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SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
Copyright © 1997, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
INTRODUCTION
Ever since the Sumerian language became known for the world of the linguists,
there have been claimes and counter claimes to the view that the Sumerian and
Turkish languages are related. While some groups vehemently deny the linguistic
affinity between the two languages, others gingerly but nevertheless positively
admit the affinity of these two languages.
In the following list, a set of 200 English words, numbered from 1 to 200 and
alternatively known as "200 concept group Hymes List", and their correspondences
in Sumerian and Turkish are given. Under each selection in English, other concepts
related to the selected word's meaning are also entered. Thus in the first two
colums, we have the English and Sumerian entries and in the third colum, Turkish
entries are provided.
The purpose of this study is to bring to attention those Sumerian and Turkish words
which correspond to each other and/or seemingly related to each other in form and
in meaning and at the same time to see if Turkish can pass a given test in order to
prove its kinship to the Sumerian. From the listed words given below, there seems
to be ample evidence that the Turkish, as members of Altaic languages, have come
from a root that also included the Sumerian language. In view of the fact that the
Sumerian and Turkish have been separated from each other or from a parent
language, that is if they had a common parent in the past, for at least five thousand
years, it is surprising to see that there still are many words which correspond to
each other in both languages.
It is hoped that other workers in this field will contribute to this list to improve its
level of accuracy such that it will make the Sumerian-Turkish relationship an
unquestionably recognized one.
At this point I would like to acknowledge, with special thanks, the contribution
of Fred Hamori who provided the 200 word concept group Hymes List.
The Sumerian being an ancient and dead language, its present day reading has been
done through the intermediary of Akkadian and other Semitic languages. Since
language is the most important part of any culture, those who did not live the
Sumerian culture that created the Sumerian language would not be able to define
exact meanings of Sumerian words no matter how efficient readers they may be of
the Sumerian cuneiform writing system. Therefore some degree of inexactness is
expected in the definition and meaning of each Sumerian word. However, since the
list given below is based on the works of some of the eminent scholars of the field,
it can be viewed as up to date.
As for the Turkic correspondences of the Sumerian words given in the list below, I
have tried to find Turkish correspondences from archaic as well as the living Turkic
languages.
According to Dell Hymes, [Dell Hymes, "Lexikostatistics so far", Current
Antropology, pages 30-31 University of Chicago, 1960], we have the following
mathematical relationship between languages that have the same root but separated
from each other in the past:
t = log c: log r where t is the time of separation, c is the remaining root words, r is
the ratio of remaining words to original. (86 words left after 1,000 years based on
tests)
If t = 1,000 years, Nt/No = r**(1/1000) = c where Nt is the total root words
remaining after time separation t and No is the number of root words from the root
language in the list (time zero)
t/1000 * log r = log c
t/1000 = log c/ log r where logr = log 0.86
if t = 5000 years then 5000/1000 = 5 ; 5 = log c / log r ; 5 * log r = log c or 5 * log
0.86 = log c;
log c= 5* ( 0.93450 -1 ) = (4.67250 - 5); alog c = c = alog(0.67250 -1) = 4.704/10 =
.4704
or 47% of the remaining words.
Thus, a language that has 47% of the root words of the following Sumerian list can
be a direct descendant of that language acording to Hymes. Please note that this
mathematical relationship by Hymes was for 100 selected words for which reader
is asked to see Fred Hamori's home page.
(In the list below following lettering is used in Turkish words: s^=sh; ü; ö; î; g~=
yumus^ak g)
ENGLISH - SUMERIAN - TURKISH 200-WORDS COMPARISON LIST
ENGLISH
SUMERIAN
TURKISH
bütün, hep, her kes, heme, hamî, tam
1 ALL
--
all
kis^
--
a.na me.a.bi
as, like, which
àm
all sorts of things
em-nam
equal, likeness
man
totality
imin
--
--
2 AND
--
u, (dahi, taki [ODes: 667])
and
u3
u (ve [MuEr, 18, 19]) = and (1)
--
mal, hayvan
mas^ 2 s>l
mal
mas^
mal-ak, balak = young of a water buffalo [TDK]
mus^
m>k kus^ = bird
a2-lal 2/DSL334
lal = konus^amayan, dilsiz, hayvan
álad /DSL297,3
mal-ak, balak= young (up to one year old) of animals
like
3 ANIMAL
animal
--animal
animal
--
her kes, barca, kamag [ODes: 613, 661], [AVG, 76]
hamî (her kes) = everyone, all
kimi = like
her s^ey =every thing
ta-mam
hamî, tüm, tamam = all, totality kamag [AVG, 76] =
all,
totality
-cow, buffalo; bala = young child
animal
álad /DSL297,3
d>k
balak (balik [AVG, 266]) = fish
4 ASHES
--
kül, toz
dust, sand, mud
sahar -h->-m-
çamur = mud; toz =dust; kum = sand
dry up
s^a
s^o-rak, ço-rak tarla = dried up field
ashes, smoke?
ubilla 2
kül = ash; bulut = cloud
ashes
dè
5 AT
--
at/of
-a
at/of
-a
locative infix
-ni-
to lie with, be with ná n>l
--de, -da, -e, -a
-de, -da, -e, -a locative suffix
-in, -în, -un, -ün = genetive suffix (as in ata-nîn=father's)
-de, -da =locative suffix meaning at.
-le, -la = suffix for togethernes.
at a time, when
ud, u
öd = time [ODes: 466,467], [ONT: 12]
--
ud, u
öd-en = this year, [ODes: 466,467], [ONT: 12]
--
ud, u
öd-le (öyle, gün ortasi [IBML, 56] = noon
6 BACK
--
back
eg~er
give birth
mud
dark, afraid
mud
nakedness
mug 2
çem, çim (soyunma, yikanma, yuzme [IZEy, 139]) =
naked,
--
--
bathing, undressing; çem-re-mek = to undress
back
has^ 4
back, spine
ed-in
7 BAD
--
kötü, fena [fana]
bad
hul
öl = die; ölüm = diying
--
gig g>t
kötü
8 BARK
--
peel, pare, shell
bar b>t
--
bar b>s
--
--
--
bar
geri, arka, bel
geri =back; eg~er = saddle
dogur-mak
kara; korku
arka
bel, bel kemigi
kabuk, kavuk
ter (kabuk, ince kabuk [IZEy, 655]) = shell; bark of a
tree
sar- = to envelope, to wrap;
sar-gî= bandage; sar-î k= wrapped around, turban;
skin
kus
börk (kalpak) = leather hat
skin
kus
kas (kabuk, deri, tulum [IZEy, 381]
kîs^î r = bark, peel, crust, rind [RDH1]
9 BECAUSE
--
çün, çünkü
because, expose
bar
çün, çünkü
by, through,
de
--
because of
de
--
because
mu
--
10 BELLY
--
karîn/garin
heart, womb
mb s^a3.g s>b
bag~-îr, ürek, yürek = heart;
blood, vessel
su
su = water, river, rivulet ; damar
suck
sub
suv = water
11 BIG
--
büyük, ulu [ulug], bedük [AVG, 267]
big
gal
gala (ulu, kala, kale) = big wall, fortress;
big, great
kur, gur
kur-ul-tay = summit (big) meeting; ulu = big, great
--
kur, gur
kur-mak = to establish an organization, to set up, to
--
--
organize
--
kur, gur
kur = row, file, tier, course of masonry [RDH1]
mould, hill
kur, gur
kur-gan, tepe (töpü [MuEr, 134]) = mould, hill.
big, high, large
mah
--
12 BIRD
--
kus^
bird
mus^en m>k
kus^ = bird
13 BITE
--
dis^le, isir
bite
har (chew) h>s
isir, ez, çig~ne
14 BLACK
--
kara
black
g~i 6-g, ku10.g
kara
--
g~i 6-g, ku10.g
gök, kök = dark blue, sky; gök/kök = night
15 BLOOD
--
kan, (soy, sop, bir soydan gelen, [IZEy, 370])
blood
mud
kan
blood; carnivoure
uri
yür-ek/ür-ek =heart; böri, kurt =wolf (carnivoure)
16 TO BLOW
--
to blow
bug~ g>v
--
--
--
--
--
--
bug~u = vapour, misty air that comes out when
blowing.
blow, kindl
bul 4, bu 5
yakmak, tutus^turmak, üflemek
.burn, roast
bil
blow, shine,
bun 2, bu 7
blister
--
17 BONE
--
kemik, süngük [IZEy, 615]
bone
g~ir3.pad.du
geri = back; ka-bur-ga = rib;
skull bone,
ugu
bas^ tasi = skull; tepe = top of head;
skeleton, corpse
e ad 3,6, adda 2
adam (ölü); ata = ancestor
side, rib
ti
ka-bur-ga = rib;
tooth, teeth, ivory
zú
ez = crush; dis^ = tooth
bone, knee, joint
kak
kemik = bone; diz= knee; ek = joint.
--
--
keg-r-ek/geg-r- ek (Yumus^ak kemik, kîk-îr-dak
--
--
[IZEy, 273]) = lower rib [RDH1]
X1 BREAST
--
breast. chest
gaba
--
--
breast (female)
ubur
üflemek, püvlemek [UYAT, 200]
puv-di-gen (üfleyen [UYAT, 200] = one who blows
puv-/üfle- = to blow; ür-mek (s^is^irmek, üflemek
[AVG, 306])
pis^irmek = to cook
---
meme
gaba-k (ön, kîz-lîk, bekaret [HNO, 832]) = front;
virginity
koyun (kucak) = bosom, breast, chest [RDH1,677]
übür = breast (Tunguz, Mongol [FH])
18 TO BREATHE --
nefes almak, soluk almak
breath,
zi
so-luk, nefes
breath, wind
lil l>y
yil , yel = wind, air
--
lil l>y
yel-ek = wind maker; wing feathers, quill
yan-mak / yak-mak
19 TO BURN
--
to burn, roast
bil
--
--
burn,burning
gi-bil
--
ma5
îl-ît-mak (îlî-, îlîn-, îlîk ol-, îsîn- [IZEy, 331] = to heat
to
a warm state.
bil-gän (proto Altaic [FH]) = warm hot.
