
mowyobas apirebda:
evropis sxvadasxva qveynebSi
tardeba da tolerantobis
zrdasa da `rasizmis,
àlias~ kuluaruli
informaciiT, maisSi didi
antisemitizmis, qsenofobiisa
da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg
forumi gaimarTeba...
brZolis gaZlierebas~ isaxavs
àlias~ respondenti tato
gvarwmunebs, rom maisSi
miznad, sxva araferi iyo, Tu
ara SeniRbuli geiaRlumi.
zRvispira qalaqSi
statiis bolos isic iyo
saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli yvela
miniSnebuli, rom aqcia
xelisuflebasTan iyo
seqsualuri mimdinareobis
SeTanxmebuli:
warmomadgenlebi Seikribebian, dawyebuli geebiT,
àraoficialuri
damTavrebuli
informaciiT, saakaSvilis
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
92
solidaroba
mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT,
TbilisSi grandiozuli
demonstrireba mTel ers
mZime gansacdelad
umravlesobis agresias.
gantevebis vacis rolSi,
gei-paradi Catardeba...~.
daawveba~.2
rogorc wesi, qveyanaSi yvelaze
qveyanaSi arsebuli homofobi-
qarTuli azris maSindeli
metad marginalizebuli da
diskriminirebuli umciresoba
uri ganwyoba noyieri niadagi
lideri, romelmac mogvianebiT
aRmoCndeba xolme, romlis
aRmoCnda amgvari Worebis
gasavrceleblad da mediis
qristian-demokratebTan
gadainacvla, kancelariasTan
mimarT damokidebulebis
gamoxatva xSirad erT banakSi
mier agorebul qsenofobiur
aprotestebda gamogonil
aqcevs sxva situaciaSi
isteriaSi sazogadoebis
TiTqmis yvela fena CaerTo.
aRlums. Coxosnebma sagangebo
Sekreba miuZRvnes am movlenas,
dapirispirebul mxareebs.
aqciisa da kampaniis Taobaze,
`sruliad saqarTvelos
savaraudod, sakuTari homofo-
imave periodSi da imave
mediasaSualebebiT, aqciis
adamianTa uflebebis dacvis
asociaciis~ warmomadgenlebma
biuri mosazrebebis xmamaRla
da ukiduresad agresiuli
organizatorTa da evrosabWos
ki 29 ivliss aqcia jer
formiT deklarireba imdenad
warmomadgenelTa mier gakeTebuli araerTgzisi ganmartebisa
sapatriarqosTan gamarTes,
Semdeg ki veris baRSi
maRali dividendis momtani
aRmoCnda im calkeuli jgufe-
da gancxadebis miuxedavad,
gadainacvles da iq elodnen
bis warmomadgenelTaTvis, vinc
simarTlis mosmena aravis surda.
politikuri opoziciis war-
codvilTa~ aRlums maTTvis
cxvir-piris dasaJeJavad~.
maSin am moraluri panikis ukan
idga3, rom mas Semdeg es Sou
momadgenlebi rogor gauSvebd-
aranaklebi aqtiuroba gamoiCina
yovel zafxuls idgmeba da
nen xelidan Sanss, gaelanZRaT
da kidev erTxel daedanaSa-
sakuTari mosazrebis gamosaTqmelad da qarTuli tradici-
scenaris gaumjobesebazec ki
aravin iwuxebs Tavs: romelime
ulebinaT xelisufleba
ebisadmi~ erTgulebis
gazeTi an sxva mediasaSualeba
sakuTari qveynis mosaxleobis
garyvnasa da gadagvarebaSi
gamosaxatavad homofobTa im
nawilmac, romelsac oficialur
gaaSuqebs xolme romelime
qveyanaSi Catarebul geiaRlums,
da esaubraT xelisuflebis
mediaze ar miuwvdeboda xeli.
mere romelime politikosi
monawileobaze Tundac gazeTis
mier gamogonili aRlumis
geiaRlumi rom alias
Semogdebuli sagazeTo ixvi
kuluarul informaciaze
dayrdnobiT gaavrcelebs xmas
organizebaSi. saerTo isterias
aRmoCnda, maleve gacxadda,
imis Taobaze, rom sodom-go-
xelisuflebaze ganawyenebuli
inteligenciis is nawilic
magram, miuxedavad amisa,
Tbilisis forumis homofobi
moristebi CvenTan, aTaswlovani qristianuli tradiciis
SeuerTda, vinc Carecxilebs
momxmareblebis eqstazSi
mqone qveyanaSic ki, apireben
Tu Casarecxebs miakuTvna
Tavi. eklesiam sagangebo mimar-
Cavardnili da sakuTar fantaziebSi gaxlarTuli nawili
am aRlumis Catarebas mavanTa
mxardaWeriT da iwyeba aurzauri.
Tva gamoaqveyna, romelic im
kidev karga xnis manZilze
vneba, romliTac am speqtaklis
safrTxis generalizacias
isaxavda miznad, rac
avsebda aTobiT gverds imis
dawvrilebiTi aRweriTa da
monawileebi cdiloben daanaxon sxvebs (mayureblebs) da
geiaRlumis Catarebas SeeZlo
warmodgeniT, Tu sad, rogor
erTmaneTs poziciis erTianoba
moetana qveynisaTvis:
da ra formiT daarbevdnen
ararsebuli aRlumis
homoseqsualebTan da homoseqsualobasTan mimarTebaSi,
`Cven kidev erTxel gvinda
ararsebul monawileebs.
Tavisi simZafriT SeiZleba
ganvacxadoT, rom
gaukuRmarTebuli
dagrovili agresiis mizezebze
mxolod tradiciuli
Teatris~ _ qarTuli sufris _
seqsualuri urTierTobebi
saubari Sors wagviyvans.
im kulminaciur moments
aris mZime codva, romelic
unda iyos monaniebuli da
mniSvnelovani isaa, Tu vin,
saiT da vis winaaRmdeg mimar-
SevadaroT, roca erTianobis
eiforiuli gancdiT Sepyrobili
misi propaganda da sajaro
Tavs xolme aseT situaciaSi
SezarxoSebuli Tanameinaxeebi
Solidarity
93
#5(38)
STIGMA FREE
erTmaneTs Zmobas, siyvarulsa
da qarTuli tradiciebis
ZaxiliTa da aqciis monawileTa
cema-tyepiT dasrulda.
tis yvela SekiTxvaze miCurinis
vaSliviT erTi pasuxi aqvs da
erTgulebas umtkiceben. siZul-
rwmenis damcvelTa
saubars tangaSi gamowyobil
vilis yovelwliuri speqtakli
ki eklesiisa da Tavad patriar-
dausjelobiT gaTamamebulma
nawilma, rogorc Cans,
kacebis rusTavelze msvlelobiT iwyebs da amTavrebs.6
qis mimarT gamoTqmuli
sakmarisad ar CaTvala
madlobebiT mTavrdeba xolme:
sakuTari rwmenis
gansamtkiceblad universtetis
erisa da beris daSinebas mosalodneli aRlumiT saxalxo
rom ara sapatriarqo, dRes
kibeebTan TavSeyrili
marTlmadidebeli moZraobis
saqarTveloSi geebisa Tu
pederastebis aRlumi bare
adamianebis gineba (aqciis erTerTi monawile samsarTuliani
uliderod darCenili wevrebi
da partia Tavisuflebis
aTjer iqneboda
ginebis Semdeg xmamaRla yviris:
erT-erTi wevri lado sadRo-
Catarebuli... rom ara Cveni
uwmindesi, dRes bevri
visac gvjera, rom marTlmadideblebi varT, Wadrakis
belaSvili ganagrZnobdnen. am
ukanasknelma gazeT yvela
ukanalze wasmuli pomadiT
sasaxlisaken daviZraT) da
siaxlisaTvis~ micemul
ivlida. SeiZleba paradze
mTavrobis Cinosnebi ar
ramdenime dRis Semdeg ieriSi
telekompania kavkasiaze~
interviuSi xelaxla
gaacocxla miTi cisferTa
gamosuliyvnen, romlebsac
miitana, rodesac studiaSi
SeTqmulebis~ Sesaxeb,
ukanalze da tuCebze
pomada usviaT, magram
swored ilias universitetTan
momxdari incidentis ganxilva
romelsac sakmaod aqtiurad
iyenebdnen aRorZinebis
aqcia~ mainc Catardeboda.4
mimdinareobda. kavkasiis
maSindeli liderebi
1998-2003 wlebSi:
eklesiidan wamosulma
incidentSi monawile adamianebis
erTi nawilis dakavebam da
protestma gamoiRo is,
moZraobis lideris kanongare-
TviTmmarTvelobis
rom es aRar moxdeba.
es iyo dagegmili Tu
Sed gamocxadebam cota xniT
Caacxro winasaarCevno homo-
arCevnebamde ori kviriT
adre saqarTveloSi
ar iyo dagegmili, es
fobiuri vnebaTaRelva mediaSi.
Camovida ormocdaaTamde
RmerTma icis~.5
incidentTan dakavSirebiT
sakuTari pozicia saqarTvelos
ucxoeli gei, Seikribnen
sastumro redisonSi~,
wlevandeli weli SedarebiT
marTlmadidebelma eklesiamac
Caicves wiTeli kabebi da
gamorCeuli gaxldaT. amas
winasaarCevnod Seqmnili axali
gamoxata marTlmadidebel
mSobelTa kavSiris~ sulieri
qarTvel geebTan erTad
gairepeticies.
sajaro subieqtis saxalxo
lideris erisa da eklesiisTvis
marTlmadidebluri moZraobis
liderTa sajaro ritorikaSi
gaweuli RvawlisTvis~
daajildoebiT.
siZulvilis enis (gansakuTre-
_ ra qnes?
