ab>l E<b - International Eartquake Symposium Kocaeli 2009

Transkript

FOREWORD
As it may be recalled, the earthquakes that occurred on August 17, 1999 in Kocaeli and
November 12, 1999 in Düzce combined to represent the most devastating disaster
experienced by Turkey in recent history causing more than 18,000 lives, 49,000
wounded, 108,000 heavily damaged buildings, some 380,000 damaged buildings and 15
billions of dollars of economic loss in the Turkish economy. The earthquakes affected the
whole Marmara Region, impacting more than 16 million people with the biggest losses
occurring in the cities of Kocaeli, Duzce, Bolu, Sakarya, Yalova, Bursa and Istanbul.
As 2009 is the decennial commemoration of this disaster, Kocaeli University, Turkish Red
Crescent and Turkey’s General Directorate of Disaster Affairs have unified to organize a
set of seminars, discussions, reflections, and analyses to commemorate this particular
mark in Turkey’s history under the title: ‘DISASTER OF TURKEY: 10th ANNIVERSARY
COMMEMORATION WEEK’ Reflections from the Past; Mobilization for the Future between
the dates of August 11 and 19, 2009. The Commemoration Week will focus on the
communities that were most affected to look at how they have fared during the disaster
and how their lives have transformed.
This Commemoration Week aims at sheding light on these particular communities,
organizations, and institutions that experienced the largest impact and losses. To
accomplish this goal, the organizers are bringing together a broad and diverse set of
stakeholders that each have a story to tell and a perspective to present. The enrichment
comes from the exploring and collating the collective experience and knowledge to draw
lessons for the future. These stakeholders include local public officials both appointed
(governorates) and elected (municipalities), private sector representatives, community
leaders and organizers, non-governmental organizations, professional and trade
organizations, academia, and media.
A decade is an appropriate benchmark to stop and reflect, to discuss and analyze, to go
back in time in order to trace the future. It is also the time to be critical and provocative
in order to ensure that complacency does not take place and that we forget again. The
threat of earthquakes remains a formidable challenge for Turkey and for all communities
and institutions. Which lessons should we draw and how do we work together to respond
to the challenges and trace the path for a safer future? How can we bring our collective
experience and learn from others to solve the difficult problems associate with
earthquake risk reduction and build a culture of prevention among our institutions and
communities?
The commemoration will include social, cultural and scientific activities and will provide
ample time for reflection and discussion. A multi-disciplinary and multi-interest approach
will be adopted. The international community is also invited to come and contribute its
own experience and help provide an outsider perspective that may help in building
consensus. The event will take place on August 17-19, 2009 at the Prof. Dr. Baki
Komsuoglu Culture and Congress Center on the Umuttepe Campus of Kocaeli University.
Local and national authorities are also expected to come together and discuss their
experience of the past ten years, their problems, and future plans and visions about
preparedness for the forthcoming earthquakes and disasters.
Kocaeli University, Turkish Red Crescent and Turkey’s General Directorate of Disaster
Affairs would like to extend their gratitude to those contributing to the effort put for the
purpose of creating a safer future for all.
i
ÖNSÖZ
Hatırlanacağı üzere, 17 Ağustos 1999’da Kocaeli, 12 Kasım 1999’da ise Düzce’de meydana
gelen depremler sonucunda yaklaşık 18.000 insanımız hayatını kaybetmiş, meydana gelen
milyonlarca liralık ekonomik kayıp nedeniyle ülkemizin kalkınma süreci olumsuz etkilenmiştir.
Anılan depremler aynı zamanda gerek toplumsal yaşam gerekse ekonomide önemli ve derin
izler bırakmıştır.
İçinde bulunduğumuz 2009 yılı, değinilen depremlerin 10. yıl dönümüne karşılık gelmektedir.
1999 depremlerinden gerekli dersleri çıkarmış olan ve edindikleri deneyimleri geniş kitlelere
aktarmayı ilke edinen Türk Kızılayı, Kocaeli Üniversitesi ve Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü
“TÜRKİYE’NİN AFETİ: 10.YIL ANMA ETKİNLİKLERİ” için güçlerini birleştirerek birlikte hareket
etme kararı almışlardır. Halkımızın yoğun katılımının beklendiği etkinlikler, aynı zamanda
bölge
valilikleri,
belediye
başkanlıkları
ve
sivil
toplum
kuruluşları
tarafından
desteklenmektedir.
Başta depremler olmak üzere doğal afetlerin ülkemiz açısından sürekli ve yakın bir tehdit
oluşturduğu konusunda bütün kamuoyu hemfikirdir. Türkiye’nin Afeti: 10. Yıl Anma
Etkinlikleri’nin temel hedefi afetlerden en fazla etkilenmiş insanların, kurumların ve
kuruluşların yaşadıkları sıkıntıları ne ölçüde aşabildiklerini ve hayatlarının ne yönde değiştiğini
irdeleyerek karşılaşılan problemleri ortaya koymak ve yaşananlardan alınan derslerle aynı
hataları bir kez daha tekrar etmemektir. Bu amaçla, toplumun her kesiminden anlatacak bir
hikâyesi ve geleceğe dair söyleyecek sözü olan paydaşlar bir araya gelmektedir. Paydaşlar
arasında merkezi ve yerel yöneticilerin yanı sıra işçi, işveren, esnaf örgütleri, meslek oda ve
birlikleri, medya kuruluşlarının temsilcileri ile akademisyenler yer almaktadır.
Etkinlikler kapsamında depremden etkilenmiş tüm illerde 11-19 Ağustos 2009 tarihleri
arasında düzenlenecek bir dizi bilimsel, sosyal ve kültürel etkinlikle depremin 10. Yılı anılarak,
yaşananların ardından yeni bir başlangıç yaparak ayakta kalmanın yolları kamuoyu ile bir kez
daha paylaşılacak ve ülkemizi derinden yaralayan bu afetlerin tekrar yaşanmaması için
toplumsal dayanışmanın taşıdığı önemin, afete hazırlık çalışmalarının ve afete hazırlık
eğitimlerinin zaman kaybetmeden tüm kesimlerde yeniden başlaması gerektiğinin altı
çizilecektir.
“Türkiye’nin Afeti: 10. Yıl Anma Etkinlikleri” içinde bulunduğumuz yılın 1999 depremlerinin 10.
yıldönümü olması nedeniyle, geçmiş 10 yılda yapılan çalışmaların değerlendirildiği ve geleceğe
yönelik somut hedeflerin belirlendiği bir platform olmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla, afetlerle
doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak muhatap olan ve bu alanda çalışan kurumları, akademisyenleri,
yönetici, araştırmacı ve uygulamacıları ve elbette halkımızı gerek geçmiş deneyimlerini
paylaşmak gerekse geleceğe yönelik önerilerini tartışmaya açmak amacıyla Türk Kızılayı,
Kocaeli Üniversitesi ve Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü’nün birlikte düzenleyeceği sempozyum ve
panele katılmaya, ve hepimiz için güvenli bir yarın yaratma yönünde gösterilen çabaya omuz
vermeye davet ediyoruz.
Kocaeli2009 Uluslarası Deprem Sempozyumu 17-19 Ağustos 2009 tarihleri arasında Kocaeli
Üniversitesi, Umuttepe Yerleşkesi, Prof. Dr. Baki Komsuoğlu Kongre Merkezi’nde yapılacaktır
ve depremlerle uğraşan tüm meslek dallarının temsilcilerinin buluştuğu, özel çalıştay ve
panellerle zenginleştirilmiş bilimsel toplantı dizisinin dördüncü halkasını oluşturmaktadır. Bu
sempozyumda 100’ü yabancı olmak üzere 350 bilim adamı sunum yapacaktır. Anılan
toplantılarda paylaşılacak görüş ve bilgilerin depreme duyarlı ve afet zararlarından arınmış bir
toplum olma yönünde sağlayacağını umduğumuz katkılarını takdirlerinize sunuyor,
sempozyumuzda yer alan tüm kişi, kurum ve şirket temsilcilerine teşekkür ediyoruz.
Saygılarımızla,
Düzenleme Kurulu
ii
İÇİNDEKİLER
EARTH SCIENCES/YER BİLİMLERİ
THE N-S EXTENSIONAL FEATURES IN SW TURKEY AS CONSTRAINED BY THE
GPS AND SEISMOLOGY DATA
1
ALİ PINAR, MEHMET YILMAZER, E. CANBAY, SELDA ALTUNCU
ANALYSIS OF SEISMOTECTONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MARMARA REGION BY
USING MECHANISM SOLUTIONS AND STRESS TENSOR/ DEPREM MEKANİZMA
ÇÖZÜMLERİ VE GERİLME TENSÖRÜ ANALİZİ İLE MARMARA BÖLGESİNİN
SİSMO TEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
2
TOLGA ŞEN, HALUK EYİDOĞAN
WAVEFORM ANOMALIES IN MAKRAN DEEP-FOCUS EARTHQUAKES
3
AMIRMAHMOOD SALAREE
MOMENT MAGNITUDE DETERMINATION BASED ON SOURCE SPECTRA FOR
LOCAL EARTHQUAKES
4
AYŞEGÜL KÜSMEZER, ŞERİF BARIŞ, N.M. ÖZEL, L. OTTEMÖLLER, S.
BALAMİR ÜÇER, MİTHAT FIRAT ÖZER
THE INVESTIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE RISK OF CANAKKALE AND ITS
DISTRICT/ÇANAKKALE VE ÇEVRESİNİN DEPREM TEHLİKESİNİN İNCELENMESİ
5
BANU AKOL, TOLGA BEKLER
SURVEYING THE EARTHQUAKE PRODUCING FAULTS AROUND BALA (ANKARA)
BY USING LOCAL STATION RECORDS/ BALA (ANKARA) YAKIN ÇEVRESİNDE
DEPREM ÜRETEN FAYLARIN ANKARA DEPREM İZLEME AĞI (ANKNET) VERİSİ
İLE İNCELENMESİ
6
BEGÜM ÇIVGIN, K. ESAT, B. KAYPAK, V. IŞIK, G. SEYİTOĞLU
THE ARMUTLU NETWORK ARMNET-A CONTRIBUTION
HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN THE MARMARA REGION
TO
EARTHQUAKE
8
BIRGER G. LÜHR, H. GROSSER, HEIKO WOITH, JOCHEN ZSCHAU, ŞERİF
BARIŞ, T. SERKAN IRMAK, MİTHAT FIRAT ÖZER, DENİZ ÇAKA,
SÜLEYMAN TUNÇ, BERNA TUNÇ, S. DONNER, E. GÜNTHER
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
IMAGING
OF
THE
ELECTRICAL
RESISTIVITY
STRUCTURE AT THE VICINITY OF DUZCE EARTHQUAKE, TURKEY
9
BÜLENT TANK, Y. OGAWA, Y. HONKURA, M.K.TUNCER, T.KAYA, M.
MATSUSHIMA
EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING
CONCEPT IN ROMANIA
SYSTEM
CONSTANTIN IONESCU
iii
AND
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
10
GEOLOGICAL INPUT FOR QUANTITATIVE SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS IN
BURDUR AREA, SW TURKEY
11
ALEXANDROS CHATZIPETROS, S. PAVLIDES, F. YAGMURLU, N. ÖZGÜR,
ALI PINAR, Z. KAMACI, M. ŞENTÜRK, K. UYSAL, E. ŞENER
SEISMICITY IN THE BENGAL BASIN: A POTENTIAL HAZARD ZONE
12
EAHSANUL HAGUE
DISTURBANCES GENERATED NEAR EARTH'S SURFACE, ATMOSPHERE AND
IONOSPHERE CAUSED BY TINY MECHANICAL DEFORMATION OF ROCK IN THE
LITHOSPHERE: A THEORETICAL APPROACH TO SEARCH FOR EARTHQUAKE
PRECURSOR
13
ESFHAN KHERANI, P. LOGNONNE, G. OCCHIPINTI
ANALYSIS OF IZMİT AFTERSHOCKS 25 DAYS BEFORE THE NOVEMBER 12TH
1999 DÜZCE EARTHQUAKE, TURKEY
14
ETHEM GÖRGÜN, A. ZANG, M. BOHNHOFF, C. MILKEREIT, G. DRESEN
ATTENUATION OF CODA WAVES AT EAST ANATOLIA FAULT ZONE/ DOĞU
ANADOLU FAY ZONU BOYUNCA KODA DALGA AZALIMI ATTENUATION OF
CODA WAVES AT EAST ANATOLIA FAULT ZONE
15
FADİME SERTÇELİK
DID ATATÜRK DAM TRIGGER THE EARTHQUAKE OF 3 SEPTEMBER 2008?
16
HALUK EYİDOĞAN, V. GEÇGEL
STRUTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE “MİTİDJA” SISMOGENIC BASSIN (ALGİERS,
ALGERİA)
17
HAMOU DJELLIT, A. ABTOUT, M.E.M. DERDER, A.K. YELLES-CHAOUCHE,
M.A. GUEMACHE, S. SOFIANE, H. YMMEL
RUPTURE HISTORY OF THE AUGUST 17, 1999 İZMIT EARTHQUAKE (MW=7.5)
FROM THE INVERSION OF BROADBAND TELESEISMIC P AND SH WAVEFORMS/
GENİŞ-BANT
TELESİSMİK
P
VE
SH
DALGA
ŞEKİLLERİNİN
TERS
DÖNÜŞÜMÜNDEN 17 AĞUSTOS 1999 İZMİT DEPREMİNİN (MW=7.5) KIRILMA
SÜRECİ
18
MURAT UTKUCU, HATİCE DURMUŞ
RESPONSE OF SHALLOW AND DEEP GROUND WATERS TO THE İZMİT AND
DÜZCE EARTHQUAKES OF 1999
20
HEIKO WOITH, R. WANG, M. WESTERHAUS, M. TEOMAN, A. PEKDEGER,
JOCHEN ZSCHAU
ON MONITORING OF NEAR SPACE PLASMA PARAMETERS FOR PURPOSE OF
EARTHQUAKES PREDICTION
21
GALENA KHACHIKJAN, T. ABAKANOV, A. LEE
SOURCE PROCESS OF THE 22ND
EARTHQUAKE, IN SOUTHEAST IRAN
FEB.,2005
MOHAMMAD REZA GHEITANCHI
iv
ZARAND
DESTRUCTIVE
22
ESTIMATION OF THE SOURCE PARAMETERS AND FREQUENCY DEPENDENT
SHEAR WAVE ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT OF THE 18TH JUNE, 2007 KAHAKQOM EARTHQUAKE IN NORTH CENTRAL IRAN
23
HABIB RAHIMI, J. DOLOEI, H. HAMZEHLOO
THE EFFECT OF SEISMICITY OF THE AROUND FETHIYE BAY BY SOUTHWEST
ANATOLIAN FAULT/ GÜNEYBATI ANADOLU FAYININ ETHİYE KÖRFEZİ VE
YAKIN DOLAYININ DEPREMSELLİĞİNE ETKİSİ
24
M. SOFTA, M. ERKAN KAHRAMAN
EARTHQUAKE DENSITY
YOĞUNLUĞU DEĞİŞİMİ
VARIATION
OF
TURKEY/
TÜRKİYE’DE
DEPREM
25
THE INFLUENCE OF THE AFRICAN PLATE MOTION ON THE EAST ANATOLIAN
FAULT ZONE TECTONICS
27
SELEN ARIK, N. KONEZ, MEHMET UTKU
MEHMET YILMAZER, ALİ PINAR
EVALUATION
OF
SOURCE
PARAMETERS
EARTHQUAKES İN SOUTH -EAST OF IRAN
OF
SOME
MODERATELY
28
MEHRDAD MOSTAFAZADEH, S. ASHKPOUR MOTLAGH
NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTION SIMULATION IN TEHRAN CITY
29
M. REZA GHAYAMGHAMIAN, M.F. GHADIKALAI
EARTHQUAKE RISK IN LOW AND MEDIUM SEISMICITY REGIONS: A CASE
STUDY FOR ANKARA/ KÜÇÜK VE ORTA BÜYÜKLÜKTE SİSMİK AKTİVİTE
GÖSTEREN BÖLGELERDEKİ DEPREM RİSKİ: ANKARA İÇİN ÖRNEK BİR
ÇALIŞMA
30
A.M. EKER, H. AKGÜN, MUSTAFA K. KOÇKAR
SOURCE DYNAMICS OF THE JUNE 22, 2002, CHANGOUREH-AVAJ
EARTHQUAKE AND ITS AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCE, IN NORTH CENTRAL IRAN
31
NEDA SARMADI, M.R. GHEITANCHI
DETERMINATION OF THE CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE STRUCTURE IN
ANATOLIA BY SURFACE WAVE DATA APPLIED DISCRIMINATION FILTER /
AYRIM SÜZGECİ UYGULANAN YÜZEY DALGASI VERİLERİ İLE ANADOLU’DA
KABUK VE ÜST MANTO YAPISININ BELİRLENMESİ
32
NİLGÜN SAYIL
A SOFTWARE FOR EARTHQUAKE INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS / DEPREM
ARAŞTIRMA VE İNCELEME YAZILIMI
34
ÖMER AKBAŞ, ERTAN PEKŞEN, T. SERKAN IRMAK
THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION STAGES OF LOCAL GPS NETWORKS FOR
MONITORING CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS
ORHAN KURT, HALUK KONAK, CANKUT D. İNCE
v
35
THE LAST DEVELOPMENTS OF THE NATIONAL SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATION
NETWORK OF TURKEY, 2009/ TÜRKİYE ULUSAL SİSMOLOJİK GÖZLEM
AĞINDAKİ SON GELİŞMELER,2009
36
RECAİ FEYİZ KARTAL, S. ZÜNBÜL, F.T. KADİRİOĞLU, M. KAPLAN, S.
KARAKISA, T. KILIÇ, M. TÜRKOĞLU, K. YANIK, N. HOLOĞLU, B. BARAN,
T. TEZEL, C. ÖZTÜRK AKCA, A. YATMAN, M. DEMİR, C. FENERC, Y.
İRAVUL, B. TÜZEL
ESTIMATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE HAZARD OF SİNOP PROVINCE USING
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL METHODS/ OLASILIK VE İSTATİSTİK
YÖNTEMLER İLE SİNOP İLİNİN DEPREM TEHLİKESİNİN TAHMİNİ
38
RECAİ FEYİZ KARTAL, GÜNAY BEYHAN, NAZAN YILMAZ, MURAT
UTKUCU
SOURCE PARAMETERS OF MODERATE QOM EARTHQUKE BY WAVEFORM
MODELING
39
REZA MANSOURI, MOHAMMAD REZA GHEITANCHI
SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR KOPEH DAGH REGİON
40
MOSTAFAH JAVANMEHRI, SAYYED MAHMOOD AZHARI, N. MIRZAEI
EVIDENCE FOR THE SEISMIC QUIESCENCE PRIOR TO THE JANUARY 25, 2005
HAKKARİ (MW=5.9) EARTHQUAKE, TURKEY
41
SERKAN ÖZTÜRK, YUSUF BAYRAK
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ARISING FROM AĞRI (DIYADIN) GEOTHERMAL
WATERS/ AĞRI (DİYADİN) JEOTERMAL KAYNAKLARININ KULLANILMASIYLA
OLUŞABİLECEK ÇEVRESEL SORUNLAR
42
SUZAN PASVANOĞLU, S. GÜLER
THE ARMUTLU NETWORK: AN INVESTIGATION ON SEISMOTECTONIC SETTING
OF ARMUTLU-YALOVA REGION
44
ŞERİF BARIŞ, BERNA TUNÇ, HEIKO WOITH, H. GROSSER, SERKAN
IRMAK, BIRGER LÜHR, DENİZ ÇAKA, SÜLEYMAN TUNÇ, E. GÜNTHER,
MİTHAT FIRAT ÖZER, JOCHEN ZSCHAU
FAULT MECHANISMS OF THE BIGA PENINSULA EARTHQAUKES AND
COHERENCE WITH ACTIVE TECTONICS/ BİGA YARIMADASI DEPREMLERİNİN
KAYNAK MEKANİZMALARI VE AKTİF TEKTONİK İLE UYUMLULUĞU
45
TOLGA BEKLER, S. ÖZDEN, DOĞAN KALAFAT
A LONG-TERM PREDICTION BASED ON THE CIRCULAR EPICENTER MIGRATION
OF THE HISTORICAL EQ’S OF MARMARA PENINSULA / TARİHSEL MARMARA
DEPREMLERİNDE OLUŞAN DÖNGÜSEL DIŞ-MERKEZ GÖÇÜ VE BU DÖNGÜYE
DAYALI BİR DEPREM ÖNGÖRÜSÜ
46
UĞUR KAYNAK
SITE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METROPOLITAN IZMIR BASED ON THE DATA
OBTAINED FROM LOCAL STRONG-MOTION ARRAY (IZMIRNET): PRELIMINARY
RESULTS/ YEREL KUVVETLİ YER HAREKETİ DEPREM İSTASYON AĞINDAN
(İZMIRNET) ELDE EDİLEN VERİLERE GÖRE İZMİR METROPOLÜ’NÜN ZEMİN
vi
47
ÖZELLİKLERİ: İLK SONUÇLAR
ULUBEY ÇEKEN, E. GÖK, D. YILMAZ, E. YALÇINKAYA, A. YAKUT, O.
POLAT
GRAVITY ANOMALIES AND DEEP STRUCTURE OF SEISMOGENIC CHELLIF
BASIN (ALGERIA)
48
ABDESLAM ABTOUT, HASSINA BOUKERBOUT, BOUALEM BOUAHIAOUI,
DOMINIQUE GIBERT, MOHAMED DERDER
IMAGE PROCESSING OF
TOMOGRAPHY OF FAULTS
SHARP
BOUNDARIES
IN
2D
ELECTRICAL
49
A. ASHTARI TALKHESTANI, B. ABBASSI
PREDICTION OF POROSITY FROM SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE TRACES USING LOCAL
LINEAR NEURO-FUZZY MODEL IN GORGAN BASIN
A. ASHTARI
MIRMOMENI
TALKHESTANI,
M.
NABI-BIDHENDI,
J.
JAMALI,
50
M.
STRUCTURAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL EVIDENCE OF LATERAL TECTONIC
EXTRUSION WITHIN THE SANANDAJ-SIRJAN METAMORPHIC BELT, ZAGROS
MOUNTAINS, IRAN
51
A. FAGHIH, K. SARKARINEJAD, A. SHOJAEI, B. SSAMANI
LOCATING HIDDEN FAULTS BY USING NEWEST 2D SEISMIC IMAGING
METHOD
52
ALI GOUDARZI, RIAHI
INTERPRETING GEOMAGNETIC DATA USING THE ANALYTIC SIGNAL METHOD
53
ALI KARIMI, B. OSKOOI
NON-LINEAR INVERSION OF RESIDUAL SELF-POTENTIAL ANOMALIES WITH
VARIABLE SHAPE FACTOR
54
ALPER DEMİRCİ, YUNUS LEVENT EKİNCİ
EARTHQUAKE
PREDICTION
WORKS
WITH
THE
MAGNETIC
FIELD
COMPONENTS
FOR
THE
17
AUGUST
AND
12
NOVEMBER
EARTHQUAKES/MANYETIK ALAN BILEŞENLERI ILE 17 AĞUSTOS VE 12 KASIM
1999 DEPREMLERI ÖN KESTIRIM ÇALIŞMALARI
55
ALPER KIYAK, CAN KARAVUL, HATİCE DURMUŞ
SPT-VS CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS TO BE DETERMINED FOR SAKARYAERENLER REGION/SAKARYA-ERENLER BÖLGESİ İÇİN SPT-VS KORELASYON
KATSAYILARININ TESPİT EDİLMESİ
56
GÜNAY BEYHAN, CAN KARAVUL, ALPER KIYAK, AYHAN KESKİNSEZER,
FİKRET KURNAZ
INVESTIGATION OF WALL REMAINS IN ALACAHOYUK WITH GPR
AYSEL SEREN, K. GELİŞLİ, D.A. AÇIKGÖZ, S. ERKUL
vii
57
HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION AND ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY IN EAST OF
ESFAHAN, CENTRAL IRAN MAGMATIC BELT
58
BATOUL TAGHIPOUR, FARID MOORE
CALCULATION OF SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM USING 2.5-D APPROACH/2.5-B
YAKLAŞIMI İLE YAPAY SİSMOGRAM ÜRETİLMESİ
59
BURCU BARIN
THE EFFECTS OF THE REMANENT MAGNETIZATION ON REDUCTION TO THE
POLE PROCESS/KALINTI MIKNATISLANMANIN KUTBA İNDİRGEME TEKNİĞİ
ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ
60
ÇAĞRI YILDIRIM, YUNUS EKİNCİ
THE SEA OF MARMARA,
SEA BOTTOM OBSERVATORY PROJECT
(MSBOP)/MARMARA DENIZI, DENIZ TABANI GÖZLEMEVI PROJESI (MDTGP)
61
DOĞAN KALAFAT, CEMİL GÜRBÜZ, MEHMET YILMAZER, KIVANÇ
KEKOVALI, ZAFER ÖĞÜTÇÜ, Y. GÜNEŞ, M. KARA, M. SUVARIKLI
NEAR REAL TIME REGIONAL MOMENT TENSOR ESTIMATION USING TURKISH
SEISMIC NETWORK’S BROADBAND STATIONS/TÜRKIYE DEPREM AĞINA AIT
GENIŞBANTLI (BB) DEPREM İSTASYONLARI KULLANILARAK YAPILAN YAKIN
GERÇEK ZAMANLI BÖLGESEL MOMENT TENSÖR DEĞERLENDIRMELERI
62
DOĞAN KALAFAT, KIVANÇ KEKOVALI, MEHMET YILMAZER, ETHEM
GÖRGÜN, SELDA POYRAZ
INVESTIGATION OF SEISMICITY AND SEISMOTECTONIC FEATURES OF SALT
LAKE AND SURROUNDINGS, CENTRAL ANATOLIA REGION / İÇ ANADOLU
BÖLGESİ, TUZ GÖLÜ VE CİVARININ SİSMİSİTESİ VE SİSMOTEKTONİK
ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ.
63
D.KALAFAT, Z. OĞÜTCÜ, Y. GÜNEŞ, K. KEKOVALI, M. YILMAZER, E.
GÖRGÜN, M. KARA, K. KILIC, P. DENİZ, M. COMOĞLU, M.BERBEROĞLU,
A. BERBEROĞLU, S.A. POYRAZ, F.N. BEKLER, A. KÜSMEZER, H. GÜMÜŞ,
D. KEPEKCİ, M.GÜL, R.POLAT, Ö.ÇOK
EVOLUTION OF KANDILLI OBSERVATORY AND EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH
INSTITUTE (KOERI) BROADBAND (BB) DIGITAL SEISMIC NETWORK /
KANDILLI RASATHANESI VE DEPREM ARAŞTIRMA ENSTITÜSÜ (KRDAE)
GENIŞBANTLI (GB) SAYISAL DEPREM AĞININ GELIŞIMI
64
D.KALAFAT, Z.ÖĞÜTÇÜ, Y. GÜNEŞ, K. KEKOVALI, M.SUVARIKLI, M.
YILMAZER, E. GÖRGÜN, M. KARA, K. KILIÇ, P. DENİZ, M. ÇOMOĞLU,
M.BERBEROGLU, A. BERBEROĞLU, S. A. POYRAZ, F.N. BEKLER, A.
KÜSMEZER, H. GÜMÜŞ, D. KEPEKÇİ, M.GÜL, R.POLAT, Ö.ÇOK
DEDUCING THE GEOMETRY OF STRIKE-SLIP FAULTING BY RESISTIVITY
METHOD/DOĞRULTU ATIMLI FAYLARIN GEOMETRİLERİNİN ÖZDİRENÇ
YÖNTEMİYLE ORTAYA ÇIKARILMASI
65
EBRU EFEOĞLU, METİN AŞÇI
MICROZONATION STUDIES BY USING SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY : GEBZE
(KOCAELİ) REGION/KAYMA DALGA HIZI KULLANILARAK MİKROBÖLGELEME
ÇALIŞMALARI: GEBZE (KOCAELİ) BÖLGESİ
viii
66
EBRU EFEOĞLU
DETERMINING
OF
SUBSURFACE
STRUCTURES
BY
RESISTIVITY
METHOD/YERALTI YAPILARININ ÖZDİRENÇ YÖNTEMİYLE BELİRLENMESİ
67
EBRU EFEOĞLU
STUDIES
OF
NOISE
ELIMINATION
IN
MAGNETOTELLURIC
METHOD/MANYETOTELURİK YÖNTEMDE GÜRÜLTÜ YOKETME ÇALIŞMALARI
68
EBRU ŞENGÜL
DESIGN OF AN OPTIMUM SEISMIC NETWORK FOR IRAN
69
EHSAN KARKOOTI, Z.H. SHOMALI
COMPARISON OF NOISE LEVELS IN STATIONS OF IRANIAN SESICMIC
TELEMETRY NETWORK
70
SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKE LOCATION ERROR OF IRANIAN SEISMIC
TELEMETRY NETWORK
71
IMAGING THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY STRUCTURE AT THE WESTERN
PART OF THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE BY MAGNETOTELLURICS
E. CIFTÇI TOLAK, N. OSHIMAN, S.B. TANK, M.K.
KARCIOĞLU, Y. HONKURA, Y. OGAWA, M. MATSUSHIMA
TUNCER,
72
G.
SOME SEISMOTECTONIC PROPERTIES OF THE SURROUNDING REGIONS OF
ANKARA (TÜRKIYE)/ANKARA YAKIN ÇEVRESİNİN BAZI SİSMOTEKTONİK
ÖZELLİKLERİ
73
E. GÖKTEN, B. BARAN
THE IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES OBSERVED PRIOR TO SUMATRA TSUNAMI
AND THEIR POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION WITH PRE-TSUNAMI ACTIVITY
75
E. ALAM KHERANI, P. LOGNONNE, G. OCCHIPINTI
MAGNETOMETERY STUDY OF MAHALAT FAULT ZONE AND ITS THERMAL
SPRINGS
76
FARZANEH FARAHANI, MIRZAEI, GHADIMI AROOS MAHALEH, KHAMSE
INVESTIGATION OF LOCAL GROUND EFFECT WITH GEOPHYSICALMICROTREMOR DATA OF KOCAELI-GÖLCÜK REGION/KOCAELİ-GÖLCÜK
BÖLGESİNİN JEOFİZİK-MİKROTREMOR VERİLERİ İLE YEREL ZEMİNİN
ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
77
GÜNAY BEYHAN, CAN KARAVUL, A. KESKİNSEZER, FATIH SÜNBÜL
INVESTIGATION OF KOCAELI-YAZLIK AREA
GEOTECHNICAL
METHODS/KOCAELİ-YAZLIK
JEOTEKNİK YÖNTEMLERLE İNCELENMESİ
WITH GEOPHYSICAL AND
BÖLGESİNİN
JEOFİZİK-
GÜNAY BEYHAN, CAN KARAVUL, A.KESKİNSEZER, FATIH SÜNBÜL
ix
78
SEISMICITY OF IRAN (TEHRAN)
79
FERESHTEH GOLABI
THE ARCHEOGEOPHYSICS SURVEY ARROUND ANTIC ROME BATH ON
AMASYA-TERZİKÖY
THERMAL
BATH/AMASYA-TERZIKÖY
KAPLICALARI
MEVKIINDE ANTIK ROMA HAMAMI KALINTILARI ARKEOJEOFIZIK ETÜDÜ
80
FETHİ AHMET YÜKSEL, MEHMET SAFİ YILDIZ
THE SEISMIC REFRACTION METHOD AS A TOOL FOR TESTING THE GROUND
CONDITIONS RESULTING FROM THE RAILWAY GROUND HEALING STUDIES AT
POTI, GEORGIA/GÜRCISTAN, POTI KASABASINDA DEMIRYOLU ZEMIN
İYILEŞTIRME ÇALIŞMASI SONUCUNDA OLUŞAN ZEMIN KOŞULLARININ SISMIK
KIRILMA YÖNTEMI İLE TEST EDILMESI
82
FETHİ AHMET YÜKSEL, MEHMET SAFİ YILDIZ
INVESTIGATION OF SAKARYA-KAZIMPAŞA AREA WITH GEOPHYSICAL AND
GEOTECHNICAL METHODS/SAKARYA-KAZIMPAŞA BÖLGESİNİN JEOFİZİK VE
JEOTEKNİK YÖNTEMLER İLE İNCELENMESİ
GÜNAY BEYHAN,
KURNAZ
CAN
KARAVUL,
AYHAN
KESKİNSEZER,
FİKRET
INVESTIGATION OF KOCAELI-ALIKAHYA AREA WITH GEOPHYSICAL AND
GEOTECHNICAL METHODS/KOCAELİ-ALİKAHYA BÖLGESİNİN JEOFİZİK VE
JEOTEKNİK YÖNTEMLER İLE İNCELENMESİ
GÜNAY BEYHAN,
KURNAZ
CAN
KARAVUL,
AYHAN
KESKİNSEZER,
84
85
FİKRET
GRAFIC INTERFACE AND INVERSION APPROACHES FOR ESTIMATION OF THE
LOCAL EARTQUAKES EPICENTER/YEREL DEPREMLERİN EPİSANTR TAYİNİNDE
GRAFİK ARAYÜZÜ VE TERS ÇÖZÜM YAKLAŞIMLARI
86
FATMA NURTEN ŞİŞMAN
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF STRONG MOTION AND WEAK MOTION NETWORK IN
THE REGION OF ANKARA / ANKARA VE CIVARI ZAYIF VE KUVVETLI YER
HAREKETI KAYIT AĞININ KURULMASI
87
GÜLÇİN FELEK, A. CEM GEL, S. PAMPAL
STRESS FORECAST - MANYAS EARTHQUAKE
88
GÜLTEN POLAT, NURCAN ÖZEL, ONUR TAN, SEMİH ERGİNTAV
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION MODELLING FOR A WASTE DEPOSIT IN
ÇANAKKALE/ÇANAKKALE KATI ATIK DEPOLAMA SAHASI İÇİN YERALTISUYU
KİRLİLİĞİNİN MODELLEMESİ
89
G. DİDEM BEŞKARDEŞ
CALCULATION
OF
İZMİT
BASIN
SEDIMENTARY
THICKNESS
WITH
MICROTREMOR
METHOD/İZMİT
BASENİNİN
ÇÖKEL
KALINLIĞININ
MİKROTREMOR YÖNTEMİYLE HESAPLANMASI
KAAN HAKAN ÇOBAN, DEMET GİDER, OYA ÇAKIN, MUSTAFA CEVHER,
MEHMET SANCILI, AYLİN KARAASLAN, EKREM ZOR, SERDAR
ÖZALAYBEY
x
90
DETERMINATION OF RESPONSE OF 3D COMPLEX VELOCITY MODELS BY
USING
SYNTHETIC
SEISMOGRAMS/ÜÇ
BOYUTLU
KARMAŞIK
YER
MODELLERİNİN YAPAY SİSMOGRAMLARLA TANIMLANMASI
91
HALİL İBRAHIM ARSLAN
STRUCTRAL AND TECTONIC PROPERTIES OF THE EDREMİT BAY/EDREMİT
KÖRFEZİNİN YAPISAL VE TEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİ
92
HALUK SELİM, E.S. DOĞAN, GÜNAY BEYHAN, AYHAN KESKİNSEZER, M.
YILMAZ, A.R. TOYDAR
INVESTIGATION OF TECTONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THRACE-TERZİLİ FAULT
BY MEANS OF SEISMIC REFLACTION DATA INTERPRETATION/SİSMİK
YANSIMA VERİLERİNİN YORUMU İLE TRAKYA-TERZİLİ FAYININ TEKTONİK
ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
93
HALUK SELİM, E.S. DOĞAN, GÜNAY BEYHAN, HATİCE ERGÜVEN,
AYHAN KESKİNSEZER, M. YILMAZ
INTERPRETATION OF OFFSHORE GRAVIMETRIC DATA IN THE NW OF ALGERIA
(MEDITERRANEAN SEA) USING THE CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM IN
THE CASE 3-D
94
HASSINA BOURKERBOUT, ABTOUT, GIBERT
PARAMETER ESTIMATION FROM
HORIZONTAL DERIVATIVES
MAGNETIC
PROFILE
DATA
BY
USING
95
HÜSEYİN KARAIŞIK, YUNUS LEVENT EKİNCİ
THE MAGNETİC MODELS OF MINE FIELDS/MADEN SAHALARININ MANYETİK
MODELLENMESİ
96
İLKNUR ŞEN, METİN AŞÇI
COMBINATION OF ANALYTIC SIGNAL AND EULER DECONVOLUTION METHODS
(AN_EUL) FOR INTERPRETATION OF MAGNETIC DATA
97
JAMALEDIN BANIAMERIAN, OSKOOI KARIMI
DEFORMATIONAL SURFACE STRUCTURES ON THE ARMUTLU PENINSULA, NW
TURKEY
98
JANNES KINSCHER, HEIKO WOITH, B. LUHR, CHRISTOPHER OTTO, M.
STRECKER, ERHAN BAŞARAN, ŞERİF BARIŞ
NEOTECTONICS OF THE ARMUTLU PENINSULA, NW TURKEY
JANNES KINSCHER, HEIKO WOITH, B. LUHR, CHRISTOPHER OTTO, M.
STRECKER, ERHAN BAŞARAN, ŞERİF BARIŞ
RESEARCH OF
İNCELENMESİ
SELF
POTENTIAL
DATAS/SELF-POTANSİYEL
99
VERİLERİNİN
100
ÖZGÜN KAMİL ŞAHİN, METİN AŞÇI
MORPHOTECTONIC
MOUNTAINS
FEATURES
ALONG
THE
RAZAK
FAULT,
ZAGROS
101
KHALED HESSAMI
xi
EARTHQUAKE MONITORING NETWORK
DEPREM İZLEME AĞI (ANKNET)
OF
ANKARA
(ANKNET)/ANKARA
102
G. SEYITOĞLU, P. KAYPAK, V. IŞIK, K. ESAT, B. ÇIVGIN
A STEP TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE HAZARD AND DISASTER MITIGATION
103
MOHAMED HAMID MOALA
STUDY OF THE MOHO DEPTH VARIATIONS IN THE EASTERNMOST ZAGROS
USING RECEIVER FUNCTION ANALYSIS
104
M. HASANPOUR SEDGHI, Y. YAMINIFARD, M. MOKHTARI
THE 1962 BUYIN-ZAHRA (QAZVIN)EARTHQUAKE IN NOTHWEST IRAN AND ITS
POST-SEISMIC ACTIVITY
105
MOHAMMAD REZA GHEITANCHI, MONA MIRI
SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 28TH FEB.,1997 ARDABIL DESTRUCTIVE
EARTHQUAKE
106
S. ATEFI, MOHAMMED REZA GHEITANCHI
COMBINED EM-VLF, 2D AND 3D RESISTIVITY SURVEYS TO IMAGE HIDDEN
QANAT CHANNELS IN URBAN AREAS: A CASE OF TEHRAN, IRAN
107
M. JAMIE, A. EBRAHIMI BARDAR, B. ABBASI, B. OSKOOI
EFFICIENCY OF COMBINED USE OF VES AND PMR FOR GROUNDWATER
INVESTIGATIONS IN SEDIMENTARY AQUIFERS: A CASE OF ABEYEK, IRAN
108
M. JAMIE, B.OSKOOI, H. SANAIEL KAMAL
THE FEBRUARY 1997 GARMKHAN(NORTH-EASTBOJNOURD), NORTHEAST
IRAN, EARTHQUAKE AND SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF THE REGION DURING 20062009
109
MARYAM AMINIPANAH, M.R. GHEITANCHI, M GHORASHI
DETECTING OIL TRAPS USING TIME-FREQUENCY DECOMPOSITION
110
MARYAM NEJATI
ROLE OF SOIL LIQUEFACTION IN CLAY SOILS: AN EXAMPLE FROM BURDUR
(TURKEY) SETTLEMENT AREA/KİLLİ ZEMİNLERİN ZEMİN SIVILAŞMASINDAKİ
ROLÜ: BURDUR (TÜRKİYE) ÖRNEĞİ
111
MEHMET ÖZÇELİK
BLOC ROTATION TECTONICS IN NORTHERN ALGERIA REVEALED BY
PALEOMAGNETIC INVESTIGATIONS IN THE “MITIDJA” BASIN (ALGIERS AREA,
ALGERIA)
112
MOHAMED DERDER, B. HENRY, H. DJELIT, C. DORBATH, H. YMEL, S.
GHARBI, M. GUEMACHE, A. ABTOUT
CRUSTAL STRUCTURE BENEATH THE LOWER TAGUS VALLEY, SOUTHWESTERN
IBERIA USING JOINT ANALYSIS OF TELESEISMIC RECEIVER FUNCTIONS AND
SURFACE WAVE DISPERSION DATA
MOHAMED SALAH, S.J. CHANG, J.F.B.D. FONSECA
xii
113
MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF NORTH WEST OF YAZD
SKARN
114
MOHAMMAD ALI MACKIZADEH, B. TAGHIPOUR
SPECTRAL DECOMPOSITION: A USEFUL INSTRUMENT FOR FAULT PATTERN
VISUALIZATION
115
MOHAMMED RADDAD, HOZHABRI
TOMOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE NORTH-CENTRAL IRAN USING THE LG CODA Q
116
MOJTABA NAGHAVI, SHOMALI, ZARE
SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION THROUGH 2D TIME LAPSE
ELECTRICAL TOMOGRAPHY
117
MOTAHARE AZIMI, ABBASI, OSKOOI, KARGAHI
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF WEAK MOTION AND STRONG MOTION SENSORS
AND REAL TIME EARTHQUAKE MONITORING IN THE ESKISEHIR URBAN
AREAS: ANA-NET SEISMIC NETWORK/ESKİŞEHİR YERLEŞİM YERİNDE ZAYIF
VE KUVVETLİ YER HAREKETİ KAYITÇILARININ KURULMASI VE EŞ ZAMANLI
TAKİBİ (ANA-NET)
118
MUAMMER TÜN, UĞUR AVDAN, EMRAH PEKKAN, OĞUZ ÖZEL
ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT MODEL STUDY IN KIRŞEHIR – NEVŞEHIR
REGION/KIRŞEHİR - NEVŞEHİR BÖLGESİNDE BİR BOYUTLU ISI MODELİ
ÇALIŞMASI
120
MÜCELLA CANBAY, B. BAYRAM
METAL HEAVY CONTAMINATION OF SOILS WITH MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
METHOD IN KOCAELI (TURKEY) AND COMPARISON OF IN SITU FIELD
MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY WITH LABORATORY
DATA/KOCAELI BÖLGESININ AĞIR METAL KIRLILIĞININ MANYETIK DUYARLIK
METODUYLA TESPITI ILE YERINDE VE LABORATUVAR ÖLÇÜLERININ
KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
122
MÜCELLA CANBAY
MICRO-SEISMICITY AND FLUIDS RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE WESTERN
PART OF SEA OF MARMARA
J.B. TARY, T. BARDAINNE, L. GELI, P. HENRY, M. COMOGLU, M.
YILMAZER, M. TRYON, B. NATALIN, N. CAĞATAY, P. BURNARD, S.
