Çayeli Bakır İşletmeleri

Transkript

by
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ISSN: 2146-9423
Mining & Earth Sciences Magazine
September 2013 | Vol 3 | Number 5 | www.miningturkeymag.com
•Çayeli Bakır İşletmeleri 30 Years of Success in Black Sea
•Latest Picture of Turkish Mining by
the Leaders of the Sector
• Turkish Progress and Recent Trends in
Chrome Beneficiation
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contents
Mining Turkey is published biannually by
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16.....
18.....
FROM THE EDITOR
TURKISH MINING SECTOR NEWS
CHAIRMAN’S MESSAGE OF AME-JAMIESON AŞ
ÇAYELİ BAKIR İŞLETMELERİ: 30 YEARS OF SUCCESS IN BLACK SEA Iain Anderson
24..... BARKOM GROUP DRILLING RIG & EQUIPMENT CO. LTD.
26..... LATEST PICTURE OF TURKISH MINING BY
THE LEADERS OF THE SECTOR - O. Çağım Tuğ
30..... NETCAD - NETPRO/MINE
32..... METALLOGENY OF TURKEY A DIVERSE COLLISIONAL AND
POST-COLLISIONAL ENVIRONMENT FOR MINERAL DEPOSITS - İlkay Kuşcu
40..... DIFFICULT AND ABRASIVE MATERIALS? LET PUTZMEISTER SOLID
PUMPS SEE TO IT…
42..... USAGE OF PUBLIC LANDS FOR MINING ACTIVITIES - Cemâl Dursun
44..... THE FUTURE OF MINING THIS WAY!
46..... TURKISH PROGRESS AND RECENT TRENDS IN CHROME BENEFICIATION
- Barış Elçi, Alp Malazgirt
52..... PLASTIC COMPANY IN MINING BUSINESS - ŞEN PLASTİK
54..... THE POWER OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE MINING INDUSTRY Sean Dessureault, M. Mustafa Kahraman
58..... GLOBAL COMMINUTION COLLABORATIVE - AN INTERNATIONAL
RESEARCH TEAM - Hakan Benzer
61..... ARE CERTAIN MINERALS STILL UNDER STATE MONOPOLY? Şebnem Önder, Ayşe Eda Biçer, Işıl Selen Denemeç
Cover Photo
62..... XVII. INTERNATIONAL COAL PREPARATION CONGRESS - 2013
İSTANBUL - Gülhan Özbayoğlu
First Quantum Minerals’ copper
producer fully-owned subsidiary Çayeli Bakır İşletmeleri (ÇBİ)
celebrates its 30th year anniversary
this year. ÇBİ’s annual contribution
to Turkey’s economy (2012) is 148
million dollars and the mine life of
ÇBİ’s Çayeli copper mine is 2019.
Please find the interview with
Managing Director of ÇBİ, Iain
Anderson at page 18.
September 2013
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Editor
www.miningturkeymag.com
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Exploration Slows Down While Production
and Resources Increase
O. Çağım Tuğ | [email protected]
As I pointed out in the 4th edition of Mining Turkey, Turkish mining sector has
been going through a “Mining Boom”.
Local investors as well as the leading
firms of construction and energy sector
are now making significant investments
in the mining sector. For foreign investors, on the other hand, particularly in
parallel with the downward trend of the
gold prices have shown, projects that
would potentially turn up in Turkey with
lower costs have become more interesting rather than the high-cost production projects carried out in the various
locations around the globe. The leading
foreign mining firms which are presently
engaged in production in our country, Eldorado Gold, Alacer Gold, First Quantum
and Sibelco are likely to be followed, in a
couple of years, by other foreign investors such as Alamos Gold, Aldridge Minerals and Ariana Resources.
Nevertheless, not only the several administrative problems which appeared subsequent to the amendment of the Mining
Law in 2010 and the relevant regulations
and which we believe would be solved in
the short run, but also the decision that
permits regarding the use of any stateowned real estate must be subject to
the Prime Minister’s approval upon the
Ministerial Decree of 16 June 2012 have
virtually created a barrier against the sector which had been progressing in a motivated spirit. When suddenly the permit
procedures have begun to take longer
and longer, exploration companies’ business have slowed down. Exploration had
already been suffering due to the budget
cuts made by the firms as the first resort
in response to the world-wide economic
distress, and it was struck, once more, as
a result of the permits which could not
be taken in due time or taken only after
dreadfully prolonged processes. While a
number of firms managed to maintain
their explorations smoothly by virtue of
submitting early applications and thanks
to the conditions of the land explored,
other firms had to cancel their drilling
schedules. These circumstances, after one
and a half year, have cast a serious effect
on exploration, drilling and equipment
sectors. Despite the positive responses
received upon the communications
made to the decision-making authorities,
a conclusive result has yet to be achieved.
The first suggestion to solve this problem
would be leaving the mining sector out
of the decree’s scope. A summary of the
latest developments in our country could
be found in our article titled “Latest Picture of Turkish Mining by the Leaders of
the Sector” including statements of significant figures from the sector.
It is OK to say that the circumstances
which have discontented the exploration sector have almost had zero effect
on production. No factors other than the
sudden drop in the gold prices in April
caused an impact on production figures.
The production increase planned in the
Kışladağ Gold Mine owned by Tüprag
Metal Mining, a subsidiary of Eldorado
Gold which is one of the leading producers in Turkey, had to be postponed on
account of the downward trend of the
gold prices. On the other hand, Alacer
Gold’s subsidiary Anagold Mining announced a resource increase regarding
Çöpler Gold Mine. Local gold producer
Koza Gold is presently carrying out pro-
duction in 4 different mines. In addition
to these companies, Soma Holding - Turkey’s prime coal producer in the private
sector - has experienced major developments as in the cases of Eczacıbaşı Esan in
lead-copper production as well as other
merchandises, Meta Nikel and VTG Holding in nickel production field, Centerra
Gold, Chesser Resources and Stratex in
gold sector. Upon the achievements by
100% state-owned enterprise Eti Mining,
in boron production and market, Turkey
as the host of the 70% of boron reserves,
has become the leader in the boron market. Within the tax champions list, there
are 10 mining firms in the top 100. Despite the advancements in our raw material exportation (particularly as part of the
effect cast by natural stone and marble
sector), the prevailing high levels of importation (prominently gold and copper)
indicate that Turkey still needs a better
domestic production.
In the light of the development of the
past six months, one can easily say that
Turkey has been keeping up the good
work in becoming a country of mining.
According to the statements by the
authorities, the government plans to
increase the contribution of the sector
to the economy which is 1.5% of GDP,
which falls below the world average of
2%. In the wake of these statements,
we hope the government will promptly
find the due solutions to increase the
sector’s effect on the GDP and thus,
another complication against making
Turkey a leading mining country will be
eliminated.
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September 2013
News
Canadian Mining Roundtable Meeting
The Canadian Consulate in İstanbul
organized a Mining Roundtable lunch
meeting at the Sheraton Hotel in Ankara
for the Canadian companies active in
the Turkish mining sector.
The main objective of the function was
to discuss with Canadian companies
the highlights of the Canadian Government’s approach to Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) issue and to review
the CSR activities undertaken by the
Canadian companies in terms of environmental preservation and community
services in Turkey. The discussions were
also aimed at reviewing the challenges
faced by Canadian firms in Turkey and
ways to address them. The meeting also
included discussions of pre-requisites
for sustainable mining in the Turkish environment.
Senior officials from Canadian mine exploration and operation companies attended the meeting and they expressed
their satisfaction with the exchange of
views.
In his welcoming remarks, John Holmes,
the Ambassador of Canada, who chaired
the meeting mentioned that environmental sustainability as well as healthy
community relations based on mutual
trust are essential elements which the
companies should make priority.
Mr. Shawn Steil, the Consul of Canada in
İstanbul, made an overview of the CSR
guidelines of the Canadian Government
and the incentives and assistance available for CSR programs both in Canada
and overseas.
The company representatives who
participated in the event shared their
experience in implementing their CSR
projects with reference to the specific
regions and communities where they
operate. Discussions also covered the
elements of successful CSR programs
to ensure harmonious relationship with
host communities. The emphasis was
made on the mutual trust, transparency
and utmost respect to the environment
and the livelihood of the communities
they interact with. It was agreed that satisfactory CSR programs are indispensable elements for sustainable mining
activity. Successful CSR track record of
the Canadian companies and community acceptance for them were cited as
the proof of this concept.
Akın Kösetorunu, Trade Commissioner
at the Consulate of Canada in İstanbul
stated that such gatherings are beneficial and discussions in these functions
very productive.
Dedeman Madencilik is Looking for New Partners
Dedeman Group announced its growth
strategies in one of the important areas
of the company’s business, mining, as
new investments, public offering and
acquiring partners for minority stake.
Levent Gökmen from Ekonomist reports, Dedeman group, one of the leading companies in the country’s mining
sector, is planning new investments in
lead-zinc field in Balya, Balıkesir and
chromium field in Adana. In addition, a
manager of the Group, Rıfat Dedeman
stated that upon completion of the said
investments in three years, they plan
to launch Dedeman Madencilik public offerings at domestic and outside
markets, adding that they are open to
strategic partnerships that can contribute in know-how for reaching the mining company’s growth targets, with the
condition of holding minority stakes.
In January of this year, Murat Dedeman,
CEO of the 66-year-old company, had
announced their target of 130 million
dollar of turnover for 2013, and 100 million dollar of mining and 20 million dollar of tourism investments, totalling to
120 million dollars in investment.
12-Billion-Dollar Project Delayed
The United Arab Emirates’ state-owned
energy company TAQA has decided to
delay its 12-billion-dollar investment in
Afşin - Elbistan.
In his statement, the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Taner Yıldız
indicated that the negotiations had
reached a certain level up until the decision of postponement and that they
hope the decision is not driven by political motives. Yıldız suggested that
4
the developments in Egypt and Syria
show that they have come to a point
to make a choice in terms of energy
investments. He also noted that they
have already initiated talks with other
countries to take on the scheme.
In January 2013 Turkey and TAQA had
signed a contract for establishing a8000MW power plant upon an investment of 12 billion dollar in Afşin - Elbistan. The plan was, by means of this
September 2013
investment, to generate 45 billion kWh
of energy annually in exchange for 85
million tonnes of coal, each year.
By virtue of this contract signed between the governments, the aim was to
build new power plants in sites B, C, D, E
and G within the basin, and to integrate
coal reserves into the economy upon
ensuring their operation.
Çöllolar is Restored to Operation
Çöllolar Coalfield, a part of Afşin Elbistan B Thermal Power Plant, is
restarted to operate 25 months after
two accidents. Eleven mine workers
died as a result of two landslides at
the site on 6th and 11th of February, due
to very large masses of earth moved.
Şeref Göksu, Operations Manager of
Çöllolar Coalfield, has informed Cihan
News Agency that the Electricity
Generation Company (EÜAŞ) has
authorized stripping of a total of 33
million cubic meters of earth so as
to stabilize the damaged slopes and
added that they have commenced
work with this scheme.
Highlighting that the work will absolutely
not involve lignite production, Göksu
stated the purpose as restoring the
field safety. He also claimed that lignite
production is believed to resume,
with the authorization by EÜAŞ, after
safety of the slopes and the mine is reestablished. Göksu noted that following
the accidents in 2011, operations were
suspended and the staff was sent on
leave, and he added that required
number of workers will be called back
to work and there are no plans for
recruitment for the time being.
Ariana Resouces Announced the EIA for Kızıltepe
Ariana Resources plc, the gold
exploration and development company
focused on Turkey, announced the
submission of its final Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) report for
the Kızıltepe gold-silver project to the
Ministry of Environment and Urban
Planning (MEUP), via its joint venture
company in Turkey, Zenit Madencilik
San. ve Tic. AS, in September.
Ariana expects that the MEUP will review
the submitted documentation ahead
of ministerial approval which is anticipated during Q4 2013. Once Ariana has
received its environmental positive certification it will be able to proceed with
final permitting for construction, targeted by the end of Q4 2013. In parallel, the
company and its JV partners are negotiating finance for the construction of the
mine and of expected commissioning of
the mine, which is currently scheduled
for H2 2014.
Michael de Villiers, Chairman of Ariana
Resources commented: “The submission of our EIA marks a further crucial
step towards Ariana and its partners
commencing construction of our initial
mine at the Red Rabbit Gold Project,
before expected initial commercial production in H2 2014.”
Turkish Mining Committee to Ring the Opening Gong
of London Stock Exchange on September 25th
Turkey Mining Finance Investment
Summit organized by EBY International
Summits will take place in London on
26th and 27th of September, 2013. With
press sponsorship by Madencilik Türkiye and Mining Turkey, the most recently announced highlight of the summit
supported by Turkish Miners Association is ringing the opening gong of London Stock Exchange on September 25th
by Turkish Mining Committee.
In his statement to Madencilik Türkiye,
Yaşar Şuşek, CEO of EBY International
Summits, pointed out that this summit
organized with the goal of promoting
mining in Turkey, will be a pioneer in the
sector. Şuşek claimed that Turkey’s mining companies will meet with the global
capital for the first time and at the heart
of the world’s financial markets; London.
He suggested that opening London
Stock Exchange by Turkish Mining Com-
mittee a day before the summit is a sign
of importance of Turkey’s mining for
London’s financial market.
Communicate with Mining Turkey for
discounted participation opportunities to the Summit that will serve as a
platform to reach most needed venture
capital and other funds for project development and investment.
Erdemir Receives 1.5 Billion Lira Incentive for Hasançelebi
Erdemir Madencilik announced that
it received an investment incentive
certificate of 1.5 billion Turkish lira for
iron ore enrichment and pelletization
works that have 3 million tonnes
capacity, planned to be constructed
in Malatya, 700 km southeast of
Ankara. Stated to be a completely new
enterprise, the investment in question,
received with the investment incentive
certificate with date 31.05.2013 and
number 110476, is a total of 1 billion
569 million lira and the breakdown is
revealed as; 208 million 339 thousand
362 dollar (385,427,819 lira) for
imported machinery and hardware,
10 million 493 thousand 304 lira for
locally manufactured machinery and
hardware, 582 million 332 thousand
lira for building construction, and 590
million 746 thousand 877 lira for other
expenses.
Supporting components of the investment are; vat exemption, vat reimbursement, customs duty waiver,
interest rate waiver, support for social
security employer portion (7 years)
with tax reduction rates (90%, 50%
Contribution to Investment).
Previously disregarded Hasançelebi
site on the basis of bearing low-grade
ore can now be utilized with advanced
technologies. Detected reserve at the
site is calculated as approximately 1 billion tonnes and the grade is on average
19.49% (Fe3O4). The facility is expected
to produce 3 million tonnes of pellet
with a mine life of 64 years.
September 2013
5
AME Jamieson Management Consultancy and
Engineering AŞ Joint Venture Announced
Jamieson Group of Australia and
Afrasia Mining and Energy AŞ have
joined forces to create a new joint
venture, AME Jamieson Management
Consultancy and Engineering AŞ in
Ankara Turkey. The new company, AME
Jamieson (AMEJ) is to offer a complete
end-to-end services solutions for
mining industry in Turkey and the
surrounding region. This joint venture
was designed to provide customers
with a single point of access for all
of their performance improvement,
change management, technical and
engineering services, including green
field explorations to mine closures and
mining operations.
“We are very excited at the level of the
combined expertise and experience
of AME Jamieson can deliver. AME
Jamieson AŞ, will excel at providing
strategies, methodologies, best practices, technical and operational due
diligence, engineering and operational performance improvement services,
training to ensure delivering practical
ideas and performance driven solutions that produce measurable business benefits to the client companies
as quickly as possible” said David Jamieson, President of Jamieson Group
and Chairman at AME Jamieson AŞ.
“Our Areas of Primary Focus & ValueAdd will be (1) Diagnosing Risk and
Opportunity (2) Articulating Performance Potential, (3) Improving the
Quality of Internal Decision Making,
(4) Implementing Systematic and Behavioral Change, (5) Delivering Tangible Results and Superior ROI’s (6)
Building Sustainable Organizational
Capacity in addition to all technical
and engineering services in mining”
said Alan Clegg, Chairman at Afrasia
Mining and Energy and Vice Chairman
at AME Jamieson AŞ.
Immediate target market will be Turkey. AME Jamieson will also focus on
markets where AME is already active in
North Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe, Balkans and Turkic Republics.
Turkey’s First Stainless Steel Production Facility Opened
The factory in Kocaeli, which will produce stainless steel to be also used in
automobiles, has initiated production
upon the partnership between the
South Korean Posco, world’s fourth
largest steel producer, Kibar Holding
and Daewoo International. The factory,
located in Alikahya district of Kocaeli,
with its annual production capacity of
200 thousand tonnes, will provide direct employment for 400 people.
The opening ceremony of the facility welcomed the Minister of Science,
Industry and Technology Nihat Ergün,
President of Kibar Holding’s Management Board Asım Kibar, President of
Posco Joon Yang Chung, President of
Posco Assan TST Management Board Ali
Kibar and Vice-President Dong Hee Lee
on behalf of Daewoo International. In his
speech during the ceremony, the Minister Nihat Ergün pointed out that the
facility was Turkey’s first stainless steel
factory. Ergün also noted that our country’s annual stainless steel consumption
was around 325 thousand tonnes and
almost all of this demand had been satisfied through impartation. “A significant
need in our country will be met thanks
to this new factory” he added.
agement Board Ali Kibar indicated that
the factory has been established with
an annual production capacity of 200
thousand tonnes initially and it had
commenced its operation as Turkey’s
first cold-rolled stainless steel producer.
Kibar also noted that in the next stage,
the facility’s annual production capacity will reach 400 thousand tonnes and
subsequently will hit 1 million tonnes.
As long as the raw material demand of
the facility is satisfied domestically, it
will surely provide for the rise of a larger
market within the mining sector.
As he took the floor in the ceremony,
the President of Posco Assan TST Man-
Meskan İsmet Ölmez Invests 6.5 Million Dollars in Hakkari
Meskan İsmet Ölmez Madencilik owned
approximately 6.5 million dollar worth
zinc enrichment facility, which was
built in Ulgunlar village, on the Hakkari
- Çukurca highway in 1999 but started
operating only in 2005, is said to be at
its final stage of establishment and that
the production will soon begin. According to İHA’s report, the mine that
has nearly 30 working construction
equipment and that has provided approximately 250 employment opportunities has exported 350,000 tonnes
of ores and the new establishment will
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not only increase employment but also
regional exportation.
ity, which costed 6.5 million dollars, will
start production shortly.
İsmet Ölmez, the owner of Meskan
İsmet Ölmez Madencilik stated that
they have established an important
presence in the exportation of the
region with the construction of their
mine and pointed out that this region
has the highest emigration and the
industry is not well developed due to
terror in the eastern Turkey. Ölmez indicated that the region bears rich zinc
and lead reserves, and that their facil-
In different fields of the company, 4
types of zinc ore; Akkaya Massive Metallic Giper Carbonate Zinc, Meskan
Metallic Zinc, Meskan Oxidized Zinc
and Diyarbakır Metallic Zinc are produced. Geological surveys estimate the
apparent zinc reserve at the company’s
licensed fields to be 5 million tonnes
and additional drill holes are believed
to increase this estimate.
September 2013
Contract Signed for Kangal Thermal Power
Plant and its Coal Site
Kangal Thermal Power Plant Electricity Generation Co. whose tender was
concluded in February 2013, owned
by the Joint Venture Group of Konya
Şeker and Trade Co. - Siyah Kalem Engineering Construction Industry and
Trade Co. with a share of 51% and by
Çobanyıldızı Electricity, a subsidiary of
Anadolu Birlik Holding, with a share of
49%, signed its contract of 985 million
dollar on 14 August 2013. The license
of generation to be awarded will be
valid for 49 years.
The contract signed between the Presi-
dency of Privatization Administration
(ÖİB) and Kangal Thermal Power Plant
Electriciy Generation Co. regarding the
sale of Kangal Thermal Power Plant
and its coal site is scheduled to be
announced to the public upon a ceremony to be held in Ankara on 19 August 2013 and the Minister of Finance
Mehmet Şimşek, the Minister of Energy
and Natural Resources Taner Yıldız, the
Acting President of ÖİB Ahmet Aksu
and the President of Energy Market
Regulatory Authority (EPDK) Hasan
Köktaş are expected to show up at the
ceremony.
Whereas the tender of Kangal Thermal
Power Plant Electricity Generation Co.
had been awarded to the Joint Venture
Group of Konya Şeker and Trade Co. Siyah Kalem Engineering Construction
Industry and Trade Co., the winning
consortium later altered its partnership
structure. The Joint Venture Group has
maintained its dominant share of 51%
within the new partnership structure;
however the share of Siyah Kalem has
declined. Çobanyıldızı Electricity, a subsidiary of Anadolu Birlik Holding, joined
the consortium as the third company
with a share of 49%.
Eti Maden Strives to Increase Colemanite Use in
Iron and Steel Production
Working towards making colemanite
use in iron and steel production
a common practice, Eti Maden
announced joint experimental studies
with Diler Demir Çelik, a subsidiary
of Diler Holding. The experiments
performed at Diler’s production
facilities together with Eti Maden staff
aimed at transforming slag into a
glass-like state by adding appropriate
amount of colemanite to powder slag
produced in ladle metallurgy during
iron steel production from scrap.
In case colemanite is used by scrapbased iron steel producers in Turkey, a
colemanite market of 10,000 - 15,000
tonnes/year, and if it becomes a globally
common practice an additional 200,000
tonnes/year, is estimated to emerge.
2012 Main Economic Indicators Report by Directorate
General of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA)
The Main Economic Indicators Report
of 2012, which takes detailed stock of
Turkey’s mineral reserves, indicates that
our country hosts 700 tonnes of gold
reserves and 9 thousand 129 tonnes of
established uranium reserves. According
to the sectorial distribution of the GDP,
mining and quarrying has grown by
21.5% in 2011 and 10.3% in 2012.
The ratio of mining within the GDP
has been 1.49%. The report which
demonstrates the progress Turkey has
made in the mining sector during the
past 8 years, contains information on
the minerals Turkey produced between
the years 2003 and 2012. Anthracite
production which was 51 million 670
thousand tonnes in 2003 reached 85
million tonnes in 2011; cement and
construction raw material production
which was 69 million 900 thousand
tonnes in 2003 reached a total of 397
million 284 thousand tonnes in 2011;
metallic minerals production which was
around 3 million 537 thousand tonnes
in 2003 reached 25 million 774 thousand
tonnes in 2011 and industrial raw
material production which was 28 million
908 thousand tonnes in 2003 reached 83
million 178 thousand tonnes in 2011.
The report revealed that the growth
experienced in the construction sector in
the recent years has cast an effect on the
production of cement and construction
raw materials. In this regard, the amount
of the cement and construction raw
materials produced in 2003 was 69
million 900 thousand tonnes whereas
this number has reached 397 million 284
thousand tonnes in 2011.
Turkey’s other mineral reserves are as follows: Turkey has reserves of 700 tonnes
gold, 4 million tonnes alunite, 203 thou-
sand tonnes antimony, 82 million tonnes
asphaltite, 29 million 646 thousand
tonnes asbestos, 1 million 786 thousand
tonnes copper, 35 million tonnes barite, 1
billion 641 million 381 thousand tonnes
bituminous schist, 250 million 543 thousand bentonite, 87 million 375 thousand
tonnes bauxite, 3 billion 660 million 300
thousand tonnes boron, 3,820 tonnes
mercury, 2 million 294 thousand tonnes
zinc, 122 million tonnes iron, 44 million
224 thousand dolomite, 70.5 million
tonnes phosphate, 90 thousand tonnes
silver, 5 billion 733 million 708 thousand tonnes rock salt, 354 thousand 362
tonnes clay, 26 million tonnes chrome,
860 thousand tonnes quartz, 626 thousand tonnes sulphur, 13.3 billion tonnes
lignite, 5 billion 161 million tonnes marble, 1 billion 479 million tonnes pumice,1
billion 126 million 548 tonnes anthracite,
380 thousand tonnes thorium, 9 thousand 129 tonnes uranium.
September 2013
7
500 Largest Companies of 2012 Published
Fortune, one of the leading finance
magazines of the world, announced its
annual list of 500 largest companies. According to the list, upon a sharp slam on
the brake in our economy in 2012, the
growth of GDP remained in 2.2%, and
such downfalls experienced last year
caused negative reflections in the balance sheets of companies. Nevertheless,
the economic magnitude of the companies in Fortune’s 500 has increased
by 11.2% and reached 614 billion 977
million Turkish lira. In 2011 when the
growth of GDP was 8.8%, the growth in
the net sales of Fortune’s 500 companies
was 22.2%, and it has been discovered
that the growth of the companies on the
list in 2012 did not slow down as in the
case of the country’s economy.
