Untitled - Dilsem Dil Kursu

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Dilsem Dil Kursu
2012 EKİM ÜDS SORULARI
6-
ORTAK BÖLÜM
Countries need to utilize the full scope of
appropriate policies to maintain financial
stability in the face of shocks to avoid
abrupt economic ----.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
2-
3-
8-
hostile
naive
obscure
notorious
profound
regretfully
anxiously
voluntarily
adversely
coincidentally
advanced / was dominated
had advanced / has been dominated
advance / must be dominated
were advancing / is dominated
have advanced / could be dominated
The first known idea of the stars ---- to a
sphere, or hemisphere, rotating around us
---- to Anaximenes of Miletus in the 6th
century BC.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
to fix / had been attributed
being fixed / is attributed
fixing / has been attributed
to be fixed / will be attributed
having fixed / was attributed
10. - 17. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere
uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
adopt
consume
withdraw
relieve
illustrate
10- Recent research on the psychology of
infants has made a compelling case ---- the
view that new-borns come into the world
already equipped ---- a lot of innate
knowledge.
In a 'chemical reaction' operation, different
chemical elements ---- changes to one
another to produce new compounds.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
was originating / lived
originates / has been living
originated / had been living
had originated / could have lived
is originating / was living
In general, the political ideas of classical
liberalism ---- rapidly in the nations of
Western Europe, whereas Eastern Europe
---- by autocratic monarchies.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
9-
look up to
run out of
do away with
cut down on
come up with
The word ‘acupuncture’ ---- from a Dutch
physician, William Ten Rhyne, who ---- in
Japan during the latter part of the 17th
century.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Whatever your age and your circumstances
are, the best way to minimize any health
risks is to ---- healthy habits.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
5-
provisions
similarities
opportunities
fluctuations
precautions
Public health strategies regarding nutrition
are based largely on a biomedical model of
diet that requires individual consumers to
comply ---- with dietary advice.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
4-
7-
The brain allows you to cope masterfully
with your everyday environment and is also
capable of producing breath-taking athletic
feats and ---- scientific insights.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
More than 40 per cent of men show signs of
baldness between the ages of 20 and 49, but
studies on genomes of this group have
failed to ---- a potential cure.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
1.- 9. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere
uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
1-
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A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
call off
bring about
put out
turn over
throw away
of / from
towards / by
on / through
for / with
about / in
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11- Dental Public Health is the non-clinical
specialty of preventing and controlling
dental diseases, delivered ---- a target
population or a community ---- a regional or
national basis.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
16- Several studies have recently shown that, ---popular stereotypes, most grandparents do
not wish to take on a parental role toward
their grandchildren.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
with / at
in / over
to / on
by / for
from / through
by means of
owing to
contrary to
for the sake of
in addition to
17- Human beings will always be smart enough
to manipulate their environment ---adapting to it.
12- None of the agricultural developments of the
20th century is ---- more significance than
the rapid advance ---- the use of engines.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
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A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
by / through
with / at
about / for
to / over
of / in
because of
in terms of
in spite of
rather than
such as
13- The introduction of the new ideas that led to
the Renaissance in the late 15th century
sparked a change of mind-set ---- people
began to look more towards reason than
faith to find answers.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
unless
in case
whether
even if
as
14- ---- commonly associated with hot and dry
environments, reptiles are found in a wide
range of habitats and climates around the
world.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Although
Now that
When
Since
Just as
15- Many teenagers suffer from acne, which is
triggered by hormonal changes at puberty,
---- it usually clears up as they reach their
20s.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
thereby
but
if
because
once
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18. - 22. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada
numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya
da ifadeyi bulunuz.
23. - 27. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada
numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya
da ifadeyi bulunuz.
The attempts, first by British warships and then
troops, to force the Dardanelles in 1915 (18)---- one
of the most fascinating and controversial campaigns
of World War I. The Allies hoped to pass through
the Dardanelles, drive Turkey out of the war and
provide assistance through the warm water ports of
the Black Sea (19)---- a hard-pressed Russia.
Winston Churchill insisted on war, (20)---- his senior
naval colleagues objected. It was the first major
amphibious operation in modern warfare, using
aircraft and photography (21)---- radio
communications and submarines. Its lessons,
positive as well as negative, (22)---- by the British
planners for Normandy and even in the Falklands
conflict of 1982.
Water recycling is reusing wastewater to save both
energy and the environment. Landscape irrigation,
cooling processes in oil refineries and dust control
are (23)---- the most common non-potable (not for
drinking) purposes. Recycled water can meet most
water demands (24)---- it is adequately treated to
ensure water quality. In situations where people are
overly (25)---- to recycled water, they are more likely
to contract diseases. However, no documented
cases of human health problems (26)---- contact
with recycled water have been reported. As such,
demand for recycled water is increasing very
rapidly, and with no doubt, it (27)---- many recycling
projects across the world in following decades.
23-
18A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
intend
surrender
destroy
submit
constitute
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
upon
over
with
about
among
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
so that
as long as
even though
as if
whereas
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
exposed
objected
devoted
sentenced
entitled
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
as well as
rather than
as opposed to
instead of
due to
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
has been prompting
is prompting
will be prompting
was prompting
had been prompting
2419A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
to
upon
within
about
at
25-
20A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
unless
though
moreover
since
thus
26-
21A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
because of
just as
in terms of
along with
in spite of
27-
22A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
are studied
may be studied
were studied
must be studied
have been studied
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28. - 37. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun
şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.
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31- If galaxies pass near each other or
converge, ----.
A) they would have surely caused a great
cosmic collision
B) the proximity between them is not always
stable due to movements in space
C) the process was usually accompanied by
other phenomena
D) they can be reshaped by each other’s
gravitational forces
E) the Milky Way Galaxy has existed for
millions of light-years
28- No matter which approach scientists use to
develop vaccines, ----.
A) some diseases respond perfectly well to
early treatment
B) more and more infants are being
vaccinated against measles throughout the
World
C) the vaccine against yellow fever is one of
the most effective ever produced
D) they must start by conducting basic
research on a range of experimental
formulas
E) vaccines are also recommended for those
who are food handlers or international
travellers
32- When asked who they really are, ----.
A) many ideas about the mind are derived
from scholastic principles
B) contemporary philosophers see people as
the embodiment of their minds
C) most people will try to describe their
behavioural characteristics or ways of
thinking
D) it might be thought that self-esteem is
totally responsible for one’s rational
decisions
E) the soul is defined as the cognitive and
immortal self of a person by psychologists
29- Although creativity has long been
considered a gift of a select minority, ----.
A) psychologists are now revealing its seeds
in mental processes that all of us undergo
such as decision-making
B) journalists in particular can come up with
effective techniques that break down
people’s established viewpoints
C) idea generation is indeed the first important
stage of originality, which helps in the
workplace a lot
D) the contributions of creative thought can
directly translate into career advancement
as well as financial rewards
E) researchers have recently discovered the
mysteries of exceptional creativity
exhibited by the artists of the Age of
Enlightenment
33- Eczema is an allergic skin reaction to a wide
range of external and internal irritants, ----.
A) whether fish oil is an effective therapy for
this condition requires more research
B) although studies show that ill people suffer
from higher levels of anxiety
C) however it can be difficult to identify the
exact cause in some cases
D) whereas it commonly appears on the
hands, arms, elbows and knees
E) if patients are encouraged to learn how to
resist the urge to scratch
30- Once the immune system has weakened, ----.
A) it is not clear why some people get
recurring infections
B) a virus can overcome the body’s primary
defences and cause colds and flu
C) antibiotics will only be suggested if there is
another bacterial infection
D) taking painkillers will probably ease the
early symptoms of the disease
E) one can use menthol products to help clear
a runny nose
34- ----, Pythagoras developed both scientific
and eccentric theories about the physical
universe.
A) Even if new inventions had replaced the
tools that were used in prehistoric times
B) Since he was favoured neither by the
public nor by any influential government
authorities
C) Despite having computed the distance
between the Sun and the Moon
D) Because Greece was threatened by an
invading army
E) In addition to figuring out useful things
related to triangles
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38. - 41. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye
anlamca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi, Türkçe
cümleye anlamca en yakın İngilizce cümleyi
bulunuz.
35- Stress and worry are common triggers for
insomnia, ----.
A) if it contributes to daytime tiredness which
could be responsible for accidents
B) thus people who are struggling with difficult
issues are particularly vulnerable to it
C) while attempts to restore a normal sleep
pattern through exercise may fail
D) as sufferers try to follow a routine by going
to sleep and getting up at the same time
E) but it is doubtless that it affects many
children and their parents as well
38- Specialists suggest that patients who
complain about joint pains stemming from
calcification should take short walks
regularly or apply to alternative medicine
methods like hydrotherapy.
A) Uzmanlar, planlı bir şekilde kısa yürüyüşler
yapmanın veya su tedavisi gibi alternatif tıp
yöntemlerine başvurmanın, hastaların
kireçlenme yüzünden yakındıkları eklem
ağrılarını ortadan kaldırdığını dile getiriyor.
B) Uzmanlar, hastalar kireçlenmenin yol açtığı
eklem ağrılarından yakındıklarında onlara
sık sık kısa yürüyüşler yapmalarını veya su
tedavisi gibi alternatif tıp yöntemlerine
başvurmalarını tavsiye ediyor.
C) Uzmanların, kireçlenmenin neden olduğu
eklem ağrılarından yakınan hastalara
tavsiye ettikleri şey, belirli aralıklarla kısa
yürüyüşler yapmaları veya su tedavisi gibi
alternatif tıp yöntemlerine başvurmalarıdır.
D) Uzmanlar, kireçlenmeden dolayı eklem
ağrıları olan hastalara, bu ağrılardan daha
fazla yakınmamaları için sık sık kısa
yürüyüşler yapmalarını veya su tedavisi
gibi alternatif tıp yöntemlerine
başvurmalarını tavsiye ediyor.
E) Uzmanlar, kireçlenmeden kaynaklanan
eklem ağrılarından yakınan hastalara,
düzenli olarak kısa yürüyüşler yapmalarını
veya su tedavisi gibi alternatif tıp
yöntemlerine başvurmalarını tavsiye
ediyor.
36- ----, there are some species of tortoises that
have probably never encountered any open
bodies of water in their lifetimes.
A) Even though most of them live both on
land and in water
B) Since our planet hosts many land animals
with differing characteristics
C) Just as crocodilians lay eggs in nests near
the water
D) Whereas deep-sea fish live in a world with
no light whatsoever
E) When it is difficult to distinguish seals from
sea lions
37- Many scientists maintain that susceptibility
to autism is inherited, ----.
A) as certain autistic individuals display
incredible talents in very specific domains
B) whether there is a connection between the
illness and newly discovered class of nerve
cells
C) so an autistic child prefers to be alone and
resists change
D) whereas environmental risk factors also
seem to play a role in the development of
the disease
E) once physicians have developed better
ways to diagnose and successfully treat
the disorder
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40- Batı’yla karşılaştırıldığında Asya ülkeleri,
yaşlı ve hasta akrabalara ailenin bakacağı
varsayımına dayanarak emekli maaşlarına
ve sosyal güvenlik sistemlerine daha az
yatırım yapmıştır.
39- While laptops are mostly used for personal
activities, large computers are used by
corporations and government agencies as
central computers that can be
simultaneously accessed by many users.
A) Dizüstü bilgisayarlar çoğunlukla kişisel
uğraşlar için kullanılmasına rağmen, büyük
bilgisayarlar gibi aynı anda birçok kullanıcı
tarafından erişilen merkezî bilgisayarlar
olarak şirketler ve resmî daireler tarafından
da kullanılabilir.