BOURLANGE
DETECTION OF THE TALKHAB FAULT USING A MAGNETOTELLURIC STUDY IN
MARKAZI PROVINCE, IRAN
124
125
NASIM PAKDAL
AN EVALUATION OF NORTH KOREA’S NUCLEAR TEST BY BELBAŞI NUCLEAR
TESTS MONITORING CENTER-KOERI
ÖCAL NECMIOĞLU, N. MERAL ÖZEL, K. SEMIN, S. KOÇAK, C. DESTICI,
U. TEOMAN
xiii
126
DISCRIMINATION OF ARTIFICIAL SOURCED SEISMOGRAMS FROM NATURAL
SOURCED SEISMOGRAMS/YAPAY KAYNAKLI SİSMOGRAMLAR İLE DOĞAL
KAYNAKLI SİSMOGRAMLARIN AYIRT EDİLMESİ
127
ORAL BAŞER, FADİME SERTÇELİK
SOME BASIC ASPECTS OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY 2008
128
ORMENI RRAPO
SOME FEATURES OF LUSHNJE-ELBASANI-DIBRA (ALBANIA) TRASVERSAL
FAULT ZONE AND ITS RECENTLY SEISMIC ACTIVITY
129
ORMENI RRAPO
INTERPRETATION WITH EULER DECONVOLUTION OF BOUGUER GRAVITY
DATA OF BURDUR REGION
ÖZKAN KAFADAR,
KARAVUL
AYHAN
KESKİNSEZER,
GÜNAY
BEYHAN,
130
CAN
DETERMINATION OF DEPTH AND COEFFICIENT FACTOR OF THE RESIDUAL
GRAVIT FARIDANOMALIES USING EQUATIONS LINEARIZATION DUO TO
LEAST-SQUARES METHOD
131
REZA HOZHABRI, V.E. ARDESTANI
ESTIMATION
EATHQUAKE
OF
STRESS
DROP
AND
RUPTURE
RADIUS
FOR
ZRAND
132
REZA MANSOURI, M.R. GHEYTANCHI
SINGULARITY EXPONENT FROM WAVELET-BASED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS: A
NEW SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE FOR FAULT DETECTION
133
SAEED HADILOO, H.R. SIAHKOOHI, R.MANSOURI
RANDOM NOISE SUPPRESSION BY MEANS OF DCT FILTER
134
SAEED RAHMATI, RIAHI
GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF HIGH ZAGROS SALT DOMES, IRAN
ALI
135
GEOPHYSICAL EVIDIENCE FOR RADIAL EXTENSION AT THE APEX OF THE
ISPARTA ANGLE
136
SEDIGHEH TAGHIPOUR,
MACKIZADEH
BATOUL
TAGHIPOUR,
MOHAMAD
SELDA ALTUNCU, MUSTAFA KEMAL TUNCER, ALİ PINAR
STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCE OF MD=5.3
ANKARA (BALA) EARTHQAUKE OF DECEMBER 27,2007
137
YUSUF BAYRAK, SERKAN ÖZTÜRK
EXAMINATION OF GELENDOST AND EGRIDIR (ISPARTA) EARTHQAUKES
OCCURED IN 2007 BY DEVIATORIC MOMENT TENSOR METHOD/2007 YILINDA
MEYDANA GELMİŞ GELENDOST VE EĞRİDİR (ISPARTA) DEPREMLERİNİN
DEVİATORİK MOMENT TENSÖR YÖNTEMİ İLE İNCELENMESİ
TUĞBAY KILIÇ, MURAT UTKUCU
xiv
138
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
INVERSION
OF
MAGNETIC
ANOMALIES:
A
COMPARISON OF INDIVIDUAL AND HYBRID USE OF EXACT AND
APPROXIMATE EQUATIONS/MANYETİK ANOMALİLERİN ÜÇ-BOYUTLU TERS
ÇÖZÜMÜ: TAM VE YAKLAŞIK EŞİTLİKLERİN AYRI AYRI VE BİRLİKTE
KULLANIMLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
139
TUĞRUL KONUK, YUNUS LEVENT EKİNCİ
NATIONAL STRONG GROUND MOTION NETWORK
ULUSAL KUVVETLİ YER HAREKETİ KAYIT AĞI
OF
TURKEY/TÜRKİYE
TURGAY KURU, S. KARAKISA, M.A. ALKAN, A. APAK, D. KÖKBUDAK, E.
ÇAKIR, S. ALTIOK, H. ALBAYRAK, C. ŞAHİN, E. TENGİLİMOĞLU, A.
YAŞAR ,Y. IRAVUL, B. TUZEL
THE KINEMATIC MODEL OF THE VISCOELASTIC ANATOLIAN CRUST
SUPPORTED BY MORPHOLOGICAL, HYDROLOGICAL, VOLCANOLOGICAL,
SEISMOLOGICAL
AND
TECTONICAL
CLUES/ANADOLU
VİSKOELASTİK
KABUĞUNUN MORFOLOJİK, HİDROLOJİK, VOLKANOLOJİK, SİSMOLOJİK VE
TEKTONİK KANITLARLA DESTEKLENMİŞ KİNEMATİK MODELİ
141
142
UĞUR KAYNAK
THE INTERIOR GEOLOGY OF THE ISTANBUL CITY WALL AND THE EVOLUTION
OF THE TURKISH STRAITS/İSTANBUL SURİÇİ JEOLOJİSİ VE TÜRK
BOĞAZLARI’NIN GELİŞİM SÜRECİ
143
UĞUR KAYNAK
THE CRUSTAL FRACTURE SYSTEM, THE EARTHQUAKES AND THE
MISUNDERSTANDINGS/KABUKSAL
ÇATLAK
SİSTEMLERİ,
DEPREM
VE
YANILGILAR
144
UĞUR KAYNAK
THE MOVEMENT POTENTIAL EVALUATION AND COMPARING OF THE ACTIVE
FAULTS (CASE STUDY: MAJOR FAULTS IN THE SEMNAN REGION)
145
ZAHRA MALEKI, MEHRAN ARIAN
DAMAGING SEISMIC HAZARD FOR KHORAMABAD AREA
146
ZAHRA RAFIEH, Z. MALEKI
ENGINEERING/MÜHENDİSLİK
A CASE STUDY: EFFECTS OF SELECTED MODELING PARAMETERS ON
PERFORMANCE EXPECTATIONS OF BUILDINGS
147
ABDULLAH DİLSİZ, GÜLKAN
FIRE PERFORMANCE OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES IN CEMENT MORTARS
148
ADNAN ÖNER, SERKAN ENGİN, ONUR ÖZTÜRK
EXPERIMENTAL MODAL ANALYSIS OF GULBURNU HIGHWAY BRDGE
xv
149
AHMET CAN ALTUNIŞIK, BAYRAKTAR, SEVİM, TÜRKER
EFFECT OF SOIL CONDITIONS ON THE HIGH STOREY BUILDINGS DUE TO
DYNAMIC LOADING/ DİNAMİK DURUMDA ZEMİN KOŞULLARININ ÇOK KATLI
YAPI DAVRANIŞINA ETKİSİ
150
AYŞE BENGÜ SÜNBÜL, U. DAĞDEVİREN, Z. GÜNDÜZ, BİLGE SİYAHİ
VARIATIONS ON SEISMIC RESPONSE VIA VISCOUS DAMPER PLACEMENT IN
PLANAR BUILDING STRUCTURES
152
BAKİ ÖZTÜRK, E. AYDIN, FARUK POLAT
RESIDENTIAL
153
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF 1855 EARTQUAKES ON MASONRY
STRUCTURES IN BURSA: CASE STUDY BURSA ÖRDEKLİ PUBLIC BATH
154
LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED DEFORMATION
BUILDING FOUNDATION SOILS
ASSESSMENT
OF
BERNA UNUTMAZ, K. ÖNDER ÇETİN
BİLAL BAĞBANCI, B. ÖZLEM KÖPRÜLÜ
INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL CONTINIUTY TO STRUCTURAL
CAPACITY/ BETONARME BİNALARDA PERDE DUVAR SÜREKLİLİĞİNİN YAPISAL
KAPASİTEYE ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
155
BURAK YÖN, M.E. ÖNCÜ
THE DYNAMICS ANALALYSIS OF THE SYSTEMS BASED ON THE INTERACTION
BETWEEN SOILNAND BUILDINGS/ZEMİN-YAPI ETKİLEŞİMİNİN DİKKATE
ALINDIĞI KEMER SİSTEMLERİN DİNAMİK ANALİZİ
156
K. SOYLUK, EDA AVANOĞLU SICACIK
THE EXAMINATION OF THE BC III(A) REINFORCING STEEL BARS ACCORDING
TO EARTHQUAKE CODES/ BÇ III(A) BETON ÇELİK ÇUBUKLARININ DEPREM
YÖNETMELİKLERİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ
157
FATIH KÜRŞAT FIRAT, M.S. YÜCEMEN
A CASE STUDY FOR THE APPLICATION OF FIRST LEVEL SEISMIC
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS IN DENIZLI
158
FİKRET KURAN, ÖZGÜR AVŞAR, C. KOCAMAN, EMEL DEMİROK
EXAMINATION OF RELIABILITY OF
STRUCTURES OF DIFFERENT HEIGHTS
LINEAR
DYNAMIC
ANALYSIS
ON
159
MODEL
160
THE EFFECT OF THE POTENTIAL OF LIQUEFACTION SENSITIVITY ON DAMAGE:
ISTANBUL (HISTORICAL PENINSULA)/ TARİHİ YARIMADA(İSTANBUL)’NIN
SIVILAŞMA HASSASLIĞI POTANSİYELİNİN HASARA ETKİSİ
161
FUAD OKAY, KEMAL BEYEN, SERKAN ENGİN
CONTROL OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL
STUCTURE BY MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL DAMPERS
GÖKÇE KINAY, GÜRSOY TURAN
xvi
GÖKÇE ÇİÇEK İNCE
PREFABRICATED MULTI-STOREY
EXPERIENCES/PREFABRİKE ÇOK
DENEYİMLERİMİZ
STRUCTURES AND PAST EARTHQUAKE
KATLI YAPILAR VE GEÇMİŞ DEPREM
162
GÜNKUT BARKA, HAKAN ATAKÖY
AN INVESTIGATION OF SOME MALPRACTICE APPLICATIONS ON REPAIR AND
STRENGTHENING/
BAZI
ONARIM
VE
GÜÇLENDİRME
HATALARININ
İNCELENMESİ
163
H. İSMAİL ÇAĞATAY
AN ENERGETICALLY APPROACHED STUDY OF SOIL BEHAVIOR AT STRONG
EARTHQUAKES OR OTHER DYNAMIC INFLUENCES/ GÜÇLÜ DEPREM VE DİĞER
DİNAMİK ETKİNLİKLERİNDEKİ TOPRAK DAVRANIŞLARININ İNCELENMESİNE
164
KANATBEK KOCOBAYEV
IDENTIFICATION OF THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TOPOGRAPHIC
STRUCTURES
THROUGH
TWO
DIMENSIONAL
NONLINEAR
WAVE
PROPAGATION ANALYSIS/TOPOĞRAFIK YAPILARIN DINAMIK DAVRANIŞ
KAREKTERISTIKLERININ İKI BOYUTLU NONLINEAR DALGA
165
KEMAL BEYEN
COMPARISON OF METHODS WITH REGARD TO ENERGY PRODUCTION IN A
MULTIPLE RESERVOIRS SYSTEM/ ÇOK BARAJLI BİR SİSTEMDE ENERJİ
ÜRETİMİ AÇISINDAN YÖNTEMLERİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
167
MÜCAHİT OPAN
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR DESIGNATING THE EFFECT OF INCLINED CFRP
PLATE USAGE ON SHEAR BEHAVIOR
168
MURAT TANARSLAN, GÖKHAN ŞAKAR
THE EFFECTS OF CONFIGURATION IRREGULARITY ON THE DETERMINATION
OF PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES IN R/C STRUCTURES
169
MUSTAFA KUTANIŞ, S.K. HÜRYAŞAR
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A SOIL NAILED WALL UNDER EARTHQUAKE
LOADINGS
170
NİYAZİ TERZİ, M.E. SELÇUK, C. YENİDOĞAN
RETROFITTING OF SHEAR DEFICIENT RC BEAMS USING CFRP STRIPS
171
ÖZGÜR ANIL, S. ALTIN, T. TOPTAŞ, M. EMİN KARA
STRUCTURAL CONSOLIDATION AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF FATIH
(PRISHTINA) AND SINAN PASHA (PRIZREN) MOSQUES – KOSOVO
172
P. GAVRILOVIC, B. CEKO, M. ACKAY
CALCULATION
COLLAPSE
LOAD
OF
ÇERÇEVELERİNDE GÖÇME YÜKÜ HESABI
xvii
STRUCTURE
FRAMES/
YAPI
173
173
S. OĞUZ, PERİHAN EFE
THE HISTORICAL IMPROVEMENT, LITERATURE REVIEW OF STEEL PLATE
SHEAR WALLS AND USING IN HIGH SEISMIC REGIONS
175
SAID DUŞAK, A.N. YELGİN
COMPARISON OF SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CALCULATION BY VARIOUS
FORMULAE FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS/ FARKLI YÖNTEMLERDEN
ELDE
EDİLEN
ZEMİN
EMNİYET
GERİLMESİ
DEĞERLERİNİN
KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
176
SERCAN PİŞEN, ERTAN PEKŞEN
EFFECT OF ADDITION OF STEEL FIBERS ON CRACKING LOAD OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS UNDER THE EFFECT OF TORSION
177
SERKAN ENGİN, FUAD OKAY
COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF RUBBER-BASED SEISMIC ISOLATION
BEARINGS
178
SEVAL PINARBAŞI
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL MODAL ANALYSES OF A PROTOTYPE
ARCH DAM-RESERVOIR-FOUNDATION MODEL
179
BARIŞ SEVİM, A. BAYRAKTAR, A.C. ALTUNIŞIK, S. ADANUR, M.
AKKÖSE
180
RESTRAINED SHRINKAGE: AN ENEMY CRYPTIC
ŞEVKET ÖZDEN, E. AKPINAR, H. MEYDANLI ATALAY
OPTIMAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IRRIGATION AND ENERGY
PRODUCTION IN THE MUNZUR RIVER BASIN, TURKEY/ MUNZUR NEHRİ
HAVZASINDA SULAMA SUYU İLE ENERJİ ÜRETİMİ ARASINDAKİ OPTİMAL
İLİŞKİ
181
TEMEL TEMİZ, MÜCAHİT OPAN, ADNAN ÖNER
SEISMICALLY
182
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF CLAMPED LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES
USING ARTIFICAL NEURAL NETWORK
183
VERTICAL
GROUND
MOTION
ISOLATED&UNISOLATED BRIDGES
INFLUENCE
ON
UĞURHAN AKYÜZ, N.E. REYHANOĞULLARI
UMUT TOPAL, ERTEKİN ÖZTEKİN
THE EFFECT OF MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION ON THE BEHAVIOR
OF A STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE LOADS
184
UTKAN MUTMAN, AYDIN KAVAK, HİLAL ATALAY
INTEGRATED APPROACH IN REPAIR AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF
MUSTAFA PASHA MOSQUE IN SKOPJE
185
VERONIKA SENDOVA, P. GAVRILOVIC, B. STOJANOSKI
DETERMINATION SITE EFFECT OF ZARQA CITY-JORDAN BASED ON
MİCROTREMORS FIELD MEASUREMENTS: A MICROZONATION STUDY
1
xviii
186
WALEED OLIMAT
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS FOR MODELING OF THE
HISTORICAL OTTOMAN MİNARETS
187
YASIN FAHJAN, E. ERTEK
THE BEHAVIOR OF MULTISTORY REINFORCED CONCRETE PANEL BUILDINGS
UNDER LATERAL LOADING A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY7ÇOK
KATLI BETONARME PANEL YAPILARIN YATAY YÜK ALTINDA DAVRANIŞI :
DENEYSEL ARAŞTIRMA
188
ABDÜLKERİM İLGÜN
A NEW DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING SOFTWARE FOR ANALYZING SIGNALS
OBTAINED FROM MODAL TESTS OF STRUCTURES: SIGNALCAD/YAPILARIN
MODAL DENEYLERİNDEN ALINAN SİNYALLERİN ANALİZİ İÇİN YENİ BİR
SAYISAL SİNYAL İŞLEME PROGRAMI: SIGNALCAD
189
ABDURRAHMAN ŞAHİN, A. BAYRAKTAR
A NEW DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC IDENTIFICATION SOFTWARE FOR
EXPERIMENTAL AND OPERATIONAL MODAL ANALYSES OF STRUCTURES:
MODALCAD/YAPILARIN DENEYSEL VE OPERASYONEL MODAL ANALİZLERİ İÇİN
YENİ BİR DİNAMİK KARAKTERİSTİK BELİRLEME PROGRAMI: MODALCAD
191
A NEW SOFTWARE FOR OPTIMIZATION ANALYTICAL FINITE ELEMENT MODELS
WITH SQP METHOD: FEMUP/YAPILARIN ANALİTİK SONLU ELEMAN
MODELLERİNİN SQP YÖNTEMİ İLE OPTİMİZASYONU İÇİN YENİ BİR PROGRAM:
FEMUP
192
BOUNDARY CONDITION EFFECT ON THE VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF
LABORATORY BRİDGE MODEL
193
BARIŞ SEVİM, AHMET CAN ALTUNIŞIK, ADANUR, BAYRAKTAR
COLLAPSING REASONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY NEW
EARTHQUAKES7BETONARME
YAPILARIN
DAVRANIŞLARI
HAKKINDA
DEPREMLERDEN ÖĞRENDİKLERİMİZ
194
AHMET DURMUŞ
CREATING THE MICROZONATION MAPS OF SAPANCA DISTRICT BY USING
GIS/COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ KULLANILARAK SAKARYA İLİ – SAPANCA
İLÇESİ MİKROBÖLGELEME HARİTALARININ HAZIRLANMASI
195
T.FİKRET KURNAZ, ALPER KIYAK, CAN KARAVUL
CREATING THE SPT MAPS OF DERİNCE DISTRICT BY USING GIS/COĞRAFİ
BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ KULLANILARAK KOCAELİ İLİ – DERİNCE İLÇESİ SPT
HARİTALARININ HAZIRLANMASI
196
CAN KARAVUL, ALPER KIYAK, T.FİKRET KURNAZ, HATİCE DURMUŞ
VISUAL SEISMIC ASSESSMENT
BUILDINGS IN CYPRUS
OF
EXISTING
xix
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
197
AYÇA EMİNAĞA
GROUND MOTION SIMULATION OF 1999 MARMARA EARTHQUAKES
198
AYŞEGÜL AKSAN, BELİZ UĞURHAN
SEISMIC BEARING CAPACITY AND THE PARAMETERS AFFECTED ON THE
FOUNDATIONS/TEMELLERDE OTURMALARA ETKİYEN PARAMETRELER VE
SİSMİK TAŞIMA GÜCÜ KAYBI
199
AYŞE BENGÜ SÜNBÜL, Z. GÜNDÜZ
APPLICATION OF CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD FOR PERFORMANCE
ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING STRUCTURES LOCATED IN
EARTHQUAKE-PRONE REGIONS IN TURKEY
201
B. ÖZTÜRK, M. SADAK, F. DEMİRALAN
THE EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS IN
ISTANBUL/SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KENTSEL GELİŞME PLANLARININ İSTANBUL İLİ
KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
202
DEMET ŞENGÜL, BARIŞ SAYIN
SOME EVOLUTION ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF CROSS-STEEL FRAMES /
ÇAPRAZLI ÇELIK ÇERÇEVELERİN SİSMİK PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE BAZI
DEĞERLENDİRMELER
204
ZEKİ AY, İLYAS DEVRAN ÇELİK, N. ALPAY KIMILLI
INCLINOMETER MONITORING: A METHOD FOR MONITORING DEEP
EXCAVATION
DEFORMATIONS/DERİN
KAZILARDA DEFORMASYONLARIN
İZLENMESİNDE BİR YÖNTEM; İNKLİNOMETRİK GÖZLEM
205
EMRE ÖZCAN
GEOTECHNICAL AND SEISMOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON EARTHQUAKE
DAMAGE IN YALOVA (TURKEY) CITY
207
FERHAT ÖZÇEP, S. KARABULUT, O. ÖZEL, C. CİCEN
DYNAMIC (EARTHQUAKE) SLOPE STABILTY ANALYSIS: GURPINAR CASE
HISTORY/DİNAMİK (DEPREM) YAMAÇ STABİLİTE ANALİZİ: GÜRPINAR
(İSTANBUL) ÖRNEĞİ
208
FERHAT ÖZÇEP, ENGİN EROL, FATİH SARAÇOĞLU, M. HALİLOĞLU
CREATING THE SPT (STANDART PENETRATION TEST) MAPS OF ERENLER
REGION IN SAKARYA BY USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
(GIS)/COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ KULLANILARAK SAKARYA İLİ ERENLER
BÖLGESİ
SPT
(STANDART
PENETRASYON
TESTİ)
HARİTALARININ
OLUŞTURULMASI
209
FİKRET KURNAZ, ALPER KIYAK, CAN KARAVUL
CREATING THE LITHOLOGY MAPS OF ERENLER REGION IN SAKARYA BY
USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)7SAKARYA ERENLER
BÖLGESİ
LİTOLOJİ
HARİTALARININ
COĞRAFİ
BİLGİ
SİSTEMLERİ
KULLANILARAK OLUŞTURULMASI
xx
210
FİKRET KURNAZ, ALPER KIYAK
DESIGN ASPECTS OF FLAT-SLAB BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN
SEISMIC ACTIVE REGİONS
GOLUBKA
NECEVSKA-CVETANOVSKA,
CVETANOSKA
APOSTOLSKA,
211
MIRCIC,
SITE EFFECT ASSESSMENT OF SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS OF ALBANIA
THROUGH HVNR TECHNIQUE
212
HAMZA RECI
AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OF MARMARA ON 17 AUGUST 1999, THE ANALAYSIS
OF PREFABRİCATED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS, WHICH ARE LOCATED IN
KOCAELI, IN THE RESPECT OF STRUCTURE AND SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS/
17 AĞUSTOS 1999 MARMARA DEPREMİ SONRASI KOCAELİ İLİNDE BULUNAN
PREFABRİKE SANAYİ YAPILARIN HASAR DURUMLARININ YAPISAL YÖNDEN
İNCELENMESİ VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ
213
HÜSEYİN BAYRAKTAR, U. KOÇ
AN INVESTIGATION OF SOME PROPERTIES OF MORTARS INCLUDED BINARY
COMBINATIONS OF PC AND FLY ASH, SILICA FUME AND GROUND
GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG/PÇ VE ÜÇ FARKLI MİNERAL KATKISINI
İÇEREN HARÇ NUMUNELERİNİN BAZI ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
214
İSMAİL H. ÇAĞATAY, E.ÖZDEMİR
AN EXAMPLE FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT IDEAL BUILDING /DEPREME
DAYANIKLI İDEAL YAPI İÇİN BİR ÖRNEK
215
İSMAİL H. ÇAĞATAY
EFFECT OF STEEL FIBERS ON SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE/ÇELIK LİF KATKILI BETONLARIN BAZI MEKANİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN
İNCELENMESİ
216
İSMAİL H. ÇAĞATAY, RIZA DİNÇER
ESTIMATION OF LOCAL SITE EFFECTS USİNG STRONG MOTION
RECORDS/İVMEÖLÇER KAYITLARI İLE FARKLI METODLARLA ZEMİN BÜYÜTME
ETKİSİNİN HESAPLANMASI
217
M. A. ALKAN, S. ALTIOK
SEISMIC SITE CLASSIFICATION, ZONING AND DETERMINISTIC EARTHQUAKE
HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF KOCAELI PROVINCE, TURKEY
218
MUSTAFA CEVHER, GÖKMEN MENGÜÇ, MUSTAFA SOYDABAŞ, SERDAR
ÖZALAYBEY, EKREM ZOR
COMPRESSION OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF STEEL STRUCTURES USING
DIFFERENT SOFT WARES/ÇELİK ÇERÇEVE SİSTEMLERİN FARKLI BİLGİSAYAR
PROGRAMLARI İLE İTME ANALİZİ
219
MUSTAFA SÖNMEZ, M. AYDIN KÖMÜR
INVESTIGATION OF GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS OF 27 NOVEMBER
QESHM ISLAND 2005 (SOUTHEAST OF IRAN)
xxi
220
MINA ASKARI
EVALUATION OF SITE EFFECTS IN TABRİZ CITY
221
MOHAMMAD REZA GYAHAMGHAMIAN, R. BEHROO
YIELD-CAPACITY-RISK
RELATIONSHIP
FOR
A
RESERVOIR
IN
EARTHQUAKE/DEPREMDE BİR BARAJ HAZNESİ İÇİN VERİM-KAPASİTE-RİSK
İLİŞKİSİ
222
MÜCAHİT OPAN, TEMEL TEMİZ, ONUR ÖZTÜRK
DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITIES FOR FLOOD AND DROUGHT
CASES IN A RESERVOIRS WITH IRRIGATION OBJECTIVE/SULAMA AMAÇLI
BARAJLARDA OLASI TAŞKIN VE KURAKLIK DURUMU İÇİN BARAJ
KAPASİTELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
223
MÜCAHİT OPAN, TEMEL TEMİZ
DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL OPERATIONAL LEVELS IN MULTIPLE
RESERVOIRS SYSTEM: THE CEYHAN BASIN, TURKEY/ÇOK BARAJLI SİSTEMDE
OPTİMAL İŞLETME SEVİYELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ: CEYHAN HAVZASI,
TÜRKİYE
224
MÜCAHİT OPAN
PARAMETERS INCREASING SHORT COLUMN EFFECTS IN R/C STRUCTURES
AND
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATIONS/BETONARME
DOLGU
DUVARLI
ÇERÇEVELERDE KISA KOLONA ETKİ EDEN PARAMETRELERİN İNCELENMESİ
225
MURAT BİKÇE, H.E. AÇIKYOL, M.C. GENEŞ
APPLYING SPAC METHOD TO DETERMINE SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY, A CASE
STUDY İN MİLAD TOWER, TEHRAN
226
NAVIH KARGAHI, GHAYAMGHAMIAN, SADIDKHOUY, FEREYDOUNI
INVESTIGATION OF GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS OF FEBRUARY 22, 2005
DAHOOEYEH (ZARAND) EARTHQUAKE (IN CENTRAL IRAN)
227
B. NEYESTANI
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED AND UNREINFORCED PAVEMENTS
UNDER CYCLIC LOADING
228
NİYAZİ TERZİ, M.E. SELÇUK
DETERMINATION OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEFLECTION AND SAFETY
FACTORS FOR A CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM IN EARTHQUAKE7DEPREMDE
BETON AĞIRLIK BARAJI İÇİN DEPLASMAN İLE GÜVENLİK SAYILARI ARASINDA
İLİŞKİLERİN BELİRLENMESİ
229
ONUR ÖZTÜRK, M. OPAN, TEMEL TEMİZ
INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC RESPONSE FOR TORSIONALLY COUPLED
BUILDING-SYSTEMS/BURULMALI BAĞLAŞIK YAPI SİSTEMLERİNİN DİNAMİK
DAVRANIŞININ İNCELENMESİ
OSMAN KIRTEL, A.M. DALDAL, M. ÇELEBİ
xxii
230
SITE AMPLIFICATION IN THE NORTH-WESTERN MARMARA REGION/BATI
MARMARA BÖLGESİNDE ZEMİN BÜYÜTMELERİ
231
ÖZLEM KARAGÖZ, A. DEMİRCİ
REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING METHODS FOR THE HERITAGE STRUCTURES
232
ŞEVKET ÖZDEN, E. AKPINAR, H. MEYDANLI ATALAY
SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS OF ADAPAZARI REGION DUE TO 17 AUGUST 1999
MARMARA EARTHQUAKE/17 AĞUSTOS 1999 MARMARA DEPREMİ ETKİSİNDE
ADAPAZARI BÖLGESİNDE OLUŞAN OTURMALAR
233
TANER NURTEKİN, SEYHAN FIRAT
EXTRACTION OF SPATIAL CHARACTERISTIC
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
OF
EARTHQUAKE
USING
234
SHAHABEDDIN ZARINKAMARI, M. MIRZAEI
SEISMIC ZONATION OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION FOR THE 2005
DAHOOIYEH-ZARAND, IRAN EARTHQUAKE
235
M.R. GHAYAMGHAMIAN, S. AHMADZADEH, N.MIRZAEI
OPERATİONAL MODAL ANALYSİS OF A SCALED BUILDING MODEL FOR EACH
CONSTURUCTİON STAGE
236
BAYRAKTAR, TEMEL TÜRKER
DYNAMIC CHARECTERIST
DIFFERENT DAMAGE
OF
A
ONE
STOREY
BUILDING
MODEL
FOR
237
BAYRAKTAR, TEMEL TÜRKER
PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY IN BUILDINGS
DURING EARTHQUAKES ACORDING TO THE TURKISH EARTHQUAKE CODE
238
TUĞBA İNAN, KORAY KORKMAZ
TURKISH READY MIXED CONCRETE ASSOCIATION
239
TÜMER AKAKIN
EFFECT OF DISTRIBUTED PATCH MASS ON FREQUENCY OPTIMIZATION OF
LAMINATED PLATES
240
UMUT TOPAL, S. ALBAYRAK, U. UZMAN
OPTIMUM STACKING SEQUENCE OF SYMMETRİC HYBRID LAMINATED THIN
PLATES FOR MAXIMUM FREQUENCY SEPERATION
241
UMUT TOPAL
DYNAMIC COMPACTION ANALYZE WITH SAP2000
242
UTKAN MUTMAN, H. ATALAY
ASSESSMENT OF ARTIFICAL AND
DYNAMIC ANALYSES OF STRUCTURES
SYNTHETIC
ACCELEROGRAMS
FOR
243
YASİN FAHJAN, AYŞEGÜL ZEYTİNCİ, FATİH SÜNBÜL, AYDIN MERT
xxiii
DISASTER-RISK MANEGEMENT/AFET YÖNETİMİ
ROLE
OF
NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS
IN
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT, FEDERATION FOR SEARCH AND RESCUE SOCIETIES/SİVİL
TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ AFET YÖNETİMİNDEKİ ROLLERİ, ARAMA VE
KURTARMA DERNEKLERİ FEDERASYONU
244
ADEM DEMİREL
STATISTICAL METHODS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SEISMIC DAMAGE TO
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN TURKEY
246
AYŞEGÜL ASKAN, YÜCEMEN
DISASTERS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS AND COMMUNICATION IN
EMERGENCIES CASE STUDY OF YALOVA CITY/AFETLER ACİL YARDIM PLANI
VE OLAĞAN DIŞI DURUMLARDA HABERLEŞME, YALOVA İLİ ÖRNEĞİ
247
BORA YALÇIN
THE INVESTIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE RISK OF POPULATION AND VARIOUS
INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN TURKEY/ TÜRKİYE’DE NÜFUS VE ÇEŞİTLİ
SEKTÖRLERİN DEPREM RİSKİNİN İNCELENMESİ
249
CANER UYSAL
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT TURKEY/ DEPREME DAYANIKLI TÜRKİYE
250
ERÇİN KASAPOĞLU
TSUNAMI DISASTER EVACUATION PLAN
252
ERHAN ALPARSLAN, R. GUILLANDE, M. KOSCIENY, A. GADRI, N.
VALENCIA, S. SCHEER, P. BUCKLE, A. SILVA, B. RANGUELOV, A.
ATILLAH, S. TINTI
DEFICIENCIES AND PROBLEMS THROUGH EMERGENCY ACTIONS AFTER
EARTHQUAKES: KOCAELİ CASE
254
EZGİ KORKMAZ, E. AVLAR
GIS APPLICATION ON PROBABILSITIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS; LEASON
LEARNED FROM YOGYAKARTA EARTHQUAKE, INDONESIA
255
HAIFANI AKHMAD MUKTAF
AFTER MARMARA EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION WORKS (PERMANENT
BUILDING APPLICATION METHODS AND RESULTS)/ MARMARA DEPREMİ
SONRASI YENİDEN YAPIM ÇALIŞMASI
256
HAYRİYE ŞENGÜN
ISTANBUL MEGACITY INDICATOR SYSTEM PROJECT
MAHMUT BAŞ, OSMAN KILIÇ, B.
BASMACI, E.Y. MENTESE, B. SUNGAY
KHAZAI,
xxiv
257
B.E.
KONUKCU,
A.E.
DISASTER PREVENTION IN SCHOOLS – PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS
258
MARLA PETAL
TRAININGS ON EARTHQUAKE AWARENESS IN USKUDAR/ ÜSKÜDAR’DA
DEPREME DUYARLIK EĞİTİMLERİ
259
O. METİN İLKIŞIK, S. GÖKÇE
COMPREHENSIVE
STRATEGIES
FOR
RECOVERING
FROM
NATURAL
DISASTERS, LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE GREAT HANSHIN- AWAJI
EARTHQUAKE/1995 BÜYÜK AWAJİ – HANSHİN DEPREMİ SONRASI KAPSAMLI
YENİDEN YAPILANMA STRATEJİLERİ VE İYİLEŞTİRME ÇALIŞMALARI
260
MURAT BEYHAN, Y. HONJO
RECONSTRUCTION OR RELOCATION? ~PLANNING ISSUES OF LONG-TERM
RECOVERY FROM EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
261
I. NAKABAYASHI, T. ICHIKO
IMPORTANCE OF DISASTER TRAINING AND ROLE OF EUROPEAN NATURAL
DISASTER TRAINING CENTER-AFEM/ AFET EĞİTİMİ VE AVRUPA DOĞAL
AFETLER EĞİTİM MERKEZİ
262
NEHİIR VAROL
NATIONAL-INTERNATIONAL
DISASTER
DATABASES
AND
IMM-AKOM
DISASTER INFORMATION SYSTEM: AKOMAS/ ULUSAL-ULUSLARARASI AFET
VERİ TABANLARI VE İBB-AKOM AFET BİLGİ SİSTEMİ: AKOMAS
264
NİLAY ERGENÇ, M.T. TÜRK, O. METİN İLKIŞIK
266
PREPARING OF URBAN AREAS AGAINST EARTHQUAKES: BURSA
NİLÜFER TAŞ, MURAT TAŞ
BURSA DISASTER DAMAGES REDUCTION TRAINING CENTER/ BURSA AFET
ZARARLARINI AZALTMA EĞİTİM MERKEZİ
267
MURAT TAŞ, NİLÜFER TAŞ
TURKEY’S NATIONAL DISASTER ARCHIVE SYSTEM (TNDAS)/ TÜRKİYE ULUSAL
AFET ARŞİV SİSTEMİ (TUAAS)
268
NURCAN KOÇ, G. HAMZAÇEBİ, L. SOYAL, D. AKIN, A.R. YILDIZ, Ö.
VELİOĞLU
“ISTANBUL DISASTER PREVENTION AND EDUCATION CENTER” PROJECT OF
ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN MUNİCİPALITY
270
OSMAN KILIÇ
SCHOOL DISASTER READINESS: LESSONS FROM THE FIRST
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SHAKEOUT TO TURKEY SCHOOL DRILLS
GREAT
271
THE PLACE OF IMPORTANT OF EARTQUAKE WARNING DEVICES IN FORMING
THE ACTION PLAN OF EARTQUAKE POINT / DEPREM UYARI CİHAZLARININ
DEPREM ANI HAREKET PLANININ OLUŞTURULMASINDAKİ YERİ VE ÖNEMİ
272
M. ZEYNEP TÜRKMEN SANDUVAC
xxv
ÇETİN KARAKAYA
ENDÜSTRİYEL KAZALARDA PLANLAMA, MÜDAHALE VE YALOVA İLİ ÖRNEĞİ
273
ELİF IRMAK
THE STATISTICAL EXAMINATION OF THE NATURAL DISASTERS AND THE
LOSSES DUE TO THESE DISASTERS IN TURKEY / TÜRKİYE’DE MEYDANA
GELEN DOĞAL AFETLER VE KAYIPLARININ İSTATİSTİKSEL OLARAK
İNCELENMESİ
274
FATİH KURŞAT FIRAT
SPACIAL SCALE EARTHQUAKE STATISTICS IN GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES
275
GALENA KHACHIKJAN
CAUSES OF DEATHS & INJURIES IN THE KOCAELI EARTHQUAKE
276
MARLA PETAL
USE OF SATELLITE IMAGERY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT: THE ROLE OF
INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATIONS
AND
COLLABORATION
/
AFET
YÖNETIMINDE
UYDU
GÖRÜNTÜLERININ
KULLANIMI:
ULUSLARARASI
KURULUŞLARIN VE İŞBIRLIĞINİN ROLÜ
277
N. KUTERDEM, B.M. TEKİN, V. ÖZSARAÇ, Z. ÇOLAKOĞLU, M. NURLU
MICROZONATION PROJECTS IN ISTANBUL
278
E.A. BASMACI, OSMAN KILIÇ
DETERMINATION OF STATES FOR AFFECTED BY MARMARA EARTHQUAKE AND
PREPARATION FOR POSSIBLE EARTHQUAKES OF THE 112 EMERGENCY
ASSISTANCE AND RESCUE SERVICE STAFF IN MARMARA REGION / MARMARA
BÖLGESİ 112 ACİL YARDIM VE KURTARMA HİZMETLERİNDE ÇALIŞAN
PERSONELİN GEÇMİŞ AFETLERDEN ETKİLENME VE OLASI AFETLERE HAZIRLIK
DURUMLARININ SAPTANMASI
279
RAHİME AYDIN ER, E. ÇAKMAK, CAN ÖZ
RELATION BETWEEN BUILDING DAMAGE AND GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS
IN ZARAND REGION, CENTRAL EAST IRAN
281
R. GHAYAMGHAMIAN, S. AHMADZADEH, E.MIRZAEI
THE MIXTURE MODELS FOR EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE TIMES