Several companies in the mining sector
or dependent on the mining sector have
again made it to the Fortune’s 500 list
and public organizations such as Turkish Coal Enterprises and Eti Mine Works
stood out in the higher ranks of the list.
Turkish Coal Enterprises, upon net sales
of 3 billion 182 million Turkish lira in
2012, came 33rd on the list compared to
the 32nd place it held on the list last year
with 2 billion 907 million Turkish lira. Eti
Mine Works, on the other hand, came
69th on Fortune’s 500 list with its net
sales of 1 billion 491 million Turkish lira
whereas it ranked 72nd on the same list
upon 1 billion 474 million Turkish lira. As
there has been no significant variation in
the ranks of both companies compared
to last year, it can be inferred that they
maintain a consistent line of progress.
Fortune’s 500 hosted 21 cement production companies and no significant variations were observed in their ranks.
The proximate values observed in the
net sales of Eti Mine Works, in the last
two years indicate the prevailing maximum gain acquired upon full-capacity
operation of the organization’s facilities.
The organization will surely climb up in
the list in the coming years, upon capacity increases.
Söğütsen Ceramic and Seranit Granite
Ceramic stood out upon their advancement in the list, followed by Eti Copper
by virtue of its stride of 60 places.
Despite its one step down within the list,
Turkish Coal Enterprises displayed an
increase of 200 million Turkish lira in its
net sales in 2012, compared to last year.
It seems Turkish Coal Enterprises will set
its bar higher up in the coming years,
when recently discovered coal sites begin production.
Turkish Hard Coal Enterprises which was
unable to make it to the list last year,
however came 347th this year, completed the year 2012 taking a financial bath
due to 529 million 347 thousand Turkish
lira of expenditure compared to its net
sales of 305 million 199 thousand Turkish lira.
Park Electricity Generation Mining Industry, İston İstanbul Concrete Elements
and Ready Mixed Concrete Corporation
and Eti Krom Inc. have also made it to the
list of 500 largest companies this year, although they failed to do so last year, just
like Turkish Hard Coal Enterprises.
Although Anadolu Glass Industry and
Trakya Glass Industry experienced a
downfall in their profit volume ratios;
they ranked higher on the list compared
to that of 2011.
The aggregate net sales of the 33
companies listed below amounts to
19 billion 156 million Turkish lira which
correspond to the 3.1% of the net sales
of all the companies on Fortune’s 500.
There are also (iron-steel industry,
etc.) companies which are not cited
in the list below which is cut out from
Fortune’s 500, however operates in
the mining sector although indirectly.
When we add such companies to the
list, still a share of 10% within all of the
net sales cannot be reached, which
reminds us the importance of mining
in the development of a country, as in
the case of developed countries. The
power a developed country’s economy
of is vested in the listing of that country’s
mining companies on the first 500
companies in higher numbers and upon
higher earnings.
900 Million Dollar Investment to Soma
Hidro-Gen Enerji, a subsidiary within Kolin İnşaat, made a license application for
the thermal power plant they are planning to build in Soma - Deniş coal field,
for which they were the preferred bidder
in royalty tender.
Hidro-Gen Enerji had the highest bid
among 15 companies in the August
2012 tender and was the preferred bidder. The company is planning to invest
900 million dollar to the region by building a 150 x 3 MW thermal power plant.
The company’s investment will be 25%
sourced from equity capital and 75%
from external financing to obtain an
annual 3 billion 942 million KW gross,
8
3 billion 150 million KW net electricity
production by the thermal power plant.
The coal field in Soma - Deniş, license no.
İR:4168, that will feed the power plant is
stated to bear 152 million tonnes of coal
reserve and the calorific value of the coal
in the field is said to vary in the 1,200 2,000 kcal/kg range.
Hidro-Gen applied to Energy Market
Regulatory Authority (EPDK) for license
and also took the required steps for Environmental Impact Analysis Report.
They are planning to use circulating
fluidized bed type boiler in the thermal
September 2013
power plant and the plant will comprise
three circulating fluidized bed type boilers, three electrostatic precipitators,
fans, one chimney, desulfurization system, switchyard, steam boiler, coal storage area, coal feeding systems, fly ash
and bottom ash silos, cooling tower, one
steam turbine and a generator.
According to the contract, the company is required to pay 4.69 krş/KWh
royalty to Turkish Coal Enterprises and
complete the construction of the plant
within 6 years. Power plant is expected
to provide 900 employment in the construction phase and 250 in the operation phase.
Pilot Gold Q2 2013 Highlights
Pilot Gold Inc. reported its financial
results for the second quarter ended
June 30, 2013, and provides an update
on activities highlighted by continued
strong gold and silver drill results at
TV Tower’s KCD target, the launch of
drilling at TV Tower’s oxide gold Kayali
target, and the resumption of drilling at
Kinsley Mountain, Nevada.
“We believe the quality of our projects,
our proven team and healthy treasury
are strong differentiators in today’s
market, and position Pilot Gold as a
standout in the sector,” stated Matt
Lennox-King, President and CEO, Pilot
Gold. “We will continue to build on our
success in the second half of 2013, with
significant exploration drilling of an
additional 29,000 metres at our priority
projects, and expect to meet key
resource and permitting milestones by
year end.”
Eurasian Minerals Announces Option Agreement to Sell
the Akarca Gold-Silver Property
Eurasian
Minerals
Inc.
(EMX)
announced the execution of an option
agreement to sell the Akarca property
in northwest Turkey for a combination
of cash payments, gold bullion, work
commitments, and a royalty interest,
in June 2013. The agreement gives
Çolakoglu Ticari Yatırım AŞ, a privately
owned Turkish company, the option to
acquire EMX’s 100% owned subsidiary,
AES Madencilik A.S. (“AES Turkey”), a
Turkish corporation that controls the
Akarca property. EMX looks forward
to working with Çolakoglu to further
advance the Akarca project towards
resource delineation while exploring
for new discoveries on the property. The
Akarca project consists of six separate
epithermal gold-silver mineralized
zones occurring within a district-scale
area. Gold and silver mineralization
occurs as both structurally focused
vein-style, as well as disseminated-style
mineralization in silicified zones.
EMX announced its second quarter
2013 results in August, which are
available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com,
on the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission’s website at www.sec.
gov and on Eurasian’s website at www.
eurasianminerals.com.
Aldridge Completes its Fully Owned Yenipazar
Project’s EIA Report
Aldridge Minerals Inc. announced that
it has completed the Environmental Impact Assessment Report (“EIA Report”)
for its Yenipazar Project in central Turkey.
The Company has submitted the EIA Report to the Ministry of the Environment
and Urbanization in Turkey, initiating the
final stage of the EIA approval process.
Aldridge earlier successfully completed
an initial application defining the scope
of the proposed project as well as a public consultation process.
The completion of the EIA Report,
which is based on over two years of
baseline studies, fieldwork, and analysis
by numerous consultants and the
Aldridge team, represents a significant
milestone in the development of the
Yenipazar Project. Following receipt of
the EIA permit, Aldridge will proceed
to apply for construction, operating
and other required permits. In June
Aldridges announced the exercise of its
option to earn a 100% working interest
in the company’s flagship Yenipazar
Property in central Turkey. Aldridge
completed the earn-in by delivering
the Yenipazar Feasibility Study to Alacer
Gold Corp. Alacer retains a 6% net profit
interest in the Yenipazar Property until
such time as operational revenues
reach the amount of 165 million dollars.
When revenues exceed this threshold
amount, the NPI will increase to 10%.
Çöpler M+I Resource Increases to 8.5 Million Ounces of Gold
Alacer Gold Corp. announced an updated mineral resource estimate for its Çöpler gold-silver-copper deposit in Turkey, in June 2013. The updated Çöpler
resource estimate has resulted in measured and indicated (“M+I”) resources
increasing to 194.2 million tonnes at a
grade of 1.4 grams per tonne gold, containing a total of 8.5 million ounces (inclusive of reserves) as at June 30, 2013.
Alacer announced also its second
quarter production at Çöpler. Mr. David
Quinlivan, President and CEO stated,
“Our flagship Çöpler Mine achieved
record quarterly gold production of
68,195 ounces in Q2 2013, which is
10,395 ounces or 18% more than the
previous record. In this challenging
gold price environment, Çöpler
provided strong cash flow of 41 million
dollars, before taking into account
approximately 14 million dollars in
‘one‐time’ capital expenses for SART,
clay sizer and the agglomerator during
the quarter. Çöpler’s average Total Cash
Costs were 395 dollars per ounce. The
balance sheet remains strong, finishing
the quarter with 268 million dollars
in cash, including 50 million dollars
in Australia. The current sale process
for our Australian assets is ongoing
and in accordance with international
accounting
standards
we
are
reporting these assets as Discontinued
Operations. We are continuing to
reduce costs across our business as
well as evaluating how best to optimize
gold production going forward.”
September 2013
9
Aksa Wins the Karlıova Coal Field Tender
Aksa Enerji AŞ won the management
rights to 3,167 hectares of 88,662,000
lignite coal reserve bearing field in
Karlıova, Bingöl, that is owned by Turkish
Coal Enterprises (TKİ). Aksa Enerji will
establish a minimum 150 MW electric
power plant in the field specified
in the tender and produce energy
using the extracted coal. According
to specifications of the tender, the
company will complete investments and
start to operate in the first 6 years after
the contract is signed.
Among the three bidders, Aksa Enerji
made the highest bid of 3.2 kuruş
per kilowatt-hour royalty and won
management rights of the field for 30
years. The second highest bid was 1.53
kuruş by Flamingo Bio Yakıt Ltd. and Difer
AŞ. was the third bidder with 0.77 kuruş.
In relation to our current knowledge of
the field and modern technologies, much
more coal is expected to be produced
with surface mining techniques.
The entirety of the coal that can be
extracted from the field has the quality
to be utilized in the thermal power plant.
Present coal potential can feed a power
plant with upwards of 150 MW power for
30 years.
The company also has an ongoing 270
MW coal power plant project in Göynük,
Bolu.
Eti Maden Overtakes Global Market, Passing Rio Tinto
Eti Maden overtook US based Rio
Tinto that had been the captain of the
industry until recently, by increasing
production of boron products and
exporting 16 boron end products to
84 countries. As Eti Maden gradually
strengthened its presence in the global
market in the last couple of years, Rio
Tinto’s market share receded to 23% by
2012 while Eti Maden’s reached 46%.
Orhan Yılmaz, general manager of
Eti Mine Works that almost doubled
the market share of its competitor,
reminded that the mining giant Rio
Tinto owned 40% of the global boron
market and stated that they increased
their share against Rio Tinto by
investing in research and development.
Adding that they have obtained a
new boron product as a result of a
5-year-long study, Yılmaz claimed that
this product has big demand in the
iron-steel sector. The product they
have presented to the market just 3
months ago is purchased by 9 iron
steel firms, Yılmaz claims, explaining
that it increases the steel quality and
decreases the arc furnace waste storage
costs.
General manager also mentioned
the big vehicle park of Eti Maden,
stating that their practice involves
earthmoving 100 million tonnes of
soil each year. In this context, Yılmaz
explained they have started to use
locally manufactured equipment, due
to a 2008 decision, and doing so they
have saved 32 million years in 5 years.
Hattat Holding Enters into Agreement with the Chinese
for Hardcoal Mine in Amasra
Hattat Holding signed contract with
China Coal Construction for extraction
of hard coal from its field in Amasra Bartın, to be used at 2.640 MW thermal
power plant that they are also planning
to build on the same site.
Targets being 5 million tonnes/year in
the first years and 10 million tonnes/
year in the coming years, underground
coal is anticipated to be extracted by
underground and above ground machinery and equipment from Europe
and China. Project is planned to be
completed in 10 years with a total investment of 700 million dollar and 11
thousand employment opportunities.
Hattat Holding has invested 310 million
dollar in Amasra - Bartın Hard Coal Project so far. Planning to reach a gallery inclined shaft length of 24 km at the end
of the project, Chinese Datong is opening galleries of total 11 km and three 8
m diameter deep holes of up to 750 m
with its 180 staff.
950 Million Tonnes of Lignite Reserve Found in Dinar
MTA (General Directorate of Mineral
Research and Exploration) discovered
a lignite reserve of 950 million tonnes
in Dinar, Afyon as a result of prospecting and development studies. A 3,500
MW thermal power plant is planned to
be built, providing 6,000 - 7,000 job opportunities, in the region.
Energy and Natural Resources Minister
Taner Yıldız has announced in a written
statement that this investment involv-
10
ing the local high-calorie lignite will
serve not only Afyon but Turkey. Adding that they invested 1.2 billion Turkish
liras to environment for thermal power
plants in the last decade, Yıldız stated
“We are not investing at the expense
of the environment but use clean
coal technologies in these enterprises
together with environmental investments. In the last decade we invested
1.2 billion Turkish liras in the thermal
power plant environment. We are plan-
September 2013
ning to invest more than 1 billion liras
in the next term, as well. These investments are associated with old power
plants. For the new thermal power
plant constructions, we made completion of these investments compulsory.
Flue gas desulfurization plants, electrofilters, ash storage field investments, air
quality monitoring stations and waste
water treatment plants are all completed at this stage”.
Yıldırım Group’s Latest Acquisition is
Mechel’s Chrome Assets
Turkish
conglomerate
YILDIRIM
GROUP’s latest acquisition is Mechel
Chrome, the chrome division of Russian
Mechel. After a very competitive international tender among eight bidders,
YILDIRIM is now the owner of Mechel
Chrome’s vertically integrated Voskhod
Mining Plant in Kazakhstan and Tikhvin
Ferroalloys Plant (TFP) in Russia.
Located in northwest Kazakhstan, the
Voskhod chrome ore mines and chrome
concentrate plant, which began production in July 2009, feature an underground state-of-the-art mine and a
modern ore processing plant. The mine
has total reserves of 21 million tonnes
of chrome ore. The plant’s chrome ore
boasts one of the highest Cr/Fe ratios in
the world, at 3.5 - 3.8. Voskhod is also
responsible for sourcing chrome concentrate for TFP. The plant currently has
an annual beneficiation capacity of 1
million tonnes of raw ore, which can be
increased up to 1.5 million tonnes.
Meanwhile, TFP, which is located 200
km southeast of St. Petersburg in Tikhvin, is one of Russia’s largest producers
of high-carbon ferrochrome (HC FeCr)
with a chrome content of 69.5%, accounting for 22% of the country’s production volume. As a relatively young
plant that began production in April
2007, TFP is also renowned for being
the most modern ferroalloy plant in the
CIS, with advanced facilities like a gas
cleaning system for the furnace, briquetting line and slag processing unit,
as well as one of the lowest power consumption per ton rates in the CIS.
Combined, Voskhod and TFP’s assets
supply the ferrochrome, chrome chemicals, alloy steel, foundry and stainless
steel markets of Russia, Europe, US,
China and Far East Asia.
“After the acquisition of Mechel’s
chrome division, YILDIRIM GROUP
reached a consolidated 520,000 tonnes
production capacity for high-quality
high carbon ferrochrome (HC FeCr) in
Turkey, Sweden and Russia,” said Robert
Yüksel YILDIRIM, President and CEO of
YILDIRIM GROUP, about the investment.
“Therefore, YILDIRIM GROUP is the only
global high carbon ferrochrome producer in three different countries in
order to hedge the political, economic
and other risks for its global long-term
stainless steel customers. In addition,
YILDIRIM GROUP’s total annual chrome
ore production will now reach 2.5 million tonnes in Turkey and Kazakhstan
for its internal ferrochrome production
and chrome ore exports.”
As the owner of Eti Krom Inc. in Elazığ,
Turkey, as well as Vargön Alloys AB in
Vargön, Sweden, YILDIRIM GROUP is
already the world’s largest hard lumpy
chrome ore producer and the second
biggest high-quality HC FeCr producer,
after Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation (ENRC). YILDIRIM GROUP is also
active in port, shipping and shipbuilding, fertilizer, coal and coke, energy, real
estate development and private equity
businesses.
Columbus Copper and First Quantum
Enter into Project Generation Alliance
Columbus Copper Corporation (formerly Empire Mining Corporation)
announced in its press release dated
8 May 2013, that it has entered into a
project generation agreement with
First Quantum Minerals Ltd (FQML).
The agreement provides 250,000 dollar
in reconnaissance funding to Columbus
Copper over a twelve month period for
the objective of identifying prospective
copper dominant projects for acquisition in the European Balkan Peninsula
and in Turkey, in which FQML may then
elect to earn an interest by funding exploration spending. Specifically, if reconnaissance identifies a prospective
mineral project, Columbus Copper will
own the project and FQML will have the
right to earn up to a 70% interest therein
by entering into an option and joint venture agreement with Columbus Copper
that requires FQML to fund up to 5 million dollar in staged exploration expenditures. The agreement may be terminated by either party on 60 days’ notice.
David Cliff, the President and CEO of
Columbus Copper, stated “this generative agreement presents an excellent opportunity for Columbus Copper to strengthen its exploration and
development portfolio in the Balkans
and Turkey at minimal expense to the
company. We are very pleased to be
working with First Quantum under
this agreement, which utilizes the local
knowledge and experience of our exploration team.”
Stratex Announced its Q2 Figures
AIM-quoted exploration and development company Stratex International
Plc focused on gold and base metals in
Turkey, East Africa and West Africa, announces its interim results for the six
- month period ended 30 June 2013.
According to the press release, Bahar
Madencilik now vested at 55% in the
Altıntepe project for 396,019 euro and
has confirmed its decision to start production, subject to permits. On receipt
of the Forestry Permit, Bahar confirms
that construction will commence immediately. Initial production target
has been identified at three million
tonnes averaging 1.34 g/t Au, plus half
million tonnes of low-grade material
averaging 0.35 g/t Au, over 40 months.
Lodos Maden Yatırım Sanayii ve Ticaret
AŞ (“Lodos”) now vested at 61% in the
Muratdere project following completion of 7,900 metres of diamond drilling and the payment of 500,000 dollar
to Stratex.
September 2013
11
New Copper Reserve in Küre
It is reported that a new copper reserve of 25 million tonnes has been
discovered in Eti Copper Co.’s copper
enterprises located in Küre District
of Kastamonu. According to Anadolu
News Agency, in his related speech,
the Governor of Kastamonu Erdoğan
Bektaş said that the copper reserve of
25 million tonnes recently discovered
in Küre is highly significant considering
Turkey’s huge demand for copper.
Eti Copper Co. Küre General Director
Ahmet Tezcan expressed their hope
that the reserve would reach 30 million
tonnes subsequent to the studies to be
Big Investment to Silopi
Official opening ceremony of the first
unit of the thermal power plant, foundation of which was laid by Ciner Group
in 2006 and which has been producing
electricity for some time, took place on
March 9th, together with foundation
stone laying ceremony of second and
third units, with the participation of
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
and Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, Taner Yıldız.
With the official opening of the 135
MW first unit of the power plant, the
company announced the second and
third units to start to operate in 2014
and the total investment to reach 800
million dollar when the project is completed. When all units are functioning,
the power outcome is expected to be
405 MW, which corresponds to 1% of
the country’s established power. Locally
produced asphaltite will be used as fuel
for the thermal power plant that is expected to produce 2.7 billion KW/hour
of electricity. Employment opportunity
for 2000 people will have emerged upon
power plant operating at full capacity.
carried out, and added “We have been
discovering new reserves upon the exploration activities conducted throughout the past 3 - 4 years and our goal is
to unveil the final reserve numbers during 2014 - 2015 and to initiate ore production in Turkey’s largest and deepest
shaft as of 2015.
Meanwhile, Ciner Group owned Park
Elektrik AŞ that manages the asphaltite field in the region for Silopi Thermal Power Plant has announced that
Tellioğlu Petrol İnşaat Nakliyat Ltd. is
the selected preferred bidder for stripping in the asphaltite field. Another
note from the company’s statement
is that Park Elektrik AŞ Administrative
Board has decided on a one-year contract with Tellioğlu İnşaat.
Yıldızlar Holding Invests in Afghanistan
It has been reported that Eti Gümüş
AŞ, a subsidiary of Yıldızlar Holding has
won a gold mine tender of 4 distinct
fields. Ministry of Mines of Afghanistan
announced that the Kabul-based Turkish - Afghan Mining Company (TAMC)
is one of the preferred bidders of the
tender initiated last November. TAMC
is 51% owned by Eti Gümüş and 49%
Afghan Gold and Minerals Company.
Each covering 250 km2, fields associated with this tender are situated within
the Badakhshan Province, sharing borders with Tajikistan and Pakistan.
with its richness in gold, silver and
copper. Previous accounts by various
newsagents have stipulated Afghanistan to harbor 1 trillion dollar-worth of
ores and minerals and 25 billion dollar
worth of gold.
The fields fall within a region known
Miners Waiting for Solution on Circular Problem
The circular, published on the Official
Journal on 16th of June, 2012 with the
signature of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip
Erdoğan, for a requirement of authorization at the Prime Ministry level for acquisition, leasing and utilization of every
publicly owned immovable property has
been causing trouble in the mining, energy and telecommunications sectors.
In its April 8th 2013 edition, Dünya Gazetesi published thoughts and comments of
Association of Mining Sector Presidents’
Concil (MSBK) president İsmet Kasapoğlu
on the matter. Kasapoğlu once again
called for discontinuance of this practice
and stated that their year-long strife for a
solution has been to no avail. Adding that
they are preparing to send a new letter to
Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
12
regarding this Prime Ministry circular,
Kasapoğlu will explain the impairment of
the sector again.
Kasapoğlu pointed out that hundreds of
applications sent to Prime Ministry from
General Directorate of Mining Affairs
(MİGEM) and General Directorate of Forests have been waiting for approvals for
months and the sector has not received
any feedback on the authorizations. As
this has been adversely affecting the industry, Kasapoğlu stated his knowledge
as to many investors that are new to mining industry or having plans to invest in
this sector have decided to fall back and
the ones that have been long time investors in the sector have started reconsidering. As he claimed that the negative results of the practice of the circular will be
September 2013
more apparent in 2 or 3 years, Kasapoğlu
warned that the projects have become
inapplicable and the facilities may soon
need to stop operating. He stated that,
according to the Mining Law, the licences
will become invalid in case the authorizations are not received in 3 years and the
delays due to the circular have also resulted in such problems.
Kasapoğlu stressed the fact that mining
industry matters in other parts of the
world are regulated by static and longterm rules; pointing out to a possible period of 15 years between prospecting the
ore and managing it, Kasapoğlu added
that frequently changing laws and such
circulars may halt investments in the mining industry.
2012 Tax Champion Mining Companies
Turkey’s corporate tax champions of
2012 have been announced. The comparison between the Presidency of
Revenue Administration’s list of top
100 companies to have declared the
highest corporate tax throughout Turkey during the taxation period of 2012
and that of 2011, reveals a considerable
decline in the number of mining and
mining-related companies on the list.
2012 Corporate Tax Listing of Turkey
List of Mining and Mining Related Companies in Top 100
Rank
Name
10 companies which produce minerals or use minerals as raw materials in
production have managed to make it
to the list while this number was 17 last
year.
2011 Corporate Tax Listing of Turkey
List of Mining and Mining Related Companies in Top 100
Tax Assessment
(TL)
Rank
Tax Assessment
(TL)
Name
19
Eti Mine Works General Management
149,942,987.11
15
163,438,694.70
20
Tüprag Metal Mining Inc.
128,520,831.91
17
Ereğli Iron and Steel Fab. Inc.
141,289,717.62
21
Koza Gold Operations Inc.
122,801,726.55
23
111,105,538.15
39
Tki Corporation Ege Lig. Ins.
63,561,960.30
27
99,883,961.43
41
Tki Corporation Güney Ege Lig.
61,816,348.55
35
Çayeli Copper Operations Inc.
67,615,454.23
44
Eti Copper Inc.
58,371,051.16
42
Erdemir Mining Industry Inc.
54,518,009.38
48
Çayeli Copper Operations Inc.
52,075,344.23
46
Soda Industry Inc.
45,899,090.23
55
48,253,594.05
55
Tki Corporation Güney Ege Lig.
41,446,955.47
64
Kardemir Karabük Iron and Steel
42,200,901.83
56
Eti Copper Inc.
41,198,981.55
96
Akçansa Cement Industry Inc.