B) Dizüstü bilgisayarlar çoğunlukla kişisel
faaliyetler için kullanılırken, büyük
bilgisayarlar, birçok kullanıcının eş
zamanda ulaşabildiği merkezî bilgisayarlar
olarak şirketler ve resmî daireler tarafından
kullanılır.
C) Büyük bilgisayarlar genellikle şirketler ve
resmî dairelerde birçok kişinin aynı anda
ulaşabildiği merkezî bilgisayarlar olarak
kullanılır, dizüstü bilgisayarlar ise daha çok
kişisel faaliyetler için tercih edilmektedir.
D) Dizüstü bilgisayarlar kişisel kullanımlar için
tasarlanmış olsa da şirketlerde ve resmî
dairelerde birçok kullanıcının aynı anda
erişebildiği merkezî bilgisayarlar olarak da
çalışabilir.
E) Dizüstü bilgisayarları büyük
bilgisayarlardan ayıran özellik, hem kişisel
işler için hem de şirketler ve devlet daireleri
tarafından aynı zamanda birçok
kullanıcının erişebildiği merkezî
bilgisayarlar olarak kullanılabilmeleridir.
A) Thinking that the family will look after their
elderly and ill relatives, Asian countries
have hardly made investment in pensions
and social security systems, compared
with the West.
B) When compared with the West, Asian
countries have invested less in pensions
and social security systems, but they
believe the family will look after the old and
ill relatives.
C) Asian countries, compared with the West,
have invested less in pensions and social
security systems, on the assumption that
the family will look after the elderly and ill
relatives.
D) In comparison with the West, Asian
countries assume that the family will look
after the elderly and ill relatives, thus they
invest less in pensions and social security
systems.
E) As Asian countries, unlike the West, think
that the family will be able to look after the
old and ill relatives, they invest less in
pensions and social security systems.
41- Vücudun kendini önemli ölçüde
yenilemesini sağlayan öğle uykusu, özellikle
Arjantin ve Filipinler gibi sıcak ülkelerde
uygulanan yaygın bir gelenektir.
A) In hot countries like Argentina and the
Philippines, siesta is a common tradition
which is particularly practised in order to
help the body renew itself remarkably.
B) Generally practised in hot countries like
Argentina and the Philippines, siesta is a
popular tradition that helps the body renew
itself with ease.
C) Siesta helps the body renew itself
substantially, and it is a common tradition
mostly practised in hot countries such as
Argentina and the Philippines.
D) Siesta, which helps the body renew itself
considerably, is a widespread tradition
especially practised in hot countries such
as Argentina and the Philippines.
E) In addition to being a widespread tradition
mainly practised in hot countries like
Argentina and the Philippines, siesta helps
the body renew itself to a great extent.
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SOSYAL BİLİMLER BÖLÜMÜ
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44- It is understood from the passage that ----.
A) Aeschylus’s dramatic poetry is hard to
comprehend, as he depicted sophisticated
characters
B) the audience of the time objected to the
idea that a second actor caused chaos on
stage
C) Aeschylus was inspired by Thespis in his
attempts to introduce a second character
into his plays
D) with Aeschylus’s initiation, a conversation
or a clash was realized by the acts of two
actors on stage
E) most Greek tragedies had at least three
actors on stage or in the chorus
42. - 45. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre
cevaplayınız.
Although Aeschylus is considered to be the first
great innovator of Western drama, it is sometimes
difficult to judge the full extent of the innovations he
introduced, since no plays by his predecessor,
Thespis, have been preserved. What we know
about Greek drama before Aeschylus suggests that
it had developed gradually out of choral lyrics,
occasionally interrupted by short dialogues between
the chorus and a single speaker or singer
representing an individual character. Aeschylus took
the decisive step of introducing a second actor, thus
enabling for the first time a dialogue or conflict
between two individuals to take place on the stage
and in front of an audience. The innovations made
possible by Aeschylus’s introduction of a second
character are very significant. In addition, an actor
could leave the stage and reappear in the guise of
another character, thus permitting an increase in the
overall number of persons represented. In his later
plays, Aeschylus used three actors, allowing him to
feature a large number of characters, as in The
Libation Bearers, the second play of the Oresteia
trilogy.
45- It is clearly stated in the passage that ----.
A) Aeschylus’s last play, Oresteia, was a
trilogy where numerous kinds of legends
were expressed
B) in order to raise the number of characters
on stage, performers in Aeschylus’s plays
changed costumes and played other parts
C) a heroic image was depicted throughout
the plays by the actors representing
different characters
D) developments in drama brought by
Aeschylus had been controversial for a
long time
E) Aeschylus was a man of the stage who
even acted in his own plays in disguise
with other actors
42- According to the passage, it is difficult to
grasp the importance of Aeschylus’s
innovations, because ----.
A) he, as his successor, parodied Thespis’s
elevated style
B) they are believed to have come into being
rather quickly
C) the plays of his antecedents have not been
retained
D) his surviving trilogy was singled out in
terms of its content
E) his plays expressed the confidence and
authority of an emerging empire
43- As indicated in the passage, prior to
Aeschylus, drama ----.
A) had choral lyrics in which short dialogues
between chorus and characters intervened
B) primarily focused on the conflicts between
different characters
C) was dominated by long and continuous
choral lyrics
D) had been specifically performed for the
audience
E) was confined to a single character
represented by a speaker or a singer
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48- One can understand from the passage that the
European powers disintegrated the Ottoman
Empire so that they could ----.
cevaplayınız.
A) accelerate the political and economic
developments in the Middle East
B) continue the conquests of Napoleon in
Egypt
C) liberate Egypt from the Ottoman
domination
D) benefit economically and extend their
political influence
E) respond to the call of local people for
independence
Outside forces have played a major part in the birth
and development of Middle Eastern states as well
as in shaping the environment in which these states
have operated. Since Napoleon’s intervention in
Egypt in the late 18th century, European powers
have been an important part of the Middle East’s
make-up – its politics, socio-economic development
and external orientation. It was the European
powers who took control of significant areas of the
region from the 19th century, and they gave rise to
the downfall of the Ottoman Empire and shared its
spoils in the early 20th century. It was the same set
of European powers that formed new states from
territories under their control. But in the second half
of the 20th century, the nature of outside
intervention changed somewhat. As a penetrated
regional system, the Middle East, for all its active
internal dynamics (nationalism, the Arab-Israeli War,
etc.), was by the 1950s subject to the influence of
strategically-driven calculations made by the world’s
two superpowers: the US and the USSR. The
superpowers’ calculations not only directly affected
politics of the region, but also the environment
where the local forces were taking shape. For over
a generation, the Cold War between superpowers
was the framework of the Middle East’s regional
system, from North Africa in the west to the borders
of the Soviet Caucasus and Central Asia.
49- It can be inferred from the passage that the
fate of the Middle Eastern states ----.
A) was decided first by the European powers
and then the two superpowers
B) depended exclusively on the policies of
imperial European powers of the time
C) was directly linked to the survival of the
Ottoman Empire that controlled the region
D) was similar in many ways to the states in
North Africa and the Central Asia
E) was in the hands of their elected rulers for
centuries
46- During the second half of the 20th century,
----.
A) the Cold War between superpowers forced
the Middle Eastern countries to rethink
their calculations
B) active internal dynamics in the Middle East
shaped the region’s prospects
C) the two superpowers began to take active
involvement in the Middle East
D) local forces in the Middle East were
against the dominance of two superpowers
E) the Middle East was a completely different
region from the Soviet Caucasus and
Central Asia
47- The author’s attitude towards the
developments in the Middle East is ----.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
supportive
realistic
sarcastic
modest
satirizing
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51- It is obvious from the passage that Kovács
and Mehler wanted to ----.
cevaplayınız.
A) demonstrate the role of visual and nonvisual rewards in children’s language
development
B) prove monolingual infants complete their
cognitive development later than bilinguals
C) find out whether bilingual and monolingual
infants differ in their cognitive abilities
D) show the role of computers in the
acquisition of distinct sound patterns in
bilinguals
E) explore the sound-learning strategies of
the monolingual infants
Recent research suggests that not only can children
differentiate between two languages at an early age,
but also show cognitive benefits from being exposed
to a second language starting as early as infancy. In
a study in 2009 of ‘crib bilinguals’, cognitive
psychologists Agnes Kovács and Jacques Mehler
used a visual test to measure cognitive flexibility in
preverbal seven-month-olds. Kovács and Mehler
wanted to see how quickly the infants could adapt to
changing rules. They taught the infants a pattern
consisting of speech-like sounds. At the end of the
sequence, a visual reward in the form of a puppet
would appear in one part of a computer screen. The
infants were expected to learn that a given sound
pattern predicated the appearance of the puppet in
that location. Both bilingual and monolingual infants
showed that they associated the sound sequence
with the puppet’s location equally well by looking in
the right place for the puppet to appear. But when
Kovács and Mehler modified the sequence – and
moved the puppet – the bilingual infants adjusted,
switching their anticipatory gaze to the new location.
The monolingual infants, however, continued to look
for the puppet in the original location.
52- Kovács and Mehler’s research reveals that
both monolingual and bilingual infants ----.
A) predict how modified sequences of
speech-like sounds match with moved
objects
B) fail to associate the sound sequence with
the location of the object on the screen
C) confirm the hypothesis that the brain is
present for only one language
D) guess the appearance of the puppet in a
given location upon a particular sound
pattern
E) have equally sophisticated modes of
thinking in the preverbal stage of language
acquisition
50- One can conclude from the passage that
bilingual children ----.
A) are likely to make more verbal mistakes
and delay the full acquisition process
because of interference between two
languages
B) can differentiate between two languages
they are exposed to at an early age, but
their cognitive abilities remain
indistinguishable from monolinguals
C) not only develop the same patterns of
cognitive flexibility as monolinguals do, but
they also respond to verbal stimuli equally
well
D) innately show more creativity than their
monolingual peers do, indicating a superior
ability to grasp abstract concepts
E) are capable of both distinguishing between
two languages and developing cognitive
flexibility at an early age
A) many scientists make use of visual tests to
measure the cognitive capacity of bilingual
children
B) monolinguals were unable to guess where
the puppet would appear when a sound
pattern was given for the first time
C) growing up bilingually led to verbal delays
as psychologists demonstrate today
D) only bilingual infants adapted to the
modified sound sequence and the
relocated puppet
E) bilingual children’s adaptation to changing
rules was similar to that of monolinguals
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55- One point that differentiates Moody’s from
other credit rating agencies is that it ----.
cevaplayınız.
A) puts more emphasis on the probability of
default than what will happen when a
default occurs
B) assigns credit ratings to institutions that
have already defaulted on payments
C) gives an opinion about whether an
institution has a reliable credit quality or if it
is subject to default
D) measures both how likely it is that there
might be a default and the ability of the
borrower to return to ‘AAA’ status
E) is concerned with the time the institution is
likely to remain in default
A credit rating agency measures credit worthiness
of institutions from companies to governments and
assesses their ability to pay back a loan. The top
three credit rating agencies are Standard and Poor’s
(S&P), Fitch Ratings and Moody’s. Each rating
agency has developed its own rating system. Fitch
Ratings developed its system in 1924, which was
later adopted by S&P. Both use a system of letter
sliding from the best rating ‘AAA’ to the lowest ‘D’
for borrowers already defaulting on payments. In
detail, ‘AAA’ represents the best quality borrowers
that are reliable and stable without any foreseeable
risk to future payments, while ‘D’ means the
institution has defaulted on payment obligations,
having failed to pay back the loans – S&P and Fitch
Ratings assert it will keep on doing so. Moody’s
follows a different rating system. It argues that their
ratings have a superior approach that considers not
only the likelihood of default, but also the severity of
the default. In addition, S&P and Fitch Ratings are
only interested in how likely a borrower is to default,
whereas Moody’s cares how long the default is
likely to last. Most importantly, S&P does not care
what the recovery value will be – the amount of
money that the lender will end up with after the
borrower has defaulted. Moody’s, by contrast, tries
to figure out the expected losses, which makes it
more preferable.