sî -cak, kî z-gî n
fever, burn
tab
--
--
--
--
tav-la-mak (demiri dövülebilmesi icin belirli bir
dereceye
kadar kîzdîrmak, îsîtmak, yakmak) = to heat iron (or
other
--
--
material also) to proper degree so that it can be shaped
by
fever, burn
tab b>v
beating. (Turkish proverb: "demir tavinda dövülür")
tav-lî (sîcak, îsî) = heat, heated
20 CHILD
--
child
dumu
--
--
child
banda2/3 -nd->-l-
baby, small
didi d>b
donkey foal
dur r>g
small, young
har h>k
small, child
tur t>k
young animals
mas^ s^>l
cocuk, bala, yavru, bebek, (civciv, dana, kuzu)
damiz-lik (döl, tohum) = young animal kept for
breeding, seed (a child is exactly this)
bala = young child
bebe = baby
ko-dug~, sipa
kör-pe = young
kör-pe = young; bala = small child
mal-ak, bal-ak = young animal, cub, buffalo calf
[RDH1]
--
mas^ m>b
bala (kus^ ve hayvan yavrusu [IZEy, 149])
child, son
pes^
piç = bastard child
child, son
pes^
pes^e (pas^a = ilk dogan erkek çocug~un takma adî
--
--
[IZEy, 76]) = nick name of first child (son) among
Turks.
offspring, sprout
isim 2,3
--
X2 CLAW, NAIL --
tirnak, cirnak
scribe ?
umbisañ
bitikci [AVG, 269] = writer, scriber
Write
sar
sür ([IZEy, 616])= scribe, plow, drive
--
--
yad, yaz, yay y>z>d [IZEy, 742] = write
scratch, incise
hur h>s
sür = plow a field; drive
cross plow
gib g>
çiz-mek = to scratch
21 CLOUD
--
cloud
du-gud
eclipsed, darkened gid-im6
--
--
soak, cloud
lum m>t
to pass over
bàra
mistiness
pir r>s
X3 CLOTHING
--
clothing
tug2
clothing
tug2
--
tug2
--
tug
--
tug
bulut, duman, sis, pus, buhar
du-man, bu-har, bulut
bulanmak (sislenmek,bulutlanmak [IZEy,106]) = to
become misty,
to become cloudy, to become non-transparent
bu-lut (bulit [AVG, 270] = cloud
-pus = mist
giysi, elbise, takî, s^al, aba, aspap, paltar
tok-u/dok-u = woven objects
tok-u-mak/dok-u-mak = to weave textile
tak-in-mak = to wear jewelry
tu-man = long wide drawers or trousers;
tug~ = horse-hair pennant, horsetail attached to a
helmet or
--
--
flag-staff [RDH1].
to dress
ál
al-lar giymek = to put on red or colorful dresses,
decorate oneself
ornament
ul
al = ornament, colorfull attachement
to dress
mur, muör-tün-mek = to dress, to cover oneself
to spin
sur 8 s>b
bur-mak = to twist, to spin
--
sur 8
sar-mak = to wrap around
excellent, valuable kala
remove, cast off
s^ub -b>-m
Kal-ak = woman's ornamented headgear [RDH1,
584]
linen,
gadda
çem-re; (çemrek [IZEy, 139]) = naked
undergarment
gadda
keten (kettan [RDH1, 646]) = flax fiber, linen cloth;
cloth crown?
kendu
keten (kettan [RDH1, 646]) = flax fiber, linen cloth;
--
--
kendir = rope made of hemp plant; kendir bezi =
hempen cloth
thing
nig
leather dresser
as-gab g>p
type of weaver
húb
vestments (gods
pala
& rulers)
--
[RDH1, 638]
s^ey, nes-ne
as-pap = clothing
aba =type of rough cloth, cloak
pal-tar = cübbe; pal-a = long quilted saddle-cloth
[RDH2]
-sog~-uk, üs^ü-müs^, (öl-müs^)
22 COLD
--
cold
s^ed 7/10/11
cold
s^ed 7/10/11
sazak (sog~-uk esen yel, poyraz, sert yel, [IZEy, 589])
= cold wind;
23 TO COME
--
gel/kel
to come
g~en. -n>-l
gel
walk, go
du,
gel, git
üs^ü-müs^, sog~-uk, üs^ü = cold
--
(e).re7.er, su8.b]
yü-rü-yür = he walks
lead away
ir10
yü-rü-yüs^ = walk, travel
X4 TO COOK
--
pis^irmek, kaynatmak, îs-ît-mak
to boil
s^eg~6
î-sîg~/îsît = heat; îsît-mak = to heat
24 TO COUNT
--
saymak
count, calculate
s^id d>y
say; sayi = number; es^it = equal, same
one
za
sa-yî = number
equate, compare
sá
es^it = equal, same
25 TO CUT
--
kesmek, üzmek, koparmak
separate,
kud, ku 5
ko-p-ar = separate, break off; hud-ut = border,
cut off
kud, ku 5 d>s
kes = cut of
breach a dike
kud, ku 5
ged-ik, kîr-îk, yar-îk = breach, opening
snip, cut, trim
guru 5
kîr = snip; kes = cut, trim
reap, harvest, shear ur 4
or-ak = sickle; har-man = harvest
to cut, break
tar
ta-ra-mak = to comb, mow down;
--
tar t>h
har-man = harvest
X5 TO DANCE
--
oynamak
to dance
e.ne..dug4 [?]
oyna = dance; oyna-dîk = we danced
26 DAY
--
kün, gün (kin, kan)
day, sun, time
ud, u 4
üt/ot/od (ates^ [IZEy, 703]) = fire;
--
--
üt-mek/üt-i-mek (yakmak [IZEy, 703]) = to burn
--
--
öd (zaman [HNO, 825]) = time
--
--
öd-le/öy-le = noon time
--
--
kün, gün = sun, day
break of the day,
bar 6,7
gün a-g~ar-masî = day break
shine
bar 6,7 b>p
par-la-mak
27 TO DIE
--
ölmek
blood, die, dead
us^2
u-yu = sleep;
--
us^2
es-ki = old, broken, used up.
die, dead
us^2
us-lu (sakin, sessiz) = unmoving, voiceless;
--
--
us-lu dur = don't make any move or noise
die, kill
ug 5,7,8
u (uyku [HNO, 873]) = sleep
die, kill
hul
öl= die; öl-dür = kill
destroyed, bent
gil l>r
kîr-îk = broken, destroyed; eg~-ri = bent
netherworld
hil-ib
obir dünye, yer altî
die, destroy, bent
gúr
kîr = break, destroy, kill;
--
--
kîr-gîn = desease
28 TO DIG
--
dig up, quarry
ba.al
--
bal b>s
quarry
bal b>s
quarry
bal
dig, scrape
dun, du 24
plough land
si
clay pit, pit
isi
field (cultivated)
as^-ag
29 DIRTY
--
kirli, pis
to be dirty
pil -l>-s
pis olmak
to clean wool
pes^ 5,6
pis = dirty
clay, mud
imi, em
ça-mur = mud
wastes, animal pen kis-im 2,3,5
kaz-mak, es^-mek, böl-mek
böl = divide or break into pieces
sal (büyük kaya) = big stone; rock
tas^ ocag~î = quarry
bal-ta = hatchet, ax (a tool perhaps also used in
quarry)
-çiz = scratch; es^ = to dig
-es^-eg (es^ilmis^ yer), tarla; as^ = food
pîs^-kî/fus^-ku, pis-lik;
--
--
kes-ek (ker-me, kesilerek kurutulmus^ koyun
--
--
dîs^kîsî, tezek) = sheep waste (14).
lump of clay
gir-in
kir = dirt;
30 DOG
--
dog, carnivour
ur
dog, carnivour
ur
dog, carnivour
ur
dog, carnivour
ur r>l
guard
ur
blood
ur
fox
ka 5 a
barking (dog)
gu g>l
ulu-mak = howling of a dog; ürü-mek = barking of a
dog.
31 TO DRINK
--
içmek, emmek, sormak
it, köpek, kurt, böri, barak
kurt, böri = wolf; it = dog r>t?;
ürü-mek = barking of a dog;
ur-la-mak (hirlamak) = to growl
ulu-mak = howling of a dog;
koru-mak (one way of guarding is with a dog);
ür-ek (yürek) = heart;
kan-gal, ka-ra-bas^ = Anatolian sheep dogs;
to drink, to irrigate nag~, na 8
iç-mek; su-la-mak = to irrigate
irrigate
in-gar
su-la = irrigate
thirst, drink beer
imma m>ç
içme = mineral waters; emik = suckle
32 DRY
--
kuru, karak (kurak) [ODes]
dried fish, dried
had
kuru-mus^ = dried up
dry up
s^a
îsî = heat
dry up
lah, ah
ku-rak
dry up, misty
bir
kuru-mus^ = dried up
33DULL
--
kör, kesmez, sîkîcî
to soften
ten
yumu-s^at-mak
--
toz, kum, toprak, çamur
sahar -h->-m-
yer = earth; ça-mur = mud; toz = dust
ukum
kum = sand
34 DUST
earth, dust, sand,
mud
dust
par-im p>ç
çor-ak = arid, barren
arrid, dry land
35 EAR
--
ear
g~es^ tug 2
--
tug 2
--
--
hear
g~es^
hear, understand
g~es-tu
36 EARTH
earth, place, where
--clay, wetland
swamp
earth, dust
-ki
---
kulak
es^it =hear;
tuy/duy (duyma, sezme, kavrama, anlama, is^itme
[IZEy, 207])
= feeling, intuition, hearing, understanding
es^it =hear;
es^it (anla);
dünye, yer, kara, toprak
yer, kara, toprak;
köt-ki ( tepe, daglik yer, toprak yigini [IZEy, 441]) =
hill,
mountainous place, pile of dirt.
im
ça-mur, balçik
um-un 5,6,11
bat-ak, çum-luk
sahar
earth (bur=dust,
dirt)
s^u-bur
37 EAT
--
eat
gu7
--
--
feed, nurse
kú
to take in
ku 4
feast
ùnu
festival, feast
ez-en
38 EGG
--
--ye, yut
yut = swallow;
gut = gulping sound that one makes as one swallows
food.