_ gairepeticies. ukve aRar
biT homoseqsualTa winaaRmdeg)
uxvad gamoyenebamac Seuwyo
adgilobrivi arCevnebis
dasrulebis Semdeg presaSi
malaven, rom agvistoSi
TbilisSi geebis pirveli
xeli. moZraobis axalgazr-
aqa-iq, iSviaTad Tu gaielvebda
aRlumis gamarTvas
dulma frTam (win) ki aqtiuri
homofobiuri kampania
mosalodneli praidis Tema,
isic ukonteqstod da naZala-
apireben... amis Sesaxeb
siuJeti erT-erT
wamoiwyo socialur qselebSi.
devad, gamoyolili inerciis
satelevizio arxzec
presasa da teleeTerSi
ZaliT. sxvagvarad verc
Sevafaseb saerTo gazeTSi~
gavida... ar aris ise,
TiTqos e.w. seqsualuri
gakeTebul homofobiur
gamoqveynebul intervius goga
umciresobis
gancxadebebs 4 maiss ilias
universtetTan dapirispireba
xaindravasTan, romelsac adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
warmomadgeneli erTi-ori
kacia. isini bevrni arian,
mohyva, rac liberastebos
arCevnebze saubrisas Jurnalis-
Tanac, mizandasaxuli
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
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solidaroba
gegmiT _ 1987 wels
gamocemuli manifestiT
axloblebi, visi saSualebiTac
vigebT aseT informaciebs~, _
rCeba gzavnili, romelic am
manifestaciebs axlavs Tan.
moqmedeben~.7
pasuxobs saqarTvelos kaTo-
arada, homoseqsualTa
maikl sviftis geimanifesti8,
likos-patriarqis mdivani mama
miqael botkoveli netgaze-
uflebebisaTvis brZolas
xanmokle, Tumca mdidari da
romelzec, savaraudod, saub-
Tis Jurnalistis SekiTxvas.9
saintereso istoria aqvs.
robs sadRobelaSvili, swored
sazogadoebrivi moralis
calke sakiTxia, Tu ratom ukav-
meore msoflio omis Semdgom,
winaaRmdeg moqmedebasa da
Sirdeba ase mWidrod homofob-
dasavluri samyaros
homoseqsualobis propagandis~ im usafuZvlo bralde-
Ta fantaziebi geiaRlumebTan
dakavSirebiT maincadamainc
politikur da samarTlebriv
cxovrebaSi axali era daiwyo.
bebis sapasuxod daiwera, raSic
tangaSi gamowyobil mamakacebs.
totalitaruli reJimebisaT-
dRes CvenTan cdiloben lgbt
adamianebis dadanaSaulebas.
sanaxaobas daxarbebuli mediis
vis damaxasiaTebelma damokidebulebam gansxvavebulobi-
warmomadgenlebisaTvis ucxo-
sadmi, siZulvilis propagandam,
asea Tu ise, agvistoSi baTumSi
dagegmili geipraidis Sesaxeb
eTSi gamarTuli geipradebis
gaSuqebisas TvalSisacemi
orma msoflio omma, civilizebuli samyaro axali amocanebis
gavrcelebuli Woris saTaves
mxolod boaTi morTuli da
winaSe daayena. sazogadoebam
dRemde veravin miakvlia:
dazustebuli informacia arc
maRal quslebze Semdgari
drag-quinebi da transvistitebi
sakuTar Tavze iwvnia, Tu ra
Sedegebi SeiZleba moitanos
Cven gagvaCnia. Cven gvyavs
arian da sruliad waukiTxavi
antiliberalizmma. axali
gazeT `baTumelebis~ arqividan
Solidarity
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#5(38)
msoflio wesrigis safuZvlad
gaeros wesdebaSi gacxadebuli
STIGMA FREE
policiis TviTnebobis
gasaprotesteblad.
adamianis uflebebi, misi
marSs. miuxedavad amisa, arsad,
arcerT qveyanaSi, geipraidebi
ar rCeba mxolod quCis Teat-
pirovnuli Rirseba da Tavisufleba, qalisa da mamakacis
swored stounvolis amboxs
ukavSirdeba uflebebis damc-
ralizebul warmodgenad.
msvlelobis kostiumirebuli
Tanasworuflebianoba Tu didi
velTa yovelwliuri msvlelo-
monawileebisa da mowveuli
da patara erebis Tanasworoba
iqna miCneuli.
bebi, romelTac homoseqsualTa
samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis
Soumenebis paralelurad
praidis monawile aqtivistebis
brZolis pionerebma siamayis
umetesoba msvlelobas samoqa-
60-iani wlebidan, demokratiuli
moZraobis zogadi gaZlierebis
marSi~ (pride parade) uwodes. es
lozungi protestis gamoxatvis
laqo Tanasworobis Sesaxeb
sakmaod prozauli~ moTxov-
fonze, geebisa da lesboselTa
erT-erTi forma iyo im mraval-
nebiTa da lozungebiT miuyveba.
uflebebisaTvis brZolam
radikaluri xasiaTi miiRo. misi
wliani mcdelobis sapasuxod,
romelsac sazogadoeba mimar-
geipraidebis Teatralizaciis
axali lideri, frank kemeni,
Tavda, raTa adamianebisaTvis
procesebi, erTi mxriv,
amtkicebda, rom sazogadoebisagan gulmowyaleba ki ar unda
maTi kanis ferisa10 Tu
seqsualuri orientaciis gamo
asocirdeba Sua saukuneebis
karnavalur tradiciebTan da
eTxovaT, aramed ebrZolaT
danaSaulisa da sircxvilis
uxvad iyenebs misTvis damaxa-
samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis
sxva umciresobebTan erTad.
gancda Caenerga.
siaTebel iseT elementebs,
rogoricaa sanaxaobisaTvis
amgvarma radikalizmma ganxeT-
mogvianebiT, uflebadamcvelTa
masobrivi xasiaTis micema,
qileba gamoiwvia homofibiur
moZraobaSi.
masobrivma gamosvlebma zogierT qveyanaSi Teatralizebuli
materialur-sxeulebriv
sawyisze orientacia, skabre-
saxe miiRo da ufro sanaxaob-
zuloba, groteski, gadacma da
liberaluri yaidis liderebi,
romlebic cdilobdnen sazo-
rivi gaxda.
sxv. Tumca msgavseba am SemTxvevaSi mxolod garegnulia.
gadoeba sakuTar uwyinarobaSi
geipraidebis komercializaci-
Suasaukuneobrivi karnavali
daerwmunebinaT, meore
flangze aRmoCndnen da
asa da karnavalizacias bevri
mowinaaRmdege hyavs Tavad
pirvel yovlisa Tavdayira
abrunebs kulturisaTvis
TandaTan gauCinardnen. axali
lgbt aqtivistebs Sorisac,
damaxasiaTebel orpolusian
liderebi ki aqtiur moqmedebaze gadavidnen. regularulad
metadre iseT qveynebSi, sadac
gansakuTrebulad Zlieria
normatiul samyaros, riTac
xazs usvams mis pirobiTobasa da
awyobdnen mitingebsa da
homofobia. isini Tvlian, rom
winaaRmdegobriobas. amgvari
saprotesto demonstraciebs,
ar eridebodnen policiasTan
msvlelobis forma auferulebs
Sinaarss da ukana planze
simboluri inversia seqsualur
da genderul normebzec
Setakebasac. 60-iani wlebis
gadaaqvs is mniSvnelovani prob-
vrceldeboda da amis magali-
miwuruls did qalaqebSi geilesbi moZraoba im droisaTvis
lemebi, rac lgbt adamianebis
diskriminacias ukavSirdeba.
Tebi qarTul eTnografiaSic
uxvad mogvepoveba. sakmarisia
popularul hipebisa da
maTi mowinaaRmdegeebi ki
Tundac yeenoba-berikaobis
bitnikebis moZraobasTan
gadaikveTa, ramac kidev ufro
fiqroben, rom samoqalaqo
uflebebisaTvis brZolis
miviwyebuli tradicia gavixsenoT, romlis drosac skabre-
gazarda misi masStabebi.
ZiriTadi miznebi ukve miRweulia.
zuli oxunjobani, TamaSobaTa
liberaluridan radikalur
moZraobaze gadasvlis simbo-
sadResaswaulo msvleloba ki
mravaldRiani festivalis
erotikuli xasiaTica da
gadacmac dResaswaulis
lur zRvarad stounvolis
erT-erT Semadgenel RonisZi-
Tanmdevi elementi iyo.
amboxia miCneuli, rodesac
aTasobiT gei, lesboseli da
ebas warmoadgens, romelic
braziliur karnavals ufro
`fSavSi yofnisas
maTi mxardamWeri gamovida
waagavs, vidre saprotesto
Saiyrebodnen berikaebi,
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
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solidaroba
biWeb iyvnen. qalis formas
Caicomdnen, baRdads
ra unda iyos imaze
mSvenieri, vidre raRac
kulturul sivrces ayalibebdes, romelic saerTo iqneboda
daixuravdes, axalgazrdebi
qaluri mamakacur
am adamianebisaTvis (winaaRm-
etyodes ufrosebs,
magvamzadeniTav. biWebi
mamakacSi; ra unda iyos
imaze mSvenieri, vidre
deg SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebebi
ar unda arsebobdes
Caicvamdes qalis jubebs,
mamakacuri qalur qalSi...
heteroseqsuali adamianebis
qalebi biWebis tansacmels
da ulvaSebs daixatavdes~.11
kempis androginul
mewyviles warmoadgens
mier Seqmnil kulturul
sivrceSic). stili gemovnebis
erTi SexedviT sruliad
sakiTxia da kavSiri ara aqvs
karnavali, rogorc sakraluris
profanaciis Tundac droSi
gansxvavebuli, magram
sinamdvileSi moklebuli am
arc genderul identobasTan
da arc orientaciasTan. am
SemosazRvruli aqti, bunebri-
Tvisebas: gazviadebuli
mravalferovan erTianobas,
via, eklesiis mxridan mowonebas
ver daimsaxurebda.
seqsualuri daxasiaTebisadmi da personaluri
rasac lesboseli, gei, biseqsuali da transgenderi
manerulobisadmi gamZaf-
adamianebi qmnian TavianTi
damokidebuleba, romelic
dRes morwmuneTa da eklesiis
rebuli gemovneba... kempi
triumfia stilisa,
subkulturebiTa da cxovrebis
stiliT, mxolod erTi ram
msaxurTa erT nawils aqvs
romelic ar ganasxvavebs
akavSirebs da es erTi ram,
saxalxo dResaswaulebis,
Teatrisa da karnavalebis
sqesebs (mamakacis~ da
qalis~, pirovnebis~ da
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
homofobiaa.
mimarT, romlebic niRbebis
nivTis~ urTierTSenacv-
ubralo TamaSad iqca, swored
Sua saukuneebis epoqis eklesiis
lebadoba)...~. kempis erTerTi mTavari momentia
imis Taobaze, Tu vin idga
amjerad antigeipraidis ukan da
pozicias waagavs (oriode wlis
seriozulobis moxsna...
ra iyo realuri mizezi axali
win darbeuli helouenis
magaliTi gaixseneT Tundac).
sworxazovani seriozulobis
gadalaxvis tradiciuli
isteriis agorebisa, bevrnairi
varaudi gamoiTqva _ nawilma es
saSualebebi _ ironia,
sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxe-
Suasakuneobriv karnavalur
tradiciasTan geipraidebis
satira _ amJamad sustad
gamoiyurebian. isini veRar
bidan moqalaqeTa yuradRebis
gadatanis mizniT Tavad
msgavsebis garegnul formas
Seesabamebian im datvir-
xelisuflebis mier mowyobil
Segnebulad gavusvi xazi, radgan SeuZlebelia erT katego-
Tul garemos, romelSic
mwifdeba Tanamedrove
provokaciad CaTvala, zogi
amas saxelmwifosTvis mrevlis
riaSi moaqcio da ise imsjelo
mgrZnobeloba. kemps
dapirispirebis kidev erT
travestis Teatralur
ampluaze, iniciaciis procesis
Semoaqvs axali standarti:
xelovnuroba, rogorc
mcdelobad miiCnevs, sxvani
piriqiT _ Tvlian, rom
Tanmxleb genderuli rolebis
ideali, Teatraluroba12~.
erTmaneTs gadaxveuli meriis
inversiaze, karnavalur
transvestizmsa da seqsualur
kempur gemovnebasa da geisub-
(Tu sakrebulos) warmomadgeneli da mRvdeli homoseqsua-
orientaciaze an Tundac
kulturas Soris arsebul
lebTan mimarTebaSi erTiani
genderul identobaze.
kavSirebze saubrisas, sontagi
xazs usvams, rom es ori cneba
poziciis gamovlenas emsaxureboda, zogis azriT, es eklesiaSi
Tanamedrove Teatralizebuli
ar emTxveva erTmaneTs.
mimdinare Zalauflebis
geipraidebis dasaxasiaTeblad
gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
bunebrivia da TavisTavad
SeuZlebelic, adamianis seqsu-
gadanawilebis procesis
garegnuli gamoxatuleba iyo.
amerikeli kulturologisa da
alobis iseTi maxasiaTebeli,
eseistis, siuzan sontagis
mier Semotanili cneba kempi
rogoric seqsualuri
orientacia da/an genderuli
arcerTi am versiaTagani araa
safuZvels moklebuli, Tumca
ufro upriani iqneboda:
identobaa, raime universalur
amjerad vin vis daanaxa Zala
Solidarity
97
STIGMA FREE
#5(38)
da/an erTianoba, naklebad
mainteresebs. ufro mniSvnelo-
cxadi xdeba, rom homofobia
seriozuli problemaa Cvens
van problemad kardakar (Tu
qveyanaSi da meore _ Zaladobis
bardabar) jvrebiT mosiarule
mrevli mimaCnia, romelic
gamovlena (Tundac simboluri
saxiT) nakleb adgils tovebs
homoseqsualebis ZebniT iyo
socialuri indiferentulobi-
dakavebuli mTeli dRis
ganmavlobaSi, maTive sityvebiT
saTvis.
rom vTqvaT, am adamianebis
qalaqidan gasaZeveblad (Cven
maT gamovrekavT yvela
dawesebulebidan).