A) the grade of an institution is not lowered if
the default is temporary and will be
resolved soon
B) companies are more prone to default when
compared to governments
C) borrowers turn to Moody’s if S&P and Fitch
Ratings cannot agree with their credit
grades
D) high grades do not guarantee that the
institution is not vulnerable to default on
payments
E) an institution is expected to default over
the long term if it has ‘D’ grade in the rating
system of S&P and Fitch Ratings
54- It is implied in the passage that ----.
57- It is stated in the passage that ----.
A) an institution will not be able to take any
more loans if it has been downgraded by
Moody’s
B) credit ratings provided by agencies
determine the financial strength of
institutions to meet the payments
C) the top three rating agencies have shaped
their rating systems in cooperation with
each other
D) S&P was the first rating agency to
effectively use the rating system of letter
sliding from ‘AAA’ to ‘D’
E) no rating agencies apart from the top three
are able to provide accurate credit ratings
to institutions
A) the amount of money that can be refunded
after a default increases if an institution
has a high grade in S&P’s rating system
B) S&P has been going beyond just rating
institutions on the basis of how likely they
are to default
C) payment obligations are considered to be
extraneous when Moody’s is trying to
estimate the possible losses
D) Moody’s seems to be more advantageous,
as it takes into account how much could be
suffered after a default
E) how long a default will last can be partially
calculated by detecting the recovery value
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60- One of the key points stated in the passage
is that ----.
A) the immigrants should be securely placed
in the cities near the external borders
B) integration of the immigrants is not the
concern of Member States
C) prevention of excessive immigration can
best be practised by changing the
immigration rules
D) EU countries should restrict the number of
immigrants to avoid a rapid increase in the
population
E) the EU population can be secured by
taking measures against unlawful
immigration
Today, the European Union is home to more than
20 million immigrants, who represent about 4 per
cent of the total EU population and make valuable
contributions to European society. These new
arrivals fill gaps in the labour market that EU
workers cannot or do not wish to fill, helping to
address the demographic decline in Europe’s
working age population. Properly managed,
immigration can help contribute to the EU’s longterm economic development and competitiveness.
At the same time, ensuring the security and
prosperity of the EU population remains vital. The
key is to streamline and simplify the legal
immigration process, enforce measures against
illegal immigrants, secure the external borders and
support the Member States’ efforts to promote the
integration of immigrants so they become full
participants in EU society. One of the EU’s more
remarkable achievements is the creation of its
single market, where people, goods, services and
capital move freely throughout the 27 EU Member
States. The flip side of this free movement,
however, is that the reduced internal border controls
necessitate strengthened external borders. Each
border state bears a particular responsibility for
defending its portion of the EU’s borders and with it,
the security of the entire EU.
A) using the same currency within Member
States leads to a powerful EU economy
B) internal borders should be controlled as
extensively as the external ones
C) sharing a single market among EU
countries does not necessitate a stronger
control over the borders
D) decreased control over the internal borders
may require stricter management of
external borders
E) Member States should frame their
immigration processes themselves
regarding their socio-economic
backgrounds
58- According to the passage, immigrants in the
EU are crucial as they ----.
A) do the jobs that inhabitants are reluctant to
perform
B) contribute to the increase of the overall
population
C) help to increase the competition among
other countries
D) culturally integrate themselves to the
country they are working in
E) obediently fulfil all the tasks they are
required to do
59- According to the passage, ----.
A) local workers in EU countries are better
educated and thus more competent than
the immigrants
B) in the long run, immigrants may contribute
to the management of financial problems of
the EU
C) the problem of the work gap in EU
countries can never be totally overcome
D) working conditions of the immigrants in the
EU are worse than in their home countries
E) the free movement of people and goods
throughout Member States is hindered by
strong internal borders
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64- One can conclude from the passage that ----.
A) family is an inseparable part of a nation as
it contributes greatly to its sustainment
B) parents tend to have difficulty in conveying
their cultural characteristics to children
C) anthropological studies ignore the role of
the family in nation formation
D) one’s genetic properties hardly have an
influence on developing his or her cultural
traits
E) families may not remain as transmitters of
physical traits in the future
Humans are preoccupied with vitality; that is, a
concern with the generation, transmission,
continuation and protection of life itself. The obvious
social tie formed around this preoccupation is the
family. However, numerous individual families of a
nation understand themselves to be just that; thus,
the continuation of the nation into the future is
regarded as entailing the continuation of the families
into the future. Anthropological studies reveal that
humans have always formed not only families, but
also larger groups of which families are a part.
Parents transmit to their own offspring not only their
flesh and blood – genetic properties in a broader
term – but also their cultural inheritance; the
language, traditions, customs and so forth – of the
larger group, of the nation. This cultural inheritance
is usually viewed by the parents as being quite
precious to their existence. This intergenerational
transmission of one’s culture may be part of the
reason for the tendency to view the nation as a form
of kinship, because what is being transmitted is a
part of one’s self to one’s descendants.
65- The passage is mainly about the ----.
A) effects of cultural differences in the
transmission of customs and traditions
B) human nature that needs to regenerate
continually for both biological and social
reasons
C) superiority of the older generation over the
new in maintaining strong family
relationships
D) improvement of the understanding of being
a family and a nation in general
E) historical and cultural aspects of the
relation between family and individuals
A) cultural inheritance of a nation lies mainly
in its historical background
B) larger groups are more effective than
families while transmitting culture to a new
generation
C) a combination of factors compels people to
form groups of families and preserve their
principles
D) anthropologists’ efforts to explore into the
formation of ancient families are worth
praising
E) cultural properties of a nation will still be
conveyed despite structural changes in the
family
66. - 70. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş
bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi
bulunuz.
66- Andrew
: While surfing on the Internet, I
found an article claiming that national anthems
were being used by ancient people in primitive
times.
Madeline
: What may have caused them to
do so?
Andrew
: It says they primarily played
them to threaten and deter their enemies.
Madeline
: ----
63- It can be inferred from the passage that ----.
A) Actually, most of them mention the
geographical properties of a country.
B) So, anthems written in hard times of a
nation sound like one another.
C) Yet, they’re more commonly used in
national festivals and sports events in our
time.
D) Undoubtedly, poets who wrote them should
be very proud of themselves.
E) Well, I know there are anthems that don’t
have any lyrics and are purely
instrumental.
A) preoccupation with vitality is no longer a
relevant concept in the contemporary
World
B) it is not cultural inheritance, but genetic
properties that make people a nation
C) transmission of genetic properties is
considered to be the most important task of
a family
D) the majority of people ignore the
importance of kinship to form a nation
E) the way we think or behave is associated
with what we have inherited from our
parents
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67- Pelin
: Although the Great Mosque and
Hospital of Divriği is on the World Heritage List,
it doesn’t get the attention it deserves by the
media.
Cansu
: What do you think they can do to
increase its recognition both across the country
and in the world?
Pelin
: ---Cansu
: I’m sure those ideas would
create a great influence.
69- Mike
: I’ve read an interesting article
saying that recounting an experience may
enhance our understanding of it, which then
dulls our opinion of the incident.
Elena
: That sounds interesting indeed. I
can’t seem to think of any examples, though.
Can you?
Mike
: ---Elena
: Excellent! This pretty much sums
it up for me.
A) TV programmers could choose to feature
the place in their most-watched programs
and the newspapers could mention it.
B) I don’t expect any help from them, because
they’re generally interested in doing
contests for amusement.
C) I think documentaries about historical
places are very boring, that’s why nobody
wants to watch them.
D) In our modern world, people who work for
hours don’t have enough time to watch TV
or read newspapers regularly to be aware
of such facts.
E) If I were a famous singer or an actress, I
would visit there and thus everybody would
hear about it thanks to me.
A) Of course. Suppose you visualize in your
mind that you’re getting a promotion.
You’re improving your chances of getting it
by doing so.
B) For instance, if you avoid thinking about
your last failure, you’re more likely to leave
your bad memories behind.
C) Let’s say you use different routes every
day while driving home. This will make you
better at giving directions to it.
D) If you keep dwelling on past experiences,
for example, you can’t enjoy the moment.
E) Well, describing how good a cupcake
tastes could make you enjoy it less.
70- Altan
: Why do critics have to be so
harsh and rigid when they write reviews on
newly-released books and movies?
Kerem
: ---Altan
: That’s what I wanted to say.
They influence other people about what to do
and make them prejudiced.
Kerem
: We need to remember that it’s all
a matter of personal taste. No two people get
the exact same pleasure from a given book or
movie.
68- Nicole
: According to a study, almost half
of the world’s billionaires live in the US.
Claudia
: ---Nicole
: That’s true, but it doesn’t mean
the whole populace of the country is rich and
prosperous.
Claudia
: Yes, we cannot disregard the
homeless and needy people who reside in the
streets.
A) I know. On the other hand, Nigeria with a
low economic activity has the poorest
citizens.
B) That didn’t surprise me at all, as the
financial centre of the world is located
there.
C) I bet Bill Gates is one of them with an
enormous income that he gained with the
help of his genius.
D) Thus, the national debt of the US
surpassed 10-trillion dollars, bringing the
country into the largest national debt in
2008.
E) That’s why people argue about whether
globalization has eradicated borders and
cultural differences.
A) They use their own preferences and biases
to affect readers and audiences.
B) Most of them are living without any contact
with society, so how could they know what
people like in general?
C) You’re right. It takes a special kind of
personality to be so frank and open.
D) Literature needs this kind of
encouragement, but the movie sector can
stand on its own without critics.
E) This not only lowers the productivity of
authors and scriptwriters, but also
contributes to disappointment and even
mild depression.
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71. - 75. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek
cümleyi bulunuz.
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73- A television rating is simply the number of
households tuned into a particular
television program at a given point in time.
Advertisers especially rely on ratings
information to increase the effectiveness of
television advertising. When they want a
commercial to reach an audience, they need
to place it in TV programs that deliver a
great number of viewers. The more
audience a program delivers, the more the
commercial time is worth to advertisers. ----
71- While identifying the right behaviours for
reinforcement, even managers who use
positive reinforcement can get into trouble if
they are not careful to identify the right
behaviours to reinforce. ---- First, it is crucial
for managers to choose behaviours over
which subordinates have control; in other
words, subordinates must have the freedom
and opportunity to perform the behaviours
that are being reinforced. Second, these
should provide organizational effectiveness.
A) Furthermore, the ratings are calculated by
gathering a sample of households that
represent the total television-viewing
population and monitoring their viewing
behaviours.
B) If an advertiser spends millions running
ads during a program that does not meet
its expectations, it would be economically
wise to reconsider its placement in that
time slot.
C) For example, most TV stations broadcast
news, shows or series during primetime, as
they can achieve a higher viewership than
other programs, and they are always highrated.
D) In fact, advertisements can be harmful for
the younger population, who spend hours
in front of the TV screen and are exposed
to aggressive advertising in between
popular shows.
E) Although user habits are rapidly changing,
television has long been considered the
most effective mass-market advertising
medium and the ultimate platform for
targeted advertising.
A) The managers sometimes stop acting
interested in the non-work-related
conversations.