em-dir
ka-pu = gate; kap-mak = to snatch
ün = voice, noise; s^en-lik (bayram) = feast
es-en = health and happiness
yumurta, tohum, döl
egg
nunuz
yumur-ta (töl, döl, to-hum) = egg
--
--
yumur (yuvarlak) = round
X6 EIGHT
--
sekiz
eight
ussu [us-sa-am]
se-kiz = 8
39 EYE
--
göz, köz
eye, see
igi
göz = eye; gör-mek = to see; kör = blind
face, front
igi
yüz (g>y) = face; öng/ön = front;
see through
sim
cam = glass
--
düs^mek, yîkîlmak, çökmek
s^ub
düs^mek
sus 2, su 2,3
sus-turul-mak = silented, fallen
us-an
ak-s^am = evening
--
uzak
bad.r
uzak
gid
uz-un = long; git = go
sud 4, su
uz-un = long; uz-ak = far, distant, remote
us
uz-ak-lîk
ma3
--
ul.li 2
--
ri
-ri, -ru = directional suffix
40 TO FALL
fall
fall, cast down
evening (setting
sun)
41 FAR
far
long, distant
long, distant,
remote
distance
to go
to go
far
42 FAT, GREASE --
yag~
fat, grease
i3, ia
yag~ = oil, fat
43 FATHER
--
ata, apa, baba, dede
father
a.a, ad.da d>t
ata =father; dede = grandfather
--
--
atam = my father, my ancestors
--
--
adam (insan) = human
father, elder
abba b>p
apa =father, old man;
--
--
baba = father, old man
--
korkmak, dehs^et duymak, kuruntu yapmak, titremek
hu.luh
bayîl-mak = to faint; korkut-mak = to terrify;
--
titre-mek = to tremble
bu.luh
bayil-mis^ = fainted
ni, ni2 (fear)
--
ur
er = man, soldier
45 FEATHER
--
kus^ tüyü, telek, yelek
feather
pa[.mus^en]
kus^ tüyü = down feathers
46 FEW
--
az
to be few, etc
la2
al (çîkar) = take away
empty, destitute
sud, su
-siz, -suz = suffix for emptiness
low, small, weak
sig
sîkî (küçük ) = tight; küçük = small; za-yîf = weak;
--
--
-cik, -cîk = diminitive suffix
narrow
sig 9, si
sîkî = tight
44 TO FEAR
terrify, tremble
-frightened,
nervous
fear ?
enemy, tremble
END OF PART 1 OF 5
SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
(Part 2 of 5)
ENGLISH
SUMERIAN
47 TO FIGHT
--
--
--
TURKISH
atis^-mak, didis^-, dövüs^-, güres^-, süngüs^- [HNO,
854],
struggle, fight,
du 14
quarrel
du 14
savas^-, vurus^didis^ = struggle; dövüs^ = fight;
to be angry
dug, duk
dövüs^ = quarrel
battle
me3
döv-mek = to beat
war
gudibir
--
hostility, war
gug 5
harp, cenk = battle, war
gür-es^-mek = to wrestle
48 FIRE
--
ot/od, atas^
fire
izi
îsî = heat; kîz-gîn = hot;
strike,
tag t>ç
çak-mak = drive a nail by striking
start a fire
tag t>ç
çak-mak (tas^î) = flint stone
fever
dih2
--
beam, ray
dalla
--
49 FISH
--
balîk
fish
ku6, ha h>b
bal-îk = fish
a fish ?
gir
sün-ger = sponge
50 FIVE
--
bes^, bis^
five
ia2
bes^, bis^ = 5
51 TO FLOAT
--
yüzmek
bridge, ferry
id-dir
köprü
float
dirig -g>-n
derin (tering [AVG, 299, IZEy,180]) = deep water;
--
--
dur-an = not moving
waterfowl
us
kaz = goose
52 TO FLOW
--
ditch, drain
sur, zal
akmak
sur (duvar) = surrounding wall; arik (ark, irmak, su
yolu
--
--
[IZEy, 37]) = ditch
--
--
ar-ku (nehir, dere [AVG, 261]) = river, brook
flow, pour, spout
sur 8
suv (su) = water, river;
--
sur 8
sür = push, move something forward;
--
sur 8
sür = move animals from one area to another
--
zal?
sal = raft
53 FLOWER
--
çiçek
fruit, flower
gurun
yemis^, meyve; çiçek
--
sar (plant)
--
54 TO FLY
--
uçmak
to fly
dal
uçmak; dal = fly (Mongol) [FH]
a flying insect
nim n>s
cibin, mil-çek = fly
55 FOG
--
duman, çen, pus, sis, bulut
fog, mist, haze
muru 9 m>b
bulut = cloud, fog
eclipsed, darkened
gid-im 6
--
mistiness
bir r>s
pus (sis, duman [IZEy, 561]) = mist
56 FOOT
--
ayak, adak
foot
g~iri3
gir = enter; yürü = walk
foot race
dal
kos^u
57 FOUR
--
dört
four, female
limmu 2,4,5
dört = 4 ; eme = woman
58 TO FREEZE
--
donmak
to freeze
s^eg~4 [?]
sog~-uk = cold; don-mak = to freeze
59 FRUIT
--
fruit
gurun
--
--
X7 FULL
--
yemis^, meyve
kurut (kurutulmus^ yogurt [IZEy, 450] = dried yogurt
balls;
kuru yemis^ = dried fruits; ku-rut-mak = to dry
do-lu
fill, full, increase
si
sil-me (ag~zîna kadar dolu) = full up to the brim
to be full
de
doy-mak = to be full;
--
de
dol-dur-mak = to fill
60 TO GIVE
to give
bear, give birth
-sumu
vermek, sunmak
sun-mak = to give, to deliver
tu, tud
ta-s^i-mak=to bear; tog~ur-mak = to give birth [IZEy,
193]
give, pay,
apportion
ba
bar (ver) = give; öde = pay;
61 GOOD
--
glad (Gordon)
dug3 d>y
good, fine, strong
es-ig, esi
mild, silent, good
s^ig 5 g>s
good, true, firm
zi, zid d>g
to be good, healthy sil-im
iyi, yeg~, edgü, esen
yeg~, edgü = good [HNO, 791, 890]
edgü (iyi) = good, fine
ses-siz = silent
sag~ = good, true
-tat-li; edgü = good
sweet, good, glad
dug, du 10
good, pleasant
sa 6
62 GRASS
--
grass
u2
folliage, buds
pa
sprout, shoot
bil
63 GREEN
--
yas^il, yes^il (ter yes^illik [IZEy, 655])
yellow-green
sig7
sarî = yellow
blue
gin3
gök= blue, sky
64 GUTS
--
bag~irsak, barsak, kursak
intestines, gut
s^a 3.g, s^a
bag~irsak
sag~ (sag~-lam) = in good state, unbroken or
undamaged
ot, çimen
ot; î (nebat, ekin, orman [AVG, 273]) = plant, growing
grain, forest
fi-liz = new shoots, buds
fi-liz = sprout, shoots
lower abdomen
has^
karîn
stomack, pouch
tun
tor-ba = pouch, bag
65 HAIR
--
saç, sakal, kîl
body hair
su
kîl = body hair
head hair
suhur h>k
sa-kál = beard; saç = head hair
--
suhur
--
beard
sul, su 6
sa-kal = beard;
--
--
sal, çal (yas^lî kimse [KTLS, 974]) = old (man)
tail
kun n>y
kuy-ruk
shaggy hair, long
guz
yele = mane
66 HAND
--
el
hand
s^u
el = hand; parmak = finger
hand, fist
kis-ib
yum-ruk = fist
67 HE
--
O
he/she
a.ne
anî, onu = 3rd p. pr. accusative form
he/she
in
an, o = he, she, it
male
ni-tah ?
ata = father, male
68 HEAD
--
bas^, tepe, kafa, kelle
head, wise
sag~
Ak sak-al = elder man, wise man, saga
head, wise
sag~
sag~lam düs^ünen = wise
--
--
sag~îr (ses duymayan [IZEy, 572]) = deaf
skull, top of head
ugu
bas^tasi= skull; tepe = top of head
69 TO HEAR
hear, understanding
noise, sound
noise, sound
-g~is^..tuku
[ñes]
gu
is^itmek, dinlemek
es^it = hear, understand
gür-ül-tü = noise
gür-le-me = noise [IZEy, 304]
listen, harken, heed gurgur
--
secret
--
aka
hal
70 HEART
--
yürek, gönül (köngül), kalb/kalp [IZEy, 367]
heart
s^a3.g
yürek/ürek;
heart
s^a3.g
sag~-lam (diri, güclü, güvenli [IZEy, 571]) = alive,
--
--
sound in body, strong, trustworthy [RDH1]
suck
sub b>r
sor-mak = to suck
71 HEAVY
--
ag~îr
massive, heavy
dugud
ag~îr
heavy, thick, strong kul
kal-in = heavy, thick, strong
72 HERE
--
burada, buraya
here
ki..ne-a
bura, burada, buraya
73 TO HIT
--
vurmak, dövmek
to hit, beat
tud2, tu 10/11.b döv-mek (tög-üs^, döy-mek) = to hit, to beat
to hit, beat
tud2, tu 10/11.b teg~-mek (deymek) to touch;
--
--
tok-mak, tok-aç = mallet, stick for beating out washing
--
--
tok-us^-mak = to hit each other, head to head butting.
to strike, stamp
ru
ur-mak, vur-mak = to strike; darp etmek= to stamp out
74 TO HOLD,
TAKE
--
tutmak, yakalamak, almak
ha.za
yaka-lamak = to catch
dab5, b>y
dey-mek = to touch
tuku
tok-un-mak (dok-un-mak) = to touch
tuku
toka = hand shake
--
tut-mak = to hold
--
boynuz, mügüz [HNO, 819]
to hold, take
to hold, take
to hold, take
to hold, take
-X8 HORN
horn
si
müng-üz, ming-iz, müy-üz [AVG, 287]
75 HOW
--
nasîl, ne s^ekilde
how
a.na-gin7
na-sil, ne-gül [AVG, 287] = how;
--
--
ne-ce = how;
--
--
na, ne = what
X9 HUNDRED
--
yüz
hundred
g~is^ 2 g>y
yüz =100
ten
u
on = 10
76 TO HUNT
--
to hold, to seize
dab 2,4,5
--
--
kick, flop,
dúb b>p
knock down
dúb b>v
wander, pass along ---
dib 2
hardship, difficulty, bad4
avlamak
tap-mak = to find;
av-lamak = to hunt (d seems to be dropped); ab (av) =
game to hunt
tep-mek = to kick
döv-mek = to beat;
dib-ek = stone or wooden mortar
-bat-mak = to go under, to sink
wild
bad4
to fish, hunt
ta-g
catch, strike
ta-g
77 HUSBAND
--
er, koca, es^
husband
ni-ta
er, koca = husband; ata = father
mate, spouse
dam
dam (ev) = house
first husband
g~itlam nit
--
a team
bir
--
78 I
--
men, ben
yab-an = wild
ag~ = net to catch fish (t seems to be dropped)
teg-mek/deg~-mek = to touch
I
g~a-e, ma-e
men
I
-g~u 10
-em = verbal (indefinite) pronoun suffix for I
I, self
ni
meni = (accusative 1st p. s.)
myself
men
men = myself
possesive pr. suffix -mu, -ma
-im, -îm, -um, -üm = possesive 1st p. s. suffix
79 ICE
--
buz, muz, don
ice
s^eg~8 [?]
sog~-uk = cold
80 IF
--
eg~er, ger, ise, -se, -sa
if ?
tukum-bi
-se, -sa = conditional suffix
if it be/Gordon
hé-a
--
81 IN
--
içeri
locative,
-a, -bi
-a, -ya = dative suffix
genetive suffix
-a, -bi
-in, -în
in, into
im(mi)
içeri
into, to, upon
ba-an
bin = get onto, ride
middle, inner, waist ib, éb
bel = waist, guts
82 TO KILL
--
öldürmek
us^2
sus-tur-mak = to silence
nud, nu n>y
u-yut = put into sleep; yat = lie down
gaz 2
ez = crush
hus^
--
ug 5,7,8 g>l
öl = die
gul
öl-dür-mek = to kill, to destroy (g is dropped?)