28,846,719.64
61
Trakya Glass Industry Inc.
37,911,588.44
64
Tki Corporation Seyitömer Lig.
36,151,082.35
This year, as in the case of past three
years, Eti Mine Works came first among
the mining companies, however
receded to the 19th place on the list of
100 companies due to the approximate
decrease of 8% in its accrual amount.
Tüprag Metal Mining which ranked
second among the mining companies
advanced to the 20th place among the
top 100 companies paying a tax of 128
million 500 thousand Turkish lira, upon
an 16% increase in its accrual amount.
Tüprag ranked 23rd last year. The tax
ratio of Koza Gold Operations, owner
of the third place on the list this year,
has increased by 23% compared to last
year and reached
70
Tki Corporation Ege Lig.
33,934,201.88
122 million 800
82
Çimsa Cement Industry Inc.
29,448,195.07
thousand Turkish
89
Eti Silver Inc.
26,752,974.77
lira. Koza came 21st
94
Park
Electricity
Generation
Mining
Industry
Inc.
25,470,694.19
among the top 100
companies.
The
95
Kardemir Karabük Iron and Steel
25,034,211.43
climb of Tüprag
96
Eti Aluminium Inc.
24,774,267.76
and Koza on the list
could be attributed to the high course of
was only 756 million Turkish lira this year.
gold prices during the year 2012.
Bearing in mind that this amount of paid
taxes belongs only to 10 companies, one
An overview of the table would indicate
can easily comprehend how profoundly
that, during the taxation period of 2011,
the mining sector would contribute to
companies associated with mining paid
the country’s economy, if it advances.
the government an aggregate tax of 1
billion Turkish lira, whereas this number
Rubicon Resources Established a Base in Ankara, Turkey
According to the update on Turkish
focus dated 19 March 2013, it has now
established a Turkish registered subsidiary company and assembled the
core of a high quality in-country team
to assist in the accelerated programme
of project assessment, exploration and
development in Turkey, Rubicon has
targeted project interests in gold/copper and base metals and is in advanced
discussions for initial acquisition.
So far, Rubicon has conducted field visits to projects containing low and high
sulphidation epithermal, porphyry related and VMS mineralized systems in
Western, Central and Central Eastern
Turkey. Rubicon is targeting projects
that have existing ore grade intersections that are held by both international companies and local Turkish groups
that are seeking partners with exploration expertise.
First Quantum Acquired 92.74% of Inmet Shares Tendered
First Quantum Minerals Ltd. announced
on April 2013 that a total of 65,206,044
common shares of Inmet Mining Corporation representing 92.74% of the
Inmet shares had been validly tendered
to the First Quantum’s offer to acquire
all of the shares of Inmet Mining Corp,
winning a 5.1 billion Canadian dollar
hostile battle for control of one of the
world’s largest untapped copper deposits - Cobre Panama.
Commenting upon the offer’s successful completion, Philip Pascall, First
Quantum’s Chairman and CEO, said:
“We are delighted that our offer was
met with such overwhelming acceptance by Inmet shareholders. We wish
to once again thank them for their
tremendous support throughout the
course of our offer and to welcome
them as new shareholders of First
Quantum. We look forward to a bright
future in which, together, we turn our
vision of a new global copper leader
into a reality.”
September 2013
13
Tenth Development Plan (2014 - 2018)
Adopted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly
The tenth development plan submitted
to the Turkish Grand National Assembly
(TGNA) has been adopted. In his presentation before the TGNA Commission on
18 June 2013 Tuesday, The Turkish Minister of Development Cevdet Yılmaz noted
“Exportation in our mining sector has
risen from 382 million dollar to 3.2 billion
dollar in the past decade. Between the
years 2002 - 2013, the investment allocations for petroleum, natural gas, mineral
and geothermal resource exploration has
been significantly increased. We are going to amplify explorations in the mining
sector. In his regard, we aim to raise the
quantity of drilling from 1.3 million meters to 3 million meters.”.
The part regarding the mining sector in
the Tenth Development Plan is as follows:
STATUS ANALYSIS
While the share of Turkish mining sector
within the GDP was 1.2% in 2006, it has
risen to 1.5% in 2012. The aggregate exportation in 2006 was 1.1 billion dollar,
whereas in 2012 it has reached to 3.2 billion dollar and a substantial part of this
exportation consists of natural stone,
copper, zinc, chrome, feldspar, and boron. The aggregate importation was 22
billion dollar in 2006, however in 2012 it
has reached to 42.2 billion dollar and of
this amount, an about 39.5 billion dollar
pertains to crude oil and natural gas, 1.1
billion dollar to anthracite and 1.1 billion
dollar to iron.
The financial resources allocated to investments in exploration of mines, raw
materials for energy and geothermal
resources has been increased significantly, with a view to mitigating external energy dependence and meeting
raw material needs in industry. In this
framework, while the funds allocated
in the year 2006 to the Directorate General of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) for mineral and geothermal
resource explorations during term of
2006 - 2013 was 32 million Turkish lira,
in 2013 this amount has been increased
to 200 million Turkish lira, and the funds
allocated to Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO) for petroleum and natural
gas exploration has been increased form
450 million Turkish lira to 1.050 million
14
Turkish lira, during the same term. In
an attempt to increase domestic production in petroleum and natural gas
and to ensure uninterrupted activities
of exploration, a seismic research vessel was procured in 2012. Moreover, the
petroleum and natural gas exploration
activities initiated abroad by the Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO) and
Petroleum Pipeline Corporation (BOTAŞ)
are currently underway. In addition, the
full-fledged national research vessel of
the Directorate General of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) is under
construction.
The rapid growth trends of developing
countries, particularly China and India,
have cast an effect on the global mining
market and caused a profound increase
in the mine prices. The leading developed and developing economies such as
the USA, the EU, Japan, South Korea and
China, conduct studies on demand and
supply-focused management of raw materials and develop and implement their
respective raw material management
strategies. This clearly indicates that an
initiative in this regard must be developed in our country, as well.
chrome of which our country has great
potential, are integrated in the economy
providing a higher added-value.
In the mining sector, there is an ongoing need for the enhancement of license
guarantee, simplification of complex and
prolonged permit processes, increasing
the added-value upon domestic processing of imported mines, scaling up exploration activities particularly in the private
sector, restructuring and improving the
efficiency of public organizations, planning of mining activities in coordination
with activities and investments of other
sectors, eliminating the problem of scale
and technology in mining companies
and enterprises.
GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
The fundamental goal is to soundly
identify the mineral potential of our
country, ensure supply guarantee for
raw materials required for production
and increasing the added-value upon
domestic processing of mines with a
view to amplifying its contribution to
the economy.
POLICIES
•
Upon the Law on Geothermal Resources
and Mineral Waters which took effect in
2007 and the various amendments and
alterations made on the Mining Law in
2010, the disarray in the legislation has
been eliminated and the legal infrastructure for more efficient uses of such resources has been provided.
Exportation of boron products has risen,
upon a significant boost, from 367 million dollar in 2006 to 797 million dollar as
of 2012 and Turkey, with its 46% market
share, has maintained its global leadership in boron products exportation. Furthermore, raw marble exportation has risen from 239 million dollar in 2006 to 881
million dollar in 2012. By virtue of the exploration activities carried out during the
term of the Ninth Development Plan, the
known lignite coal reserve has risen from
8.3 billion tonnes to 12.8 billion tonnes
and 38 new geothermal sites have been
discovered. Then again, it is essential to
ensure that underground resources such
as geothermal, lignite, marble, boron and
September 2013
•
•
•
In line with the objective of mitigating external dependency for
energy production, petroleum and
natural gas exploration activities
within and outside the country
will be accelerated, exploration activities to identify the potential for
domestic resources such as lignite
coal and geothermal will be maximized. Comprehensive research activities on shale gas will be ensured.
Domestic exploration and production of industrial raw materials such
as iron ore, marble and boron will
be prioritized.
A strategy will be generated for the
secure supply of raw materials that
are fundamental and critical for the
Turkish economy. A system will be
established to provide order in outflow of critical raw materials, mines
and minerals.
With regard to the list of critical raw
materials designated by countries
and groups of countries, the exploration program for the exploration
and production of raw materials in
•
•
•
Turkey, in particular Rare Earth Elements.
The harmonization of the mining
sector with the legislation on labor
safety and environment will be improved.
Domestic processing of mining
products such as chrome and marble, and thereby increased addedvalue will be ensured.
Formation of global and competitive mining companies will be encouraged.
2006
2012
2013
2018
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
Mining Exportation (Billion USD)
1.1
3.2
3.8
7.0
Boron Exportation (Billion USD)
0.4
0.8
0.9
1.5
Drilling Quantity (Thousand Meter)1
500
1,000
1,300
3,000
Visible Lignite Reservoir (Billion Tonnes)
8.3
12.8
14.0
18.0
Ratio of Mining Added-Value to the GDP (Current rates, %)
Table 26: Advancements and Objectives in Mining Sector Source: Data on the years 2006 and 2012 are cited
from Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) and the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. Data on the
years 2013 and 2018 are the estimations of the Tenth Development Plan.
(1)
The data on the years 2006 and 2012 are estimated values.
Austrian RHI Buys Cihan Group’s Magnesite Enterprise
Austria’s leading refractory material producer RHI AG officials announced they
have been negotiating to buy the magnesite enterprise owned by Turkmag,
one of Cihan Gruop companies based
in Kocaeli, as well as the due mineral
rights. Noting that the official process
was underway, the statement referred
to an amount of 36 million euros as the
price offered for the enterprise located in
Aşakale district of Erzurum, with a reserve
of 85 million tonnes and annual produc-
tion capacity of 120 million tonnes.
The statement by the Austrian refectory
producer also indicates that the company aims to extend its raw material supply
chain via procurements.
Mine Producers in İstanbul Chamber of
Industry 500 Announced
The awaited “Top 500 Industrial Enterprises of Turkey - 2012” report issued each year for the past 45 years by
İstanbul Chamber of Industry (ISO) has
been announced. In the press confer-
ence, the Head of the ISO Management
Board Erdal Bahçıvan noted that the sectors which were regarded as the backbone of the industry 30 years ago have
now fallen behind, whereas the ones
Mining Companies in Turkey’s Top 500 industrial Enterprises of 2012
Rank By No.
In Top 500
In 2012
15
Firm or Enterprise
Net Sales Revenue
(TRY)
on the lower ranks on the list in the past
have become the drivers of the industry
today. In parallel with Bahçıvan’s statement, the mining sector has also manifested an increase this year.
Mining Companies in Turkey’s Top 500 industrial Enterprises of 2012
Rank By No.
In Top 500
In 2012
241
Firm or Enterprise
Eti Silver Inc.
Net Sales Revenue
(TRY)
General Directorate Of Turkish Coal Enterprises
2,886,203 ,748
348,220,692
41
1,487,462,707
284
Adana Cement Industry Inc.
287,034,089
67
1,085,155,678
290
Çimentaş İzmir Cement Factory Inc.
283,878,625
72
1,041,141,929
295
Soma Coal Enterprises Inc.
281,483,223
75
Akçansa Cement Industry Inc.
992,214,050
302
General Directorate of Turkish Hard Coal Corp.
274,618,593
81
Soda Industry Inc.
844,690,081
311
BATIÇİM Batı Anadolu Cement Industry Inc.
262,497,945
88
Çimsa Cement Industry Inc.
799,027,860
339
Seranit Granite Ceramik Industry Inc.
241,744,020
108
Eti Copper Inc.
684,731,587
346
Konya Cement Industry Inc.
235,685,873
119
Kaleseramik Çanakkale Kalebodur Ceramic Industry
Inc.
598,072,049
356
Ünye Cement Industry Inc.
231,117,088
364
Park Electricity Generation Mining Industry Inc.
225,534,896
155
Limak Cement Industry Inc.
496,166,768
402
Mardin Cement Industry Inc.
206,067,889
157
Çayeli Copper Enterprises Inc.
495,019,529
408
GÖLTAŞ Cement Inc.
203,142,486
160
481,032,377
168
Aşkale Cement Industry Inc.
468,812,357
169
Nuh Cement Industry Inc.
468,522,565
199
Limak Batı Cement Industry Inc.
404,392,102
200
Çimko Cement and Concrete Industry Inc.
402,802,831
201
Eti Soda Inc.
402,785,357
426
Eti Chrome Inc..
195,537,016
427
Traçim Cement Industry Inc.
194,933,831
432
Adoçim Cement Concrete Industry Inc.
193,605,284
434
Bolu Cement Industry Inc.
193,361,258
447
KÇS Kahramanmaraş Cement Concrete Industry and
Mining Operations Inc.
189,138,966
208
As Cement Industry Inc.
390,120,573
453
Denizli Cement Industry Inc.
188,265,728
222
Esan Eczacıbaşı Industrial Raw Materials Inc.
372,937,609
476
Demir Export Inc.
178,070,546
September 2013
15
Profile
Chairman’s Message Of
AME-Jamieson AŞ
“The mining industry worldwide is
undergoing unprecedented changes
and influenced by the waning
Chinese demand, high volatility
of commodity prices and rising
exploration costs, it’s becoming
harder for mining companies to
predict future demand and assess an
increasingly complicated choices to
satisfy the shareholders,” commented
Alan M. Clegg, Deputy Chairman of
AME-Jamieson Group (AMEJ).
David Jamieson, AMEJ’s Chairman,
said “There are also strong signs of
deferring investment and expansion
projects globally. However, continued
investment in parallel to increasing
operational efficiency, productivity,
mitigating risk and monitoring
compliance in addition to appropriate
effort on health, safety and
environmental (HSE) management
is necessary to enable companies to
stabilize the volatility and continued
business success.”
Thus Jamieson Group in close
cooperation with the globally
experienced and locally focused
Afrasia Mining and Energy Consulting
(Afrasia or AME) from Ankara is
focusing its efforts in Turkey and
the region within which Turkey is
situated, i.e. North Africa, Eastern
Europe, Balkans, Middle East and
Turkic Republics to provide better
and high quality services to its clients.
Despite Turkey’s amazing diversity
of industrial mineral deposits
and varied base metal reserves,
the mining industry is still in its
development phase and infancy. Due
to constantly increasing domestic
and world demand and also with
an increasing number of local and
foreign participants playing active
roles in shaping the growing market,
the mining industry in Turkey has
flourished rapidly in the last 20 years
as one of the world’s most promising
16
and dynamic mining destinations.
1.
As a new organization in Turkey,
AME-Jamieson
would
like
to maintain the competitive
advantage even increase it
with integrity in services from
management consultancy to
full fledge technical services in
mining.
2.
The second goal is to increase
our stronghold in the region
to further support regional
industries. This will further
allow us to share best practices
in the region for our new and
existing valued clients. Having
a truly global footprint ensures
that we can support our clients
with impeccable service quality
wherever they may be located.
Major opportunities exist in upgrading facilities for mining coal, zinc,
copper, gold and silver, as well as for
iron ore, bauxite lead and nickel.
In mining sector, there is growing demand for environmental engineering
and consulting services include process development, process-control,
chemical and metallurgical analyses,
reserve estimation and underground
mining operation, operational efficiency and also specialized auditing
services to fulfil local accounting and
international compliance requirements.
David Jamieson commented further
that, “These complexities put burden
on project, design and operations
teams and in addition there is
an ever increasing demand for
effective management of operations,
production and supply throughout
the mine and plant lifecycle.
AMEJ offers a unique solution to
identify leaks and losses and close
gaps to enhance productivity and
profitability.”
Alan M. Clegg added, “Also without
monitoring compliance, and indeed
optimizing business performance
based on the intelligence gained
from careful scrutiny of operations,
processes and activities, businesses
can struggle to survive. In Turkey
we have many medium to large
companies in the sector in this
position with low or negative equity
making it impossible for them to raise
further investment funding. There
only way out is to work their way out
through business improvement at the
existing root status.”
Jamieson Group’s efforts with Afrasia
Mining and Energy Corporation have
2 goals to achieve.
September 2013
Our new JV Corporation, AME Jamieson AŞ with its partners has experienced consultants in all industrial
operational areas ready to assist in
management consultancy, gap analysis and assessments, business process
design and changes in every step of
the Mine and Plant Life Cycle including exploration, engineering and
project development.
We look forward to working with all
our current and prospective clients to
assist them to grow and flourish their
businesses during this challenging
economic period.
CONTACTS
AME-Jamieson AŞ
Address : Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2146. Sok.
Demirler Atlas Plaza No : 14 / 16 Çankaya Ankara - Turkey
Phone : +90 (312) 219 44 15
Fax : +90 (312) 219 44 59
E-Mail : [email protected]
Website : www.amejamieson.com
Interview
Çayeli Bakır İşletmeleri:
30 Years Of Success In Black Sea
Çayeli Bakır İşletmeleri AŞ (CBI) is whollyowned subsidiary of First Quantum Minerals and operates Çayeli mine located
on the Black Sea coast of northeastern
Turkey. Çayeli mine is an underground
copper and zinc operation and produces copper concentrate, copper and zinc
bulk concentrate and zinc concentrate.
Çayeli is the largest underground base
metals mine in Turkey. It produced its
first concentrate in 1994 and is expected
to operate until at least 2019. Çayeli is
an example of mining and metallurgical experience translating to achieving
throughput that exceeds design capacity, as Çayeli’s initial design mill capacity
of 650,000 tonnes per year has grown to
1,200,000 tonnes per year.
This year, its CBI’s 30th year anniversary.
For this reason Mining Turkey Magazine
made an interview about CBI and Turkish mining sector with the managing
director of CBI, Iain Anderson, who has
been living in Turkey over a decade and
has joined CBI in 2009.
Mr Anderson, you are one of
the well-known familiar faces
of the Turkish mining sector.
How would you describe the
changes and evolution of
the Turkish mining sector as
someone who has been closely
observing it for more than 10
years?
(IA:) I have witnessed many positive
developments in both Turkey and our
mining sector since I have been living
here. There is certainly a lot more interest in the sector; this is evident from
the amount of exploration drilling that
is occurring today compared to levels
that were almost ‘stagnate’ about 10
years ago. Interest in the sector is being
driven by both domestic and foreign
investors and it is easy to see that working standards and the level of professionalism across the sector is steadily
improving as companies adopt modern
exploration, mine planning and operating methods.
I’m happy to say that the future of mining in Turkey looks healthy and the sector will make an important contribution
to the national economy if the government is going to achieve the ambitious
growth targets it has set by the 100th
anniversary of the Republic in 2023.
What do you think are the
challenges and the advantages
of being in this sector?
(IA:) Our sector certainly faces chal-
lenges probably the greatest challenge
is perception management. Many people still believe that mining companies
are making super profits at the expense
of people and the environment.
Mining is and will remain a risky business. My view is that the development
of a new mine is the biggest challenge
faced by any mining Company. Mining
is controlled by commodity prices and
in times of declining demand for our
products it is only the most cost effi-
Remotely operated LHD in the underground
18
September 2013
cient and best run operations that can
survive, it is important to understand
these risks and get your financial model
right before embarking on a new mining venture. During times of high commodity prices the best run operations
face increased risks of resource nationalism and as we have seen in Australia
recently additional taxes that are not
applied to companies working in other
sectors. Imagine we apply the same
logic and increase taxes on a technology company that invents the latest and
most profitable product. Of course this
would have the effect of making investment in ‘Research and Development’ of
new products less attractive. The same
can be said for the mining sector; resource nationalism, increased mining
taxes and delays in permitting a mining
project make the sector less attractive
for investment.
For me, the biggest advantage in working in the sector is the dynamic work
environment. There are always new and
improved technologies coming onto
the market at such a rate it is hard to
keep up with the latest developments.
A mine has a life cycle and things rarely
if ever constant so for those of us who
like change, problem solving and working as part of a team this is the biggest
advantage mining has to offer.
Iain ANDERSON
Managing Director of ÇBİ
Drawing on a professional career that
extends over 25 years, Mr. Anderson
brings with him extensive handson engineering, maintenance and
operational experience. Mr. Anderson
started his career in 1985 as an
engineer in the shipping industry. He
moved to the mining industry in 1998
when he joined Waihi Gold Mine in
New Zealand as a Graduate Mechanical
Engineer. During the past 15 years,
Mr. Anderson has worked in various
mining-related roles of increasing
responsibility
including
positions held at the Ovacık
Gold Mine in Turkey, at
Zarafshan
Newmont
in
Uzbekistan and as General
Manager at Crew Gold’s LEFA
Corridor Gold Project in West
Africa, Guinea.
Mr. Anderson joined Çayeli
Bakır in January 2009. He is
responsible for implementing First Quantum Minerals’
strategy and objectives in
Turkey and is also a member
of Çayeli Bakır’s board of directors.
Mr. Anderson obtained a Bachelor of
Applied Science in Marine Engineering
from the Australian Maritime College in
1989 and also a Bachelor of Mechanical
Engineering from the University of Adelaide in 1998.
Mr. Anderson has been living in Turkey
for more than 10 years. He is married to
a Turkish citizen and became a citizen
of Turkey himself in 2012. As a Black
Sea resident Mr. Anderson has a life
which is harmonized with the nature of
Black Sea, he can often be found on a
weekend cycling or hiking in the Kaçkar
mountains with his family.
Managing Director, Iain Anderson
September 2013
19
CBI in numbers
Year of Establishment (Incorporation)
1983
Initial Share Capital
183 million dollar
Total Investment to Date
350 million dollar
Annual Contribution to Turkey’s Economy (2012):
148 million dollar
Percentage of Annual Expenditure in Local Region (Rize):
45%
Total Direct Employment (2012):
492
Percentage of workforce from local region:
87%
Average Seniority of Employees:
10 years
Ranking on Corporate Tax Record Holders list (2012):
48
Ranking on TİM Mining Sector Exporters List
1
Total Number of Countries Product Exported (2012):
10
Major extracted minerals:
Copper and Zinc
Average Ore Mined and Processed per Year (2012):
1.2 million tonnes
Total Ore Extracted:
15.3 million tonnes
Current mine life:
2019
How would you locate CBI
within this sector?
(IA:) It really depends on what criteria
you use to rank various mining operations. For me the best mine isn’t the
one which generates the largest revenue or profit. It is my view that the best
mines have to operate safely, sustainably and continue to operate when
commodity prices fall.
In terms of our total production Çayeli
Bakır is a ‘minnow’ (hamsie) compared
to other mining operations located in
other parts of the world. While we are
relatively small it is clear that Çayeli
Bakır is highly regarded in Turkey and
elsewhere because of our high standards and our longevity within the
sector.
CBI is also considered as a
school for the mining sector in
Turkey. What is the reason for
that?
(IA:) My employee number is 956. In
the years that Çayeli Bakır has been in
operation we have employed in excess
of 1,000 employees many of whom
have moved on into leadership roles
with other companies throughout Turkey.
From the very beginning of Çayeli Bakır
a great importance was placed on
using the most modern and efficient
mining techniques. To achieve this we
had to make a significant investment
in the training and development of
our employees and this investment
continues today. Our training academy
is still training people to be better
miners, electricians and mechanics.
We also have a policy of rotating key
employees into different roles and we
allocate funding for their professional
development.
In addition to our emphasis on
training and development, Çayeli
Bakır is an extremely challenging
mine to operate. We have poor ground
conditions, the metallurgy of our ore is
complex and our mine is located very
close to a populated area. So anyone
who works at Çayeli Bakır receives
a good grounding in most of the
challenging situations a professional
miner will face.
Can you compare the production capacity and conditions
of CBI with 20 years ago and
today?
(IA:) Production of concentrate began
in 1994. At that time the design capacity o the plant was 650,000 tonnes per
year. In 2012 we achieved a production record with in excess of 1.2 million
tonnes processed and this year we are
on target to make a further 8 - 10%
improvement resulting in another production record being set.
Engineers Kemal Karaoğlu and Emin Balcı
20
September 2013
One of our long term employees recently gave me some photos of the
earliest days of Çayeli Bakır. It was clear
that employees at that time were working under difficult conditions without
the modern equipment that we now
take for granted. If we compare the early days to today we could say a quantum leap in improvement has occurred.
The reality is that the improvement has
been much more gradual with year on
year improvement largely thanks to
the efforts of every employee at Çayeli
Bakır particularly those with a commitment to continuous improvement.
Which international standards
do you apply in terms of
Corporate Responsibility?
(IA:) There are many international Corporate Responsibility standards that
can be applied to resource companies,
many are similar and often there is
overlap between different standards.