M. ERİŞOĞLU, T. SERVİ, N. ÇALIŞ, Ü. ERİŞOĞLU, S. SAKALLIOĞLU, H.
EROL
ARCHITECTURE/MİMARLIK
xxvi
282
INCORRECT SETTLEMENT POLICIES IN EARTHQUAKE RISKY CITIES: A CASE
THROUGH İZMİR-KADİFEKALE LANDSLIDE REGION/ İZMİR KADİFEKALE
HEYELAN BÖLGESİ ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN DEPREM RİSKLİ KENTLERDEKİ
HATALI YERLEŞİM POLİTİKALARI
283
A. KIVANÇ KUTLUCA
POST DISASTER RESETTLEMENTS IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE RURAL
DEVELOPMENT/ KIRSAL KALKINMADA BİR FIRSAT OLARAK AFET SONRASI
YENİDEN YERLEŞTİRME UYGULAMALARI
284
BİNALİ TERCAN
INVESTIGATION ON EVOLUTION OF TURKISH HOME FURNITURE DESIGN
WHICH HAS BEEN SHAPED UP BY SECTORAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS SINCE
PREREPUBLICAN PERIOD, IN TERMS OF ENDURANCE TO EARTHQAKE
285
DİDEM ERTEN BİLGİÇ
ASSESSMENT ON “SOFT” AND “HARD” STRATEGIES FOR FLEXIBLE HOUSING
DESIGN: EARTHQUAKE AS AN OUTER FACTOR
287
DUYGU ALBOSTAN
A STUDY ABOUT AN EVALUATION OF THE PERMANENT EARTHQUAKE
HOUSING IN TERMS OF ADVISOR AND RESIDENT – AN EXAMPLE OF KOCAELI,
GUNDOGDU
288
NİLÜFER TAŞ, MURAT TAŞ, NİLAY COŞGUN
APPROACH OF ARHITECTURE HISTORY TO EARTHQUAKE: “OBJECTIVITY OF
EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENON IN DESIGN AND CONSTITUTION OF COLLECTIVE
MEMORY”/
MİMARLIK
TARİHİ’NİN
DEPREM
KONUSUNA
YAKLAŞIMI:
“TASARIMDA DEPREM OLGUSUNUN NESNELLEŞMESİ VE KOLLEKTİF BELLEĞİN
OLUŞUMU”
289
OYA ŞENYURT
EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
(PLANNING-DESIGN-PRODUCTION) AFTER 1999 MARMARA EARTHQUAKE
291
RÜVEYDA KÖMÜRLÜ, KAMURAN ÖZTEKİN
A REVIEW OF AUGUST
PRODUCTION AND DESIGN
17
EARTHQUAKE'S
RÜVEYDA KÖMÜRLÜ, KAMURAN ÖZTEKİN
xxvii
EFFECTS
ON
HOUSING
292
OPINIONS ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKES LEADING TO
DESTRUCTION IN İZMİT, THE OTTOMAN CITY ON THE PHISICAL
CONSTRUCTION IN THE CONTEXT OF RELIGIOUS CONSTRUCTIONS
293
ŞENNUR KAYA
PRIORITIES AND PREFERENCES OF SOCIETY IN EARTHQUAKE RISK
REDUCTION: A SOCIAL RESEARCH IN BAKIRKÖY/ TOPLUMUN DEPREM
RİSKLERİNİN AZALTILMASINDAKİ ÖNCELİK VE TERCİHLERİ: BAKIRKÖY’DE
SOSYAL BİR ARAŞTIRMA
294
SÜLEYMAN BALYEMEZ, L. BERKÖZ
THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING DESIGN IN
ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION/ MİMARLIK EĞİTİMİNDE DEPREME DAYANIKLI
YAPI TASARIMININ ÖNEMİ
296
YASEMİN KOÇ, Z.Y. HARMANKAYA, M.E. TUNA
OPEN SPACES AND GREEN SPACES RISK ANYLSES AND MANAGEMENT
İSTANBUL KUCUKCEKMECE DISTRICT MODEL/ AÇIK ALANLAR VE YEŞİL
ALANLAR RİSK ANALİZİ VE YÖNETİMİ İSTANBUL İLİ KÜÇÜKÇEKMECE İLÇESİ
MODELİ
298
YILDIZ AKSOY, HİLAL ATALAY, AYLİN ÇELİK TURAN
THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSES AND REINFORCEMENT STUDIES OF BURSA
İNEBEY (EGNE BEG) MADRASAH
399
M. BİLAL BAĞBANCI, ÖZLEM B. KÖPRÜLÜ
PROBLEMS CAUSED FROM THE CHANGES IN LANUSE PLANS OF 1999
MARMARA EARTHQUAKE NEW RESIDENTIAL AREAS/1999 MARMARA DEPREMİ
SONRASI AFETZEDE YERLEŞİM ALANLARINDA KARŞILAŞILAN İMAR PLANI
DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ SORUNLARI
300
BİNALİ TERCAN
AN INVESTIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE EDUCATION ON ARCHITECTURE FOR
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES / DEPREME DAYANIKLI YAPI
TASARIMI İÇİN MİMARLIKTA DEPREM EĞİTİMİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME
301
İSMAİL H. ÇAĞATAY
SOCIAL SCIENCES/SOSYAL BİLİMLER
RISKS RELATED NON STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AT THE
MÜZELERDE YAPISAL OLMAYAN MALZEME KAYNAKLI RİSKLER
ALPASLAN H. KUZUCUOĞLU
xxviii
MUSEUMS/
302
THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE ON LABOR CONTRACTS AS A EXTERNAL
CAUSE/ ZORLAYICI BİR NEDEN OLARAK DEPREMİN İŞ SÖZLEŞMELERİNE
ETKİSİ
303
BERFU GÜLER
THE EFFECTS OF 17 AUGUST MARMARA EARTHQUAKE ON THE TURKISH
ECONOMIC CRISIS OF 2000 NOVEMBER/2001 FEBRUARY/17 AĞUSTOS 1999
MARMARA DEPREMİNİN 2000 KASIM-2001 ŞUBAT KRİZİ ÜZERİNDEKİ
ETKİLERİ
304
EMİNE FIRAT
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ KNOWLEDGE AND IDEAS ABOUT EARTHQUAKES/
LİSE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN DEPREM KONUSUNDAKİ BİLGİ VE DÜŞÜNCELERİ
305
GÜLŞAH BALİ, ESMA BULUŞ KIRIKKAYA, BOZKURT
EARTHQUAKE AS A SOCIAL RISK IN TERMS OF SOCIAL SECURITY RIGHT/
SOSYAL GÜVENLİK HAKKI BAĞLAMINDA SOSYAL BİR RİSK OLARAK DEPREM
307
GÖNÜL BALKIR, BERFU GÜLER
UNEARNED INCOME UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCE; THE GREATEST
OPPORTUNITY IS EARTHQUAKE EARTHQUAKES IN TURKEY AND AGAIN
DISTRIBUTION OF THE URBAN LAND UNEARNED INCOME/ HER KOŞULDA
RANT; DEPREM EN BÜYÜK FIRSAT TÜRKİYE’DE DEPREMLER VE KENTSEL
RANTIN YENİDEN DAĞITIMI
308
MİHRİBAN ŞENGÜL
SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF 1999 DÜZCE EARTHQUAKE ON
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
309
MUAMMER TUNA, C. TOPKARA
REMEDIATING MISCONCEPTIONS CONCERNING MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY
OF AN EARTHQUAKE THROUGH CONCEPTUAL CHANGE MATERIAL / DEPREMİN
BÜYÜKLÜĞÜ VE ŞİDDETİ KONUSUNDAKİ YANILGILARIN KAVRAMSAL DEĞİŞİM
MATERYALİ İLE GİDERİLMESİ
310
MUSTAFA CİN, H. KARA, A. DEMİR
A
STUDY
ON
HIGH
SCHOOL
STUDENTS’
ATTITUDES
TOWARDS
EARTHQUAKES: AN EXAMPLE OF GIRESUN/ ORTAÖĞRETİM ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN
DEPREME KARŞI TUTUMLARI KONUSUNDA BİR ARAŞTIRMA: GİRESUN İLİ
ÖRNEĞİ
311
NEŞET BAYRAM, İ.H. TOMAR, MUSTAFA CİN
NATURAL DISASTERS AND SOCIAL MEMORY/ DOĞAL AFETLER VE TOPLUMSAL
HAFIZA
312
ÖRGEN UĞURLU
“NATURAL DISASTERS COURSE” PROPOSAL FOR HIGHER EDUCATION
UNDERGRADUTE
PROGRAMS/
YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM
LİSANS
ÖĞRETİM
PROGRAMLARINDA “DOĞAL AFETLER DERSİ” ÖNERİSİ
GÜLŞEN ÖZTÜRK, YLDIZ ULUSOY
xxix
313
AN
INVESTIGATION OF AWARENESS
AND
ATTITUDE LEVEL
FOLLOWING FORMAL
DISASTER EDUCATION OF
KOCAELİ
UNIVERSITY
STUDENTS/ FORMAL AFET EĞİTİMLERİNİN FARKINDALIK VE TUTUM ÜZERİNE
ETKİLERİNİN
KOCAELİ
ÜNİVERSİTESİ
ÖĞRENCİLERİ
ÜZERİNDE
ARAŞTIRILMASI
315
SERPİL GERDAN, OYA ÇAKIN
A DEVELOPMENTAL GUIDANCE APPLICATION SAMPLE TOWARDS 6-16 AGE
GROUP İN 17 AUGUST 1999 KOCAELİ EARTHQUAKE/17 AĞUSTOS 1999
KOCAELİ DEPREMİNDE 6-16 YAŞ GRUBUNA YÖNELİK GELİŞİMSEL REHBERLİK
UYGULAMASI
317
YILDIZ ULUSOY, GÜLŞEN ÖZTÜRK
ON THE DIFFERENTIAL SOCIOLOGICAL PERCEPTIONS OF EARTHQUAKE /
DEPREM OLGUSUNUN SOSYOLOJİK ALGILANMA BİÇİMLERİNİN FARKLILIĞI
ÜZERİNE
318
OLGUN GÜNDÜZ
RECONSTRUCTION SYSTEM OF SUFFER’S RELOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL
TRASITION AFTER DISASTER FROM CASE STUDIES OF RECOVERY PROJECTS
WITH RELOCATIN AFTER THE MARMARA EARTHQUAKE IN TURKEY
ISHIKAWA,
ISTEK,
NAKABAYASHI
ONER,
FUKUTOME,
MINAI,
319
YOSHIKAWA,
LAW/HUKUK
THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON INCOME TAXES: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE/
HUKUKSAL AÇIDAN DEPREMLERİN GELİR VERGİLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ
320
AZİZ TAŞDELEN
IN THE WORKING LIFE AUGUST 17 EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS OF GENDER
DISCRIMINATION/17 AĞUSTOS DEPREMİNİN ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA CİNSİYET
AYRIMCILIĞINA ETKİLERİ
321
CANDAN ALBAYRAK
THE ISSUE OF THE PERIOD OF LIMITATIONS REGARDING THE CRIMINAL
OFFENCES WHICH ARE CONNECTED WITH EARTHQUAKES/ TÜRK HUKUKUNDA
DEPREM SONUCU OLUŞAN SUÇLARA ZAMANAŞIMI SÜRESİNİN BAŞLAMASIYLA
İLGİLİ YARGITAY KARARLARININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
322
EROL KARAASLAN
THE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON ACTIVITIES OF COMMERCIAL COMPANIES
AND BUILDING COOPERATIVES/ DEPREMİN TİCARET ŞİRKETLERİ VE YAPI
KOOPERATİFLERİNİN FAALİYETLERİNE ETKİSİ
323
FATMA ÖZCAN
GRANTING A DELAY FOR PAYMENT AND DISCONTINUANCE OF EXECUTION
PROCEEDINGS IN EXTRAORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCES SUCH AS EARTHQUAKE
(ARTICLE 317-330 OF TURKISH ENFORCEMENT AND BANKRUPTCY LAW)/
xxx
325
DEPREM ÖZELİNDE FEVKALADE HALLERDE BORÇLULARA SÜRE VERİLMESİ VE
TAKİPLERİN DURMASI (İİK M.317-330)
İBRAHİM AŞIK
EARTHQUAKE CASES AND STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
DEPREMDEN DOĞAN DAVALAR VE ZAMANAŞIMI SORUNLARI
PROBLEMS/
326
WHO ARE REQUIRED TO ARRANGE A COMPULSORY EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE
IN TURKEY?/ TÜRKİYE’DE KİMLER ZORUNLU DEPREM SİGORTASI YAPTIRMAK
ZORUNDADIR?
328
İSA DÖNER
NURAY BARLAS
THE EARTHQUAKE SAFETY IN
HUKUKUNDA DEPREM GÜVENLİĞİ
THE
SWISS
LAW
SYSTEM/
İSVİÇRE
329
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGES TO REAL PROPERTY AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES/
TAŞINMAZLARDA
DEPREMDEN
DOĞAN
ZARARLAR
VE
HUKUKİ
SORUMLULUKLAR
330
VAROL KARAASLAN
GÖNÜL BALKIR
INVITED SPEAKER/DAVETLİ KONUŞMACILAR
TURKISH-GERMAN PROJECT ON EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH: LESSONS LEARNED
331
JOCHEN ZSCHAU, HEIKO WOITH, C. MILKEREIT, BIRGER LÜHR, M.
WESTERHAUS , R. YILMAZ, O. ERGÜNAY, A. PEKDEGER A
RISK MANAGEMENT AND P25 – RAPID SCORING TECHNIQUE
332
S. SEMİH TEZCAN, H. KÖKSAL, K. KAPTAN
JOINT HYPOCENTER DETERMINATION FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF
EARTHQUAKES
333
NOBUO HURUKAWA
PUTTING THE BIG PICTURE TOGETHER: A REVIEW OF THE KOCAELI
EARTHQUAKE OF 1999, COMPARISON WITH THE L'AQUILA EARTHQUAKE OF
2009, AND AN EXCITING OPPORTUNITY TO INTEGRATE AND DISSEMINATE
THE LESSONS WE HAVE LEARNED SO FAR
334
RUSS EVANS, B. ADAMS, T. ROSSETTO, S. SARGEANT, S. BALAMIR
ÜÇER
CULTURE AND DİSASTER: A PERSONAL EXPERİENCE FROM 1999 EASTMARMARA EARTHQUAKE
NICOLE DURAN
xxxi
335
REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING THROUGH CARBON FIBER OVERLAYS
336
T.C. TRIANTAFILLOU
HIDDEN EARTHQUAKES IN THE GÖLCÜK-KAVAKLI, YENICE-GONEN AND TROY
FAULTS, PALAEOSEISMOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOSEISMOLOGICAL APPROACH
337
S. PAVLIDES, S. ZEKİ TUTKUN
EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION: LESSONS FROM THE AUGUST 17, 1999 IZMIT
EARTHQUAKE
339
İBRAHİM ÇEMEN
DESIGN WORKSHOP FOR EARTHQUAKE IN EXISTING CONSTRUCTION STOCK
341
MURAT ULUĞ, T. İLTER, DİDEM ERTEN BİLGİÇ, RÜVEYDA KÖMÜRLÜ, A.
KIVANÇ KUTLUCA, E. ÖZTEKİN
PANEL/PANEL
IS TURKEY READY TO A FORTHCOMING DISASTER?
342
TÜRKİYE YARIN OLACAK BİR AFETE HAZIR MISIN?
DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE IN EXISTING CONSTRUCTION STORAGE
343
MEVCUT YAPI STOĞUNDA DEPREM İÇİN TASARIM
SOCIO-POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NATURAL
DISASTERS
345
DOĞAL AFETLERİN TOPLUMSAL, EKONOMİK ve PSİKOLOJİK BOYUTU
10 YEARS OF DISASTER MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH IN TURKEY
345
TÜRKİYE’DE AFET RUH SAĞLIĞI ARAŞTIRMALARININ 10 YILI
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PROGRAM OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES OF iZMİR
CITY
346
İZMİR İL SAĞLIK HİZMETLERİ AFETLERE HAZIRLIK PROGRAMI
WHAT DO WE EXPECT FROM HOSPITALS AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE?
DEPREMDE HASTANELERDEN NE BEKLİYORUZ?
xxxii
347
EARTH SCIENCES
YER BİLİMLERİ
THE N-S
EXTENSIONAL
FEATURES
IN
SW
CONSTRAINED BY THE GPS AND SEISMOLOGY DATA
TURKEY
AS
PINAR A.-1, YILMAZER M.-2, CANBAY E.-1, ALTUNCU S.-2
1-İstanbul University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geophysics, Avcılar, Istanbul
2-B.Ü. Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Çengelköy, İstanbul
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The most prominent feature of the westward counterclockwise translation
of Anatolia as determined by the GPS studies is the evenly increase in the magnitude of
the GPS vectors from the East Anatolian fault zone to the Hellenic trench suggesting that
the major driving engine of the tectonics in the Anatolian-Aegean region is the roll-back
process associated with the subduction of the African plate.
Although the arcuate shape of the GPS vectors give a sign of deformation of continuum
rather than block movements a careful examination of the vectors outlines two distinct
blocks in western Turkey and southern Aegean sea extending in NW-SE and WSW-ESE
directions, respectively, with different azimuths and magnitude of slip rate. A
construction of a velocity triangle taking an average slip rate of 20 mm/yr for the
western Anatolian block and 30 mm/yr for the southern Aegean block yields an
approximately N-S slip vector with a slip rate magnitude of 15 mm/yr. We claim that the
resulting N-S vector is an equivalence of the N-S extensional tectonics observed in SW
Turkey. Thus, this result suggests that the N-S extension in SW Turkey emerges from the
differential motion of the western Anatolian and south Aegean blocks.
Next, we try to outline the borders of the N-S extensional zone through the focal
mechanisms of the earthquakes in Western Anatolia indicating that the eastern border is
the Cameli basin, the southern border is the Gökova bay, the western border is the
Aegean coastline while the northern border lies to the north of the Menderes graben.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
1
ANALYSIS OF SEISMOTECTONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MARMARA
REGION BY USING MECHANISM SOLUTIONS AND STRESS TENSOR
DEPREM MEKANİZMA ÇÖZÜMLERİ VE GERİLME TENSÖRÜ ANALİZİ
İLE MARMARA BÖLGESİNİN SİSMOTEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN
İNCELENMESİ
ŞEN T.-1, EYIDOĞAN H.-1
1-İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 34469 İstanbul, TURKEY
[email protected], [email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, the fault mechanism solutions of earthquakes which occured
in the Marmara region in the time period between 1912 – 2009 years were used. The
earthquakes epicenter maps and the fault mechanism solutions of new 98 events in
addition to current earthquakes were used to find regional principal stress distribution.
Principal stress directions were calculated using two inversion algoritms embedded in
ZMAP program which runs under MATLAB GUI. It is found that North Anatolian Fault
displays it is dominant right lateral strike slip character in the North Marmara. The North
Marmara Fault which is entitled as the western extension of the North Anatolian Fault
seems to continued further west of Marmara. Pull – apart mechanism appears to take
place at some locations patially and subordinately. Seismological data do not give sound
information about the southern strand of the North Anatolian Fault in the Marmara
region.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada çeşitli araştırmalardan derlenen ve 1912 – 2009 yılları arasında
Marmara’da olmuş depremlerin odak mekanizması çözümleri yapılmıştır. Marmara
bölgesinde deprem dağılım haritası ve mevcutların yanı sıra 98 adet yeni depremin odak
mekanizması çözümlerinden yararlanarak bölgesel asal gerilme dağılımları bulunmuştur.
Gerilme kuvvet ve yönleri ZMAP adlı ve MATLAB arayüzü altında çalışan bir algoritma ile
ters çözüm yöntemiyle hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçlar sağ - yönlü doğrultu atımlı Kuzey
Anadolu Fay’ının, Kuzey Marmara’da baskın karakterini sergilediğini, Kuzey Marmara
Fay’ı olarak adlandırılan fayın Kuzey Anadolu Fay’ının devamı gibi olduğunu, çek-ayır
mekanizmasının kısmen ve tali olarak işlediğini ve güney kol kabulü için şu anda
sismolojik bulguların yeterli olmadığını göstermektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
2
WAVEFORM ANOMALIES IN MAKRAN DEEP-FOCUS EARTHQUAKES
SALAREE A.-1
1-Institute of Geophysics of Tehran University, North Kargar st., Enghelab sq., Tehran,
Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Mechanism of Earthquakes occurring below 100 km in earth or roughly
below the Moho still remains mysterious. Classification of these "deep" quakes into
intermediate and deep according to their occurring depths is also as roughly as the way
we know about their mechanisms. In Makran region in South-Eastern Iran and Southern
Pakistan also some few small intermediate earthquakes have occurred which are in this
study taken into account to provide a rough scheme of the region's somehow unusual
and unique structure. The anomalies present in these earthquakes waveforms present a
source for wondering if they could be utilized to gain a better understanding of the
mechanism of such earthquakes. The mechanism proposed here may also explain why
there are so few of this type occurring in Makran. As the next step, the similarities and
differences between Makran region deep earthquakes and other deep earthquakes
worldwide have been considered to provide a comprehensive view of both deficiencies
and advantages of the mechanism proposed here and also to have a better view of the
Makran region unique structure.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
3
MOMENT MAGNITUDE DETERMINATION
SPECTRA FOR LOCAL EARTHQUAKES
BASED
ON
SOURCE
KÜSMEZER A.-1, BARIŞ Ş., ÖZEL N.M., OTTEMÖLLER L., ÜÇER S.B., ÖZER M.F.
1-Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, National
Earthquake Monitoring Center, 34684, Çengelköy, İstanbul.
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study our aim is to determine moment magnitudes ( ) from
at local
displacement spectra of local earthquakes occured in Marmara Region. Since
distances seems the best quantity for the energy of earth motion we have applied the
algortihm of grid search method (Ottemöller, L. and Havskov J., 2001) to obtain a
nonsaturated magnitude for this important region. In this content we present a method
to automatically determine the moment magnitude for local distances from the source
spectrum of S waves within 20 sec. The spectral analysis was first performed for the S
waves manuallly than the manual analysis was done on the same window as used in the
automatic processing. For the data preperation; the time domain signal of S waves was
extracted from the vertical component seismograms, since the vertical component is less
affected by soil amplification. The source model parameters
and
(Aki;1967, and
Brune;1970) were determined by minimizing the difference between the observed
displacement spectrum and S wave spectrum. In order to obtain
and
we tested
converging grid search algorithm which the model space is divided into a grid and the
error function determined for all grid points. In an iterative procedure, a smaller grid with
denser spacing around the best solution is generated and evaluated.
Data recorded on Broadband Stations operated by KOERI (Kandilli Observatory and
Earthquake Research Institute) Network was tested by this method with the hypocentral
distances within 0-600 km and we have determined 279 events. We did not put any
constrain to the magnitude but consider S/N ratio as big enough and the time period
January 2006 to June 2007.
and
automatically and manually and they matched a
good correlation. Application of the method showed that there is no lower magnitude
limit to determine the seismic moment from the source spectrum in an automated
procedure. Although there is no lower magnitude limit for this method (Hanks, 1982), the
signal needs to be significantly higher than the noise amplitudes, where the S/N ratio
depends on both the earthquake size and the hypocentral distance. This method works
for small magnitude earthquake and can be applied earthquake activity for routine
process.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
4
THE INVESTIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE RISK OF CANAKKALE AND
ITS DISTRICT
ÇANAKKALE
İNCELENMESİ
VE
ÇEVRESİNİN
DEPREM
TEHLİKESİNİN
AKOL B.-1, BEKLER T.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, MMF, Jeofizik Müh. Blm, Terzioğlu Yerleşkesi,
17100 Çanakkale
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Probabilistic earthquake hazard assessment was carried out for four subregions associated with the earthquake epicenter distribution and surface fault segments.
For this purpose covering earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 3.5 happened in
Çanakkale and its vicinity during the period of 1903-2006 were considered. a and b
coefficients were calculated using log N = a − bM relationship. Earthquake occurrence
intervals and recurrence periods were estimated by using statistical distribution models
that Poisson and Gumbel Extreme Values. Distribution maps of a, b and a/b values were
mapped to delineate the zones which destructive earthquakes might occur. a and b
values of whole study area were calculated as 5.85 and 0.8, respectively. The results
indicated that highest earthquake occurrence risk in the region which covers GeliboluTekirdağ-Batı Marmara Sea. The earthquake occurrence risk was estimated as %46 from
Poisson distribution and %71 from Gumbel distribution in the period of 100 years. High b
values have been calculated at 0 – 20 km depths, which might be explained as energy
released zones. Those depths may also been specified as seismogenic zone.
ÖZET Çanakkale ili ve çevresi için yapılan deprem tehlikesi olasılığı çalışmasında,
inceleme bölgemizde meydana gelmiş depremlerin episantır dağılımları ve faylanmalar
dikkate alınarak 4 sismik alt bölge oluşturulmuştur. 1903- 2006 yılları arasında meydana
gelen büyüklüğü M≥3 olan deprem verileri kullanılarak, log N = a − bM bağıntısından a ve
b katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Depremlerinin gelecekte olma olasılıkları ve tekrarlanma
peryodları Poisson ve Gumbel uç değerler istatistiksel dağılım modelleriyle elde edilmiştir.
Büyük ve yıkıcı depremlerin oluşabileceği bölgelerin belirlenmesi için a, b ve a/b
değerlerinin dağılım haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Çanakkale ve çevresini kapsayan inceleme
alanı için a değeri 5.85, b değeri ise 0.80 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sismik alt bölgelere göre
yapılan incelemede deprem oluşma riskinin en fazla olduğu bölge Gelibolu-Tekirdağ-Batı
Marmara Denizi içine alan kesimdir. Bu alanda, 100 yıl içinde büyüklüğü 7.3 olan bir
depremin oluşma riski Poisson dağılımına göre %46 iken, Gumbel dağılımına göre ise
%71’dir. Tüm çalışma alanı için ortalama 0-20 km arası derinliklerde b değerlerinin
yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Bu derinlikler enerjinin boşaldığı alanları işaret etmektedir.
Bu derinliklerin oluşturduğu bölgeyi sismojenik kuşak olarak değerlendirebiliriz.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
5
SURVEYING THE EARTHQUAKE PRODUCING FAULTS AROUND BALA
(ANKARA) BY USING LOCAL STATION RECORDS
BALA (ANKARA) YAKIN ÇEVRESİNDE DEPREM ÜRETEN FAYLARIN
YEREL İSTASYON KAYITLARI İLE İNCELENMESİ
ÇIVGIN B.-1, ESAT K.-2, KAYPAK B.-1, IŞIK V.-2, SEYİTOĞLU G.–2
1-Ankara Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
2-Ankara Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Tektonik
Araştırma Grubu
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Recent earthquake recordings of Ankara and surroundings show that it is
required to investigate the seismicity of the region. North Anatolian, Kırıkkale-Erbaa,
Tuzgölü and Eskişehir fault zones and Eldivan-Elmadağ pinched crustal wedge are the
fundamental sources of seismicity in the area. Earthquake producing faults in the
research area is being investigated with a project carried out by the Geological
Engineering and Geophysical Engineering Departments of Ankara University. As a part of
the project, Earthquake Monitoring Network of Ankara (AnkNET) consisting of 6 broadband seismographs was installed around Ankara. The research network, which was
installed to observe the seismicity, estimate the crustal seismic velocity structure and
determine the tectonic characteristics of the region and to define the inner deformation
of the Anatolian Plate around Ankara, has been recording data since September of 2007.
High quality records of the 20 December 2007 (M=5.7) and 27 December 2007 (M=5.5)
Bala earthquakes located within the coverage area or the network provided useful data
for the investigation of the tectonic characteristics of Bala and surroundings. Totally 750
events had been recorded by AnkNET stations during the period from 20 December 2007
to 31 December 2007. Locations and focal mechanisms of selected events from the
recorded data and of the earthquake occurred in 31 July 2005 (M=5.3) and its
aftershocks were calculated. Data of 31 July 2005 was obtained from the database of
Boğaziçi Univetsity Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute.
According to the data of 2005 and 2007, seismic activity of Bala and vicinity is being
controlled by two active fault systems, one of which is NE-trending right lateral strike-slip
fault and the other one is NW-trending right lateral oblique-slip normal fault. These
findings are also confirmed by field observations and remote sensing studies carried out
in the area. Geological and seismological data show that these two fault systems are
producing earthquakes concurrently.
ÖZET Ankara ve çevresinin güncel deprem kayıtları, bölgenin depremsellik yönünden
incelenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Kuzey Anadolu, Kırıkkale-Erbaa, Tuzgölü ve
Eskişehir fay zonları ile Eldivan-Elmadağ tektonik kaması bölge depremselliğinin temel
kaynakları konumundadır. Bölgedeki deprem üreten faylar Ankara Üniversitesi Jeoloji ve
Jeofizik Mühendisliği bölümlerince bir proje kapsamında incelenmektedir. Proje
çerçevesinde Ankara çevresine 6 adet geniş-bant kayıtçıdan oluşan Ankara Deprem
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
6
İzleme Ağı (AnkNET) kurulmuştur. Bölgenin depremselliğini gözlemlemek, kabuğun
sismik hız yapısını kestirmek, bölgenin tektonik özelliklerini belirlemek ve Ankara
civarında Anadolu levhasının iç deformasyonunu ortaya koymak amacıyla kurulan
araştırma ağı Eylül 2007’de veri kaydetmeye başlamıştır.
Odak konumları AnkNET istasyon ağının kapsama alanında olan 20 Aralık (M=5.7) ve 27
Aralık (M=5.5) 2007 tarihli Bala depremleri ve artçılarının yüksek kaliteli kayıtları, Bala ve
çevresinin tektonik özelliklerinin ortaya konması bakımından oldukça elverişli veri
sağlamıştır. 20 Aralık 2007 – 31 Aralık 2007 tarihleri arasında AnkNET istasyonları toplam
750 adet sarsıntı kaydetmiştir. Bunlardan seçilen depremler ile 31 Temmuz 2005
tarihinde bölgede meydana gelen 5.3 büyüklüklü depremin ana şok ve artçılarının konum
ve mekanizmaları çözülmüştür. 31 Temmuz 2005 deprem kayıtları Boğaziçi Üniversitesi
Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü veri tabanından sağlanmıştır.
2005 ve 2007 deprem verilerine göre, Bala ve civarının deprem hareketliliğini biri KB
gidişli sağ yanal doğrultu atımlı ve diğeri KD gidişli sağ yanal oblik normal olmak üzere iki
aktif fay sistemi kontrol etmektedir. Bu bulguları bölgede yürütülen arazi incelemeleri ve
uzaktan algılama çalışmaları da desteklemektedir. Jeolojik ve sismolojik veriler bu iki fay
sisteminin eş zamanlı deprem ürettiklerini ortaya koymaktadır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
7
THE
ARMUTLU
NETWORK
ARMNET-A
CONTRIBUTION
TO
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN THE MARMARA REGION
LÜHR B.G.-1, GROSSER H.-1, WOITH H.-1 ZSCHAU J.-1, BARIS S.-2, IRMAK T.S.-2,
ÖZER M.F.-2, ÇAKA D.-2, TUNÇ S.-2, TUNÇ B.-2, DONNER S.-3, GÜNTHER E.-3
1-Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany,
2-Kocaeli University, Earth and Space Sciences Research Center, Kocaeli,Turkey
3-University Potsdam Germany
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) represents one of the most
prominent continental transforms and slips at an average rate of 20-30 mm/yr. During
the 20th century, the NAFZ has ruptured over about 900 km of its more than 1,500 km
length by ten devastating earthquakes with magnitudes above Ms > 6.5. Today, a
segment inside the Marmara Sea just south of the megacity of Istanbul represents a
seismic gap that is believed being capable of generating a M ?7 earthquake within the
next decades. East of this segment the western end of the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake
rupture is located next to the northern shoreline of the Armutlu Peninsula depicted by
distinct clusters of micro-seismic activity.For a better understanding of the the
seismotectonic setting as well as a contribution to hazard assessment the local seismic
Armutlu Network (ARMNET) had been set-up in 2005 in co-operation between Kocaeli
University and GFZ, to monitor the chronological evolution of seismicity, and to
investigate the deformation of the Armutlu Peninsula, as well as possible interactions
between seismic waves and pore-pressure variations in geothermal systems. The
installation was strongly supported by local governments, and lead to a strong interest
and an increasing knowledge transfer to local authorities. The ARMNET contributes to the
implementation of an Anatolian plate boundary observatory (PBO) belonging to a series
of GFZ-operated Earth System Observatories to systemically study coupled Earth
processes. It is imbedded in the framework of the CEDIM (CEnter for DIsaster
Management and Risk Reduction Technology) project "Megacity Istanbul", which involves
the analysis of the seismicity of the greater Istanbul region. At present, ARMNET consist
of 12 short period and 10 broadband stations. Additionally, in September 2008 a
borehole seismometer has been installed in a 100 m borehole close to Yalova. Most of
the detected events occurred in a depth range of 5 to 15 km, and determined duration
magnitudes are in a range of 0.4 and 5.3 with a magnitude of completeness of 1.3.
Besides seismic observations hydrological parameters like water pressure and
temperature are recorded at the thermal fields of Yalova and Armutlu. First examples
have shown dynamic and static response after events.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
8
THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING OF THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
STRUCTURE AT THE VICINITY OF DUZCE EARTHQUAKE, TURKEY
TANK S.B.-1-2, OGAWA
MATSUSHIMA M.-2
Y.-2,
HONKURA
Y.-2,
TUNCER
M.K.-1,
KAYA
T.-2-1,
1-Bogazici University, Kandilli Observatory and E.R.I., Istanbul, Turkey
2-Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Magnetotelluric data within the frequency range between 320-0.0005 Hz
were acquired along two parallel profiles at the west and the east of Düzce earthquake’s
epicenter, DW and DE, respectively. Both profiles crossed Düzce basin and Düzce fault in
the north and NAF in the south. DW contained twelve sites and was ~35 km long while
DE contained 11 sites and was about ~40 km long. The impedance tensor elements were
utilized in creation of three-dimensional electrical resistivity structure models. These
results have confirmed preliminary two-dimensional modeling results and defined a wider
highly resistive zone toward the east of the 1999 event where earlier seismological and
geodetic studies suggested faster rupture velocity, higher seismic moment and significant
asperity zones.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
9
EARTHQUAKE
EARLY
WARNING
SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT CONCEPT IN ROMANIA
AND
DISASTER
IONESCU C.-1
1-National Institute for Earth Physics (NIEP), Bucharest, Romania
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Earthquake represents a major natural disaster. The main goal following
the occurrence of a strong earthquake is to minimize the total number of fatalities. An
early warning system was developed in Romania in order to provide 25-35 seconds
warning time to Bucharest facilities for the earthquakes with M > 6.5. The prototype
system consists of four components: network ground motion sensors installed in the
epicentral area, communication link, automatic analyzing system located in the Romanian
data centre and distribution system. The detection algorithm is based on the magnitude
computation using strong motion data and rapid evaluation and scaling relation between
the maximum P-wave acceleration measured in the epicentral area and the higher
ground motion amplitude recorded in Bucharest. In order to reduce the damages caused
by earthquakes, the exploitation of the up to date technology is very important. The
information is the key point in the disaster management, and the internet is one of the
most used instrument, implying also low costs. Therefore, for information transmitting
(i.e. warning, ShakeMap, loss eatimation etc.) to the authorities and civil protection
organizations, TETRA, RDS/TMC, Very Small Aperture Terminal brodcasting (VSAT)
system is used.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
10
GEOLOGICAL INPUT FOR QUANTITATIVE
ANALYSIS IN BURDUR AREA, SW TURKEY
SEISMIC
HAZARD
CHATZIPETROS A.-1, PAVLIDES S.-1, YAGMURLU F.-2, ÖZGÜR N.-2, PINAR A.-3,
KAMACI Z.-2, ŞENTÜRK M.-2, UYSAL K.-2, ŞENER E.-2
1-Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
2-Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey,
3-Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
1-[ac, pavlides]@geo.auth.gr,
2-[yagmurlu, noezguer, kamaci, msenturk, image, esener]@mmf.sdu.edu.tr,
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The southwestwards slip rate in the vicinity of Burdur area is in the range of
17 mm/year as revealed by recent GPS data acquired from measurement points close to
Burdur and Isparta. This high slip rate implies considerable accumulation of deformation
on the nearby faults which in turn makes the area prone to large earthquakes. Thus, the
seismic hazard assessment of the area is of high importance and impact. Within this
scope, we evaluate the seismological data of historical and instrumental periods and
excavated trenches to seismic activity of faults thousands of years before present. Owing
to the low constraints, the historical earthquake parameters are generally not so reliable.
Such is the case for the largest earthquake which is supposed to have taken place in the
Lakes region in 94 AD having maximum intensity of IX. While Papazachos and
Papazachou (1997) locate this event in Burdur area, Soysal et al (1981) point out Afyon
as a likely epicentral region for it. The pre-instrumental seismic catalogues include
several moderate sized tremors within the Isparta-Burdur area such as the 1842, 1849
and 1876 earthquakes with an attributed maximum intensity of VI. Without doubt, the
largest instrumental period earthquake in the region is the 1914 Ms=7.1 event, but its
epicentral location is problematic as well. Alsan et al. (1975) locate it at 36.21oN and
30.85oE latitudes and longitudes respectively. Despite its large magnitude, it doesn’t
exist in the catalogue of Papazachos and Papazachou (1997). Pinar and Lahn (1952)
name the 1914 event as the great Burdur earthquake and report a 40 km long surface
rupture extending in NE-SW direction along the southwestern shoreline of Burdur lake.
Using waveforms recorded at ancient seismographs distributed around the world,
Vannucci and Gasperini (2003) locate the great Burdur earthquake at 37.90oN and
30.40oE, assign a moment magnitude of Mw=6.9 and faulting parameters with
strike=222o, dip=42o and rake=-107o. The moment tensor solution of the small
earthquakes retrieved frommodern seismological data recorded at several broadband
seismic stations in the proximity of Burdur area yield focal mechanism solutions similar to
the mechanisms of the 1914 and 1971 Burdur earthquakes. Four trenches were
excavated along various segments of the Burdur fault zone, using historical rupture
mapping, as well as geomorphological and neotectonic indicators. Trenches were logged,
sampled and analyzed. Evaluation of age determination results and microstratigraphy
analysis showed that at least two large earthquakes produced enough slip to alter the
ground surface. Apart from the known 1971 event, a second event is traced at 965 ±
107AD. This large morphogenic earthquake produced extended liquefaction and ground
rupturing in an elongated area of at least 20 km long, indicating a significant size that
produced strong ground acceleration. Smaller, non ground-rupturing earthquakes are not
excluded, but they were undetectable in trenches. Based on published empirical
relationships that associate physical properties of the fault zone (length, etc.), as well as
the surface effects of 965 AD event, the estimated maximum expected earthquake
magnitude for Burdur fault is Ms 6.8, which is in agreement with both historical and
palaeoseismological data.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
11
SEISMICITY IN THE BENGAL BASIN: A POTENTIAL HAZARD ZONE
HAQUE E.-1
1-Dept. of Geology Faculty of Earth Sciences University of Dhaka
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The 26 December 2004 earthquake off Sumatra coast focused world
attention on the Sunda arc subduction zone. Bangladesh is along the strike of and within
a rupture –distance from that enormous M-9.3 earthquake. This country is situated
where the India- Sunda subduction zone rises from oceanic depths to subaerial exposure
as a result of incipient continent collision where the trench meets the huge sediment
accumulation of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD).The Archaean segment between
Andaman-Nicobar Island and Bangladesh had been ruptured in the past that have also
ruptured the Bangladesh segment. This segment is still active but whether it breaks in
great earthquakes in unknown and is a question with complicated hypotheses. Because
of huge thickness of sediment comes to Bengal Basin and enters into the subduction
zone, this is one of the rare “oceanic” subduction zones where even the deformation
front, which is usually along the deep trench, is exposed on land. There have been
several active folds, warped reference surfaces and seismicity along the foldbelt for
current shortening as high as 1-2 cm/year along Myanmar segment. The range of
proposed scenarios for the tectonics of the Myanmar Arc will remain very wide unless
new data become available. Among the critical missing data sets are geodetic velocities,
crustal structure, active fault kinematics, detailed stratigraphy and precise dating of
strata and structures. The GBD traversed by an active plate boundary, yet analyzing how
active and whether the motion is aseismic or is taken up by rare earthquakes. From the
seismic data, precise modeling of the structural and geodetic foundations for
understanding this subaerial subduction zone and accretionary prism have been on the
process of better understanding. The modeling will add insight into the mechanical
properties of the low-slope overpressured accretionary prism, and possible distributions
of locked and creeping active fault segments.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
12
DISTURBANCES
GENERATED
NEAR
EARTH'S
SURFACE,
ATMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE CAUSED BY TINY MECHANICAL
DEFORMATION OF ROCK IN THE LITHOSPHERE: A THEORETICAL
APPROACH TO SEARCH FOR EARTHQUAKE PRECURSOR
KHERANI E.A.-1, LOGNONNE P.-2, OCCHIPINTI G.-2
1-Instituto Nacional de Pesquisais Espaciais, Brazil
2-Institut de Physique du Globo de Paris, France
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Almost 90% of the seismic measurement techniques are either groundbased or space-based where data are contaminated from other geophysical or man-made
sources. A challenging task is to find out a set of suitable physical observables which are
most affected from seismic activity, their measurement and distinguishing them from
other geophysical and man-mad sources. It may be expected that seismic-induced
effects should be more pronounced in certain frequencies and wavelengths depending on
nature of deformation of rock and solid-porous environment in the lithosphere. To
understand these aspects, we may rely on theory of Earthquake/Tsunami which is
relatively well understood. The theory may provide useful information regarding suitable
if they are tested in suitable environment in the interior of Earth’s surface, at the Earth’s
surface and in overlying space.
In this work, we present the computational simulations of possible excitation of
disturbances near Earth's surface and in the atmosphere/ionosphere caused by tiny rock
deformation in the lithosphere. In first step, the study pursue an excitation of acoustic
wave in the lithosphere caused by tiny rock deformation, its propagation in solid Earth
up-to Earth's surface and deposition of momentum and energy at the Earth's surface. In
second step, excitation of neutral waves such as acoustic gravity waves (AGWs) caused
by deposition of momentum/energy and their propagation in the atmosphere is studied
using thermo-hydro-viscous fluid simulation. In third and final step, AGWs interaction
with ionosphere is studied using thermo-hydro-magnetic fluid simulation.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
13
ANALYSIS OF IZMIT AFTERSHOCKS 25 DAYS BEFORE
NOVEMBER 12TH 1999 DÜZCE EARTHQUAKE, TURKEY
THE
GÖRGÜN E.-1,2, ZANG A.-1, BOHNHOFF M.-1, MILKEREIT C.-1, DRESEN G.-1
1-Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German
Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam/Germany.
Research
Centre
for
Geosciences,
2-Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, National
Earthquake Monitoring Center, 34684, Çengelköy, İstanbul/Turkey.
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We investigate spatial clustering of 2414 aftershocks along the Izmit Mw =
7.4 August 17, 1999 earthquake rupture zone. 25 days prior to the Düzce earthquake Mw
= 7.2 (November 12, 1999), we analyze two spatial clusters, namely Sakarya (SC) and
Karadere-Düzce (KDC). We determine the earthquake frequency-magnitude distribution
(b-value) for both clusters. We find two high b-value zones in SC and one high b-value
zone in KDC which are in agreement with large coseismic surface displacements along
the Izmit rupture. The b-values are significantly lower at the eastern end of the Izmit
rupture where the Düzce mainshock occurred. These low b-values at depth are correlated
with low postseismic slip rate and positive Coloumb stress change along KDC. Since low
b-values are hypothesized with high stress levels, we propose that at the depth of the
Düzce hypocenter (12.5 km), earthquakes are triggered at higher stresses compared to
shallower crustal earthquake. The decrease in b-value from the Karadere segment
towards the Düzce Basin supports this low b-value high stress hypothesis at the eastern
end of the Izmit rupture. Consequently, we detect three asperity regions which are
correlated with high b-value zones along the Izmit rupture. According to aftershock
distribution the half of the Düzce fault segment was active before the 12 November 1999
Düzce mainshock. This part is correlated with low b-values which mean high stress
concentration in the Düzce Basin. This high density aftershock activity presumably helped
to trigger the Düzce event (Mw = 7.2) after the Izmit Mw 7.4 mainshock.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
14
ATTENUATION OF CODA WAVES AT EAST ANATOLIA FAULT ZONE
DOĞU ANADOLU FAY ZONU BOYUNCA KODA DALGA AZALIMI
SERTÇELİK F.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh Böl. KOCAELİ/TÜRKİYE
fasert@kocaeli edu.tr
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The attenuation of coda waves, Qc, has been estimated in East Anatolia
Fault Zone, Turkey using a single back-scattering model of S-coda envelopes. For this
purpose, the recordings of 255 earthquakes by eight station. In this research, the
frequency-dependent Qc values are estimated at central frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 8, 12,
and 18 Hz using different lapse time windows from 20 to 40 s. The frequency-dependent
relationships obtained are Qc=(60±4)f(0.86±0.05) for the entire region of the fault zone
from all data. The region divides nine sub regions.
The Qı=(36±5)f(0.89±0.02),
(0.71±0.04)
(0.71±0.03)
(0.75±0.02)
Qıı=(63±8)f
, Qııı=(56±5)f
, Qıv=(68±3)f
, Qv=(72±7)f(0.7±0.05),
(0.87±0.03)
(0.96±0.02)
(0.94±0.047)
Qvı=(59±3)f
,
Qvıı=(58±4)f
,
Qvııı=(67±4)f
and
Qıx=(66±6)
f(0.81±0.03)functions were calculated for each this sub region. Results also show that the
lowest Qo value calculated in Karliova Region and the highest Qo value determined Sürgü
segment and Sincik-Gölbaşı segment region. n value is very high in the entire study
area. The Qc values and their frequency dependent varied from region to region, but, for
the entire study area indicates highly heterogeneous and highly tectonically active
region. Moreover, the attenuation reduced all of the study area; despite an increase in
the frequency dependence indicates the specific areas. This result are comment crustmantle thickness change from region to region.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Doğu Anadolu Fayı boyunca tek saçılma metodu kullanılarak Coda
dalga azalımı (Qc) incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla bölgede meydana gelmiş 255 depreme ait 8
istasyon kaydı kullanılmıştır. Veriler, merkez frekansı 1.5, 3, 6, 8, 12, and 18 Hz olan
Butterworth filtresi ile süzgeçlenmiştir. Analiz sırasında 20-40sn’lik kayma zaman
pencereleri kullanılmıştır. Qc’nin frekans bağımlılığı bütün çalışma alanı için ortalama
Qc=(60±4)f(0.86±0.05)
olarak bulunmuştur. Daha sonraki aşamada, çalışma alanı 9 ayrı
bölgeye ayrılmıştır. Bölgelere ait Qc değerleri; Qı=(36±5)f(0.89±0.02), Qıı=(63±8)f(0.71±0.04),
Qııı=(56±5)f(0.71±0.03), Qıv=(68±3)f(0.75±0.02), Qv=(72±7)f(0.7±0.05), Qvı=(59±3)f(0.87±0.03),
Qvıı=(58±4)f(0.96±0.02),
Qvııı=(67±4)f(0.94±0.047)
ve
Qıx=(66±6)
f(0.81±0.03)
olarak
hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, en düşük Qo değeri, Karlıova bölgesini ve en yüksek Qo
değeri ise Sürgü fay segmenti ile Sincik-Gölbaşı fay segmentinin bulunduğu bölgeyi
temsil etmektedir. n değeri ise bütün çalışma alanında oldukça yüksektir. Bulunan Q
değerleri ve frekans bağımlılıkları bölgeden bölgeye değişmekle birlikte, çalışma alanının
tümü için yüksek tektonik aktivite ve heterojenitenin göstergesidir. Ayrıca bölgenin
tamamında derinlikle soğurulmanın azalmasına rağmen, frekans bağımlılığı belirli
bölgelerde artış göstermektedir. Bu sonuç, kabuk-manto sınırının bölgeden bölgeye
değişim gösterdiği şeklinde yorumlanmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
15
DID ATATÜRK DAM TRIGGER THE EARTHQUAKE OF 3 SEPTEMBER
2008?