10 KNEE
--
diz
knee
dug3, du10
diz = knee; ek = joint
83 TO KNOW
--
bilmek
kill
kill, lie down
kill, vanquish,
crush
terrible, wild
to kill, die
to destroy
understanding
tál
til (dil) bil-mek = to understand a language
understanding
tál
til (dil) = language, tongue
to know
zu
us = mind, intelligence, wisdom
84 LAKE
--
göl, köl, (tengiz, deniz = sea)
lake, sea
a.a.ba
ba-t-ak = swamp
spring
idim
bulak, göze, kaynak
pool, swamp
umun 5,6,11
--
pool, pond
~garin
--
85 TO LAUGH
--
gülmek
to laugh
i.si.is^ [?]
ses = voice, sound
86 LEAF
--
yaprak
bud
pa
uc, gon-ca, tomurcuk, sürgün = bud;
bud (3)
pa
te-pe = hill, the end point such as the top of the head.
leaf, sprout (3)
pa
yap-rak = leaf; fi-liz = sprout
sprout, shoot
bil b>f
fi-liz = sprout
luxuriant growth
lam l>c
çim-en, ot = grass; çum = turf
87 LEFT
--
sol
left
gub3
sol
88 LEG
--
thigh
ur2, r>d
--
--
--
--
waist, lower body
ib2
bacak, bud
bud = thigh;
yum-ur (yuvarlak, yumulmus^ cikinti, yumruk gibi) =
round;
bal-dîr = calf, back of the shank, leg (knee down)
bel = waist; bel-den as^ag~î = lower body
89 TO LIE (down) --
yatmak
lie down, lie with
yat, uyu, uzan
nud, na 2
vagina
ngála
am
lie down
ku
ku-cak-la = hug, embrace
90 TO LIVE
--
yas^amak, sag~ olmak
to live, dwell
ti, til
til-ek/dölek (dölleyici [IZEy, 186]) = prolific, fertile,
--
ti, til
productive, fruitful;
--
--
til/dil = tongue.
sit, dwell, buttock
tus^ [durun]
otur = sit; yas^a = live, dwell
seated, a fart
durun
oturan= seated
life force
alad
--
live, create, yellow sig 7, se 12
sig- (sik-) = to intercourse; sa-ri = yellow
91 LIVER
--
karaciger, bag~ir
liver, omen
ba 3
bag~-îr = liver, lungs, bosom, heart, breast
liver, soul
ur 5
yür-ek/ür-ek = heart
soul, innerd
bar
ruh, can = soul
92 LONG
--
uzun
long
sud.r
uzun = long
pull, draw, distance gid2
çek = pull; uzat = draw; git = go
length, distance
su
uz-un-luk = length; uz, iz = yol
93 LOUSE
--
bit
lice, insect
uh
bit, böcek (bög~cek, örümcek [IZEy, 100])
vermin
uh
--
94 MAN, MALE
--
adam, ata
man
nita, ni-tah
ata = father; te-kin, ti-gin = prince
penis, man
ngis 2,3 (g<>s) sik, çük = penis
penis, man
us^
uri (erkek evlat) = son [ HNO, 876]
prince, young man
mis^, mes^
te-kin, ti-gin
man, soldier,
servant
95 MANY
many
many, much
abundance
many, much,
people
er-im
er-im = my husband, my man, my soldier, my male
servant
--
çok, köp, bol, dolu, artîk
s^ar2
ar-tîk = many
es^
çok = many
he 2
bol, dolu = abundant;
lu
bol, dolu = abundant; top-lu-m = many people
96 MEAT, FLESH --
et
meat, flesh
uzu
ku-zu = lamb (4)
--
ai, ay
moon
id 4,8, it 4
d/t>y
ay (ad, id, ud) = moon (5)
shine brightly
ayas = light (Ak Ayas = Ajax, Sais, Zeus) [MiEl,9;
háda, had 2 d>y PK]
97 MOTHER
--
mother
ama m>n
mother
ama
mother
ama
mother
ama
mama (kadin [AVG, 286]) = woman; mama = uncle's
wife
--
tau, tag~, dag~
kur, hur.sag~
kîr (yayla, cayîrlîk, yaylîm [IZEy, 407])= countryside,
--
uncultivated land [RDH1];
kur, hur.sag~
s>t
tag~ (dag~) = mountain;
X11 MOON
98 MOUNTAIN
mountain
-higland
higland
-roof, mountain pass
--
ana
ana = mother; eme=female
ana ana (nine, nene) = grandmother
emig, imig (meme [AVG, 264]) = breast
kur-gan = mound, hill
kur, hur.sag~
boz-kîr = (grey) steppe
-ur
bur-un = nose; te-pe = mountain peak; sirt = mountain
top;
mountain
--
ge-çit, bo-g~az = mountain pass;
--
is^i
sira dag~lar = mountain chain;
--
--
köt-ki (yüksek yer, yayla, dag~lîk yer, tepe, tepecik,
--
--
toprak yîgînî [IZEy, 293,294]) = highland,
heap, pile
--
plateau, mountainous place, hill, small hill, pile of dirt
--
gurum
gur-gan (kur-gan) = mound, pile;
big
--
yîg~în, küme = pile
kur4
kara = big [FH]
99 MOUTH
--
ag~îz
mouth
ka
ag~îz = mouth; ka-pu = gate, door
door, entrance
gi
ga-pu (ka-pî) = gate; gir = enter
swallow, eat
gu 7, ku g>y
yut = swallow; gut = gulping
100 NAME
--
ad, isim
name
mu
tam-ga (dam-ga) = seal, stamp
speak, word, year
mu
mî-rîl-dan-mak = murmuring to oneself
progeny
numun
soy, nesil, torun-lar, tohum
END OF PART 2 OF 5
SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
(Part 3 of 5)
ENGLISH
SUMERIAN
TURKISH
101 NARROW
--
dar, sîk, sîkî
narrow
sig 9
sîk = close together, dense, thick
--
--
sîkî = tight, narrow
102 NEAR
--
yakîn
near
zìg, zi
sîk = close together, dense, thick
one (as one)
as
--
come near to
ús
üst üs-te = one on the top of other
side, near, with
da d>y
ya-kîn = near
locative suffix (at)
-ta
-ta -te, -ta (-de, -da) = locative suffix
103 NECK
--
boyun, bogaz, kîstak
neck
gu2
boyun
hinged joint
kak
ek = joint
104 NEW
--
yeni, teze (taze)
new
gibil
yeni
105 NIGHT
--
gece, gice, tün
night
g~i 6, gig
kök/kög/gög ( gece [IZEy, 286]) = night;
--
--
gök (kök yüzü, mavi, gök rengi) = sky, sky blue
106 NOSE
--
nose, muzzle
kiri 4 k>b
peak, point
kur k>b
peak, point
kur
peak, point
kur
roof, mountain pass
ur
burun = nose, point; dam, çati = roof; geçit =
mountain pass
107 NOT
--
yok, eksik, olumsuz
no, not, without
nu- n>m
-me, -ma = verbal negation suffix
prohibiting
performative
nam- n>m
-me, -ma = verbal negation suffix
lúñ
kusur, hata = fault; yan-lis^ = error
s^es^
-siz, -suz = negation suffix; sil = erase
ba-ra
engel
burun, gaga, uc
burun = nose, point
bur-un = nose, point
Kur-ul-tay = summit meeting;
Kur-i-kan (çadîr) = tent
fault, error
to erase
prohibitive prefix
108 OLD
used, worn, old,
ancient
elder man
old woman
old woman
old woman
ancient, old, ruins
old
old
old
progenitor
progenitor
progenitor
-li-bir
abba b>p
umu
umu m>n
umu m>n
sumun~, sun
ur-ag/L254
ur-ag/L254
ur-ag/L254
ugu 4
ugu 4 g>y
ugu 4
eski, pîrtîk, yas^lî
pîr-tîk = torn, ragged
apa, baba = father, old man;
eme = woman;
ana = mother,
nene, nine = grandmother
eski
yor-gun = tired, old;
urug (uruk) = clan.
er-gin = aged, matured, old.
Bay Ülgen, Tengri = Turkic god names [MiEl]
Ak Ayas, Tengri = Turkic god names [MiEl, 9]
ogan/okan (ulu Tengri); aga = creator god, Lord,
owner
bir, tek
109 ONE
--
one
as^
one, title of AN
dis^ 2
alone
dili
one, 60 (1/60th?)