B) No one likes being criticized or threatened
in front of other people.
C) People avoid performing behaviours that
lead to outcomes they do not desire.
D) Doing this is not always as straightforward
as it might seem.
E) Punishment can have some unintended
side effects such as loss of self-respect.
72- It is not exactly known when the practice of
reading the future in coffee grinds began.
But since the urge to decipher the brown
marks left by or in the grinds seems so
natural, such practices are probably as old
as coffee drinking itself. In fact, Turkish
coffee, whose method of preparation leads
to grinds in the cup, readily lends itself to
fortune-telling through explaining the
shapes left by the grinds. ---- People would
turn their cups over on their saucers to let
the grinds slide along the sides of the cup,
leaving shapes and patterns that can be
described.
74- Literature, whether sacred or secular, is the
result of individual and collective genius.
Shakespeare was a ‘dramatic God’, a maker
of worlds, but he could not be detached
from the English culture that had formed
him and which he then helped to form.
Imitating the literary models of other
countries does not contribute to the
formation of a national literature. ---- Johann
Wolfgang Goethe was the man who was
capable of that task.
A) In the 19th century, this particular kind of
coffee reading or divination by coffee
grinds became quite popular.
B) The first stage in the spread of coffee
throughout the world was its crossing of
the Red Sea, having travelled from its
native Ethiopia and Yemen.
C) Traditional fortune-tellers vary in
methodology, generally using techniques
long established in their cultures and thus
meeting the cultural expectations of their
clients.
D) For example, a cross would mean that one
should look after his health; flames, that
one should not trust his initial impressions.
E) Of course, no artificial coffee flavouring is
any match for the real thing like Arabica
beans which are grown in Jamaica and
Colombia.
A) The conflict between the literature of the
old and that of the young, it seems, will
exist for more than another one hundred
years.
B) Cervantes, Balzac, and even Dostoyevsky,
rather than national, were universal writers
who attracted many people throughout the
world.
C) Germany, in order to develop a national
literature, had to identify and draw on its
own resources.
D) The race between the English and the
German for the formation of the best
civilization was also felt in literature.
E) The printing press naturally accelerated the
proliferation of the national literature in
Germany.
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75- Many instructors believe that learning
depends on the teacher. The teachercentred model of education places all of the
responsibility for deciding what is taught
and how it is taught on the instructor. This
model views teachers as active participants
in the educational process and learners as
passive recipients of knowledge. ---- The
ultimate aim is to produce educated
learners, and teaching is a means to this
end. With this view, teachers should place
less emphasis on what they know and more
on what learners bring to the educational
encounter.
77- (I) The European Court of Human Rights is an
international court set up in 1959. (II) It rules on
individual or state applications alleging
violations of the civil and political rights set out
in the European Convention on Human Rights.
(III) Since its foundation, the Court has
delivered more than 10,000 judgements. (IV)
The Convention, which was signed on 4th
November 1950 in Rome, entered into force in
1953. (V) Some of them have led governments
to alter their legislation and administrative
practice in a wide range of areas.
A) Current educational theory, however,
argues for a learner-centred rather than a
teacher-centred approach.
B) There is a natural tendency among
instructors to teach others in the way they
were taught before.
C) Educators must develop a complete
understanding of what goes on in the mind
of the learner to improve the quality of
education.
D) The discipline of most colleges and
universities is generally framed for the
ease of the masters, not for the benefit of
the students.
E) If learning environments become better
adapted to the needs of learners, they will
emerge with a greater degree of useful
connected knowledge.
78- (I) For the first time since the 1920s, US cities
are growing faster than suburbs. (II)
Historically, suburban growth has been fuelled
by young urban families leaving the city. (III)
But in the tough economy, young adults are
opting to stay in city rentals rather than
purchase suburban homes. (IV) Meanwhile, the
normal influx of job-seeking graduates
continues – youths keep moving in, but nobody
is moving out. (V) In fact, the ‘garden suburb’
tradition has recently come to dominate such
populous cities as New Orleans and San
Francisco.
A) I
A) I
76- (I) Lakes have obviously played an important
role in the historical development of
communities, and modern life is dependent on
the purification facilities and agricultural
benefits that lakes provide. (II) As renewable
energy becomes increasingly important in the
21st century, so do lakes and the possibilities of
hydroelectric power that they present. (III)
Major threats to the longevity of lake fertility are
pollution, drainage and faulty watermanagement practices. (IV) Economically,
lakes play an integral part in the development
of major waterways and travel routes. (V)
Fishing and aquaculture, and the jobs their
industry represents, are also principle benefits
of living in a lake community.
B) II
C) III
D) IV
B) II
C) III
C) III
D) IV
D) IV
E) V
E) V
79- (I) In comparison to Britain, industrialization in
other regions of Europe took much longer to get
started. (II) The Industrial Revolution was a
transition from the world of hand-made
products to a factory system based on
machine-made products. (III) With the
exception of Belgium, which began to
industrialize in 1806, industrialization on the
British model started after 1830. (IV) It needed
the combination of several factors for the
Industrial Revolution in Britain at all. (V)
Investments in new commercial enterprises, a
large available workforce and active markets
encouraged industrialization in Britain almost a
century before the rest of Europe.
76. - 80. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla
okunduğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü
bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
A) I
B) II
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
80- (I) The extraordinary rise of solitary living is the
biggest social change that many sociologists
neglected to identify. (II) ‘Going solo’ started out
and was most common among male migrant
workers, and it was usually a short-lived stage
on the road to a more conventional domestic
life. (III) A recent study has revealed that
people who live alone make up a great majority,
and they are tied with childless couples as the
most common residential type. (IV) However,
there is little evidence that the rise of living
alone is making more people lonely. (V) It is
also more common than the nuclear family and
staying with a roommate.
E) V
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
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43- It can be understood from the passage that
humans used to consider their visual
system superior to that of animals because
----.
cevaplayınız.
A) the evolutionary process was not taken into
account in previous studies
B) experiments on colour vision did not
include any species besides humans
C) the studies conducted on other species
only focused on the firing of neurons
D) other mammals were unable to perceive
ultraviolet light
E) research on colour vision was insufficient
to demonstrate the complexity of animal
perception
We humans long assumed that our visual system
stood at the top of evolutionary success. Our
knowledge of colour vision was primarily based on
what humans see: researchers easily performed
experiments on colour perception in humans.
Although scientists obtained supporting information
from a variety of other species by recording the
firing of neurons, we remained unaware until the
early 1970s that many vertebrates, mostly animals
other than mammals, see colours in a part of the
spectrum that is invisible to humans: the ultraviolet.
In fact, the discovery of ultraviolet vision began with
studies of insects conducted by Sir John Lubbock,
who discovered sometime before 1882 that in the
presence of ultraviolet light, ants would pick up their
young and carry them to dark areas or to areas
illuminated by longer wavelengths of light. In the
mid-1900s, Karl von Frisch and his students showed
that bees and ants not only see ultraviolet light as a
distinct colour but use ultraviolet in skylight as a
compass. The finding that a great number of insects
perceive ultraviolet light misleadingly gave rise to
the idea that this spectral region provides a private
sensory channel that avian predators like eagles
and vultures cannot see. Nothing, however, could
have been further from the truth. Subsequent
research showed that birds, lizards, turtles and
many fish have ultraviolet receptors in their retinas.
44- The misconception caused by Karl von
Frisch and his students’ findings was
that ----.
A) several insects can make use of ultraviolet
light
B) certain birds cannot perceive ultraviolet
light
C) some animals have ultraviolet receptors
D) many insects do not need daylight
E) only bees and ants can see ultraviolet as a
distinct colour
A) Karl von Frisch pioneered research in
ultraviolet vision of vertebrates
B) scientists were unaware of the methods
used to study animal perception in the past
C) the firing of neurons was an effective way
to experiment on human vision
D) until the late 19th century, ultraviolet vision
was unknown to humans
E) the alleged superiority of animal visual
system has not been accepted by some
researchers
42- The study carried out by Karl von Frisch and
his students revealed that ----.
A) Sir John Lubbock’s findings about ants’
vision were inaccurate
B) only certain insects could perceive
ultraviolet in the form of a colour spectrum
C) bees and ants could see ultraviolet as a
colour on its own
D) many vertebrates had ultraviolet receptors
in their retinas
E) some animals had difficulty with vision in
the presence of ultraviolet light
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47- It is emphasized in the passage that ----.
A) Hurricane Katrina became the moment of
awakening, especially for national leaders,
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
B) national leaders have been supporting
urban managers to tackle climate change
through sponsored projects
C) national leaders are better equipped than
mayors to plan the control of climate
change more successfully
D) local leaders have often taken better steps
than national leaders to cope with climate
change
E) scientists should first encourage mayors
and urban managers, not presidents, to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Scientists have urged national leaders for years to
tackle climate change, based on the assumption
that all nations should take steps in harmony for the
success of their prevention efforts. But as anyone
who has watched the past 15 years of international
climate negotiations can attest, most countries are
still reluctant to take meaningful steps to lower their
production of greenhouse gases, much less address
issues such as how to help developing countries
protect themselves from the extreme effects of
climate change. Mayors and urban managers are
taking over as they have a keener sense about how
changing weather patterns will affect their cities’
political and economic futures. Indeed, within
months after Hurricane Katrina’s landfall, the C40
Cities Climate Leadership Group launched in
London in October 2005, and the World Mayors
Council on Climate Change (WMCCC) got its start
in Kyoto that December. As of June 2011, more
than 190 mayors and other local authorities,
representing some 300 million people from around
the world, have also signed voluntary pact
sponsored by the WMCCC to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions. They are tackling climate change, as
their cities are suffering from floods, rising sea
levels and heat waves. They are innovating ways to
reduce carbon dioxide emissions, prevent further
changes in weather patterns and benefit from
transportation systems that protect the environment.
shortly after the devastation Hurricane
Katrina caused in 2005, ----.
A) climate negotiations started to focus more
on the issues of greenhouse gas emissions
B) two major alliances of city mayors were
formed in order to combat climate-related
problems
C) national leaders came together to take
unprecedented measures against
greenhouse gas emissions
D) both civic leaders and presidents began to
take more effective and coordinated
actions
E) a voluntary pact was signed to deal with
climate change more efficiently
46- It is obvious from the passage that
scientists have long encouraged national
leaders to address the issue of climate
change ----.
49- One point made in the passage is that there
are evidently extreme effects of climate
change, ----.
A) as they believe that prevention efforts
require the coordinated actions of entire
nations to be effective
B) so that developed countries can
persistently protect themselves from the
extreme effects of climate change
C) with an aim to make developing countries
take significant steps to reduce their
D) because most cities are suffering from
catastrophes such as floods, rising sea
levels and heat waves
E) in order that city leaders and urban
managers should minimize the costs of the
measures taken to prevent climate change
A) thus the World Mayors Council on Climate
Change prioritized some steps to prevent
rising sea levels in some countries
B) so most countries are increasingly helping
developing nations tackle the climaterelated problems
C) yet the C40 mayors know exactly which
countries can help them to deal with
catastrophes
D) though mayors and urban managers are
not making any attempts to collaborate
with national leaders
E) but most countries seem unwilling to take
important measures to lessen their
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52- According to the passage, the bioethanol
from seaweed ----.