At Çayeli Bakır we use International
Finance Corporation (IFC), the Mining
Association of Canada Towards Sustainable Mining (TSM) and we have our
own internal corporate standards that
comprehensively cover these international standards as well has others
such as the, Global Compact and International Council of Mining and Metals
(ICMM).
In addition to following these international standards Çayeli Bakır was
amongst the first companies, and only
mining company, to ratify the charter
of the Turkish Ethics and Reputations
Society (TEİD) of which we are a member. We have also made application to
the Association of Business World and
Sustainable Development (İş Dünyası
ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Derneği ) to
join the World Business Council for Sustainable Development.
What are the challenges in applying these standards to the
local context?
(IA:) Increasingly society is becom-
ing more aware about Corporate Responsibility, what it means, and the
benefits for the companies that implement these standards. There are a few
challenges but these have nothing to
do with local context. In fact having
Laboratory Technican Yılmaz Avcı
such standards in a local context is
actually beneficial. Our challenges are
educating employees and stakeholders on what these standards are and
the amount of effort and discipline required to maintain our programs.
You have been the export
champion of the mining sector
for the last 3 years. What is the
significance of this championship for CBI?
In one of the international
events, I remember that there
was a motto at CBI’s booth,
saying that “Our real ore is
our people”. What does that
mean?
been recognized by the Turkish Exporters Assembly (TİM) and it was a great
honour to receive these awards from
our Prime Minister. For Çayeli Bakır it
is recognition of the contribution our
Company make to the Turkish economy and this is helpful in communicating the significance of our Company at
a regional and local level to both employees and stakeholders.
(IA:) It might surprise you to learn
that on a daily basis I make very few
of the decisions that are made in our
Company. I’m pleased to say most of
the decisions are made by our valued
and capable employees and they deserve all the credit for Çayeli Bakır’s
success. “Our real ore is our people”
means that we value our employees
and the contribution that they make
to the success of our Company.
(IA:) Çayeli Bakır is fortunate to have
Which countries does CBI export its product?
(IA:) One of the strengths of the Turk-
ish Mining sector is Turkey’s location
in relation to major smelters in Europe
and Asia. Most of our concentrates are
shipped to China but we also have
customers in a number of other places
including India, Bulgaria, Belgium, Finland and Sweden.
CBI is operating in one of the
most beautiful region of Turkey,
maybe the world. It is all green
there. And somebody passing
by the mine site wouldn’t recognize that there would be a
mine operating there, unless he
sees the CBI signboard. How do
you apply such environmental
friendly policies?
Exploation drive circa. 1985
(IA:) The beauties and culture of this
region rival anything else I have
September 2013
21
seen that the world has to offer and
I encourage others to come see it for
themselves. Our advantage over other
mines is that we have a small surface
footprint and with some creativity and
a few dollars spent on reducing our visual impact it is relatively easy to keep
our site clean, green and blend in with
the local environment.
Can you tell us about the challenges and advantages of operating while you are so close
to the nature?
(IA:) The people living in this region
are environmentally aware. Rather
than being a challenge I think this is an
advantage for Çayeli Bakır. The majority of our employees are also from the
local region and want to protect this
environment for future generations so
implementing any improved environmental policy or practice is readily adopted by our employees.
Çayeli Bakır is located next to a river
in an area of heavy rainfall. We must
maintain our vigilance at all times that
any spill on the site can end up in the
local river system. We don’t use particularly toxic chemicals so I wouldn’t
say the risks posed by our Operation
to the environment and community
are high. However we must manage
the perception that we are in a heavy
industry and therefore discharging
harmful chemicals into our environment. For this reason every employee
and contractor is educated in a practice we call ‘Zero Discharge’ to prevent
First cut on the underground gallery circa. 1992
even the smallest spill from reaching
the river system.
You are the first company in
Turkey to receive the award “In
Recognition of Your Achievement of Level AAA Ranking
in Aboriginal and Community
Outreach” from Mining Association of Canada (MAC). Can
you explain what this award
mean?
(IA:) Çayeli Bakır also received and
award from MAC for Crisis Management and we remain confident that
we will receive a AAA ranking in Safety the next time the assessments are
made. While it is nice for the Company and it’s employees to receive
recognition from our peers my main
priority is to use these standards to
Underground Miner Hasan Karslıoğlu
22
September 2013
drive continuous improvement and
our performance. Receiving these
awards is motivational for myself
and the whole Çayeli Bakır team and
this helps us to improve what we are
doing.
You are also operating very
close to the community. Some
mining companies are facing
big problems with the local
community. What is the situation for CBI?
(IA:) Like other mining companies we
have our challenges when it comes to
engaging the local community. In general we treat people how we would like
to be treated ourselves and this seems
to help overcome any initial misunderstandings. Today, one of our strengths
as a Company is that we recognise there
will be differences of opinion from time
to time but we continue to listen and
where possible we will modify our operating practices.
One of the things we can never seem
to get correct is local employment.
Each time we recruit to fill a vacancy
everyone seems to have an opinion on
who and why the person they know
should be selected over others. We
currently have a program underway to
make our recruitment practices more
transparent and to educate the community on how our processes will be
applied. Another area of concern was
noise coming from the operation particularly in the evening so we launched
a noise abatement program and shifted some of our operations to the day
time. We educated our employees how
certain noises could be prevented and
designed a noise containment structures. The containment structure built
for our contractors’ exploration drill rig
which works out in the field occasionally close to our community’s homes
was definitely a challenge. I don’t recall seeing any similar structures in use
on drill rigs anywhere else.
Did CBI experience any change
in its corporate values after its
acquisition by First Quantum?
(IA:) Most of the changes as a result of
the acquisition were at the corporate
office in Toronto and our Marketing
Office. Çayeli Bakır is essentially unchanged as a result of this transaction.
First Quantum also has a commitment
to Corporate Responsibility and there
is good alignment between the First
Quantum programs and what we were
previously using. We are currently updating our programs to incorporate
some of the First Quantum terminology; I doubt this will result in a significant change to what we have been previously doing.
that every accident is preventable and
we can one day achieve our motivational goal of ‘Zero Harm’. To achieve accident rates as low as Çayeli Bakır takes
time, energy and resources but above
all it takes commitment, discipline and
leadership.
At Çayeli Bakır safety isn’t an ‘add on’
it is totally integrated into everything
we do. Amongst our 500 employees
we don’t just have 1 or 2 safety experts
I like to think we have in excess of 500
safety experts. Of course we have a
rather complex safety management
system to manage safety but we do try
to simplify the essential elements so
every employee can understand what
part they must play in creating a safe
working environment. For example at
Çayeli Bakır every employee has the
right and obligation to stop a production process or refuse to do work if they
believe it cannot be safely performed,
we call this the ‘Obligation to Refuse
Hazardous Works’. We also have other
simple tools for our employees to use
and manage our highest safety risks on
the site.
It is a well-known fact that CBI
is one of the safest operations
around the world. How do you
achieve this?
CBI has left 30 years behind.
Can you give us information
about the life of mine?
(IA:) At Çayeli Bakır it is a core belief
supply will be depleted sometime in
(IA:) Based on current reserves ore
2019. Exploration efforts to find additional reserves continue and if metal
prices increase there may be some opportunity to extend the Life of Mine further. Should we be unable to extend to
Life of Mine I am certain that many of
our skilled and talented employees will
be absorbed by other companies into
the industry.
What are your plans for the
mine closure?
(IA:) The technical aspects of mine clo-
sure have been addressed in our Mine
Closure Plan which has been prepared
in consultation with our consultants
SRK, funding for this plan is allocated.
Later this year we will commence a
study to understand and address the
social aspects of mine closure.
CONTACTS
Çayeli Bakır İşletmeleri AŞ
Address : Pk. 42 - 53200 Madenli Beldesi Çayeli - RİZE
Phone : +90 (464) 544 1 544
Email : [email protected]
Website : www.first-quantum.com
Shaft Operator Fevzi Bilgili
September 2013
23
Profile
Barkom Group Drilling Rig &
Equipment Co. Ltd.
BARKOM GROUP was established in
1987 in Ankara, Turkey. The company
vision is “To manufacture and serve
high quality drilling equipment to our
clients as fast as possible, no matter
where they drill”. To achieve this goal
BARKOM GROUP uses the best possible raw material and its quality management system has been assessed
and registered as complying with the
ISO 9001:2008 requirements, proving the standardization and quality of
its products. The company also complies with ISO 14001:2004 and OHSAS 18001:2007 standards. BARKOM
GROUP has the largest product range
about diamond core drilling in Turkey.
Having grown steadily since its foundation, the company has relocated to its
new factory that has more than 5,000
m² production, storage and office area
in 2012. The company has increased
the capacity of manufacturing line to
10 CNC, 5 lathe, 2 milling, 1 upsetting
and 1 induction hardening machines
to supply its products within the shortest time. Having an innovative nature,
Barkom made a large investment about
induction hardening and after months
of research for perfecting the hardening parameters, BARKOM GROUP now
proudly presents the first Induction
Hardened/Heat Treated drill rods made
in Turkey.
A specific branch of Induction Hardening (Case Hardening) is utilized for
pin threads. This process effects only
a limited depth from the surface and
while increasing wear resistance it also
preserves toughness of the core, which
is crucial to prevent cracking failures in
harsh drilling environment. Through
hardening and tempering box threads
not only increase strength and wear
resistance but also prevents transfer of
wear material which is a common problem that occurs between surfaces of
equal hardness.
Besides its own products, BARKOM
GROUP is also the authorized distributor
of Fordia (Diamond Tools), Reflex (Borehole Surveying Instruments), Hanjin
D&B (Diamond Core Drill Rigs & Mud
Pumps), AMC (Drilling Fluid Additives),
Jet-Lube (Thread Compounds) & Gonar
Drill Co. Ltd. (DTH & Rock Drilling Tools).
Improving its product range with these
companies, BARKOM GROUP has become a fully-fledged supplier in Turkey
and has directly exported its products to
more than 40 countries in 4 continents.
BARKOM GROUP invites you to enjoy the
privileges of being one of its customers.
CONTACTS
Barkom Grup Sondaj Makina ve
Ekipmanlari Ltd. Şti
Address : Anadolu Bulvarı No: 204
Yenimahalle 06210 Ankara - Turkey
Phone : +90 (312) 385 60 50
Fax : +90 (312) 385 35 75
Website : www.barkomltd.com
24
September 2013
Article
Latest Picture of Turkish Mining
by the Leaders of the Sector
The world is going through constant
change. About every decade, business
contracts and alliances between countries, internal dynamics and objectives
of countries change. Turkey has also
experienced major changes throughout the last decade. Foreign-invested
companies and private enterprises
have been highly promoted world-renowned projects have been undertaken in the fields of urban transformation and transportation, despite the
growth in domestic and foreign debt,
stabilization in economy has been ensured. The country, in contradiction to
the some EU countries and neighbors,
has escaped the worst of the global
financial crisis, although gross domestic product (GDP) fell sharply last
year to 2.2%. But the country has been
through a period of rapid economic
expansion with rising demand and urbanization.
The Minister of Energy and Natural
Resources Taner Yıldız estimates that
the sector which makes a contribution
in the amount of 1.5% of the country’s GDP, needs an additional investment of 4.5 billion dollar to achieve
the planned growth in the sector. Furthermore, the mining sector has also
received an unprecedented support.
In his speech at the 4th International
İstanbul Gold Summit, Deputy Prime
Minister in Charge of Economy Ali
Babacan suggested that the state’s
foreign deficit could be settled via
gold mining and noted that they have
been reflecting on this idea. General
Directorate of Mining Affairs General
Manager Mehmet Hamdi Yıldırım
commented on the subject at the Innovations and Practices of Mining,
Environment, Forest and Incentive
Legislations Seminar, in May 2013.
Yıldırım said the mining sector with its
substantial role in the country’s economy, has been displaying a constant
advancement, they - as the ministry
- have been pursuing certain basic
policies as part of this advancement
and improvements have been main-
26
tained in this framework, by making
an overall emphasis on these policies
throughout his speech. The Minister
suggested that, within the scope of
their policies, they attach the due importance to the local mining companies, and aim to make sure that local
companies carry out their activities
upon adopting the culture and mindset of mining and become competitive within the sector. He underscored,
however, such an approach would not
aspire to rule out foreign capital by
any means and remarked that foreign
capital is fundamental to our country
and foreign companies are welcome
to maintain their mining activities.
Pointing out the recent rise of domestic and domestic / foreign partnership
companies that carry out from-scratch
explorations, Yıldırım noted “This is
something positive for the sector. If the
country’s economy prospers in the coming years and the problems in the sector
are eliminated, a breakthrough in the
field of mining would be likely within 3
- 5 years.” The Minister said they have
been observing a policy to ensure a
mining system where mining activities
are carried out in line with the international standards, technology is employed to the fullest extent, R&D activities are maintained, environmental
awareness prevails and ultimate labor
and employee safety is provided.
According to Managing Director of
Ariana Resources Kerim Şener’s article named “Turkey: Seeking traction” in
Mining Journal’s 10 May 2013 report,
mining sector and foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a significant role
for the Turkish economy: “Considering
that just over a decade ago the Turkish
mining sector had very little foreign direct investment (FDI), recent growth has
been nothing less than meteoric. Expansion stems predominantly from structural reforms that were brought into effect from 2004 onwards. Turkey’s desire
to join the European Union (EU) helped
force changes in all sectors. However, for
the mining industry, it was the boost to
September 2013
the private sector that has had the most
profound impact. In 2002, 85% of the
mining industry was owned by the state,
but by 2012 the same percentage had
been transferred to private ownership
- a remarkable turnaround in 10 years.
By simplifying or modifying operating
procedures, as well as amending mining
laws and taxation, the Turkish government was able to create a highly attractive environment for foreign investment.
With the foundations laid, it was down
to private enterprise to create and drive
future growth.
Turkey is determined to bolster its economy, and the mining sector is set to play
an increasingly significant role. In order
to achieve this, foreign investment is essential. The ministry of energy and natural resources recognizes that in order to
achieve long-term sustainable development in the sector, it must move with the
times. A process of restructuring and reevaluation will enable Turkey to develop
a globally influential and industrially
integrated sector.”
The Minister of Energy and
Natural Resources Taner Yıldız
Today, Turkish government maintains
all of the boron production - all boron
reserves are under the possession of
Turkish Government - and an important part of the coal production. Since
2003, privatization in the country
energized generally all kinds of production including mining. New local
players entered mining sector after
the success of foreign investors like
Newmont, in Ovacık Gold Mine and Inmet Mining (recently acquired by First
Quantum Minerals), at Çayeli Copper
Mine. Turkish printhouse owner Koza
Group acquired Ovacık Gold Mine from
Newmont back in 2005 and acquired
Newmont’s subsidiary in Turkey, Newmont Altın Madencilik Ltd in 2008. At
the present time Koza Gold is the only
100% Turkish gold producer and owns
4 gold mines with world class facilities
and health & safety procedures.
First Quantum acquired Inmet Mining in March this year, which owned
100% of Çayeli Copper Mine in 2004
after the privatization of the shares
of Turkish Government (45% of total
shares). Iain Anderson, Managing
Director of Çayeli Bakır İşletmeleri
AŞ, underlines First Quantum’s intentions about mining and exploration
in Turkey: “Prior to the acquisition First
Quantum had an active interest in Turkey. First Quantum is funding 8.5 million dollar in exploration spending at
Columbus Copper’s Karapınar copperporphyry and Demirtepe high-grade
copper-gold-silver-molybdenum skarn
projects. First Quantum is also supporting our own exploration efforts at Çayeli
Bakır; it is unlikely that such investments
would occur if the corporation did not
hold Turkey in high regard.” This year, it
is Çayeli Bakır’s 30th year anniversary.
Iain Anderson compares this period,
especially last decade: “I credit the government for reforms it has made to the
mining law and improving the incentive
regime for investors. Today there is more
interest in the sector from both domestic and foreign investors than there was
10 years ago and this is reflected in the
amount of exploration drilling that is occurring. As a result our sector is poised to
make an important contribution to the
government’s ambitious growth goals by
2023. In addition to the government creating the right investment environment
there have been a number of technical
advancements in the industry in the past
10 years which have led to an increased
use of computers and automation in our
business. Mining has become a much
more complex and sophisticated business where we don’t just deal with technical problems now we also have to consider the social impact of our work and
many companies now invest heavily into
their Corporate Responsibility programs
and the development of their employees.”
WHAT CHANGED AFTER 2003
AND PRIVATIZATIONS?
As Iain Anderson pointed out, as from
2003 onwards, Turkey has experienced
major changes in the field of mining.
Subsequent to privatizations, not only
the higher interest by domestic investors in mining but also initiation of
exploration activities by foreign mining firms as sequel to world’s leading
mining companies such as Teck, Newmont and Rio Tinto have catered for
developments in legal, administrative
and technical fields. In particular, upon
the amendment of the Mining Law in
2010 and its regulations, awarding of
licenses have been re-arranged and
it has been ensured that licenses are
awarded to real investors and furthermore the period for explorations has
been extended to 7 years . The domestic firms that entered the mining
sector followed the steps by foreign
mining companies and ergo mining
activities in Turkey has managed to
achieve global standards. Local firms
endeavor to find foreign investors
upon conducting resource estimations
based on standards such as JORC and
NI43-101. Capital accumulation in the
country has been ensured and domestic investors have also got the funds to
make investments abroad. The number of firms undertaking investments
General Directorate of Mining Affairs
General Manager Mehmet Hamdi Yıldırım
in Africa, Asia and Europe has been
ascending day by day. It is safe to say
that by virtue of its large young population and the advancement of logistic
facilities upon investments, Turkey has
become an attractive country in the
eyes of foreign investors.
The local machinery manufacturers
and construction firms that establish
facilities have also had their shares
from such advancement. Particularly
thanks to the dynamism in the field of
exploration, manufacturers and contractors of drilling equipment have
made significant strides as in the case
of facility constructors and manufacturers which provide equipment for
the facilities established as their number grow. In his remarks about the
Turkish market, Murat As, the Director
of IDC, one of Turkey’s leading drilling
contractors, put forward some suggestions for the progression of the sector:
“Since after 2006 there is a considerable
expansion which gives additional opportunities to everybody in our market
but this expansion can also be questioned whether it is a definite growth
on all aspects or not. Similar to that
permanency and continuance should
be the main factors of quality for each
establishment.” He also pointed out the
regression in exploration activities
September 2013
27
in the past year due to the problems
experienced in the permit procedures
subsequent to the Circular by the Prime
Ministry, the downfall in the metal prices
and global economic crisis indicators:
“Obviously we had some changes due
to negative market conditions for past
one year and drastically in the past 6
months period. These negative market
conditions can mainly be summarized
under mining permits and metal prizes.
We were meeting with negative results
of mining permits also last year these
days but we were protecting our positive mood, later on the effects of mining
permits combined with the global decrement on ore prizes. For 2013 we had
chance to proceed in the way we almost
foreseen other than innovative improvements and investments and each day
elapsed reminded us the mining days in
1995 - 2000 and 2009.”
Although mining sector has experienced a substantial breakthrough
over the past decade, particularly in
the last year, decisions were taken
which would slow down this significant advancement. In accordance with
the Prime Ministry’s Circular dated
16 June 2012, all necessary permits,
including mining activities, must be
submitted to the Prima Ministry for
approval, where the permit relates to
government-owned lands. The impact
was immediate to the companies operating in Turkey. In particular, the
lack of transparency and unnecessary
bureaucracy appeared after years of
positive reforms. Due to this uncertain atmosphere, companies are being
forced to suspend or postpone drilling
programs and this will concern the foreign investors.
Many of these organizations are cashrich construction or holding companies.
However, many have demonstrated an
inability to evaluate properly the properties for which they bid. Such companies are often unaware of the risks,
the funding requirements and the long
timescales required to advance a project
from exploration to mining.
A number do not understand the fundamental nature of geological risk and
maintain the erroneous belief that many
license areas should contain future gold
mines. The net effect of this has been an
artificial uplift in asset values far beyond
reasonable levels, which is pricing out of
the market many junior explorers and
developers with the requisite skills and
understanding of risk.
The Turkish government, for its part,
must not give into the temptation of
constantly tinkering with laws and regulations governing the sector, as this
serves only to increase uncertainty and
reduce investment appetite. A partlyflawed, but workable system is far better
than a situation in which no one knows
quite where they stand.”
Ümit Akdur, the President of Gold
Miner’s Association which serves for
the purpose of raising the problems of
gold mining and advancement of gold
mining firms also made statements on
the subject: “Drops in gold prices, the
45% fall in the funds which provide the
risk capital for mining explorations and
the increase in the investment and production costs are top items on the gold
mining agenda.
Kerim Şener, the Managing Director
of Ariana Resources which will soon
become one of the gold producing
firms upon their Red Rabbit project,
outlined the other problems in Turkey
as: “For the most part, changes to exploration license acquisition have been
largely positive. The desire to build an
extensive pipeline of exploration properties through increased turnover in
exploration tenements has impacted
existing exploration and development
companies.
The drops in the prices have caused the
cut off grade to climb one more. That is
why the resources which could be run
economically a couple of years ago are
impossible to run based on today’s prices. Since the year 2004, serious downfalls
have been experienced in the new gold
reserve discoveries across the globe.
Each year, the world-wide number of
newly discovered gold reserves that
could be economically run is around 1.
For the discovery of new reserves, the periods of exploration are on the increase
(15 to 20 years).
The auction process in 2012 encouraged
a large influx of companies that are keen
to invest in the lucrative gold industry.
In the past 21 years, a total of 2.5 billion
dollar have been spent in the Turkish
gold mining sector: 700 million dollar of
28
September 2013
this amount have been spent for exploration activities and 1.8 billion dollar for
facility investments. Gold production,
which was zero in 2000, reached 29.5
tonnes in 2012. According to our estimations, the gold production in 2013 will be
around 33 tonnes.
Over the last decade, Turkish gold mining sector has experienced major developments. In the field of mining, trust
and sustainability are prerequisites for
long-term exploration projects. Projects
carried out by our members in line with
international standards are highly appreciated by both domestic and foreign
authorities.“ As Akdur pointed out, the
sustainability within the sector is vested in the sustainability in the laws, regulations and practices. As we indicated
in the articles published in our previous editions, it would be more favorable for Turkey, as it goes through such
a Mining Boom, to create a long-term
and reassuring environment rather
than short-term projections upon this
spirit, taking particular account of the
current low course of metal prices
compared to lower cutoff grade.
WHAT SHOULD INVESTORS EXPECT FROM TURKEY?
The external factors casting an effect
on Turkey recently can be listed as
the escalation in the US Dollar during this complicated period for the
Middle East, high-trending gold prices
and the ongoing economic fluctuation that started in Europe. The items
on the agenda of Turkey’s internal
factors, on the other hand, are the removal of mining activities from within
the scope of the Circular by the Prime
Ministry and amendment of the present laws and regulations, up until the
general elections of 2015. Keeping in
President of Gold Miner’s
Association Ümit Akdur
mind that these changes have been
communicated to the relevant units by
all associations and foundations and
positive responses have been received
from the top authorities, it would only
be realistic to foresees that Turkey as
one of the four countries (TIMP - Turkey, Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines)
to have stood out by virtue of its urbanization studies, will become one
of the most attractive destinations in
the field of mining, during the next
decade.
The remarks by Hamdi Yıldırım, the
General Director of Mining Affairs
(MIGEM) in this regard, indicate that
the government seeks to eliminate the
shortcomings as soon as possible, and
ensure a better operation in the mining sector: “We will not award licenses
for the areas that are not cut out for
mining. In addition, license awarding
process for the areas suitable for mining
will become more difficult compared to
the one currently in practice. We will provide license guarantee for the investors
who receive their licenses upon fulfilling
the due conditions. All permits necessary for production will be granted in the
simplest manner. This is how the system
we adopt will operate. I hope we will put
this into practice subsequent to the first
legal amendment ahead. Anyone who
produces by-products or end-products
in any mine is considered privileged in
our eyes. We want to lift one-by-one all
the barriers before an operating/producing company. The operating licenses
of those who keep it without carrying
out any production will be cancelled. As
a matter of fact, we will strike a balance.
There will also be companies which produce and hold operating licenses to ensure the continuity of their production.
We acknowledge, in such cases, that a
reasonable number of licenses can be
held by the manufacturing company,
as the future of production must be
guaranteed. However, nobody shall be
entitled to hold licenses outside the acceptable limits.”