~ges^
first, slave
sa~g
progenitor
ugu
110 OTHER
--
dig~er, bas^ka, oteki
equal, partner
man
es^, ortak
female, woman
mu-nus
eme, hanum = female, woman
bir = 1; is (idi=sahip, tanri adi [IBML,33] = title
of God
is (idi=sahip, tanri adi [IBML,33] = title of God
dul = vidow, alone; dil = tongue
--Ak Ayas, Tengri = Turkic god names [MiEl, 9]
half
más
yarîm
drawing
masda
--
111 PERSON,
PEOPLE
--
kis^i, s^ahis, halk, toplum, el/il
lu2
el/il, budun
ug~
bugun (bukun [AVG, 270])
na-
--
112 TO PLAY
--
çalmak, oynamak
an insturment, sing,
du 12
da-vul = drum;
play an insturment
du 12
da-vul çalmak = to play drum; saz çalmak;
--
du 12
tu-nur [kam davulu HNO, 485] = shaman's drum
cry, shout, scream
tal 3,4,5 t>ç
çal-mak = to play an instrument
cry, shout, scream
tal 3,4,5
s^a-ma-ta
cantor (singer)
gala
çal-mak, söy-le-mek
113 TO PULL
--
çekmek
pull
gid2
it-mek = to push;
pull
gid2
önde git-mek = to go in the front
pull
gid2
güt-mek (sür-mek) = to drive
114 TO PUSH
--
to push
zag
to push
tag
to push
tag
to push
tag
push
s^u..us2
butt, toss
du 7
fling, shove
lah4
people
people
human beings
itmek, sokmak
sok-mak = to thrust into, to insert, to push
teg~-mek (dey-mek) = to touch [IZEy, 174]
teg~-en-mek (day-an-mak [IZEy, 175]) = to lean
against
teg~-nek (day-a-nak [IZEy, 175]) = cane, stick
sus-ta-li = switchblade
tok-us^-mak (dok-us-mak), tos-la-mak
atmak = fling; itmek = shove
115 RAIN
--
yag~mur
to rain
s^eg~3 s>y
yag~-mak; (nur yag~dî = it rained)
moistening, spittle
us
îs-lak = wet, moist; sis =fog;
moistening, spittle
us
su = water; çise-le-mek = drizzle
rain, drip
an.s^ur
yag~mur = rain; yam-gur [ AVG, 308] = rain;
rain, drip
an.s^ur
kî-s^îr (dolu) = hailstone
cloud, storm, rain
em
--
116 RED
--
al, kîzîl, kîrmîzî
red - brown, ocher
sa5
sa-rî = yellow
red
si 4, su 4
kîr-mî-zî, kî-zîl = red;
red
si 4, su 4
kî-zîl (altun) = gold
light, bright
piri~g
pîrîl-tî = light; par-lak = bright
light, bright
piri~g
yar-uk [AVG, 309] = light
to flame up, blaze
bir
par-la-mak
117 RIGHT,
CORRECT
--
hak, dog~ru, gerçek, düz, dürüst, erdem
zi-d z>s
sag~ = right side
zi-d z>d
düz = straight
zi-d z>d
düzen (yasa, kural [IZEy, 491] = law, code
na-nam
namus-lu
118 RIGHT (side)
--
sag~
right side
zid, zag
sag~
119 RIVER
--
river
id 2
river, cannal
ida, id
watercourse
a
right (hand), true
-legitimate
true, honest, reliable
nehir, su, çay, irmak, dere
ir-mak = small river
ulugsu [IBML, 80] = river
arku (nehir, dere [AVG, 261]
ark (arîk, harîk, yarîk, su yolu [IZEy, 38]) =
irrigation ditch, dike
eg, ig, e
irrigation ditch
canal, ditch
pa 4,5,6
ba-t-ak= swamp; ark (arik)
-120 ROAD
caravan expedition,
road
kas-kal, ka.g~iri3
k>y
kas-kal, ka.g~iri3
k>y
road
sal s>y
road, expedition, trip
~gir
road, expedition, trip
~gir
yol, iz
iz = path ; uzun yol = long road; girmek = to go
in
giri-len ka-pi, yürü-nen
yol
gir = enter; yürü = walk;
git = go
kök, urug
121 ROOT
--
root
ur 2
ur (s^is^, yumru) = tumor, round, extension from
body
--
--
like a tumor.
--
--
ura (s^is^, kozalak [KTLS, 504]) = cypress cone
(seed)
--
-[RDH1, 677],
--
-a swelling, tumor [RDH1, 1065].
--
ur 2
ur/ür (üreme, döl [IZEy, 689]) = reproduction
--
-ür-en = generation, progeny [RDH1, 1209]
--
-kök = root [IZEy, 286]
--
--
--
ur 2
breed ram, bull
utua
breed bull, fish roe
inda, ninda
breed bull, fish roe
inda, ninda
send forth, rise
de
ur, urug (tohum [IBML, 80]) =seed
urug (uruk, soy, kök) = clan, tribal root, kins
ata = father; koç = ram; bug~a = bull
da-miz-lik, döl
çiçek
döl = seed
122 ROPE
--
ip, urgan
rope
dur
ur-gan (örken) = rope
to tie
kes
bag~-la-mak
knot
kesda
dü-g~üm = knot
rope
és^e
sicim
123 ROTTEN
--
çürük, kokmus^, köpüklenmis^
rot
sug~in
sog~-an = onion, smelly
rot, stink
hab 2 h>k
köp-ük = foam
ruin, rot, decay
sun, sumun
--
--
yuvarlak, yumru, ur, s^is^
la-gab
kab kacak = round pots and pans, containers
ni-gin 2 -ni
--
ku
kag~-ni = wooden wheeled cart
gur
te-ker-lek = wheel; ur = round, tumor
har
har-man = harvest, turn round and round
kára, kár k>s
sar (kus^at) = encircle, siege;
--
çe-per = wall encircling a property, hedge
124 TO RUB
--
sürmek, yaymak
to rub
su.ub
sür-mek = to rub
to rub
su.ub
süpür- mek = to sweep, to clean
anoint with oil
s^es^ 2
yag~-la-mak, sil-mek?
125 SALT
--
tuz
salt
mun
tuz
126 SAND
--
kum
sand, dry
sahar
sahra = desert
dust
ukum
kum = sand
X12 ROUND
round
round
turn around,
transform
sphere, circle, ring,
loop
ring, hand mill
encircle, beseige
--
127 TO SAY
--
demek, söylemek, aymak [MuEr, 104]
say
dug4 [=3D> e]
de, di ([UYAT, 102] = say
128 TO SCRATCH
--
kas^imak, kazmak, çizmek
to scratch
hur
kas^i-mak = scratch
129 SEA
--
sea
a.ab.a
the sentient sea
ab-zu (or ZU-AB)
the abyssal sea
en-gur
the abyssal sea
en-gur
en-gin = high sea, open sea, wide, wast,
boundless
130 TO SEE
--
görmek
eye, see, face
igi
göz = eye; gör = see; yüz = face.
stare at, gaze
ug 6
bak = look
stare at, gaze
du 8
dik-mek (gözünü) = to stare
to seek, to find
pàd 3 d>l
bul-mak = to find, to discover, uncover
expose, see
bar b>g
gör
see through
sim
cam = glass
appearance
ál
görüntü; al = red;
appearance
ál
al-lî (renkli, gösteris^li)) = red
attention geting
ulut
bulut = cloud; al-lî (renkli, gösteris^li)) = red
awe inspiring
lám
al-lî (renkli, gösteris^li)) = red
131 SEED
--
tohum, döl, meni, urug [IZEy, 238]
seed
numun, a
tohum, döl, yumurta, ur, ur-luk,
--
numun, a
urug (her seyin tohumu [IBMl, 39])
seed, progeny
nu~gun, numun
meni = human seed
to grow
mu m>b
bü-yü-me
X13 SEVEN
--
yedi, yeti
deniz, tengiz
deniz, tengiz
su = water (15)
ten-giz (deniz) = sea;
seven, totality
imin [u3-me-nu]
yedi = seven; tüm = totality; tamam = that is all;
--
imin [u3-me-nu]
hemi, hamî = everyone
132 TO SEW
weaver, ?tailor
net, mat, sinew
rope
type of weaver
to weave, decorate
to weave a mat
to weave a mat
--
-us-bar r>s
sa
es^e
húb
dikmek
üs(t)-bas^ = clothing
hasir = mat
s^e-rit, kiris^ = sinew, thread; ip, urgan = rope
aba = thick cloak
tag
tak-î = jewelry; tak = to wear; örmek = to weave
kid 6, kad 6,8
(k<>d)
dik-mek = to sew, to tie together
kid 6, kad 6,8
kid 6, kad 6,8
kat kat ör-mek = to tie together layer by layer;
kat = layer, such as layers of a rope
133 SHARP
--
sivri, keskin, itik [UYAT, 214], ötkür [UYAT,
276]
to cut
gum, gun
kes-mek = to cut
point, head
se~g
igne = needle, sharp point
lance
sukur
sok-ar (mizrak, kar-gi) = lance, to thrust into
barb, point
dih 2
di-k-en = barb, thorn;
barb, point
dih 2
i-tik (keskin [UYAT, 214]) = sharp
insert, enter, write
sur
sür = drive, stabb; ir=write (Chuvash sir, ir
[TDEK1, 225])
--
sur
kar-gî = lance, pike, javelin
--
sur
dagger, sword
~gir
--
~gir
--
~gir
sür-gü (sün-gü) = bayonet
gir = enter;
gir-gi = a pointed instrument that enters;
öt-kür (keskin [UYAT, 276])
X14 TO SHOOT
--
atmak, vurmak
shoot an arrow
ti..ra
tîg~ atmak, ok atmak arrow
arrow
ti
tîg~, ok = knitting needle, straight and strong
134 SHORT
--
kîsa, gödek, güdük
short (man)
(lu)-gud
göd-ek, güd-ük
short
gud 8
göd-ek = short
short
lal
--
small
gi 17
ki-sa = short; ki-çik (küçük) = small
ant (a small bug?)
kis^i
kon-guz (böcek [HNO, 843]) = a bug
135 TO SING
--
îrlamak, türkü söylemek, demek
to sing
du12
tür-kü de-mek, îr-la-mak = to sing
--
--
kög/küg [TDEK, 227] = to sing with the
--
--
accompaniment of instruments
sing(er)
na-(r)
s^ar-kî-cî, tür-kü-cü
X15 SISTER
--
girl (young)
ge
--
ge
--
ge
--
ge
sister
nin9
female, woman
nunuz
--
nunuz
kîz kardes^, baci, apa [KTLS, 43], eke (ece, eze
[IBML, 12])
genç kîz;
eke (ece, eze [IBML, 12]) = sister;
aga (büyük erkek kardes^, bey, yörenin büyüg~ü)
= elder brother,
Beg, lord, rich and influential man of the town.
ana = mother; nine = grandmother, sin-gil
[IBML, 60]
ine [KTLS, 176] = female; ana = mother;
eme = woman; nine/nene = grandmother
136 TO SIT
--
oturmak
to sit
tus^ [=3D> durun] o-tur-mak = to sit; dur = stop
to mount, ride, sit on
u5
u(yu) = sleep; bin = mount, ride; o-tur = sit
lap, thigh
ur
ku-cak = lap; bud (but) = thigh
silent, still
áll
dur-an = still, silent
to sit down, reside
s^us^
çüs^ (dur) = a Turkish expression used to call
--
--
a moving (i.e., a driven) donkey to stop
throne, dais, stand
bar-ag
otur-ak = place to sit on, chair;
--
bar-ag
dur-ak (durulan yer) = stand
governor
ni- sang
--
pillow (?), triangle
sang-tag
day-a-nak (yas-tik, [IZEy, 171]) = pillow
137 SKIN
--
deri, gön
skin, hide, leather
kus^
kös-e-le
meat, flesh
uzu
kuzu = lamb
peel, pare, expose
bar
arala, soy = peel
spread out?