Tavad msvlelobis organizatorebma aqcias qadageba
uwodes da xazgasmiT acxadebdnen, rom Zaladobis
winaaRmdegni arian. ramdenad
SeiZleba uwodo qadageba~
sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebSi
SeWras mtrebis~ mosaZebnad da
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
funqciebis SeTavsebas (msvlelobisa da manifestaciebis
Sesaxeb nebarTvis gacema/akrZalvas vgulisxmob), gaugebaria.
politikosTa homofobiuri
gamonaTqvamebisa da Zaladobisaken mowodebis paralelurad,
aranakleb mniSvnelovnad
mimaCnia simboluri dominirebis
problemac, roca garkveuli
socialuri jgufi da/an
instituti, sakuTari gavlenis
SeniSvnebi:
1
2
3
4
sferos gasazrdelad cdilobs
sazogadoebis yvela fenaze
gaavrcelos sakuTari Zalaufleba da upirobo kontroli
gamoacxados sajaro sivrceze.
araerTxel miTqvams da kidev
gavimeoreb, amgvar procesebs
dadebiTi mxarec aqvs _ erTi
mxriv, bevri adamianisaTvis,
vinc ar miekuTvneba lgbt
jgufs da uSualod ar ganicdis
diskriminaciasa da zewolas,
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
gazeTi àlia~, # 41, 12-13 aprili, 2007 weli. `foTSi cisferebi da lesboselebi saidumlo SekrebisaTvis emzadebian~.
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmindesisa da unetaresis
ilia I I-is gancxadeba 2007 wels gazeT àlias~ mier dagegmil geiaRlumTan
dakavSirebiT.
mediakvlevam sami aseTi antrepreniori gamoavlina: media, politikosebi da
eklesia.
gazeTi `kviris qronika~, #37, 24-30 seqtemberi. avtori: gela zedelaSvili.
rom ara ilia meore, dRes bevri ukanalze wasmuli pomadiT ivlida.
`netgazeTi~, 2010.08.26. mrevli homoseqsualebs eZebs. http://netgazeti.ge/GE/
22/Life/2294
`saerTo gazeTi~. 2010-06-09. Tu vinme lobirebs gei-paradis Catarebas saqarTveloSi, erT-erTi mamuka axvlediania.
http://www.ambebi.ge/sazogadoeba/22065-agvistoshi-thbilisshi-geebis-aghlumis-gamarthvasgegmaven.html#ixzz12gaxgAo4
http://rainbowallianceopenfaith.homestead.com/GayAgendaSwiftText.html
http://netgazeti.ge/GE/22/News/2280/
60-ian wlebSi rasobrivi segregaciis winaaRmdeg mebrZolTa mier organizebuli manifestaciebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani lozungi swored ase JRerda:
me Savkaniani var da vamayob amiT~ (I am black and I am proud).
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloristikis kaTedris arqivi.
siuzan sontagi. radikaluri nebis stilebi. Targmani SoTa iaTaSvilisa. gamomcemloba lomisi. Tbilisi. 1999.
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
98
orientiri
solidaroba
meamboxe
vladimer bukovski
fridon sayvareliZe
`_ Cven gadavkveTeT sabWoTa
_ da Cemi ganaCeni? is
sazRvari da oficialurad
gauqmebulia?
unda gangicxadoT, rom Tqven
gaZevebuli xarT sabWoTa
_ ara, ganaCeni ZalaSi rCeba.
kavSiris teritoriidan.
_ gaqvT raime gankarguleba
_ eg rogor, gamodis, rom me
ardadegebze an SvebulebaSi
an dadgenileba?
myofi patimari var?
_ ara, araferi gvaqvs.
_ ho, TiTqos egrea...
Solidarity
99
#5(38)
orientiri
... ucnauri gadawyvetilebaa,
yvela sabWoTa kanonis sawi-
dekemberSi ùdreki~ luis
korvalani Ciles romeliRac
lad ricxavda mis angariSze
senatoris xelfass), iyida
naaRmdego. da amis mere
banakidan gaaTavisufles da
mdidruli vila santiagos
iTxoven, rom maTi kanonebi
seriozulad miviRoT. arc
sabWoTa kavSirSi Camoiyvanes.
is vladimir bukovskiSi
SemogarenSi da mSvidad
ganlia siberis wlebi. is sul
cixeSi Casma SeuZliaT kano-
gacvales, rasac win
axlaxan, 2010 wlis ivlisSi,
nierad, arc ganTavisufleba.
mxiaruli saxelmwifoa, ar
politbiuros gadawyvetileba
uZRoda. gacvla moxda
94 wlis asakSi gardaicvala.
moiwyen~.
SveicariaSi, sadac borkileb-
ase mTavrdeba gamoCenili
dadebuli bukovski
specialuri TviTmfrinaviT
rusi disidentis vladimir
Caiyvanes mravalricxovani
vladimir bukovski 1942 wlis
bukovskis wigni `da brundeba
qari~1. zemoT moyvanili
badragis TanxlebiT.
Semdgom, 1983 wels, korva-
30 dekembers daibada baSkireTis qalaq belebeiSi. mamis
saubari ki gaimarTa 1976 wlis
lans plastikuri
mxridan misi winaprebi ekate-
dekemberSi, politbiuros
dadgenilebiT gamoyofil
operaciebiT sruliad
Seucvales garegnoba da
rine I I dros ruseTSi Camosaxlebuli germanelebi iyvnen.
specialur TviTmfrinavSi,
`mniSvnelovani davalebebis
rus disident vladimir
bukovskisa da sabWoTa kgb-s
Sesasruleblad~ yalbi
dokumentebiT kvlav CileSi
rodesac 14 wlis bukovskim
moismina xruSCovis moxseneba
maRalCinosan oficers Soris.
gadaisroles. xolo mas
`pirovnebis kultis Sesaxeb~,
disidenti bukovski Cilel
komunist korvalanze
Semdeg, rac generali
pinoCeti xelisuflebas
is mtkice antikomunisti
gaxda. 1959 wels skolidan
gasacvlelad mihyavdaT. sul
Camoscilda, korvalani
garicxes xelnaweri Jurnalis
male SezarxoSebuli sabWoTa
proletarebi aseT kupletebs
milioneri ara, magram Zalian
mdidari adamiani ki namdvilad
gamocemisTvis. daamTavra
saRamos skola. 1960-62 wlebSi
RiRinebdnen:
gaxda (cixeSi yofnis dros
iyo erT-erTi organizatori
Ciles xelisufleba akuratu-
(iuri galanskisTan, vladimir
mxolod faqtebi
Îáìåíÿëè Êîðâàëàíà
Íà Âîëîäüêó-õóëèãàíà.
Ãäå á íàéòè òàêóþ á...ü,
×òîá íà Ë¸íüêó îáìåíÿòü?
sabWoTa moqalaqeebs am antisabWoTa kupletis mTavar
gmirad mainc sabWoTa lideri
_ leonid breJnevi _ warmoedginaT, romelsac isini,
rogorc teqsti irwmuneba,
romelime msubuqi yofaqcevis
qalSic ki siamovnebiT gacvlidnen. sabWoTa moqalaqeTa
umravlesobam arc ki icoda
vin iyo valodka-xuligani da
arc Cileli komunistebis
liderze amosdioda mze da
mTvare. maT mxolod is
icodnen, rom 1976 wlis
leonid breJnevi gulSi ikravs amxanag `luCos~
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
100
solidaroba
osipovTan, eduard kuznecovTan erTad) moskovSi vladi-
moaTavses, sadac mas 1966 wlis
ivlisamde `mkurnalobdnen~.
mir maiakovskis ZeglTan
Jurnalistebs, romlebSic
aRwera politikuri patimrebis
bedi da maT mimarT
gamarTuli Sekrebebisa (e. w.
`maiakovkebisa~), romlis
1967 wlis 22 ianvars moskovSi,
puSkinis moedanze, mcireric-
gamoyenebuli fsiqiatriuli
represiebi, riTac informa-
monawileni sajarod kiTxu-
xovani demonstracia tarde-
cia `sadamsjelo fsiqiatriis~
lobdnen akrZaluli poetebis
_ axmatovas, mandelStamis,
boda. axalgazrdebis jgufi
aprotestebda politikuri
Sesaxeb sajaro gaxada. is
oficialurad gaafrTxiles,
gumiliovis da sxvaTa leqsebs.
braldebiT aleqsandr
rom kvlav daapatimrebdnen,
aq da studentur garemocvaSi
gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis
ginzburgis, iuri galanskis
da sxvaTa dapatimrebas.