A) is convenient enough to be used alone to
fuel cars
B) causes great amounts of pollution when
combined with petrol
C) can be used with little or no change in car
engines
D) needs to be blended with other biofuels to
increase its efficiency
E) requires using red and green species
together
Forget drilling into the ocean floor to tap into everdecreasing supplies of oil, because there could
soon be a new fuel source beneath the waves –
seaweed. A technique has been developed to
convert sugars in seaweed into a fuel that can be
used to power cars. Biofuels are currently produced
from crops such as corn and sugar cane, but these
sources are also in demand for use as food, and
their production requires large amounts of land,
fresh water and fertiliser. Seaweed requires none of
these and has the advantage of not containing
lignin, a strong strand of sugars that stiffens plant
stalks but is difficult to turn into biofuel. Researchers
at Bio Architecture Lab in California have been able
to produce bioethanol from kombu, an edible brown
seaweed. Bioethanol can be blended with petrol and
used in engines with little or no modification. Brown
seaweed has high sugar content and also grows
more quickly than the red or green species. The
only potential stumbling block is growing enough of
the stuff. Several thousand tonnes are farmed
annually for food, but if it is going to be used widely
as a fuel, billions of tonnes would be required. But
Bio Architecture Lab is still forging ahead, launching
a seaweed biofuel pilot Project in 2013. It hopes to
commercialize seaweed-sourced fuels within three
to four years.
53- One can understand from the passage
that ----.
A) much more seaweed needs to be
produced to provide enough fuel
B) Bio Architecture Lab may suspend its plans
for using seaweed for biofuel
C) farmers currently producing seaweed will
be paid to produce more
D) researchers need three to four years
before they can obtain biofuel from
seaweed
E) growing red or green seaweed rather than
the brown species proves to be more
beneficial
50- According to the passage, producing fuel
from seaweed ----.
A) can interrupt drilling for oil under the
ocean, as most types of seaweed grow on
the surface
B) is a longer process when compared to
producing fuel from other crops
C) can be more expensive than producing fuel
from crops such as sugar cane
D) is a great resource in view of producing
fuel from other sources
E) remains the only way in which sugars are
used as crops for fuel
51- It is clearly stated in the passage that
seaweed ----.
A) cannot be used alone as a food resource
B) does not call for resources such as fresh
water and land
C) does not grow quickly in comparison to
other crops
D) is not utilized for commercial purposes
E) does not retain a great amount of sugar
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55- According to the passage, there had been a
limitation for astronomers, since they ----.
A) did not have sufficient data to improve their
studies on the Multiverse
B) could only study the properties of the
universe that were observable to them
C) were not able to understand the
consequences of cosmic expansion
D) lacked the necessary telescopes to
observe the universe in detail
E) had difficulty in collaborating with each
other and following accurate scientific
methods
Astronomers have a reputation for bringing us
stunning discoveries: new planets and galaxies on
the edge of the known universe. But now they are
on the trail of the most notable finding of all:
evidence for a whole new universe beyond our own.
For millennia, philosophers have insisted everything
we see is part of the all-encompassing totality called
the universe. And for centuries, astronomers have
been mapping its immensity, using more and more
powerful telescopes to probe deeper into space. It
seemed clear, however, that there was a limit to
what they could see, as they were examining what
was comprehensible for them. Since the discovery
of cosmic expansion, they believed there must be a
final frontier, but today, there is mounting
excitement that it may be possible to probe beyond
this far horizon. According to the latest theories in
cosmology, what has been regarded as the universe
might be just one of an infinite number making up
something far grander – the Multiverse. But the
Multiverse model is highly problematic; the biggest
difficulty is that the existence of such parallel
universes can be neither verified nor falsified. No
less amazing, an orbiting observatory, named
Planck, has revealed many features about our
universe such as its age and size since it was
launched in 2009, and astronomers believe it may
be able to travel the Multiverse and do even more.
56- According to the passage, the Multiverse
model is thought to be ----.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
irreplaceable
outdated
controversial
reliable
irrational
Planck ----.
A) has been designed especially for
determining the age and size of the
universe
B) is the most powerful device that has ever
been sent to space
C) is more appealing to astronomers than the
Multiverse model
D) has already provided much information
about the Multiverse
E) may be able to reveal the presence of
other universes beyond our own
54- It can be inferred from the passage that the
Multiverse model ----.
A) contradicts the idea that human life can be
maintained on other planets
B) consists of multiple universes which are
completely similar to each other
C) has been scientifically approved by a great
number of astronomers
D) is a hypothetical set of possible universes
that together comprise all that exists
E) suggests that each universe affects one
another in terms of physical laws
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60- It can be inferred from the passage that
----.
A) the paint may not be as common as
sprays, since they have long been in use
for pest control
B) Mateo will also contribute to the economy
of a less well-off nation with her new
Project
C) greater amounts of pesticides are required
in Latin American countries
D) the use of the paint will be restricted to
fifteen countries around the World
E) people in poor countries may not be able to
afford to buy the paint because of its high
cost
For decades, nets and sprays have been the only
effective methods for controlling the mosquitoes that
cause malaria. However, Spanish chemist Pilar
Mateo thinks she can do better with her invention of
embedding pesticides in microcapsules stirred into
house paints at her Valencia company. The
insecticides are released from the paint slowly,
remaining effective for two to four years, while
sprays need to be reapplied at least every six
months. “The paint acts like a vaccine for houses,”
she says. The amounts of pesticides released from
the paint are harmless to people but are devastating
to insects, according to the tests made by scientists.
The paint has already been approved for use in
fifteen countries, including China and England.
Mateo is seeking approval in the US and a
recommendation from the World Health
Organization. She says she has received offers to
buy her patent but refuses to sell out. Instead, her
new venture, another company in Africa, will
produce it commercially at a factory in Ghana and
employ a great number of workers. “By taking
production outside Spain, we can reduce the cost
and make it more accessible,” she says. Her idea is
to sell the paint as an affordable alternative to
sprays. After years of donating paint to poor people
in Latin America, Mateo wants to fund her broader
humanitarian efforts. “It’s not just the insects that
are the problem”, she says, “It’s the poverty.”
Mateo ----.
A) has made important donations to Latin
American countries with the help of the US
B) is thought to be the most successful
inventor in the field of pest control
C) has tried to sell her patent, but could not
manage to do so
D) is the first to make use of microencapsulation technology
E) ultimately plans to fight against poverty
through her lucrative enterprises
58- According to the passage, Mateo’s invention
----.
A) provides easy application and proves to be
more effective than other methods
B) has been guided by the World Health
Organization and initially applied in the US
C) is supported primarily by the funds from
China and England
D) has resulted from a collaborative work of
scientists from different countries
E) has attracted much attention especially
from developed countries
59- According to the passage, the paint ----.
A) reveals different results in some parts of
the World
B) needs to be stirred well before application
C) has a long-lasting effect when compared to
sprays
D) releases pesticides every six months
E) should be used in houses where people
have been vaccinated
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63- It is pointed out in the passage that ----.
A) in cognitive biometrics, it is not the
password itself that is more secure, but the
way it is put in to the computer
B) financial business applications have priority
over military applications, as they call for
more security
C) resistance to deceit is measured by how
well one’s thoughts could be read by
machines
D) symbols are more successful tools of user
recognition than letters
E) the P300 wave is gradually being replaced
by other means of measurement in
cognitive biometrics
Typing in passwords could be a thing of the past,
thanks to technology that can read your thoughts. A
new discovery brings cognitive biometrics very close
to reality. In cognitive biometrics, the response of
your nervous system to a stimulus is measured,
then used to identify you. A series of letters or
images are flashed up on a screen and your P300
wave – a type of electrical activity in the brain – is
measured using electrodes attached to your head.
When a pre-defined word, letter or image is shown,
recognition by the user generates their signature,
P300 wave. Until now, users have been shown
different letters or symbols in different parts of a
screen. But tests at the universities of Essex and
Wolverhampton have found that the system
identifies individuals most accurately if all characters
appear in the same location. This also reduces the
chances of criminals spotting the brain word by
tracking eye movement. As there is no keyboard
involved, it is much harder for someone intent on
fraud to get access to a password. “You still have to
keep your password secure,” says Dr. Palani
Ramaswamy. “It’s just that the way of entering the
password is more resistant to fraud.” Accuracy still
needs to be improved before cognitive biometrics
can come into mainstream use. “Once accuracy is
close to 100 per cent, it can be used for highsecurity military applications and financial
transactions as well,” he maintains.
A) the field of cognitive biometrics could be
improved by integrating the keyboard into
its use
B) research on the applicability of cognitive
biometrics has been exclusively conducted
at the universities of Essex and
Wolverhampton
C) cognitive biometrics differs from other
related fields in that, in addition to other
procedures, it follows eye movements
D) cognitive biometrics could benefit other
fields if the level of its precision is
increased
E) with cognitive biometrics, people are
ensured a safer yet slower means by which
they could enter their password
in cognitive biometrics, ----.
65- According to the passage, ----.
A) the P300 wave refers to the nature of the
electrodes that are attached to one’s head
B) the stimuli are determined beforehand to
suit experimental purposes
C) one’s nervous system plays a vital role in
his or her identification by a machine
D) one’s imaginary world created by the
electrical activity in the brain overlaps with
reality
E) there is almost no chance of obtaining a
password through eye tracking
A) Dr. Ramaswamy does not share the
opinions of the other researchers in the
field of cognitive biometrics
B) studies reveal that the way in which letters
or symbols are presented should be
changed if more accuracy is desired
C) criminals will have to generate a signature
of their own first if they want to get access
to the passwords of others
D) people who actively use their mental
capabilities seem to be more easily
recognized by the system in cognitive
biometrics
E) one does not have to be attached to
electrodes, as his or her signature readily
shows up on different parts of the screen
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68- Joshua
: From a documentary, I learned
that the first skyscraper was the Home
Insurance Building, built in 1884.
Betty
: Where was it built and how many
floors did it have?
Joshua
: It was in Chicago and had only
ten floors.
Betty
: Ten floors? It’s very ridiculous
when compared to modern skyscrapers.
Joshua
: ----
66- Interviewer : According to a new report,
agricultural pesticides are causing significant
damage to marine life in Australia.
Ecologist : I’m of the opinion that the sugar
cane industry in the west is particularly to
blame.
Interviewer : Why do you say that?
Ecologist : ----
A) It stood until 1931, when it was demolished
to make way for another skyscraper.
B) At that time, the building boom in Chicago
helped the economy flourish.
C) At first, that new construction made people
worry that it would fall down.
D) In fact, Chicago was the birthplace of
skyscraper, but New York soon took the
lead.
E) Still, it’s said to have contributed to the
design of skyscrapers as we know them
today.
A) The report has also intrigued me, but I
don’t agree that people are not careful with
the chemicals being used.
B) Farmers there are using pesticides which
have made their way into the ocean.
C) I think oil spills are the primary threat to the
lives of sea creatures on Australian coasts.
D) It is argued that producers have no
alternatives to protect their crops apart
from pesticides.
E) In fact, agricultural industry claims that the
findings of the report are based on old
data.
69- Panelist
: In our day, we depend on a great
deal of devices that make use of the principles
of physics.
Attendee
: ---Panelist
: Radios use antennas to receive
information from stations transmitted in the form
of electromagnetic waves.
Attendee
: Oh, that’s something that can be
found in almost every home. Is it true that this
was a development born out of the invention of
the wireless telegraph?
Panelist
: Yes, the telegraph was the
forerunner to radio technology.
67- Professor : Are you aware that many
countries now suffer from the expansion of
deserts?
Student
: That’s saddening. What kind of
negative consequences does it create?
Professor : ---Student
: I see. This, in turn, leads to
problems in food production.
A) The most serious impacts of desertification
are likely to be felt in countries near the
Equator.
B) Huge differences between day- and nighttime temperatures don’t lead to
desertification at all.
C) The worst is that fertile soils become
degraded, causing major problems in the
field of agriculture.