EYIDOGAN H.-1, GECGEL V.-1
1-Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Maden Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, Yer Fiziği
Anabilim Dalı, 34469 Maslak İstanbul, Turkiye
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT 3 September 2008 (02:22 UTC, Mw=5.0) earthquake has occurred in the
lake site of Atatürk Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant. A series of aftershocks has
followed the main-shock and two aftershocks with magnitude Mw=4.2 ve Mw=3.6 have
occurred. The possibility of the earthquakes to be induced by dam, the size and the
importance of Atatürk Dam and the proximity of the rock-fill body of the dam to active
faults led us to investigate the characteristics of 3 September 2008 earthquake and its
aftershocks. The recent seismicity of the dam region, the mechanisms of the main-shock
and after-shocks and their relations to active faults have been studied. The results show
that (a) the induced seismicity was active since the impoundment has started in 1994,
(b) 3 September 2008 earthquake and its aftershocks are induced by a very big amount
of water loss and (c) this recent activity is not related to Bozova Fault. It is suggested
that the continuation of radical level changes in water level may cause mid-size induced
earthquakes in the future. It is advised that the modern seismographs should be
deployed around dam site and the seismicity monitoring should start as soon as possible.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
16
STRUTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE “MITIDJA” SISMOGENIC BASSIN
(ALGIERS, ALGERIA)
DJELLIT H.-1, ABTOUT A.-1, DERDER M.E.M.-1, YELLES-CHAOUCHE A.K.-1, GUEMACHE
M.A.-1, SOFIANE S.-1, YMMEL H.-1
1-CRAAG, BP 63 16340 Bouzareah Alger, Algeria
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The 21st may 2003, at 6 pm 44’ (GMT), a strong earthquake (Mw= 6.8,
USGS, epicentre of the main shock located at about 6 Km from the NNW “Zemmouri”
costal, near Boumerdes town) occurred. All the eastern part of the « Mitidja » basin
was affected by this event. Indeed, it caused important human and materiel damage
(2274 dead, 11452 injured; and 4 to 5 billion US dollar loss).
In this communication, we present the results obtained in the “Mitidja” basin from the
sismotectonics study, the co-seismic surface breaks, and the visible active structures in
the epicentre area.
They suggest that the structural evolution of the Neogene’s “Mitidja” basin includes two
main deformation stages. The first one corresponds to NW-SE distension event along
(NE-SW) normal faults. The second one corresponding to the presently geodynamic
context is characterized by NW-SE shortening, which produce active reverse faults
accommodated by conjugate fault system (WNW-ESE dextral, and NNE-SSW senestral).
Some data suggest that the active reverse fault of this second stage have a ramp and
flat geometry.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
17
RUPTURE HISTORY OF THE AUGUST 17, 1999 İZMİT EARTHQUAKE
(MW=7.5) FROM THE INVERSION OF BROADBAND TELESEISMIC P
AND SH WAVEFORMS
GENİŞ-BANT TELESİSMİK P VE SH DALGA ŞEKİLLERİNİN TERS
DÖNÜŞÜMÜNDEN
17
AĞUSTOS
1999
İZMİT DEPREMİNİN
(MW=7.5) KIRILMA SÜRECİ
UTKUCU M.–1, DURMUŞ H.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 54187, Sakarya
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT A linear finite-fault inversion procedure is applied to the teleseismically
recorded broadband P and SH velocity waveforms of the 17 August 1999 İzmit
earthquake to derive spatial and temporal distribution of the co-seismic slip over the
representative three-segment two-dimensional model fault. The earthquake was due to
rupture of 5 fault segments (from east to west the Karadere, Sapanca-Akyazı, İzmitSapanca, Karamürsel-Gölcük and Hersek-Yalova segments) along the North Anatolian
Fault Zone and produced a surface rupture that has about 110 km onshore extent. The
multi-segment model fault is 150 km in length, extends Gölyaka in the East to eastern
entrance of the Çınarcık basin in the west and is divided into 120 equal-size square
subfaults for spatial distribution of the co-seismic slip. Individual slip contributions of
subfaults are retrieved through fitting the observed and synthetic seismograms in a
least-squares sense. The model fault is extended offshore for 25 km in the west of
Hersek Peninsula to discuss the whereabouts of the western end of the earthquake
rupture. The finite-fault inversion procedure also includes time window approach, which
allows variable rise time and rupture velocity on the model fault.
The modeling has yield a very heterogeneous coseismic slip model for the earthquake
with a total seismic moment of 2.6x1020 Nm. The coseismic slip model suggests that: (1)
The main rupture area approximately 70 km in length and comprise rupture of two large
asperities (eastern and western asperities) located both side of the hypocenter with peak
slip exceeding 6 m in the depth range 4-9 km; (2) the slip is relatively low (1-2m) in the
hypocentral region; (3) There is a prominent slip gap between the eastern asperity and
the Karadere fault segment that coincides with the observed surface rupture gap known
as Akyazi Gap; (4) The average slip across the Karadere fault segment is about 1.5 m;
(5) The rupture extends offshore west of Hersek Peninsula till eastern tip of the Çınarcık
basin with relatively low mean slip (about 1.5 m); (6) the rupture is completely dextral.
The overall coseismic slip pattern seems to be greatly effected by the fault zone
segmentation and discontinuities. The ruptures of eastern and western asperities coincide
with the rupture of the İzmit-Sapanca and Karamürsel-Gölcük fault segments,
respectively. Prominent fault zone discontinuities, namely Sapanca, Gölcük and Hersek
stepovers and Akyazi gap substantially effect the coseismic slip pattern and the slip
amplitudes not only on the surface but also deep in the crust. The analysis also revealed
that though total rupture process time is 32 sec, the main seismic moment release
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
18
corresponding rupture of the two large asperities occur between 4 and 12 sec after the
rupture initiation.
ÖZET 17 Ağustos 1999 İzmit depreminin temsili 3 segmentli iki boyutlu fay modeli
üzerinde kosismik kaymasının uzaysal ve zamansal dağılımını elde etmek için telesismik
olarak kayıt edilen geniş-bant P ve SH hız dalga şekillerine lineer sonlu fay ters çözüm
metodu uygulanmıştır. Deprem Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu boyunca 5 fay segmentin
(doğudan batıya doğru Karadere, Sapanca-Akyazı, İzmit-Sapanca, Karamürsel-Gölcük ve
Hersek-Yalova segmentleri) kırılması sonucu oluşmuş ve karadaki uzunluğu 110 km olan
bir yüzey kırığı üretmiştir. 150 km uzunluğunda olan çoklu-segment fay modeli doğuda
Gölyaka’dan batıda Çınarcık baseninin doğu ucuna uzanmakta ve kosismik kaymanın
uzaysal dağılımı için 120 eşit boyutlu, kare şeklinde fay parçasına bölünmüştür. Her bir
alt-fay parçasının kayma katkıları gözlenmiş ve sentetik sismogramların en küçük kareler
yöntemiyle uydurulmasıyla elde edilmiştir. Deprem kırılmasının batıda nerede sonlanmış
olabileceğini tartışmak için model fay düzlemi, Hersek yarımadasının batısında denize
doğru 25 km uzatılmıştır. Ayrıca sonlu fay ters dönüşüm metodu, model fayda değişken
yükselim zamanı ve kırılma hızına olanak sağlayan zaman penceresi yaklaşımı da
içermektedir.
Modelleme deprem için toplam sismik momenti 2.6x1020 Nm olan çok heterojen kosismik
kayma modeli ortaya koymuştur. Kosismik kayma modeli: (1) Esas kırılma alanının
yaklaşık 70 km uzunluğunda ve 4-9 km derinlik aralığında, 6 m’yi aşan en büyük
kaymalarla odağın her iki tarafında yerleşmiş iki büyük pürüzün (doğu ve batı pürüzleri)
kırılmasını içerdiğini; (2) odak bölgesinde kayma miktarının göreceli olarak düşük
olduğunu (1-2m); (3) Karadere fay segmenti ile doğu pürüzü arasında gözlenen yüzey
kırığıyla uyuşan ve Akyazı boşluğu olarak bilinen belirgin bir kayma boşluğu olduğunu;
(4) Karadere fay segmenti üzerinde ortalama kaymanın 1.5 m olduğunu; (5) deprem
kırılması göreceli olarak düşük ortalama kayma (yaklaşık 1.5 m) ile Hersek yarımadasının
batısında Çınarcık havzasının doğu ucuna kadar uzanmakta olduğunu; (6) Kaymanın
tamamen sağ yanal olduğunu önermektedir. Kosismik kaymanın genel örüntüsü fay zonu
segmentasyonundan ve fay zonu süreksizliklerinden çokça etkilenmiş görünmektedir.
Doğu ve batı pürüzlerinin kırılmaları sırasıyla İzmit-Sapanca ve Karamürsel- Gölcük fay
segmentlerinin kırılmalarına karşılık gelmektedir. Sapanca, Gölcük ve Hersek fay
basamakları ve Akyazı boşluğu olarak adlandırılan belirgin fay zonu süreksizlikleri
kosismik kayma örüntüsünü ve kayma büyüklüklerini sadece yüzeyde değil kabuğun
derinliklerinde de önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Ayrıca, analiz sonuçları kırılma sürecinin
toplam süresinin 32 sn olduğunu ve iki büyük pürüzün kırılmasına karşılık gelen ana
sismik moment serbestlenmesinin kırılma başlangıcından 4-12 sn sonra olduğunu ortaya
koymuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
19
RESPONSE OF SHALLOW AND DEEP GROUND WATERS TO THE
IZMİT AND DÜZCE EARTHQUAKES OF 1999
WOITH H.-1, WANG R.-1, WESTERHAUS M.-2, TEOMAN M.-3, PEKDEGER A.-4, ZSCHAU
J.-1
1-GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
2-University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
3-AFET, Earthquake Research Department, Ankara, Turkey
4-FU Berlin, Hydrogeology, Berlin, Germany
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT On 17 August 1999, a disastrous Mw=7.6 earthquake occurred near Izmit
in NW Turkey. Just 3 months later another Mw=7.1 earthquake destroyed the Düzce
area. The focal mechanisms of both events were almost pure right-lateral strike-slip with
observed horizontal surface displacements of up to 4.9 m in the first and 4.1 m in the
second event. Co- and postseismic water level changes were monitored at multiparameter observatories within the Mudurnu valley in the frame of a Turkish-German
project on Earthquake Research. The shallow (about 60 m deep) monitoring wells were
located about 120 km and 35 km from the epicentres of the first and second event,
respectively. The observed response of the water level was in accordance with calculated
volume strain changes following Okada’s model, i.e. water level rises in regions of
compression and water level drops in regions of extension. Contrary, most of the thermal
and mineral springs responded with a co- and postseismic increase in their flow-rate –
independent of their location and azimuth with respect to the epicentres. Even at a
distance of 1400 km co- and postseismic flow-rate increase in the order of 25 % had
been observed. Earthquake related changes of physico-chemical properties of thermal
and mineral waters were mapped repeatedly in the frame of Task Force missions. A
significant (4 to 7 fold !) CO2 increases were observed over large areas (hundreds of
km²) after the Düzce event. These perturbations lasted several months. The origin of the
“excess” CO2 is still unclear. It is possible that both observations, namely the pressure
increase and the CO2 increase are in fact physically related. The fact, that both
phenomena occur in extensional as well as compressional regimes, points to a dynamical
trigger mechanism.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
20
ON MONITORING OF NEAR SPACE PLASMA PARAMETERS FOR
PURPOSE OF EARTHQUAKES PREDICTION
ABAKANOV T.-1, LEE A.-1, KHACHIKJAN G.-1
1-Institute of seismology, al-Farabi, 75a, 050060, Almaty, Kazakhstan
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Earthquake prediction with using electromagnetic field variations in the near
space plasma is widely discussing subject. The satellites and ground-based stations
revealed that few days/hours before the seismic shock, near space plasma parameters
change both over the epicenter region and in the magnetically conjugated point in the
opposite hemisphere. An existence of conjugate effect indicates that the whole
magnetospheric tube loaned onto the earthquake preparation area is modified. To explain
experimental findings, an idea was advanced that the generation mechanism of observed
phenomena is a modification of the electric field in the global electric circuit (GEC) due to
earthquake preparation. The electric processes coupling different parts of GEC operate at
(almost) the speed of light, and electrostatic and/or electromagnetic field changes in one
part of GEC will produce simultaneous changing in all another parts. This suggests that
not only the upper parts of GEC may respond to electromagnetic processes occurring in
the area of earthquake preparation, but and vice versa, the area of earthquake
preparation may respond to electromagnetic processes developing in the upper parts of
GEC, which are strongly controlled by the solar wind, cosmic rays flux variations, ets. In
this report, the results of testing of this suggestion [Abakanov et al., 2007; Uzbekov and
Khachikjan, 2006; Khachikjan and Petelina, 2008] are presented. We show: 1)
Occurrence of earthquakes with М ≥ 4.0 at the globe depends on 11 year variations of
solar activity and/or cosmic rays flux intensity. Namely, in the period of moderate solar
activity, the number of events is lowest, whereas it is increased at ~10-15% in solar
minimum, when the flux of galactic cosmic rays is increased, and at ~ 3-5% in solar
maximum, when the flux of solar cosmic rays is increased. 2) At local area of North TjanShan, where the crust is underlying with a power layer of active mantle (here electric
conductivity is expected to be increased), the parameters of seismo-tectonic
deformations vary with 11 year variations of solar activity. 3) The boundaries of some
lithospheric plates, along which the earthquakes mainly occur, are magnetically
conjugated. This means that two areas of earthquake preparation located in the northern
and southern hemispheres are not independent, but are joined with the same
magnetospheric tube. Thus, in the purpose of earthquake prediction for some seismic
area, the regular monitoring of electromagnetic parameters along whole magnetospheric
tube, which connect this area with the magnetically conjugated one, is needed.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
21
SOURCE PROCESS OF THE 22ND FEB., 2005 ZARAND DESTRUCTIVE
EARTHQUAKE, IN SOUTHEAST IRAN
GHEITANCHI M.R.-1
1-Institute of Geophysics, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT On the 22nd February 2005 at 02h 25m 22.6s GMT, 05h 55m 22.6s local
time (USGS), a destructive earthquake occurred in a mountainous and sparsely inhabited
area near the Zarand district at 55 km NW of Kerman city, southeast Iran. Zarand is
close to an active fault, known as the Kuhbanan in the north east of the city. Its trend is
northwest-southeast and its length is 160 km. Using the onset times of 421 stations, the
epicenter of mainshock was identified at 30.726 N, 56.817 E by NEIC. The magnitude of
mainshock, given by NEIC, was mb=6.1 and Ms=6.5. The focal depth determination
indicated a shallow focal depth of 14 kilometers. The main shock caused extensive
damage to the rural areas in Ravar district, Kerman district and much more disastrous to
the Zarand district. As a consequence of this earthquake, more than 50 villages were
destroyed between 30 to 100%. According to the official reports, the earthquake killed at
least 612 people and injured 1500 others. Contrary to the situation for the 2003 Bam
earthquake, the earthquake affected a wide area of around 1,000 sq km inhabited by
around 75,000, mostly in small villages and extensive damage and loss of life were
observed in some villages. In this study, the source process of the 2005 Zarand
earthquake was investigated and the observed teleseismic bodywaves of mainshock were
modeled in order to obtain the image of temporal and spatial variation of slip on the fault
plane. Informations from field investigations and the results of aftershock activity were
considered as supplementary data. The moment tensor functions were obtained and the
corresponding best double couple showed two nodal planes striking N255ºE (dipping 70º
SE) and N 100º E (dipping 22º SW). The post-seismic field investigation, the aftershocks
distribution and the orientation of the Zarand Fault, all suggested that the nodal plane of
striking N255ºE (dipping 70º SE) having rake 81º, was the causative fault of Zarand
earthquake. Thus, Zarand earthquake accompanied by a nearly EW striking vertical fault
plane, with northern block moving upwards relatively to the southern block. The scalar
seismic moment was calculated to be M0 =2.0 ×1019 Nm and the moment magnitude was
Mw=6.8. The static distribution of slip on the fault plane, obtained through inversion
procedure, indicated that the rupture with slip amplitude greater than 0.4 m was as long
as 40 km and the area with slip amplitude 0.8 m was about 30 km. The slip-concentrated
area with amplitude greater than 2 m was localized in central area with a total length
about 5 km. The maximum amplitude of the slip was about 2.2 m. The average slip
amplitude over the whole rupture area is about 1.2 m. The temporal and spatial
distribution of slip-rate for the 2005 Zarand earthquake followed mainly a single source
model and rupture, during the mainshock, initiated in the epicentral area and mainly
extended in a bilateral manner.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
22
ESTIMATION OF THE SOURCE PARAMETERS AND FREQUENCY
DEPENDENT SHEAR WAVE ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT OF THE
18TH JUNE, 2007 KAHAK-QOM EARTHQUAKE IN NORTH CENTRAL
IRAN
RAHIMI H.-1, DOLOEI J.-1, HAMZEHLOO H.-1
1-International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and seismology, Tehran, I.R.Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, analysis is presented in two steps. In the first step, the
theoretical S-wave displacement spectra, conditioned by frequency-independent Q, was
fitted with the observed displacement spectra. Therefore corner frequency, moment
magnitude and frequency-independent Q for each record were estimated simultaneously
and the estimate of error is given in the root-mean-square sense over all the
frequencies. In the second step, the corrected observed displacement from source effect
was fitted with path term of Brune’s source model to estimate frequency dependent
shear wave Quality factor. For comparison, Frequency dependent shear wave quality
factor also is estimated from spectral decay method. The earthquake in Qom, 18 June
2007 (Ml=5.7), was the largest earthquake in the south of Tehran that recorded on
strong motion acceleration stations. The data represented more than 40 accelerograms
recorded from Kahak-Qom earthquake in the hypocentral distance range from 18 to 170
km. The source term obtained from inversion was analyzed to estimate various source
parameters. Thereby, we estimated seismic moment (1.86*1024 dyne-cm), corner
frequency (0.72 Hz ), source radius (2.33 Km ), fault slip (38 cm), source duration (1.5
sec), stress drop (12.3 bars) and moment magnitude (5.4), which are found to be
consistent with the corresponding values reported in published studies. The path average
value of Q is in the range Q=161 to 1652. The anelastic attenuation coefficient for the
region as a whole is estimated in step 2 is Qs= 47f 0.71 in frequency range of 1 to 32
Hz. The frequency-independence attenuation for the study region shows that, in general,
a Q value is significantly similar to the entire frequency range used than those found in
other tectonic areas.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
23
THE EFFECT OF SEISMICITY OF THE AROUND FETHIYE BAY BY
SOUTHWEST ANATOLIAN FAULT
GÜNEYBATI ANADOLU FAYININFETHİYE
DOLAYININ DEPREMSELLİĞİNE ETKİSİ
KÖRFEZİ
VE
YAKIN
KARAMAN M.E.-1, SOFTA M.
1-Akdeniz Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, ANTALYA
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is seen much more seismic epicenter to the other places where region
among Fethiye Bay and Crete Island. This region consist of many interesting and
complicated tectonic event and structure which is role of geo-tectonic evolution of Turkey
and vicinity. The important tectonic structures which effects seismicity of the region are
the Aegean-Cyprus Tectonic Arcs, Pliny-strabo faults and the Southwest Anatolian Fault.
Aegean and Cyprus Tectonic Arcs are converjan plate boundaires between African and
Aurasian plates. The effect of this event, formed N-S trending compressional stress and
conjugate faults at Southwest Anatolian. The fault zone is named firstly Southwest
Anatolian Fault (SWAF) by (Karaman, 1989). This fault is located between Crete Island
and Eğirdir Lake. The Anatolian Plate moves through the west between North Anatolian
Fault (NAF) and East Anatolian Fault (EAF) but, this plate moves through SW by this fault
zone. The region has higher seismicty because of effect of NAF, EAF and SWAF. The
Anatolian plate is compressed because of the subduction zone between African-Aurasian
plates. Anatolian Plate moves to the SW by SWAF. On the other hand, moving of this
plate is forming thrusted in the region where is located around of Crete Island and
Fethiye Bay. Therefore tectonic compressional stress is increased in this region. It is
caused higher seismic risk in the region of the compare the other places. In this paper,
will submit and discuss about of interesting and complex geo-tectonic mechanism and
higher seismicity western region where is located between Crete Island and Fethiye Bay.
ÖZET GB Anadolu’da Fethiye Körfezi ile Girit Adası arasındaki bölgede deprem odak
noktalarının diğer yerlere nazaran daha fazla olduğu görülür. Bu bölge, Türkiye ve yakın
dolayının jeo-tektonik evriminde önemli rol oynayan ilginç ve karmaşık bir çok tektonik
olay ve yapı içerir.
Bölgenin depremselliğini etkileyen önemli tektonik yapılar başında
Ege-Kıbrıs tektonik yayı, Plino-strabo fayları ve Güneybatı Anadolu fayı gelir. Ege-Kıbrıs
tektonik yayı konverjan bir levha sınırıdır. Bu sınır boyunca Afrika-Avrasya yakınlaşması
gerçekleşmektedir. Bu yakınlaşmanın sonucu, Anadolu levhasında K-G sıkışma gerilmesi
birikmekte ve buna bağımlı GB Anadolu da eşlenik doğrultu atımlı faylar oluşmaktadır.
Bunlardan Akdeniz içerisindeki sol yönlü Plino fayının GB Anadolu ‘da bir devamı olan ve
Fethiye körfezinden Burdur gölü istikametinde geçerek, Eğirdir gölüne doğru uzanan kırık
hattı, Güneybatı Anadolu Fayı (Karaman, 1989) olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Anadolu
levhasının, (KAF) ve (DAF) arasında batıya olan hareketi, Güneybatı Anadolu fayı
boyunca GB ya doğru döndürülmektedir. Belirtilen bölgenin depremselliğinin yoğun
olmasında, bu iki fayın meydana getirdiği olay ve yapıların etkisi büyüktür. Çünkü EgeKıbrıs tektonik yayı boyunca Afrika alta dalmakta ve Anadolu levhası sıkışmakta, bölgede
büyük bir sıkışma gerilme birikmektedir. Diğer yandan Anadolu levhasının batıya
hareketi, GBAF tarafından GB ya döndürüldüğü için, bu hareket Ege-Kıbrıs yayının
bulunduğu bölgede üste binme şeklinde gerçekleştiğinden tektonik sıkışma gerilmesini
artırmaktadır. Her iki olayın, Girit adası Fethiye körfezi arasındaki Ege-Kıbrıs tektonik yay
segmenti boyunca meydana gelmiş olması, bu bölgede diğer yerlere nazaran sıkışma
gerilmesi yoğunluğunun daha fazla artmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu durum ise bu
bölgenin, yayın diğer bölgelerine nazaran daha yüksek oranda tektonik hareketlilik
depremsellik riski taşımasına neden olmaktadır. Bu bildiride Girit adası - Fethiye Körfezi
arası ve batısındaki bölgenin ilginç ve karmaşık jeo-tektonik mekanizması ve
depremselliği tartışılacaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
24
EARTHQUAKE DENSITY VARIATION OF TURKEY
TÜRKİYE’DE DEPREM YOĞUNLUĞU DEĞİŞİMİ
ARIK S.-1, KONEZ N.-1, UTKU M.-1
1-Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 35160
Buca-İZMİR
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Earthquake density is the process of measuring the earthquake generating
capacity of a region according to specific criteria. Earthquake density parameter, process,
type of earthquake scale, scale interval, interval of focal depth, area geometry and
calculation model are examples to these criteria. Selection of criteria is performed in
appropriate for the reliability of data and the seismic character of the region. Criteria
such as calculation geometry and model determine the sensitivity of density parameter.
With this purpose, the analysis of earthquake density of earthquakes in Turkey was made
on the basis of the geographical area between latitudes 35°N-43°N and longitudes 25°E46°E. 8035 earthquakes with minimum magnitude 4.0 according to magnitudes Md, ML,
Mb, Ms and Mw in 1900-2005 period are dealt with in the study, where the electronic
earthquake catalogue of Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake
Research Institute is used. The analysis concerned depends on the calculation of annual
mean number of earthquakes according to a specific magnitude type and the selected
criteria. Magnitudes with a minimum magnitude 4.0 and a minimum magnitude 5.5 are
used in the analysis, where a comparison is also made according to the magnitude types
in the catalogue used. For focal depths, examination is made for all depths, and 0-10,
10-20 and 25-50 kms. The analysis is made for two examination processes, namely,
1900-2005 and 1977-2005. The square areas with edge lengths of 0.5°, 1° and 2° have
been considered as the calculation geometry while the scanning of the related geography
with shifting quantities as much as 0.1° of elementary calculation area and as much as
its edge length has been selected as the calculation model. Considering this, 18291
elementary areas were scanned according to an edge length of 1° and a shifting quantity
of 0.1° for the geographical area used. In the calculations for instrumental period
depending on different parameters, earthquake density varies between 0 and 6
earthquakes/year whereas this value varies between 0 and 14 earthquakes/year for
1977-2005 period. The variations obtained constitute the Map of Earthquake Density in
Turkey according to the data of national earthquake observation network.
According to the results, where magnitudes ML and Mw are taken as the basis during the
analysis, it is observed that the dominant variation of earthquake density in Turkey for
the instrumental period has not made the North Anatolian Fault Zone so much clear as
expected although it has indicated the East Anatolian Fault Zone but the activity in
Western Anatolia together with the western section of the North Anatolian Fault Zone is
bordered by a quieter zone approximately in northeast-southwest direction located in
Central Anatolia. This zone may seem as if it had undergone a more silent earthquake
activity than other regions at least during the instrumental period. However, the
complete visibility of the main fault systems that direct the recent tectonics of Turkey in
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
25
the analysis made according to 1977-2005 period shows that this examination period is
advantageous and more significant in terms of data quality in comparison to instrumental
period. In addition, the faulting pattern of the Anatolian block can be perceived on the
Map of Earthquake Density in Turkey in this period.
ÖZET Deprem yoğunluğu, bir bölgenin deprem üretme kapasitesinin belli ölçütlere göre
ölçümü işlemidir. Deprem yoğunluğu parametresi, süreç, deprem ölçeği türü, ölçek
aralığı, odak derinliği aralığı, alan geometrisi ve hesaplama modeli bu ölçütlere
örneklerdir. Ölçüt seçimi ise verinin güvenirliği ve bölgenin deprem karakterine uygun
yapılır. Hesaplama geometrisi ve modeli gibi ölçütler, yoğunluk parametresinin
duyarlılığını belirler.
Bu amaçla, Türkiye depremlerinin deprem yoğunluğu analizi, 35°K-43°K enlemleri ile
25°D-46°D boylamları arasında kalan coğrafik bölge esas alınarak yapılmıştır. Boğaziçi
Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü elektronik deprem
katalogunun kullanıldığı çalışmada, 1900-2005 sürecindeki Md, ML, Mb, Ms ve Mw
büyüklüklerine göre en az 4.0 büyüklüklü 8035 deprem ele alınmaktadır. Yapılan analiz,
belli bir büyüklük türü ve seçilen ölçütlere göre yıllık ortalama deprem sayısının
hesaplanmasına dayanmaktadır. Kullanılan katalogdaki büyüklük türlerine göre bir
karşılaştırmanın da yapıldığı analizde, büyüklükler en az 4.0 ve en az 5.5 olmak üzere
kullanılmaktadır. Odak derinlikleri için tüm derinlikler ile 0-10, 10-20 ve 25-50 km’ler
arası incelenmektedir. Analiz 1900-2005 ve 1977-2005 olmak üzere iki inceleme süreci
için yapılmaktadır. Hesaplama geometrisi olarak kenar uzunluğu 0.5°, 1° ve 2° olan kare
alan alınırken, hesaplama modeli olarak da elementer hesaplama alanının 0.1° ve kenar
uzunluğu kadar kayma miktarlarıyla ilgili coğrafyanın taranması seçilmiştir. Buradan
hareketle, kullanılan coğrafik alan için 1°’lik kenar uzunluğu ve 0.1°’lik kayma miktarına
göre 18291 elementer alan taranmıştır. Farklı parametrelere göre aletsel dönem için
yapılan hesaplamalarda, deprem yoğunluğu 0-6 deprem/yıl arasında değişirken, 19772005 periyodu için bu değer 0-14 deprem/yıl arasında değişmektedir. Elde edilen
değişimler, Ulusal deprem gözlem ağı verilerine göre Türkiye Deprem Yoğunluğu
Haritası’nı oluşturmaktadır.
Analiz sürecinde ML ve Mw büyüklüklerinin esas alındığı sonuçlara göre aletsel dönem için
Türkiye’de deprem yoğunluğunun baskın değişiminin, Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonu’nu işaret
etmesine rağmen Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu’nu beklendiği kadar belirginleştirmediği, buna
karşılık Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu’nun batı kesimiyle birlikte Batı Anadolu’daki etkinliğin,
Orta Anadolu’da bulunan yaklaşık kuzeydoğu-güneybatı doğrultulu daha sakin bir zonla
sınırlandığı görülmektedir. Bu zon, en azından aletsel dönemde, diğer bölgelere göre
daha suskun deprem etkinliği geçirmiş gibi görülebilir. Fakat, 1977-2005 periyoduna göre
yapılan analizde ise Türkiye’nin güncel tektoniğini yönlendiren ana kırık sistemlerinin
tümüyle görülebilir olması, bu inceleme periyodunun veri kalitesi yönünden aletsel
döneme göre üstünlüğünü ve daha anlamlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, bu
periyottaki Türkiye Deprem Yoğunluğu Haritası’nda, Anadolu bloğunun kırılma örüntüsü
de seçilebilmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
26
THE INFLUENCE OF THE AFRICAN PLATE MOTION ON THE EAST
ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE TECTONICS
YILMAZER M.-1, PINAR A.-2
1-Boğaziçi University,Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Çengelköy,
Istanbul
2-Istanbul University, Department of Geophysics, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The two major driving engines of the tectonics in the Eastern Mediterranean
region (EMR) since Late Miocene are the subduction process along the Hellenic and
Cyprus arcs and the collision process along the Bitlis-Zagros suture zone. Also, it is
widely accepted that the East Anatolian fault zone (EAFZ) accommodates the motion
between the westward moving Anatolian block and the NNW moving Arabian plate along
which the rate of motion is slightly larger than 10 mm/yr and the Anatolian block
squeezed between Arabia and Eurasia escapes westward along the North Anatolian fault
zone and EAFZ, that is to say, Anatolia is being pushed away by Arabian plate. However,
recent debates on the EMR tectonics claim that Anatolia is pulled westward by the deeply
descending African plate within the Mantle rather than being pushed away by the Arabian
plate and leaving this force as the major engine of the westward motion of Anatolia.
Furthermore, the GPS data of Reilinger et al. (2006) propose that the tectonic processes
in EMR and Middle East is driven mainly by the subduction processes in the Aegean and
Macran regions.
To contribute on the discussions given above we investigate the recent tectonic activity
of the EAF by retrieving the moment tensor solutions of the events taking place within
the fault zone. We especially concentrate in the central and southwestern part of the
fault. The waveform inversion results for the events in Adana basin and Iskenderun bay
show P-axis trending NNE and T-axes trending WNW. The plunges of the P-axes evenly
changes from horizontal to vertical while the T-axes remain mostly horizontal. Such a
distribution of the axes depicts transtentional tectonic regime. Further northeast along
the EAF zone the stress tensor derived from the recent focal mechanisms yield strike-slip
tectonic regime with maximum compressive stress axis trending almost NE. Thus, the
data from the southwestern and central regions of the EAF zone coherently indicates that
the fault zone is under NE compression rather than NW compression which in turn
suggest that the fault zone is influenced mainly by the NE motion of the African plate
rather than the NW moving Arabian plate.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
27
EVALUATION OF SOURCE PARAMETERS OF SOME MODERATELY
EARTHQUAKES IN SOUTH -EAST OF IRAN
MOSTAFAZADEH M.-1, ASHKPOUR MOTLAGH S.-1
1-International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Iran- Tehran,
P.O.BOX. 19395/3913
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The occurrence of the South east of Iran earthquake of four large
earthquakes provides an important opportunity to study source properties of earthquakes
in this region. We constrain source parameters of the March 14 1998 (Mw 6.6)
earthquake by analyzing body wave seismogram and compiled source parameters of 11
June 1981 (Ms 6.7), 28 July 1981 (Ms7.1), 20 November 1989 (mb5.6), events that is
obtained from body wave form modeling. The results from waveform modeling (March 14
1998) indicate that source depth was 4 km and that right-lateral strike slip motion
mechanism. We have calculated source time function (STF) of March 14 1998 earthquake
and compiled this function for other events of Gowk fault system earthquakes that is
obtained from teleseismic body waveform modeling. The duration of each event was
determined from source time function. Corner frequency and source radius have been
calculated for each event by using pulse duration from source time function. Corner
frequencies and source radius range are changed from 0.013 Hz to 0.16 Hz and 8.14 to
100 km respectively. Minimum and maximum displacement is observed 8.14× 10-4 km
and 0.01 km respectively.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
28
NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTION SIMULATION IN TEHRAN CITY
GHAYAMGHAMIAN M.R.-1, GHADIKALAI M.F.-2
1-Disaster Risk Management Research Center, International Institute of Earthquake
Engineering & Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, Iran
2-Azad University, North Tehran Unit, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Most of the megacities are located near the active faults. Ground motions in
the vicinity of the active faults are associated with two main phenomena so called
rupture directivity and fling effects. Therefore, it is important for earthquake resistance
design and seismic hazard mitigation to evaluate the characteristics of near-fault ground
motions in the megacities.
In this paper, the near-fault ground motion was simulated using kinematic model for
Tehran City, the capital of Iran. Tehran city was developed along the North Tehran Fault
(NTF), which assumed to be the most probable seismic source for the city. Kinematic
models are efficient tools to simulate long-period ground motions including slip
heterogeneity (asperities) on the fault and underground geology. Here, the near-fault
ground motions are generated assuming NTF scenario using kinematic finite fault model.
Then, the variations of faulting parameters such as rise time, maximum slip, rupture
velocity, and site to fault distance on the near-fault pulse characteristics are numerically
examined and discussed.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
29
EARTHQUAKE RISK IN LOW AND MEDIUM SEISMICITY REGIONS: A
CASE STUDY FOR ANKARA
KÜÇÜK VE ORTA BÜYÜKLÜKTE SİSMİK AKTİVİTE GÖSTEREN
BÖLGELERDEKİ DEPREM RİSKİ: ANKARA İÇİN ÖRNEK BİR
ÇALIŞMA
KOÇKAR M.K.-1, AKGÜN H.-2, EKER A.M.-2
1-Gazi Üniversitesi, Deprem Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (DEPAR), Ankara
2-Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Ankara
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is difficult to identify the seismic hazard and risk estimates in areas of
high seismic activity with low recurrence intervals and areas lacking recorded
instrumented data. Yet, earthquake hazard and risk assessments based on soil conditions
might be very important for regions such as Ankara and its surroundings where seismic
sources with high magnitude earthquake generation potential exist at relatively far
distances and sources with frequent low and moderate magnitude earthquake generation
potential exist in close vicinities. Because of these characteristics, one of the most
important factors causing earthquake damages is soil movements due to local site effects
which indicates that the soil conditions be investigated in detail. Consequently,
characterization of ground motions for soils based on quantitative and numerical data will
form a basis for earthquake risk assessments in this region for preliminary evaluations,
general land use planning and construction of earthquake resistant economic structure
based on these assessments. This study includes seismic hazard assessment of Ankara
based on local soil conditions and discussing the consequences of the seismic hazards.
ÖZET Yüksek sismik aktivitenin sıklık aralığının ve aletsel kayıt verilerinin az olduğu
alanlarda, sismik tehlike ve risk tahminlerinin yapılması zordur. Ancak, bu tür özellikleri
taşıyan Ankara ve çevresi gibi etrafındaki uzak fakat büyük magnitüdlü, ve yakın civarı
gibi sık aralıklı orta ve küçük magnitüdlü deprem üretme potansiyeline sahip alanlarda
zemin koşullarına bağlı olarak yapılacak deprem tehlike ve risk değerlendirmeleri çok
önemlidir. Özellikleri sebebiyle bu tür alanlarda zemin hareketlerinden meydana gelen
deprem zararının oluşmasında en önemli faktörlerden birisi olan yerel zemin koşullarının
detaylı olarak incelenmesi gerekir. Bu sebeplerle, zeminlerin yer hareketlerinin sayısal ve
ölçümsel verilere dayanılarak karakterize edilmesi, bu bölgelerde yapılacak deprem riski
değerlendirmelerinde; ve bunlara bağlı olarak yapılacak olan mekansal planlama
çalışmalarında ve depreme dayanıklı ekonomik yapı üretmede temel teşkil edecektir. Bu
sebeplerden yola çıkılarak, Ankara için belirtilen bu çalışma ile zeminlerin yerel zemin
koşulları göz önüne alınarak sismik tehlike değerlendirmeleri yapılmış ve ne tür önlemler
alınabileceği hakkında öneriler verilmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
30
SOURCE DYNAMICS OF THE JUNE 22, 2002, CHANGOUREH-AVAJ
EARTHQUAKE AND ITS AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCE, IN NORTH
CENTRAL IRAN
SARMADI N.-1, GHEITANCHI M.R.-2
1-Science and Reseach Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran,
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT On 22 June 2002 at 02:58:20.0 GMT, 08:28:20.0 local time, a shallow
destructive earthquake (mb=6.2; Ms=6.5; Mw=6.5; NEIS) without any felt foreshock
occurred around the northwestern extension of the earlier shock of Buyin-Zahra that had
caused extensive damage in 1962 (Tofigh-Reyhani, 2002). The early field observation
reported that the epicenter of the main shock (35.67N; 48.93E; h=10. km; USGS) was
located at Changoureh (Gheitanchi et al., 2003) in the southern part of Qazvin province,
north central Iran. The main shock occurred in a region well known for its earlier shock
that produced extensive destruction. It destroyed or severely damaged about 50 villages
and completely demolished the villages of Changoureh and Ab-darreh (Moinfar, 2002).
This earthquake is the largest shock since the occurrence of the 1st September, 1962
Buyin-Zahra destructive earthquake with magnitude 7.3 (Abdalian, 1963; Ambraseys,
1963; Berberian, 1976), in Qazvin province. The quake killed 230 people and injured
1466 and left many homeless in damaged area (Farzanegan and Mirzaei-Alavijeh, 2002;
Parhizkar et al., 2002). In this paper, the seismotectonic setting and the background
seismicity of the affected area are reviewed. Then, the source parameters of main shock
are discussed. Finally, the recorded aftershock sequence is analyzed and the results are
discussed. Considering the field observation and the extent of aftershock distribution, an
average source dimension of about 40-50 km, a NW-SE strike and a NE dipping fault
plane could be estimated. This result is in good agreement with the result of waveform
analysis. The waveform modelling suggests that the rupture, with reverse mechanism,
initiated in epicentral area and extended to northwest and southeast in a bilateral
manner. The calculated moment magnitude is Mw = 6.4 while the estimated rupture
velocity is 3.0 km/s. The total seismic moment was calculated to be M0= 5.5×1025 dyne
cm. The Changoureh-Avaj earthquake is in some respects comparable with the 1962
Buyin-Zahra earthquake: They have similar mechanisms and occurred in similar fault
systems. Changoureh-Avaj earthquake is one of the rare events with magnitude greater
than 6 that has occurred in the vicinity of large and densely populated cities. Therefore,
the ground-motion characteristics during the mainshock should be considered for the
high safety design of structures in the region.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
31
DETERMINATION OF THE CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE STRUCTURE
IN
ANATOLIA
BY
SURFACE
WAVE
DATA
APPLIED
DISCRIMINATION FILTER
AYRIM SÜZGECİ UYGULANAN YÜZEY DALGASI VERİLERİ İLE
ANADOLU’DA KABUK VE ÜST MANTO YAPISININ BELİRLENMESİ
SAYIL N.-1
1-KTÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 61080 Trabzon, Türkiye
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Surface wave data have been used to define the Earth structure on different
propagating paths. Dispersion property of surface waves, i.e. changes in seismic velocities
and absorption as depending on frequency, has been used to investigate the Earth crust and
upper mantle structure.
Differences in the polarization properties have been making use in filtering the surface waves.
This kind of filtering process is performed in the frequency domain since the surface waves
are mostly dispersive. The process consists of scalling the amplitudes of three components
(vertical Z, radial R and tangential T) of the ground motion at each frequencies according to
the particle motion. This weighting is applicated to entire of each component for selected
window lenght and moving interval. Weighted segments for each window are passed to the
time domain, and finally, filtered signals are obtained as the arithmetic average of values of
the overlapping points.
In this study, with the aim of investigation crust and upper mantle structure of Anatolia, it has
been selected the profiles across the Anatolia. In the direction of this aim, shallow
earthquakes having epicentral distances about 10° and magnitudes Ms ≥ 5.0 recorded at
stations in Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute were
taken. Surface wave discrimination filter based on the polarization has been applied to three
component records for making more convenient to Love and Rayleigh wave records of
selected these earthquakes. It has been aimed to obtain the more correct results at
investigation of crust and upper mantle structure of Anatolia by using discriminated these
records.
In investigation of design to the earth structure, multiple filter technique has been used. This
technique is one of the conventional methods used by single station long period three
component surface wave records. Multiple filter technique has been applied to long period
three components records of Love and Rayleigh waves of discriminated each earthquake and
detected the group velocities. The crust and upper-mantle structure for profiles between
event and station has been determined by inversion process with calculated these group
velocities.
ÖZET Yüzey dalgası verileri değişik yayınım yolları üzerinde yer yapısını ifade etmede
kullanılmaktadır. Yer kabuğu ve üst-manto yapısının araştırılmasında yüzey dalgalarının
dispersiyon özelliğinden yani yer içinin fiziksel özelliklerine bağlı olarak sismik hızların ve
soğurmanın frekansla değişimlerinden yararlanılır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
32
Yüzey
dalgalarının
süzgeçlenmesinde
polarizasyon
özelliklerindeki
farklılıklardan
yararlanılmaktadır. Temel yüzey dalgası türleri olan Love ve Rayleigh dalgaları sırasıyla enine
yatay doğrultuda doğrusal olarak polarlanmış ve düşey-ışınsal düzlemde eliptik bir tanecik
hareketi gösterirler. Bu tür bir süzgeçleme işlemi, yüzey dalgalarının genellikle dispersif
olmalarından ötürü frekans ortamında yapılır. Uygulanan işlem, yer hareketinin üç bileşenine
(düşey Z, ışınsal R ve teğetsel T) ait genlik değerlerinin her bir frekans için tanecik hareketine
uygun biçimde ağırlıklandırılmasından ibarettir. Bu ağırlıklandırma, seçilen bir pencere boyu ve
kaydırma aralığı için her bir bileşenin tamamına uygulanır. Her bir pencere için ağırlıklandırılan
kısımlar zaman ortamına geçirilir ve sonuç olarak üst üste gelen noktalara ait değerlerin
aritmetik ortalaması alınarak süzülmüş sinyaller elde edilir.
Bu çalışmada Anadolu’nun kabuk ve üst-manto yapısını araştırmak için Anadolu’nun tamamını
geçen profiller oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi
ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü’ne ait istasyonlarda kaydedilen yaklaşık 10° lik episantr
uzaklıklarına sahip, magnitüdü 5’ten büyük (Ms ≥ 5.0) sığ depremler belirlenmiştir. Seçilen bu
depremlerin Love ve Rayleigh dalgası kayıtlarını daha belirgin hale getirmek için üç bileşen
kayıtlara polarizasyon özelliklerine dayalı yüzey dalgası ayrım süzgeci uygulanmıştır. Ayrımlı
hale getirilmiş bu kayıtların kullanılmasıyla Anadolu’nun kabuk ve üst-manto yapısının
belirlenmesi için daha doğru sonuçlar elde edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Yapı belirleme çalışmasında tek istasyona ait uzun peryod üç bileşen yüzey dalgası kayıtlarının
kullanıldığı klasik yöntemlerden olan ardışık süzgeç tekniği uygulanmıştır. Her bir depremin
ayrımlı hale getirilen Love ve Rayleigh dalgalarının uzun peryod üç bileşen kayıtlarına ardışık
süzgeç tekniği uygulanmış ve grup hızları bulunmuştur. Bulunan bu grup hızlarına ters
çözümleme işlemi uygulanarak her bir deprem ile kaydedildiği istasyon arasındaki profiller için
kabuk ve üst-manto yapısı belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
33
A SOFTWARE FOR EARTHQUAKE INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS
DEPREM ARAŞTIRMA VE İNCELEME YAZILIMI
AKBAŞ Ö.-1, PEKŞEN E.-1, IRMAK T.S.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Müh. Fak, Jeofizik Müh. Bölümü, Umuttepe Merkez Yerleşkesi
41380 KOCAELİ
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT A user friendly computer program for investigation and analysis of
earthquake data has been developed in MATLAB. To run the program, the user should
provide an earthquake catalog and a map. The users can use provided earthquake
catalogs and maps or they may load their own catalogs and maps depending on their
needs and may work on them.