Tuki ar Sewyvetda informaciis gadacemas dasavleTSi
gamo bukovski garicxes
demonstrantebi myisve daa-
ssrk-Si adamianis uflebebis
moskovis universitetis
biologia-niadagmcodneobis
kaves. maT Soris iyo bukovski,
romelic amjerad sasamarT-
darRvevis Sesaxeb. mas aSkarad da demonstraciulad
fakultetidan. misi binis
lom fsiqikurad janmrTelad
uTvalTvalebdnen. miuxedavad
Cxrekisas amoiRes nabeWdi
teqsti, romelic kgb-m
miiCnia da, rogorc aqciis
organizatori, sami wliT
amisa, 1971 wlis damdegs man
Ria weriliT mimarTa sazRvar-
`komkavSiris dangrevis
banakebSi gaamwesa. moskovis
gareTel eqim fsiqiatrebs da
Tezisebad~ monaTla.
saqalaqo sasamarTloSi
gamarTul procesze bukovskim
werils Tan daurTo cnobili
disidentebis _ petre grigo-
1963 wlis maisSi bukovski
araTu ar aRiara danaSauli,
renkos, natalia gorbanevska-
daapatimres iugoslaveli
komunist-revizionistis
aramed reJimis sawinaaRmdego
mwvave sityviTac gamovida. es
ias, valeria novodvorskaias
sasamarTlo-fsiqiatriuli
milovan jilasis sabWoTa
sityva farTod gavrcelda
eqspertizis daskvnebis
kavSirSi akrZaluli wignis _
àxali klasis~ _ fotoaslis
SemdgomSi `samizdatis~
meSveobiT2.
aslebi, romelTa ZaliTac es
adamianebi Seuracxadad iyv-
damzadebisaTvis misi
Semdgomi gavrcelebis mizniT
(axal klasSi jilasi gulisx-
nen gamocxadebulni. am masaai, am sityvis daskvniTi
nawili:
mobda socialisturi banakis
lebiT TvalnaTliv dasturdeboda, rom politikuri
braldebiT dakavebuli da
qveynebis biurokratias,
rogorc koleqtiur eqsplo-
...damnaSave is ki ar aris,
visac nagavi saxlidan gareT
sasjelmisjili disidentebi
iZulebiT fsiqiatriul
atators). sasamarTlom
gaaqvs, aramed is, vinc am
`mkurnalobas~ gadiodnen,
bukovski Seuracxadad cno, ris
gamoc is 1965 wlis Tebervlam-
nagavs yris. da ramdeni xniTac
unda momiwios sapyrobileSi
ramac maT sulier mdgomareobas mZime ziani miayena. 1971
de iZulebiTi mkurnalobis
yofna, sakuTar rwmenas
wels bukovski meoTxed
mizniT leningradis
specialur fsiqiatriul
arasdros uarvyof da gamovTqvam kidec mas... guli ki
daakaves, amjerad ukanasknelad. dakavebas win uZRoda
saavadmyofoSi imyofeboda.
mxolod imaze mwydeba, rom im
statia gazeT `pravdaSi~,
1965 wlis dekemberSi bukovski
kvlav daakaves, rogorc
mokle xanSi _ 1 weli, 2 Tve
da 3 dRe _ romelic cixis
romelSic mas borot xuligans
uwodebdnen. 1972 wels mos-
`sajaroobis mitingis~ erT-
gareT davyavi, amisaTvis
kovis saqalaqo sasamarTlom
erTi organizatori. mitingi
puSkinis moedanze gaimarTa
Zalian cotas gakeTeba
movaswari~.
mas rsfsr sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis 70-e muxlis pirveli
dapatimrebuli mwerlebis
nawilisaTvis (àntisabWoTa
andrei siniavskisa da iuri
danielis dasacavad. is isev
sasjelis moxdis Semdeg, 1970
wels bukovskim ramdenime
agitacia da propaganda~)
gaTvaliswinebuli umaRlesi
fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi
interviu misca dasavlel
sasjeli miusaja _ 7-wliani
Solidarity
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#5(38)
orientiri
patimroba: 2 wlis sapyrobileSi gatareba plus 5 wliT
tis biologiis fakultetis
damTavreba bukovskisTvis
disidentebma bukovski ruseTis
prezidentobis kandidatad
gadasaxleba. sasjels vladi-
principuli sakiTxi iyo),
wamoayenes, Tumca saarCevno
miris cixeSi, Semdeg ki permis
banakebSi ixdida. iq yofnis
daiwyo muSaoba, dawera
ramdenime wigni, maT Soris
komisiam is registraciaSi ar
gaatara, rogorc sxva
dros Tavis Tanabanakel
mraval enaze naTargmni `da
qveyanaSi mcxovrebi piri
semion gluzmanTan erTad
dawera man gaxmaurebuli
brundeba qari~, `rusi mogzauris werilebi~, `moskovis
(TiTqos im sxva qveyanaSi
sakuTari nebiT wavida!).
wigni _ `fsiqiatriis saxelmZ-
procesi~; kiTxulobda
Rvanelo disidentebisaTvis~.
leqciebs politologiaSi.
male man didi britaneTis
bevri megobrisgan gansxvavebiT
bukovski komunisturi tota-
1974 wels, rogorc `reJimis
moqalaqeoba miiRo. 1989 wlis
litarizmisadmi Ria dapiris-
boroti damrRvevi~, kvlav
vladimiris cixeSi daabrunes.
zafxulSi bukovski ssrk-Si
Cavida. is TviTmfrinavis
pirebis momxre iyo, Tumca
brZolis sxva, maT Soris
sul cixeebSi, banakebsa da
trapidanve xelSi aitaces da
konspiraciul, meTodebsac
specialur fsiqiatriul
saavadmyofoebSi 12 weli
manqanamde ase miiyvanes.
moskovSi sul ramdenime dRes
ganixilavda.
gaatara.
gaCerda, Caatara preskonfe-
bukovski im erTeul disiden-
amasobaSi bukovskis
renciac, romelzec warmoTqva
cnobili fraza: `Tavisufle-
tebs miekuTvneba, vinc arasdros wasula kompromisze
mxardamWerma saerTaSoriso
bis gareSe Zexvi ar geqnebaT!~
sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan.
kampaniam arnaxul masStabebs
miaRwia, rac werilis
1992 wels boris elcinma is
igi uars ambobda garigebebze
da amitomac yvelaze mkacr
dasawyisSi aRwerili cnobili
eqspertis statusiT miiwvia
sasjelebs iRebda. korvalanze
gacvliT dasrulda.
komunisturi partiis winaaRmdeg gamarTul sasamarTlo
gasacvlelad swored is
SearCies, rogorc àRzrdis~
procesze. bukovski SeuSves
TvalsazrisiT sruliad
sabWoTa saidumlo arqivebSi,
maT Soris kgb-s arqivSic,
uimedo. iseTive Seurigebeli
èqstremistia~ is dResac,
sabWoTa kavSiridan gaZevebis
sadac mas saSualeba hqonda
liberalebs Sorisac.
Semdeg, maleve, `xuligani~
bukovski TeTr saxlSi prezi-
enaxa aTasobiT sruliad
saidumlo dokumenti, ro-
vladimir bukovski axlac
dentma karterma miiRo.
melTa aslebic xelis skanerisa
imis winaaRmdeg ibrZvis, rom
didma britaneTma ki
politikuri TavSesafari
da `nouTbukis~ saSualebiT
gadaiRo da ganumeorebeli
ar SeiZleba adamians Tavs
moaxvio ideologia, romlisac
misca. bukovski samudamod
arqivi Seqmna3. swored am
mas ar swams. es danaSaulia,
darCa did britaneTSi.
dasaxlda kembrijSi, daamTav-
dokumentebze dayrdnobiT
dawera man cnobili wigni
da sulerTia am danaSauls
vin Caidens, komunistebi Tu
ra kembrijis universitetis
`moskovis procesi~. ar
`politkoreqtuli~ adamianebi.
biologiis fakulteti neirofiziologis specialobiT
daizaroT am misamarTze
Sesvla da arqivis
amitom bukovski dRes iseve
akritikebs `fetiSizmamde
(gexsomebaT albaT, rom Tavis
daTvaliereba. aq uaRresad
misul dasavlur gatacebas~,
droze is moskovis universitetis biologiis fakulte-
saintereso, skandalur da
bevr komikur dokumentsac
magaliTad, genderuli sakiTxebiT, an kidev evrokavSirSi
tidan jer garicxes, Semdeg
waawydebiT.
arsebul biurokratiul
ki mudam axsenebdnen mis
arasrul ganaTlebas. swored
2008 wels cnobilma mecnie-
problemebs, rogorc adre
akritikebda komunistur
amitom kembrijis universite-
rebma, mwerlebma da yofilma
reJims. didi xmauri mohyva
kembrijis mkvidri
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
102
solidaroba
bukovskis gamosvlas bulgareTSi 2009 wels, sadac is
àxali orueliseuli epoqis~
dadgomis Sesaxeb saubrobda.
_ rogor bedav ase laparaks,
mTeli sabWoTa xalxi enTuziazmiT aSenebs komunizms.
_ mTelma sabWoTa xalxma dae
SeiZleba gavixsenoT misi
amaswinandeli vizitic TbilisSi, sadac bukovskim
aSenos, magram me xom sabWoTa
xalxi ara var~.
gulianad acina msmeneli,
rodesac evrokavSiris
romeliRac biurokratiuli
aparatis dadgenileba gaacno,
romlis mixedviTac
evrokavSiris teritoriaze
aseTi iyo axalgazrda bukovski, aseTia is dResac _ ukompromiso, mtkice, gabeduli,
mizanswrafuli.
fermeri ver miiRebs
licenzias, Tu fermaSi ar
iqneba saTanado raodenobis
feradi burTebi Rorebis
gasarTobad.
dameTanxmebiT albaT, rom
bevri `principuli~ adamianic
ki, meti rom ar vTqvaT,
aaridebda Tavs am Temebze
saubars. magram es xom
bukovskia, meamboxe, mas
sxvagvarad ar SeuZlia.
Tavis erT-erT publikaciaSi
bukovski ixsenebs mis pirvel
saubars kgb-s gamomZiebelTan:
`16 wlisa var da ai, is meubneba:
_ risTvis gZulvarT ase?
me vpasuxob: _ RmerTma damifaros, me Tqven ar mZulxarT,
me, ubralod, ar mjera imisa,
rasac Tqven akeTebT. Tqven
gindaT komunizmis aSeneba,
ki, batono, aSeneT, magram me
ar minda. ar SeiZleba ise
movawyoT, rom Cems or
SeniSvnebi:
kvadratul metrze ar
vaSeno komunizmi? Tqven
1
aSeneT irgvliv, me xels ar
2
giSliT, magram ai aq me ar
minda amis keTeba.
3
bibliografiul iSviaTobad qceuli am wignis eleqtronuli versiis
naxva SesaZlebelia misamarTze: http://www.vehi.net/samizdat/bukovsky.html
am sityvis eleqtronuli versia ixileT misamarTze: http://antology. igrunov.ru/
authors/bukovsky/last_word. html
arqivis misamarTia: http://bukovsky- archives.net/
Solidarity
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#5(38)
sekularizacia
sekularizacia
da sekularizaciis bedi
saqarTveloSi
zaal andronikaSvili, giorgi maisuraZe
Tanamedrove erebis Camoyalibeba uSualod ukavSirdeba
sekularizaciis da modernizaciis paralelur da urTierTdamokidebul procesebs
process. maTi ganxilvis
gareSe SeuZlebelia saubari
saqarTvelos nacionalur
saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis
Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove saqarTvelos istoriis am kuTxiT
wakiTxva bevr jerac upasuxo
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi
dagvexmareboda imdenad, ramdenadac aqtualuri politikuri ganviTareba uSualod
ukavSirdeba im istoriul
process, romelic XIX saukuneSi daiwyo da romlis mizanic
axali qarTuli erovnuli da
saxelmwifoebrivi TviTSegnebis
Camoyalibeba iyo. qarTuli
saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis
istorias winamdebare
statiaSi swored sekulariis
prizmiT ganvixilavT.
Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelos
uaxlesi politikuri istoriis
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
104
ramdenime niSandoblivi
momenti gavixsenoT, romelic,
Cveni azriT, pirdapir ukavSirdeba TemaTa kompleqss,
romlis polusebze sekularizacia da kontrsekularizacia
SegviZlia movaTavsoT.
2007 w. 11 oqtombers saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi
ilia I I politikuri iniciativiT gamovida, romelsac
sazogadoebis didma nawilma
da opoziciuri partiebis
umravlesobam dauWira mxari.
patriarqis mosazrebiT,
monarqiis restavracia
(konstituciuri monarqiis
SemoReba) gaxdeboda teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis
da erovnuli integraciis
gadamwyveti faqtori. patriarqis iniciativa qarTul
politikur diskursSi SeiZleboda SemTxveviTadac migveCnia,
politikur artikulaciaTa
seriaSi rom ar ewerebodes.
es seria xelisuflebis,
opoziciis da sazogadoebis
solidaroba
dapirispirebas zedapirulad
warmoaCens da politikuri
azrovnebis meqanizmis planSi
mis siRrmiseul erTianobaze
migvaniSnebs.
2004 w. saqarTvelos axalma
prezidentma, mixeil saakaSvilma inauguraciis Semdeg
daviT aRmaSeneblis saflavze
dado fici, cota xnis Semdeg,
germaniaSi vizitisas, SekiTxvaze, romel evropas ekuTvnis
saqarTvelo, Zvels Tu axals,
upasuxa, saqarTvelo uZveles
evropas ekuTvniso.
mixeil saakaSvilis inauguracia Tavis mxriv gagrZeleba
iyo eduard SevardnaZis mier
politikur reprezentaciaSi
danergili resakralizaciisa
(SevardnaZis inauguracia
sveticxovlis taZarSi 1995 w.),
romelic Tanamedrove saxelmwifos fasadis miRma istoriuli da religiuri legitimaciis Semotanas gulisxmobs.
politikuri gamonaTqvamebis
es seria Znelia SemTxveviTad
CaiTvalos. yvela am gamonaTqvams Tu performatiul aqts
erTi saerTo niSani aqvs: maTi
veqtori warsuliskenaa mimarTuli da demokratiuli
saxelmwifosaTvis Cveul
legitimaciis formas (arCevnebi) aZlierebs, xandaxan ki
anacvlebs istoriuli da
religiuri legitimaciis
formebiT. istoriuli an
religiruri legitimaciis
mxolod anaqronizmad monaTvla arasakmarisia da ufro
Rrma analizss saWiroebs. aq
ki uSualod miuaxlovdiT
Cvens Temas: sekularizacias
Solidarity
da mis rols Tanamedrove
saxelmwifos CamoyalibebaSi.
sekularizaciis procesi
dasavleT evropaSi gvian Sua
saukuneebSi daiwyo da misi
saboloo Sedegi mTeli
sazogadoebriv-politikuri
wesrigis paradigmis Secvla
iyo, rac axali erebis (Nation)
da samoqalaqo sazogadoebebis
SeqmniT dasrulda. am procesis pirveli niSnebi renesan-
sis kulturaSi Cndeba,
rodesac saero an miwierma
Temebma saxviT xelovnebasa
Tu literaturaSi sakraluri
Temebis monopolia daarRvies
da maT gamiwierebas Seudgnen1.
gamiwierebis procesi male
politikur azrovnebazec
gavrcelda, ramac Sua saukuneebis politikuri Teologiis
105
#5(38)
rRveva gamoiwvia. qristianul
samyaroSi koleqtiuri identoba or ZiriTad postulats
emyareba: pirvel rigSi esaa
qristiani xalxis evqaristiuli erToba, romelic pavle
mociqulis sityvebze, _
`Tqven xarT qristes sxeuli~
(1. korinTelTa mimarT, 12;27)
aigeba da romlis gansaxierebac eklesiaa.2 XI I saukunis
evropaSi amis aRsaniSnavad
axali termini _ corpus mysticum
Cndeba.3 meore ZiriTadi
postulati eklesiis mier
xeldasxmuli monarqisadmi
loialobaa. `mefis ukvdavi
sxeuli~4 misi samefoa. 15 saukunis inglisSi gaCenili
moZRvrebis Tanaxmad corpus
mycticum-ad swored samefo
cxaddeba, sadac centralur
adgils ukve intencio populi
(xalxis neba) ikavebs5. es ki
ukve sekularizmis dasawyiss
niSnavda. am mimarTulebiT
gadamwyveti roli ganmanaTleblobam iTamaSa. swored
ganmanaTleblobis Teoretikosebis mier xdeba Sua saukuneebis qristianuli politikuri
Teologiis, rogorc xelisuflebis mTavari ideologiuri
principis da masTan harmoniaSi myofi monarqistuli
absolutizmis, rogorc
xelisuflebis erTaderTi
legitimuri formis diskreditacia. gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia Jan-Jak rusoseuli `suvereni xalxis~ (le
peuple souverain) cneba, romelic
monarqis, rogorc erTaderTi
legitimuri xelisuflis
adgils ikavebs. `suvereni
xalxi~ safrangeTSi sikvdiliT
sjis mefes, rasac simbolur
doneze msxverplSewirvis
xasiaTi aqvs loialobis axali
subieqtis _ Patria-s Sesaqmne-
sekularizacia
lad, rac TiTqmis sityvasityviT gamoixata robespieris sityvebSi: lui (sagrangeTis mefe lui XVI _ z.a. da
g.m) unda mokvdes imisaTvis,
rom mamulma sicocxle
SeZlos~. pier klosovskis
TqmiT, mefis sikvdiliT
dasja RmerTis mokvlis
simulakria6. RmerTis
mokvliT~ sayrdeni ecleba
politikur Teoligias rogorc Teocentrul ideologiur sistemas. RmerTis,
rogorc legitimaciis
umaRlesi subieqtis adgils
mamuli ikavebs. es saxelmwifos, rogorc suvereni xalxis
politikuri erTobisa da
organizebis formas amiwebs,
anu sekularuls xdis. aseT
miwier niadagze warmoiSobian
axali erebi, romlebic ukve
axal, sakuTar erovnul
naraciebs Txzaven. Tumca es
Txzuleba umetes wilad sakraluri naraciis struqturas
imeorebs da misi erTgvari
Targmanis~ saxe aqvs, anu
sakraluri simbolika erovnuliT icvleba. am process ki
yvela qveyanaSi Taviseburi
gza hqonda.
àwmyo Sobili
warsulisagan~
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
idea, gansxvavebiT evropisagan,
XIX saukunis dasawyisamde
mxolod erT formas, Sua
saukuneebis politikur
Teologiaze damyarebul
monarqias icnobda da
bagrationebis dinastiasTan
ganuyoflad iyo dakavSirebuli. 1801 w. qarTuli monarqiis gauqmebam koleqtiur
mexsierebaSi erTgvari
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
106
tramvatuli fiqsaciis saxe
miiRo da mniSvnelovanwilad
ganmsazRvrelic ki gaxda im
procesebisa, romlebic
momdevno ori saukunis
ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos
politikur cnobierebaSi
mimdinareobda da dResac
mimdinareobs.
termin `tramvatul fiqsacias~
fsiqoanalitikuri leqsikidan vsesxulobT da Cvens
SemTxvevaSi garkveul fsiqikur meqanizms aRniSnavs,
romelic sulier da inteleqtualur Zalisxmevas iseTi
simboluri wesrigis Seqmnisken mimarTavs, sadac xelovnurad gawyvetili procesis
gagrZeleba SesaZlebeli
iqneboda. amgvari mizanmimarTuleba politikur realobaze
araadeqvaturi reaqciebiTac
gamoixateba, rac politikurze
warmosaxviTis dominirebas
gulisxmobs. realobasTan
mimarTebaSi warmosaxviTis
araadeqvaturoba imis gadarCenis mcdelobaa, ris arsebobasac realobaSi safuZveli
aRar gaaCnia. amiT awmyo ki
aRar ibadeba warsulidan,
aramed warsulis, anu ukve
aRar arsebulis proeqciebis
asparezad gadaiqceva. istoria
ar imijneba Tanamedroveobisgan da orives adgils
warmosaxuli uwyveteloba
(continuity) ikavebs. grigol
orbelianis 1832 w. dawerili
leqsi he, iveriav~ kargad
gamoxatavs am ganwyobas _
saqarTvelo am leqsSi cxovars~ aris Sedarebuli
romelsaca mwyemsi (monarqi,
saxelmwifos sakralizebuli
reprezentanti _ z.a da g.m.)
ar uvis~. monarqiis gauqmeba
saSinel warxdenad~ aris
solidaroba
warmodgenili, misi aRdgena
ki saRmrTo vali~ da pativis
gzaa~. saxelmwifoebriobis
ideali warsulSi, Tamaris da
daviTis epoqaSia moTavsebuli
(Tamaris saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~, iaralis~), momavlis
proeqti ki warsulis aRdgenaa: vin aRmoCndes momcemi
warsul dReTa!~
èna, mamuli,
sarwmunoeba...~
pirveli adamiani, romelmac
arsebuli paradigma radikalurad Secvala da amosaval
wertilad arsebuli realobis
aRiareba scada ilia WavWavaZe
iyo, romlis saxelsac
ukavSirdeba sekularizaciis
procesis dasawyisi.
sekularizaciis iliaseul
proeqts literaturuli
safuZvlebi aqvs _ misi
ganviTareba uSualod aris
dakavSirebuli mamaTa da
SvilTa brZolasTan~ literaturuli enis Sesaxeb. ilias
1861 w. ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebulma satiam oriod
sityva Tavad revaz Salvas
Zis erisTavis kazlovis-mier
SeSlilis~ Targmanzeda~
mamulic, enac da sarwmunoebac sakraluri niSniT moixsenieba _ samive RvTaebrivi
saunjea~, magram iliaseuli
gageba sakralurisa radikalurad gansxvavdeba mamaTa~
sakralurisagan~.
ena7
mamebis~ warmodgena saliteraturo enaze anton bagrationiseul gramatikas da
ritorikas eyrdnoboda.
antoniseuli gramatika da
ritorika, rogorc enis da
literaturis struqturirebis principi, Tavis TavSi
SemWidrovebuli formiT
metastruqtul birTvs
atarebda, romelic gaSlili
formiT garkveul kosmogonias
gvaZlevs. es birTvi ara
marto sakuTriv enobriv da
literaturul sakiTxebTanaa
dakavSirebuli, aramed aseve
qarTuli Sua saukuneebis
samyaros gamoxatavs, romelis
realoba ilias periodSi ukve
aRar arsebobda. mamebis~
Taobis warsuli, im droisaTvis ukve araadekvaturi formebis aRdgenaze mimarTul
msoflmxedvelobas iliam
progresis idea daupirispira.
istoriis, rogorc progresis
gaazrebiT ilia erTis mxriv
axali drois (Moderne) konteqstSi eqceva, meores mxriv ki
saqarTvelos istoriss
fundamentur gadaazrebas
uyris safuZvels. Tavdapirvelad yuradRebas zogad
konteqstze SevaCerebT.
germaneli filosofosi karl
loeviTis Teziss Tu daveyrdnobiT, axali drois istoriis
filosofia progresis
universalur warmodgenazea
koncentrirebuli da Tavis
mxriv qristiuanul istoriis
Teologiis~ sekularizaciis
Sedegs warmoadgens. am
revoluciuri procesis dros
progresi gangebis adgils
ikavebs, xolo adamiani,
istoriis absoluturi subieqti, RmerTisas. miuxedavad
amisa, istoriis Teologias
da mis sekularul gamoxatulebas, progresis rwmenas
droze saerTo, futurocentristuli~ warmodgena aqvT.