D) Desertification affects the livelihoods of
many people, as it occurs on all continents
except Antarctica.
E) A significant policy change in management
approaches is needed to prevent or
reverse desertification.
A) I’m not sure if I understand, can you give
us a concrete example?
B) I think advances in technology are as
important as the physics principles, don’t
you?
C) Do you mean that life without technological
devices would be difficult for human
beings?
D) I know the system in the refrigerator works
on the law of thermodynamics. Are there
any other devices that work like this?
E) Why do some people ignore how a device
works and only care about its usefulness?
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70- Peter
: Did you know a new water
source has been found in Namibia, the driest
country in Africa?
Charlotte : Really? I’m sure it will improve
the living conditions there considerably.
Peter
: ---Charlotte : I hope they will be able to keep
such activities under control.
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72- In air, light is refracted as it passes through
the cornea at the front of the eye, and then
again as it travels through the lens. The lens
is mainly there to provide fine adjustment
because the cornea is fixed; in fact, two
thirds of the focusing power of the eye is
supplied by the cornea. But underwater, the
refractive index of the cornea is virtually the
same as the water in front of it, and it loses
almost all of its focusing power. The lens
has a higher refractive index, but it cannot
compensate enough, so you become
extremely long-sighted. ----
A) Africa’s rivers are subject to seasonal
droughts, and it limits their availability for
people.
B) Scientists say the water is cleaner than
many modern sources although it is about
10,000 years old.
C) Actually, Africa has been thought to be
sitting on a vast reservoir of groundwater.
D) Yet, there are some concerns that
unauthorised drilling could threaten the
new supply.
E) The Namibian government accomplished
this task in partnership with researchers
from Germany and the Great Britain
.
cümleyi bulunuz.
A) If you’re short-sighted, the effect is
diminished, but nobody is short-sighted
enough to eliminate it.
B) Provided that they are given enough time,
long-sighted people can generally focus on
close-by objects, but only for very short
periods.
C) Studies reveal that short-sightedness is
positively correlated to the level of
education in a society.
D) Diving underwater and remaining there is
actually a more sophisticated series of
processes than it seems.
E) Scientists believe that living away from the
sea has helped mankind to develop their
perception of depth.
71- Albert Einstein once commented that “a
person who has not made his great
contribution to science before the age of 30
will never do so.” ---- Now, scientists are
making Nobel-worthy discoveries at more
advanced ages than in the past. Benjamin
Jones, an expert in innovation at the
Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University and Bruce Weinberg of
the Ohio State University analysed 525
Nobel Prizes awarded in physics, chemistry
and medicine between 1900 and 2008. With
few exceptions – notably quantum
mechanics discoveries of the 1920s and
1930s – the trend across all fields is toward
researchers being older when they produce
their greatest work.
73- In the 1960s, human beings finally left the
Earth. First they flew outside the
atmosphere, then orbited the Earth and in
the end, as the decade was drawing to a
close, they went to the Moon. ---- After the
Moon, the plan was to step on Mars, and
land the first crews there by 1986. However,
sending humans across the gulf of
interplanetary space has proven harder than
the explorers thought.
A) Studies have shown that radiation in deep
space poses deadly hazards to astronauts.
B) Among the discoveries about Mars, one
stands out above all others: the possible
liquid water on its surface.
C) After its first close-up picture in 1965,
spacecraft voyages to Mars have
challenged humans’ perception of what
makes a planet work.
D) The Viking Mission between 1976 and
1984 consisted of two orbiting spacecraft,
each carrying a lander deployed to Mars.
E) Yet since then, humans have done
relatively little to advance the crewed
exploration of space.
A) In the case of a scientific revolution where
established knowledge may be a hindrance
rather than a help, the young can be more
competent.
B) Anton van Leeuwenhoek is best known for
his work on the improvements of the
microscope in 1648, at the age of 16.
C) Einstein always appeared to have a clear
view of the problems of physics and the
determination to solve them.
D) This may have been an accurate reflection
of physics in his time, but it is no longer the
case for physics or any other field.
E) Inventions tell something about the
inventor’s place in society and his
closeness to certain kind of problems.
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74- Diamond is the crystalline phase of carbon
formed at very high pressures. It generally
crystallizes at depths of 135 to 200
kilometres and at temperatures of 1,100 to
1,200 Celsius. It is the most highly valued
gemstone; exceptional stones can fetch
upward of $500,000 per carat and individual
pieces can be valued at more than $20
million. ---- But today, the three top
diamond-producing nations by value are
Botswana, Russia and Canada, with
significant production from Angola and
South Africa.
76- (I) Amazonia, the Amazon region of Brazil,
occupies an area about half the size of the US
and contains the world’s largest rain forest. (II)
This vast ecosystem encompasses about a
third of all surviving tropical forests on Earth
and nurtures thousands of animal and plant
species. (III) Like other rain forests around the
world, it makes a vital contribution to the global
atmospheric balance and is a significant source
of medicinal plants. (IV) It is also home to some
of the last remaining Stone Age people on the
planet. (V) Brazil’s politicians tend to support
the expansion of Amazonia’s development
rather than the protection of its fragile
environment.
A) Mineral inclusions within diamonds allow
calculation of pressures and temperatures
of the environment in which they were
formed.
B) The Golconda region in south-central India
was the original source of diamonds for
hundreds of years until discoveries were
made in different parts of the world.
C) Although there are dozens of gemstones,
among the best known and most important
is sapphire, mostly found in Sri Lanka and
Thailand.
D) Besides its beauty, diamond’s exceptional
physical properties, unusual formation and
value have prompted abundant research.
E) Part of the reason that gemstones reach
high values is their rarity, which also
makes them coveted by geologists.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
77- (I) Raig Hogan, a physicist at the University of
Chicago, states that space does not sit still, but
quantum fluctuations make space vibrate. (II)
Hogan and his team are building an experiment
that will look for evidence that space is shifting.
(III) Particle physics experiments can be very
expensive and it may be difficult to occupy the
attention of researchers around the world. (IV)
The research may influence how we
understand the relations among space, time
and matter. (V) If it succeeds, it could also
suggest a new architecture of physics.
75- The search to understand what the world is
made of may seem, on the surface, to be a
rather mysterious quest. Yet, it has turned
out to have had the greatest of practical
consequences. Cars, computers, the
Internet, mobile phones and navigation
devices all have emerged, at least in part,
from attempts to answer this question. ----
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
78- (I) X-rays are a form of electromagnetic
radiation that readily penetrates human flesh.
(II) As soon as the existence of X-rays had
been reported, the medical applications with
radioactive materials were recognized. (III)
However, it took quite a while longer for people
to detect the dangers of these mysterious new
rays. (IV) All X-rays are not man-made;
extremely hot stars, such as neutron stars, also
produce huge amounts of X-rays. (V) For
example, Major John Hall-Edwards, who helped
pioneer the use of X-rays in medical
treatments, lost an arm because of excessive
exposure.
A) What has changed today is that science
tries to respond objectively to the evidence
that it finds, even if that evidence goes
against the received wisdom.
B) The secrets of the atomic world remained
hidden from us for centuries due to the
limitation of our instruments and our
thinking.
C) At the heart of the reply lies our growing
awareness of the way in which all
substances are ultimately composed of
countless tiny particles.
D) For Newton, his work brought him closer to
his goal of seeing the mind of God, but for
science it marks a rare turning point.
E) The history of science is often told as
stories of individual brilliant minds and
flashes of inspiration.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
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79- (I) There are now many different genres of
video games in the world with amazing features
and high quality. (II) The input device used to
manipulate video games is called a game
controller and varies across platforms. (III) For
example, a controller might consist of only a
button and a joystick, while another may feature
a dozen buttons and one or more joysticks. (IV)
Early personal computer games often needed a
keyboard for gameplay, or more commonly,
required the user to buy a separate joystick with
at least one button. (V) Many modern computer
games, however, allow or require the player to
use a keyboard and a mouse simultaneously.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
80- (I) On 1 September 1914, at the age of 29
years, Martha died. (II) Her departure marked
not only the end of her life, but the final demise
of her entire kind – Martha was the last of the
passenger pigeons. (III) A hundred years
earlier, the extinction of this species seemed
impossible, as the passenger pigeon was one
of the most abundant birds ever to have
existed. (IV) It is estimated that there were
between three and five billion passenger
pigeons at the time of European settlement of
North America. (V) Because passenger pigeons
flocked in such huge numbers, they needed
large blocks of forest for successful breeding.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
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----.
cevaplayınız.
A) age is the most critical factor in all stages
of Alzheimer’s disease
B) Alzheimer’s disease can be frustrating and
painful for both the patient and his or her
family members
C) Alzheimer’s disease is less common
among individuals who are mentally active
D) people in developed countries are more
likely to go through the advanced stages of
Alzheimer’s disease
E) sufferers can have a genetic inheritance
that makes them less susceptible to
Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic, degenerative
condition of the brain cells. Some risk factors can be
avoided, but others, such as increasing age and
genetic properties, are inevitable. It is now the third
most common cause of death in the developed
world, with more women than men affected. The
first symptom is often an impaired memory for
recent events, which can be difficult to distinguish
from the normal age-related decline in memory. As
the disease progresses, forgetfulness may hinder
routine activities such as cooking and household
chores. Those affected may be aware of their
memory difficulties, so they can deal with the
problem by, for example, writing notes or letting
someone else manage decisions for them. In the
late stages of the disease, the changes in memory
and behaviour are marked. Sufferers cannot
compensate for their memory lapses and become
confused. They may develop paranoid behaviour
like jealousy or accusations of theft, and may
experience visual hallucinations. People in
advanced stages cease to recognize even their
family members and close friends. They may also
refuse to eat, develop unsteadiness and
increasingly lose weight.
45- As it is pointed out in the passage, during
the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, ----.
A) psychological symptoms such as jealousy
might occur
B) behavioural differences between men and
women become very apparent
C) people will not be able to remember events
that happened a long time ago
D) the symptoms of the disease may be
similar to normal age-related symptoms
E) people are affected physically more than
mentally
A) females are more susceptible to
developing Alzheimer’s disease compared
to males
B) weight loss is among the first indicators of
C) Alzheimer’s disease is not deadly to people
living in crowded families
D) Alzheimer’s disease is more common in
countries that are currently developing
E) Alzheimer’s disease cannot be
distinguished from the symptoms of normal
aging even in its later stages
A) sufferers of Alzheimer’s disease have only
a few mental symptoms
B) some household chores remain unaffected
even if Alzheimer’s disease progresses
C) people can cope with some of the early
symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease with the
help of others
D) people can usually control the physical
drawbacks of Alzheimer’s disease
E) symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease can be
best handled by means of psychiatric
assistance
26
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with the introduction of the law in 1610,
people ----.
Environmental health has biologic, chemical,
physical and sociological components, including the
immediate and future conditions in which people
live. In colonial America, little attention was paid to
community hygiene and sanitation, and there was
almost a complete lack of community organisation
for better health services. During this time,
epidemics of cholera, smallpox and dysentery
continually occurred. Although such epidemics were
attributed to environmental health hazards such as
overcrowding, inadequate housing and impure
water, little was done to improve these conditions.
Early attempts to ensure environmental health
included a law in 1610 that prohibited the throwing
out of water from dirty clothes into the street, and
required people to do the necessities of nature
outside the town. Those who violated the law were
often subjected to strict penalties. Such measures
were more concerned with the aesthetics of the
environment than with related health consequences,
and environmental practices were frequently
directed at keeping the environment attractive.