In addition to all, such significant developments as the establishment of
Turkey’s first metal nickel production
facility by Meta Nikel Kobalt Co., introduction by İlbak Holding of the largest
copper reserve to be ever discovered
by the Turkish private sector (24.5 million tonnes proved, 12 million tonnes
probable copper), initiation of operation by Soma Holding of their new coal
site reaching an annual production of
9 million tonnes and achievement of
8.5 million tonnes in the resources
of Çöpler Gold Mine run by Anagold
Mining which is a subsidiary of Alacer
Gold, which are also referred to in the
Turkish Mining Sector News section,
support the idea that serious breakthroughs are underway in the Turkish
mining sector.
CONTACTS
O. Çağım Tuğ
Mining Turkey Magazine
Head Office : A. Öveçler Mah. 1042 Cd. (Eski
4. Cd.) 1335. Sk. Vadi Köşk Apt. 6/8 Ankara Turkey
Phone : +90 (312) 482 18 60
Fax : +90 (312) 482 18 61
Profile
NETCAD
NETPRO/MINE
Netcad was founded in 1989. The company develops software and engineering solutions for fields including GIS,
mapping, urban planning, agriculture,
geology, mining and forestry.
Netcad currently offers approximately
30 GIS and CAD-based applications for
desktop, web, mobile and cloud usage,
all compliant with international standards. It has developed applications in
Turkish, English and Russian for over
20,000 license-holders and more than
100,000 legal users around the world.
The market share of the solutions of
Netcad technologies provided for
public authorities, municipalities and
private sector throughout Turkey has
reached 85%. In addition, Netcad products are being used as subject matter
of courses in 462 departments in 82
universities. The number of people participating in Netcad Campus training
programs is 5,500 per year.
Netcad, ranking number 136 in the ‘500
Largest IT Companies’ listing for 2012,
number 21 in the Turkey centered manufacturer category, number 6 in the Turkey centered manufacturer - software
and number 7 in the list of top 20 companies according to the sectoral software income, always tries to maintain its
sense of product and service quality at
high levels with ISO 9001 quality certificate and CMMI LEVEL 3. The objective of
Netcad is to be listed among the top 100
information technologies.
While in Turkey Netcad is used by 800
municipalities, 950 public authorities,
4,500 private sector company and 82
universities, it is used in 16 countries of
3 different continents.
ABOUT NETPRO/MINE
Netpro/Mine, is a Netcad geo-science
software solution that performs all
stages of open cast mining and underground mining industries, and manages
geological project design processes, as
well. It enables the use, within Netcad,
of such tools as data input, digital land
modeling, 3D imaging and digitalization, geological solid modeling, block
modeling, geostatistical resource and
reserve estimation, operations design
and production planning.
Netpro/Mine provides managing the
drill-hole data in a database structure
with the Geographical Information
System basis. Using Netpro/Mine’s advanced data management techniques,
any query operation on drill-hole data
can be performed easily. Netpro/Mine
includes user customizable libraries
for Symbols, Lithology and Hatches.
Netpro/Mine can easily create log reports for any drill-hole conforming the
regulations and institutional standards.
During solid model generation process,
ross-sections can easily be created by
Netpro/Mine. On the 3D model, all editing, drawing and measurement operations can be done easily.
Netpro/Mine automatically applies
the displacements of fault slips to the
surfaces. When needed, projects can
be limited to the fault locations and
re-modeled according to the fault slip
displacements. During the reserve estimation project stages, blocking can be
made in alternative forms. Blocks can
be generated with density and multiple
attribute value assignments. Netpro/
Mine, utilizes the geostatistical methods during the stages of ore body modeling and block value assignment stages. Netpro/Mine, provides a large set
of solution options for your advanced
analysis and detailed geostatistical estimations. You can instantly create the
reserve estimation reports. At the same
time, grade - tonnage curve is going to
be generated automatically.
By Netpro/Mine, all stages of open cast
mine projects can be created in 2 and
3 dimensions conforming the required
standards and regulations. Netpro/
Mine automates your open mine projects according to the surface types.
Hence, it provides maximum level of
security and feasibility. According to
elevation and query results, you can
make volume, ore and waste calculations and obtain final reports. Galleri
modelling projects with all possible
and blasting projects with its all stages
can be realized with Netpro/Mine. It’s
flexible structure also enables the use
of generated work-flow models in future projects.
CONTACTS
Ulusal Cad ve Gis Çözümleri AŞ
Address : Cyber Plaza, B Blok No:409
Cyberpark 06800 Bilkent - Ankara - Turkey
Phone : +90 (312) 265 05 10
Fax : +90 (312) 265 05 20
E-mail : [email protected]
Website : www.netcad.com
30
September 2013
SOFTWARE IN YOUR MIND
Imagine a software, which handles all the processes of ore body and mining operations,
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DRILLHOLE EDITOR AND LOG REPORTING | SURFACE AND FAULT MODELLING | SOLID MODELLING | BLOCK MODELLING | ROAD DESIGN | GIS INTEGRATION
RESOURCE AND RESERVE ESTIMATION | UNDERGROUND MINING | OPEN-PIT MINING | BLAST DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
DUST DISTRIBUTION MODELLING | PROGRESS PAYMENT | ARCHITECT / WORKFLOW DESIGNER | 3D AND STEREO DISPLAY | REPORTING
Article
Metallogeny of Turkey
A Diverse Collisional and Post-Collisional
Environment for Mineral Deposits
SUMMARY
Turkish Tethyan collage is fragmented
suite of microcontinents resulted from
subsequent events in response to
collision between Eurasian and AfroArabian plates during Late Cretaceous
to Late Miocene time period; and
closure of the NeoTethys ocean and
a marginal oceanic basin, the İzmir Ankara - Erzincan (northerly ocean).
The collision has taken place along
the Pontides, Bitlis - Zagros suture,
and active Aegean subductions.
Turkish Tethyan collage is a highly
fertile metallogenic environment
with abundant volcanogenic massive
sulfide, skarn, porphyry Cu and
epithermal Au-Ag deposits in the entire
TEMB and Turkey, clustering in narrow
arc segments, and post to late orogenic
extensional settings. The available data
shows that these deposits are associated
both with Late Cretaceous magmaticarc (Pontides and Bitlis - Zagros
subductions), Late Paleocene - Early
Eocene extension-driven post-collisional
settings (Pontides, Tavsanli zone, central
Anatolian Crystalline Complex and
southeastern Anatolian Orogenic belt)
after continental collision, and Middle
to Late Eocene - Early Oligocene to Late
Miocene extensional settings within
overriding plate in a Aegean subduction
zone (Biga peninsula, Western Anatolian
Extensional province).
The gold deposits vary from gold-only
subtype to by-product gold types.
These include porphyry Au deposits
(e.g. Kışladağ - Uşak) and epithermal
Au-Ag and base metal deposits (e.g.
Ovacık - İzmir, Mastra - Gümüşhane,
Ağıdağı - Çanakale, Efemçukuru - İzmir,
Küçükdere - Balıkesir, Öksüt - Kayseri)
and Cu-Au deposits such as porphyry
Cu-Au (e.g., Çöpler - Erzincan, Halilağa Çanakale, AS - Afyon), proximal coppergold skarn (e.g. Ayazmant - Çanakale,
Evciler - Çanakale) and distal silver-base
metal (e.g., Koru - Çanakale, Balya Balıkesir, Çataltepe - Çanakkale) depos-
32
its. The lead-zinc deposits are mainly
VMS-type (mainly Kuroko-type) in the
Pontides; distal to manto-type mesothermal veins in the western Anatolian
extensional province (WAEP), skarn
type in central Anatolian crystalline
complex (CACC), and carbonate-hosted or Mississipi Valley type (MVT) in the
central to eastern Taurides. The copper
deposits are mainly of porphyry type
in Pontides with close association with
molybdenum; Cyprus to Beshi-type in
the southeastern Anatolia; skarn type in
the WAEP. Apart from gold, copper, lead
and zinc deposits, Turkey is also host
to podiform chromite deposits which
are widely associated with supra-subduction zone ophiolites derived from
the southerly and northerly NeoTethys
oceans or marginal oceanic basins (Vardar, or İzmir - Ankara - Erzincan Ocean)
formed during the closure of NeoTethys. Although whole rock and mineral
ages scatter 112 and 9 Ma, some deposits in this belt formed during short-lived
magmatic events related to tectonic
processes such as subduction, rollback
/ hinge retreat, continental collision,
lithosphere delamination or tears in
the subducting slab as the Arabian and
African plates began to collide with
the Eurasian plate during the opening, final closure and terminal suturing
of the NeoTethys Ocean between Late
Cretaceous to Quaternary period. There
are also some known deposits that are
potentially of Carlin-type, detachment fault-related gold-type, and gold in carbonate replacement and Mn-deposits,
which are being exploration targets.
The above mentioned deposits are
the direct consequences of three
subductions and resultant collisional post collisional events that took place
at Pontides between 112 - 75 Ma, 52 39 Ma; at CACC between 79 - 73 Ma and
11 - 9 Ma; at SEAOB between 83 - 79 Ma
to 54 - 44 Ma, and at WAEP between
39 - 11 Ma. This review permits the
construction of the temporal and
September 2013
spatial framework of magmatism
and associated mineralization in the
evolving NeoTethyan orogen, and
shed light into major episode(s) and
tectonic setting(s) of productive
(fertile) magmatism in a transition from
subduction related to post-collisional,
and to late-orogenic events in Turkey.
INTRODUCTION
Turkey is one of the few countries that
possess poly-metallic resource base, lying at the junction of the African, Eurasian and Arabian plates that resulted
in repeated episodes of orogeny, magmatism and arc formation (Fig.1). This
has resulted in a geologically active
environment, making it possible for
magma and hot fluids to well up from
the mantle that have created innumerable mineral deposits. The Mesozoic to
Cenozoic Alpine - Himalayan orogenic
belt (Tethyan collage) stretching from
Spain, to the east across Europe into
Turkey, Iran, and southeast Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Himalayas, is an
extremely complex geologic terrane
caught between colliding continents
(Perello et al., 2008). This belt is also
known as the Tethyan - Eurasian metallogenic belt (TEMB; Jankovic and Petrascheck 1987). Turkey, as a part of this
belt was formed since the Carboniferous, as the Arabian and African plates
began to collide with the Eurasian plate
during the opening, final closure and
terminal suturing of the Tethys Ocean
between Late Cretaceous to Quaternary period. In the Turkish part of TEMB,
these complex environments are host
to a wide spectrum of ore deposits including volcanogenic massive sulfide,
skarn, porphyry, epithermal and IOCG.
These deposits form several belts that
stretch across Balkans to Turkey and
continue into Georgia, Armenia to the
north and Iran to the southeast (Figure
1); principally in the Pontides, centraleastern to southeastern Anatolia, and
western Anatolia.
The geodynamic setting of the Tethyan
Figure 1. (a) Digital elevation map (DEM) of western Tethys illustrating the present configuration of major plates in Turkey, (b) Tectonic map of western Tethys showing
main tectonic units, mineral deposits (From Kuşcu et al. 2013b)
collage in Turkey is reasonably well
known. A similar understanding of
the metallogenic evolution, is also
well constrained (Kuşcu et al., 2013a;
2013b; Boztuğ et al. 2003; Yiğit,
2005; 2009; Kaymakcı and Kuşcu
2007). Besides, the spatial and some
geological characteristics features
of Late Cretaceous and Tertiary ore
deposits of the Turkish Tethyan collage
are also well documented (Yiğit, 2009),
as is the relationships between regional
tectonics, magmatism and ore formation
(Kuşcu et al., 2010; 2013a; 2013b; Boztuğ
et al. 2003; Yiğit, 2005; Kuşcu 2005). The
common association of Cu-Au deposits
worldwide with subduction-related
calc-alkaline magmas in continental arcs
are quite clear, and well documented;
Andes, North American Cordillera,
Papua New Guinea, and China (e.g.,
Sillitoe 1972; Richards et al. 2001). Some
deposits formed during extensional
regimes whereas others occurred
towards the end of collisional events.
The recent works showed the existence
of a suite of porphyry Cu deposits in
collisional zones (Hou et al., 20011; Hou
and Cook, 2009) and intracontinental
settings. Turkey, as being the part of
an orogeny at the expense of colliding
Eurasian, Arabian and African plates,
forms a belt where subduction-related
and post-collision related mineral
deposits are present. This review
summarizes the main metallogenic
points of Turkey in relation to Tethyan
evolution, and benefited much from the
earlier compilations.
NEOTETHYAN GEOLOGIC
EVOLUTION OF TURKEY
The geologic - geodynamic evolution of
Turkey is related to several subduction
and collision events since the Precambrian, and is largely known as PaleoTethyan
and NeoTethyan evolution. The works
on the NeoTethyan evolution of Turkey
enabled the recognition of three subductional - collisional events (Okay and
Tüysüz, 1999; Göncüoğlu et al., 2000;
Stampfli and Borel, 2002; Bozkurt and
Mittwede, 2001). These events are due
to; (1) closure of the northerly ocean, IAE
ocean (collision between TAB and SM
(Eurasian plate, sensu lato) in the north
between ca. 110 - 39 Ma (2) closure
September 2013
33
of the southerly ocean, NeoTethys (collision between Arabian plate and TAB) to
the south between 83 - 44 Ma (Kuşcu et
al., 2013a), and (3) closure of the Mediterranean Sea, the remaining NeoTethys
ocean (collision between TAB and African plate) to the west between 28 Ma to
recent. These events were resulted in accretion of continents, amalgamation of
microcontinental fragments and ophiolitic thrust slices. The first one is related
to northward subduction of IAE oceanic
lithosphere beneath the Eurasian continental margin, which was later metamorphosed to form the metamorphic
basement in the Pontides (Fig. 1b; Fig.
2), and formed a magmatic arc in the
Pontides. The second one is related to
northward subduction of the Neotethys
beneath TAB, and formed Baskil - Zagros
subduction in the SEAOB. The third one
is related to northeastward subduction
of the Ionian part of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and formed Helenic - Aegean subduction in the western Anatolia.
During the first subduction event, most
of the oceanic lithosphere belonging
to IAE ocean was consumed firstly by
intra-oceanic subduction that formed
intra-oceanic OIB-type seamounts with
(supra-subduction zone ophiolites, SSZ)
at ca. 117 Ma and active margin along
the Pontide subduction (Kaymakci et
al., 2009). The SSZ ophiolites, widely
exposed along the IAESZ (Fig. 1b; Fig.
2), have a geochemical composition
intermediate between MORB and arc
series, and were emplaced in deep
marine slow-spreading basins. The
volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits
consisting of variety of Pb-Zn-Cu ore
bodies within dacitic - rhyodacitic
series within the Pontide arc. Following
the subduction, the Pontides collided
with TAB, and ophiolites were obducted
onto the TAB (Okay and Tüysüz, 1999;
Göncüoğlu et al., 2000; Bozkurt and
Mittwede, 2001; Stampfli and Borrel,
2002; Rolland et al., 2009; 2011;
Kuşcu et al., 2011 and 2013a) into the
metamorphic massifs and obducted
ophiolites. This emplacement also
resulted in regional HP metamorphism
of the metamorphic soles below
ophiolites, and TAB. The Strandja
Massif (Menderes Massif and Central
Anatolian Crystalline Complex (Sengor
et al. 1984; Göncüoğlu et al., 2000)
are examples of such metamorphic
massifs (Fig. 2) formed by the ophiolitic
nappes in Turkey. Rolland et al. (2009)
suggested that the continental collision
between SM and TAB and southward
emplacement of the ophiolites and OIB
sequence onto the TAB took place at ca.
85 - 80 Ma.
After the final suturing of the Pontides
and TAB, the continental lithosphere
was subducted underneath the Pontides. This was followed by subsequent
post-collision related extensional tectonics. This gave rise to (1) bimodal, shallow-seated and extensional magmatic
complexes emplaced into the metamorphic basements during ca. (57) 48 to 42
Ma (Arslan and Aslan, 2005; Boztuğ et al.,
2007; Karslı et al., 2010; Eyuboğlu et
Figure 2. Simplified geological map of Turkey showing the maim magmatic rocks (from Kuşcu et al., 2013b)
34
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al., 2011). The available data is favor of a
slab break-off or slab-roll back process in
the generation of these magmatic rocks
in Pontides (Genç and Yılmaz, 1997; Arslan and Aslan, 2006; Kaygusuz et al.,
2011) However, according to some authors, the break-off or roll back process
is unlikely, and these magmatic rocks
were formed in a post-collisional environment due to delamination (Eyuboğlu
et al., 2011)
The second subduction initiates at the
southern part of the TAB along Bitlis
- Zagros subduction while northern
margin docks into the Northern subduction zone. This temporal relationship is interpreted to be a subduction
jump from the north to the south of
the TAB at ca. 85 - 80 Ma (Rolland et al.,
2011). To the south, the main events
separating the TAB from the Arabian
plate took place between ca. 83 - 79
Ma witnessed northward subduction
of Neotethys (the second subduction event) below the TAB forming
the Bitlis - Zagros active margin (e.g.,
Agard et al., 2005; Robertson et al.,
2005; Rolland et al., 2011; Kuşcu et al.,
2013a and references therein). During
the second subduction event, most of
36
the oceanic lithosphere belonging to
southerly ocean, NeoTethys between
Arabian plate and TAB was consumed
firstly by intra-oceanic subduction
that also resulted in supra-subduction
zone (SSZ) ophiolites at c. 90 - 95.
These SSZ ophiolites were then emplaced over the southern margin of
the TAB (Fig. 1b) forming the Malatya
- Keban metamorphics (Robertson et
al., 2005; Kuşcu et al.,2013a). This was
followed by the closure of the NeoTethys oceanic basin that resulted in
an active margin along the Bitlis - Zagros subduction between 83 - 79 Ma
(Kuşcu et al., 2013a). The subduction
resulted in voluminous calc-alkaline
intrusive magmatism emplaced into
Malatya - Keban and Bitlis - Pötürge
metamorphics (Fig. 2). This short-lived
subduction was terminated due to collision between Arabian plate and TAB,
and is marked by the emplacement of
the ophiolitic nappes over the Bitlis Pötürge metamorphic massifs within
the SEAOB. The high temperature
metamorphism of the Bitlis - Puturge
dated as ca. 74 - 71 Ma (Göncüoglu
and Turhan, 1984; Rolland et al., 2011).
This metamorphic age was interpreted as the timing of continental litho-
September 2013
spheric subduction (underthrusting)
underneath TAB before the final suturing of Arabian and Eurasian plates
(Rolland et al., 2011). Following the
underthrusting of the metamorphics
underneath TAB, the whole region experienced a post-collisional extension
due to decrease in the convergence
rate between Arabian and Eurasian
plates (Savostin et al., 1986; Kuşcu et
al., 2013a) and delamination or rollback of the subducted slab between
ca. 77 to 54 Ma (Kuşcu et al., 2013a;
Rolland et al., 2011) that exhumed the
metamorphic basement, unroofed
previously obducted ophiolites, and
filled basins with Maastrichtian to
Paleocene subaerial and submarine
sedimentary rocks. Initial extension
coincided with emplacement of calcalkaline to alkaline magmatism ranging from ca. 77 to 73 Ma in central and
southeastern Anatolia (Kuşcu et al.,
2011), then by alkaline magmatism
peaking at 74 - 71 Ma (Kuşcu et al.,
2013a) mostly at eastern and southeastern Anatolia. The subsequent
magmatism took place in Pontides,
Tavsanlı zone and SEAOB took place
between early to Middle Eocene (~52
and 44 Ma, peaking at 48 Ma; Kuşcu et
al., 2013a). Several works that favored
an arc origin for the Eocene magmatic
rocks (Yiğitbaş and Yılmaz, 1996; Richards, 2003), and slab break-off origin
(Onal et al.,2005), appears to be inconsistent with the available geologic
evidence. However, the commonplace
of Eocene igneous rocks (volcanic and
volcaniclastic rocks) coexisting with
or emplaced into fault-bounded sedimentary basins are favor of extensional events (Kuşcu et al., 2011; 2013a).
The final continental collision and
suturing of Arabia with the ATB and
metamorphosed counterparts of eastern Taurides in the middle Miocene
was followed by a slab-steepening and
break-off beneath the ATB (Sengor et
al. 2003).
The Late Eocene - Oligocene compression is very widespread and extends
from eastern Turkey to Aegean region
and further west into Greece. This collision resulted in extrusion of TAB into
Greece, and Helenic - Aegean subduction zone (third subduction event). The
Aegean subduction peaking at about
42 - 26 Ma (Kuşcu, 2009; Kuşcu et al.,
2013b) produced isolated continental
arc magmatism mainly in the western,
northwestern Turkey. The field observations supported by geochronologic
and geochemical data (Kuşcu, 2009)
on magmatic events suggested that
that Aegean subduction is accompanied by a lithospheric extension,
exhumation, core-complex development, subduction and extensionrelated magmatism and large-scale,
probably gravitational gliding of the
Lycian Nappes system approximately
between 24 - 23 to Plio-Quaternary
(Aldanmaz et al., 2000; Doglioni et al.,
2002; Kuşcu, 2009; van Hinsbergen et
al., 2010; Kuşcu et al., 2013b). The recent lines of evidence argue that there
is no single mechanism and time period responsible for the extension in
WAEP, instead roll-back, slab break-off
and differential decoupling and internal deformation - disruption processes
appear to worked together through
time starting from Middle Eocene to
Plio-Quaternary. The central and eastern Anatolia, however, experienced
voluminous magmatism starting from
Mid-Miocene to Quaternary that produced several phases of calc-alkaline
and alkaline magmatism within previously metamorphosed sedimentary - volcanosedimentary sequences.
These are interpreted to be related to
transtensional regime or slab break off
event after the final suturing of Arabian plate and Anatolides.
METALLOGENY OF TURKEY
As a part of the TEMB, Turkey
has many characteristics similar
to surrounding countries and
host many volcanogenic massive
sulfide, porphyry-type, skarn and
hydrothermal and magmatic deposits.
These deposits occur within regional
belts that could be traced across the
neighboring countries (The opening
of NeoTethys and resultant passive
margin evolution ocean caused
subsidence of the continental margin,
which created extensive platform
shelf areas where carbonate-hosted
lead/zinc/silver deposits such as
those widely discovered in the central
and eastern Taurides formed during
the Lower - mid Cretaceous. Although
the magmatic and metallogenic
processes were dominant in the
Jurassic - Miocene time interval,
the principal mineralization types
have been formed during different
metallogenic epochs starting from
Late Cretaceous to Late Mioc. Pliocene times. The earliest significant
mineralization
events
of
the
Neotethys in Turkey occurred during
late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous
when an intra-oceanic subduction
(supra subduction) formed due to
initial closure of the northerly ocean
(Vardar - İzmir - Ankara ocean), and
an incipient roll-back. This event
accompanied also by formation of the
supra-subduction zone ophiolites,
is the first metallogenic epoch (110
- 90 Ma) associated with magmatic
segregation type podiform chromite
deposits. The subduction in the
pontides, then, has been achieved
through in two successive stages;
an early phase producing islandarc type volcanic - volcanoclastic
sequences mainly during Late
Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, and
a later phase producing arc-type
intrusive magmatism during Late
Cretaceous. The early phase which
could also be termed as the second
metallogenic epoch was responsible
for the formation of volcanogenic
massive sulfide deposits in marine
basins along with the Eastern
Europe and Iran. These include major
deposits such as Çayeli and Murgul in
the Eastern Pontides. The later phase,
Late Cretaceous (~85 - 77.5 Ma, 2009)
subduction events that created
arc magmatism (diorite to granitic)
and associated Cu-Mo porphyry
mineralization at the NW, NE (Pontide
subduction) and SE (Bitlis - Zagros
subduction) in Turkey corresponds
to the third metallogenic epoch,
an epoch during which porphyry
systems were predominant. The
third metallogenic epoch at the
expense of Pontide subduction
produced porphyry style (Demirköy
and Dereköy) and skarn (Armutveren
and Şükrüpaşa) mineralization close
to Bulgarian border at Kırklareli and
Edirne, and some sub-economic CuMo porphyries like Balcılı, Börekli and
Pohrenk, Ulutaş and Güzelyayla at the
eastern Pontides. Apart from these,
Late Cretaceous porphyry systems are
scarce in the Pontides. The same time
period during which southerly ocean
was consumed along the Zagros Bitlis subduction, and associated with
volcano-plutonic magmatism is more
favorable in producing porphyry
systems hosted by granodiorite to
tonalite - dacitic rocks exposed as an
arcuate belt from Kahramanmaraş,
Bitlis, Elazığ and south of Tunceli.