The earthquake program can deal with not only epicenter and hypocenter distributions,
plotting earthquake focal mechanism, a-b values calculation, p value calculation, seismic
risk analysis, magnitude frequency relation, analysis of strong ground motion of
acceleration record, attenuation relations, but also 3 dimensional earthquake
illustrations, some histograms and pie charts.
In the program, there are available some basic calculation mentioned above and some
auxiliary tools. An earthquake catalog can be easily modified to use data in the program
by using data preparation tool. The user can specify earthquake symbols, their colors,
dimensions, legends by using with symbol and legend tools.
This is the first version of the program, which is similar to ZMAP and ISOLA. The program
has been developed for evaluation of Earth and Space Sciences Research Center’s
earthquake data. In the next version, we plan to include an inversion algorithm in the
program.
ÖZET Deprem verilerinin analizlerinde kullanılmak üzere kolay kullanılabilen bir MATLAB
tabanlı yazılım geliştirildi. Depremsellik analizi programının çalışabilmesi için bir deprem
katalogu ve haritaya ihtiyaç vardır. Programda bulunan kataloglar ve haritalar
kullanılabileceği gibi, farklı deprem katalogları ve haritalar yüklenip, bunlar üzerinde de
çalışma yapılabilmektedir.
Depremsellik analizi programı, dış ve iç merkez dağılım haritaları, odak mekanizması
çözümlerinin harita üzerinde gösterimi, magnitüd-frekans ilişkisi, a ve b değerlerinin
haritalanması, p değeri hesabı, sismik risk analizi, kuvvetli yer hareketi (ivme) kaydı
analizi, ivme-azalım ilişkileri gibi sismoloji ağırlıklı hesaplamaların yanında, depremlerin 3
boyutlu derinlik dağılımı ve çeşitli histogramların hesabıyla görsellik ve sismolojinin
istatistiksel boşluğu doldurulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Programda bu hesaplamaların yanında, çeşitli yardımcı araçlar da bulunmaktadır. Veri
düzenleme aracıyla; elinizde bulunan deprem katalogu kolayca programda kullanılacak
hale getirilebilmektedir. Deprem simgeleri ve lejant özelleştirme aracıyla da; deprem
simgeleri, renkleri, büyüklükleri ve lejant isteğe göre özelleştirilebilir.
Deprem araştırma programının ilk sürümü olup, mevcut programlardan, ZMAP ve ISOLA
benzeri bir programdır. Yer ve Uzay Bilimleri Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi’nin
(YUBAM) verilerinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılmak için geliştirilmiştir. Bir sonraki
sürümde ters çözüm eklenmesi planlanmaktadır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
34
THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION STAGES OF LOCAL GPS NETWORKS
FOR MONITORING CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS
KURT O.-1, KONAK H.-1, İNCE C.D.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Engineering Faculty, Geodesy and Photogrammetry Engineering
Department, Umuttepe Central Campus 41380-İzmit/Kocaeli
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT GPS networks are widely used for deformation analyses in many Earth
sciences, and generally it is not given heed to observation plan corresponding geometry
of the network. Yet, GPS network observation plan is also considered like classical
networks (triangulation, trilateration and leveling network). In this study, how
observation plan of a GPS network should be constructed via solution of second order
design with analytical method is explained. And, the optimum designed GPS network is
tested with criterions of quality and reliability.
The GPS network design is carried out at two steps. First step is called network
optimization (planning which baselines are observed) using the second order design, and
second step is called baseline optimization (determining observation time span) in this
paper. Approximate positions of the network points have been determined by hand-held
GPS or on 25000 scaled maps at the two stages. The network optimization is performed
by using Taylor-Karman structured criterion matrix having properties of homogenity and
isotropy. The baseline optimization is performed with approximate positions of the points
and satellite positions are computed from orbital parameters acquiring by internet (for
example GPS Yuma Almanacs).
In the design stage, the step of network optimization is to be main part, the other step in
the stage is used to determine GPS observation time span or to inspect the first step for
quality and reliability according to the predicted time span. For instance, the time span
was taken as 10-15 minutes in this study because of decreasing cost of GPS campaign.
After the design stage, optimum observation plan tested for quality and reliability by
baseline optimization will be carried out on working area. Baseline observations are made
considering the observation plan and the predicted time span. Then, components (i.e.
relative coordinates) of the baselines and their variance-covariance matrices are
computed from processing phase and code observables and this step is called as baseline
adjustment in the evaluating stage. After that, the components of baselines obtained
from baseline adjustments are adjusted in the network according to the optimum
observation plan again and this step is called as network adjustment in the evaluating
stage. At the end of the evaluating stage, coordinates of the network points, quality and
reliability criterions are acquired, and the network is inspected for the quality and the
reliability.
The coherence of the results of evaluating stage to those of designing stage was
examined on IZDOGAP (Project of monitoring Substructure of Natural Gas in Kocaeli via
National Geodetic Networks and Land Information System) GPS network. IZDOGAP is
founded by Scientific Research Project Unit of Kocaeli University and İZGAZ (Izmit Gas
Distribution Industry and Trade Inc.).
The GPS network has 106 points distributed at Kocaeli-İstanbul-Sakarya-Yalova-Bursa
cities and is 252 baselines observations after second order design according to TaylorKarman structured criterion matrix in the design stage. After the zero period GPS
observations of the designed network was completed on 14 July 2009, baseline
adjustment and network adjustment were carried out. Moreover quality and reliability
criterions of the network were computed and compared with those in which designing
stage. And the results obtained are summarized on the network figures.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
35
THE LAST DEVELOPMENTS OF THE NATIONAL SEISMOLOGICAL
OBSERVATION NETWORK OF TURKEY, 2009
TÜRKİYE
ULUSAL
GELİŞMELER, 2009
SİSMOLOJİK
GÖZLEM
AĞINDAKİ
SON
KARTAL R.F.-1, ZÜNBÜL S.-1, KADİRİOĞLU F.T.-1, KAPLAN M.-1, KARAKISA S.-1, KILIÇ
T.-1, TÜRKOĞLU M.-1, YANIK K.-1, HOLOĞLU N.-1, BARAN B.-1, TEZEL T.-1, ÖZTÜRK
AKCA C.-1, YATMAN A.-1, DEMİR M.-1, FENERCİ C.-1, İRAVUL Y.-1, TÜZEL B.-1
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Deprem Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı, Eskişehir Yolu 9. Km
Lodumlu 06530 Çankaya-ANKARA-TÜRKİYE
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected].
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In order to mitigate disaster losses, it is necessary to establish an effective
disaster and risk management system. The first step of the management is constituted
by preparedness studies before the earthquake (disaster). In order to determinate
disaster and risk information it is necessary to have a seismological observation network.
Turkey is always in danger of being ruined by an earthquake because it’s on the active
fault zone, That’s why a seismological observation network having good coverage is
needed to research the reasons of earthquakes and reduce their damage. For this
purpose, first in 1989, our ministry established seismological observation studies which
are situated especially in the North Anatolian fault system. These studies have been
expanded all over Turkey in time.
According to years distribution of the number of seismological observation network is
examined; seismological observation studies which was started with 12 stations in the
middle segment of North Anatolian fault system in 1989 were spread across all country
between 1993-1999. It has increased and reached 31 stations. The number of stations
didn’t increase between 2000-2004 because of the renewal works. After the USAG and
TURDEP Project the number of station; 47 stations in 2005, 61 stations in 2006, 135
stations in 2007 and 147 stations at the end of the 2008. At Present 156 stations (6
Three Component Short Period, 63 Broad-band, 13 One Component Short Period
stations, 65 Local Network- Broad-band and 9 Broad-band Erzurum local network) have
been operated by our ministry as the month of March. The number of stations have been
increased from day to day with projects. Aim of the projects; to compose observation
network which will follow earthquake activity in our country.
Real-time data communication between stations in land and Ankara is provided by
satellite, data line, Internet and GPRS. Capability of the network is to determine an
earthquake which is minimum local magnitude ML= 2.8 generally, in some region local
magnitude threshold is ML=1.5
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
36
Earthquake activity in Turkey and surrounding region has been observed 7 days / 24
hours, in ERD data center in Ankara. After the manual location of an earthquake, If the
magnitude is over 4.0, system sends to SMS message automatically to the authorized
people and immediately press, public and national-local crisis center, scientific
institutions are informed by fax and e-mail. Data exchange has been carried out to
EMSC-CSEM and ORFEUS.
ÖZET Deprem zararlarının azaltılması ancak etkili bir afet ve risk yönetim sistemlerinin
kurulmasıyla mümkündür. Bu yönetim sisteminin olmazsa olmaz ilk adımını Deprem
(Afet) Öncesi Hazırlık Çalışmaları oluşturur. Ülke, bölge ve yerel ölçekte tehlike ve riski
belirleyebilmek için Sismolojik Gözlem Ağına İhtiyaç vardır.
Türkiye aktif fay kuşakları üzerinde yer aldığından dolayı her zaman deprem tehlikesi
altındadır. Bu nedenle depremlerin oluş nedenlerinin araştırılması ve zarar azaltılması
çalışmaları için iyi bir kapsama alanına sahip sismolojik gözlem ağı gerekmektedir. Bu
amaçla, Bakanlığımız tarafından, 1989 yılında öncelikle Kuzey Anadolu Fay Sistemi
üzerine kurulan istasyonlarla başlayan sismolojik gözlem çalışmaları, zaman içinde tüm
ülkeye yayılmıştır.
Yıllara göre sismolojik gözlem istasyonlarının dağılımına bakacak olursak; 1989 yılında
Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonunun orta kesiminde, 12 istasyonla başlayan sismolojik gözlem
çalışmaları, 1993-1999 yılları arasında artarak ve ülke sathına yayılarak 31 istasyona
ulaştı. 2000-2004 yılları arası yenileme çalışmaları yapıldığından istasyon sayısında artış
kaydedilmemiştir. 2004 yılında 31 olan istasyon sayısı, USAG projesinin ve ardından
TÜRDEP projesinin başlatılmasıyle, 2005’de 47, 2006’da 61, 2007’de 135 ve 2008’de 147
istasyona ulaşmıştır. 2009 yılı mart ayı itibariyle 156 istasyona varan (6 adet üç bileşen
kısa periyot, 63 geniş bant, 13 tek bileşen kısa periyot ve 65 yerel ağ-geniş bant, 9 adet
genişbant Erzurum yerel ağ) bir Ulusal Sismolojik Gözlem Ağı bakanlığımız tarafından
işletilmektedir. Ülkemizdeki deprem aktivitesini yüksek duyarlıkta izleyecek bir gözlem
ağını oluşturmayı da amaçlayan projelerle istasyon sayısı günden güne artırılmaktır.
Arazideki istasyonlarla Ankara merkez arasındaki gerçek zamanlı veri iletişimi; uydu, data
hattı, internet, GPRS gibi iletişim yolları kullanılarak sağlanmaktadır. Sismolojik gözlem
ağımızın duyarlılığı minimum lokal magnitüdü Ml=2,8 olan depremleri hesaplayabilecek
düzeydedir. Bu duyarlılık bazı lokal bölgelerde Ml=1,5’a kadar inmektedir.
Türkiye çevresindeki deprem aktivitesi Ankara Deprem Araştırma Dairesi tarafından 7
gün 24 saat izlenmektedir. Bölgede meydana gelen depremin büyüklüğü 4’den fazla ise
sistem otomatik olarak ilgili kişilere sms mesajı atmaktadır; Basın, kamu ve ulusal kriz
merkezi, bilim enstitüleri fax ve e-mail ile bilgilendirilmektedir. EMSC-CSEM ve ORFEUS
gibi kuruluşlarla data veri alış-verişi de yapılmaktadır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
37
ESTIMATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE HAZARD OF SİNOP PROVINCE
USING PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL METHODS
OLASILIK VE İSTATİSTİK YÖNTEMLER İLE SİNOP İLİNİN DEPREM
TEHLİKESİNİN TAHMİNİ
KARTAL R.F.-1, BEYHAN G.–2, YILMAZ N.-1, UTKUCU M.–2
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı,
2-Sakarya Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü,
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Sinop city and its province, where is located at 11 km away North Anatolian
Fault Zone (NAFZ), is divided IV, III, II, and I. degree earthquake region by present
earthquake region map. In this study, Sinop province of earthquake hazard was
estimated by using probability and statistical methods. Study area where bounded
41.21–42.09 north latitude and 34.23–35.46 east longitude, has not recorded any
earthquake that is not 4.6 instrumental sizes. Therefore, working area has expanded
40.66-42.82 north 32.20-36.55 east to the coordinates. In the study area, seismic
sources which may affect that area, have occurred within the last 108 years, have been
converted from different scales to a scale common magnitude (Mw) values, and are
defined compiling a earthquake catalogue. The results obtained by using different
attenuation relations are compared. Working for the acceleration attenuation equations
acceleration values of the Sinop province is between 0.02 g-0.17 g.
ÖZET Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu (KAFZ)’na 11 km uzaklıkta konumlanan Sinop ili, mevcut
Deprem Bölgeleri haritasına göre IV., III., II. ve I. derece deprem bölgelerine ayrılan bir
ilimizdir. Bu çalışmada, olasılık ve istatistik yöntemlerden yararlanılarak Sinop yöresinin
deprem tehlikesi tahmin edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma alanı 41.21–42.09 kuzey
enlemleri ile 34.23 – 35.46 doğu boylamları olarak sınırlandırılmıştır. Ancak sınırlanan bu
alan içerisinde 01.01.1900-31.12.2008 tarihleri arasında aletsel büyüklüğü 4.6 dan büyük
deprem kaydına rastlanmamıştır. Bu nedenle çalışma alanı 40.66-42.82 kuzey, 32.2036.55 doğu koordinatları olarak genişletilmiştir. Çalışma alanında son 108 yıl içerisinde
meydana gelen farklı ölçekteki magnitüd değerleri, ortak bir ölçeğe (Mw) dönüştürülerek
deprem kataloğu yeniden derlenerek alanı etkileyebilecek sismik kaynaklar belirlenmiştir.
Farklı azalım ilişkileri kullanılarak elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışılan ivme
azalım bağıntılarından Sinop ili için ivme değerleri 0.02 g-0.17 g arasında değişmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
38
SOURCE PARAMETERS
WAVEFORM MODELING
OF
MODERATE
QOM
EARTHQUKE
BY
MANSOURI R.-1, GHEYTANCHI M.R.-1
1-Institute of Geophysics, North Karegar Ave., Tehran, Iran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Waveform modeling is general for moderate to great earthquakes in order
to study source parameters such as focal mechanism. Results of these kinds of studies
are used in many other studies such as empirical green’s function, hazard assessment,
etc.
We computed the source parameters of Kahak earthquake of June 18, 2007 in Qom
province, northern boundary of Central seismotectonic province of Iran. These
parameters include focal mechanism, moment tensor, CLVD and so on. The modeling has
been carried out using ISOLA package (Zaharadnik J. and Sokos E., 2003) which is based
on time domain, full waveform three components modeling of seismograms for obtaining
the components of seismic moment tensors. The data comprise broadband recordings of
6 stations of Iran National Seismic Network (INSN) within regional distances from the
analyzed events.
Through this method we extracted waveforms from GCF format and change into SAC
format using SEISAN package, then in order to create green functions and do waveform
modeling we used ISOLA. The solution shows mainly reverse faulting with some
component of strike slip movements. This study results have good agreement with local
tectonic settings but if there were more stations available more reliable results might
obtain.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
39
SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR KOPEH DAGH REGION
AZHARI S.M.-1, JAVANMEHRI M.-1, MIRZAEI N.-1
1-End of Kargare shomali st, institute of geophysics of university of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,
postal code: 1435944411
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The region studied in this research is situated in Kopeh Dagh region
o
o
o
o
enclosed between 36 to 39 north latitudes and 55.5 to 60 east longitudes and
covers Ashghabad , Quchan and Bojnord cities. This region lies within a broad zone of
deformation that forms part of Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt. The studied region forms
the Northeastern boundary of Iran plateau and is located on Southwestern margin of
Turan (Turkmenistan) platform. Kopeh Dagh main fault separates the region from Turan
plate in north. In this study we use the data from ISC catalogue (www.isc.ac.uk) from
1964 to 2008 early instrumental and historical earthquakes from Ambraseys & Melville,
(1982). The earthquake hazard is assessed using empirical-statistical and deterministic
methods. Seismicity parameters are evaluated and the earthquake hazard curve is
plotted with hazard software. Finally earthquake probability for magnitude 6.5 in this
region in the next 25,50 and 75 years are 40%,65% and 79% respectively, furthermore
earthquake probability for magnitude 7 in this region in the next 25, 50 and 75 years are
18%,34% and 45% respectively. On the basis of deterministic method, the Shirin Darreh
dam is proposed as a high potential seismic hazard site and PGA parameter assessed
0.9g for this site that evaluated from Quchan, Baghan and Espharayen faults activity.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
40
EVIDENCE FOR THE SEISMIC QUIESCENCE PRIOR TO THE
JANUARY 25, 2005 HAKKARI (MW=5.9) EARTHQUAKE, TURKEY
ÖZTÜRK S.-1, BAYRAK Y.-1
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Geophysics, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, we focused on the detection of the precursory seismic
quiescence before the January 25, 2005 Hakkari earthquake occurred in Turkey. The
analysis was carried out on the instrumental catalogue of the Bogazici University, Kandilli
Observatory and Research Institute (KOERI), covering the period from February 1970 to
December 2005 for the region 37.2º-39.6ºN and 42.4º-44.6ºE. The catalogue is
homogeneous for duration magnitude, MD, including 664 crustal earthquakes with
magnitude MD≥2.0 and depths less than 70 km. The magnitude completeness for Hakkari
region is 3.2 and the number of events exceeding this magnitude level is 372. In the
preliminary phase, the catalogue was declustered using the Reasenberg algorithm.
Declustering procedure took away the earthquakes of 12% and 45 events were removed
from the catalogue. Thus, the number of events for quiescence analysis was reduced to
327. In order to rank the significance of seismic quiescence, we used standard deviate Zvalue. Making use of the ZMAP software package, we measured the significance of
seismicity rate changes at the nodes of a 0.02º grid space in longitude and 0.02º in
latitude. The number of events associated with each grid point was selected as 50 after a
few tests. The data are subdivided in bins of 28 days for each sample and we used a
mowing time window TW=3 years for the imaging of space and time rate changes. Finally,
using the declustered catalogue regional variability of Z-value is mapped for every six
month between 1990 and 2002. After 1997, it is observed a clear quiescence in and
around the main shock epicenter of January 25, 2005 Hakkari earthquake. This
quiescence period is best revealed after 1998. To identify the starting time and duration
of precursory quiescence we plotted cumulative number of events for a circle of 25.26
km radius centered on Hakkari main shock. The results show that there is an area having
a quiescence with Zmax=1.6 level at 1999.0 in and around the main shock region. Thus,
we found that the MW=5.9 Hakkari earthquake on January 25, 2005 followed an
outstanding seismic quiescence starting 6.07 years before main shock.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
41
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ARISING FROM AĞRI (DIYADIN)
GEOTHERMAL WATERS
AĞRI (DİYADİN) JEOTERMAL KAYNAKLARININ KULLANILMASIYLA
OLUŞABİLECEK ÇEVRESEL SORUNLAR
PASVANOĞLU S.-1, GÜLER S.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Department of Geological Engineering, Umuttepe, İzmit- Turkey
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The East Anatolian Fault (EAF) constitute seismic belt characterized by
young volcanic and active faults which allow circulation of waters as well as heat. For this
reason, there are various geothermal systems having several hot water springs in the
region. Diyadin, in the eastern part of Turkey, is located 7 km SE of Ağrı The distribution
of hot water springs in Diyadin Region roughly parallels the distribution of the fault
systems and young volcanism. In the east of the region there is Doğu Beyazıt, in the
west Taşlıçay, in the South Erciş (Van) and in the southwest Çaldıran, Muradiye.
Paleozoic and Senozoic rocks are exposed around the Diyadin area. Paleozoic
metamorphic rocks (e.g. micaschist, quartzite and marbles) comprise the basement in
the area. The metamorphics are unconformably overlain by a Neogene tuffite,
conglomerate, clayey limestone, marl and thick volcanic lava and tuff sequence. The
upper most part is represented by Quaternary alluvium and travertines that are
indicative of old hot water manifestations. Diyadin geothermal field is located on an
active Neotectonic zone. Strike slip faults and tensional cracks developed due to the N-S
compression in the region. Therfore, thermal water and gases come out from the most of
the cracks to the surface. In the study area there are lots of thermal and mineralized
water springs close to each other. Their temperatures is 24-64˚C and their flowrate is
0.5-10 l/s. The discharge locality of thermal water springs can frequently be change due
to CaCO3
depsition on the outlets of the springs. Yılanlı kireçli, Köprü, Davutlu,
Kuşburnu, Tazekent, Dibekli and Mola Kır thermal springs are observed at the Diyadin
geothermal field. Drilling studies in the Diyadin area were started in 1998 by General
Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey MTA. As a result of drilling of 6
wells with a depth of 72–215 m, thermal water with a discharge of 560 l/s and with a
temperature of 62–78ºC was produced.
In addition of these 15 km away from Diyadin Kuşburnu there are thermal water springs
with a temperature between 40 and 60˚C and two drilling wells in which temperatures
vary between 37 and 73˚C in Mola Kır village. In the Diyadin geothermal field, thermal
water is used in an uncontrolled manner and waters from some of wells flow out of
control since wells have not been opened with appropriate drilling techniques. As a result
of uncontrolled and excess water use, a collapse was occurred due to the fact that the
strength of load at the cave ceiling is overwhelmed. The aim of this study is to
investigate the environmental problems around the Diaydin geothermal field that formed
by uncontrolled use of thermal waters in this area and bring up its possible
environmental threats.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
42
ÖZET Doğu Anadolu Fay hattı aktif sismik bir kuşak oluşturmaktadır. Bu fay kuşağı genç
volkan ve aktif faylarla su ve sıcaklık dolaşımını sağlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, bölgede
birçok sıcak su kaynağına sahip olan çeşitli jeotermal sistemler mevcuttur. Türkiye’nin
doğusunda yer alan Diyadin Ağrı’nın 7 km güney doğusundadır. Diyadin bölgesindeki
sıcak su kaynağı dağılımı fay hatları ve genç volkanlarla paralellik göstermektedir.
Bölgenin doğusunda Doğu Beyazıt, batısında Taşlıçay, güneyinde Erciş (Van) ve
güneybatısında Çaldıran, Muradiye bulunmaktadır. İnceleme alanı Paleozoik yaşlı şist ve
mermerler ile bunların üzerine diskordans olarak gelen Neojen yaşlı sedimenterler ve
kalın bir volkanik istif olan lav ve tüf ile temsil edilmektedir. Bunları da Kuvaterner yaşlı
travertenler ve alüvyon örtmektedir. Diyadin jeotermal sahası genç neotektonik
hareketlerin yoğun olduğu bir kuşak üzerinde yer almaktadır. Sahada K-G sıkışmasına
bağlı olarak doğrultu atımlı faylar ve beraberinde açılma çatlakları gelişmiştir. İnceleme
alanında birbirlerine yakın mesafede birçok sıcak ve mineralli su kaynakları
bulunmaktadır. Bunların sıcaklıkları 24-64˚C arasında olup, debileri 0.5-10 l/s
arasındadır. Bu kaynak yerleri sabit olmayıp su çıkış noktalarında CaCO3 çökelimi
nedeniyle sular sürekli yer değiştirmektedir. Bölgede Yılanlı kireçli, Köprü, Davutlu,
Kuşburnu, Tazekent ve Molakır önemli sıcak ve mineralli su kaynaklarıdır. Kaplıca
alanında sıcak su arama ve üretim amaçlı olarak MTA ve de Diyadin Entegre jeotermal
ısıtma (Doğan Jeotermal) projesi olarak 1998 de yılı içerisinde 6 adet sondaj kuyusu
açılmıştır. Kuyuların hepsi artezyen olup sıcaklıkları 62-78˚C ve derinlikleri 72-215 m
arasındadır. Bunlara ilave olarak Diyadin Kuşburnun ‘dan 15 km uzaklıkta Mola kır
köyünde sıcaklıkları sırasıyla 40- 60˚C ve 37-73˚C arasında değişen sıcak su kaynakları
ile 2 adet sondaj bulunmaktadır. Diyadin jeotermal alanında sıcak su kaynakları ve bazı
kuyular sondaj tekniğine uygun açılmadığı için sıcak su kontrolsüz olarak boşa
akmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Diyadin jeotermal sahasındaki sıcak suların
kullanılmasıyla oluşan çevresel problemlere dikkat çekilmesi ve bilhassa bu alanda suların
kontrolsüz kullanımı sonucu oluşan karstik çöküntünün oluşum mekanizmasının
açıklanması ve çevresel açıdan oluşturacağı tehlikelerin gündeme getirilmesidir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
43
THE
ARMUTLU
NETWORK:
AN
INVESTIGATION
SEISMOTECTONIC SETTING OF ARMUTLU-YALOVA REGION
ON
BARIŞ Ş.-1, TUNÇ B.-1, WOITH H.-2, GROSSER H.-2, IRMAK S.-1, LÜHR B.-2, ÇAKA D.1, TUNÇ S.-1, GÜNTHER E.-3, ÖZER M. F.-1, ZSCHAU J.-2
1-Kocaeli University, Earth and Space Sciences Research Center, Kocaeli, Turkey
3-University Potsdam Germany
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Yalova-Armutlu region is located on the western part of the 1999 Kocaeli
rupture. This region is characterized by strong deformations and is located between two
main strands of the North Anatolian Fault system. The Armutlu peninsula is believed to
be adjacent to the Intra-Pontid Suture Zone or is even a part of it. This zone and region
has a key role to understand neo-tectonic feature of the region and the interaction
between high seismicity with high thermal activity and neo-tectonic faults originated by
ongoing movement of the two branches of north and south of Armutlu. A horst and
graben structure appears in this region whereby the Armutlu Peninsula represents a horst
between two branches of the North Anatolian Fault System, resulting in a complex
dextral zone.
In order to have a better understanding of the relation between micro-earthquake
activity, hydrothermal activity, and recent stress state of the study region, ARNET
(Armutlu Network) was installed on September 2005 with 10 broadband seismic stations.
After 6 months, another 10 short period REFTEK stations were added to the network. As
a result, we now have 23 seismic stations and 5 hydrothermal stations in and around
Armutlu-Yalova region. In June 2009, we replaced REFTEK digitizers with GURALP
digitizers at the short period seismic station. We also installed ADSL data transmission at
5 seismic stations. Currently, we are in the process of installing online communication
system to the remaining seismic stations in our network. We also installed SeisComp
software for data acquisition, and automatic location procedure to our network. This
system is now is in the testing phase.
We obtained preliminary micro-earthquake activity of the said region and it shows that
the (present) seismic activity increased after the 1999 events at the western part of the
1999 rupture zone while the rupture zone itself is quiet. Micro-earthquake activity shows
some clusters but most of them are unexpectedly scattered. This region is highly
deformed and is of a brittle structure with many small, medium-sized faults, and it
contains metamorphic rocks. The tectonic structure, geology, and aging of the rocks are
still under discussions and there is no consensus about them. We believe that this region
has very complex tectonic features and thus seismicity is not showing clear clustering
and lineaments along the well-known faults traces. We are also monitoring hydrothermal
activity, pressure changes of hot-spring and natural water wells combined with water
leveling, temperature, and chemical content in this region to reveal the relation between
micro-earthquake activity with hydrothermal reservoirs.
We are also trying to
understand 1-D and 3-D velocity structure for this region to improve the location of
micro-earthquake activity. The 1-D and 3-D structures were obtained and this structure
is compared with the 3-D structure of the Marmara region.
The Armutlu-Yalova region is of a very complicated tectonic structure and has scattered
micro-earthquake activity. Upper part of the crust shows low velocity zone conforming to
present tectonic activity and brittle deformed metamorphic rocks. We need to analyze
more earthquake data, and to improve 1-D velocity models with active seismic by using
data from quarry blasts. Recent seismic activity is confined to Gemlik Bay, Yalova Termal
regions, and special attention is needed to monitor seismic activity in these regions to
understand likely and forthcoming larger event(s) in the Marmara Region. We believe
that this region will play an important role to understand the formation of the next larger
earthquake on the western extension of the North Anatolian Fault System.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
44
FAULT MECHANISMS OF THE BIGA PENINSULA EARTHQAUKES AND
COHERENCE WITH ACTIVE TECTONICS
BİGA YARIMADASI DEPREMLERİNİN KAYNAK MEKANİZMALARI VE
AKTİF TEKTONİK İLE UYUMLULUĞU
BEKLER T.-1, ÖZDEN S.-2, KALAFAT D.-3
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, MMF, Jeofizik Müh. Blm, Terizoğlu Yerleşkesi,
17100 Çanakkale
2-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, MMF, Jeoloji Müh. Blm, Terizoğlu Yerleşkesi,
17100 Çanakkale
3-Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, KRDAE, Ulusal Deprem İzleme Merkezi, 34684, İstanbul
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The southern Marmara and its surroundings constitute one of the most
active seismic regions in Turkey, and have experienced many major earthquake disasters
in the past. The study area, Biga Peninsula is one of the most seismically active region
where covers almost southern Marmara region. The tectonic mainframe is driven by the
northward movement of the African and the Eurasian plates affect the tectonic
complexity. This general behavior composes with the well known North Anatolian Fault
Zone (NAFZ). Southern strand of NAFZ is represented by generally right lateral NE-SW
trending faults in Biga Peninsula. Some remarkable faults, namely, Biga, Etili, Gönen ,
İnova mark the seismotectonic of the region. Moderate and big earthquake occurred in
the past; Çan-Biga, Erdek-Marmara Islands (Ms:6.4) in 1935, Manyas (Ms:7.0) in 1964,
Yenice-Gönen (Ms:7.2) in 1954, Biga (Mw:6.1) in 1983 and recently; Kuşgölü-Manyas
(Mw:4.7) and Gemlik-Bandırma (Mw:5.1) in 2006. The study is aimed to perform
moment tensor inversion for the recent earthquake source parameters with moment
magnitudes larger than 3.5 by using broad band digital component data (KOERI). The
results indicate that strike slip faulting with little normal component. From both field
observational geology and inversion results, tectonics scheme shows that a
transtensional stress regime is dominant with a N-SE to WNW-ESE directed compression
and NE-SW to ENE-WSW oriented extension.
ÖZET Güney Marmara ve çevresi geçmişte yıkıcı depremlerin yaşandığı Türkiye’nin
sismik açıdan en etkin bölgelerinden biridir. Biga Yarımadası, Marmara bölgesinin
güneyinde sismik açıdan oldukça aktif olan bir alandır. Tektonik çerçeve, kuzeye hareketli
Afrika levhasının Avrasya levhası ile etkileşimi bölgenin karmaşık tektonik yapısını da
etkilemektedir. Bu genel davranış Kuzey Anadolu Fay (KAF) zonu olarak bilinen faylanma
sisteminin de etkin faktörüdür. KAFZ’nun Biga yarımadası’ndan geçen güney kolu
temelde KD-GB doğrultulu sağ yanal doğrultu atımlı faylar ile temsil edilmektedir.
Bunlardan en önemlileri Biga, Etili, Gönen, İnova bölgenin sismotektonik yapısına imza
atan fay zonlarıdır. Bölgede orta ve büyük depremler; Çan-Biga Erdek-Marmara Adaları
(Ms:6.4), 1935, Yenice-Gönen (Ms:7.2), 1953, Manyas (Ms:7.0), 1964, Biga (Mw:6.1)
1983 ve son olarak da Kuşgölü-Manyas (Mw:4.7) ve Gemlik-Bandırma (Mw:5.1), 2006
depremleri verilebilir. Bu çalışmada bölgede oluşmuş depremlerin (Mw≥3.5) kaynak
parametrelerini hesaplamak için geniş bantlı üç bileşen sayısal kayıtlar (KRDAE)
kullanılarak moment tensör ters çözümü çalışılmıştır. Sonuçlar küçük normal bileşeni olan
sağ yanal doğrultu atımlı faylanma karakterini ortaya koymaktadır. Gerek saha jeolojisi
ve yüzey kırıklarının çalışılması gerekse ters çözüm sonuçları, KB-GD ile BKB doğrultulu
sıkışma ile KD-GB ile DKD-BGB doğrultulu açılma rejimi altında gelişen transtansiyonel
gerilme rejimi ve bunun ürünü olan KD-GB doğrultulu normal bileşenli doğrultu atımlı
faylanmaların etkili olduğu görülmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
45
A LONG-TERM PREDICTION BASED ON THE CIRCULAR EPICENTER
MIGRATION OF THE HISTORICAL EQ’S OF MARMARA PENINSULA
TARİHSEL MARMARA DEPREMLERİNDE OLUŞAN DÖNGÜSEL DIŞMERKEZ GÖÇÜ VE BU DÖNGÜYE DAYALI BİR DEPREM ÖNGÖRÜSÜ
KAYNAK U.-1
1-İnönü Caddesi, Akasya Sokak, Baltacı Sitesi, A-blok, D.2, Sahra-i Cedit, KadıköyİSTANBUL
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT A long term earthquake prediction is been made in this study as seen from
the title. This long term prediction covers a time interval of only one year. The data-base
used in this study has been obtain from a map of reliable explorers. Included in this data
are the occurance times, approximate strikings, approximate magnitudes and the
locations of the historical earthquakes of the Marmara region. The occurance times and
locations have been used in this study. No argument was raised about historical
earthquakes when the data was listed on a sheet of paper. But if the same time series
were carried out on the epicenter distribution map of the historical earthquakes using arc
type lines around the epicenters, then some qualitatively identifiably loops can be
observed to have occured. These loops are identified and named as “circular epicenter
migrations”. On the other hand when the closing times of the loops are applied on a
graph, it surprisingly shows a decay curve and the phenomena thus gains a
mathematical rationality. The loop closing time of the last ½ loop has been carried out by
the extrapolation of the decay curve, which has made it possible to obtain a reliable long
term prediction about the expected Mid Marmara Earthquake by means of these data.
The main product of this study is the BC-2015 long term prediction. This is only a
prediction and it being right on target is not an important issue. The most important
aspect of this is more rural time series of the circular epicenter migration of the Marmara
Region, than those of the “1939 Erzincan earthquake beginning” epicenter migration of
the North Anatolian Fault Zone.
ÖZET Başlıktan da görüleceği gibi bu çalışmada bir deprem öngörüsü yapılmaktadır. Bu
çalışmaya öngörü denilmesinin nedeni öngörünün, kestirimde olduğu gibi belirli bir tarihi
değil, bir yıllık bir zaman aralığını kapsamasıdır. Kullanılan veri tabanı, güvenilirliği uluslar
arası kabul görmüş bir araştırıcının haritası üzerindeki verilerden oluşmaktadır. Bu veriler
Marmara bölgesindeki tarihsel depremlerin oluş yıllarını, olası yırtılma doğrultularını, olası
büyüklüklerini ve lokasyonlarını içermektedir. Bu çalışmada, bu verilerin lokasyon ve
tarihlerinden yararlanılmaktadır. Haritadaki tarihsel depremler, oluş tarihi bakımından
sıraya dizdiğinde (listelendiğinde) herhangi bir ipucu elde edilemezken, aynı sıralama, bu
kez haritada, dışmerkez lokasyonlarının üzerinde eğrisel çizgilerle yapıldığında, kalitatif
bakımdan tanımlı ve tarifli birtakım döngüler oluşmaktadır. Bu döngüler (loops)
“döngüsel (circular) dışmerkez göçü” olarak isimlendirilmiştir.
Döngülerin kapanma
süreleri, bir grafik üzerine taşındığında ise, grafikte bir sönüm eğrisi karakteristiği ile
karşılaşılmakta ve olay kantitatif bakımdan matematiksel bir rasyonalite kazanmaktadır.
Döngü haritasında yarım kalan son döngünün kapanma süresi, sönüm eğrisinin
ektrapolasyonu yardımı ile bulunarak, beklenen “Orta Marmara Depremi” için oldukça
güvenilir bir öngörü elde edilmiş olmaktadır. Çalışmanın getirisi 2015 yılı olarak elde
edilen öngörüdür. Bu bir öngörü, olup isabet oranının ne olacağı pek de önemli değildir.
Ancak bundan daha önemlisi KAFZ (Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu) üzerinde 1939 Erzincan
depreminden sonra doğuya doğru yönlenen dışmerkez göçünden daha düzenli bir
“dışmerkez göçü”nün, KAFZ’nin üç kola ayrıldığı Marmara Bölgesinde, bu kez doğrusal
değil, döngüsel olarak saptanmasıdır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
46
SITE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METROPOLITAN IZMIR BASED ON
THE DATA OBTAINED FROM LOCAL STRONG-MOTION ARRAY
(IzmirNet): PRELIMINARY RESULTS
YEREL KUVVETLİ YER HAREKETİ DEPREM İSTASYON AĞINDAN
(İzmirNet) ELDE EDİLEN VERİLERE GÖRE İZMİR METROPOLÜ’NÜN
ZEMİN ÖZELLİKLERİ: İLK SONUÇLAR
ÇEKEN U.-1, GÖK E.-2, YILMAZ D.-3, YALÇINKAYA E.-4, YAKUT A.-5, POLAT O.-2,3
1-Afet İşleri genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma Dairesi Ankara;
2-DEÜ Deprem Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi İzmir,
3-DEÜ Jeofizik Müh. Böl. İzmir;
4-İstanbul Üniv. Jeofizik Müh. Böl.;
5-ODTÜ İnşaat Müh. Böl. Ankara
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Izmir is the 3rd largest city following İstanbul and Ankara in terms of
population, industrial density, capacity and contribution to the national economy. İzmir
city is located very close to the active faults and grows rapidly on thick and QuaternaryNeogene aged young sediments. PGA distribution of certain events should be
investigated on different geologic units based on the direct acceleration measurements to
establish more reliable and economic engineering projects. Necessities in engineering
seismology and earthquake engineering disciplines, IzmirNet local strong-motion array
has been installed on August 2008 by DEÜ Earthquake Research and Implementation
Center (Izmir), and General Directorate of Disaster Affairs Earthquake Research
Department (Ankara). Preliminary results pertinent site characteristics of IzmirNet have
been given in this study.
ÖZET İzmir nüfus ve sanayi yoğunluğu, kapasitesi ve ulusal ekonomiye katkısı açısından
İstanbul ve Ankara’dan sonra üçüncü büyük şehirdir. İzmir şehri aktif faylara oldukça
yakın konumdadır ve Kuvaterner-Neojen yaşlı genç sedimanlar üzerinde hızla
büyümektedir. İzmir’de daha güvenli ve ekonomik mühendislik projelerinin hayata
geçirilebilmesi için belli büyüklüklerdeki depremlerin farklı jeolojik birimler üzerindeki
dağılımının ölçümlere dayalı olarak belirlenmesi gerekir. Mühendislik Sismolojisi ve
Deprem Mühendisliğindeki bu görüş ve ihtiyaçlardan hareketle, DEÜ Deprem Araştırma
ve Uygulama Merkezi (İzmir) ile Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma Dairesi
(Ankara) tarafından, Ağustos 2008 tarihinde 16 kuvvetli yer hareketi istasyonundan
oluşan bir yerel deprem istasyon ağı (İzmirNet) kurulmuştur. Bu çalışmada, İzmir zemin
özelliklerine ilişkin elde edilen ilk sonuçlar anlatılmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER
47
GRAVITY ANOMALIES AND DEEP STRUCTURE OF SEISMOGENIC
CHELLIF BASIN (ALGERIA)
ABTOUT A.-1, BOUKERBOUT H.-1, BOUYAHIAOUI B.-1, GIBERT D.-1, DERDER M.-1
1-Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique & Géophysique - Observatoire
d’Alger, Alger Algeria
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT During the last century, the northern part of Algeria has experienced
several major earthquakes causing larger damages to the important towns. The Chellif
basin is known as one of the most seismic active zone in Algeria and the West
Mediterranean region. The “El Asnam” earthquake which occurred in 10.10.1980 of
magnitude 7.3 was generated by a thrust fault with a NE-SW senestral component. Until
now, a little is known about the deep geology of the active fault, which generates this
strong activity. The gravity field is an important source of information for crustal
structure. The aim of this work is to point out a reliable geometry of the major faults
related to the kinematic of this region.
The gravity data carried out in this area were collected in different surveys. All these data
were in first step homogenised by referring them to the “Bouzareah” absolute gravity
base. The stations are irregularly distributed and the density of their distribution range
between 1 to 2 per Km2. This distribution is however generally sufficient for our
purposes.
The data were uniformly reduced to Bouguer anomalies at mean sea level, and
topographic reductions were computed with a uniform density of 2.400 Kg m-3and width
of 20 km.
The Bouguer gravity map shows ENE-WSW oriented iso-anomalies increasing from SSE
to NNW. The positive oriented E-W anomalies near the cost reach to 70 mgals, are
mainly due to the effect of the oceanic nature of the Mediterranean crust. In the southern
part, we note the positive effect of the “Ouarsenis” mountain. The central part of the map
is characterized by a closed low anomaly correlated with the « Chellif » basin.
The results obtained from various filtered maps (horizontal derivatives, upward
continuation) of the gravity data, were used to generate a structural map of the studied
area. Whilst the continuous wavelet transform method can help in automatic detection of
elongated structures in 3-D, to estimate their strike direction, shape and depth. It gives a
3-D image or a model of the region. The resulting structural map confirms the existence
of several faults, identified from previous geological studies and complements
information on some of them. The results obtained, outline a great number of deep or
near-surface faults that had remained unknown until the present time. The major
features show two principal directions: NNE-SSW and NNW-SSE with a predominance of
the latter, and their depth can reach 8000 m.
POSTER / POSTER
48
IMAGE PROCESSING OF SHARP BOUNDARIES IN 2D ELECTRICAL
TOMOGRAPHY OF FAULTS
ASHTARI TALKHESTANI A.-1., ABBASSI B.-1
1-Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Post Box: 14155-6466
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Automatic detection of boundaries between different geological bodies in 2D
electrical tomography, using Image processing techniques is proposed here. This method
is especially efficient for detection of faulting regions, which variation of resistivity values
is sharp in one direction. Direction and intensity of faulting are found out by the way of
an image processing method. The method is based on calculation of gradient of model
resistivity data. Gradient of model resistivity values are calculated in four directions.