A) could be severely punished for
contaminating the environment
B) began to consult to the opinions of other
people regarding sanitation
C) found it hard to keep the environment
appealing
D) were obliged to wash their clothes in public
places
E) realized that hygiene included biologic,
chemical and physical components
cevaplayınız.
Digestible microchips embedded in drugs may soon
tell doctors whether a patient is taking their
medications as prescribed. These sensors are the
first ingestible devices approved by the US Food
and Drug Administration (FDA). To some, they
signify the beginning of an era in digital medicine.
The sand particle sized sensor consists of a minute
silicon chip containing trace amounts of magnesium
and copper. When swallowed, it generates a slight
voltage in response to digestive juices, which
conveys a signal to the surface of a person’s skin
where a patch then relays the information to a
mobile phone belonging to a health care provider.
Currently, the FDA and the analogous regulatory
agency in Europe have only approved the device
based on studies showing its safety and efficacy
when implanted in placebo pills. But scientists hope
to have the device approved within other drugs in
the near future. Medicines that must be taken for
years, such as those for drug-resistant diabetes,
and for the elderly with chronic diseases, are top
candidates. Proponents of digital medical devices
predict they will provide alternatives to blood tests,
MRIs and CAT scans. Other gadgets in the pipeline
include implantable devices that wirelessly inject
drug at pre-specified times and sensors that deliver
a person’s electrocardiogram to their smartphone.
46- According to the passage, the term
environmental health ----.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
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describes the emergence of epidemics
has been around for a very long time
refers to basic health standards
still means little to American people
includes many different factors
47- The main purpose of the passage is to ----.
A) give the reader an understanding of the
importance of health care
B) present a historical overview of the
development of environmental health
C) provide background information regarding
American health practices
D) show the lack of understanding of
environmental health in the past
E) define what is meant by the term
environmental health
microchips ----.
48- It is clearly stated in the passage that in the
past, ----.
A) are composed of sand-particle sized
copper
B) directly send a signal to the patient’s
mobile phone
C) should sometimes be separated from the
drug to increase its efficacy
D) are almost invisible to the naked eye
E) were initially designed to observe the
digestive system of patients
A) dirty water was the biggest threat to health
B) epidemics like cholera were not very
deadly
C) people were not acting collectively to
provide improved health care
D) serious steps were taken to prevent
epidemics
E) preventive health care was directed at both
men and women
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cevaplayınız.
51- It is clear from the passage that microchips
placed in drugs ----.
A) prompts a high-level voltage when merged
with digestive juices
B) have produced prolific results on people
with drug resistant diabetes
C) need to be taken with juicy substances to
be effective
D) have been tested exclusively in European
countries
E) aim to inform the health care provider
about the patient’s use of their medication
Vitamin C boosts the immune system by
strengthening the action of white blood cells that
destroy harmful bacteria and viruses, such as cold
and flu viruses. It is also an important antioxidant,
protecting the watery internal parts of cells from the
damaging effects of excess free radicals, and it
works in partnership with vitamin E which protects
the fatty outer part of the cells. Moreover, vitamin C
can help to prevent cholesterol from becoming
oxidised, a phenomenon now thought to be the
precursor to the furring of arteries – the reduction of
blood flow through arteries. High intakes of vitamin
C are also linked with lower levels of stomach
cancer. In addition, vitamin C improves the
absorption of iron from non-meat sources, so
ensuring a regular intake is useful if you are a
vegetarian. Also, it has mild antihistamine
properties, thus allergy sufferers may find it helpful.
Furthermore, when we are under physical or mental
stress, vitamin C is depleted from our adrenal
glands; it plays a regulatory role in the production of
the hormone cortisone that helps us cope with the
pressures of life.
52- According to the passage, microchips could
be beneficial to people ----.
A) who are particularly resistant to
magnesium
B) facing permanent health problems
C) coming from all age groups
D) who cannot benefit from placebo pills
E) who have problems with the surface of
their skin
digital medicine ----.
54- According to the passage, vitamin C helps
to ----.
A) will probably not need the advantages of
wireless technology to implement further
changes
B) may not be as beneficial as they are
thought since the devices are still in the
trial period
C) will be prevalent in the US before it is
tested safely in Europe
D) will enable medical professionals to carry
out certain screening methods without
being physically present with their patients
E) may not help patients with their digestive
problems, even with the pre-arranged
guidance of health care providers
A) prevent the external parts of cells from
being invaded by bacteria and viruses
B) defend the inner parts of cells against
certain harmful particles
C) overcome all the symptoms of allergic
reactions
D) control the absorption of the iron available
in meat sources
E) cure many diseases by increasing the
number of white blood cells
55- It is implied in the passage that ----.
A) even moderate amounts of vitamin C can
help to fight against stomach cancer
B) we need to take regular doses of vitamin
C, as our body cannot store it
C) any kind of vitamin deficiency in
vegetarians can be compensated with high
intakes of vitamin C
D) vitamin C is the most important vitamin
because of its many beneficial properties
E) vitamin C helps us deal with stress by
regulating the production of cortisone
28
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56- The passage is mainly about ----.
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58- According to the passage, initially
professionals assisted patients with sleep
deprivation by ----.
A) different ways in which the human body
makes use of vitamin C
B) why we should begin taking vitamin C
supplements
C) how vitamin C is absorbed into the human
body
D) the benefits of vitamin C as compared to
other vitamins
E) how much vitamin C we should obtain from
food
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
prohibiting the use of alternative drugs
increasing the amount of sugar in their diet
monitoring their sleep patterns
prescribing them medicine
observing their allergic reactions
59- According to the passage, doctors now
approach sleeping pills as ----.
57- It can be understood from the passage
that ----.
A) a short-term solution to the problem of
insomnia
B) an essential way to help insomniacs to
become normal sleepers
C) a useful method to reduce sleeplessness
on its own
D) a suitable means to cope with the
disturbances of insomnia
E) an effective measure to prevent insomnia
to a great extent
A) inadequate amounts of vitamin C can
cause adrenal glands to produce cortisone
B) vitamin C often needs to be in contact with
other vitamins to be of any use to the
human body
C) vitamin C consumption inhibits cholesterol
oxidation
D) vitamin C is beneficial in mild amounts, but
is harmful when abundant
E) it is better to get our daily supply of vitamin
C from meat rather than any other kind of
food
60- According to the passage, the primary
drawback of sleeping pills is that they ----.
A) produce inconsistent results in some
people
B) affect the personality of the user adversely
C) have many side effects like allergic
reactions
D) fail to show promising results in people
with low self-esteem
E) lose all their effectiveness when taken
irregularly
cevaplayınız.
Just a few decades ago, doctors would dispense
sleeping pills as if they were sweets. Today,
sleeping pills are no longer considered to be an
appropriate solution to chronic sleeplessness. As
they treat only the symptoms of insomnia, any
improvement in sleep can only be temporary,
thereby perpetuating the cycle of insomnia and
drug-induced sleep. Ironically, many people initially
turn to sleeping pills, as insomnia has left them
helpless and out of control. However, pills can
become a trap that escalates feelings of
dependency, lowered self-esteem and guilt. Then
insomniacs end up having to cope with two stressful
problems: insomnia and dependency on sleeping
pills. Most patients prefer non-drug approaches like
avoiding caffeine and nicotine, but they do not know
how best to escape the sleeplessness. However,
some doctors guide their patients by prescribing the
smallest possible dose, to be used only after two
consecutive nights of bad sleep. As an alternative to
supplement the pills, professionals provide such
sleep aids as antihistamines which produce
drowsiness as a side effect. Also, synthetic
melatonin has recently been marketed and
publicized as a natural sleeping pill. Although
several studies found that melatonin was effective
for promoting sleep, the studies focused on normal
sleepers, not insomniacs. All in all, it seems that
careful implementation of new behavioural patterns
provides the most promising results to sufferers.
61- It is clearly stated in the passage that
success in treating the problem of insomnia
----.
A) is associated with using synthetic
melatonin
B) centres around following non-drug
approaches
C) lies primarily in changing the way that
patients behave
D) depends on extensive use of the sleeping
pills
E) can be reached by substituting the
sleeping pills with antihistamines
29
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A) a person’s diet may also cause genetic
mutations that can change the properties
of cells
B) the effects of environmental factors cannot
be separated from those of age and
genetics
C) pesticides are claimed to contribute to
cancer more than any other kind of
chemicals
D) there are still a number of chemicals
whose harmful effects have not been
proved
E) drugs are widely used to fight against
cancer although they can sometimes
destroy one’s health
There are several factors that increase the risk of
cancer. Mutations that affect genes are believed to
contribute to the development of cancer. These
genes produce proteins that regulate growth and
alter cell division and other basic cell properties.
Cancer-causing genetic mutations may result from
the damaging effects of drugs and viruses.
Additionally, environmental factors such as air
pollution and radiation increase the risk of cancer.
Some chemicals like pesticides are known to cause
cancer, and many others are suspected of doing so,
but more study is needed to identify those
chemicals that increase the risk. The threat of
cancer may also vary according to geographical
features. This geographic variation in cancer risk is
multifactorial: a combination of genetics, diet and
environment. For example, the Japanese, who
follow a diet that mainly includes smoked foods,
have high rates of colorectal cancer. When they
immigrate to the US and eat a Western diet, the risk
level declines to that of the US. Age is another risk
factor. While some cancers like Vilms’ tumour occur
almost exclusively in children, cancers of the lungs
and kidneys are more common in older people,
probably due to constant exposure to carcinogens
and weakening of the body’s immune system.
However, not all people who are exposed to
carcinogens or who have other risk factors develop
cancer.
A) a patient’s age must be taken into account
while following a treatment process for
some cancer types
B) the immune system can be strengthened in
older people in order to avoid the risk of
developing cancer
C) children can also suffer from cancer
resulting from the weakening of the body’s
immune system
D) some types of cancer are more likely to
progress in people whose immune systems
have become less efficient through the
years
E) age is thought to increase the risk of
developing cancer, but most cancer types
are seen in young adults
62- One can understand from the passage that
----.
A) once cells become cancerous, they lose
their control mechanisms and divide
continuously
B) the final step in cancer development is the
change in which the cells’ genetic
properties are negatively affected
C) mutations make cells more susceptible to
carcinogens, thus increasing the risk of
developing cancer
D) cells can be more resistant to cancer after
they have undergone some mutations
caused by viruses
E) when genes are mutated, they may
malfunction and experience unusual
growth, which can cause cancer
65- It can be inferred from the passage that ----.
A) if a person is frequently subjected to
carcinogens, he or she will certainly suffer
from cancer
B) where people live and what they eat may
determine whether they will develop any
type of cancer
C) even when the immune system functions
normally, cancer can escape its successful
protection
D) some environmental factors leading to
cancer can be handled to decrease the risk
while others have no way to be prevented
E) the risk of developing any type of cancer in
the US is less than Japan since Americans
are more careful about carcinogens
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68- Mother
: Don’t microwave plastic; you’ll
get small amounts of it in your food when you
heat it. It’s very unhealthy.
Daughter : OK. What should I use instead
when heating food?
Mother
: ---Daughter : All right, mum. I’ll be more
careful hereafter.
bulunuz.
66- William
: ---Joseph
: I agree. One’s emotional state of
being is as important as their physical symptoms.
William
: I guess they wanted to focus on
what they could observe and measure directly
at first.
Joseph
: That’s right. Things that they
were unable to investigate with scientific tools
were regarded as unscientific.
A) Plastic bottles can also be dangerous if
they are left in the sun.
B) You’d be better of covering your food with
a ceramic or a glass plate.
C) You must also be clean with kitchen tools
while preparing food.