The
post-collisional
extensional
events after the main continental
collision (collision of Eurasian plate
with Anatolides at the north, Vardar
- İzmir - Ankara - Erzincan suture;
and collision of Arabian plate with
Anatolides at the south, Bitlis Zagros suture) generated voluminous magmatism and associated
mineralization as the fourth metallogenic epoch. This also corresponds
to a Mesozoic - Tertiary boundary
(Uppermost Cretaceous to LowerMid Paleocene during which a major
crustal extension is predominant
throughout Turkey. This epoch has
no associated mineralization within
the Pontides, but is extensive within
the central Anatolia and SEAOB in
the metamorphic terranes intruded
by post-collisional (late orogenic)
I- to H-type calc-alkaline granitoids
and I-type alkaline volcano-plutonic
associations, During this epoch,
as an early phase (74 - 73 Ma)
calc-alkaline magmatism (monzodiorite, granodiorite to Q-dioritic)
was formed by a roll-back-driven
mechanism or exhumation of
metamorphics, and produced IOCG
September 2013
37
(Divriği), and Fe- and Pb-Zn skarns
mainly at central (Kesikköprü, Çelebi,
Akdağmadeni, Akçakışla, Keskin), and
eastern Anatolia. This was followed
by an alkaline magmatism (syenitic
to trachytic) generated by a withinplate, late-orogenic extension that
produced alkaline-hosted mineral
deposits such as Cu-F-Mo porphyries
(Keban, Yeşilyurt - Malatya), Fe- and
Pb-Zn skarns (Durmuşlu, Keban) and
IOCG deposits (Hasançelebi, Karakuz)
as a late phase (74 - 69Ma, Kuşcu et
al., 2011) at eastern Anatolia and
northern parts of the SEAOB. The final
suturing of the Afro-Arabian plates
with the Eurasian plate, and continued
N-S convergence caused either initial
slab rupture and/or a STEP faulting at
the overriding plate within the SEAOB
(Kuşcu et al., 2010a), slab break-off
within the Pontides, and western
Anatolia. This was resulted in partial
melting and shallow seated bimodal
volcano-plutonic complexes with
a striking adakite-like geochemical
fingerprinting formed during Early
- Middle Eocene (~57 - 39Ma, Kuşcu,
2009) at Pontides, SEAOB, CACC and
western Anatolia. This is accepted as
the fifth metallogenic epoch during
which abundant economic porphyry
Cu-Au, Au at SEAOB (Çöpler, Kabataş,
İliç) and Mastra, Bahçecik, Bakırçay
Berta and Konak at Pontides; Fe- ,
Fe-Cu skarns at SEAOB (Bizmişen,
Çaltı, Pertek, Mamlis - Sin), CACC
(Esendemirtepe, Horoz, Karamadazı)
and western Anatolia (Kuşçayır,
Kartaldağ, Domaniç - Muratdere)
has been formed. Most of the
occurrences/mineralization
within
western Anatolia lies mainly within
the Biga (Çanakkale - Balıkesir)
region where a continuous intrusive
and extrusive magmatism from
Eocene to Pliocene are recorded.
These are mostly skarn, porphyry
to epithermal (to mesothermal?)
systems with low sulfidation and
high sulfidation characteristics. The
skarns are limited and associated with
post-collisional
volcano-plutonic
associations that spans from late
Eocene to late Oligocene - Miocene.
The sixth metallogenic epoch in
the metallogenic history of Turkey
corresponds to Middle-Late Oligocene
during which the convergence
between African and Eurasian
plates have been accommodated by
Aegean subduction, that produced
38
compression
related,
arc-type
volcano-plutonic sequences mainly
at Biga peninsula. This epoch has
played an important role mainly
on the generation of porphyry
(Ağıdağ, Tepeoba), Fe-Cu skarns
(Evciler, Bayramiç), HS epithermal
systems (Pirentepe) with sporadic LS
systems (Küçükdere), IOCG (Şamlı,
Demirlitepe), Pb-Zn and Fe-skarns
(Baklan, Ayazmant) and volcanichosted mesothermal Pb-Zn vein
systems (Balya, Karaköy) within
the western Anatolia. The seventh
metallogenic epoch have spatial
and temporal associations and with
younger calc-alkaline to mildly
alkaline extrusive and intrusive
magmatic rocks from early to middle
Miocene, and is related to the
porphyry (Kışladağ), Fe-Cu skarns and
LS epithermal (Doğancılar, Kepez)
systems. The eighth metallogenic
epoch have close relationships mainly
with alkaline volcanic associations
only formed during late Miocene. This
epoch is related to only to porphyry
(AS and Inlice) and telescoping
epithermal systems. The available
Ar-Ar geochronology (Kuşcu, 2009;
Kuşcu et al., 2013a) have shown
that the HS, porphyry and LS-type
epithermal systems along with some
Fe-Cu skarn and IOCG systems appear
to be associated with a younger
phase of magmatism due subduction
and subsequent core-complex and/
or roll-back mechanism that took
place between Late Oligocene Early Miocene and Middle Miocene,
respectively. The operating major
porphyries are associated mainly
with extrusive alkaline magmatism at
Middle - Late Miocene.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work constitutes part of a
collaborative
research
project
generously sponsored by Barrick Gold
Corp, Teck Cominco Ltd and Eldorado
Gold - Tüprag Metal Mining Ltd İlkay
Kuşcu expresses his sincere thanks
to the sponsor companies for their
financial and logistical support. Part of
the work is also supported by TÜBİTAK
(Grant YDABCAG-103Y098) to the
author.
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F., Manetti, P., Riguzzi, F., and Savasçın, Y.
2002, On the extension in western Anatolia
and the Aegean sea. In: Rosenbaum, G. and
Lister, G. S. Reconstruction of the evolution
of the Alpine - Himalayan Orogen. Journal of
the Virtual Explorer, v. 8, p. 161 - 176.
Eyüboğlu, Y., Santosh, M., and Chung, S.,
2011, Crystal fractionation of adakitic
magmas in the crust-mantle transition zone:
Petrology, geochemistry and U-Pb zircon
chronology of the Seme adakites, eastern
Pontides, NE Turkey: Lithos, v. 121, p. 151 166.
Genç, Ş.C., and Yılmaz, Y., 1997, An example of
post-collisional magmatism in northwestern
Anatolia: the Kızderbent Volcanics (Armutlu
Peninsula, Turkey): Turkish Journal of Earth
Sciences, v. 6, p. 33 - 42.
Göncüoğlu, M.C., and Turhan, N., 1983, New
results on the age of Bitlis metamorphics:
Mineral Research Exploration Bulletin, v.
95/96, p. 1 - 5.
Göncüoğlu, M.C., Turhan, N., Şentürk, K.,
Özcan, A., and Uysal, S. A, 2000, Geotraverse
across NW Turkey: Tectonic Units of the
Central Sakarya Region and Their Tectonic
Evolution. Tectonics and Magmatism in
Turkey and the Surrounding Area, v. 173,
p.139 - 161.
Hou, Z, Zhang, H., Pan, X, and Yang, Z.,
2011, Porphyry Cu (-Mo-Au) deposits
related to melting of thickened mafic lower
crust: Examples from the eastern Tethyan
metallogenic domain: Ore Geology Reviews,
v. 39, p. 21 - 45.
Hou, Z.Q., and Cook, N. J., 2009,
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special issue: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 36, p.
2 - 24.
Jankovic, S., and Petrascheck, W., 1987,
Tectonics and metallogeny of the Alpine Himalayan belt in the Mediterranean area
and western Asia: Episodes, v. 10, p. 169 - 175
Karslı, O., Dokuz, A., Uysal, İ., Aydın, F.,
Kandemir, R., and Wijbrans, J., 2010,
Generation of the Early Cenozoic adakitic
volcanism by partial melting of mafic lower
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thickening to delamination: Lithos, v. 114, p.
109 - 120.
Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Siebel, W., and Şen,
C., 2011, Geochemical and Sr-Nd Isotopic
Characteristics of Post-Collisional Calcalkaline Volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE
Turkey): Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, v.
20, p. 137 - 159.
Kaymakçı, N, and Kuşcu, İ, 2007. Late
Cretaceous to Recent Kinematic Evolution
of Turkey, European Geosciences Union
2007. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol.
9, 05426, 2007. SRef-ID: 1607 - 7962/gra/
EGU2007 - A - 05426
Kaymakçı, N., Özçelik, Y., White, S.H., and
van Dijk, P.M., 2009, Tectono-stratigraphy
of the Çankırı Basin: late Cretaceous to early
Miocene evolution of the Neotethyan suture
zone in Turkey, in van Hinsbergen, D.J.J.,
Edwards, M.A., Govers, R. (Eds.), Collision
and collapse at the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia
subduction zone: Geological Society,
London, Special Publication, v. 313, p. 67 106.
Kuşcu, İ., 2005. World Skarn Deposits:
Skarns of Turkey. Economic Geology 100th
Anniversary Volume, Society of Economic
Geologists, Littleton, Colorado, USA, p.
299 - 336. and 1 Table, in electronic folder
“11 Turkey” in electronic folder “Meinert”
in CD-ROM supplementary appendix to:
Meinert, L.D., Dipple, G. M., and Nicolescu, S.,
2005, World Skarn Deposits.in Hedenquist,
J.W., Thompson, J.F.H., Goldfarb, R.J., and
Richards, J.P., (eds)., p. 1 - 2.
Kuşcu, I., 2009. Metallogenesis of the
Tethyan Collage: Magmatic association and
age of ore deposition in Turkey, MDRUIndustry collaborative initiative, Project
report: Update to sponsor companies,
MDRU contribution No. 269, 38p.
Kuşcu, İ., Tosdal, R.M., Gençalioğlu - Kuşcu,
g., 2013b. Metallogenesis of Turkish
Tethyan collage: Characteristics, Tectonic
Setting, Petrogenesis and Geochronology
of Porphyry deposits and Associated
Magmatism in Turkey, Economic geology,
(in press)
Kuşcu, İ., Yılmazer, E., Demirela, G.,
Gençalioğlu - Kuşcu, G. and Güleç, N., 2011Iron Oxide-(Copper±Gold) Mineralisation in
the Turkish Tethyan Collage; in Porter, T.M.,
(ed.),Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold
& Related Deposits: A Global Perspective, v.
3-Advances in the Understanding of IOCG
Deposits; PGC Publishing, Adelaide, pp.
573 - 600. Kuşcu, İ., Tosdal, R.M., Gençalioğlu
- Kuşcu and Friedman, R., 2013a. Late
Cretaceous to middle Eocene magmatism
and metallogeny of a portion of the
Southeastern Anatolian Orogenic Belt, east
central Turkey, Economic Geology, 108, 641
- 666
Okay, A.İ., and Tüysüz, O., 1999. Tethyan
sutures of northern Turkey, in The
Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary extension
within the Alpine Orogen, Durans, B., Jolivet,
L., Horvarth, F., and Seranne, M., Geological
Society of London Special Publication, v.
156, p. 475 - 515.
Önal, A., Boztuğ, D., Kürüm, S., Harlavan, Y.,
Arehart, G., and Arslan, M., 2005, K-Ar age
determination, whole-rock and oxygen
isotope geochemistry of the post-collisional
Bizmişen and Çaltı plutons, SW Erzincan,
eastern Central Anatolia, Turkey: Geological
Journal, v. 40, p. 457 - 476.
Perello, J., Carlotto, V., Zarate, A., Ramos, P.,
Posso, H., Neyra, C., Caballero, A., Fuster, N.,
and Muhr, R., 2003, Porphyry-style alteration
and mineralization of the Middle Eocene
to early Oligocene Andahualas - Yauri belt,
Cuzco region, Peru: Economic Geology, v. 98,
p. 1575 - 1606.
Richards, J. P., 2003, Tectono-magmatic
precursors for porphyry Cu-(Mo-Au) deposit
formation: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 1515
- 1533.
Richards, J. P., Boyce, A. J., and Pringle, M. S.,
2001, Geological evolution of the Escondida
area, northern Chile: a model for spatial
and temporal localization of porphyry Cu
mineralization: Economic Geology, v. 96, p.
271 - 305.
Robertson A. H. F, Ustaömer T., Parlak, O.,
Ünlügenç¸ U. C, Taşlı, K., İnan, N., 2005, Late
Cretaceous - Early Tertiary tectonic evolution
of south - Neotethys in SE Turkey: evidence
from the Tauride thrust belt in SE Turkey
(Binboğa - Engizek segment): Journal of
the Asian Earth Sciences, doi:10.1016/j.
jseaes.2005.02.004
Rolland, Y., Billo, S., Corsini, M., Sosson,
M., and Galoyan, G., 2009, Blueschists of
the Amassia - Stepanavan Suture Zone
(Armenia): linking Tethys subduction history
from E-Turkey to W-Iran. International
Journal of Earth Science, v. 98, p. 533 - 550.
Rolland, Y., Perinçek, D., Kaymakçı, N.,
Sosson, M., Barrier, E., and Avagyan, A.,
2011, Evidence for 80 - 75 Ma subduction
jump during Anatolide - Tauride - Armenian
block accretion and 48 Ma Arabia - Eurasia
collision in Lesser Caucasus - East Anatolia:
Journal of Geodynamics, doi:10.1016/j.
jog.2011.08.006.
Savostin, L. A., Sibuet, J. C., Zonenshain, L. P.,
Le Pichon, X., and Rolet, J., 1986, Kinematic
evolution of the Tethys belt, from the
Atlantic to the Pamirs since the Triassic:
Tectonophysics, v. 123, p.1 - 35.
Şengör, A. M. C., and Yılmaz, Y., 1981.
Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic
approach: Tectonophysics, v. 75, 181 - 241.
Şengör, A.M.C., Satır, M. and Akkök, R., 1984,
Timing of tectonic events in the Menderes
massif, western Turkey: implications for
tectonic evolution and evidence for Pan African basement in Turkey: Tectonics, v. 3,
p. 693 - 707.
Sillitoe, R.H., 1972, A plate tectonic model
for the origin of porphyry copper deposits:
Economic Geology, v. 67, p. 184 - 197.
Stampfli, G.M., and Borel, G.D., 2002, A
plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and
Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate
boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic
isochrones: Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, v. 196, p. 17 - 33.
van Hinsbergen, D, Kaymakçı, N., Spakman,
W., and Torsvik, T.H., 2010, Reconciling the
geological history of western Turkey with
plate circuits and mantle tomography: Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, v. 297, p. 674
- 686
Yiğit, Ö., 2005, Gold in Turkey—a missing
link in Tethyan metallogeny. Ore Geology
Reviews, 28, 147 - 179
Yiğit, Ö., 2009, Mineral deposits of Turkey
in relation to Tetyhan metallogeny:
implications for future mineral exploration:
Economic Geology, v. 104, p. 19 - 51.
Yiğitbaş, E., and Yılmaz, Y. 1996, New
evidence and solution to the Maden complex
controversy of the southeast Anatolian
orogenic belt (Turkey): International Journal
of Earth Sciences, v. 85, p. 250 - 263.
CONTACTS
İlkay Kuşcu (PhD. Prof.)
Address : Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University
Department of Geological Engineering
48100 Muğla - Turkey
Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
September 2013
39
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Article
Usage of Public Lands for
Mining Activities
Turkish mining legislation is, in general,
investor-friendly. One of the significant
features of this investor-friendly fabric
is the usage of public land by license
holders. Public land, as a generic term,
refers not only to the land registered in
the name of Treasury (Hazinenin özel
mülkiyetindeki taşınmazlar)1, but also to
the land under control and at disposal
of State (Devletin hüküm ve tasarrufundaki yerler)2. Article 46 (para. 10) of
Mining Law of 1985, as amended by
Law No 5177 in 2004, stipulates that
rent (kira), mesne profits (ecrimisil)3
cannot be required for mining activities conducted in the land registered
in the name of Treasury or in the land
under control and at disposal of State.
The reason provided by the government for this particular paragraph refers to royalty payments, which must,
as per law, be paid up by miners, for the
abolishment of rent and mesne profits.
It also clearly states that surface lease
payments, such as rents and mesne
profits, unnecessarily burden mining
in the country. Concluding sentence is
very blunt: “With this legal amendment,
it is aimed that no fee is to be requested
regarding such lands.”4
Article 122 of Implementing Regulation (Madencilik Faaliyetleri Uygulama
Yönetmeliği), consisting of three paragraphs, is even more straightforward:
“Mining activities in the land registered in
the name of Treasury or in the land under
control and at disposal of State
1) Rent or mesne profits cannot be required for mining activities conducted in
the land registered in the name of Treasury or in the land under control and at
disposal of State. These areas are regarded to have been earmarked for mining
activities insofar as mining activities are
conducted therein.
2) No permission is required in terms of
land ownership in case the area, where
mining activity is conducted, happens
to be the land registered in the name of
Treasury or in the land under control and
at disposal of State.
3) In order for the land registered in the
42
name of Treasury or for the land under
control and at disposal of State to be let
out or sold off for non-mining activities;
opinion of city councils for Group I(a) license areas or of General Directorate (for
Mining Affairs) for other group license areas is sought and obtained.”
Despite the steadfast language, the reality is somewhat different. The miners,
who are to conduct mining activities in
public land, do actually have to face a
couple of legal hurdles that are reminiscent of, and almost identical to, rents or
mesne profits.
Regarding forested areas,
1) forest land usage fee (orman arazi
kullanım bedeli) (followed by security
2) maintenance fee for reforested areas (orman ağaçlandırma bakım bedeli)
(coupled with reforestation fee)5.
If the mining area is a pasture (mera),
grass fee (ot geliri) calculated on the
basis of duration of usage needs to
be paid in advance. Irrespective of
the type of investment, the duration
threshold is at least twenty years, and
the investor asking for the grass field
to be assigned to the investment project must pay at least twenty-year long
grass fee in advance. This is also followed by security in cash. The calculation is carried out by a special committee set up in accordance with the
Pasture Act (Law No. 4342) and Pasture
Regulation in order to evaluate such
request6.
The vagaries of the law have been exacerbated by the case law of the Court
of Cassation (Yargıtay), which has read
the same approach into its case law7.
The Court found in favor of the claimant, a public body, claiming that the
land usage fee should be paid by the
defendant due to the fact that the
mining activities are conducted in a
land that is under control and at disposal of State. The Court also opined
that royalty payments do not count as
land usage fee, therefore interchangeability argument is not allowed.
September 2013
The Court did come up with a very conservative approach by interpreting the
terms “rent” and “mesne profits” in an
overly restrictive way. Nonetheless, the
Mining Law and its reasoning do not use
restrictive language at all. Particularly in
the reasoning, it is crystal clear that the
law, no matter what it is called, aims to
prohibit any sort of fees asked for the
usage of public land. In other words, the
language employed therein is indicative, almost leading to the usual legal
qualifier of “including but not limited to”
as opposed to “numerus clausus”8. In
short, the Court has been blind not only
to the letter of the law, but also to the
official reasoning provided by the government and well-documented in the
parliamentary minutes9.
To conclude, the license holders in Turkey, both exploration and operation,
should not be forced to pay any fees
relating to the usage of public land. It is
imperative that the courts be unwavering in discouraging public bodies from
resorting to such administrative deeds
by challenging the legislative pieces that
are both the very basis of such deeds
and in evident conflict with the Mining
Law. That all said, it is all the more important for the stakeholders to speak with
one voice for issues that indiscriminately
hurt the entire extractive industry, be
it mines and quarries, small scale and
large scale, open pit and underground.
They are all in this together, and the
piecemeal approach does (and will)
not benefit the medium and long-term
objectives that both the government in
office and the extractive industry have
together set for themselves in the 10th
development plan (2014-2018).10
REFERENCES
1- The entire stock of public land is maintained by the Ministry of Finance’s General
Directorate of National Estate (Milli Emlak
Genel Müdürlüğü).
2- Article 9 of the Implementing Regulation
on the Law regarding Prevention of Unlawful
Interference in the Possession of Immovable
Property does specify a number of “things”
as the immovable that are under control and
at disposal of State save for the forests.
3- As a term derived from medieval times
and largely used in common law countries,
the phrase ‘mesne profits’ refers to the claim
that a landlord is entitled to after a tenancy
has been brought to an end but the tenant
has failed to leave the land, altogether or
in part. It underlines that the former tenant becomes occupier of the land. What is
even more important from a legal perspective is that while the occupier is no longer a
tenant, the landlord remains entitled to be
compensated for the former tenant’s continued occupation of the land. Although being
same legal concepts in essence, therefore
serving almost the same purpose, ‘ecrimisil’,
an Ottoman legal term regulated in Land
Act of 1858 (Kanunname-i Arazi), is slightly
different than mesne profits in that it refers
to unlawful use of state property only (arazii miriye, or miri arazi). Since the Land Act of
1858 does not recognize bona fides holding
of a private property, ecrimisil, in contrast to
mesne profits, never becomes payable for
unlawful use of private property, therefore is
confined to (unlawful use of ) “public lands”.
4- www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/
TBMM/d22/c050/tbmm22050093ss0451.
pdf Previous Mining Law of 1954 (Law No.
6309) was, albeit with different wording, in
line with this legislative approach: “The land
under control and at disposal of State, the
buildings belonging to State
Article 133 - In the event that the land required
for the operation of a mine is one that is under
control and at disposal of State, it is to be assigned to that mining enterprise free of charge
by the Council of Ministers upon reference by
the Ministry of Economy and Commerce. The
owner of mining enterprise might utilize the
buildings already existing in the land and belonging to the State in exchange for a rent to
be determined by the Ministry of Finance.” As
seen, the rent is confined to the buildings.
5- For updated list of fees for 2013: web.
ogm.gov.tr/birimler/merkez/izinirtifak/Sayfalar/IZ1_Talimatlar.aspx (in Turkish only).
6- If the pasture happens to be in the forest,
the Ministry of Forest and Water (and its local offices) is the responsible body for the
formalities. Otherwise, the Ministry of Food,
Agriculture and Livestock is the ultimate
body for pastures. There is a separate regulation issued by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock for the collection of grass
fees: Mera Kanunu’nun 30’uncu Maddesi
Gereğince Yapılacak Tahsilatlar İle Ödenecek
Huzur Haklarına İlişkin Yönetmelik (Official
Gazette 28502, 19.12.2012).
7- Yargıtay, 4. Hukuk Dairesi, E. 2004/8387, K.
2005/3136, 28.03.2005 [quoted from Mustafa
Topaloğlu, Maden Hukuku, Karahan Kitabevi,
2011, Istanbul, p. 104-105 (footnote 123)].
8- As a legal concept, numerus clausus actually belongs to the law of property, where it
is believed that “transparency” prevails over
everything else (paramount importance)
(transparency consists of the principles of
specifity and publicity). In legal (judicial)
interpretation, it is most often borrowed by
other areas of law to distinguish between
grammatical (literal) interpretation and teleological interpretation. Sjef van Erp, Can
European Property Law be Codified towards
the Development of Property Notions?, in Lei
Chen and C.H. (Remco) van Rhee (eds.), Towards a Chinese Civil Code: Comparative
and Historical Perspectives, Leiden, Brill, November 2012, pp. 162-163.
9- This is what we call “legislating from the
bench” brazenly ignoring travaux préparatoires of the legislator.
10- 10th Development Plan and its
section on mining (in Turkish only) can
be accessed at www.resmigazete.gov.tr/
eskiler/2013/07/20130706M1-1-1.doc.
CONTACTS
Av. Cemâl Dursun
Partner at Dursun Özfırat Attorneys at Law
M a g a z i n e
“The Brand of Turkish Mining”
www.madencilik-turkiye.com
Profile
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Article
Turkish Progress and
Recent Trends in Chrome
Beneficiation
ABSTRACT
As the mineral processing design and
technology improved, especially in
recent years, Turkey advanced fast forward in chromite beneficiation. With
the impressive advent of the commodity prices in this decade, both established and entrepreneurial companies,
domestic and foreign, have flocked to
Turkey and have followed the iterative
approach to perfect the processing
equipment locally manufactured, aided
by the establishment of separate mineral processing departments at established Turkish universities. This will continue unabated because the ore grades
are declining, cost-cutting is prime goal
and the innovative smelting technologies can now handle fines. This paper
presents in some detail this recent success story.
INTRODUCTION
Clearly one of the best inventions of
mankind has been the ability to explore and identify the valuable minerals in the ground, dig them up, extract
the valuable parts and get rid of the
waste. Many of the enabling technologies, from producing pig iron in the
blast furnace to copper floatation using
surfactants, have been instrumental in
shaping our modern lives. And this impact will continue unabated in light of
the wild gyrations in commodity prices,
based on a foundation of the economic
fundamentals of supply and demand.