Solidarity
am modelis mixedvT dro
Seuferxeblad da kumulatiurad miiswrafvis Tavisi
momavali miznisaken. karl
loeviTis azriT, am modelis
gageba SeuZlebelia misi
Tanamedroveobis iudeoqristianul matricasTan
dakavSirebis gareSe: rom
istoriis Tanamedrove filosofia momavali aRsrulebis
bibliur rwmenas Seesabameba,
da rom is esqatologiuri
idealis sekularizaciiT
mTavrdeba.8 qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos gauqmeba iliasaTvisac
istoriuli Tanmimdevrobis
radikalur gawyvetas niSnavs
da esqatologiur katastrofas utoldeba: gaswyda
jaWvi cxovrebis zed-miyolebisa, awmyosa da warsuls
Soris Castyda xidi, Semdegs
saTave da dasabami mouwyda ...
bunebrivi orkeci dena
cxovrebisa Sedga, gaCerda~.
es rRveva ara evoluciis an
revoluciis, aremed esqatologiurad gagebuli
politikuri katastrofis
Sedegi iyo. bagrationebis
samefos da axal saqarTvelos
Soris ilias azriT Tanmimdevroba Sewyvetilia. am or
saqarTvelos radikaluri
cezura mijnavs.9
am esqatologiuri katastrofis gaazrebas ilia grigol
orbelianisagan radikalurad
gansxvavebul azramde mihyavs.
ilia warsulis dabrunebas
SeuZleblad miiCnevs moviklaT warsul droebze dardi~
(qarTvlis dedas~) da
aqcents samomavlo proeqtze
akeTebs. axali drois istoriis filosofias SenarCunebuli aqvs warmodgena, rom
movlenebs mxolod maSin aqvT
107
#5(38)
azri, rodesac isini raime
mizans ukavSirdeba, romelic
maT transcendencias axdens.
ilias istoriis sekularizirebuli filosofiac aseve
siuJeturia, oRond ilias
aseve futurocentristul~
siuJets zogadevropulisagan
sruliad gansxvavebuli
mizezebi aqvs. warsul droze
fiqris mokvla, saboloo
jamSi, garkveul samomavlo
mizans emsaxureba, romelic
politikuri erTianobis
alternatiuli pincipebis
Ziebas gulisxmobs. aseT
principad, zogad azrad
(idead) da miznad, romelic
istorias amoZravebs da mis
siuJets qmnis, iliasaTvis
mamulis cneba gaxda. is SemkreblobiTi didebuli erTiani azri, romelsa yoveli
Cvengani qarTvelobaSi unda
xedavdes~ aris mamuli~,
romelic mTeli xalxis
samSoblos~ niSnavs. enis
reformiT ilia Sua saukuneebis saeklesio qarTulis
sanacvlod xalxis enas aliteraturulebs da qarTul
sekularul diskurss qmnis.
amiT saeklesio da saero
enebis gaxleCa xdeba. axali
saliteraturo ena ukve
farTo masebisaTvis gasagebi
da misaRebia, rac ukve
literaturas yvelaze Zlier
mas-mediad aqcevs. xolo Tuki
axal saliteraturo enas
mTavar mediur instrumentad
warmovidgenT, misi arxebiT
erovnuli naraciis uwyeba
unda moxdes. axali ena
swored axal samyaros da mis
centrs, mamuls~ amkvidrebs.
mamulis cneba ki nacionalur
saxelmwifos arsebobis
bazisia, romlic axal
politikur leqsikonSi
sekularizacia
uSualod sekularizaciidan
gamomdinareobs.
`mamulo, sayvarelo,
Sen rosRa ayvavdebi?~
mamuli~ aRmosavleT da
dasavleT saqristianoSi
saerTo memkvidreobas eyrdnoba. terminologiuri
TvalsazrisiT es sityva
berZnuli patris da laTinuri
patria-dan momdinareobs,
Tumca Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT mSobliur qalaqs an
adgils aRniSnavda. pirveli
Sinaarsobrivi saxecvlileba
am terminma ukve romis imperiaSi ganicada, rodesac
laTinur formulaSi pro patria
mori (mamulisTvis dacemuli
raindebis heroizacia da
apoTeozic ki) ukve ara mxolod warmomavlobis adgili,
aramed romis imperia, mTeli
misi instituciebiTa da RirebulebaTa sistemiT igulisxmeboda.10 es warmodgena adreul qristianobaSi macxovris
jvarcmis rogorc srulyofili msxverplis~ paradigmiT
Seicvala, mamulis klasikurma emociurma Rirebulebebma
renesansi dasavleT saqristianoSi XI I -XI I I saukuneebSi
ganicada (ZiriTadad jvarosnuli omebis Sedegad), xolo
bizantiasa da saqarTveloSi
odnav ufro adre. warmodgenam mamulis~ Sesaxeb... gadalaxa qalaqis Zveli sazRvrebi
da daukavSirda nacionalur
samefos, samefo gvirgvins~,
rogorc nacionaluri da teritoriuli erTobis xilul
simbolos~.11 mamulis, rogorc
sakuTari qveynis anu samSoblos cneba XVIII saukunis evropaSi Cndeba, sadac igi
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
108
feodaluri miwaTmflobelobis Sinaarss kargavs da
koleqtiuri identurobis
aRmniSvnelad da loialobis
subieqtad gadaiqceva. es
termini warmosaxviT
erTobas~ (Imagined Community)
qmnis, sadac centralur
adgils ikavebs. swored am
erTobis loialobis subieqtia
ara monarqi, romelic Sua
saukuneebSi saxelmwifos
ganasaxierebda, aramed
samSoblo, mamuli. `mamulis~
sekularuli Sinaarsis
sailustraciod karl Smiti
safrangeTis revoluciis
avtorebs lui XIV-is cnobili
sityvebis `saxelmwifo _ es me
var!~ perifrazs aTqmevinebs:
La patrie cest moi (`mamuli _
es me var!~).12 maSin, rodesac
dasavleT evopaSi sekularizacia termini corpus mysticum-is
xalxze da mamulze~ gadataniT
moxda, aRmosavleT
saqristianoSi sakraluris
matarebeli ara mamuli~,
aramed mefe iyo, ufro sworad
ki mamuli da mefe erTmaneTTan iyo gaigivebuli.
amocana, romelic ilia WavWavaZis winaSe idga, im principis
Seqmna iyo, romelic qarTvelebis gamaerTianebeli, maTi
koleqtiuri identobis ganmsazRvreli iqneboda.
daqucmacebuli saqarTvelo
ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, Tumca misi provinciis
statusiT, magram mainc
gamTlianda. politikurad
gaerTianebuli xalxi ki
sakuTar saxelmwifoSi ar
aRmoCnda, anu mis erTianobas
politikuri subieqtis saxe
ar miuRia. aseT viTarebaSi
erTobis iseTi faqtori unda
moZebniliyo, romelic
solidaroba
kolonialur pirobebSi xalxs
saerTo kulturuli mexsierebiTa da mizanswrafviT
(intentio populi) gaaerTianebs.
Tuki saxelmwifos dakargva
esqatologiuri katastrofaa,
mas ilia e.w. kontraprezentuli meTodiT upirispirdeba.
es meTodi erTgvari miTosis
Seqmniskenaa mimarTuli, romelic warsulze garkveuli
aqcentebis wamoweviT awmyos
aSuqebs da momavlis imeds
iZleva13. es ilia WavWavaZiseuli `mamulis~ naraciis centraluri principia, romelic
miTosur warsuls intencionalur sazriss sZens da amis
safuZvelze momavlis proeqts
qmnis (am principis TiTqmis
pirdapiri ilustraciaa
poema àCrdili~). swored
momavlis strategiis da,
aqedan gamomdinare, mTlianad
`mamulis~ naraciis mTavari
miTologiuri saxe (an
miTologema) aris ilias mier
gamogonili `qarTvlis deda~
(ar aris SemTxveviTi is faqti,
rom ilia WavWavaZis poema
`qarTvlis dedis~ qvesaTauri
`scena momavali cxovrebidanaa~.), romelic ilias miTopoetur konteqstSi RvTismSoblis sekularuli dublia,
rac saqarTvelos RvTismSoblisadmi wilxvedrobis
nikoloz gulaberisZiseul
ideisgan iRebs Tavis legitimacias.14 mamis~, rogorc
saxelmwifos, suverenis
reprezentaciuli simbolo
mamulis semantikaSia
mocemuli, misi aRorZinebis
an gacocxlebis (Cemi mamuli,
saqarTvelo, dRes
micocxldeba!~) funqcia ki
qarTvlis dedaze~ gadadis,
romelmac mamuls
samsxverplo mzadyofnaSi
myofi vaJkacebi unda
gauzardos (nana, mamulis
msxverplo, pawawina
qarTvelo!).
Cveni statiisaTvis mniSvnelovania ramdenime fundamenturi
Canacvleba, romelic
literaturis wiaRSi axali
saqarTvelos Seqmnis
procesSi xdeba. Tu antonis
gramatikasa da ritorikaSi
literaturis funqcia
RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis~
gamoxatvaa, iliasTan literatura radikalurad
gansxvavebul funqcias iZens.
literaturis funqcia mamulis~
ideis gamoxatva xdeba.
mamuli ikavebs RvTaebrivi
WeSmaritebis adgils, swored
am Canacvlebis xarjze xdeba
mamulis sakralizacia da
misi Semdgomi transformacia
sekularul mamulis~ religiad.15 ilias naraciaSi
aRdgenili mamuli~ Sobs
mamulis siyvaruls~ da
mamuliSvilobas~. mamulisTvis Tavdadeba yoveli
mamuliSvilis centralur
Rirebulabad, umaRles
valdebulebad da miznad
cxaddeba. am modelSi mniSvnelovania ara marto martvilobis qristianul paradigmaze
dayrdnoba, aramed ufro
Zveli, fundamenturi kavSiri
sakralursa da msxverpls
Soris: msverpli iZens erovnuli erTobis makonstituirebeli faqtoris funqcias
esqatologiur brZolaSi.16
mamuliSvilis apoTeozi mis
mamulisTvis Tavdadebas
gulisxmobs, gmirad aqvecs mas
da gzas uxsnis zeciur
saqarTveloSi~, sekularul
samoTxeSi, romelSic ukvdaveba istoriaSi gadmotanili.