D) The meal will be ready in a short time, so
you don’t need to keep it long in the
microwave.
E) Even so, the microwave is the best choice
if you want to heat your food quickly.
A) The main problem that I find with medicine
today is that it sometimes seems to ignore
the benefits of herbal supplements.
B) There have been some regulations that
limit the number of patients a doctor could
see. I don’t really approve of such
changes.
C) Certain drugs can cause emotional
imbalances, and I also experienced
something like that in the past.
D) Some experts claim that faith and science
can go hand-in-hand, whereas others
consider the idea to be implausible.
E) I find it rather difficult to believe that, for so
long, doctors haven’t taken the psychology
of their patients into consideration.
69- Doctor
: Could you tell me exactly what
your complaints are?
Patient
: I have to urinate very frequently,
and when I do, I feel a burning pain.
Doctor
: Then, you probably have urinary
tract infection, and I will prescribe you a short
course of antibiotics.
Patient
: ---Doctor
: Increasing your fluid intake will
definitely help, and when you have pain, fill two
bottles with hot water, wrap them in towels, and
put one on your lower back and one between
your thighs.
67- Aytaç
: People throughout the world
have started to give up using tobacco products,
especially cigarettes.
Okan
: I know. It’s partly achieved in our
country via the National Tobacco Control and
Action Plan launched by the Ministry of Health.
Aytaç
: I’ve heard about it. It’s the project
that bans smoking in all enclosed public
places.
Okan
: ----
A) What other measures should I take or how
can I help myself at home?
B) I forgot to mention that I’m breastfeeding.
Is it safe to use antibiotics at the same
time?
C) Would you like me to visit you again if it
continues for longer than a week?
D) I’ve also seen blood in my urine. Can it be
a symptom of a more serious disease?
E) It’s not the first time that I’ve got it. Do I
need further investigation or treatment?
A) It’s a completely well-thought decision. It
protects both cigarette consumers and
non-smokers.
B) Smoking is said to affect our health
negatively from the early stages of
childhood to maturity.
C) Doctors maintain that it’s one of the most
preventable causes of disease and death.
D) I think you’re wrong. It’s not Turkey, but
Ireland that first banned smoking in all
indoor workplaces.
E) As far as I’m concerned, people don’t
understand the scope of health problems
related to smoking at all.
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72- Tolerance is a person’s diminished
response to a drug, which occurs when the
drug is used repeatedly and the body adapts
to the continued presence of the drug. For
instance, when morphine or alcohol is used
for a long time, larger and larger doses must
be taken to produce the same effect.
Usually, tolerance develops because
metabolism of the drug speeds up and
because the number of cell receptors that
the drug attaches to or the strength of the
bond between the receptor and the drug
decreases. ----
70- Terry
: I feel low nowadays and find
everything I do meaningless. I also keep
waking up in the middle of the night for
apparently no reason.
Sean
: ---Terry
: Yes, but I changed my mind
when I heard the cost for just one session.
Sean
: In that case, I can recommend
some alternative methods such as meditation and
reiki.
A) Do you also feel tired after getting home
from work? As much as people tend to
ignore it, tiredness is a serious condition.
B) Do you think about your problems before
you sleep? If your mind is busy with such
things, you may not fall asleep quickly.
C) These sound like the symptoms of
restlessness. Have you heard that using
lemon balm with mint generates a calming
impact?
D) Why don’t you go somewhere nice to just
get away from the problems of daily life?
You look like you’ve been under a lot of
stress lately.
E) You might be suffering from depression.
Have you considered seeking professional
help from a psychologist?
A) Also, many of the drugs in current use
have undergone clinical trials in order to
determine the effects of long-term
tolerance.
B) If a patient becomes tolerant to a given
drug, depending on the degree of
tolerance, the doctor may increase the
dose or select an alternative drug.
C) However, a drug can be more beneficial
when taken orally, and it is well-absorbed
from the gastrointestinal tract.
D) The body can also develop tolerance for
substances such as antihistamines and
aspirin, but these tolerances rarely cause
serious problems.
E) In short, people respond to drugs
differently due to factors such as age,
genetic make-up, diet and pregnancy.
cümleyi bulunuz.
73- What happens to all the fat that gets
vacuumed out of our bellies during
liposuction? Old answer: it is thrown out.
New answer: it could be transformed into
heart cells to compensate for dying tissue
after a heart attack. Fat contains stem cells
that can be turned into heart muscle in a lab
dish, so researchers have developed a
method for extracting stem cells from a
liposuction sample and giving them a new
cellular identity. ---- Because they are made
from a patient’s own fat, the hope is they
will repair the damage done when the heart
is deprived of oxygen without causing any
tissue rejection.
71- Tuberculosis is generally transmitted by
inhaling indoor air contaminated with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For the air to
become contaminated, a person with active
tuberculosis must cough the bacteria, which
may remain in the air for several hours.
However, a foetus may acquire tuberculosis
from its mother before or during birth by
breathing in or swallowing infected amniotic
fluid, and an infant may acquire tuberculosis
after birth by breathing in air containing
infected droplets. ---A) For those who are infected with
tuberculosis, surgery to remove a portion
of the lung is almost never needed today if
the patient faithfully follows the drug
treatment plan.
B) With the advances in medicine such as the
development of antibiotics like Rifampicin
and Ethambutol, the battle against
tuberculosis seemed to be won.
C) As aging may reduce the effectiveness of the
body’s immune system, which can allow
dormant bacteria to become reactivated,
there are more cases in the elderly.
D) In developing countries, children are also
infected with Mycobacterium bovis that
causes tuberculosis, which can be
transmitted by unpasteurized milk.
E) Although a tuberculin skin test is a useful
way for diagnosing tuberculosis, it only
indicates that an infection by the bacteria
has occurred sometime in the past.
A) Even if they are in great shape, there is still
enough fat to be harvested from the vast
majority of patients.
B) When a liposuction procedure takes place,
the fat removed from the body is no longer
disposed of as medical waste.
C) Stem cells obtained from liposuction can
play an important role in bone regeneration
as well.
D) The fat in human body, some of which is
removed during liposuction, is known as
‘adipose tissue’.
E) Such cells are currently being tested in
patients who have suffered from a heart
attack at least once in their life.
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74- Insulin plays a major role in the storage of
all the breakdown products of food that are
absorbed into the bloodstream. Glucose
(carbohydrates), triglycerides (fats), and
amino acids (proteins) are all pushed into
storage forms in the cells of the body by
insulin. Obese people generally have higher
insulin levels than people who are not
obese, and any food they eat is more likely
to proceed directly into storage as fat in the
presence of this increased amount of
insulin. ----
76- (I) Many think of foodborne illness as an
unpleasant few days of fever and diarrhoea, but
for some, there may be lifelong consequences.
(II) Long-term consequences are not only
limited to hospitalized individuals, but they have
also been recorded in people who experienced
what seemed to be minor bouts of fever or
diarrhoea. (III) They include infections resulting
from exposure to such organisms as
Salmonella and Shigella. (IV) A better way to
prove the connection would be to identify
victims when they first become ill and track
them for years, a research agreement called a
prospective study. (V) Investigations have
identified them in meat, vegetables and even
processed food.
A) Dieticians, in fact, have succeeded in
explaining the dynamics of weight gain and
loss.
B) However, many studies revealed that the
faster glucose is dumped into the
bloodstream, the more insulin is released.
C) This is one of the reasons why obese
people can eat very little and still not lose
weight.
D) Also, metabolic syndrome results in such
manifestations as obesity and late-onset
diabetes.
E) Fructose, the major sugar in most fruits,
has much less of an effect on insulin
production.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
77- (I) To many, plastic surgery is synonymous with
aesthetic surgery, but it encompasses
reconstructive surgery as well. (II) Plastic
surgery has its roots in the World Wars, when
battlefield surgeons developed techniques to
reconstruct wounded soldiers’ injured limbs. (III)
Reconstructive surgery is exactly what it
sounds like – surgery to reconstruct part of the
body after a traumatic injury or correct a
deformity. (IV) On the other hand, aesthetic
surgery is performed to improve normal
appearance. (V) Of course, many plastic
surgery procedures actually include aspects of
both reconstructive and aesthetic surgery.
75- The earliest deodorants were powerful
perfumes which simply masked unwanted
odours. Modern attempts to solve the
problem of body odour rely on substances
which either remove, immobilize or
chemically change odour-producing
particles or prevent their production. ---This sweat is called ‘apocrine sweat’ and is
different from sweat produced by the rest of
the skin. It contains organic matter that is
broken down by skin bacteria to produce
unpleasant-smelling compounds.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
78- (I) Sinusitis is usually prompted by a cold, but
may occasionally be caused by a bacterial or
fungal infection. (II) In some people, allergies
can cause sinusitis as well. (III) Unless the
symptoms are severe or long-lasting, they will
probably get better without treatment. (IV) If
one has small sinus drains or a deviated nasal
septum in which the cartilage between the
nostrils is out of place, he or she may also have
sinus problems. (V) Pregnant women are
especially susceptible, as their hormones can
make the nose swell and increase mucus
production.
A) Body deodorants contain aluminium or zinc
salts and act mainly by reducing the
production of sweat secretion from the
glands in the armpits.
B) Deodorants have been the common means
through which disturbing smells are
handled in daily lives of both women and
men.
C) Changing of clothes, supplemented, when
necessary, by an underarm roll-on
deodorant, is an effective solution.
D) It is a well-known fact that the human body
sweats in order to flush out the chemicals
that are harmful.
E) Some powerful materials, once widely
used in deodorants, have been restricted
because of the danger of nerve toxicity.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
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79- (I) Bone disorders in children can result from
such causes as injuries and infections. (II)
Causes that affect mainly children typically
involve the gradual misalignment of bones,
which is caused by forces exerted on the
growth plates as children are developing. (III) A
poor blood supply can also damage the growth
plate, as can separation from the rest of the
bone or even minor misalignment. (IV) Growth
spurts, therefore, are commonly observed in
adolescents. (V) Certain rare hereditary
disorders of connective tissue can also affect
the bones.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
80- (I) A blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or
a blood component from one person to another.
(II) Transfusions are given to increase the
blood’s ability to carry oxygen, restore the
body’s blood volume, improve immunity and
correct clotting problems. (III) On some
occasions, the transfusion consists of only the
blood component that meets the patient’s
specific need, rather than whole blood. (IV)
Thus, depending on the reason for the
transfusion, a doctor may order a certain blood
component such as red blood cells and fresh
frozen plasma. (V) Thanks to better techniques
for screening blood, transfusions today are
safer than ever.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
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2012 EKİM ÜDS SORULARI
ORTAK BÖLÜM
C
21
E
22
E
23
A
24
B
25
C
26
D
27
E
28
A
29
B
30
SOSYAL BİLİMLER
D
62
D
63
B
64
E
65
E
66
D
67
A
68
B
69
E
70
D
71
FEN BİLİMLERİ
C
62
A
63
D
64
B
65
C
66
E
67
A
68
C
69
B
70
E
71
SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ
B
62
D
63
B
64
E
65
A
66
C
67
D
68
A
69
B
70
C
71
D
C
E
B
A
E
C
D
A
B
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
D
C
C
E
B
A
D
E
B
C
D
C
E
A
B
C
A
B
E
A
D
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
A
B
C
A
C
D
E
B
D
C
A
D
B
B
C
E
A
D
D
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
A
E
B
C
E
C
D
A
E
E
D
D
B
E
A
B
A
E
D
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
B
E
C
A
D
B
C
D
E

Untitled - Dilsem Dil Kursu

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yds deneme sinavi - Dilsem Dil Kursu