pára
yay-mak, ser-mek
pelt, hide
mun-sub
deri = pelt; gön = hide
138 SKY
--
gök, tan (tang) [IZEy, 638]
sky, heaven, high
an, an-
tan (tang, gök) = sky; (16)
--
an, an-
tan agarmasi [IZEy, 639] = dawn;
--
an, an-
Tan-rî, Teng-ri, Ten-gir, Tan-gara = sky god;
--
an, an-
ana = mother (9).
dark, night (?sky)
gi 6, mé
gi-ce (gece, tün) = night; gök = sky, sky blue
sky
gik, kik
gök [IZEy, 286]
139 TO SLEEP
--
u [HNO, 873], uyumak
sleep
ù3
u, uyu = sleep
lie down
ku
yat = lie down
sleep
ku-ku
uy-ku = sleep
rest, repose
huñ
--
140 SMALL
--
küçük, ufak, hurda
child, young, small
tur t>k
kör-pe= young, child, small; hur-da = small
child, young, small
banda2/3
hur-da (hirda) = young, small
child, son
pes^ 8
piç = bastard child
young, small
di 4.di 4.l
dinç = young, energetic
small, young man
gi 14
ge-de/gi-de = young boy (Azeri)
girl, young woman
ge 2,3 g>k
kîz = girl
short
gud 8
güd-ek (göd-ek) = short;
short
gud 8
göd-en = large intestine; göd (göt) = rectum
low, small
sig
sîkî = tight
small, young
har
hur-da (hîr-da) = small;
small, young
har
dar = narrow, tight
--
kokmak, koklamak
ni
koku
ir
iy, is, iyis, cit (koku [KTLS, 492])
ir
ir-in = pus, matter of wounds [RDH1,546]
zi
sid-ik (siy-ik, hiydik in Baskurt [KTLS, 778],
--
kötü koku) = urine;
zi
si-mek (siy-mek [IBML, 60]) = urinate
zi
sik = penis
sag 5, sig 6
--
hab 2
pis koku
bid d>s
pis koku
s^em
güzel koku
141 TO SMELL
smell?
smell, scent,
fragerence
smell, scent,
fragerence
stench
---sweet, pleasant
foul smell
deficate, urinate
aromatic, perfume
142 SMOKE
--
duman, tütün, bulut, sis
smoke
de3, i.bi2
du-man, tü-tün
smoke/deliberate
dar
du-man, tü-tün; d>k kar = snow
soot
ubilla 2
bulut = cloud; is, kurum = soot
eclipsed, darkened
gidim 6
gice (gece) = night
143 SMOOTH
--
düz, düzgün, kaygan, kolay
smooth
sal [?] s>k
kal/kel = bald headed, bare of vegetation.
to smooth
sal [?]
dü-zelt-mek
144 SNAKE
--
yilan
snake, reptile
mus^
kus^ = bird; mus^ = bird like
encircling snake
mer
mar (6) = snake, serpent
145 SNOW
--
kar
snow
s^eg~8 [?]
sog (sog~uk [KTLS, 787]) = cold
146 SOME
--
bazî , bir kac
some
[?]
--
X16 SPEAR
--
mîzrak, kargî, zîpkîn
spear
s^ukur
kar-gî
147 TO SPIT
--
tükürmek
to spit
uh 2 [?]
tuh (tükürmek)
148 TO SPLIT
--
yarmak
split
bar, b>y
yar
split, shatter
dar, d>y
yar
cut into, divide
sil 2
böl; dilim = slice; yar-îm = half
sickle
zubu
orak
cut out, deduct,
s^ub
bölme, paylas^tirma
apportion
s^ub
bölme, paylas^tirma
lead out, travel
sab
sab (söz, haber [MuEr, 127]) = words, news
slave (?)
su-bar
kul; sin-gar [MuEr, 128] = half, one of two halves
149 TO SQUEEZE
--
sîkmak, sarmak, sarîlmak, kucaklamak
to twist /Gordon
sur
sar-mak = to wrap around, to wind
--
sur
sar-îl-mak, = to be hugged, to be embraced,
--
--
to be encircled by enemy
150 TO STAB,
PIERCE
--
tîg~la-mak, okla-, bîçakla-, del-, gir-, sok-, ignele-
bur3 b>v
vur-mak= to hit; gir-mek = to enter, to pierce
tu 10
tîr-nak-la-mak = to scrape, to claw;
tu 10
des^-mek = to lance, to open up
ti
tîg~ (ok) = arrow, sharp pointed spindle
ti
tîg~, s^is^= knitting needle
du 7
des^ = to gore, to stabb
sar
gir = enter, pierce; sür = drive into, push
tab b>v
tav-la-mak = to heat; a-tas^ = fire
to stab, pierce
dig, scrape,
furrow hole
arrow
arrow
gore, toss
insert, enter
sting, fever
END OF PART 3 OF 5
SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
(Part 4 of 5)
ENGLISH
SUMERIAN TURKISH
151 TO STAND
--
durmak, ayakta kalmak
stationary, standing gub [su8.b]
duran
to be, to have
men = I, me; olmak; sahip olmak
me
to be, we
me
olmak; miz/biz;
fate
me
men me-nem = I am my fate (11)
to act, to behave
me 6
dav-ran-mak
stand up
zig 3 z>d
dik-dur, kalk
152 STAR
--
yildiz, yulduz, gün, günes^
shine, glow
mul m>y
yal/yul (is^ik, kizarti [IZEy, 719]) = bright, shining, light;
shine, glow
mul m>y
yal-in-lik [AVG, 308]
star, planet
mul m>y
yul-duz (yil-diz) = star
planetshine, star
s^un s>g
gün (kün) = sun
shine brightly
had 2
od (ates^) = fire;
shine brightly
had 2 d>y
ay = moon (5)
shine, gleam, sta
zalag z>y
yal-av (alev, [AVG, 308]) = flame;
shine, gleam, sta
zalag z>y
yal-tir-mak [AVG, 308] = to shine
153 STICK
--
çubuk, sopa, sîrîk, deg~nek, ag~aç
stick
g~is^
ag~aç = tree, wood
--
g~idru
çubuk, sîrîk, deg~nek
154 STONE
--
tas^, kaya, çakîl
pebble, stone
na 4
çakîl
stone, rock
za 2
ka-ya = big rock; ça-kîl = pebble
pretty, precious
s^ub 7
s^eb = coral stone?, mercan?; guher
stone
--
--
block of stone
la-gab
lapik (lepik= yassi ince tas^) = layered stone
lapis lazuli
gìn
gök tas^ (mavi renkli tas^)
155 STRAIGHT
--
düz
to straighten,
si..sa2
düzeltmek; dik = upright
upright
--
--
steadyness,
~gen
güven
reliability
--
--
stand upright
si
dik dur
156 TO SUCK
--
sormak, sorumak, emmek, i*mek, *ekmek, almak
to suckle
sub b>r
sor = suckle, suck
breathe (in), soul
zi (g)
nefes almak = to breathe; can = soul
stench
zí
sid-ik = urine; kötü koku
leak
zum z>d
dam-la-mak = to drip;
leak
zum
sîz-mak
overflow
zum
tas^-mak
157 SUN
--
gün, kün
sun, time, when
utu, ud
üt/ot/od (atas^ [IZEy, 515, 703]) = fire;
--
--
üt-mek (yakmak [IZEy, 703]) = to burn;
--
--
ütü = (hot) iron ( used for pressing clothes);
--
--
gün, kün = sun;
day, time
utu, ud d>y
öd-le/öy-le = noon time;
--
--
öd = time [ODes, 466], [HNO, 825], [ONT: 12];
sun god
d.KIN
kün tengri [ONT, 12]
torpidity, fever
dih 2
--
beam, ray
dalla d>y
yalav (alev) = flame, fire;
--
--
yul-duz = star
158 TO SWELL
--
s^is^mek, kabarmak, büyümek
to grow
mu 2 m>b
bü-yü-mek = to grow
to widen
dag~al
dag~-îl-mak = to spread, to widen
to widen
dag~al d>ç
çog~-al-mak = to increase, to spread
to widen
dag~al d>y
yay-îl-mak = to spread
to grow, thick
bulug~ 3
bulug~ = to reach puberti; to ripen.
159 TO SWIM
--
yüzmek
water
i7
su
waterfowl, swan
us
kaz = goose; ku/kur/kug~u = swan;
--
--
su = water
160 TAIL
--
tail
kun n>d>y
--
--
--
--
X17 TEN
ten
hand (finger?)
finger(s), 10
one (?)
-u [ha-wamu]
su
hù, u
dis
kuyruk
kud-ruk (kuy-ruk [IZEy, 454]);
kud/kuy (1. kic, 2. kiyi, 3. dere [IZEy,454]) = 1. bottom,
rear end;
2. side; 3. brook
on
on = ten
el, (parmak)
on parmak (barimak [IZEy, 549] = 10 fingers
bir
161 THAT
--
0, ol, s^u
to that?