Direction of maximum gradient vector is proposed as normal to the fault plane. Intensity
of faulting is proportional to the magnitude of gradient vector. This method is applied for
two synthetic models and one real data set of a faulted region in Iran. The synthetic data
are representative of vertical and oblique faults. The result of applying this technique to
the real data set is in well agreement with geological evidences. This method is
applicable on various geophysical inversion data such as electromagnetic and seismic
tomography data.
POSTER / POSTER
49
PREDICTION OF POROSITY FROM SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE TRACES
USING LOCAL LINEAR NEURO-FUZZY MODEL IN GORGAN BASIN
ASHTARI TALKHESTANI A.-1, NABI-BIDHENDI M.-1, JAMALI J.-2, MIRMOMENI M.-3
1-Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Post Box: 14155-6466,
2-Exploration Directorate, N.I.O.C,
3-ECE Department, University of Tehran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study we use local linear neuro-fuzzy model to predict log porosity
from seismic attribute traces in Gorgan basin located in northern part of Iran. The study
area data consist of both 3-D seismic and also well logging data. From total of 20
attributes, 4 attributes are selected for training the neuro-fuzzy model. The multi-linear
stepwise regression method applied to select attributes one by one. The learning
algorithm used for optimization of neuro-fuzzy model is LOLIMOT algorithm. Neuro-fuzzy
model optimized with 7 LLMs (neurons), this model has a minimum validation RMS error.
Validation of the optimized neuro-fuzzy model is confirmed by comparing the model
output with porosity log of the well which not used in the model training. Porosity
sections are presented as the output of the method, showing two low porosity sandy and
shaly-sand channels in Brown Beds formation. Lateral variations of these channels can
clearly be recognized in these sections.
POSTER / POSTER
50
STRUCTURAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL EVIDENCE OF LATERAL
TECTONIC
EXTRUSION
WITHIN
THE
SANANDAJ-SIRJAN
METAMORPHIC BELT, ZAGROS MOUNTAINS, IRAN
FAGHIH A.-1, SARKARINEJAD K.-1, SHOJAEI A.-1, SAMANI B.-1
1-Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The westward motion of Turkey relative to Eurasia between the North and
East Anatolian Faults (NAF, EAF) has been regarded as lateral tectonic extrusion of
continental crust as a consequence of collision between the Afro-Arabian and Eurasian
Plates. This paper describes the existence of lateral tectonic extrusion (tectonic escape)
within the Sanandaj-Sirjan Metamorphic Belt of the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran.
The Zagros Mountains are marked by a zone of high seismicity and accommodate a
significant portion of the Alpine-Himalayan earthquake belt and is very often subjected to
relatively strong earthquakes. Uplift of the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt is a
consequence of the oblique convergence between the Afro-Arabian continent and
Central-Iranian microcontinents. Crustal shortening associated with subduction and
collision metamorphosed and deformed late Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks at this zone.
This belt is 200 km wide and more than 1500 km long from northwest (Sanandaj) to
southeast (Sirjan) in western part of Iran which runs parallel to the NW-SE structural
grain of the Zagros Mountains.
We have mainly based our study on the structural and microstructural characters of the
Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt. These data were analyzed and discussed in terms of
lateral tectonic extrusion in response to the active continental collision. Although GPS and
seismic evidence of tectonic escape are poor in the study area, reconstruction of
deformation regime helps to constrain the geometry of escaping blocks. Quantitative
kinematic analyses quartz c-axis fabrics suggest localized shear zones deformed with a
significant pure shear component. All microscopic and mesoscopic shear sense indicators
with monoclinic structure confirm the dextral sense of shear. The estimated W K value of
about 0.76 ± 0.11 suggests a significant component of pure shear flow for the
deformation along the deformation zone. Structural and microstructural characters of the
investigated deformation zone indicate that it is a dextral transpressional zone with
triclinic symmetry. Several range-parallel strike-slip faults within the Zagros Mountains
have been regarded as playing roles similar to those of the NAF and EAF. Finally, the
occurrences of a horizontal stretching component parallel to the deformation zone
boundary allows a kinematic model of combined inclined transpression and lateral
tectonic extrusion for this part of the Zagros Orogenic Belt.
POSTER / POSTER
51
LOCATING HIDDEN FAULTS BY USING NEWEST 2D SEISMIC
IMAGING METHOD
GOUDARZI-1, RIAHI-1
1-No. 4664- Mirzakouchak khan St – Abyek City – Qazvin province
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In the last few years new imaging methods introduced. One of the most
important and powerful procedure for seismic data processing is Common Reflection
Surface stack (CRS stack) method. Seismic hazard analysis requires specification of
seismic sources and recurrence rate of earthquake of various magnitudes in them.
Earthquake engineering investigators and seismologists need to study on faults and their
effects on seismic hazard analysis to establish new buildings and cities. There are lots of
seismic sources throughout the interest regions that are hidden. Hidden faults are the
most important structures that are not well known and can affect the study of hazard
analysis. We use Common Reflection Surface Stack (CRS Stack) to find a hidden fault
which is used for finding complex hydrocarbon reservoirs.
POSTER / POSTER
52
INTERPRETING GEOMAGNETIC
SIGNAL METHOD
DATA
USING
THE
ANALYTIC
KARIMI A.-1, OSKOOI B.-2
1-Institute of Geophysics ,University of Tehran ,north Kargar st, Tehran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The analytic signal method is used to interpret the magnetic and gravity
data. The real and the imaginary parts of the analytic signal function are horizontal and
vertical derivatives of magnetic field respectively. We can easily compute the analytic
signal in frequency domain. The advantage of this method is that the shape of amplitude
of analytic signal curve is independent of magnetization direction and dip angle of
magnetic source. In this method, we use the amplitude value to estimate the depth of
the magnetic sources. The amplitude of the analytic signal is equivalent to the second
root of sum of the squared vertical and horizontal derivatives. The maximum of the
anomaly is placed right above the edge of the magnetic body and the width of that is
proportional to the depth of upper surface of magnetic anomaly. We apply this method
in order to interpret the synthetic noise contaminated data. We also used this method
along several profiles perpendicular to the strike of a dike in order to determine the
depth and thickness of it in different places. For the study area located in Zanjan region
the results show a depth of 20 meter and a thickness of 10 meter for the buried
magnetic body.
POSTER / POSTER
53
NON-LINEAR
INVERSION
OF
RESIDUAL
ANOMALIES WITH VARIABLE SHAPE FACTOR
SELF-POTENTIAL
DEMİRCİ A.-1, EKİNCİ Y.L.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 17020, ÇanakkaleTürkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The geometric shape factor plays a significant role in parameter estimation
from the self-potential data. If the shape factor is assumed to be known in the inversion
scheme, it requires a great deal of priori information about the anomalous body.
Otherwise, the solution is constrained to convergence to a predefined fixed shape and
this may lead to significant changes in the obtained model parameters in comparison to
actual ones. In this research, in order to overcome this problem, we presented a nonlinear inversion scheme for self-potential profile data with the use of the shape factor as
an initial model parameter. The applicability of the present procedure was tested on
some synthetically produced self-potential data. We contaminated the data sets as a
further concession to reality. In all cases, applications showed that the desirable results
were obtained. Moreover, the effects of the wrong selection of the shape factor on
obtained model parameters were demonstrated. Finally, a well-known real data from
eastern Turkey was also interpreted by present scheme where a well agreement was
observed between the obtained results and the published results in the literature.
POSTER / POSTER
54
EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION WORKS WITH THE MAGNETIC FIELD
COMPONENTS FOR THE 17 AUGUST AND 12 NOVEMBER
EARTHQUAKES
MANYETİK ALAN BİLEŞENLERİ İLE 17 AĞUSTOS VE 12 KASIM 1999
DEPREMLERİ ÖN KESTİRİM ÇALIŞMALARI
KIYAK A.-1, KARAVUL C.-2, DURMUŞ H.-2
1-MTA Genel Müdürlüğü Jeofizik Etütler Dairesi Balgat/ Çankaya/ ANKARA
2-Sakarya Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
In this study we used Boğaziçi University Kandilli observatory
Geomagnetism labrotary databases. Measured databases are minute sensitivity and it
contains all days in 1999 year. We aimed to look into the magnetic field datas and search
trace of bigger earthquakes from magnetic field datas . For this aim, first we take 1999
year magnetic field datas and pre operation for interpretation. After pre operation we
prepared graphics for interpretation. When we look into graphics 17 August and 12
November earthquakes traces . But we see traces on H and F component on the other
hand D and Z component not include the traces. H and F components are horizontal
components and NAFZ (North Anatolian Fault Zone) is too direction range fault system
because of that we see tracces horizontal components.
ABSTRACT
Our anomalies include 23. Solar cycles most active period of time because of that lots of
solar explode and our anomalies contain this activity effects. We can see especially H
components weekly avarage graphics. In this graphics both earthquakes nearest biggest
but 12 November anomalies weak than 17 August anomalies , at the 12 November solar
activity more than other and therefore magnetic anomalies supressed.
After obtained informations we opinion that, fort he earthquake prediction magnetic
measure datas can usable. But we must eleminate all the inreasing and dimmer effects .
After that we can make more effective interpretation on the other hand on the unriped
datas not reliable interpretaion.
Bu çalışmada Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi Jeomanyetizma
laboratuarında dakika hassasiyetinde yıl boyu alınan manyetik alan bileşenleri incelenerek
meydana gelmiş olan büyük depremlerin ölçülen manyetik alan kayıtlarında bir iz bırakıp
bırakmadığı incelenmiştir. Bunun için 1999 yılında ölçülen kayıtlar alınarak ön işlemlerden
geçirilmiş ve kaba yoruma hazırlanmıştır. Ön düzenleme işlemleri sonrası hazırlanan
grafiklere bakıldığında 1999 yılında meydana gelmiş olan 17 Ağustos ve 12 Kasım
depremlerinin izlerine H ve F bileşenlerinde rastlanırken D ve Z bileşenlerinde
rastlanmamıştır. Değişimin gözlendiği bileşenlerin yatay bileşenler olması KAF ‘ın doğrultu
atımlı bir sisteme sahip olması ile ilişki kurmamızı sağladı.
ÖZET
İncelenen anomaliler üzerinde 23. Güneş çevriminin tepe noktasında (etkinliğinin en fazla
olduğu dönemde ) olmasından dolayı güneş patlamalarından kaynaklanan örtücü bir etki
vardır. Bu etkinin varlığı özellikle haftalık ortalamalara ait H bileşen grafiği incelendiğinde
net bir şekilde görülmektedir. Burada her iki depremin büyüklükleri birbirine yakın
olmasına rağmen 12 Kasım depreminin anomalisinin daha zayıf olduğu görülmektedir.
Her iki tarihteki güneş patlamaları incelendiğinde 17 Ağustos’un daha sakin 12 Kasım’ın
ise daha aktif bir gün olduğu görülmüştür.
Elde edilen veriler ışığında şu kanıya varılmıştır. Depremlerin ön kestirimi için manyetik
ölçümlerden yararlanmak mümkündür. Fakat manyetik verilerin üzerindeki artırıcı ve
azaltıcı tüm etkilerin elemine edilmesi ile yorumların daha sağlıklı yapılabileceği ham
veriler üzerinde yapılan yorumların çok sağlıklı olmayacağı görülmüştür
POSTER / POSTER
55
SPT-VS CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS TO BE DETERMINED FOR
SAKARYA-ERENLER REGION
SAKARYA-ERENLER
BÖLGESİ
İÇİN
KATSAYILARININ TESPİT EDİLMESİ
SPT-VS
KORELASYON
BEYHAN G.-1, KARAVUL C.-1, KESKİNSEZER A.-1, KIYAK A.-2, KURNAZ T.F.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh.Bölümü – 54187 / Sakarya.
2-MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeofizik Etütler Dairesi – 06800 / Ankara
[email protected],
[email protected]
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We live on the ground according to the thickness and type will carry
different features. This difference can be seen in various places in the same region.
Therefore, the dynamics of earthquake-resistant construction features in the design basis
is very important. The correlation between ground and build for the analysis of the
parameters for the ground must be known accurately. Then the correlation between build
parameters and the ground will do. In this subject, many studies have been made.
In this study, the ground belongs to the Sakarya-Erenler zone shear wave velocity (Vs)
and examined the correlation between values of SPT testing ground for the review of a
specific empirical relationships have been obtained. Study used data from the 1999
earthquake after Erenler prepared by the municipality reports were obtained. Regression
and correlation analysis to ensure the reliability of the data for the test application is
made data security. This test result has been observed that some data show uneven
distribution. This security test on the regression factor was significantly better.
The empirical results of this study Erenler region belongs to the Sakarya-relations.
Therefore, this correlation for other types of floors can give incorrect results. With these
relationships in Sakarya-Erenler region with shear wave velocity can be correlated
between the SPT test. Thus, field studies can be interpreted on the ground.
ÖZET Bizim üzerinde yaşadığımız zeminler kalınlık ve türlerine göre farklı özellikler
taşırlar. Bu farklılıklar aynı bölgede değişik noktalarda da görülebilir. Bu nedenle,
depreme karşı dayanıklı yapı tasarımında zeminlerin dinamik özellikleri oldukça önemlidir.
Zemin ve yapı arasındaki korelasyonun analiz edilebilmesi için zemine ait parametrelerin
doğru bir şekilde bilinmesi gerekir. Daha sonra ise zemin parametreleri ile yapı arasındaki
korelasyon yapılır. Bu amaçla korelasyon bağıntıları türetilebilmektedir. Bu konuda çok
sayıda çalışmalar yapılmıştır.
Bu çalışmada Sakarya-Erenler bölgesi zeminine ait kayma dalgası hızı (Vs) ve SPT testi
değerleri arasındaki korelasyon incelenerek inceleme alanı zeminine ait özel bir ampirik
bağıntı elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler Erenler belediyesi tarafından 1999
depreminden sonra hazırlanan raporlarından elde edilmiştir. Regresyon ve korelasyon
analizi için verilerin güvenilirliğini sağlamak amacıyla veri güvenlik testi uygulaması
yapılmıştır. Bu test sonucunda bazı verilerin düzensiz dağılım gösterdiği görülmüştür. Bu
güvenlik testinin regresyon katsayısını önemli oranda iyileştirdiği görülmüştür.
Bu çalışma sonucu elde edilen ampirik bağıntı Sakarya-Erenler bölgesine aittir. Bu
nedenle bu bağıntı başka tür zeminler için hatalı sonuçlar verebilir. Bu bağıntı sayesinde
Sakarya-Erenler bölgesinde kayma dalgası hızı ile SPT testi arasında korelasyon
yapılabilir. Böylece çalışma alanının zeminleri hakkında yorum yapılabilmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
56
INVESTIGATION OF WALL REMAINS IN ALACAHOYUK WITH GPR
SEREN A.-1, GELİSLİ K.-1, ACİKGOZ D.A.-1., ERKUL S.-1
1-K.T.Ü. Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh. Böl. 61080 Trabzon
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Alacahöyük, which is located in the northwest of Alaca in the Çorum
province, is one of the most important Hittite settlements. Newly planned archaeological
excavations have been conducted in two distinct areas of Çorum-Alacahöyük in 2007.
The subsurface structure of the site is investigated by using the Ground Penetrating
Radar (GPR) method, which has become widespread in similar studies. GPR is a
geophysical method that makes use of electromagnetic waves to prospect the ground in
a non-destructive way. This method relies on different physical properties of the terrain,
which results in the reflections of the radar waves that can be measured.
On the basis of archaeological considerations that prince graves are thought to be
situated in a defined zone (Zone A) and that the possible existence of wall remains are
believed to be in another zone (Zone B), we obtained georadar data by utilizing the
Ramac CU II GPR system with 100 MHz antennae.
In all the profiles of the study area, amplitude slice variations were obtained from the
data collected according to the different positions of the transmitter-receiver antennae,
some of which were parallel to one another and to the profiles whereas the others were
parallel to one another and perpendicular to the profiles. This was performed after the
data went through basic data processing steps and were mapped in order to observe
what types of structure extensions were involved and to which depths they occurred.
The results reveal that the presence of strong reflections in georadar sections indicates
the locations of some wall remains and probable princes’ graves. Consequently,
excavations were recommended where the presence of anomalies was observed.
Archaeological finds corroborated the existence of remains during the following
excavations when strong reflections were observed in the maps or radargrams.
POSTER / POSTER
57
HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION AND ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY IN
EAST OF ESFAHAN, CENTRAL IRAN MAGMATIC BELT
BATOUL TAGHIPOUR-1 FARID MOOR-1
1-Shiraz University
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In the Cenozoic magmatic belt of Central Iran, the Eocene volcanics and
pyroclastics from the East of Esfahan underwent extensive hydrothermal alteration. The
Eocene volcanics composed mostly of andesite lava and tuffs have been altered. The
surveyed area is laterally zoned from an inner quartz-sericite alteration zone to an outer
propylitic zone. Quartz-sericite alteration is predominant (>95%), but smaller zones of
alunite-jarosite and silicified zones are present and superimposed onto a quartz-sericite
alteration. In the quartz-sericite zone all altered rocks are light greyish to whitish in color
and porphyritic with aphanitic groundmass.
Concentrations of alunite and jarosite veinlets and stockworks are dispersed irregularly in
this zone. Alunite and jarosite occur also as coatings on fractured rocks. All types of
alunite occurrences are brick-red, cream, white and buff in colors, while jarosite is brown
to rusty in colors. To verify, chemical composition of alunite and jarosite were identified
by X-ray diffraction in mineral assemblages Major alteration zones show inclusions of
propylite, quartz sericite, advanced argillic and silicified zones. These alunites are mainly
porcelaneous and their compositions show a solid solution between alunite and jarosite.
In alteration zones, the mineral assemblage is characterized by alunite-jarosite + quartz
+ sericite + alkali feldspars + chlorite ± turquoise ± barite ± iron oxides. There are
numerous alunite and jarosite occurrences, mainly as veinlets, in parts of the advanced
argillic zone. Alunite δ18O and δ D values range from -1.76 to 8.81‰ and from -52.86
to -129.26‰ respectively. Field observations, mineralogical evidence and results from
light element stable isotope data (δ18O, δ D and δ34S); indicate that this area
alunitization is supergene in origin.
POSTER / POSTER
58
CALCULATION
APPROACH
OF
SYNTHETIC
SEISMOGRAM
USING
2.5-D
25-B YAKLAŞIMI İLE YAPAY SİSMOGRAM ÜRETİLMESİ
BARIN B.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık
Mühendisliği Bölümü, Terzioğlu Yerleşkesi 17020 Çanakkale
Fakültesi,
Jeofizik
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, acoustic wave equation in two-dimensional medium for a line
source (2-D) and a point source (2.5-D) was solved using finite difference method. Ricker
wavelet was used as a seismic source. Synthetic seismograms for various complex
structures were produced by the calculation of propagation of source wavelet.
Cartesian coordinates were employed for calculations. By the use of Fourier transform in
three-dimensional acoustic wave equation, one horizontal space dimension was defined
with wave numbers. Therefore, calculations for point source in two dimensional velocity
models were reduced to consecutive solution of two-dimensional wave equation for each
wave numbers.
One of the most important problems in modeling of the wave propagation is the
reflections caused by the borders of the calculation area. To solve this problem, both the
boundaries were set far away from the calculation area and also the absorbing boundary
conditions were used.
For the 2.5-D case, computational CPU time depends upon the numbers of the wave
numbers such as; the CPU time for 10 wave numbers was 163 seconds. In the 2-D case,
required CPU time was only 14 seconds. In both situations, there were no remarkable
differences between the first breaks of synthetic seismograms over the 2-D velocity
model. Comparison of the traces from different offset is presented.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, akustik dalga denklemi iki-boyutlu ortamda çizgi kaynak (2-B) ve
nokta kaynak (2.5-B) için sonlu farklar yöntemi kullanılarak çözülmüştür. Sismik kaynak
olarak Ricker dalgacığı kullanılmıştır. Kaynak dalgacığının çeşitli karmaşık yapılar içindeki
yayılımı modellenerek yapay sismogramlar üretilmiştir.
Hesaplamalarda kartezyen koordinatlar kullanılmıştır. Üç-boyutlu dalga denkleminde
Fourier dönüşümü kullanılarak bir yatay uzaysal boyut dalga sayıları ile tanımlanmıştır.
Böylece, iki boyutta değişen hız modellerinde nokta kaynak için hesaplamalar, ardışık
olarak her bir dalga sayısı için yapılan iki-boyutlu dalga denklemi çözümlerine
indirgenmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
59
THE EFFECTS OF THE REMANENT MAGNETIZATION ON REDUCTION
TO THE POLE PROCESS
KALINTI MIKNATISLANMANIN
ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ
KUTBA
İNDİRGEME
TEKNİĞİ
YILDIRIM Ç.-1, EKİNCİ Y.L.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü 17020 ÇanakkaleTürkiye
_______________________________________________________________
In magnetic investigations, when the source magnetization and
geomagnetic field are not directed vertically, maximum values of the magnetic anomalies
do not locate over the source body center and thus skewness results are observed. This
may complicate the interpretation. In order to shift the anomalies laterally to locate over
their respective sources, a linear filtering process, reduction to the pole transformation is
commonly applied. There exist many software packages that can be used for this
purpose. However, most of these packages assume that the magnetization of the source
body is induced. In other words, the assumption is usually made that the magnetization
of the source is parallel to the direction of the ambient field. If the presence of remanent
magnetization of the causative body is neglected at the reduction to the pole process, the
shape and the sign of the anomaly can be distorted.
ABSTRACT
In the frame of this study this subject was discussed. An algorithm was developed for the
pole reduction of the gridded magnetic data and the effects of remanent magnetization
were examined. First, the validity of the algorithm was proved on synthetically produced
magnetic data with induced magnetization and then the effect of the neglected unknown
remanent magnetization on reduced to the pole magnetic data was demonstrated.
ÖZET Manyetik araştırmalarda, kaynak yapı mıknatıslanmasının ve yer manyetik alanın
düşey olarak yönlenmediği durumlarda manyetik belirtinin en yüksek genlik değerleri
kaynak yapı merkezi üzerinde yer almamakta ve böylece belirti üzerinde bir şekil
bozukluğu gözlenmektedir. Bu durum yorumlamayı güçleştirebilir. Belirtinin en yüksek
genlik değerlerini yapı merkezi üzerine çekebilmek amacıyla doğrusal bir süzgeçleme
işlemi olan kutba indirgeme dönüşümü yaygın bir şekilde uygulanmaktadır. Bu amaçla
kullanılabilen birçok paket program bulunmaktadır. Ancak çoğunda kaynak
mıknatıslanmasının indüklem olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Diğer bir deyişle kaynak
mıknatıslanmasının yer manyetik alan yönüne paralel olduğu varsayımı yapılmaktadır.
Kutba indirgeme işlemi gerçekleştirilirken, eğer kaynak yapıya ait bir kalıntı
mıknatıslanma varsa ve bu ihmal edilirse, belirtinin şeklinde bozukluklar olabilir.
Bu çalışmada kapsamında bu konu irdelenmiştir. Gridlenmiş manyetik alan verilerine
kutba indirgeme dönüşümünü uygulayan bir algoritma geliştirilmiş ve kalıntı
mıknatıslanmanın etkisi ele alınmıştır. Öncelikle, algoritmanın uygulanabilirliği indüklem
mıknatıslanmaya sahip kuramsal modeller üzerinde gösterilmiş ve ardından bu yapıların
kalıntı mıknatıslanmaya sahip olmaları ve bunun ihmal edilmesi durumunun kutba
indirgeme işlemi üzerindeki etkileri sunulmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER
60
THE SEA OF MARMARA, SEA BOTTOM OBSERVATORY PROJECT
(MSBOP)
GÜRBÜZ C.-1, KALAFAT D.-1, YILMAZER M.-1, KEKOVALI K.-1, ÖĞÜTÇÜ Z.-1, GÜNEŞ Y.1, KARA M.-1, SUVARIKLI M.-1
1-B.U. Kandilli Observatory &ERI, NEMC 34684 Cengelkoy/ISTANBUL -TURKEY
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Marmara is one of the most important seismic active region in Turkey.
Current seismicity in the Marmara Sea Region result from the present day movement of
the North Anatolian Fault (NAF). The NAF is the major active right-lateral strike-slip
tectonic feature of Turkey. The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) runs along the tectonic
boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Anatolian Plate . The Sea of Marmara has
affected extensional tectonics of the Aegean Sea and strike-slip system of the NAF.
Northern branch of NAF is the most active fault zone in the Sea of Marmara. Seismic
activities are compatible with strike-slip geometry of northern branch of NAF in the
region.
After the 1939 Erzincan Earthquake (Ms=7.9), nine big earthquakes (Ms> 7.0)
occured along the westward of NAF. In 1999, two big earthquakes (Aug.17, 1999 İzmitGölcük and Nov. 12,1999 Düzce) occured in the Marmara Sea Region. Seismic studies
provided that there is a seismic gap below the Sea of Marmara . Therefore, Istanbul and
Marmara Sea Region have big earthquake risk.
The important targets of the MSBO Project:
●To improve the station distribution in the sea of Marmara seismic network and integrate
with land-based seismic stations.
●To install new land-based stations in the Southern Marmara Region that has several
gaps in the station distribution for reliable monitoring.
●To record and analyse of earthquakes with magnitude of about 1.0 or less
●To improve the resolution of hypocenter determination
●To determine physical charecteristics of fault-source mechanisms
●To obtain high quality data for better determining the crustal structure for Marmara
Region.
●Better understanding of the tectonic structure of Marmara Region
●To obtain multidisciplinary data such as seismic,temperature, pressure and sea floor
current measurements.
●To develop a Tsunami Early Warning System for Marmara earthquakes
●To disseminate reliable and rapid earthquake information to public and relevant
agencies.
The MSBO Project has two main framework :
Land-based broadband (BB) seismic stations (10 Broadband stations) had installed since
2008 in Marmara Sea Region.
Sea bottom observatory stations (5 Sea Bottom Observatories) will install in late June,
2009). Sea Bottom Observatories will include BB seismic sensors and pressure meters for
tsunami warning purposes. This project will be finished completely in August, 2009.
POSTER / POSTER
61
NEAR REAL TIME REGIONAL MOMENT TENSOR ESTIMATION USING
TURKISH SEISMIC NETWORK’S BROADBAND STATIONS
KALAFAT D.-1, YILMAZER M.-1, KEKOVALI K.-1, GÖRGÜN E.-1, POYRAZ S.A.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study we investigate earthquake (M ≥ 4.0) focal mechanisms using
Turkish Seismic BB Network (TSBN) near real time regional moment tensor estimation.
Boğaziçi University and Earthquake Research Institute (BU-KOERI), National Earthquake
Monitoring Center (NEMC) has been establishing BB stations throughout Turkey since
2004. KOERI-NEMC evaluates BB data in near real time and publishes preliminary focal
mechanism solutions. Source parameters are determined using at least 1 or average 3
BB stations. 235 fault plane solutions were analyzed between 2007 and 2009 based on
regional moment tensor method by Dreger (2002). National Earthquake Monitoring
Center (NEMC) proposes a real time earthquake analysis software ZSACwin (Yılmazer,
2003) which includes this technique for real time purposes. After establishing this
software at NEMC, source parameters of M ≥ 4.0 earthquakes are given automatically to
users on web page. The main goal of the study is to establish a data base including
Turkey and surrounding regions. This data base consists of faulting mechanisms (strike,
dip and rake angles), seismic moment (M0) and moment magnitude (Mw) for scientific
and ordinary researchers.
POSTER / POSTER
62
INVESTIGATION OF SEISMICITY AND SEISMOTECTONIC FEATURES
OF SALT LAKE AND SURROUNDINGS, CENTRAL ANATOLIA REGION
KALAFAT D.-1, ÖĞÜTCÜ Z.-1, GÜNEŞ Y.-1, KEKOVALI K.-1, YILMAZER M.-1, GÖRGÜN E.1, KARA M.-1, KILIÇ K.-1, DENİZ P.-1, ÇOMOĞLU M.-1, BERBEROĞLU M.-1,
BERBEROĞLU A.-1, POYRAZ S. A.-1, BEKLER F.N.-1, KÜSMEZER A.-1, GÜMÜŞ H.-1,
KEPEKÇİ D.-1, GÜL M.-1, POLAT R.-1, ÇOK Ö.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Konya and the Salt Lake basins are the most prominent morphological
features in the Central Anatolia. The Salt Lake Fault Zone (SLFZ) is aligned NW–SE
oriented in the region. The SLFZ is about 200 km-length where no devastating
earthquakes occurred in the last century. Recently earthquake sequences have occurred
in particularly Bala–Kula region. This region is seismically active located in the NW part
of the SLFZ. The aim of the project is to monitor and investigate in detail this zone using
micro-seismicity. Determination of earthquake source parameters, definition of
predominant stress components-tectonic regimes, Coulomb stress analysis and microseismicity monitoring are primary targets. For these goals, 6 new broadband (BB)
seismic stations will be installed in the region. Furthermore, mechanics, kinematics and
seismotectonic relations between recent earthquake activity and the SLFZ will be
evaluated by this project. NW-SE and NE-SW trending faults are the main features in the
region. This study will allow us to find new evidences for the known tectonic progress in
the Central Anatolia. This project will be planned for two years including installation new
6 BB seismic stations and data evaluation. We also determined faulting mechanisms and
stress tensor parameters for M ≥ 4.0 earthquakes of 2005-2007 time period. Fault plane
solutions were calculated from digital BB stations at Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake
Research Institute (KOERI) using regional moment tensor inversion method. According to
this analysis, earthquake activity occurred on NW-SE and NE-SW trending strike slip
faults with oblique components. This type of faults could be generated as a form of
crosswise oblique faults with respect to each others. After relocating of aftershock
sequences, we have seen that the distribution of aftershocks coincides with fault
directions.
POSTER / POSTER
63
EVOLUTION OF KANDILLI OBSERVATORY AND EARTHQUAKE
RESEARCH INSTITUTE (KOERI) BROADBAND (BB) DIGITAL
SEISMIC NETWORK
KALAFAT D.-1, ÖĞÜTCÜ Z.-1, SUVARIKLI M.-1, GÜNEŞ Y.-1, YILMAZER M.-1, KEKOVALI
K.-1, KARA M.-1, KILIÇ K.-1, BEKLER F.N.-1, KÜSMEZER A.-1, DENİZ P.-1, ÇOMOĞLU
M.-1, BERBEROĞLU M.-1, BERBEROĞLU A.-1, POYRAZ S.A.-1, GÜMÜŞ H.-1, GÖRGÜN E.1, KEPEKÇİ D.-1, GÜL M.-1, POLAT R.-1, ÇOK Ö.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) National
Earthquake Monitoring Centre (NEMC) operates Turkish Digital Seismic Network in
Turkey. Before 2000 year, KOERI has also short period single component sensors (Z) and
these stations were not distributed homogeneously around the Turkey. After 1999
Eastern Marmara (Gölcük-Kocaeli ;Mw=7.4) and Düzce (Mw=7.2) Earthquakes,
Particularly, we provided financial budget with different projects last 5 years and we
installed BB seismic stations in the whole of Turkey. The first time we used satellite
communication technology (SCT) in Turkey and we carried seismic signal via satellite in
August 2004. Now we use satellite technology at all BB stations for new installations.
Today we have 94 BB seismic stations in Turkey. Also we are carrying to continuous
seismic signal via satellite for 86 BB stations from the through Turkey. The main goal of
the KOERI Seismic Network is to detect the earthquake location of the magnitudes larger
than 3.0 with ±1 km error. The number of the broadband stations should be increased
uniformly to 100 in whole of Turkey at the end of the 2010.
At the same time, this year we will install Sea Bottom Observatory (SBO) in the Marmara
Sea floor. NEMC determines as rapidly and accurate as possible location and magnitudes
of the earthquakes that occur in Turkey and surrounding area. In the short run, we are
planning to use automatic rapid solutions for earthquake parameters and MTI solutions,
especially for M>4.5 earthquakes in Turkey. All of the earthquake information is sent
automatically to the relevant public and government agencies via internet. Particularly,
the earthquake parameters of the magnitudes larger than M≥3.0 are sent immediately to
the international seismological centers by fax, e-mail and SMS message. NEMC have
draft the future plan for improving the seismic monitoring system by establishment
uniformly the broadband digital seismic network in Turkey.
POSTER / POSTER
64
DEDUCING THE GEOMETRY
RESISTIVITY METHOD
OF
STRIKE-SLIP
FAULTING
DOĞRULTU ATIMLI FAYLARIN GEOMETRİLERİNİN
YÖNTEMİYLE ORTAYA ÇIKARILMASI
BY
ÖZDİRENÇ
EFEOĞLU E.-1 AŞÇI M.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği
__________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Tectonic based formation of river basins resulted from normal or strike-slip
faults, and formation of river basins can only be understood by revealing the mechanisms
or geometry of these faults. Consequently, the structure of North Anatolian Fault Zone in
Geyve and Iznik river basins is tried to be revealed by resistivity method in order to
explain the formation of the mentioned river basins. To understand Geyve and İznik river
basins, data were collected perpendicular to the fault line. Wenner and Schlumberger
configurations were applied. Then we performed an inversion algorithm developed based
on the least square method for evaluating the data. In this way we showed that how the
fault continues the downwards. Three directions were selected on the Geyve and İznik
faults which are considered as the western central branch of the North Anatolian Fault
Zone. Separate measurements perpendicular to the fault were performed for each
direction. The measurements were collectively evaluated and the geometrical status of
the fault in that region was presented. According to the results obtained, the surface and
underground traces of the fault were jointly mapped. The underground traces were found
to be tending towards the north when compared to the surface traces. The level of this
tendency has provided us valuable tectonic information on the basins’ formation and their
evaluation to date
ÖZET Tektonik açıdan havza oluşumları kendisini oluşturan normal yada doğrultu atımlı
faylar sayesindedir. Havzaların nasıl oluştuğunun ortaya konabilmesi ancak bu fayların
mekanizmalarının veya geometrisinin ortaya konabilmesi ile mümkündür. Bu açıdan da
Geyve ve İznik havzaların oluşumunu açıklamak amacıyla KAFZ ‘nun bu kesimdeki yapısı
özdirenç yöntemiyle ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu durumu ortaya koymak amacıyla
fay doğrultusuna dik doğrultuda ölçümler alınmıştır. Ölçümlerin alınmasında Kaydırma
Wenner, Schlumberger elektrot açılım sistemlerinin kullanılması uygun görülmüştür.
Değerlendirilmeleri EKK ters çözüm tekniği ile yapılmıştır. KAFZ‘nun batıdaki orta kolu
sayılan Geyve, İznik fayları üzerinde 3 adet doğrultu seçilmiştir. Her bir doğrultu için
yüzeyde izlenen faya dik olacak şekilde ölçümler alınmıştır. Bu ölçümler birlikte
değerlendirilerek o bölgedeki fayın geometrik durumu ortaya konulmuştur. Bulunan
sonuçlara göre fayın yüzeyde belirlenmiş izi, yüzeyin altında belirlenmiş izi birlikte
haritalanmıştır. Fayın derine doğru belirlenen izleri fayın yüzeydeki konumuna göre kuzey
yönünde çıkmıştır. Kuzey yönündeki bu eğimin derecesi havzaların oluşumu yada bu
güne kadarki gelişimi hakkında tektonik bilgiler vermiştir
POSTER / POSTER
65
MICROZONATION STUDIES BY USING SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY:
GEBZE (KOCAELİ) REGION
KAYMA
DALGA
HIZI
KULLANILARAK
ÇALIŞMALARI: GEBZE (KOCAELİ) BÖLGESİ
MİKROBÖLGELEME
EFEOĞLU E.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Local soil condition is the most important factor on earthquake damage and
effects. Thick but smooth sediment layers comparing to the hard bedrock can be the
main cause of the increasing of earthquake damage which resulted in some lands
affected significantly. A simple proof might be that Avcılar is 100 km far away from the
zone of the earthquake center which occurred in 1999, as its affection is felt mostly
there. The knowledge of site effect is important to build earthquake- resistant structures.
This study focused on investigations of soil amplification effects in Gebze during a
possible earthquake. In the field, soil amplification related to the shear wave velocity,
which estimated by 45 seismic refraction experiments, has been assesed by empirical
approach which was introduced by Midorikawa. Microzonation, soil amplification which
defined to the shear wave velocity and dominant period maps of study area conducted by
using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and were interpreted
ÖZET Yerel zemin koşulları deprem zararlarının ve etkilerinin dağılmasında en önemli
faktördür. Kalın fakat yumuşak sediman tabakalar, sert ana-kayaya oranla, deprem
sırasında oluşan yer hareketini birçok kat daha yükseltilmesi (zemin büyütme etkisi)
deprem sırasında bazı bölgelerin depremden büyük derecede etkilenmesinin ana
nedenlerinden birisi olmaktadır. 1999 depreminde deprem merkezinden yaklaşık 100 km
uzaklıkta olmasına rağmen Avcılar yerleşim yerinin depremden en fazla etkilenen
alanlardan biri olması bunu en iyi kanıtıdır. Herhangi bir yerdeki zemin etkisinin bilinmesi,
bu yerlerde depreme dayanıklı yapılar inşa edilebilmesi açısından önemlidir.
Bu çalışma deprem nedeniyle oluşacak zemin tepkisinin/büyütmesinin Gebze (Kocaeli)
bölgesindeki etkisinin araştırılması üzerinde odaklanmıstır. İnceleme alanında 45 adet
karşılıklı atışlı sismik kırılma çalışması yapılmış bulunan kayma dalga hızına göre Zemin
büyütmeleri
Midorikawa
(1987)
tarafında
geliştirilen
ampirik
yaklaşımlarla
değerlendirilmiştir. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri’nden (CBS) yararlanılarak inceleme alanının
zeminine ait mikro-ölçekli bölgeleme (yada yerleşime uygunluk haritası), kayma dalgası
hızı, bu hız değerine göre belirlenen zemin büyütmesi ve baskın periyot haritaları
oluşturularak yorumlanmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER
66
DETERMINING OF SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES BY RESISTIVITY
METHOD
YERALTI YAPILARININ ÖZDİRENÇ YÖNTEMİYLE BELİRLENMESİ
EFEOĞLU E.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Modelling process means determining of geometrical and physical
parameters which are representing geological structure. Resistivity method is often
prefered in modelling studies because of its easy applicability, speed and cheapness In
this study, to examine the usefulness of the electrical resistivity inversion method in the
horizontal and vertical discontinuities, modelling studies were carried out using synthetic
and field 1-D resistivity data. The models used in the study were composed of a buried
block, fault, dayk and layer earth model. The Schlumberger and Wenner electrode
configurations widely used in the resistivity method were employed to generate apparent
resistivity data and the solutions were obtained by the Damped Least-Squares
(Marquardt) algorithm. Iteration progress and the modification of Marquardt factor are
controlled by rms value. Accomplishment of these methods were tested by modeling
studies on different problems. Then, these models were applied to the field data. Five
different models applied to the apparent resistivity data obtained in the field. The
reliability of the solutions was studied by data and model misfit approaches. Study
resulted with satisfactory solutions, field data and theoretical data are congruent for all
model surveys.
ÖZET Modelleme
işlemi jeolojik yapıyı temsil eden geometrik ya da fiziksel
parametrelerin saptanması işlemidir. Kolay uygulanabilirliği, hızlı ve ucuz olması
bakımından özdirenç yöntemi modelleme çalışmalarında sıkça tercih edilen jeofizik
yöntemdir.Bu çalışmada yanal ve düşey süreksizliklerin belirlenmesinde elektrik özdirenç
ters-çözüm yönteminin yararlılığını incelemek amacıyla, bir-boyutlu yapay ve arazi
verileri kullanılarak modelleme çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan modeller,
gömülü bir blok, fay, dayk ve yatay tabakalı yer modellerinden oluşmaktadır. Özdirenç
yönteminde yaygın olarak kullanılan Schlumberger, Wenner, dizilimleri ile görünür
özdirenç verisi üretilmiş ve çözümler sönümlü en küçük kareler ters-çözüm algoritması ile
elde edilmiştir. İterasyon işlemi ve Marquardt faktörünün değişimi karesel hata (rms)
değeriyle kontrol edilmiştir. Yapılan modelleme çalışmalarıyla, değişik problemler
üzerinde bu yöntemlerin başarısı test edildikten sonra bu modeller arazi verisine
uygulanmıştır. Arazide alınan ölçümlerden elde edilen görünür özdirenç verilerine beş
farklı modelle yaklaşım yapılmıştır. Çözümlerin güvenilirliği veri ve model çakışmazlık
yaklaşımıyla irdelenmiştir. Çalışmadan olumlu sonuçlar alınmış tüm model çalışmalarında
arazi verisi ile teorik veriler çakışma göstermiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
67
STUDIES OF NOISE ELIMINATION IN MAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD
MANYETOTELURİK YÖNTEMDE GÜRÜLTÜ YOKETME ÇALIŞMALARI
ŞENGÜL E.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Jeofizik
Mühendisliği Bölümü Çanakkale
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The time series of Magnetotelluric (MT) method consist of the components
of the natural electromagnetic wave spreading within the ground and other noise
attached to them. Noise analysis studies aims to obtain the most convenient impedances
(MT transfer function) with eliminating the noise components from the time series. In MT
method, the noise, in general, is classified as correlated and uncorrelated noise. In this
study Statistical approaches are used to eliminate the uncorrelated noise. For this
purpose, firstly synthetic data produced with different sampling frequency (2, 5, 20, 32,
1000 Hz) were tested, then real MT time-series data were used. For the data process
first, the data were divided into windows of 512 values and then suggested data
processing stages were applied on these windows. Data size depending on sampling
frequency varies from 32 to 100 windows. Impedance values obtained from each window
were stacked to obtain the impedance value for all data. In this study the data process
steps, in general, removing trend from the signal, Fourier transformation of the
windowed data and analyzing the power spectral density for each windows and
frequency. Results indicated that, the uncorrelated noise in the signal caused distinct
deviation from the average value in power spectral density. Therefore improvement in
the impedance values and depending upon that result, apparent resistivity curve can be
provided by the elimination of this deviation values from stacking process.
ÖZET Manyetotellürik (MT) yöntemde zaman serileri, yer içinde yayılan doğal
elektromanyetik dalganın bileşenleri ve bunlara eklenmiş gürültülerden oluşmaktadır.