Solidarity
Semdegi mniSvnelovani
Canacvleba mefis figuras
exeba. 1801 wlis katastrofis
Semdeg is sakraluri adgili,
romelic qarTul politikur
TeologiaSi bagrationTa
dinastias, mefes ekava,
dacarielda. am mxriv,
sekularizaciis konteqsti
saqarTveloSi dasavleT
evropulisgan da rusulisgan
gansxvavdeboda. poetis,
ufro gvian ki xelovanis da
inteleqtualis gaigiveba
suverenTan dasavleT
evropaSi maRali da gviani
Sua saukuneebis politikuri
Teoriebis paralelurad
mimdinareobs. amasTanave,
yvelaze gvian dantes Semdeg
cnobili aequiparatio poetisa
suverenTan ara marto antikur
magaliTebs eyrdnoba, aramed
iustinianes samarTalsac.17
evropuli ganmanaTleblobisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTvel
inteleqtualebs samefo
karisa da eklesiis winaaRmdeg
brZola ar mouxdaT. saqarTveloSi sekularizacias
revoluciuri gziT ar uvlia
da faqtiurad cariel, urfo
sworad ki dacarielebul
adgilas daido bina. mefis
sakralur adgils iliasTan
poeti-winaswarmetyveligeniosis sekularuli figura
ikavebs, romelic aseve
mamulis~ sekularuli
religiis~ ponifex maximus-is
funqciebs iTavsebs.18 iliam
samociani wlebidan moyolebuli qarTvelobis axali
paradigma Seqmna, romelic
mamaTa~ maRali, saeklesio
stilis desakralizaciiT
daiwyo da sakraluris cnebis
mamulze~ gadmotaniT
damTavrda. mamuli~ ilias
sarwmunoebaa, xolo ena,
109
#5(38)
romlis wiaRidanac mamuli
iSva, misi ideis~ gamomxatveli. ilias sekularizaciuli
proeqti erTis mxriv evropidan importirebul progresis
sekularul ideas ukavSirdeba,
romelic ilias publicistikis erT-erT centralur
motivad gvevlineba, meores
mxriv ki am modelis qarTul
realobaze aplikacias, romelic sarwmunoebis desakralizaciasa da naconaluris
sakralizaciaSi vlindeba.
mamulis, rogorc politikuri sazogadoebis erTianobis
principis sekularuli proeqti qarTul sazogadoebas
bolomde ar miuyvania. amis
gamoxatuleba iyo ilia
WavWavaZis biografiis Zveli,
monarqiuli siuJetis
meSveobiT axsnac _ ilia
sicocxleSive saqarTvelos
ugvirgvino mefed da eris
mamad~ (pater patriae) monaTles,
anu (ararsebuli) saxelmwifos
reprezentantis funqcia isev
mefes da ara mamuls~ mianiWes.
amrigad qarTuli politikuri
diskursi isev presekularul
da premodernul paradigmas
daubrunda, ramac sabWoTa
periodamdec gastana. paradoqsulia, magram formalurad
radikalurad sekularul
sabWoTa kavSirSic ki monarqiulma paradigmam stalinizmis
saxiT Tavisi gamoxatuleba
hpova. Tumca monarqiul
paradigmas sabWoTa sinamdvileSi ramdenime damoukidebeli wyaro hqonda _ pirvel
rigSi rusuli mesianizmi,
romelic moskovis mesame
romis ideazea dafuZnebuli.
istoriosofiuli tradiciis
Tanaxmad, romelic berdiavi-
sekularizacia
sagan iRebs saTaves, ruseTis
imperiis rogorc mesame
romis ideis realizacia
swored sabWoTa ruseTis
pirobebSi moxda.19 swored
sabWoTa kavSirSi sabWoTa
sekularuli formiT aRorZinda Sua saukuneebis aRmosavlur-qristianuli politikuri
Teologia, rac saboloo
jamSi stalinis periodSi
sabWouri bizantinizmiT
dasrulda. fenomeni, romelic
pirovnebis kultis saxeliT
aris cnobili, swored imas
niSnavs, rom stalini saxelmwifos erTaderTi reprezentanti gaxda da Caanacvla ara
mxolod ukve ufunqciod
darCenili sabWoebi, aramed
TviTon saxelmwifos (da
samSoblos) cneba. zogadsabWoTa, ZiriTadad rusuli
politikuri tradiciis
konteqstis garda, stalinis
rogorc monarqiuli tradiciis figuras, lokaluri
qarTuli konteqstic hqonda,
romelic erovnul diskursSi
uSualod daukavSirda ilia
WavWavaZis recefcias. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ilia
WavWavaZis sabWoTa renesansi~
1937 w. ilias iubiles sruliad
sabWoTa masStabis aRniSvniT
iwyeba. qarTul konteqstSi
stalini swored ilia WavWavaZis tradiciis gamgrZeleblis
saxiT ganicdis legitimacias.
(am legitimaciisTvis iqmneba
miTosi ilias mier stalinis,
rogorc poetis aRmoCenis
Sesaxeb). zurab kiknaZis TqmiT,
sabWoTa qarTul miTosSi
aRsdga ilias mamuliSvilur
TxzulebaTa mesianisturi
interpretacia~.20 iliaseuli
bazaleTis tbis oqros akvanSi
mwolare yrma, visic ar iTqmis
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
110
saxeli~ da visac qarTveli
Cumis natvriT natrulobs~,
qarTul sabWoTa mesianistur
diskursSi stalinTan
igivdeboda. amdenad stalini,
garkveul wilad, erovnuli
identurobis simbolo da
qarTuli mesianizmis reprezentanti gaxda. stalinis
dedis _ ekaterine juRaSvilis mTawmindis panTeonSi
damarxva simbolurad mesiis
dedis nacionalizacias~, mis
nacionalur panTeonSi aRzevebas niSnavda. 1956 wels XX
yrilobis mier stalinis
pirovnebis kultis kritika
qarTulma sazogadoebriobam
aRiqva rogorc saqarTveloze
Tavdasxma, ramac kidev
erTxel gausva xazi stalinis,
rogorc qarTvelTa identifikaciis figuras. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom poststalinistur
saqarTveloSi qarTuli
nacionalizmis renesansi
daiwyo, romelic Tavis mxriv
ukve heterogenuli kulturuli kodebis Serevis produqti iyo. iliaseuli heroika am
diskursSi stalinur heroikas
Seerwya. Tavisi arsiT
Teocentrulma pirovnebis
kultma erovnul diskursSi
gadmoinacvla _ Tuki ilia
xalxis istoriaze akeTebda
aqcents, sabWoTa saqarTveloSi isev konkretul figurebze
koncentrirebulma politikurma istoriam (ilias TqmiT
mefeTa istoriam~) wamoiwia
wina planze.21 saxviT xelovnebaSi amave simbolos gamoxatva
rogorc istoriul, iseve
istoriasTan dakavSirebul
miTologiur personaJTa
Zeglebia, vaxtang gorgasliT
dawyebuli qarTlis dediT
damTavrebuli.22 amgvari
solidaroba
istoriuli da miTologiuri
Zeglebis mier Seqmnili
sivrce warsulis TanamedroveobaSi eqstrapolacias
axdens da amavdroulad awmyos
centrad iqceva. miuxedavad
iliaseuli simbolikiT aqtiuri
sargeblobisa poststalinuri
qarTuli diskursi wyvets
kavSirs momavalTan da
simboluri centri warsulSi
gadaaqvs. Sua saukuneebis
saqarTvelo da misi Zeglebad
qceuli gmirebi sazogadoebis
TviTidentifikaciis obieqtebi
xdebian. amgvarad erovnuli
diskursi kvlav presekularuli paradigmis gamomxatvelad iqceva.
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
idea, erTis mxriv, ilia WavWavaZis sekularul diskurss
ukavSirdeba, romelic kvlav
presekularuli modelis
meSveobiT aRiwereba, meores
mxriv ki gaidealebuli Sua
saukuneebis qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas, iseve rogorc
qarTuli politikuri da
kulturuli istoriis personaJebis mier Seqmnil istoriul
sivrces, romelic Tavis
mxriv stalinuri Camosxmis
sabWouri istoricizmis
seriozul kvals atarebs.
qarTuli sazogadoebis
cnobierebaSi sekularuli da
presekularuli formebi
aRreulia, imdenad, ramdenadac sekularuli figura
(ilia WavWavaZe) presekularuli tradiciis gamgrZeleblad (wm. ilia marTali) da
ara reformatorad aRiqmeba,
xolo istoriuli sivrce
sekularizirebuli panTeonis
saxes iRebs. aseTi sinkretizmi
qmnis im kulturul garemos,
romelSic erovnuli moZraoba
da qarTuli damoukidebeli
saxelmwifoebriobis Tanamedrove idea ibadeba. qarTuli
nacionaluri idea (e.w. daviwyebuli idea~) Tavis Tavad
warsulzea orientirebuli.
es idea Sua saukuneebis politikuri da kulturuli
diskursis mesianistur
gadaazrebas gulisxmobs.
qarTuli mesianizmi, romlis
avtorebad SeiZleba akaki
baqraZe da zviad gamsaxurdia
miviCnioT, proeqciaTa mTeli
rigis Sedegia, romelSic Sua
saukuneebis politikuri
modelebi stalinuri sekularuli mesianizmis prizmaSia
gardatexili. amave konteqstSi,
ilia WavWavaZis kanonizaciis
moTxovna erovnuli moZraobis
momavali liderebis mier da
misi kanonizacia 1987 w.
faqtiurad axali qarTuli
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis
fuZemdebeli aqti iyo. misi
intererpretacia swored am
statusis gamo aris saintereso. erTis mxriv, qarTuli
qarTuli sekularizaciis
avtoris~ absorbcias akeTebs,
mas iTvisebs, da amiT mTel
sekularul diskurss anivelirebs. igi faqtiurad ukan
iRebs im dominantur rols
diskursiul da simbolur
funqciebSi, romelic mas ilia
WavWavaZem waarTva. amrigad,
Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifo simboluri kontrsekularizaciuri aqtiT iwyeba.
magram am aqtiT qarTuli
TviTonac transformirdeba.
Tuki ilia WavWavaZis sekularul diskursSi sakraluris
statusi mamulma daikava da
Solidarity
TviTonac eklesiad, (nacionalur) erTobad iqca, ilia
WavWavaZis wmindanad SeracxviT eklesia sekularul
sivrceSi gaxda mamulis
diskursis matarebeli da
amiT faqtiurad nacionalur
(sekularul) eklesiad mogvevlina. eklesiis nacionalizacia mSvenivrad gamoixata
terminSi zeciuri saqarTvelo~, romelic saqarTvelos
kaTalikos-patriarqma, ilia I I
Semoitana. zeciuri saqarTvelo~ swored qarTuli istoriuli sivrcis sakralur
sivrceSi gadatanas niSnavda.
zeciuri saqarTvelo~
exmianeba gankiTxvis Semdgomi
zeciuri ierusalimis~ cnebas,
(ioanes gamocxadebia 21-22).
qarTul konteqstSi es saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvis
esqatologiuri katastrofis
Semdeg idealuri saxelmwifos Seqmnas gulisxmobda,
romelic Tavis mxriv Sua
saukuneebis gaidialebuli
qarTuli saxelmwifos anarekli iyo. sekularizaciisa da
qristianuli Teologiis
sinkretizaciis yvelaze
radikaluri gamoxatuleba
1989 w. saaRdgomo Ramidan
moyolebuli ilia I I mier
SemoRebuli axali formulaa:
qriste aRsdga, qriste
aRsdga, saqarTvelo aRsdga!,
rac corpus christi mysticum-is,
qristes sxeulis saqarTvelosTan gaigivebas niSnavda.
amiT eklesiam fqatiurad
sekularul mesianizms
sakuTari mesianisturi idea
daupirispira, samagierod
sakraluri zeciuri
ierusalimis~ sekularizacia,
gamiwiureba mouxda misi
nacionalizaciis formiT.