ri
-ra, -ri, -ru = directional suffix
that one, he, she
ni, na
an (o) = he, she, it
that one
ni, na
o biri
this/that one
bi, bé
bu/mu = this one; s^u = that one
162 THERE
--
that place
ki..ri-a
--
--
place, town
ki
place, town
--
ora, orada, oraya
o-ra, o-ra-sî;
-ri, -ra, -ru = directional suffix
kîr (yayla, ova, çayirlik, yaylim [IZEy, 407]) =
countryside,
place, town
ki k>y
mountain resort, medow;
place, town
ki
yer/yir/kir = place, ground, dirt
place, town
ki
kir (yer, toz, toprak, çamur) = dirt (12)
place, town
ki
kent = town
ki (geri, bati) = west [HNO, 812]
163 THEY
--
onlar, an-an (old Turkic)
they
e.ne.ne
an-an (= onlar) (7); (-en, -an = -ler, -lar in old Turkish)
genitive, locative
-na-
-in, -un = suffix for genitive
this one
ne
bu-na = to this one
--
ne
-na = dative suffix
164 THICK
--
kalîn, sîk, çok, koyu, yog~un
expand, womb
pes^ p>s^
s^is^-mek = to expand
big, fat
gur 4, gir 8
gür = thick, dense
big, fat
gur 4, gir 8
yo-g~un = thick, dense
big, fat
gur 4, gir 8
guy-ruk/kuy-ruk = big fat tail of eastern Anatolian sheep
165 THIN
--
thin
sal
--
sal
--
sal s>c
--
sal s>y
--
sal s>d
dal = branch of a tree (which is thin as compared to the
body of a tree
166 TO THINK
--
düs^ünmek
hear, understand
g~es^tug 2,3 es^it = hear, anla
intelligent
us 4
us (anlayis^ gücü, yeti, öz, töz, akîl
--
--
[IZEy, 689]) = inteligence, mind, wisdom
ince, seyrek, sulu, soluk, cansiz, ciliz, zayif
su-lu = watery
sol-uk = pale (in colour)
cil-iz, can-siz= thin, undersized
yal = watery mash prepared for dogs as food
discernment
umus, us 4
us (zeki, anlayan [IZEy, 689]) = discerning
intelligent
ngiz-al
us-lu = intelligent, smart
167 THIS
--
bu/mu, buna/muna, bunda/munda, ol
this
ne.en, nen>l
bu/mu, buna/muna, bunda/munda, ol
168 THOU
--
sen
thou
za-e, -zu
sen; -iz, -uz = 2nd p. plural verbal suffix
169 THREE
--
üç
three
es^ 5
üç
170 TO THROW
--
atmak
to throw
ra, ri, s^ub
-ri, -ru = directional suffix
171 TO TIE
--
bag~lamak, dokumak, dügümlemek, kat katmak
to bind, tie
lá
il-mek (baglamak, birles^tirmek [IZEy, 343]);
to bind, tie
lá
il-mek (düg~üm) = noose;
to bind, tie
lá
ile = with, together with [RDH1, 527]
tie, rope, bond
dim
düg~üm [IZEy, 208]
to tie, bond, string
dur
dür-mek (bükmek, toplamak, katlamak [IZEy, 210]) = to
put together,
--
-to tie, to wrap.
to tie, bond, string
dur
--
--
dür-üm = flat bread wrapped around cheese or other
edibles to eat,
to tie, bond, string
dur
folded sandwich.
to tie, bond, string
dur
dür-ge (katlanmis pamuk[IZEy, 210]) = folded cotton
to tie, bond, string
dur
dür-gü [IZEy, 210] = wrapped dead body, folded,
wrapped object
to tie
kes^.dr
--
--
to tie
kes^.dr
dok-u-mak (dügümlemek) = to weave, to tie
kos^-mak (baglamak, ilis^tirmek, takmak [RDH2, 461])
= to hitch,
--
--
to attach something to another
to tie together
kad 4,5
kos^a (yoldas^, [IZEy, 429]) = two together, two people
attached together like
to tie together
kad 4,5
man and wife, pair, two, two friends, two related people
or objects.
nest
gud d>y
nest
gud
to weave a mat
kid 6, kad
6,8
kat kat-mak = to add a floor or a layer.
sinew, cord, mat,
net
sa
uya (yuva)= nest [HNO, 877]
a knot
kes^da
udi (uyu) = to sleep [HNO, 874];
kat (büküm, kîvrîm [IZEy, 384]) = layer, such as layers
of a rope (13);
kat kat-mak = to add a floor or a layer to a layered
object.
-kos^-uk = tied together
172 TONGUE
--
dil
tongue
eme
em = suck
--
eme
dil/til
173 TOOTH
--
dis^/tis^
tooth
zu2, zu 9
ez-mek = to crush, to chew;
174 TREE
--
ag~aç
tree
g~is^
ag~aç; yis^ (orman) = forest
175 TO TURN
--
dönmek, burmak, bükmek
to turn
gi 4, gur g>b bur-mak = to twist, to turn
--
gi 4, gur g>b bur-gu = drill; te-ker-lek = wheel
--
gi 4, gur
ger-i-ye git = turn back
--
gi 4, gur
eg~-ri = bent, crooked
--
gi 4, gur
ger-i, arka = back
--
gi 4, gur g>s sar = wrap around
--
gi 4, gur
kur = reload (e.g.: "yay kurmak" or "saatî kur")
X18 TWENTY
--
yirmi, yigirmi
twenty
nis^
yirmi, yigirmi = 20
176 TWO
--
iki/ikki
two
min
iki/ikki = 2
177 TO VOMIT
--
çîkarmak, kusmak
to vomit
buru 8 [?]
çîkarmak, kusmak
--
yürümek, gelmek, gitmek
walk
g~en (du,
etc)
gel git = come and go, to walk about; yuru = walk
179 WARM
--
isi, sîcak
warm
kum 2
kum = sand, desert
scorching
mèl
--
baker, cook
mu-hal-dim
--
180 TO WASH
--
yikamak, yumak
wash
luh, lah l>y
yîka, yu
wash, bathe, pour
tu 5,17
su dök = pour water to wash
rain, cloud
em
yag~-mur; bulut
to clean
sikil
sîk-mak = to squeeze water out of laundry
181 WATER
--
su, ter [IZEy, 655]
water
a (?)
su
182 WE
--
biz, miz
we
-me
miz; -miz, -muz = 1st p. pl. verbal suffix
183 WET
--
yas^, sulu
wet
dur(u) 5
duru (sîvî, sulu [KTLS, 776]) = watery
--
dur(u) 5
duru-la-mak = rinsing with clean water;
--
dur(u) 5
ter (islak, yas^ [IZEy, 655]) = wet; sweat
178 TO WALK
--
sur r>l
sulu, sîvî (cîvîk, suyuk [KTLS, 776]) = watery;
moist, get moist
dig
su dök = pour water;
soak, cloud
lum
bu-lut = cloud;
pond, pool
ñar-im
nor (in Mongolian) = lake
184 WHAT
--
ne, na, nasil
what
a.na
ne, na (hangi, AVG, 72])
--
a.na
ne-çuk = how? [HNO, 820]
--
a.na
ne-guda (nasil, ne biçim [HNO, 820]) = how?
--
a.na
ne-ke (neye, neden [HNO, 820]) = why?
--
a.na
ne-luk (neden [HNO, 820]) = because of what?
--
a.na
nen-çe (kaç, ne kadar [HNO, 820]) = how many
--
a.na
neng (s^ey, nesne [HNO, 820]) = thing
--
a.na
neng-nen (ne, her ne [HNO, 820]) = what
--
a.na
ne teg (ne gibi) = like what [HNO, 820; AVG, 72]
185 WHEN
--
ne zaman, na öd
when
me.na.am3
kaçan (ne zaman AVG, 72])
--
ud...-a
öd = time [HNO, 825]
186 WHERE
--
nerede
where
me-a, ki..-a
kani (ne-rede, [AVG, 72])
--
ak/ag/ag~, bayaz
babbar
bayaz
bar 6.bar 6
ag~, ak
188 WHO
--
kim, ki
who
a.ba
kim
who
a.ba
apa = father
189 WIDE
--
genis^, enli
187 WHITE
white
to widen, wide
dag~al, d>ç
çog~-al-mak = to increase, to swell
to widen, wide
dag~al
dag~-îl-mak = to spread, to widen to widen
to widen, wide
dag~al, d>y
yay-îl-mak = to spread, to widen
wide
tal2
genis^; sel = flood
to be wide
sal
genis^-le-mek; sel = flood
190 WIFE
--
kari, es^
wife, husband,
spouse
dam
dam (ev) = house
female, woman
munus
eme, mama [AVG, 286]
female, eggs,
offspring
nu-nuz
nene, nine = grandmother
191 WIND
--
yel, yil
wind
im, lil
yel, yil
192 WING
--
wing
a2, pa p>k
to fly
dal
--
dal d>y
--
dal
TO WIPE
--
silmek
to wipe
ra.g
sil-mek; ku-ru-lamak = to dry
erase
dir
sil
194 WITH
--
ile, beraber
together with
-da, -ta
-le, -la = suffix expressing togetherness
commitative
-da-
-de, -da, -te, -ta = locative suffix
lie with
-na
-ne, -na = dative suffix for demonstrative pronouns
195 WOMAN
--
kadîn, eme, mama, nine, hala
woman
munus
meme = breast; ana = mother; hanîm/hanum = lady
kanat, telek, yelek
ka-nat (telek [IZEy, 652]); kana(t) [IZEy, 370] = wing
tel-ek (tüy, tüg [IZEy, 652]) = feather, down
yel-ek (kaz tel-egi) = quill from a goose or from a bird's
wing.
dal (kol, butak/budak) = branch
orman, koru, yis^, ag~aç
196 WOODS,
FOREST
-tir
woods, forest
--
--
ter (dirilik, islaklik, yes^illik, canlilik [IZEy, 655]) =
liveliness, wetness,
greenness, living (all of these concepts are associated
with forest
--
--
or woods);
tir
--
ter-ek (kavak [KTLS, 454]) = poplar tree, wooden shelf
tir
--
ter (kabuk [IZEy, 655]) = shell; bark of a tree
X19 TO WORK
--
is^lemek, çalis^mak
to work
kin..ak
--
197 WORM
--
solucan, kurt
worm
g~ar7 [?]
gurt/kurt (solucan)
198 YOU
--
siz
you
-zu.ne(.ne)
-niz, -nuz = verbal pronoun for 2nd p. pl
199 YEAR
--
yîl, sene
year
mu
yîl, sene
200 YELLOW
--
sari
yellow
sig7
sari
END OF 4 OF 5
SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
(Part 5 of 5)
NOTES:
1. "u" has been widely used in Turkish literature as a word corresponding to the
word "and". It might be considered by some as a loan word into Turkish from
Persian. Although it is not clear who got this word from whom, however, in our
view, it is a Central Asiatic word which has migrated into Persian: a) by way of
Sumerians and/or 2) by way of other Central Asiatic peoples such as Sakas, Huns,
Turks who ruled the Persian land mass many times and each time for very long
durations of time throughout the known history. So, in Persia there were a lot of
interaction between Central Asiatic Turkish peoples and Persians throughout the
hystory. During these times of interactions, there have been linguistic and cultural
borrowings between the two ethnic groups.