Gürültü analizi çalışmaları ile veriden gürültü bileşenleri yok edilerek, en uygun
empedans değerine (MT transfer fonksiyonuna) ulaşılması hedeflenmektedir. MT
yöntemde gürültü genel olarak; ilişkili ve ilişkisiz biçimde sınıflandırılmaktadır. Bu
çalışmada verideki ilişkisiz gürültünün yok edilmesi için istatistiksel yaklaşımlar
kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla önce farklı örnekleme frekanslarıyla (2, 5, 20,32, 1000 Hz)
üretilmiş sentetik veriler üzerinde denemeler yapılmış daha sonra da gerçek MT zaman
serisi verisi kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan veri önce 512 değerlikli pencerelere bölünmüş ve
önerilen veri işlem aşamaları bu pencerelere uygulanmıştır. Veri boyları örnekleme
aralıklarına bağlı olarak 32 ila 100 pencereden oluşmaktadır. Her pencereden ayrı ayrı
elde edilen empedans değerleri yığma yapılarak tüm veriye ait empedans verisine
dönüştürülmüştür. Bu çalışmada gürültü tanımlamada gerçekleştirilen işlemler genel
olarak; sinyalden yönsemenin giderilmesi, pencerelenen sinyalin frekans ortamına
geçirilmesi ve sinyalin güç yoğunluğu spektrumunun her pencere ve frekans için
incelenmesi biçimindedir. Sonuçlar, sinyaldeki ilişkisiz gürültünün sinyalin güç yoğunluğu
spektrumunun ortalama değerinden sapmasına neden olduğunu göstermiştir. Böylelikle
sapmaya uğramış değerler yığma işleminde kullanılmayarak empedans değerlerinde ve
buna bağlı olarak da görünür özdirenç eğrilerinde bir düzelme sağlanabilmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
68
DESIGN OF AN OPTIMUM SEISMIC NETWORK FOR IRAN
KARKOOTI E.-1, SHOMALI Z.H.-1
1-Iran - Tehran - Tajrish Sq - maghsoud beig St - namazi St - No 18
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The ability to determine hypocenters with high precision depends to a large
extent on the geometric configuration of the network. Given the high cost of installation
and maintenance, it is essential that the network be designed to provide maximal
precision. Prediction analysis could be used for Optimizing array geometry to provide
maximum hypocenter control in specific target regions.
In this paper we try to find the required number of stations and best configuration for
monitoring all the seismic sources in Iran with a desired detection threshold. three
examples are presented a network for monitoring all the earthquakes with magnitude 2
and above and another with magnitude 1 and above and third example is a combination
of the two, magnitude threshold of 1 at the seismic sources and two in less dangerous
parts. next by using the prediction analysis we try to find the network configurations
that minimize the epicenter and hypocenter
errors. In conclusion we give some
recommendations for future development of seismic networks in Iran and possible
cooperation in the region.
POSTER / POSTER
69
COMPARISON OF NOISE LEVELS IN
SEISMIC TELEMETRY NETWORK (ISTN)
STATIONS
OF
IRANIAN
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT For earthquake-monitoring and detection purposes it is important to know
the ambient seismic noise levels experienced by different seismic stations in a seismic
network. The Iran Seismic Telemetry Network was founded in 1995 and is the first
modern seismic network in the country. The Network is equipped with 61 three
component seismometers grouped in 11 sub-networks distributed over a large part of the
country. These sub networks cover the areas of Tehran, Tabriz, Ghuchan, Mashad,
Semnan, Esfahan, Mazandaran, Yazd and Shiraz,Kermanshah and Birjand respectively.
In this paper, we present the noise level of stations of ISTN seismic network and try to
find the sources of noise in each station and compare their noise levels in different
frequency bands and hours of the day.
We compare the stations of this network and put them in categories good and bad and
provide some recommendations for replacing the bad stations and in some cases the
measures that could be taken to reduce the noise levels of station will be discussed.
Such works could be used for developing the standards and routines for future site
selection tasks.
POSTER / POSTER
70
SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKE LOCATION ERROR OF IRANIAN
SEISMIC TELEMETRY NETWORK (ISTN)
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The accuracy of location of small earthquakes determined with a dense
local array depends on the accuracy of earth models used to generate travel times, the
array geometry, and the inherent accuracy of the arrival-time data used. Prediction
analysis provides an efficient means of estimating errors in earthquake hypocenter
determinations using an array of seismometers. The standard errors of the hypocentral
coordinates and the origin time due to random errors in the data and model parameters
may be calculated rigorously for a least squares hypocenter inversion procedure using
arbitrary earth models.
In this paper the expected errors of the earthquake location (epicenter and hypocenter)
recorded by stations of ISTN subnetworks is computed using the prediction analysis for
an earthquake with a given magnitude happening in deferent points in the country. The
computations are done knowing the configuration of different subnetworks and with the
assumption of error in phase reading of about 0.25 for p phase and 0.5 for s phase and
knowing the earth model used in Iranian seismological center for determining the
earthquake locations and its error computed by comparing different proposed earth
models for the region.
POSTER / POSTER
71
IMAGING THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY STRUCTURE AT THE
WESTERN PART OF THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE BY
MAGNETOTELLURICS
CİFTCİ TOLAK E.-1,2 OSHİMAN N.-1, TANK S.B.-3, TUNCER M. K.-2, KARCİOGLU G.–4,
HONKURA Y.-5, OGAWA Y.-3, MATSUSHİMA M.–5
1-Kyoto University, DPRI, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
2-Bogazici University, Kandilli Observatory & E.R.I.,
Geomagnetism Lab., 34863, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
Department
of
Geophysics,
3-Tokyo Institute of Technology, Volcanic Fluid Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
4-Istanbul University, Department of Geophysics, Istanbul, Turkey
5-Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo,
Japan
[email protected]
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT For determining the electrical conductivity structure of the western part of
the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in the Marmara Region and discussing on the
relation between the seismicity and the electrical resistivity structure of the region, wideband (320 Hz – 0.0005 Hz) magnetotellurics data were acquired along some profiles
crossing the northern and the southern branches of the NAFZ associated with the Izmit
Earthquake which occured on 17 August 1999. This presentation focuses on two north–
south aligned profiles crossing both the northern and the southern branches of the NAFZ.
In order to improve the magnetotellurics (MT) data quality, remote reference technique
(Gamble et.al., 1979) was applied when necessary. In the interpretation of the
magnetotelluric data, there is a problem which is called as a galvanic distortion caused by
the local three-dimentional structures. The important tool of the dimensionality of the
region is to plot the phase tensor ellipse. The phase ellipse is a graphical representation
of the phase tensor, which expresses how the phase relationships change with
polarization, independent of the galvanic distortion (Caldwell et al. 2004). Strike
directions were determined by means of phase tensor analysis. Next, Groom and Bailey
decompositions were applied for removing the surplus effects caused by surfacial threedimensional bodies. Two-dimensional inversion models were constructed for TE
(transverse electric), TM (transverse magnetic) and transfer functions data including
topography.
POSTER / POSTER
72
SOME SEISMOTECTONIC PROPERTIES OF THE SURROUNDING
REGIONS OF ANKARA (TÜRKİYE)
ANKARA YAKIN ÇEVRESİNİN BAZI SİSMOTEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİ
GÖKTEN E.-1, BARAN B.-2
1-Ankara Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fak., Jeoloji Müh. Böl. Tektonik Ar. Gr.
2-Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı Deprem Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı Sismoloji Şubesi
[email protected]
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The microearthquakes and some bigger ones happened to the surrounding
region of Ankara in recent years which caused to moderate damages, helped
understanding of the seismic risks of the neotectonic period structures of the region by
determining their epicentral parameter and focal mecanisms.
However the Ankara region has been investigated by several reserchers and pointed out
that the local neotectonic structures bear some seismic risks, there are still uncertainties
about their seismotectonic properties.
In this study the correlations between the seismic activity and neotectonics structures of
the surrounding regions of Ankara have been investigated by the analyzing of the seismic
records obtained from the TURKNET ( National Telemetric Seismic Network of Turkey )
operated by the “Earthquake Research Department, General Directorate of Disaster
Affairs” since 1989, the readings of the seismic stations belong to the network installed in
the Turkish-German Joint Project, and the data obtained from the Belbaşı Station
operated between the years of 1986-1996 in Ahlatlıbel, Ankara. The focal depth of the
earthquakes occurred in the region between the years 1900 and 2009 varies between 115 kms and the magnitudes are between M=2.0 and M=5.6
As a result of data evaluation, it has been observed that the epicentral distribution has
been concentrated in certain localities in the surrounding regions of Ankara and well
coincide to the vicinities of the tectonic structures determined in the previous studies
before. Although the western part of Ankara is close to North Anatolian Fault Zone and
normaly affected by the the stress region of it, the neotectonic period is characterized
mostly by the normal faults which do not show a preferential orientation in the field.
When the fault plane solutions related to Ayaş Region is compared with the data obtained
in the field, it is seen that the nodal planes in NE-SW direction represent fault planes
which some seismic activities recorded in this region in recent years. The reverse faults
observed in the solutions belong to the Elmadağ region in the eastern part of Ankara are
probably related to the overtrust system in that region which the determined nodal plane
in NNE-SSW direction is appropriate to the orientation of the imbricated structure. It is
suggested that this Paleotectonic system is being activated today, which the recent GPS
measurements also point to a westerly movement causing an east-west compression in
this region.
POSTER / POSTER
73
The seismic risks of the secondary structures of the North Anatolian Fault System in the
north of Ankara are concentrated in the vicinities of these structures. The reverse fault
solutions provided in the west of Ankara in Ayaş region are related with the local
compressions probably rising in the vicinities of some small high angle reverse faults.
ÖZET Ankara çevresinde son yıllarda meydana gelen küçük ve orta büyüklükte, orta
derecede hasar yapan depremlerin dışmerkez dağılımları ve odak mekanizması çözümleri
Neotektonik dönem yapılarının özelliklerinin anlaşılmasına yardım etmiştir. Hernekadar
Ankara çevresinde çok sayıda çalışma yapılmış olmasına karşın Neotektonik dönem
yapılarının sismik riskleri konusunda bilinmezler bulunmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, Ankara yakın çevresinde bölgenin sismisitesi ile tektoniği arasındaki
ilişkinin kurulabilmesi için 1989 yılında Afet Işleri Genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma
Dairesi tarafından işletilen TURKNET (Türkiye Ulusal Telemetrik Sismik Istasyon Ağı)
kayıtları, Türk-Alman Ortak Işbirliği Projesindeki istasyon okumaları, ve 1986-1996 yılları
arasında Ankara, Ahlatlıbel'de faaaliyet gösteren Belbaşı istasyonundan alınan veriler yapı
ile sismisite arasındaki ilişkinin kurulması amacıyla incelenmiştir. 1900 – 2009 yılları
arasında bu bölgede meydana gelen deprem kayıtlarının odak derinlikleri 1-15 kilometre,
magnitüdleri ise M=2.0 ile M=5.6 arasında değişmektedir.
Veri değerlendirmeleri tamamlandıktan sonra, yapılan
episantr dağılım haritalarına
(sismisite haritaları) bakıldığı zaman sismik etkinliğin, Ankara'nın çevresinde belli
bölgelerde yoğunlaştığı görülmüştür. Bölgenin gerek sismisite dağılımı gerekse odak
mekanizması çözümleri tektonik yapıyla uyum sağlamaktadır. Ankara’nın batı kesimi
Kuzey Anadolu Fay Sistemine ve bu sistemin oluşturduğu gerilme alanına yakın olmasına
karşın Neotektonik dönem normal fayların çokluğu ile karakterize edilmekte ve bunların
tercihli bir yönelimi çoğunlukla görülmemektedir. Ayaş yöresini ilgilendiren fay düzlemi
çözümleri arazi verileriyle deneştirildiğinde düğüm düzlemlerinden KD-GB doğrultusunda
bulunanların fay düzlemlerini temsil ettikleri ve sismik etkinliği sergiledikleri
anlaşılmaktadır. Yanlızca Ankara’nın doğusunda Elmadağ yöresinde yer alan çözümlerde
karşılaşılan ters fayın buradaki bindirme sistemleriyle ilgili olmaları olası olup, KD-GB
düğüm düzleminin buradaki bindirmeli yapının yönelimine uygun olduğu görülmektedir.
Buradaki yoğun sismik etkinlik de bu fayların günümüzde de yeniden harekete geçtiği
sonucunu ortaya koyabilir ki GPS vektörleri bu alandaki güncel sıkışma etkisine işaret
etmektedir. Kuzeyde yer alan Kuzey Anadolu Fay Sistemi’nin oluşturduğu makaslama
etkisinin ikincil yapıları ancak bu fay yakınındaki sahalar için söz konusu olmalıdır. Ankara
batısında Ayaş yöresinde bazı fay düzlemi çözümlerinde karşılaşılan ters faylanmalar fay
bloklarının gerçekte serbestlemeyle çökmeleri sırasında beraber hareket etmeleri
yüzünden doğan gelişmeler olup, bu durum bölgede güncel yerel sıkışmalı gerilme
alanlarının doğmasına da neden olmaktadır.
POSTER / POSTER
74
THE IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES OBSERVED PRIOR TO
SUMATRA TSUNAMI AND THEIR POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION WITH
PRE-TSUNAMI ACTIVITY
KHERANI E.A.-1, LOGNONNE P.-2, OCCHIPINTI G.-2
1-Instituto Nacional de Pesquisais Espaciais, Brazil
2-Institut de Physique du Globo de Paris, France
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this work, we present the results from CHAMP and COSMIC satellite
measurements of neutral density, temperature, ionospheric density and electromagnetic
disturbances in atmosphere and ionosphere registered before and during few
Earthquakes/Tsunami. Three Sumatra tsunamis, SUM1 (26 Dec 2004, 00:58:53 UT,
Mw=9.1, 3.31N, 95.85E), SUM2 (28 Mar 2005, 16:09:36 UT, Mw=8.6, 2.074N, 97.013E)
and SUM3 (12 Sep 2007, 11:10:26 UT, Mw=8.5, 4.52S, 101.37E). For SUM1 and SUM2,
CHAMP measurements of electromagnetic and electron density disturbances in the
ionosphere are analyzed. For SUM3, COSMIC measurements of atmospheric and
ionospheric disturbances are also analyzed. In first step, disturbances registered during
these events are examined. In particular, their time-spatial scale and spectral
distributions are studied. Knowing these aspects, similar features, though in much
reduced magnitudes and possibly in much slower time-scale, are searched in the satellite
data prior to these events. In this way, we could find disturbances which may be possibly
associated with pre-tsunami activities.
We also resent computational simulation of possible excitation of disturbances near
Earth’s surface and in the atmosphere/ionosphere caused by tiny rock deformation in the
lithosphere prior to an earthquake/tsunami. In first step, the study pursue an excitation
of acoustic wave in the lithosphere caused by rock deformation, its propagation in solid
Earth up-to Earth’s surface and deposition of momentum and energy at the Earth’s
surface. In second step, excitation of neutral waves such as acoustic gravity waves
(AGWs) caused by deposition of momentum/energy and their propagation in the
atmosphere is studied using thermo-hydro-viscous fluid simulation. In third and final
step, AGWs interaction with ionosphere is studied using thermo-hydro-magnetic fluid
simulation.
POSTER / POSTER
75
A MAGNETOMETERY STUDY OF MAHALAT FAULT ZONE AND ITS
THERMALSPRINGS
MIRZAEI-1, GHADIMI AROOS MAHALEH-2, FARAHANI-3, KHAMSE-4
1-Arak University,Oloom Street,Shahid Beheshti street,Arak,Iran.
2-Arak Engineering & Technical Department-University of Science Technology,Arak-Iran
3-Science and Research Islamic Azad Universiry,Tehran,Iran.
4-Institute of Geophysics,University of Tehran,Karegar-Shomali Street,Tehran,Iran.
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Five hot springs called ‘Abegarm-e-MAHALAT’, located in the central part of
Iran, have a mean water temperature of 46 ± 1°C and are used by visitors as spas. The
majority of hot springs, particularly travertine-forming springs, are found in the vicinity of
volcanic or granitic terrains. Typically travertine accumulation is associated with faults,
which provide the conduits along which water travels to the surface. Hot springs, which
form travertine deposits in Abegarm-e-Mahallat, are of mixed-origin (Magmatic and
Geothermal).According to the field observations and aero photographs it is concluded
that the Tectonic movements in previous geological eras has caused a fault zone in this
area, the most important fault in this zone is Mahalat fault crossing the north of Mahalat
city with a E-W strike. This fault is about 30km length and can play a very important role
in the seismic events of this area.
A ground magnetometery study has occurred in this area by a portable proton
magnetometer every150 meter station spacing and a base station magenometer was
used to apply the sufficient corrections. The collected data are interpreted after applying
the appropriate processing via appropriate softwares and an inversion scheme by
Marquart's algorithm is used to model the geological structure and magnetic anomalies
POSTER / POSTER
76
INVESTIGATION OF LOCAL GROUND EFFECT WITH GEOPHYSICALMICROTREMOR DATA OF KOCAELI-GÖLCÜK REGION
KOCAELİ-GÖLCÜK
BÖLGESİNİN
JEOFİZİK-MİKROTREMOR
VERİLERİ İLE YEREL ZEMİNİN ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
BEYHAN G.–1, KARAVUL C.-1, KESKİNSEZER A.-1, SÜNBÜL F.-1
[email protected],
[email protected]
[email protected],
[email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, Kocaeli Province, Gölcük District In order to determine
characteristics of the ground engineering, geological and geophysical methods were not
applied. Sea of Marmara to the south of Izmit Bay and along the coast in a narrow strip
extending Gölcük usually take place on the silt floor. 17 August 1999 and 12 November
1999 earthquake in the region and seriously damaged 43 units at 10-15 m depth with 18
points in the basic drilling tremor measurements were taken. Soil from the drilling
operation in the region, as well as silt Quaternary Pliocene aged formations in the elderly
is seen Aslanbey. Moreover, the 1.2 m underground water level is measured in m-2.2.
The average thickness of 250 m as the damage is greater in the silt in the region is very
large factor. A possible earthquake, then the structure, the ground depending on the
constituent to determine the impact of non-ground drilling efforts and, depending on the
region to represent the best 18 point measurements were taken in microtremor.
Microtremor measures to be taken, 24-channel recording system were realized using
ABEM MK6. Fourier spectra calculated on the received microtremor extent then,
Nakamura method, and this period is the period dominated by the ground's natural
growth for the corresponding ground have been identified. Accordingly, the structural
basis for calculating the values of the natural dominant frequencies between 1 and 4 Hz
(dominant period: 1 to 0:25 sec), the ground for the eventual enlargement of an
earthquake, however, was found between 1.5-3.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Kocaeli İli, Gölcük İlçesi’nin zemin mühendislik özelliklerinin
belirlenmesi amacıyla, jeolojik ve jeofizik metotların uygulaması yapılmıştır.
İzmit
Körfezi’nin güneyinde Marmara denizi kıyısı boyunca ve dar bir şerit halinde uzanan
Gölcük, genellikle Alüvyon zemin üzerinde yer almaktadır. 17 Ağustos 1999 ve 12 Kasım
1999 depremleri ile ciddi hasara uğrayan bölgede 43 adet 10-15 m derinlikte temel
sondajları ile 18 noktada da mikrotremor ölçüleri alınmıştır.
Zemin sondaj
çalışmalarından bölgede, Kuvaterner yaşlı Alüvyonun yanı sıra Pliyosen yaşlı Aslanbey
formasyonu da görülmektedir. Ayrıca yer altı su seviyesi de 1.2 m-2.2 m arasında
ölçülmüştür. Ortalama kalınlığı olarak 250 m olan Alüvyonun bölgedeki hasarın büyük
olmasında çok büyük etkendir. Muhtemel bir depremin, bundan sonra yapılacak
yapılarda, zemine bağlı olarak meydana getireceği etkilerin belirlenmesi amacıyla, zemin
sondajı çalışmalarına bağlı olarak ve bölgeyi en iyi temsil edecek 18 noktada mikrotremor
ölçüleri alınmıştır. Mikrotremor ölçülerin alınmasında, 24 kanallı ABEM MK6 kayıtçı
sisteminden yararlanılmıştır. Alınan mikrotremor ölçüleri üzerinde Fourier spektrumları
hesaplanmış daha sonra ise, Nakamura yöntemi ile zeminin doğal hakim periyodu ve bu
periyotlara karşılık gelen zemin büyütme değerleri belirlenmiştir. Buna göre, yapısal
hesaplamalardan zeminlerin doğal hakim frekans değerleri 1 ile 4 Hz arasında (hakim
periyotlar: 1 ile 0.25 sn), zeminin muhtemel bir depremdeki büyütme değerleri ise, 1.5–3
arasında bulunmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER
77
INVESTIGATION OF KOCAELI-YAZLIK AREA WITH GEOPHYSICAL
AND GEOTECHNICAL METHODS
KOCAELİ-YAZLIK
BÖLGESİNİN
YÖNTEMLERLE İNCELENMESİ
JEOFİZİK-JEOTEKNİK
KESKİNSEZER A.-1, BEYHAN G.-1, KARAVUL C.-1, SÜNBÜL F.-1
[email protected],
[email protected]
[email protected],
[email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, conditions of the ground was assessed by applying geological,
geophysical and geotechnical methods in order to determine ground engineering
parameters of Yazlık Municipality zoning area which is in the province of Kocaeli. Yazlık
region is almost entirely situated on Eosen old volcanoclastic and Pliocen old gravel,
sand, clay and claystones.
According to the geophysical studies, P waves velocity for first layer is 321–808 m/sc, S
waves velocity for the same layer is 120-203 m/sc, P waves velocity for second layer is
526-1618 m/sc while S waves velocity is 389-772 m/sn. In addition to that, upon
analysing the grounds in Yazlık, it was found out that the local ground class Z-2 ground
group in volcanoclastic part is B while in Pliocen old unit, the local ground class Z-3
ground group is C, that the local ground class Z4 ground group in alluvion part is D.
According to the samples taken from the opened borings, ground classes are determined
to be ML, CL, CH, SM and GW. According to the boring data, the underground water
level in alluvions varies between 2-5 m depending on the season. Therefore, the region
has the potential liquefaction. In the case that the maximum horizontal gorund velocity
is deemed to be 0.4 g in Yazlık, which is situated in 1st degree Risky Earthquake Zone,
geotechnical surveys of alluvion lands should be conducted, its liquefaction risk and
depth should be determined. Necessary precautions should be planned in detail in
accordance with the results of this survey and no structuring should be allowed until
these precaution projects are implemented.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada Kocaeli ili, Yazlık Belediyesi imar alanının yer mühendislik
parametrelerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla jeolojik-jeofizik-jeoteknik yöntemler kullanılarak
değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Yazlık bölgesi Eosen yaşlı volkanoklastik Pliyosen yaşlı çakıl,
kum, kil ve çakıltaşından oluşan çökeller ve Kuvaterner yaşlı alüvyonlardan oluşmaktadır.
Çalışma alanında zemin özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 21 adet sismik kırılma
çalışması ve 20 noktada derinliği 15–20 m arasında değişen temel zemin sondajı
çalışması yapılmıştır.
Jeofizik çalışmalara göre bölgedeki 1. tabaka için P dalgası hızları 321–808 m/sn, S
dalgası hızları 120-203 m/sn 2. tabaka için P dalgası hızları 526-1618 m/sn, S dalgası
hızları 389-772 m/sn arasında değişmektedir. Ayrıca Yazlıkta zeminlere ait zemin grupları
ve yerel zemin sınıfları volkanoklastiklerde B Z–2, Pliyosen serisinde C Z-3, alüvyon
bölgede ise D Z-4’tür. Alınan numunelere göre zemin sınıfları genel olarak ML, CL, CH,
SM ve GW oluşmaktadır. Sondaj verilerine göre yer altı su seviyesi alüvyon bölgede 2-5
m arasında gözlenmiştir. Bu nedenle bölgede sıvılaşma riski bulunmaktadır. 1. Derece
Tehlikeli Deprem Bölgesinde yer alan Yazlık’da Maksimum yatay yer ivmesi 0.4 g
alındığında alüvyon arazilerin parsel bazında jeoteknik etütleri düzenlenmeli, sıvılaşma
riski ve derinliği ortaya konularak gerekli önlemler detaylı bir şekilde bu etütlerin
sonucuna göre planlanmalı, bu önlem projeleri uygulanmadıkça yapılaşmaya izin
verilmemelidir.
POSTER / POSTER
78
SEISMICITY OF IRAN (TEHRAN)
GOLABI M.F.-1
1-Research and Science University of Tehran from Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Tehran is the capital of Iran and is one of the most-populated cities in the
world. Existence of many vital crossroads in this region due to scanning this zone. Tehran
zone, that placed in the southern mountain side of the central Albroz Mountains, is one of
the most seismically active zone in Iran. The cause of tectonic activity in Tehran and its
outskirts is the creases of the Alborz and faults in this area. These faults include the
borders of the heights and plains that may cause more heights and plains. This zone has
a disorderly seismic activity patter and cause this zone is continental collision zone, most
earthquakes, like Iran area, are shallow
POSTER / POSTER
79
THE ARCHEOGEOPHYSİCS SURVEY ARROUND ANTİC ROME BATH
ON AMASYA-TERZİKÖY THERMAL BATH
AMASYA-TERZİKÖY KAPLİCALARİ MEVKİİNDE
HAMAMI KALINTILARI ARKEOJEOFİZİK ETÜDÜ
ANTİK
ROMA
YÜKSEL F.A.-1, YILDIZ M.Ş.-2
1-İstanbul Üniversitesi, Müh. Fak., Jeofizik Müh. Böl., Avcılar, TR-34850 İstanbul, Turkey
2-PM Prestij Mühendislik, Gn. Md., Şirinevler, TR-34880, İstanbul, Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The history of Terziköy which placed on 30 km South Amasya is a thermal
area. Today it is still a thermal bath named “Terziköy Kaplıcaları” which is maneged by
Amasya goverment office. There are some outcrop on the surface including material
which come from Terziköy antic walls is placed in 150 meter away from the Terziköy
thermal bath complex and it is possible to see the walls is about two meter high from
the ground. It is seen that some of these stones from the walls were destroyed.
Another important point is that fact it is found a tunnel 8 meter near the walls in the
east. This tunnel is very near the surface. Previous Works about this tunnel say that the
size of the tunnel is 140x150 cm. and there is a tonuz which has 2 m. thickness. At the
same time there is 60 cm colomn in it. In front of the these colomns there is 250x125
cm square
Present days because of the speed and clearity of geophysics method is used generally
georadar (GPR) which are of the electromagnetic method of the in geophysics with high
frequancy. In this method we are sending high frequancy wave to the ground. Some of
this wave reflect from the ground but some of them go deeper. With GPR we get
information for every 3 cm depth and by this method it is possible to make 2D or 3D
model for the under ground
In the Terziköy Kaplıcaları region we did measure along parrallel lines many value and
made 2D and 3D model of the region. In Terziköy complex area includes some park.
Otopark an picnic areas and all of these are over the antic bath. For GPR measurement
the working area is seperated various area and we had 240 profiles. But some of these
areas didn’t give us enough information for 3D modelling only we could do 2D model of
the areas.
By this method we did find some historical architectural building here. These anomalies
are accompanid to the antic bath which was reported during previous works. At the same
time 3D model is looking paralel to the old (antic) bath too. We did have a block diagram
for showing the structures.
At the end we offer today to make some dirilling or digging around the area which we did
GPR there.
POSTER / POSTER
80
ÖZET Amasya’nın 30 km kadar Güney–Güneybatısında bulunan Terziköy, geçmişi çok
eskilere dayanan bir termal alandır. Terziköy Kaplıcaları ismiyle Amasya İl Özel İdaresi
tarafından günümüzde de işletilmektedir.
Terziköy kaplıcalarının bulunduğu alan içinde antik duvar kalıntılarına ait malzemeler yer
yer yüzeylenmektedir. Bu kalıntı duvarlardan biri, tesisin 150 m kadar güney batısında
olup 2 m kadarlık kısmı yüzeyden izlenebilmektedir. Bu duvara ait taşlarının bir kısmının
tahrip edilmiş olduğu görülmektedir. Yine, söz konusu duvar kalıntısından takriben 8 m
kadar doğuda zemine yakın bir dehlizin varlığı rapor edilmiştir. Bu dehlizin 140x150 cm
ebadında bir boşluk olduğu ve bu boşluğun içine inildiği ve takriben 2 m lik bir tonozun
gözlendiği önceki yıllarda belirtilmiştir. Dehlizin içinde 60 cm yüksekliğinde sütun ve
desteklerin olduğu ve bu sütunların önünde 250x125 cm lik bir boş alanın olduğu söz
konusu raporda ifade edilmiştir.
Arkeojeofizik araştırmalarda hızlı ve ekonomik olduğundan yüksek çözünürlülüğe sahip
Jeofizik Elektromanyetik Araştırma Yöntemlerinden biri olan JEORADAR (GPR-yerradarı)
yöntemi son zamanlarda sıkça kullanılmaktadır. GPR yönteminde yüksek frekanslı
elektromanyetik dalgalar bir verici antenle yeraltına gönderilir. Bu dalganın bir kısmı
yeraltında farklı dielektrik özelliklere sahip yüzeylerden yansırken, diğer kısmı daha derin
ortamlara nüfuz edebilir. GPR ölçmelerinde sürekli formda 3 cm ara ile veri alınabilmekte
ve bir birine paralel belirlenen hatlar boyunca iki (2D) ve/veya üç (3D) boyutlu inceleme
alanına ait yanal ve düşey yöndeki değişimler görüntülenebilmektedir.
Terziköy Kaplıca bölgesinde birbirlerine paralel profiller boyunca GPR ölçümleri alınarak
sahanın 2D ve 3D yer altı modellemesi yapılmıştır. Terziköy Kaplıca Tesislerinin
bulunduğu alan içinde tesise ait park, mesire yeri ve otopark alanları bulunmakta ve bu
alanlar söz konusu antik hamamın üzerinde yeralmaktadır. GPR ölçmeleri için inceleme
alanı çeşitli bölgelere ayrılarak toplam 240 profil alınmıştır. Bu alanların bazılarında ölçü
alanının konumundan dolayı 3D model oluşturulamamıştır. Bu alanlarda değişik
doğrultularda 2D radargram kesitleri oluşturulmuştur.
İnceleme alanı içerisinde belirli bir sistem (mimari plan görünümüne sahip) gösteren
yapılar tespit edilmiştir. Bu mimari plan özelliği gösteren anomali dağılımlarının olduğu
bölgeler antik hamam kalıntılarının rapor edildiği bölgelerle uyum içinde olduğu ve
anomali dağılımının tüm hamam kompleksinin sınırlarını belirleyebildiği, oluşturulan 3D
küp modellerden, görülmüştür.
Arkeojeofizik yöntemlerle belirlenen yapılar ile bunun devamlılığının belirlenebilmesi ve
GPR ölçüm sonuçlarının test edilmesi için, saha içinde ve çevresinde araştırma
sondajlarının yapılması önerilmişdir.
POSTER / POSTER
81
THE SEISMIC REFRACTION METHOD AS A TOOL FOR TESTING THE
GROUND CONDITIONS RESULTING FROM THE RAILWAY GROUND
HEALING STUDIES AT POTI, GEORGIA
GÜRCISTAN,
POTI
KASABASINDA
DEMIRYOLU
ZEMIN
İYILEŞTIRME
ÇALIŞMASI
SONUCUNDA
OLUŞAN
ZEMIN
KOŞULLARININ SISMIK KIRILMA YÖNTEMI İLE TEST EDILMESI
YILDIZ M.Ş.-1, YÜKSEL F.A.-2
1-Genel Müd. Jeofizik Müh., PM Prestij Mühendislik, İstanbul, TURKEY
2-İstanbul Unv., Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, İstanbul, TURKEY
[email protected], info@pmprestij
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Generally, for the solutions of problems in designing the basement of the
buildings surface basements are used when there are no problems such as liquefaction,
ground consolidation and bearing capacity.
The simplest solution when ground basement problems exist is selecting deep ground
systems. Columns of stone and Jet injection are the widely used ground improvement
methods in Turkey and the rest of the world.
The stone columns enhance the ground bearing capacity of the field and ground
conditions, decrease the consolidation period, improve the worsen ground conditions due
to liquefaction caused by an earthquake.
Stone column is usually used when the ground is soft and a clay layer exists, the
thickness of the problematic ground layer is less than 10 m.
The improvements that would be resulting from treatments such as stone column bearing
capacity value, the healing ratio and the distance between the columns are controlled
through CPT and plate loading experiments.
In the jet-grout healing a mixture of water-cement is injected with a pressure of 300
bars.
The high speed (200-250 m/sn) grout, “tearing” the ground mixes with the ground
(soilcrete).
This mixture is a homogenous and steady composition.
With this simplest definition jet-grouting is a fast, reliable, stable and economic
alternative solution that can be applied to almost all kind of loose grounds and the
grounds that are composed of sand, grave and clay.
After the application is done, a knock-down or an acceptable maximum settlement
loading is applied to the bearing jet-grout columns in order to control the treatment.
Owing to its efficiency, recently, one of the geophysical methods named refraction
method is applied in order to understand how the rock column or jet grout ground
healing methods improved the ground conditions.
POSTER / POSTER
82
The study region is located in Georgia at Poti seaside town of Black Sea where one of the
branches of Rioni river reaches the Black Sea.
The railway under investigation is constructed on alluvium sediments brought by the
river.
The research area and its vicinity generally composed of volcanic and volcanosedimentary basement overlaying thick pliyo-quaternary layer.
This mass is composed of clay-silt and thin sands carried by wide rivers and their
branches.
The seismic refraction method was used at a natural ground, at locations where the jet
grout and Stone column healing methods were applied and the seismic velocities at these
three different sites were found to be at different levels.
Among the two healing techniques the jet grout application yields higher velocities.
ÖZET Binaların temel tasarımında, zeminde oturma ve taşıma kapasitesi ile depremde
sıvılaşma problemi olmaması durumunda genellikle yüzeysel temeller kullanılarak
çözümler yapılmaktadır.
Temel zeminlerinin sorunlu olması durumunda ise, en basit çözüm, derin temel sistemi
(kazıklı temeller) seçilerek yapıların çözülmesidir. Taş Kolonlar ve Jet Enjeksiyonu
dünyada ve ülkemizde çok sık kullanılan zemin iyileştirme yöntemlerindendir. Taş
kolonlar ile üstyapı proje yüklerine, saha ve zemin koşullarına bağlı olarak zeminin taşıma
kapasitesi artırılmakta, oturma (konsolidasyon) süresi azaltılmakta ve deprem
durumunda sıvılaşan veya mukavemeti kaybeden zeminler sağlamlaştırılmaktadır.
Taş kolonlar genellikle yumuşak ve orta katı kil zeminlerde, problemli zemin tabakası
kalınlığının genellikle 10.0 m’den az olduğu koşullarda tercih edilmektedir.
Taş kolon taşıma kapasitesi, iyileştirme oranı ve taş kolon aralığı tespit amacıyla
genellikle, plaka yükleme ve CPT deneyleri ile iyileştirmesi kontrol edilmektedir. Jet-grout
zeminin, min. 300 bar basınçla püskürtülen su-çimento karışımıyla (grout)
iyileştirilmesidir.
Yüksek hızlı (200-250 m/sn) grout, zemini "yırtarak", zeminle bir karışım sağlar
(Soilcrete).
Bu karışım, homojen ve sürekli bir yapı özelliğindedir. Bu çok basit tarifiyle jet-grouting,
hemen hemen hertür zayıf zemin tiplerinde ve kum, çakıl, kil gibi doğal zemin
elemanlarının oluşturduğu kombinasyonlarda, diğer iyileştirme metodlarından daha hızlı,
güvenilir, kalıcı ve ekonomik bir çözüm alternatifidir.
İmalat sonrası, iyileştirmenin kontrolü için, Taşıma amaçlı Jet -Grout kolonları üzerinde
göçertmeli veya kabul edilebilir max oturmaya kadar yükleme yapılır. Taş kolon ve Jet
Grout yöntemlerinin zemin koşullarını nasıl değiştirdiğini belirlemek için jeofizik
yöntemlerinden biri olan Sismik Kırılma yöntemi, hızlı ve ekonomik olmasından dolayı,
son zamanlarda, sıkça kullanılmaktadır.
Çalışma alnı Gürcistan’ın Karadeniz sahil kasabası olan Poti şehrinde Rioni nehrinin
Karadeniz’e ulaştığı kolun kenarında bulunmaktadır. Söz konusu demiryolu hattı Nehrin
getirmiş olduğu alüvyon çökelleri üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Araştırma alanı ve civarı
genellikle volkanik ve volkano sedimanter bir temel üzerinde yer alan kalın bir
pliyokuvatrner istiften oluşmaktadır.
Bu istif genellikle geniş akarsu ağlarına ve bunun yan kollarına bağlı olarak sürüklenen
turba kil – silt ve ince daneli kumlardan oluşmaktadır. Doğal zeminde, taşkolon
uygulanan sahada ve Jet grout uygulanan alanlarda Sismik Kırılma Yöntemi uygulanmış
ve bu üç alandaki hızlarda farklılıklar belirlenmiştir (Tablo 1).
İki iyileştirme yönteminden, Jet grout uygulamasında daha yüksek hızlar elde edilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
83
INVESTIGATION
OF
SAKARYA-KAZIMPAŞA
GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL METHODS
SAKARYA-KAZIMPAŞA BÖLGESİNİN
YÖNTEMLER İLE İNCELENMESİ
AREA
JEOFİZİK
VE
WITH
JEOTEKNİK
BEYHAN G.–1, KESKİNSEZER A.-1, KARAVUL C.-1, KURNAZ F.-1
[email protected],
[email protected]
[email protected],
[email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
parameters of Kazımpaşa Municipality zoning area which is in the province of Sakarya.
Kazımpaşa Municipality is almost entirely situated on younger rocks and unconsolidated
sediments. In our area of study where sediment thickness generally exceeds 300m, clay
is a very predominant facies type. While clay and gravel predominate generally, we can
understand that it displays change laterally and vertically. In the area of study, so as to
find out the features of the ground, seismic refraction was realized at 19 points and also
foundations borings were performed below 15 metres of the ground at 19 points.
According to the seismic studies, in a quaternary-aged alluvion, P waves velocity for
second layer is 359-1788 m/sc, S waves velocity for the same layer is 120-898 m/sc, P
waves velocity for 3rd layer is 333-2026 m/sc while S waves velocity is 118-1089 m/sn.
In addition to that, upon analysing the grounds in Kasımpaşa, it was found out that the
local ground class Z4 ground group in alluvion part is D while in Altered Eosen-aged unit,
the local ground class Z2 ground group is B. According to the samples taken from the
opened borings, ground classes are determined to be CL, ML, SM, GM and SC. According
to the boring data, the underground water level in alluvions varies between 0-3 m
depending on the season. For this reason, the underground water level was deemed to
be zero in the calculations made. In the case that the maximum horizontal gorund
velocity is deemed to be 0.4 g in Kazımpaşa, which is situated in 1st degree Risky
Earthquake Zone, geotechnical surveys of alluvion lands should be conducted, its
liquefaction risk and depth should be determined. Necessary precautions should be
planned in detail in accordance with the results of this survey and no structuring should
be allowed until these precaution projects are implemented.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Sakarya İli, Kazımpaşa Belediyesi imar alanının yer mühendislik
parametrelerinin saptanması amacıyla, jeolojik, jeofizik ve jeoteknik metodlar
uygulanarak zemin şartları belirlenmiştir. Kazımpaşa Beldesi, hemen tümüyle daha genç
kayaçlar veya hiç pekişmemiş sedimanlar üzerinde kuruludur. Sediman kalınlığı genel
olarak 300 m. den fazla olan inceleme alanımızda kil çok egemen fasiyes türüdür. Genel
olarak kil ve çakıl egemen olmakla birlikte, yanal ve düşey yönde sıkça değişim gösterdiği
anlaşılmaktadır. Çalışma alanında, zemin özelliklerinin ortaya çıkarılması için, 19 noktada
sismik kırılma ve 19 noktada 15 m. derinlikte temel sondajları yapılmıştır.
Sismik çalışmalara göre, Kuvaterner yaşlı alüvyondaki 2. tabaka için P dalgası hızları 3591788 m/sn, S dalgası hızları 120-898 m/sn, 3. tabaka için P dalgası hızları 333-2026
m/sn, S dalgası hızları 118-1089 m/sn arasında değişmektedir. Ayrıca Kazımpaşa’da
bulunan zeminleri irdelediğimizde alüvyon kesimde yerel zemin sınıfı Z4 zemin grubu D,
Altere olmuş Eosen yaşlı birimde yerel zemin sınıfı Z2 zemin grubu B olarak
belirlenmiştir. Açılan sondajlardan alınan örneklere göre zemin sınıfları CL, ML, SM, GM ve
SC olarak bulunmuştur. Sondaj verilerine göre alüvyonlarda yer altı suyu seviyesi
mevsimsel olarak değişmekle birlikte, 0-3 m arasında değiştiği anlaşılmıştır. Bu nedenle
yapılan hesaplamalarda yer altı su seviyesi sıfır kabul edilmiştir. 1. Derece Tehlikeli
Deprem Bölgesinde yer alan Kazımpaşa’da Maksimum yatay yer ivmesi 0.4g alındığında
alüvyon arazilerin parsel bazında jeoteknik etütleri düzenlenmeli, sıvılaşma riski ve
derinliği ortaya konularak gerekli önlemler detaylı bir şekilde bu etütlerin sonucuna göre
planlanmalı, bu önlem projeleri uygulanmadıkça yapılaşmaya izin verilmemelidir.
POSTER / POSTER
84
INVESTIGATION
OF
KOCAELI-ALIKAHYA
GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL METHODS
KOCAELİ-ALİKAHYA
BÖLGESİNİN
YÖNTEMLER İLE İNCELENMESİ
JEOFİZİK
AREA
VE
WITH
JEOTEKNİK
KESKİNSEZER A.-1, BEYHAN G.–1, KARAVUL C.-1, KURNAZ F.-1
[email protected],
[email protected]
[email protected],
[email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
parameters of Alikahya Municipality zoning area which is in the province of Kocaeli.
Alikahya Municipality is almost entirely situated on Devonian old rocks and Quaternary
old sediments. In the region averages 300 m thick silt as measured. Working in the field,
to uncover characteristics of the ground, seismic refraction studies in 18 points, 14 points
have been drilling in the ground in different depth.
According to seismic studies, P-wave speed of 277-2562 m / sec, S-wave speed of 1101427 m / sec to change between. In addition to that, upon analysing the grounds in
Alikahya, it was found out that the local ground class Z-3 ground group in Devonian old
clay stones part is B while in low gradient alluvion unit, the local ground class Z-4 ground
group is D. According to the samples taken from the opened borings, ground classes are
determined to be ML, SM, MH and CL. According to the boring data, the underground
water level in alluvions varies between 1-2 m depending on the season. Alikahya is 1st
degree Risky Earthquake Zone. Therefore, the region has the potential liquefaction.
According to these experimental results, needed for safe construction in Alikahya and
insulation of underground water and ground improvement
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Kocaeli İli, Alikahya Belediyesi imar alanının yer mühendislik
parametrelerinin saptanması amacıyla, jeolojik, jeofizik ve jeoteknik metodlar
uygulanarak zemin şartları belirlenmiştir. Alikahya ve civarı, Devoniyen yaşlı kiltaşları ve
Kuvaterner yaşlı alüvyon üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Alüvyon kalınlığı bölgede ortalama 300
m olarak ölçülmüştür. Çalışma alanında, zemin özelliklerinin ortaya çıkarılması için, 18
noktada sismik kırılma çalışması,14 noktada farklı derinliklerde zemin sondajları
yapılmıştır.