Within this context, mining and mineral
processing constitute at an increasing
rate the most important economic and
industrial activities of our modern world.
This is to be expected as the human
population increases and a massive urbanization takes hold, making demands
for lithium extraction to be used in mobile phones, steel to be used for bridges
and construction and chromium to be
added to iron and nickel and to make
stainless steel kitchenware to be used
46
by the newly urbanized populace. There
was a dire prediction back in the 1970’s,
published by the Club of Rome in their
influential report called “The Limits to
Growth,” the recent trends and data indicate that there is plenty of mineral
resources, albeit with lower grades, requiring and making ore beneficiation a
critical element in the supply chain of
metals and minerals. For example, for
chromium, an essential element for the
making of stainless steel and more or
less the inspiration for this paper, only
about one third of the total 4.72 billion
tonnes of the world’s deposits can be
classified as rich grade, which makes
mineral processing imperative.
THE BENEFICIATION
1.1 WHAT IS IT FOR?
Chromite beneficiation aka processing is
required to enrich low grade ores, which
is not economical to be sold under the
market conditions. Currently market accepts +30% grade of chromite ore but at
a very low price (open to fluctuation at
100 - 120 $/t FOB). Hence the most rational method in the utilization of poorgrade chromite is to be able to provide
sufficient grade of chromium in the feed
material as well as providing it in suitable
form for efficient production, such as in
the DC arc furnaces, which are gaining
ground vis-à-vis AC furnaces used in ferrochrome production. Therefore, within
the supply chain of the mining industry,
ore beneficiation or mineral enrichment
becomes the essential link between the
Earth’s resources in the ground and a
sellable commodity which can be used
directly by a customer.
1.2 WHY IS IT NEEDED?
This is basically relying on the most
basic principle of mineral processing,
which is not to transport the waste
minerals. When the ore is mined out at
a low grade, to be able to extract the
valuable from the waste, it needs to be
September 2013
processed in a distance as short as possible so that it can have a market and/or
further processing value.
Of course the conventional wisdom is
that beneficiation is more needed as
the ore grade tools, and a push coming
from the mineral industry to live up to its
commitment to sustainability principles,
hence spending more time and money
in the planning, research and development and in the design and construction of the beneficiation plant, are helping the growing demands of the market.
1.3 WHAT IS CHROMITE CONCENTRATE FOR?
In the steel industry, chromite ore is
used for ferrochromium production,
which is another input for stainless steel
production. A steel alloy which has a
minimum of 10.5% chromium by mass
is defined as stainless (inox) steel. Therefore, the stainless property of a steel
comes from the ferrochromium and so
from chromite ore itself. Chrome concentrate, which is ground to usually -1
mm particles, cannot be used directly in
AC ferrochromium production furnaces.
By the aid of new-tech DC furnaces, fine
chromite can be consumed with no
problem, as long as it is of high grade, at
least 48%. Since concentrated chromite
ore usually gives higher grade output
on average grinding sizes, it makes this
kind of process possible. This is not only
the case for high carbon ferrochrome.
The need for a higher grade chromium
concentrate is even more essential in
the making of low carbon ferrochrome.
Also, although currently Turkey has
enough reserves to be able to precede
production with lumpy ores through
AC furnaces, in the future, with the
depleting lumps and lower grade, processed, i.e., enriched low grades will be
the only resource for ferrochromium
production.
CONCENTRATE MARKET
Concentrate demands in recent years
increased, and so did the prices. Since
China established more DC furnaces,
their purchase of concentrate has risen
up drastically. They learned how to ship
their specs and gained benefit from the
uptick in the concentrate market. As a
result and simply, concentrate production has become so important.
One thing that PGM producers discovered was that the chromite in the
tailings after the platinum is extracted
could actually be sold as chromite ore.
These are UG2 Bushveld Complex ores
where platinum could be found. Many
South African companies did throw
away their tailings although they contained already ground chromite which
was ready for production. Once they
discovered this case, they began extracting it. In fact, their chromite concentrate production costs were nearly
zero to them. Only a few pumps and
spirals were their capital and the overall
operational costs. To be able to compete with “nearly free” UG2-sourced
chromite ores, Turkey must improve
the local technology to lower the costs
of per-unit chromite concentrate. Competing with other concentrate producers around the world, Turkish companies definitely do need something,
which is government’s support or
sponsorship. It is a fact that when government eases the companies’ burden,
the sector thrives. India and Oman are
good examples of such government
sponsorship helping concentrate production companies.
with private investors and the government, is preparing Turkey to become a
vibrant mining country. Apart from boron, chromite is Turkey’s largest metal
product, followed by gold, bauxite and
base metals. During the financial crisis
in 2009, Turkey’s mining industry suffered a serious blow and then slowly
recovered in 2010, continuing to 2011
with the global recovery and increased
demand, primarily from China and the
other growth markets.
CHROMITE MINING
CHROMITE PROCESSING
Although the country has some 70+
commodities being actively mined,
Turkey still remains to be very much
untapped and offers a large resource
potential for an increasing number of
global mining companies. The country’s mining industry in the past has
lagged behind the manufacturing industry and contributed very little to
the overall GDP. Since then, the Turkish government has recognized the
importance of mining and has set a
target to achieve some 5% of the GDP
in 2023, the 100th anniversary of the
Republic. Hence, the country, along
Of course there are several mineral processing techniques available to mining
companies, like floatation, magnetic
Figure 1 - Price gap increasing between lumpy chromite ore and chromite concentrate
September 2013
47
separation, etc., but the one used the
most-and some of old-timer miners
swear by it, saying it is the best suited for
Turkish chromium-type ores - is gravity
concentration. It is probably 2,000 years
old and is now undergoing a renaissance of sorts, with the mineral and mining industry focusing on mineral separation and beneficiation as the chrome ore
grade decreases and the volumes to be
treated increase exponentially.
Gravity processing utilizes the natural
g-force applied on the valuable and
waste mineral. Water is presented in
order to hinder the movement of material across distances due to gravity.
In short, “chromite is separated from
its waste according to their behavior
inside water.”
Chromite processing requires suitable
liberation size, defined by liberation
tests applied to the ore. Several tests
like optical counting, dense medium
tests, etc., are available. When optimum
size is determined, the feed material
is crushed, ground to that size so that
beneficiation can continue. Afterwards,
jigs, dynawhirlpools, cones, spirals,
shaking tables and centrifugal concentrators are used to recover chromite
from the ground complex.
enrichment improves from top to bottom. In short, gravitational enrichment
is cost-effective, uncomplicated, highly
efficient and relatively easy to set up,
hence the renaissance in gravity concentration plants due to all these reasons.
PROCESSING IN TURKEY
Turkey is a country where Alpine-type
massive high grade chromite does exist.
But since the reserves are dwindling, it
has become unavoidable to start processing low grade ores and utilizing
systems consuming fines as an input. Although this is a scenario which will play
out in full force more in the near future, it
is essential to prepare for this eventuality now. Therefore, beneficiation of low
grade ores and the science and the practice of mineral processing of chromite
ore have become important in Turkey.
Earlier, not even 20% grades of chromite were worth processing, but now,
In gravity concentration, the efficiency of
the process does not depend on the size
of the particles as long as the mineral has
been liberated from the rock. The other
advantage of gravity concentration is
that water is used as the medium, with
no expensive reagents added. Setting up
the concentration plant on a hillside provides the necessary acceleration force
and the convenience of designing the
concentration plant in 3, 4 or 5 levels as
48
September 2013
even 5% grade feed is considered rich
enough to be processed. It is now possible to obtain 48% grade concentrate
and 5% (today’s feed grade) tailings,
with a 2.81:1 ratio (34.88% of feed as
concentrate), from 20% grade feed. On
the other hand, today’s 5% grade of feed
would only give a concentrate with a
ratio of 13.28:1 (7.53% of feed material),
where the product is 48% and tailings
are at 1.5%. Such a tailing grade like
1.5% is very hard to obtain under plant
conditions and requires sophisticated
instruments to constantly monitor and
control the processing environment.
KEF: A ROLE MODEL
Early on, beneficiation of low grade ores
was recognized, and one of the best examples of such a modern concentration
plant was erected at Kef, Elazığ, with an
84 tph capacity. The factory was established in 1991, since the dry processing
plant was not performing properly. The
Figure 2 - Annual concentrate production of ETİ KROM. Note the expected revisions projects completed at
Kayseri and Iskenderun in 2014, and in 2015, Adana Project will be engaged to production
plant was entirely designed and set up
by a Finnish company. Some Turkish
staff was trained only for a few days in
the parent company’s factory abroad,
and then it switched on. A plethora
of problems ensued during the commencement of the operations. It was
just because plant operators simply
didn’t know what to do, how to adapt
the processing plant according to the
fluctuations in the feed grades. During
the sampling phase, the most important
stage where everything actually begins
to be able to set up the plant, the sample feed ore was washed, “polished” and
sent to Finland in a manner of showing
off that “Even Turkey’s low grade is not
that low.” (Sampling must be properly
done to be able to represent the whole
mass of ores that will be processed.
There is no reason to clean up the sample before putting it into analysis. In fact,
cleaning up the sample defies the purpose of sampling). When you check the
project parameters, you can see that the
average feed grade is expected around
32%, which means the plant cannot pro-
cess grades below 32% efficiently. Concentrate grade was targeted to 42%. Old
plant tailings were around 20%. When
the recovery was calculated, it was possible to see a value around 71%, which
sounds good. But the truth of the matter was a different thing indeed. Average
feed grades were not going above 25%
and so the recovery plummeted down
to 49% and even further.
One of the main problems of the plant
was that it was modeled after the existing
plants operated in the company’s country, designed according to the geography
and topography of the native flat landscape. Inordinate amount of leveling was
done to make the hilly landscape more
flat instead of using the oldest force of
separation referred to above, gravity. This
resulted in using some 30 slurry pumps
continuously circulating the pulp inside
the plant instead of the 9 or 10 needed
if the slope could have been used with
natural flow. This resulted in an undue
increase in operational costs.
After the privatization of ETİ KROM A.Ş.,
a transformational change took place,
and not only in the day-to-day operations. The whole plant was re-plumbed,
re-wired and adapted to the very specifics of the feed, the environment, and
the available engineering know-how.
As a result, dramatic results were obtained and the improvements were
noticeable. For example, even a minimum 11% feed grade could be fed to
the plant and the recovery increased
to 66%. Further improvements are
constantly being made and the current project is focused on finer particles
achieving a final recovery circa 75%
and a grade around 48%, but still, market demand and constraints are important for production amounts.
KNOWLEDGE IN TURKEY
With the dramatic rise of commodity
prices in the 2000’s, coupled with the
more liberal attitude of the Turkish
government in granting concession
rights to the private sector, many domestic and foreign mining companies
have shown a keen interest in exploring, mining and building beneficiation plants in Turkey. Not only has the
expertise in mineral beneficiation improved, but so has the expertise of the
equipment suppliers, automation engineers, process engineers, safety and
environmental engineers.
There are two types of concentrate
plants being built in Turkey, which are
the slovenly ones and the ones with
proper infrastructure. From small to
large companies, more entrepreneurial
fervor has caught fire and many miners and non-miners have now built
their own concentration plants. Many
of these plants are located in the
September 2013
49
well-known regions like Bursa - Orhaneli, Adana - Aladağ, Eskişehir - Kavak and
Elazığ - Guleman. Turkish companies are
now capable of designing and building their own processing plants with
their own and/or contracted engineering teams. Even mineral processing
engineering has become a sub-branch
on its own and a few of the universities,
amongst them İstanbul Technical University, Hacettepe and others, have founded
separate departments with research cadres performing truly world-class research,
serving many of the local mining companies. Many mineral processing engineers
have entered into the mining engineering market, and they are capable of planning the whole plant, the beneficiation
process flow, and any of them, including
females, are now running whole shifts or
entire factories. With the estimates running around that only 40% of the mineral
riches of Turkey have now been and/or
are actively mined, the advent of mineral
processing in Turkey will continue many
years into the future.
MADE IN TURKEY
There is a huge increase in the number
of local suppliers compared to, say, ten
years ago, not only in terms of equipment for chromite processing but in
all sectors of mineral processing. Most
of these companies are small in scale,
primarily manufacturing customized
gear for the processing industries, and
are primarily located in the Organized
Industrial Zones (OIZ) near the bigger
cities in mining regions. Companies
from Yıldırım - Bursa, Çayırova - Kocaeli,
Tuzla - İstanbul, Mecidiyeköy - İstanbul
and Ostim - Ankara can produce many
types of mineral processing equipment
and their spare parts, like rod mills, ball
mills, screens, polyurethane spares,
pumps, pump liners, mill liners, hydrocyclones, shaking tables, spirals and
many more. With these local options
available, mineral processing plant
erection and machinery costs can go
down substantially. For instance, an official quotation for a mineral processing
plant project around 110 million euro
can easily go down to 60 million euro
with a Turkish brand.
Just in case of a misunderstanding;
these companies are not sweatshop
producers but pioneers of Turkey.
PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES
Today’s chromite processing technol-
50
ogy is nothing new and exploits the
relative movement in response to gravity to separate the mineral from the
dirt. For many years, the basic design
of the equipment and the process flow
has not changed much dramatically,
but a better quantifiable understanding of the concentration processes has
resulted in incremental changes. The
proliferation of many entries into this
field has produced a fast learning environment, with prototype production
followed by testing it with a certain
type of ore-experimenting-copying-altering, and producing the final product
by the well-known iterative innovation
cycle. Still, there is some rather new
equipment available. All these methods below are available in our country
and are being used to recover chromite
in Turkish processing plants.
MGS (MULTI GRAVITY SEPARATOR): This
is modeled after a shaking table in action.
Shaking table can only utilize the g-force
which naturally comes down towards the
earth. But when the shaking table rolls on
itself and attaches at the ends, one ends
up with a multi gravity separator. This
cylinder rotates at a speed generating a
centrifugal force, and so another g-force
is now created. The revolution speed allows one to control the force, which is
actually constant for the shaking table.
MGS can be used for fine particles below
200µ to 10µ at a 55% max recovery performance. To get rid of -10µ, MGS must
be utilized with a hydrocyclone group
(usually mushroom type).
CENTRIFUGAL CONCENTRATORS: This
semi-continuous (batch) concentrator is
a specially designed fluidized centrifuge
that separates heavy material, such as
gold and platinum, from lighter background material such as quartz. The material must be ground to an appropriate
size, mixed with water, and then fed into
the machine. Equipment is generally
applied to materials in which the heavy
component to be recovered is a very
small fraction of the total material. For
most primary applications the grade of
the heavy material will be less than 500
grams/ton (0.05% by weight).
CENTRIFUGAL JIG: Yet another centrifugal concentrator, but this time it is a jigging machine that’s rolled. It is used with
a screen for collecting ragging materials
(usually metal balls with proper density).
Processing can go down to 10µ.
September 2013
Apart from this rather new technology,
many modified shaking tables (e.g. zigzag) and many kinds of spirals utilized
for different ore types are both used
and produced in Turkey by totally domestic companies. Furthermore, some
concentrator plants are capable of producing their own equipment, totally
customized to suit their own needs.
CONCLUSION
In recent times, Turkey performed very
well and excelled in the chromite concentration branch of mineral processing, with the know-how in the design,
engineering and equipment improved
immensely, following a reiterative
method commonly seen in innovation
models. There are chromite processing plants available for processing 7%
feed grade at a capacity of 4000x2 tpd,
which is world class. Turkish universities
are graduating good engineers with an
engineering degree in mineral processing. The Turkish government’s focus on
mining to improve its share in the overall country’s GDP is also encouraging
for more exploration, assaying, and for
both established and entrepreneurial
companies to start mining ventures,
especially in chromite. Many local
companies are producing high quality
machinery that can now compete with
their foreign competitors. “A new era in
Turkish chromite processing is under
way, guided by Turkish engineers…”
REFERENCES
Eti Krom Research, Yıldırım Group of Com.
Aydın, M, 2001, Etibank Güleman
Kef Konsantratör Tesisi Artıklarının
Değerlendirilmesi, Diyarbakır.
www.knelsongravitysolutions.com/
page352.htm
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepro_Mineral_
Systems
www.mertamakina.com
www.remas.com.tr/en/profil.htm
www.ersel.com/sayfa/2/anasayfa
CONTACTS
Barış Elçi1, Alp Malazgirt2, Ph. D.
1) Project Manager, Yıldırım Group of
Companies
2) CEO, Metals & Mining, Yıldırım Group of
Companies
Phone : +90 (212) 290 30 80
Website : www.yildirimgroup.com
Profile
Plastic Company in Mining
Business Şen Plastik
Şen Plastik was founded in 1983 by
Hüseyin ŞEN in Bayrampaşa, İstanbul.
Şen Plastik started production and introduction solely of mining explosives
auxiliary materials, some types of work
safety gears and other mining related
materials as of the year 1990.
We have provided our miners with the
best use of our products by demonstrating our products in practice on site
at the mining establishments.
We aim to get through to the miners
we haven’t been able to contact until
present time through the Madencilik
Türkiye Magazine and to introduce
our products and to be of assistance to
improve the occupational safety and
health to a higher level at their establishments.
PLASTIC WATER TAMPING
CARTRIDGES
Prevents the hazardous environmental
impacts of explosions. In the sense of
labor, the time reserved for tamping
is minimized by means of water tamping. Hole drilling work which once had
been the most time consuming work
is now the fastest application, besides
this, mud tamping work which had
been a simple matter is now the most
time consuming application. Because
filling the holes with explosives after
drilling the chimney holes and tamping
with mud takes almost the same time
with hole drilling. By using water tamp-
ing method, it is possible to reduce this
time at the rate of 75%. On the other
hand, bringing the mud to the working area, preparing and tamping is very
onerous; therefore this process is disadvantageous because of the loss of time
and manpower. Moreover, each mud
tamping material gets prepared for
each charge session. Because the clay
material gets dry in time and loses its
elastic feature. Therefore, it needs to be
freshly prepared for each charge session.
Both tamping and tamping materials
which have an impact on the explosion are parts of an explosion cycle and
they are of capital importance in the
efficiency of explosion and particularly
in the hazardous environmental impact
of the explosion. The importance of
tampering gets crucial in underground
explosions which are closed to atmosphere more than in over land explosions. The intended use of tamping in
underground explosions can be summarized as below;
•
•
•
•
Transmitting the shock waves by
keeping the explosive in the hole
and confining the explosion gas
which emerges as a result of the
explosion which breaks the rocks,
Reducing the total and respirable
rate of dust,
Shortening the time to enter the
environment after discharge,
Suppressing the hazardous and
•
•
toxic gasses which emerge after
discharge,
Minimizing the risk of firedamp
explosion,
Preventing the coal dust to go off
and explode during the explosion.
ANFO CHARGE TUBES & BLAST
TUBES
For the establishments which use anfo
pumps and which perform stope explosions; Antistatic anfo charge tubes
are manufactured in various sizes and
packed in 50 meters coils and Blast
Tubes are manufactured 89 mm. Diameters and in 5 - 20 meters lengths.
DYNAMITE CASES
Dynamite cases have worldwide accepted German LOBA Certificate. Ergonomic and very durable plastic dynamite cases with lockable lids, and
detonator cases have two sizes with 15
and 20 kg capacities of explosives.
SAMPLE CASE FOR DRILLERS
Sample ore storing cases with 10 departments which can be attached to
each other, durable, suitable for piling
and neat archiving, convenient for using multiple times, protects from cold,
hot, daylight and water.
PLASTIC SHINGUARDS
Shin guards are the safety equipment
which the leaders of the underground
mining business consider as crucial
as helmets. Plastic shin guards significantly prevent leg bone injuries and
therefore prevent medical treatment
and labor loss.
CONTACTS
Şen Plastik Auxiliary Materials For Explosives
Address : İsteks San. Sit. C 4/3 İkitelli Organize
Sanayi Bölgesi - İstanbul - Turkey
Phone : +90 (212) 485 66 13 - 15
Fax : +90 (212) 485 66 14
Website : www.senplastik.com
52
September 2013
Article
The Power of Social Media in
the Mining Industry
Modern technology and great advances in engineering have mitigated
much of the negative environmental
impacts of the mining industry, especially greenfield exploration projects.
Despite all of this, industrialization
throughout the globe is under siege.
Nearly any large scale project requiring
governmental permits and public input
has seen significant increase in delays,
lawsuits, outright blocking by courts
or even cancellation of projects. In the
past, most of the companies applying
for permits assumed that good engineering, local goodwill projects, corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts,
and following the requirements of the
agencies issuing the permits would assure that a project would go forward.
That is no longer the case anymore.
Opponents to mining activities are using a new powerful force that is transforming how we communicate, the political process, dating, social networks,
marketing, even sparking revolutions
and overthrowing governments, this
new force is Social Media.
The energy supply is one of the most
important issues of our day and there
are well funded forces attempting to
reduce or eliminate fossil fuel use and
development by blocking the mines,
fracking, or transportation networks
used to extract and to move the fuels
from production areas to consumers.
Yet many consumers of those fuels are
54
influenced through social media to act
against the sources and networks of
the very energy we all consume. A key
means of influence and organization
against mining is social media. Industry can use these same tools by first understanding, then harnessing its power.
This article covers the myriad issues, explains the technology, its power, weaknesses, and provides real case studies
and tools.
to perceived technical issues. At the
strategic level, hostility toward development projects may take the form of
laws or regulations, such as classifying
carbon dioxide as a pollutant or blocking strategically important infrastructure projects such as pipelines. At the
tactical level, projects can be blocked
by continuously raising fears, doubts,
and technical/social concerns at every
stage of the permitting process.
Development projects are needed for
sustainable growth of an economy.
However as people become increasingly isolated from the commodities that
they consume, a type of idealism can
incline beliefs that economic growth or
consumption does not require energy
and raw materials or that recycling can
fulfill all demand. This idealism has a
negative impact when groups organize
to block development projects. If one
is against industrial development, a key
means of blocking such development
is to attack projects by continuously
raising concerns, whether valid or not,
that are pseudo-technical in nature associated with the many overlapping
and confusing regulations at the municipal, country, state, or federal levels. Hence the intellectual ‘battlefield’
has two fronts: a strategic front where
industrial development has been vilified and so a large percentage of the
populace is hostile, and a tactical front,
where projects can be blocked due
Action is needed at both the strategic
and tactical levels. The strategic level
can follow the patterns of a political
campaign and very often would need
to act in this fashion such as supporting a candidate over another or pressuring an elected representative to
support a particular path. The tactical
level must be used to educate the public and combat specific technical misinformation spread by opponents. Social
media plays a very important role in
both the strategic and tactical arenas.
Sometimes strategy has a direct impact on the tactical level, for example,
when permits are legally and technically valid, projects can still be blocked
or cancelled through sufficiently violent or loud social action. For example,
Barrick’s Pasqua-Lama and Newmont’s
Conga projects in South America had
gained their environmental permits,
yet were blocked by very vocal and
often non-local public protests by a
small group of stakeholders. In North
America, nearly every newly proposed
mine or even mine expansion is seeing
a dramatic rise in the effectiveness of
organized opposition to new projects,
such as coal terminals on the west
coast or new mines in Arizona, Wisconsin, or Minnesota. The opponents are
motivated by a general dislike of coal
or mineral development projects and
they attempt to delay or to deny permits at every stage of the permitting
process. These opponents are well
integrated, tech-savvy, active in their
opposition, and are integrated into
a tight network. The proponents of
September 2013
development are more often isolated,
inactive, and not-yet familiar with the
full-power of social media.
Social media is a rising force in both
developed and developing countries.
Some interesting statistics include:
•
Climate change activists have,
in the wake of stalled legislation
to cap greenhouse gases, have
identified social media as one of
the most effective tools to create
seemly ‘grass roots’ efforts toward
their cause such as pressuring
Facebook to only use green energy
or block the Keystone XL pipeline.1
•
Brands that have taken decades
to build can be easily marred by a
single individual with a twitter account.2
•
25% of search results for the
World’s top brands are links to
user-generated content.3
•
90% of consumers trust peer reviews4
•
Only 14% of consumers trust advertisement5
•
93% of marketers use social media
for their business6
The above statistics are simply a result
of social media’s ability to effectively
and easily communicate and create
social networks of people. A key trend
that is most important to the permit-
ting process is the overreliance on our
peer network’s opinions (consumer
peer reviews) over scientifically vetted
and detailed explanations of facts. For
example, in the case of applications for
environmental permits, engineering
firms must use accepted engineering
practice when undertaking an impact
study or analysis. However, opposition
groups are not bound by engineering ethics or factual representation.