2. Sumerian "pa" is reported to mean the "top", the "upper part of a tree", "the
upper part of a bird", "supervisor", "chief" and "coming from upper sides" [AZ,
223]. If this definition is correct, then we would have direct correspondence for it
in Turkish. The Turkish version of this Sumerian word would be as follows: "bas^
= head"; "the upper part of a bird" is 'bas^'; father "apa" in Turkish is a supervisor
of a household as well as the chief of the family. So evidently Sumerian "pa" and
Turkish "bas^ are related to each other. Probably the earliest form of Turkish
"bas^" was also "pa". This we can se from the Turkish word "tepe" meaning hill,
mountain top, top of the head and figuratively, someone above others. In Turkish,
there is also the saying of "dag~ bas^i" meaning "mountain top". If we want to
synthesize this two words in old Turkish, we would need to put together the
Turkish word "tau (dag~) = mountain" and the word "bas^ = pa". Thus we would
have {tau+pa ----> taupa ----> tapa} which is exactly the Turkish word "tepe" in
form and meaning, thus, meaning "mountain top" or hill. When one looks at a
mountain chain at a horizon, "mountain peaks" will look like "small hills = tepes"
with respect to the main bodies of the mountains. So Turkish word "tepe" fits well
to these two different but similar concepts. Let us now consider the Turkish word
"apa" meaning "father". If we use the same approach to its synthesis as we did for
the word "tepe, one could say that "father is the "head of a house', "father" is a
"supervisor" and "father" is the "chief" in the house and hence we would have {a +
pa} where the Sumerian word "e" is "house" and "pa" is "top". The Turkish word
for "house" is "ev" the very ancient version of which was probably "e" or "a".
When we put them together, we have {(ev+bas^) ----> (e + pa) ----> (a+pa) ---->
apa = father}. Again we see that we have a likely explanation for Turkish word
"apa" having total affinity to the Sumerian words "e = house" plus "pa= top".
3. The concept inbedded in the words "bud", "leaf" and "sprout" have one aspect in
common to them all which is they all develop at the tip of the branch of a tree or
plant. So Sumerian "pa" meaning "top", as also suggested by the Turkic words
"tepe" and "apa", seems to be a fitting interpretation of the Sumerian sign for this
word.
4. For Central Asiatic people, whose economy in ancient times was based on herds
of sheep, cattle, horse and other herbivorous animals, lamb and/or sheep, i.e.,
Sumerian "udu for sheep and Turkish "kuzu" for lamb, was one source of meat.
This culture, i.e., using "lamb meat" for their meat intake, has been carried on to the
present times by Turkic peoples.
5. In Turkish, change from d to y is very common. Because of this type of
consonant changes, some Turkic dialects are classified as d group and some others
as y group, eg. adak versus ayak meaning "foot",[TDEK2].
6. The word "mar" for snake, serpent is used both in Turkish and Persian. Some
would claime it as a Persian loan word in Turkish. Who got the word from whom is
not certain.
7. In archaic Turkish, there is the -en, -an suffix used as suffix for plural. A good
example of this is in the Turkish word "er-en" meaning "men, soldiers, brave
men". When the 3rd p. s. pronoun o or when it is in the form of an, en receives the
plural suffix -an or -en, we get 'an+an' or 'en+en' form which would correspond
to the present form 'onlar'. Thus the archaic form en-en or an-an of this Turkic
word would be related to the corresponding Sumerian word 'e.ne.ne'.
8. If a Sumerian word starts with a vovel and ends with a consonant, i.e., in the
format of VC, it is very likely that in the original Sumerian form, that word may
actually ended in a vovel, i.e., having a VCV format whereby the final V was
dropped when reading the Sumerian cuneiform writing, eg: us[u], ug[u]. Similarly,
if a Sumerian word has been read in the CV format, it is likely that that word was
originally in VCV format, but somehow the first vovel got dropped in the evolution
of the Sumerian language or in the reading process of the Sumerian cuneiform
writings.
9. In Sumerian pantheon "an" is the topmost god who created everything on the
earth and in the sky. The underliying theme of this word is that "an" is the "mother
creator" of everything. In view of this understanding, it seems that the Turkish
word "ana" for mother is related to the Sumerian "an". It is reasonable to think that
even during proto Sumerian times, "an" and "ana" not only were related but
probably were the same word used for a number of differing meanings as indicated
by the Sumerian word "an" and the Turkish word "ana". This again implies that the
ancestors of Turks and the Sumerians were very closely related people, sharing a
common culture in a homeland common to both of them. All indications are
pointing to Central Asian steppes.
10. It seems that the Sumerian suffix -ag and Turkish suffix -ag or -ak have the
similar meaning as suggested in the following examples: bar-ag vs otur-ak, or durak.
11. In Turkish the saying "men menem" has two meanings; 1) 'I am myself, I do
not resemble anyone else but myself; 2) 'I am my fate' which again means 'I
represent my fate only' or 'I am the living representation of my fate'. In this Turkic
saying, one gets the meaning of Sumerian "me" for fate. Therefore, there seems to
be a kinship between the Sumerian word "mae = I", the Turkish word "men = I"
and the Sumerian word "me" for fate.
12. As one interacts with the ground, one picks up dirt, "kir" in Turkish, which
comes from the ground. Thus it seems that Sumerian word "ki" and Turkish word
"kir", in addition to Turkic "KIR" = countryside, are related and coming from the
same root word.
13. In Turkish the root word "kat" signifies "layers" of layered object in which
layers are tied or attached together, eg. 'apartman kati' a floor of a building, 'ipin
kati' a layer of a rope, 'kat' of any weaving eg. basket, socks, rug weaving, etc. In
the case of rope, the layer threads are tied or hold together by twisting, "bükmek" in
Turkish, them together. Thus the Turkish word "büküm" signifies a kind of tie or
knot, i.e., "dügüm" in Turkish.
14. Turkish villager who raise sheep keep their herd in enclosed pens during winter.
The waste of sheep in the pen is stepped on and pressed down by the sheep all
winter long. In the spring time when sheep are let out, then the pressed sheep waste
is cut and put out to dry. The dried waste is used for burning. These cut and dried
waste bricks are called "kesek" or "kerme" or "tezek" depending on the local dialect
of people using it.
15. This Sumerian word pronounced as abzu by some Sumerologist is written as
zuab in its original Sumerian writing [JLHa], that is to say that the sign for zu is
written before the sign for ab. Therefore, I feel that it should have been read as zuab
rather than abzu. If these two signs written together as zuab stands for underground
waters in Sumerian, then we have a correspondence between this Sumerian word
and the Turkic word "su" for water. Why the order of the Sumerian words zuab has
been changed to abzu is a mistery. This kind of arbitrary change alters the character
of the word making the word Akkadian rather than Central Asian as written in its
Sumerian form.
16. The ancient Turkic word for "sky" is "tang > tan". This is written in the form of
"Tan" in "IRK BITIG" hand written Gök Türk manuscripts, [HNO,271, line 38.
XXVI]. The Turkic words "tengri", tenger", "tengere", "tangara" and "tanri" which
all come from the same root, initially must have consisted of the root words "tang"
or "Teng" plus "er" plus "-i" meaning the "man of the sky/heaven" and hence "the
God". These roots put together as (teng + er + i) ---> tengeri ---> tengri. The suffix
-i is indicative of the accusative form of the Altaic word "tengri".
REFERENCES
ARAT ..... Resid Rahmeti Arat, "Makaleler, cilt I", Turk Kültürünü Arastirma
Enstitüsü, hazirlayan: O. F. Sertkaya,
..... ..... ....Ankara, 1987.
AVG ....... A. von Gabain, Eski Türkçenin Grameri", Ceviren: Mehmet Akalin,
Türk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari, 332,
..... ..... ....Ankara, 1988.
AYB1 ..... Azerbaycan Yurt Bilgisi, Cilt1, Sayi 1-12, Burhanettin Matbaasi,
Istanbul,1932.
AYB2 ..... Azerbaycan Yurt Bilgisi, Cilt 2, Sayi 13-24, Burhanettin Matbaasi,
Istanbul,1933. AYB3 Azerbaycan Yurt
..... ..... ....Bilgisi, Cilt 3, Sayi 25-36, Burhanettin Matbaasi, Istanbul,1934.
AZ ..... ....Andraz Zakar, "Sumerin-Ural-Altaic Affinities", Current Anthropology,
vol. 12, No. 2, April 1971,
..... ..... ...p. 215-224.
FH ..... ....Fred Hamori : "100 word Hymes List"
FH2 ........ Fred Hamori : "Ural - Altaic Language Page"
IZEy ..... ..Ismet Zeki Eyüboglu, "Türk Dilinin Etimoloji Sözlügü", Sosyal
Yayinlar, Istanbul, 1991.
IBML ..... Abdullah Battal, "Ibni-Muhenna Lugati", Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih
Yüksek Kurumu, Türk Dil Kurumu
..... ........ Yayinlari: 9,Ankara, 1988.
JLHa ..... John L. Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian Grammar and Texts", Undena
Publications, Malibu, 1990.
KTLS .....Karsilastirmali Türk Lehçeleri Sözlügü, Kültür Bakanligi /1371, kaynak
Eserler Dizisi /54, Ankara, 1992.
UYAT .....Kurtulus Oztopcu, "Uygur Atasözleri ve Deyimleri", Dogu Türkistan
Vakfi Yayinlari, Istanbul, 1992.
MiEl ...... Mircea Eliade, "Shamanism Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy", Bollingen
Series LXXVI, Princeton University
..... ........ Press, 1974.
MuEr ..... Muharrem Ergin, "Bir Azeri Sairi Ahmet Bey", Azerbaycan Yurt
Bilgisi, Cilt 4, Sayi 37, Burhanettin Erenler
..... ........ Matbaasi, Istanbul,1954, s. 18-21.
ODes ..... Oguz Hakan Destani, part of ARAT above, pages 605-672.
ONT ...... Osman Nedim Tuna, "Sümer ve Türk Dillerinin Tarihi Ilgisi Ile Türk
Dilinin Yasi Meselesi", Atatürk Kültür,
..... ..... ...Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari : 561, Ankara,
1990.
PK ........ Polat Kaya, "A Study of the Lemnos Island Inscription: a preliminary
report", ISBN 0-9696949-3-8, Ottawa,
..... ....... Ontario, Canada, 1977.
RDH1 ... "Türkçe-Ingilizce Redhouse Sözlügü", Redhouse Yayinevi, Istanbul,
1987.
RDH2 ... "Ingilizce-Türkçe Redhouse Sözlügü", Redhouse Yayinevi, Istanbul,
1980.
TDK ...... Türk Dil Kurumu, "Türkçe Sözlük", sayi 175, Ankara, 1959.
TDEL1 ... Türk Kültürünü Arastirma Enstitüsü, "Türk Dünyasi El Kitabi", Birinci
Cilt, Cografya-Tarih, Ankara, 1992.
TDEL2 ... Türk Kültürünü Arastirma Enstitüsü, "Türk Dünyasi El Kitabi", Ikinci
Cilt, Cografya-Tarih, Ankara, 1992.
ABT ....... Abdullah Battal Taymas, "Kazan Türkçesinde Ata Sözleri ve Deyimler",
Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek
..... ........ Kurumu, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari : 275, Ankara, 1988
END OF 5 OF 5