111
#5(38)
eklesiis nacionaluroba
marto diskursiul sivrceSi
ar darCenila. eklesiam postsabWoTa periodSi ideologiuri vakuumi Seavso. axali
qarTuli saxelmwifo eklesiis
ideologiur instrumentad
gamoyenebas cdilobs. es
procesi uSualod ukavSirdeba
saqarTvelos meore prezidents,
eduard SevardnaZes. SevardnaZis inauguracia
sveticxovlis taZarSi erTis
mxriv misi politikuri
legitimaciis gaZlierebas
emsaxureboda, rac 1801 w.
darRveuli saxelmwifoebrivi
reprezentaciis formis
aRgdenis elfersac atarebda.
aliansi saxelmwifos da axal
ideologiur Zalas Soris
2003 w. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaformda, romelic
eklesiis gansakuTrebul
rols aRiarebda saqarTvelos
istoriaSi da eklesias
mniSvnelovan privilegiebsac
aniWebda.
erovnuli moZraobisa da
qarTuli marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis wiaRSi Casaxuli
Tanamedrove qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis modeli
momaval saqarTvelos antikvirebul paradigmaSi xedavs _
amgvari modeli TavisTavad
gulsxmobs Zlieri, qarizmatuli lideris arsebobas,
daviT aRmaSeneblis, ilia
WavWavaZis an ioseb juRaSvilis
reinkarnacias. saqarTvelos
ukanaskneli 18 wlis politikuri istoria swored amgvari
liderebis Seqmnis da
damxobis siuJetSi viTardeba
(imdenad, ramdenadac idealuri
warmodgena qarizmatul
liderze da realuri poli-
sekularizacia
tikuri jgufebis konsensusi
radikalurad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan). am pirobebSi
qarTulma marTlmadidebelma
eklesiam scada arsebuli
modelis farglebSi alternatiuli~ gamosavlis moZebna,
da qarizmatuli lideris
idea Tavis logikur dasasrulamde miiyvana. radganac
qarTuli sazogadoeba lideris vinaobaze~ SeTanxmebas
ver axerxebs, amitom saidentifikacio figura, qarTuli
saxelmwifos reprezentanti
kvlav bagrationebis
dinastiis warmomadgeneli
unda gaxdes, romelic eklesiis wiaRSi aRizrdeba.
iliaseuli me ca mniSnavs da
eri mzrdis~ Tavis moduss
icvlis da Sua saukuneebis
politikuri Teologiis
gadamRerebad gardaiqmneba.
eris, sekularuli erTobis
adgils kvlav eklesia, sakraluri erToba ikavebs. am
iniciativis farTo sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera ki imis
maniSnebelia, rom politikurma da sazogadoebrivma elitebma
Tanamedrove demokratiuli
idealebi da Rirebulebebi
mxolod ritorikul doneze
gamoiyenes.
Caanacvla. es ki Tavis Tavad
gulisxmobs modernizaciis
proeqtTan, romelic
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos
CamoyalibebisaTvisaa
aucilebeli, fundamentur
ideologiur Seusabamobas.
wignidan
`sekularizacia:
konteqsti da konceptebi~.
2009 w.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos
Camoyalibeba uSualod aris
dakavSirebuli misi fuZemdebeli principebis gaazrebasTan, qarTuli politikuri
azrovneba ki sruliad sxva,
presekularuli paradigmis
mojadoebul wreSia Caketili.
ilia WavWavaZis momavlisaken
mimarTuli sekularuli
proeqti warsulze orientirebulma nacionalurreligiurma sinkretizmma
Solidarität
}'vh'mksr
112
solidaroba
SeniSvnebi:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
erix auerbaxi ukve danteSi xedavs miwieri literaturis triumfis dasawyiss. ix.: Erich Auerbach, Dante als Dichter der irdischen Welt. Berlin und Leipzig 1929.
Sdr. Alfred Winkenhauser, Die Kirche als der mystische Leib Christi nach dem Apostel Paulus.
Münster 1937, gv.84-88.
corpus mysticum aris eklesiis tani, xolo misi Tavi Tavad qristea. ix. Ernst
Kantorowicz, Pro patria mori.- Götter in Uniform. Stuttgart 1998, gv. 305.
Sdr. Ernst Kantorowicz, The Kings Two Bodies. A Study in Mediaeval Politikal Theology.
Prinston 1957.
Eric Voegelin, Die neue Wissenschaft der Politik. München 2004, gv. 57-59.
Pierre Klosowski, Sade mon prochain. vsargeblobT am wignis germanuli TargmniT:
Sade mein Nächster. Wien 1996, gv. 85-88. aseTive ritualuri Sinaarsis unda
iyos 1918 wels ruseTis ukanaskneli imperatoris nikoloz I I -isa da misi ojaxis
wevrebis fizikuri ganadgurebac. amiT ruseTSi gaWianurebuli sekularizaciis procesi mTavrdeba da Ñâÿòàÿ Ðóñü-s Âåëèêàÿ Ðóñü-i Caenacvleba.
amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT: zaal andronikaSvili, `mamulis dabadeba literaturis sulidan. enis reforma rogorc sekularizaciuli proeqti~ krebulSi: irma ratiani (red.) ilia WavWavaZe 170. saiubileo krebuli, Tbilisi 2007.
Karl Löwith, Weltgeschichte und Heilsgeschehen. Die theologischen Voraussetzungen der
Geschichtsphilosophie. Sämtliche Schriften II, Stuttgart 1953, gv. 12.
esqatologiurad gagebul istoriul katastrofas identurobis dakargva
mohyveba. `raki warsulsa da maSindel awmyos Sua dedamiwa gairRva, warsul
anderZebTan erTad yvelaferi davkargeT. isic ki daviviwyeT, _ vina varT da
rani varT~. identobis dakargva iliasaTvis enis dakargvasac niSnavs. statiaSi òriod sityva~ (1866-1876) ilia unugeSo daskvnamde midis: qarTvelobac da qarTuli enac dakargulia: sadRa aris exla qarTuli ena? an
gvindaRa qarTuli, roca Cven TiTon Cvenda dasaRupavad qarTvelobaze xeli
aviReT? gonebiT rom aRar vscxovrobT, qarTul enas azrs rogorRa gamovaTqmevinebdiT?~. `Zveli~ ena, romelic warsuli realobis aRsawerad gamoiyeneba, iliasaTvis ara marto moZvelebulia, aramed damunjebulic, faqtiurad mkvdari enaa.
Kantorowicz, Pro patria mori, gv.292-293.
Kantorowicz, Pro patria mori, gv. 296.
Carl Schmitt, Politische Romantik. Berlin 1998. gv. 69.
ian asmanis azriT, am miTosis funqcia `kontraprezentulia~: igi gaduxWirebul awmyos gmirul warsuls upirispirebs da amiT dakargul, gamqral
Tu daviwyebul momentebs acocxl.ebs. ix. Jan Assmann, Das kulturelle Gedächtnis.
München 1999. gv. 79.
amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT: giorgi maisuraZe, `mamuli~ da `qarTvlis deda~
_ sekularuli simbolika ilia WavWavaZis poetur TxzulebebSi. krebulSi:
irma ratiani (red.) ilia WavWavaZe 170. saiubileo krebuli, Tbilisi 2007.
Sead. zurab kiknaZe, ìlias mamuli~ krebulSi: zurab kiknaZe, saqarTvelo
aTaswleulebis mijnaze, Tbilisi 2001, da giorgi maisuraZe, dasax. naSromi.
Walter Burkert, Homo Necans. Interpretation altgriechischer Opferriten und Mythen, Berlin
New York 1997, gv. 16.
Ernst Kantorowicz. Die Souveränität des Künstlers. Eine Anmerkung zu Rechtsgrundsätzen und
Kunsttheorien der Renaissance. wignSi: Götter in Uniform. Stuttgart 1998, gv. 329-348, aq:
gv. 343.
es warmodgena mwerlis da xelovanis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi XX saukunis
damlevamde aqtualuri iyo.
Íèêîëàé Áåðäÿåâ, Èñòîêè è ñìûñë ðóññêîãî êîììóíèçìà. Ïàðèæ 1955.
zurab kiknaZe, ilias mamuli, gv. 42.
romlis albaT yvelaze maStaburi gamoxatuleba levan sanikiZis epikuri
Janris istoriuli pop-romani ùqarqaSo xmlebia~
Zegli `kidevac daizrdebian~ erTis mxriv pirdapir ukavSirdeba ilias qarTvlis dedas~, meores mxriv ki samamulo omis stalinur simbolikas _ orive
SemTxvevaSi dedis funqcia mamulisaTvis Tavdasadeb gmirebis gazrdaa, mamuliSvilis, romlis erTaderTi daniSnuleba mamulisaTvis Tavis Sewirvaa.
Solidarity
113
Solidarity
#5(38)
Summary
The leading topic of the magazine Solidaroba N5(2010) is integration problems of ethnic minorities
and steps taken by different state agencies for enhancing their integration. This topic is highlighted in
our rubric Round-Table with participation of: Zaur Khalilov the Executive Director of the Civil
Integration Foundation, Shalva Tabatadze the Head of the Centre for Civil Integration and InterEthnic Relations, Merab Basilaia the representative of the NGO ALPE, Nugzar Chitaia and Maia
Mikeladze the representatives of the Ministry of Education and Science, Mari Mikoyan the representative of the Georgias Armenian community and member of the Council of National Minorities under
the Public Defender, Tata Khuntsaria the Deputy Public Defender, Koba Chopliani the representative of the Tolerance Centre under the Public Defenders auspices. The same topic is covered in the
following articles: Test on Tolerance by Tamar Kintsurashvili and 5 Years Old Child School or
Kindergarten? by Natia Guliashvili and Nino Bekishvili.
In the rubric Justice we present a summary of the chapter on the Right to a Fair Trial from the Public
Defenders Annual Report and an article by Thea Tsulukiani the Right to Freedom and Security.
The translated articles tackle the issues of political ideologies and freedom of speech Why I am not
a Conservative by Friedrich Hayek and Liberation Technology by Larry Diamond.
The rubric Lumen comprises the following articles on Christian tolerance: Non-religious faith, Belief and Trust for Human being by Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh and Master or Servant by Beka
Mindiashvili. In the same rubric our readers can get acquainted with an article Stereotypes, Laws and
Equality in Post-Soviet Georgia by Nugzar Papuashvili. Ekaterine Aghdgomelashvili presents analysis
of the manifestation against the nonexistent gay pride in her article Myth about the Gay Pride.
Pridon Sakvarelidze continues cycle about soviet dissidents in the rubric Orienteer and presents an
article on the life of Vladimir Bukovski.
Solidarität
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114

rom xma amoeRo... germaniaSi nacistebi rom komunistebs

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