Therefore, by extending this logic, an
engineer with years of education and
decades of experience has less credibility than a friended peer who ‘dislikes’ a
particular project. Should a company
applying for a permit be found to falsify or embellish an impact study, the
permit would be revoked, yet there
are no consequences when opposition
opinions or misinformation are found
to be false. Traditional news media
cannot be counted upon to inform the
public since journalists are increasingly
reporting on concerns that are being
expressed in social media, not on the
truth or validity of those concerns.
Social media also includes the many
analytical tools to help visualize, analyze, and derive conclusions from the
extremely large and growing data sets.
This area of data analysis has its origins
in data warehousing and business
September 2013
55
Figure 1. Word cloud For President Obama’s speech on climate change at Georgetown University.
intelligence. This is the enabling technology that helps clean and prepare
the huge social media data sets for easy
analysis by users and the application of
more complex analytics, often referred
to as data mining. In the mining industry, social media is used to a limited
extent as an outward communication
tool, like an arm of public relations (PR),
or worse, not at all. It is far better used
for:
•
Understanding stakeholders
•
Listening, characterization,
engagement, and feedback tool
•
Rapid alert and response tool
•
Creating and building a network
of supporters
•
Learning from the mistakes and
experiences of peers
Social media cannot be treated as a traditional PR exercise. The time, expense,
and inflexibility of focus groups, formal
interview-based surveys, wordsmithing
a communique or campaign, or the legal department’s usual vetting of communications cannot keep pace with social media. However, the value of social
media is in building and engagement
with a network of supporters, the information behind the content, the ability
to link and visualize content, and users’
interconnections.
People may often focus on the content, such as what is said in a particular
blog, shown on a YouTube video, what
is tweeted, however, the value of social
56
media is also derived from the analytics behind the base content, such as
how many people have viewed, liked,
followed, re-tweeted, commented, etc.
on the content. Even traditional media
typically hosts a ‘comments’ section
for each print article, radio story, and
television report on the webpages of
the old-media outlets, where a vibrant,
frustrating, often rude, and thoroughly
insightful conversation occurs. Basic
network traffic such as Google Analytics
can be very informative by tracking user
visits, what they are reading, where they
live, etc. A great deal of information can
also be learned when you host your own
Facebook page, twitter account or YouTube channel, especially if users friend,
follow, or subscribe. Each of these social
media tools have their own analytics
which is intended for use to build followers, measure success, and monitor comments. Furthermore, software called
Application Interfaces (APIs) are made
available for software developers allowing extraction of user and online interactions into databases for further analysis.
Since social media depends on online
advertisement revenue, they are continuously incentivized to provide as much
information as possible, usually for free,
so that companies are more likely to buy
advertising space.
There are also many interesting online
tools that help visualize various elements of online engagement. For example, Figure 1 is a Wordle of President
Obama’s 2013 Georgetown speech on
climate change in a word cloud, which
is a means of representing a large number of words into a single visual representation.7
September 2013
Figure 2 is a spider URL scrape of a
popular blogging site in Peru with applied data mining algorithms to track
sentiment. A URL spider tracks the
links where bloggers mention other
bloggers’ blogs. Sentiment mining
is where certain key words are mentioned in the title or content of the
blogs that one might consider negative, such as terrible, polluting, greedy,
degradation, etc. The tight yellow network represents the opponents (negative sentiments) of a mine named Tia
Maria in Peru, the large purple network are those that are indifferent (or
that do not mention the project), while
the small isolated pockets of light and
blue multi-colors are the proponents
(positive sentiment) for the project.
One can immediately see that the opponents are far better interlinked than
the proponents.
Mining companies can no longer solely rely on good engineering, corporate
social responsibility, and a good relationship with elected officials to get
permits. Keeping silent in the face of
misinformation and outright absurd
accusations is no longer an option
since misinformation, repeated often
enough, becomes the truth in the eyes
of the public. However, companies
cannot divert resources to address
each and every misrepresentation or
outlandish comment. Using internal
PR or a contracted firm to draft and
issue public statements on the same
pace and scale as the opposition activity in social media is not feasible.
Instead, companies and support institutions must leverage the power of social media to create a network of pro-
Figure 2. Networks of opponents (yellow top portion), supporters (isolated multi-colored pockets),
and Neutrals (right purple) showing a tight interconnection among opponents and isolation among
proponents.
Engine Results
4- www.nielsen.com/us/en/newswire/2009/
global-advertising-consumers-trust-realfriends-and-virtual-strangers-the-most.html
5- “Marketing to the Social Web,” Larry
Weber, Wiley Publishing 2007
6- www.socialmediaexaminer.com/socialmedia-marketing-industry-report-2011/
7- Instructions to recreate:
• Go to www.wordle.com
• Paste the speech (document provided)
• Use ‘Coolvetica’ font, Layout mostly
horizontal, color milkpaints.
ponents and empower them with easy
access to facts as well as an alert system when misinformation is detected.
A proactive social media strategy can
also include analyzing risks, evaluating
trends, or even viewing and learning
from the experience of peers. Opposition groups frequently share tactics,
information, networks of supporters
and alerts, proponents of development must learn to do the same.
REFERENCES
1- www.pbs.org/mediashift/2010/10/howclimate-activists-are-warming-to-socialmedia281
2- www.fastcompany.com/1686631/whyenvironmental-activists-embrace-socialmedia
3- Source: ClickZ Stats SES Magazine
June 8 page 24-25 Chris Aarons, Andru
Edwards, Xavier Lanier Turning Blogs
and user-Generated Content Into Search
CONTACTS
Sean Dessureault1, M. Mustafa Kahraman2
1) Assoc. Prof., The University of Arizona,
Department of Mining and Geological
Engineering
2) The University of Arizona, Department of
Mining and Geological Engineering
GLOBAL COVERAGE - REGIONAL FOCUS
NORTH AMERICA
ASIA PACIFIC
SOUTH AMERICA
AFRICA
PERFORMANCE - LEADERSHIP - PROJECTS
Organisational Readiness - Operational Effectiveness - Business Alignment - Asset Management - Project Recovery - Cultural Change
Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2146. Sok. Demirler Atlas Plaza No: 14/16 06510 Çankaya, Ankara / TURKEY T :+90 (312) 219 44 15 F :+90 (312) 219 44 59
www.amejamieson.com | [email protected]
Article
Global Comminution
Collaborative - An International
Research Team
INTRODUCTION
The term collaboration refers to the
act of certain individuals working together as a team in an intellectual endeavor or simply working together to
perform a specific task. It is becoming
increasingly important in the modern
world, as human being become more
connected around the globe. In many
industries route to success passes
through effective communication and
ability to work as a team in a collaborative manner. Mining engineering is
a multi disciplinary work that requires
the maximum collaborative effort in
the life cycle process of rock to ore.
Comminution is a process in which
solid materials are reduced in size
through crushing, grinding and other
processes. This process is an important
operation in mineral processing and
other fields. However, as given in Figure 1 comminution is an energy inten-
sive process and consumes up to 50
per cent of a mine’s power supply and
up to 11 per cent of the world’s energy.
Improved technologies in this area will
increase the amount of energy available for other uses across the globe.
Comminution also has to be integrated in the mining chain therefore any
efforts in this area should consider the
following items.
•
•
•
Integration up-and down-stream
in the mining process so as to
identify and utilise the best opportunities for the mineral extraction process as a whole.
Working in geometallurgy to
characterise the response of the
rock to a systematic series of
treatment processes, of which we
are part.
Working with mining engineers
on opportunities for early recovery and waste removal, along
•
•
•
with reduction in comminution
energy requirements.
To be integral to the design and
operation of the concentration
step-in tuning the presentation of
the liberated particles to downstream processes.
Improved understanding to how
the many components in an ore
body respond to the breakage
and classification processes is essential.
Tailoring the products to minimise downstream impacts, e.g.
excess generation of fines and
acid-generating species that influence water recovery and pollution, and potentially increase the
capability to extract more from
the ore.
The drivers and needs of the industry
are evolving, so tools and capabilities
need to advance to adequately address these.
New drivers that require a considerable step change to meet the new
challenges facing our industry include:
•
•
•
•
Figure 1: Current energy use by equipment in the mining industry. after Powell and Bye (2009) - Tenth mill
operator’s conference Adelaide
58
September 2013
Energy - The mining industry is
being targeted as an excessive
user of energy;
Water - the limitation in production due to a shortage of availability; massive
low grade ore bodies - the dropping ore grades lead to vastly increased tonnages and treatment
of waste and thus processing
costs;
Increasing demand for natural
resources-driving up the total energy and water usage within the
mining sector.
This article focuses on an international
collaboration that addresses the new
knowledge needs that arise from
these changing drivers; the tools that
are required to supply these needs;
the capability that is required to deliver on these; and what the new outputs
relative to today’s capabilities may be.
GLOBAL COMMINUTION COLLABORATIVE (GCC)
Global Comminution Collaborative
(GCC) has been set up with 5 research
groups from different continents in
2012. These centres are located at the
Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research
Centre (JKMRC) at The University of
Queensland (UQ), at University of
Cape Town in South Africa, at Hacettepe University in Turkey, at Chalmers
University of Technology in Sweden,
and at the Laboratory of Mineral Technology, at the Federal University of Rio
de Janeiro in Brazil.
These centers cover a range of required skills, as given below, along
the process chain and across the skills
base: crushing, milling, dry processing,
mechanistic modelling, ore breakage
characterisation, classification, fine
grinding (not adequately), circuit design, process optimization, etc.
•
•
•
•
•
Ability to remotely manage sitebased projects and compose the
data into coherent and meaningful outcomes with an impact on
the research learnings and the
site performance.
Mathematical: data analysis,
modelling, statistical analysis,
Site surveying: collection of highquality and meaningful data on
operating sites
Processing understanding: indepth understanding of the processes in a concentrator, how to
operate them well, provide direct
and useful advice to sites that will
deliver measurable changes in
performance. A guru who makes
a difference.
Process modelling: the traditional
skill of developing applied mod-
•
•
•
•
•
els of equipment and processes
based on lab, pilot and production data. Developing these to
the stage of working models in
simulators
Ore breakage and liberation characterisation. Tests that provide
the correct type of data relevant
to the mechanistic models we are
developing.
Computational: capability to conduct substantial DEM, CFD, etc
simulations to provide understanding of and data for input
to mechanistic modelling of processing equipment.
Circuit design: understanding of
how the equipment and processes integrate into an overall circuit
performance. Ability to develop
and use appropriate simulation
techniques, such as JKSimMet.
Liberation modelling: measurement and modelling of how the
different components in an ore
break, separate and present to
downstream processes. For most
of the comminution chain this
is not liberation of the valuable
mineral, but rather of the components that impact the next stage
of processing, such as classification and further breakage.
Linking the work increasingly
with Flotation and recovery so
that the ‘fence’ between this area
and comminution disappears.
The GCC is governed and managed by
the Advisory Committee which considers and advises on
•
•
•
Matters relating to achievement
of the objectives of the GCC to
effect to the requirements of the
parties
Strategic guidance to the parties
in the management of the GCC
and GCC projects.
Securing potential funding for
the GCC
Joint research and development that
addresses the industry needs and the
future evolution of the industry is objected by the collaborators. This objectives can be outlined in the following
areas.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Develop the potential of producing top research outputs on challenging and interesting topics
Deliver the best outputs on the
wide front of comminution skills
needed by the worldwide mineral processing and construction
industry
Delivery of practical improved to
operating plans
Contribute to the improvement
in the future plant design and operation
Product top quality skilled personnel for the minerals industry
Identification of the opportunities for improving plant performance through on site review
and research
Practical implementation of site
based opportunities
Accurate models of process
equipment, including response
to ore variability and focussing on
mechanistic fully predictive modelling capability that incorporates
variability and mineral structure
Development of meaningful ore
characterisation tests
Incorporation of liberation into
process models
Circuit design-including incorporating new and novel equipment
Minimisation of new energy and
water use and of environmental
impact
Another key objective of the GCC is to
provide the opportunity for postgraduate students to participate in the research activities. Postgraduate students
are enrolled at any of the parties of the
GCC which being jointly supervised
across participating universities.
September 2013
59
Students take the advantage of the
wide and high-level skills of the centers to improve their ability and experience in a wider spectrum than just
their project.
Development of the student skills to
enhance the post-grad experience is
achieved by involving them in extra
work from which they can learn new
and appropriate skills.
As briefly outlined below the collaboration has a structured development
program.
Starting with pilot plant hands on
work, moving on to research and consulting work at sites and then finally
helping with data processing, analysis
and integration. This would provide
students with opportunities to become familiar with laboratory and pilot equipment, exposure to plant scale
equipment and operations and processing the plant survey data and understanding the research outcomes.
Try to do this across centers and across
the world.
Building on student capability is tailored according to industry’s requirements as briefly outlined below.
•
•
•
•
Consistently improve plant performance
Design, sizing, equipment selection
To understand circuit layout
To follow new technology
At the moment GCC has got 18 key researchers in five institutes and 15 postgraduate students funded through the
GCC projects.
Collaborative (GCC) to be managed
and run from JKMRC.
The Centre, launched at UQ’s Julius
Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre
(JKMRC), affects the transfer of knowledge and technology to operations
and projects in the design, commissioning and optimization of production.
Under the Anglo center umbrella both
the core research studies and the process improvement studies have been
conducted. At the moment GCC is
working on 5 different core projects
each focusing on novel techniques to
improve the technology.
Conducting core research projects
that investigate novel ways of liberation in order to meet the requirements
of future mining technologies is a
focus of the Centre, for which Anglo
American has committed substantial
amount of funding.
The core research projects, which focus on issues common to the industry,
are structured to be spread across the
five centres of excellence of the GCC,
appropriate to their specific expertise.
The process improvement studies are
achieved by site specific projects. Last
year the team tackled with 5 site-specific projects (2 in America, 2 in Africa
and 1 in Australia) at Anglo center. As
a result of collaborative work or as a
direct outcome each site had some
benefits through these studies. These
benefits can be summarized as,
•
The collaboration has got a central
funding structure that is not tied to or
controlled by any center or University.
Funding of the Global Collaborative is
sought from the large world-players.
•
•
•
•
•
Minerals producers
Aggregate industry
Cement producers
Equipment suppliers
Government
ANGLO CENTER - GCC
IMPLEMENTATION PLATFORM
Anglo American is funding five centres
of excellence as a Global Comminution
60
September 2013
The team visited the sites to bring
their combined expertise to bear
on improving the operation.
• This provided unparalleled
input from a broad range of
expertise that simply cannot
be accessed from any other
source.
• The group reviewed the operation and provide rapid and
direct feedback on how to improve it
• The group determined opportunities at those sites.
• Simulated the optimization
scenarios
• The group assisted in implementing recommendations
and providing on-site training
•
Predicted the best expansion
scenario and set up the bridge
between the site and the engineering company
• Training and development
of the student, staff member
and site staff was achieved
through integrated work.
• The group tackled research issues
of direct interest to the sponsors.
• Technology transfer meetings for
site specific only. These meetings
provided:
• outcomes of process improvement tackled worldwide by
the group
• research progress
• opportunities for technology
uptake
• contact with top quality researchers and an opportunity
to meet students who are potential employees.
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion it should be mentioned that Global comminution collaborative is a good indicator and example of the requirement of setting up
international teams in the engineering
discipline. To pool the resources have
got significant importance to use the
expertise, skilled man power and funding. Such a pooling brings together
overlapping skills and experience, and
enable worldwide delivery to industry.
Globally the industry seeks for skilled
groups to work with provided that the
needs of the industry determined well.
These collaborative efforts not only
provide improved processes but also
provide competent staff required by
the industry.
CONTACTS
Hakan Benzer (PhD. Prof.)
Hacettepe University
Mining Engineering Department
Article
Are Certain Minerals Still
Under State Monopoly?
HISTORY OF STATE MONOPOLY
When the Mining Law No. 6309 was in
effect during the 1950’s, exploration and
operation of minerals were open to private
entities.
1
During the ‘80’s, the government enacted
Law No. 28402, and subjected boron salts,
uranium, thorium, asphaltite and trona to
the State monopoly. The licenses issued for
these minerals under Law No. 6309 were to
be canceled.
In 1985, Mining Law No. 3213 (the “Mining Law”), which repealed Mining Law No.
6309, came into effect. Exploration and operation of thorium and uranium mines after
the effective date of the Mining Law were
made subject to the Mining Law, and as a
result, the State monopoly was abolished
with respect to thorium and uranium.
3
Since no change was made with the Mining Law with respect to trona and asphaltite mines, these mines were still under the
monopoly of the State. As the expected
efficiency of the operation of these mines
could not be obtained and many zones remained inactive as an outcome of the State
operation of these mines, the minerals trona and asphaltite were removed from the
scope of Law No. 2840 by Law No. 39714, in
other words, they are no longer subject to
the State monopoly.
As a result of many subsequent changes,
the government reached the intended result and kept boron salts under its monopoly and opened thorium, uranium, trona
and asphaltite mines to private sector.
CAN RADIOACTIVE MINERALS
BE OPERATED BY THE PRIVATE
SECTOR?
After the changes enacted by Law No.
3971, the terms “uranium” and “thorium”
remained in the text of the older Law No.
2840 and this caused confusion as the intended result was not to maintain these
mines under the State monopoly. Hence,
in practice, despite the contradiction in the
relevant legislation, the General Directorate
of Mining Affairs has been issuing licenses
for uranium and thorium mines pursuant to
the Mining Law.
We believe that interpretation is ambiguous based on the wording of the Law No.
2840. However, when the intentions of the
lawmaker and the implementing governmental authorities are taken into consideration, the operation of uranium and thorium mines should be subject to the Mining
Law, i.e., operated by the private sector.
The intent and purpose of the lawmaker is
evident since the Mining Law explicitly revoked the State monopoly on uranium and
thorium mines imposed by Law No. 2840.
Also, the Mining Law is the most recent legislation; due to the general principle of law
(lex posterior derogat legi priori) the latter
law shall supersede the prior law.
DRAFT LAW ON BORON SALTS
There is no doubt that boron salts are still
under State monopoly. Eti Maden (Eti
Mine Works), a state economic enterprise
holding the boron licenses in Turkey, outsources the majority of its operations. However, some NGOs have been filing lawsuits
claiming that mining operations cannot
be outsourced due to the State monopoly
over boron salts. Most of these cases have
been settled in favor of Eti Maden; however, some service procurement agreements
were cancelled. It is also observed from the
reasoned rulings that not all of the judges
of the Council of State (Danıştay) share the
same view. This dissention between the
judges has led to disruptions in the activities of Eti Maden, resulting in losses of exorbitant sums.
For the purpose of clarifying the ambiguity, Eti Maden proposed a draft amendment
to Law No. 2840, which is currently in the
agenda of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. The draft in question explicitly lists
the works to be carried out for the procurement of services with respect to boron salts.
CONCLUSION
We believe that outsourcing mining activities by way of service procurement does
not constitute a violation of the “State monopoly”, as State monopoly does not mean
that any and all activities shall be strictly
carried out by the State, since the State
preserves ownership over products and
license zones. However, as an ambiguity
has arisen, a clarification is necessary. Thus,
with good reason, the draft amendment
has been proposed. This amendment does
not change the course of implementation;
rather, it merely clarifies the implementation adopted by Eti Maden for the last
twenty years.
Since Eti Maden proposed this amendment
solely for boron salts as a clarification of the
status of boron salts was urgently required,
the ambiguity will still remain for uranium
and thorium mines. In our opinion, there
is no doubt that uranium and thorium can
be explored and operated by private entities. However, in order to avoid any confusion that might be faced in the future, as Eti
Maden has faced for outsourcing mining
activities with respect to boron salts, this
draft amendment is a good opportunity
to finally remove “uranium” and “thorium”
from the text of Law No. 2840 as well.
REFERENCES
1- Published in the Official Gazette
8655 dated 11 March 1954.
18076 dated 13 June 1983.
18785 dated 15 June 1985.
21854 dated 19 February 1994.
No.
No.
No.
No.
CONTACTS
Şebnem Önder1, Ayşe Eda Biçer2 , Işıl Selen
Denemeç3
Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu
Attorneys at Law
Address : Piyade Sokak, Portakal Çiçeği
Apt. No: 18, C Blok, Kat: 3, 06550, Çankaya Ankara - Turkey
1) Partner, Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu
2) Associate, Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu
3) Legal Intern, Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu
Phone : +90 (312) 442 46 80
Fax : +90 (312) 442 46 90
Website : cakmak.av.tr
September 2013
61
Event
XVII. International Coal
Preparation Congress - 2013
İstanbul
XVII. International Coal Preparation
Congress (XVII. ICPC) shall be held at
Grand Cevahir Hotel and Congress
Center in İstanbul between 1 - 6 October 2013, under the auspices of
T.R. Minister of Energy and Natural
Resources Taner Yıldız. Congress shall
be accomplished in two parallel sessions in which more than 100 presentations shall be made which are considered worthy of being introduced
among the declarations received
from 25 countries. In the congress, besides technical sessions, an exhibition
named; ICPC 2013 EXPO shall also take
place. Congress language is English,
and simultaneous translations in Turkish, Russian and Chinese shall be also
provided.
The purpose of these congresses, in
primary years, which are held and
hosted by member countries in every
four years since 1950 was to support
the coal industry in French, Belgium,
Holland and Germany which collapsed
in the 2nd World War. Within the foundation years of ICPC, International Organization Committee (IOC) consisted
of the representatives of Belgium,
France, Germany, Holland, England, in
following years; countries such as Australia, U.S.S.R., India , Canada, Japan,
Poland, Republic of South Africa became members of IOC as well . There
are still 12 countries with full member
status to IOC; which are; U.S.A, Germany, Australia, Republic of China,
Republic of South Africa , India, , England, Canada, Poland, Russia, Turkey
and Ukraine, whereas Hungary, The
Czech Republic, Slovakia and Greece
are represented with candidate country status.
The firs ICPC Congress was held in
1950 in France - Paris; Congresses were
hosted by France, Australia, America
twice, whereas hosted by Germany,
62
Belgium, England, U.S.S.R, India, Canada, Japan, Poland, Republic of South
Africa and China for single time. Turkey, which is member of IOC since
1988, shall organize this Congress in
2013 for the first time.
Organization of Congresses is executed by IOC which still consists of 12 persons. Presidency of IOC is undertaken
by the IOC member of the hosting
country of that congress. In the opening ceremony of the congress; representatives of IOC member countries
introduce their own countries’ coal reports and provide information about
coal preparation applications.
held in 2016 in St. Petersburg, Russia.
Within the scope of XVII. ICPC; daily
excursions shall be organized for the
delegates and their spouses, besides;
post congress tours including Turkey‘
s historical and touristic places, as well
as coal preparation plants, shall be arranged as well.
Turkish Organization Committee hereby invite you to participate into XVII.
International Coal Preparation Congress which shall be held in İstanbul,
where the continents meet, and to
meet with top level bureaucrat and
coal experts coming from various
countries of the world.
The first IOC meeting of XVII. International Coal Preparation Congress was
held in Manisa - Soma on 3 - 4 October 2011. 21 persons totally, the representatives of IOC members; Germany,
Australia, Republic of China, Republic
of South Africa, India, Canada, Poland,
Russia, Ukraine and Turkey, attended
the meeting, except the deceased
U.S.A. representative.
IOC members met for the second
time between 7 - 9 November 2012 in
İstanbul, at Grand Cevahir Hotel and
Congress Center where the XVII. ICPC
shall be organized and evaluated the
abstract declarations sent to the Congress. Dr. Nevzat Kavaklı, the Deputy
Undersecretary of Ministry of Energy
and Natural Resources attended the
meeting as well. In that meeting, the
country which shall host XVIII. ICPC. To
be organized in 2016 was selected as
well.
Due to the presentations made for
XVIII. ICPC, which India, Russian Federation and Australia became a candidate,
voting was taken and Russian Federation was elected as the host country of
the next Congress . XVIII. ICPC. shall be
September 2013
CONTACTS
Gülhan Özbayoğlu (PhD. Prof.)
XVII. ICPC and IOC President
Address : Grand Cevahir Hotel İstanbul
Phone : +90 (312) 433 27 25
[email protected]
Website : www.icpc2013.com
www.icpc2013.com
XVII.
INTERNATIONAL
COAL
PREPARATION
CONGRESS
&EXHIBITION
ISTANBUL
1-6 OCTOBER 2013
GRAND CEVAHİR HOTEL
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