Sismik çalışmalara göre, P dalgası hızları 277-2562 m/sn, S dalgası hızları 110-1427
m/sn arasında değişmektedir. Ayrıca, Alikahya'daki zeminlere ait zemin grupları ve yerel
zemin sınıfları belirlenmiştir. Buna göre; Devoniyen kiltaşlarının bulunduğu kesimlerde,
zemin sınıfı Z-3 zemin grubu B, eğimi düşük olan alüvyon bölgede ise zemin sınıfı Z-4
zemin grubu ise D'dir. Açılan sondajlardan alınan örneklere göre zemin sınıfları ML, SM,
MH ve CL olarak bulunmuştur. Sondaj verilerine göre yeraltı su seviyesi 1-2 m. ler
arasında değişmektedir. Bölge, 1 derece deprem bölgesinde yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle
bölge, sıvılaşma potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu deneysel sonuçlar, Alikahya'da güvenli bir
yapılaşma için yeraltı suyu izolasyonun ve zemin iyileştirmesinin gerekli olduğunu
göstermektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
85
GRAFIC
INTERFACE
AND
INVERSION
APPROACHES
ESTIMATION OF THE LOCAL EARTQUAKES EPICENTER
FOR
YEREL DEPREMLERİN EPİSANTR TAYİNİNDE GRAFİK ARAYÜZÜ VE
TERS ÇÖZÜM YAKLAŞIMLARI
ŞİŞMAN F.N.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, MMF, Jeofizik Müh. Böl. Terzioğlu Yerleşkesi
17100 Çanakkale
f.nurtensisman @gmail.com
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTACT In this study, an earthquake location is estimated by using two methods
namely, graphical and numerical. First, in graphical method, location of an earthquake is
computed with three stations as forward modeling approach. Arrival time and distance
differences of each pair of stations are used. Graphical methods are basically base on
hypocenter determination of an event by using three stations. Therefore, the common
point of crossing cords of three circles for each station is located. Second, Singular Value
Decomposition (SVD) is used to determine the location of the studied earthquake as
inverse modeling approach. Number of P-wave arrival times, P-wave crustal velocity in
average, origin time, depth of focus, and initial locations (from graphical method) are
given as input parameters. Computing algorithms are developed in Matlab (student
version). Results show that earthquake location is almost same as from some well known
algorithms. This study and computer program would be basically helpful to understand
the earthquake location and good for educational purposes.
ÖZET Deprem episantr tayininde kullanılan grafik ve sayısal yöntemler bu çalışmada ele
alınmış ve karşılaştırmalı uygulamaları yapılmıştır. Grafiksel yöntem ile üç istasyon
kullanılarak depremin yerinin düz modelleme tekniği ile hesaplanmasına gidilmiştir. Bu
amaçla istasyonlar arasında çiftler oluşturulmuş ve çiftler arasında varış zamanı farkları
ve uzaklıklar hesaplanmıştır. Harita ölçeği göz önünde bulundurularak x yarıçaplı daireler
çizilmiş, dairelerin kesişim alanı ve buradan da depremin enlem ve boylamı elde
edilmiştir. İkinci aşamada SVD yöntemi ile doğrusal olmayan deprem lokasyon
parametrelerinin ters çözüm yapılmıştır. Çok sayıda istasyon için P dalgası varış zamanı
okumaları, oluş zamanı, başlangıç derinliği, ortalama kabuk P dalga hızı, istasyonların
koordinatları ve depremin grafik yolu ile elde edilen koordinat bilgileri probleme girdi
olarak verilmiştir. Bu verilerden hareketle SVD yöntemiyle odak koordinatlar(deprem
lokasyonu) ve oluş zamanı kestirilmektedir. Her iki yöntem içinde Matlab (Öğrenci
versiyonu) kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, daha karmaşık ve genelde çok tabakalı ortam için
çözümleme yapan yazılımlar ile yakın değerler vermektedir. Bu çalışma özellikle konunun
temel seviyede anlaşılması ve grafik yol ile çözüm bakımından eğitim amaçlı olarak da
uygundur.
POSTER / POSTER
86
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF STRONG MOTION AND WEAK MOTION
NETWORK IN THE REGION OF ANKARA
ANKARA VE CIVARI ZAYIF VE KUVVETLI YER HAREKETI KAYIT
AĞININ KURULMASI
FELEK G.-1, GEL A.C.-2, PAMPAL S1–Gazi Üniversitesi Deprem Araştırma Merkezi Maltepe/ANKARA
2-Gazi Üniversitesi M.M.F. İnş.Müh. Böl. Maltepe/ANKARA
[email protected],
______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Because of its location ,Ankara is surrounded with North Anatolian Fault
Line, Keskin fault line from north east , Tuz gölü from South and Eskişehir fault line from
South west.These lines are active and have the potential of being a reason for a
disastrous quake.Ankara is only 80-100 km far from these fault lines.As a matter of fact,
Ankara is drastically affected by Bolu Gerede quake, in 1944 which has a magnitude of
7.2 and affected by
Kırsehir Keskin quake in 1938 which has a magnitude odf 6.6. Also it is affected by from
e.quakes which occurred through North Anatolia fault line in 1668. Recently, Ankara is
influenced from Dodurga and Bala earthquakes which were not so much hazardous for
the region.All of these quakes shows us that Ankara is located in a risky region and as in
the past, ank will have to be influenced by the quakes which occurs around the
city.ankara also has the importance of increasing the disaster of e.quake because of its
geological properties.
For there are many reasons Ankara and its surroundings need to be analysed in detail.
The object of our Project is to setup some seismic stations within the easy reach of
Ankara to measure weak and strong movements of the earth and to measure the
acceleration of the earth which becomes during the quake, to determine the force which
is able to give disaster to the buildings. Then by collecting the necessary datas to
improve the techniquies of constructing earthquake-resistant buildings
ÖZET Ankara, konumu nedeniyle kuzeyden Kuzey Anadolu Fayı, kuzey doğudan Keskin
fayı, güneyden Tuz Gölü fayı ve güney batıdan Eskişehir Fay zonu tarafından çevrelenmiş
durumdadır. Belirtilen faylar, aktif olup yıkıcı, büyük depremler üretme potansiyeline
sahiptirler. Ankara adı geçen bu faylara 80-100 km uzaklıktadır. Nitekim Ankara 1944
yılında Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu üzerinde oluşmuş ve 7.2 büyüklüğünde olan Bolu-Gerede
depreminden, 1938 yılında Keskin Fayı üzerinde oluşmuş ve 6.6 büyüklüğünde olan
Kırşehir-Keskin depreminden ve yine 1668 yılında Kuzey Anadolu Fay zonu üzerinde
oluşmuş olan depremlerden önemli ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Yakın zamanda ise yukarıda
sayılan depremlere göre daha küçük boyuttta olan ve hasara neden olmuş olan Dodurga
(Çankırı) ve Bala depremlerinden de etkilenmiştir. Bütün bu depremler Ankara’nın
deprem açısından tehlikeli ve riskli bir bölgede olduğunu, geçmişte olduğu gibi
gelecektede yakın civarında oluşabilecek depremlerden önemli ölçüde etkilenebileceğini
göstermektedir. Ayrıca Ankara yerleşim alanı jeolojik özellikleri bakımından da deprem
hasarlarını arttırıcı özelliklere sahip olmasından dolayı da ayrı bir öneme sahiptir.
Bütün bu nedenlerden dolayı Ankara ve yakın civarının depremselliğinin detaylı bir şekilde
incelenmesi gerekir. Projemizin amacı; Ankara kenti ve yakın civarına, deprem nedeniyle
oluşacak zayıf ve kuvvetli yer hareketlerini ölçmek için sismik istasyonlar kurmak,
deprem sırasında oluşan yer ivmesini ölçmek, her tür yapıya depremle gelen ve hasar
yapabilen kuvvetleri belirleyerek buradan elde edilen verilerle depreme dayanıklı yapı
yapma tekniklerini geliştirmektir.
POSTER / POSTER
87
STRESS FORECAST - MANYAS EARTHQUAKE
POLAT G.–1,2, OZEL N.M.–2, TAN O.-3, ERGİNTAV S.-3
1-Geophysics Section, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
2-Bogazici University, Geophysics Department, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake
Research Institute, Cengelkoy/Istanbul, Turkey
3-TUBITAK-MAM, Earth & Marine Sciences Institute, Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT A Mb=5.3 Manyas earthquake has been ‘stress-forecast’ by using variations
in time delays of seismic shear wave splitting to evaluate the time and magnitude at
which stress-modified microcracking reaches fracture criticality within the stressed
volume where strain is relased. Therefore, we processed micro earthquakes recorded by
29 stations installed in the TURDEP (Multi-Disciplinary Earthquake Research in High Risk
Regions of Turkey) project and also from KOERI (Bogazici University, Geophysics
Department, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute ) stations in the
Marmara region
by using the methods : The Aspect ratio method, Cross-correlation
method and Systematic analysis of crustal anisotropy (Zhigang Peng and Yehuda BenZion,2004. The aim of the analysis is to determine delay times changes before and after
the Manyas earthquake. Local investigations indicated the approximate location of the
forecast earthquake. In other words, especially delay time changes at GEMT station are
very consistent with Anisotropic Poro Elasticity (APE) is related to decreases in delay
times before the impending event, but we could not observed same changes another
stations surrounding the main event. Therefore, the knowledge allows to get information
about logarithms of the duration of the stress-accumulation are proportional (selfsimilar) to the magnitude of the impending event.
POSTER / POSTER
88
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION MODELLING FOR A WASTE DEPOSIT
IN ÇANAKKALE
ÇANAKKALE KATI ATIK DEPOLAMA SAHASI İÇİN YERALTISUYU
KİRLİLİĞİNİN MODELLEMESİ
BEŞKARDEŞ D.G.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Müh. Mim. Fak Jeofizik Müh. Bölümü Terzioğlu
Yerleşkesi 17020 Çanakkale
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, a solute transport model was proposed for an active waste
deposit in Çanakkale. Resistivity surveys conducted along the same profile in the study area
before and after winter term. The variation in resistivity sections were defined as the
indication of a possible contaminant plume. Evaluated the resistivity values were transformed
into porosity via Archie equation. Mathematical model of the area was generated by using the
physical parameter (longitudinal and transversal dispersivities) values extracted from
literature. Partial derivative equation of solute transport that describes steady-state,
saturated ground water flow was solved by using the finite element method. In modeling
scheme, it was assumed that solute transport is realized with both advection and dispersion.
As a result of the modeling practice, the concentrations values obtained for a set of specified
time intervals and then the contaminated plume along the profile were produced. Results
were in consistent with field observations and these results indicate that similar studies should
be performed as a part of management of waste deposit fields. These studies can provide
estimation of predictive and current shapes of the contaminant plume and models developed
for contaminant transport can serve decision making tools for environmental management
(e.g. Sourced from waste disposal site) and potential impacts on human health.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Çanakkale’ de bulunan ve hala faaliyet gösteren katı atık depolama
sahası için toplam kirletici taşınım modeli önerilmiştir. İlgilenilen sahada aynı profil
boyunca kış öncesi ve kış sonrasında doğru akım özdirenç ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Özdirenç
değişimi olan kesimler yeraltı suyu ortamında toplam kirleticinin taşınımına işaret eden
olası bölge olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ölçülerinin yorumlanması ile elde edilen özdirençlerden,
Archie bağıntısı yardımıyla gözenekliliğe geçiş yapılmıştır. Literatürde önerilmiş fiziksel
parametreler (boyuna ve enine iletim katsayıları) kullanılarak, saha için sayısal toplam
kirletici taşınım modeli geliştirilmiştir. Kirletici taşınımının modellemesi için, doygun
ortam, dengeli hal kabulü ile, toplam kirletici taşınımını tanımlayan kısmı türev denklem,
sonlu elemanlar yöntemi kullanılarak çözülmüştür. Modelleme aşamasında toplam kirletici
taşınımının, hem adveksiyon (sadece yeraltı suyu ile kütlenin taşınımı) hem de yayılım
(dispersion) ile gerçekleştiği varsayılmıştır.
Modelleme sonucunda, belirlenmiş zaman aralıklarında toplam kirletici derişimleri elde
edilmiş ve eş kirlilik kesitleri (toplam kirlilik bulutu) oluşturulmuştur. Sonuçlar güncel
alan gözlemleriyle uyumludur, bu sonuçlar, benzer çalışmaların atık depolama sahalarının
işletilmesi evresinin bir parçası olarak yapılması gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Benzer
çalışmalar ile kirlilik bulutunun gelecekteki ya da güncel biçiminin kestirimi yapılabilir ve
kirletici taşınımı amacı ile geliştirilecek modeller çevre yönetimi (örn. katı atık depolama
sahaları için) ve insan sağlığına olası etkileri için karar verici olarak kullanılabilir.
POSTER / POSTER
89
CALCULATION OF İZMİT BASIN SEDIMENTARY THICKNESS WITH
MICROTREMOR METHOD
İZMİT
BASENİNİN
ÇÖKEL
YÖNTEMİYLE HESAPLANMASI
KALINLIĞININ
MİKROTREMOR
ÇOBAN K.H.-1, GİDER D.-1, ÇAKIN O.-1, KARAASLAN A.-2, ZOR E.-2, ÖZALAYBEY S.-2,
CEVHER M.-3, SANCILI M.-3
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
2-TÜBİTAK MAM Yer ve Deniz Bilimleri Enstitüsü
3-Kocaeli Büyükşehir Belediyesi
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, sedimentary thicknesses were planned to obtain by
microtremor method along a longitudinal profile which is located in İzmit basin between
the North of İZAYDAŞ (Izmit waste and residue treatment incineration and recycling) and
the South of Arslanbey, approximately 11 km in length, North-South direction. For this
purpose, 11 microtremor measurement points were selected on the profile with 1 km
intervals. At these microtremor measurement points, at least 2 hours of three component
recordings (Z, N-S and E-W) were collected with Mark Product type seismometer and
Reftek 130 DAS type recorder. These measurements were evaluated with GEOPSY
program by horizontal component to vertical component spectral ratio (H/V) method, so
called Nakamura method.
Sedimentary thicknesses were computed for the microtremor measurement points
assuming S wave velocity as 800 m/s. Deepest point of the sedimentary basin along the
profile is about ~850 m. Futhermore, a sudden change of sedimentary thickness were
found on some measurement points crossing the North Anatolian Fault Zone to the
south.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada İzmit baseni içinde kuzeyde İzaydaş çöp fabrikası ile güneyde
Arslanbey arasında yaklaşık 11 km uzunluğunda kuzey- güney doğrultulu bir profilde
çökel kalınlığı mikrotremor yöntemiyle hesaplanmıştır. Bu amaçla 1 km aralıklarla 11
mikrotremor ölçüm noktası oluşturulmuş ve Mark Product tipi sismometre, Reftek 130
DAS tipi kayıtçıyla , Nakamura tek istasyon yöntemiyle en az 2 saatlik 3 bileşen (Z, N-S
and E-W) kayıtlar alınmıştır. Alınan ölçümler yatay bileşenin düşen bileşene spektral
oranı (H/V) yöntemiyle GEOPSY programında değerlendirilmiştir.
Bütün İzmit basen içinde S dalga hızı Vs=800 m/s farzedilerek her mikrotremor ölçüm
noktası için çökel kalınlığı hesaplanmıştır. Profil boyunca çökelin en derin noktasının
yaklaşık 850 m civarında olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca İzmit baseni içinde Kuzey Anadolu
Fay hattından güneye doğru geçen noktalarda çökel kalınlığının aniden değiştiği
görülmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
90
DETERMINATION OF RESPONSE OF 3D COMPLEX
MODELS BY USING SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS
ÜÇ
BOYUTLU
KARMAŞIK
YER
SİSMOGRAMLARLA TANIMLANMASI
VELOCITY
MODELLERİNİN
YAPAY
ARSLAN H.İ.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık
Mühendisliği Bölümü, Terzioğlu Yerleşkesi 17020 Çanakkale
Fakültesi
Jeofizik
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, acoustic wave equation is solved using finite difference
method in time domain for three-dimensional structure (3D) with point source. Ricker
wavelet is used as a seismic source. Synthetic seismograms have been constructed by
calculating the acoustic wave propagation for different velocity models.
One of the most important problems in modeling of the wave propagation is the
reflections caused by the borders in order to overcome this problem. For absorbing these
reflections, boundaries zone set far away from the model area and the absorbing
boundary conditions are used.
Synthetic seismograms produced for various velocity models point out the variations in
between 2D and 3D approximations. The first arrivals in the seismograms yielded over
the 1D and 2D velocity model are identical. But the effects of discontinuities where they
are parallel to the studied profile play an important role to evaluate their interpretation.
These kinds of modeling workouts are important to identify the anomalies and are helpful
for interpreters.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, üç boyutlu (3B) yer yapısı ve nokta kaynak için akustik dalga
denklemleri zaman ortamında çözümlenmiştir. Akustik dalga denkleminin sayısal
benzetimi, sonlu farklar yöntemi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Sismik kaynak olarak Ricker
dalgacığı kullanılmıştır. Farklı hız modelleri için akustik dalga yayılımı hesaplanmış ve bu
hız modellerine ait yapay sismogramlar üretilmiştir.
Sonlu farklar yöntemi ile dalga yayılımının modellenmesi yapılırken, karşılaşılan en önemli
sorunlardan biri, hesaplama alanının sınırlarında meydana gelen yansımalardır. Bu
yansımaları bastırmak için, hem sınır bölgesi hesaplama alanından uzak tutulmuş, hem
de soğuran sınır koşulları kullanılmıştır.
Çeşitli hız modelleri için üretilen yapay sismogramlarda gözlemlenen değişimler 2B ve 3B
yaklaşımlarının farkını ortaya koymuştur. 1B ve 2B hız modelleri üzerinde elde edilen
sismogramlardaki ilk varışlarda farklılık yoktur. Fakat uygulama açısından bakıldığında
gerçek ölçümlerde ölçüm hattına koşut süreksiz yapıların etkisinin yorumu önem
kazanmaktadır. Bu tur modelleme çalışmaları beklenen belirtileri tanımlama açısından
önemlidir ve yorumcuya yol gösterici olabilir.
POSTER / POSTER
91
STRUCTRAL AND TECTONIC PROPERTIES OF THE EDREMİT BAY
EDREMİT KÖRFEZİNİN YAPISAL VE TEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİ
DOĞAN E.S.-1, BEYHAN G.–1, SELİM H.-2, KESKİNSEZER A.-1, YILMAZ M.–3, TOYDAR
A.R.-3
2-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü,
3-Türkiye Petrolleri A.O Çankaya-Ankara
[email protected],
[email protected],[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, structural and tectonic properties of Edremit Bay which
stands in Western Anatolia were analysed using seismic reflection data. Used seismic
reflection data has been chosen from profiles which were taken from TPAO, revised
according to actual knowledge. As is known, Edremit Bay is located southern branch of
North Anatolia Fault (NAF). It is emerged a graben structure which develops controlled
by NAF, begins formed on the Pliocene. Thickness of Pliocene-Quaternary sediments is
approximately 800m. According to formation mechanism of Edremit Bay, main fault is
located north boundary and is a strike-slip fault (southern branch of NAF), secondary
fault which is located south boundary and contains normal and strike slip faults, formed a
flower structure. Besides displaced canyons of streams in the Edremit Bay have
progressions approximately 17 km. These values show that southern branch of fault has
~ 4-5 mm/y slip rate. Another feature affected the Gulf is a secondary extension NNWSSE oriented by created the eastern side of Crete-Cyprus arc.
ÖZET Batı Anadolu’da yer alan Edremit Körfezi’nin yapısal ve tektonik özellikleri, sismik
yansıma verileri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan sismik yansıma verileri,
Edremit Körfezi’ni en iyi temsil edecek şekilde TPAO tarafından alınan profillerden
seçilerek, bu araştırma sırasında yeniden güncel bilgiler ışığında yorumlanmıştır. Bilindiği
gibi Edremit Körfezi, Kuzey Anadolu Fayı (KAF)’ nın güney kolu üzerinde yer almaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, Edremit Körfezi’nin KAF’nın kontrolünde gelişen ve Pliyosen’de
şekillenmeye başlayan bir graben yapısında olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Pliyo-Kuvaterner
çökellerinin kalınlığı, körfezin tabanında yaklaşık 800 m dir. Edremit Körfezi’nin oluşum
mekanizmasına göre; ana fayın kuzey kenarda ve doğrultu atım karakterinde (KAF’nın
güney kolu), ikincil faylanmanın ise, güney kenarda ve doğrultu atımlı ve normal
faylardan (çiçek yapısı) oluştuğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca, Edremit Körfezi’ndeki derelere
ait ötelenmiş kanyonlar, ana fay üzerinde 16-17 km’lik atımlar vermektedir. Bu
değerlerden de fayın güney kolunun bu bölgede hızının ≈ 4-5 mm / yıl olduğu
görülmektedir. Körfezi etkileyebilecek diğer bir özellik ise, Girit-Kıbrıs yayının doğu kenarı
tarafından oluşturulan KKB-GGD doğrultulu ikincil bir gerilmedir.
POSTER / POSTER
92
INVESTIGATION OF TECTONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THRACETERZİLİ FAULT BY MEANS OF SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA
INTERPRETATION
SİSMİK YANSIMA VERİLERİNİN YORUMU İLE TRAKYA-TERZİLİ
FAYININ TEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
BEYHAN G.-1, KESKİNSEZER A.-1, ERGÜVEN H.-1, YILMAZ M.-2, TOYDAR A.R.-2, SELİM H.-3
2-Türkiye Petrolleri A.O Çankaya-Ankara,
3-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
2- [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Thrace basin is located between Ganos uplift and Strandzha massive, is
a basin that surfaces Middle Oligocene, Marine Oligocene, Continental Pliocene and
Pliocene-Quaternary and Holocene sediments that is quickly sedimentation features a
deep basin. The basin shows the extension system at Eocene period and expanded with
faults that formed Post-Eocene period are located to the north. Terzili fault is a part of in
the Thrace Region and is a NW-SE directional strike slip fault. Many researchers suggest
that this fault moved the Anatolian Plate westward until has appeared the North
Anatolian Fault (NAF) and is a part of the Trakya-Eskişehir shear zone. Fault has not a
segment structure. Along discontinuity zone which has the positive flower structure.
In this study, Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO)’s Thrace basin gas in the open call
for research was well received around the seismic reflection sections. In the Thrace
region is located Terzili Fault character and structural features were researched. Seismic
reflection sections of seven different locations were taken on the Terzili Fault. According
to previous geological studies and seismic reflection data, can be seen positive flower
structure and Mezardere, Osmancık, Danişment formations and Ergene Group
boundaries.
ÖZET Ganos yükselimi ile Istranca masifi arasında yer alan Trakya havzası, Orta Eosen,
Oligosen (denizel), Pliosen (karasal), Plio-kuvaterner ve Holosen çökellerinin
yüzeylendiği, hızlı sedimantasyon özellikli derin bir havzadır. Havzada Eosen dönemiyle
birlikte açılma tektoniği gözlenir ve kuzeyde Eosen sonrası oluşmuş normal faylar
mevcuttur. Trakya bölgesinde yer alan Terzili fayı, jeolojik çalışmalara göre KB-GD
uzanımlı sağ yanal doğrultu atımlı bir fay olarak nitelenmiştir. Bazı araştırmacılar
tarafından, Terzili fayının Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu (KAFZ) oluşuncaya kadar Anadolu
Levhasını batıya doğru hareket ettirdiği ve Trakya- Eskişehir (TEF) makaslama zonunun
bir parçası olduğu öne sürülmektedir. Fay tek bir segment olarak değil, süreksizlikler
boyunca pozitif çiçek yapısı şeklindedir.
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı’ nın (TPAO) Trakya havzasında doğalgaz
araştırma kuyularından alınmış olan sismik yansıma kesitleri kullanılmıştır. Trakya
bölgesinde yer alan Terzili fay zonunun karakteri ve yapısal özellikleri incelenmiştir.
Yansıma kesitleri, Terzili fayı üzerinde yedi farklı lokasyondan alınmıştır. Bölgede daha
önce yapılan jeolojik çalışmalar da göz önüne alınarak bu yansıma kesitleri
yorumlandığında, pozitif çiçek yapısı ve havzada hakim olan formasyonlardan Mezardere,
Osmancık, Danışment Formasyonları ve Ergene Grubu arasındaki sınırlar açık bir şekilde
görülmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
93
INTERPRETATION OF OFFSHORE GRAVIMETRIC DATA IN THE NW
OF ALGERIA (MEDITERRANEAN SEA) USING THE CONTINUOUS
WAVELET TRANSFORM IN THE CASE 3-D
BOUKERBOUT-1, ABTOUT-1, GIBERT-2
1-Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique C.R.A.A.G.Observatoire d’Alger. B.P 63 Bouzaréah 16430 Alger Algeria
2-Géosciences Rennes, Université de Rennes I. 263 Avenue du General Leclerc 35042
Rennes Cedex France
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Rule of gravity and magnetic data in exploration geophysics is increasing
since high resolution airborne and marine acquisitions are run to complete seismic and
electromagnetic surveys when necessary.
We consider the use of the continuous wavelet transform in the interpretation of potential
field data. Basically, it consists in the interpretation in the upward continued domain
since dilation of the wavelet transform is the upward continuation altitude. Thus within a
range of altitudes, the wavelet transform of the noise is decreased faster than the
wavelet transform of the potential field caused by underground sources; this means that
the signal to noise ratio is much better than those involved in other enhancing methods
(e.g. Euler deconvolution, gradient analysis, or the analytic signals). Then the method
has been developed to estimate size and directions of extended sources (e.g. faults and
dikes of finite dimensions) and also the magnetization direction in the case of magnetic
data. Latest developments show then when combined with a Radon transform, the
continuous wavelet transform can help in the automatic detection of elongated structures
in 3D, simultaneously to the estimation of their strike direction, shape and depth.
So we present and discuss some preliminary and new results obtained by an application
of this method to offshore gravimetric data acquired in NW of Algeria, in Mediterranean
Sea, where we depict the geological structures off shore. This region displays a complex
geological setting, we try bringing, in this work, a little contribution to identify the
causative structures responsible of offshore gravimetric anomalies.
POSTER / POSTER
94
PARAMETER ESTIMATION FROM MAGNETIC PROFILE DATA BY
USING HORIZONTAL DERIVATIVES
MANYETİK
PROFİL
VERİLERİNDEN
KULLANIMIYLA PARAMETRE KESTİRİMİ
YATAY
TÜREVLER
KARAIŞIK H.-1, EKİNCİ L.Y.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 17020 ÇanakkaleTürkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT A numerical technique which is used for determining the depth of the
causative body is presented. In this technique the second, third and fourth horizontal
derivatives of the magnetic profile data are computed by using successive graticule
spacings. Depth problem is transformed into the problem of finding a solution to
nonlinear equations. These equations are solved by using simple iteration method.
In the scope of this work, a MATLAB based algorithm was developed in order to apply the
technique. The validity of the developed algorithm was tested on synthetically produced
noisy free and noisy models. In addition, first and second order regional effects were
added to synthetic residual profile data as a further concession to reality. Applications
showed that, depth of the causative bodies can be determined successfully and the order
of the regional effect can be estimated from the depths obtained from different order of
derivatives. Moreover, the algorithm was used to interpret a real data from Turkey.
ÖZET Manyetik belirtiye neden olan kaynak yapı derinliğinin hesaplanması amacıyla
kullanılan bir teknik sunulmuştur. Bu teknikte, manyetik profil verisinden, ardışık sayısal
örnekleme
aralıklarıyla
ikinci,
üçüncü
ve dördüncü
yatay
türev değerleri
hesaplanmaktadır.
Derinlik
problemi
doğrusal
olmayan
denklem
takımlarına
dönüştürülmektedir. Denklemler basit yineleme tekniği kullanılarak çözülmektedir.
Bu çalışma kapsamında, tekniğin uygulanabilmesi amacıyla Matlab tabanlı bir algoritma
geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen algoritmanın uygulanabilirliği kuramsal olarak hesaplanan
gürültüsüz ve gürültülü modeller üzerinde sınanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, çalışmaların daha
gerçekçi olabilmesi amacıyla kuramsal rezidüel manyetik profil verileri üzerine birinci ve
ikinci dereceden rejyonal etkilerde eklenmiştir. Uygulamalar, kaynak yapılara ait
derinliklerin başarılı bir şekilde belirlenebildiğini ve farklı dereceden türev değerleriyle
hesaplanan derinliklerden rejyonal etkinin derecesinin de belirlenebildiğini göstermiştir.
Ayrıca, algoritma Türkiye’de alınmış gerçek verileri yorumlamada kullanılmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER
95
THE MAGNETİC MODELS OF MİNE FİELDS
MADEN SAHALARININ MANYETİK MODELLENMESİ
ŞEN İ.-1, AŞÇI M.–1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT There are some important points to be careful while magnetic methods are
applying on mine fields.The geologies of the field’s and some difficulties during the
measurement can be the case of mistakes. The anomaly’s of magnetic block can be
inside to inside or side to side on the magnetic map which will be formed in magnetic
studies on a mine field. Some differences will be appeared on the magnetic map because
of the magnetic block’s mineralization. This differences are mainly polarization way,
magnetization and remanent magnetizaiton.
This study includes an example, how can explain a magnetic map?, How can be chosen
magnetic polarization? And how can be relations with magnetic, gravity and susceptibility
map. A Cr study is examined that had investigated in Elazığ.
At the conclusion, realized that all magnetic polarization not to cause of magnetic block,
and the source of main problem is remenant magnetization. The profile which was
polarization right (present way) was modeled the other porfiles weren’t.
ÖZET Maden sahalarında manyetik yöntem uygulanırken bazı dikkat edilmesi gereken
noktalar vardır. Hem sahanın jeolojisi hem de ölçüm sırasındaki zorluklar yanlışlıklara
neden olabilecektir. Bir maden sahasında yapılan manyetik etüdlerden oluşturulacak
manyetik haritalarda birçok manyetik kütlenin anomalisi iç içe veya yan yana
olabilecektir. Manyetik kütlenin mineral yapısına bağlı olarak, oluşturacağı manyetik
harita da farklılıklar gösterecektir. Bu farklılıklar kutuplanma yönleri başta olmak üzere
mıknatıslanma şiddetleri ve kalıcı mıknatıslanmanın varlığı şeklinde karşımıza çıkabilir.
Bu çalışmada bir manyetik haritaya nasıl yaklaşılacağı, manyetik kutuplanmanın nasıl
seçileceği ve manyetik harita, gravite haritası ve susseptibilite ilişkilerinin nasıl
kurulacağına dair bir örnek yapılmıştır. Bunun için Elazığ dolaylarında yapılmış bir krom
etüdü incelenmiştir.
Çalışmanın sonucunda seçilen her manyetik kutbun gerçektende bir manyetik kütleden
kaynaklanmadığı, kalıcı mıknatıslanmanın önemli bir sorun yarattığı anlaşılmıştır.
Kutuplamaları düzgün (mevcut alan yönünde) olan profiller modellenebilmiş diğer profiller
ise modellenememiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
96
COMBINATION
OF
ANALYTIC
SIGNAL
AND
EULER
DECONVOLUTION METHODS (AN_EUL) FOR INTERPRETATION OF
MAGNETIC DATA
BANIAMERIAN-1, OSKOOI-1, KARIMI-1
1-End of Kargare shomali St,Institute of Geophysics of University of Tehran,Tehran.Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT AN_EUL is a new automatic method for simultaneous approximation of
depth, location and geometry of magnetic and gravity sources. The principle of this
method is combination of both analytic signal and Euler Deconvolution methods. The
derivation of main equations of this method is based on substitution appropriate
derivatives of Euler homogeneous equation in to the expression of analytic signal of
potential field.This new method is applicable both on profile and girded data. An
important advantage of AN_EUL is that one is not restricted to idealized sources (having
integer structural index) and structural index can be fractional number that describes
arbitrary shaped sources. In this paper for testing the method we have used synthetic
data due to a semi infinite thin dike and a magnetic sphere. Afterwards, for simulation of
the real data, a series of synthetic data due to a horizontal cylinder have been
contaminated by noise. Method is tested further using ground magnetic data acquired
from a region in Sweden. In both cases the results represent that the method has
acceptable accuracy. All the programming has been performed in MATLAB.
POSTER / POSTER
97
DEFORMATIONAL SURFACE
PENINSULA, NW TURKEY
STRUCTURES
ON
THE
ARMUTLU
KINSCHER J.-1-2, WOITH H.-1, LÜHR B.-1, OTTO C.-2, STRECKER M.-2, BASARAN E.-3,
BARIS S.-3
2-University of Potsdam, Germany
3-Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Armutlu Peninsula, located in the eastern Marmara Sea southeast of
Istanbul, is tectonically and seismically strongly affected by the northern and middle
strands of the splitting North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). The area depicts the western
end of a series of strong earthquakes which migrated along the NAFZ from east to west
within the past century. The last disastrous event within this series occurred on 17
August 1999. The western end of the Izmit rupture is located offshore some km north of
the Armutlu shoreline. Whereas the northern branch of the NAFZ has been seismically
active all the time, the middle branch – namely the Iznik-Mekece fault – did not exhibit
major earthquakes for a long time. In 2006, two M>5 earthquakes occurred on this fault
branch (Kus Göl and Gemlik).
Fault kinematics and seismic focal mechanism for medium size events are not sufficiently
solved and do not show any distinct relation to each other. Thus, the deformational
behaviour and tectonic significance and role of this area within the dextral trans-tensional
Marmara pull-apart environment cannot be deduced clearly. First ideas comprised models
which interpreted the whole Armutlu peninsula as a Horstzone between the Gemlik and
Cinarcik pull-apart-basins that experienced a block rotational evolution assured by active
sinistral anthitetic Riedel fractures crossing the Armutlu peninsula (Eisenlohr 1995). To
prove these derivative approximations, further investigations were carried out including
remote sensing analysis of satellite Images (Quickbird, Aster), an Aster/SRTM based
DEM, and a six week field trip to make structural geological measurements. This included
also the recording of morpho-tectonic peculiarities - especially in river drainage systems
and coastal terrace complexes giving insight into active landscape formation processes. A
detailed tectonic map displaying observed deformational surface structures, their activity
state and relevance in the past and recent seismo-tectonic setting as well as their
kinematics, which were characterized by pseudo- faultplane-solutions produced with
software TECTONICSFP, has been derived. The validity of preliminary tectonic evolutional
and seismic source models will be discussed.
POSTER / POSTER
98
NEOTECTONICS OF THE ARMUTLU PENINSULA, NW TURKEY
KINSCHER J.-1, OTTO C.-1, STRECKER M.-1, WOITH H.-2, LÜHR B.-2, BARİS S.-3,
BASARAN E.-3
1-University of Potsdam, Germany
3-Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The geologic evolution of the Armutlu Peninsula, located in the eastern
Marmara Sea southeast of Istanbul, is determined by faulting associated with the
northern and central strands of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). The area
coincides with the western end of a series of surface ruptures of strong earthquakes that
migrated along the NAFZ from east to west within the past century. The last disastrous
event within this series occurred in the Izmit area on 17 August 1999. The western end
of the Izmit rupture is located offshore, a few kilometers north of the Armutlu Peninsula
shoreline. Whereas the northern branch of the NAFZ has been seismically very active, the
central branch – particularly the Iznik-Mekece fault sector – has not generated major
earthquakes for a long time. In 2006, however, two M>5 earthquakes occurred on this
fault branch (Kus Göl and Gemlik). Although this region has been studied previously,
there are still gaps in our understanding concerning the role of alternating fault activity of
the different segments of NAF and the corresponding geomorphic manifestations in the
landscape. In order to address these issues we studied the neotectonic characteristics of
this key region and performed detailed fault-kinematic analyses that we present as
pseudo fault-plane solutions.
Fault kinematic studies and earthquake focal mechanisms for medium size events like the
Mw=4.6 Cinarcik event of 12 March 2008 are not sufficiently well constrained and their
characteristics are ambiguous to a certain extent. This makes a rigorous assessment of
this area difficult, especially with respect to the role of this area within the realm of the
dextral trans-tensional Marmara pull-apart and the spatiotemporal characteristics of
seismogenic surface deformation. Early structural models interpreted the whole Armutlu
Peninsula as an integral part of a horst and graben setting between the Gemlik and
Cinarcik pull-apart-basins (e.g., Eisenlohr 1995). In these models the pull-apart basins
were inferred to have accomodated deformation through block rotations associated with
sinistral anthitetic Riedel shears crossing the Armutlu peninsula. In order to test these
preliminary assessments, we carried out further studies, including a remote-sensing
analysis of high-resolution satellite imagery (Quickbird, Aster), the evaluation of an
Aster/SRTM-based DEM, and detailed structural field observations. These efforts included
the documentation of tectonics-related phenomena in the landscape, including changes in
the fluvial system and deformation of coastal terraces, providing direct insight into active
tectonic processes. We present a detailed seismotectonic map which highlights the
principal neotectonic phenomena in this region. Our study also entails a temporal
analysis of the kinematic characteristics of the principal faults and their state of activity.
POSTER / POSTER
99
RESEARCH OF SELF POTENTIAL DATAS
SELF-POTANSİYEL VERİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
ŞAHİN Ö.K.-1, AŞÇI M.-1
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Self potential which is one of the searching methods of geophysics , is a
preferable and usefull method. Because of we can easily assessment by self potantial.
There could be many problem when we assessment self potential datas. Some of them
are effect of disruptive mass , the condition of area that under the effect of noise ,or
secondary mine masses that under the effect of primary mine masses noise , looks like a
noise on datas. In this work , the data , comes from copper mine area , is researched to
find out secret mine masses.
ÖZET Jeofizik arama yöntemlerinden, biri olan self-potansiyel, maden aramalarında
değerlendirmedeki kolaylığından dolayı çoğunlukla tercih edilen bir metottur. Arazide
alınan verilerin değerlendirme aşamalarında, birçok sorunla karşılaşılabilinmektedir. Bu
sorunlardan bazıları, bölgenin gürültü etkisi altında bulunduğu durumlar, bozucu
kütlelerin etkisi ya da maden kütlesinin etkisi altında kalan ikincil maden kütlelerinin
etkileri almış olunan verilerde gürültü gibi gözükmektedir. Bu çalışmada bir bakır madeni
sahasından alınmış veriler kullanılarak yukarıda belirtilmiş olan bozucu etkiler incelenip,
gizli kütlelerin var olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır
POSTER / POSTER
100
MORPHOTECTONIC FEATURES ALONG THE RAZAK FAULT, ZAGROS
MOUNTAINS
HESSAMI K.-1
1-International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), P. O. Box
19395-3913, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT N-S trending strike-slip faults within the basement of the Zagros fold and
thrust belt, which are inherited from the Pan-African construction phase, reactivated
during the suturing and convergence of Arabia and Central Iran since the Late
Cretaceous and influenced the NW-SE trending structures of the Zagros belt. The N-S
trending Razak fault has long been recognized as one of the major faults in the Zagros
basement. Right-lateral strike-slip motion along this fault can be inferred from the
associated lateral offset of stream beds observed on aerial photographs and on the field.
Morphological features such as uplifted alluvial fan and meandering of the main river bed
flowing from east to west also indicate that the eastern block is downthrown relative to
the western block along a small normal component of the Razak fault. Although it is hard
to make a correlation between fault activity and historical earthquakes in this region, the
most southern section of the Razak fault shows clear geomorphic evidence for repeated
surface faulting events.
POSTER / POSTER
101
EARTHQUAKE MONITORING NETWORK OF ANKARA (ANKNET)
ANKARA DEPREM İZLEME AĞI (ANKNET)
SEYİTOĞLU G.–1, KAYPAK B.-2, IŞIK V.-1, ESAT K.-1, ÇIVGIN B.-2
1-Ankara Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Tektonik
Araştırma Grubu
2-Ankara Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The seismic wave velocity distribution of crust and mantle, and the tectonic
structures (North Anatolian, Kırıkkale-Erbaa, Tuzgölü and Eskişehir fault zones and
Eldivan-Elmadağ pinched crustal wedge) of Ankara and its surroundings have been
studied within a project titled ‘the geological and seismological investigation on the
internal deformation of Anatolian plate around Ankara’. The study has been carried out
by the Geological and the Geophysical Engineering Department of Ankara University.
Six broad-band seismometers were installed in Ankara and its surroundings. The
locations are Yeniceli village (Sulakyurt, Kırıkkale), Kargınselimağa village (Kaman,
Kırşehir), Şerefligökgözü village (Haymana, Ankara), Salihler village (Güdül, Ankara),
Özlü town (Orta, Çankırı), and Ankara city centre (Başak district, Hüseyingazi).
Installation of the stations was completed between 30.08.2007 and 19.09.2007. The
seismometers have been recording since their installation. Many local, regional, and
teleseismic earthquake records in different magnitudes have been obtained both inside
and outside of the network.
The CMG-6TD type seismometers of Güralp Systems have been employed for their easy
installation and high sensitivity. The seismometers were installed into the holes with a 1
m3 volume. An attempt was made to minimize the outside effects. The devices are fed
by two accumulators and a power supply. If there is no power supply in the area, they
are fed by the three accumulators. The data transfer is conducted by visiting the stations
in a period of around two or three months.
ÖZET Ankara Üniversitesi’nin desteğinde Jeoloji ve Jeofizik Mühendisliği bölümlerinin
yürütmekte olduğu “Ankara civarında Anadolu levhasının iç deformasyonunun jeolojik ve
sismolojik yöntemlerle araştırılması” projesi kapsamında Ankara çevresinde yer alan
tektonik yapıların (Kuzey Anadolu, Kırıkkale-Erbaa, Tuzgölü, Eskişehir fay zonları ve
Eldivan-Elmadağ tektonik kaması) bölgeyi nasıl etkilediği ve Ankara ve yakın çevresinin
kabuk ve manto sismik dalga hız dağılımı araştırılmaktadır.
Bu amaca yönelik olarak proje dahilinde altı adet geniş bant sismometre cihazı biri
merkezde olmak üzere Ankara çevresine yerleştirilmiştir. İstasyon yerleri Yeniceli Köyü
(Sulakyurt, Kırıkkale), Kargınselimağa Köyü (Kaman, Kırşehir), Şerefligökgözü Köyü
(Haymana, Ankara), Salihler Köyü (Güdül, Ankara), Özlü Beldesi (Orta, Çankırı) ve
Ankara Merkez (Başak Mahallesi, Hüseyingazi)’dedir. Ankara Deprem İzleme Ağı
(AnkNET) olarak tanımladığımız proje ile 30.08.2007-19.09.2007 tarihleri arasında
istasyonların kurulum çalışmaları tamamlanmış ve cihazlar veri kaydetmeye başlamıştır.
İstasyon ağı içinde ve dışında olmak üzere farklı büyüklüklere sahip yerel, bölgesel ve
telesismik birçok deprem kaydı alınmaktadır.
Sismometre cihazı olarak Güralp Systems’ın kolay kuruluma ve yüksek hassasiyete sahip
CMG-6TD modeli kullanılmaktadır. Cihazlar dış etkilerden olabildiğince yalıtılmış halde
yaklaşık 1 metreküp hacme sahip çukurlar içerisine yerleştirilmiştir. Elektrik imkanının
olduğu yerlerde güç kaynağı ve iki adet aküyle beslenen cihazlar, elektriğin olmadığı
yerlerde üç adet aküyle beslenmektedir. İstasyonların yaklaşık iki-üç aylık dönemlerde
ziyaret edilmesiyle veri alımı gerçekleştirilmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
102
A STEP TOWARDS
MITIGATION
EARTHQUAKE
HAZARD
AND
DISASTER
MOALA M.H.-1
1-Geologica Research Authority of the Sudan Khartoum
–
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The world maps of the distribution of earthquakes epicenters and foci show
that most of the earthquakes are generated along plate boundaries. In regard to this,
Sudan is wholly contained within the African plate. It is bounded on the eastern side by a
diverging plate boundary, but a11 other boundaries are solely of political nature. Thus, it
is considered as one of the aseismic regions of the world. That is why most people think
that Sudan is seismically stable. In fact, this is not true because the documented data
and reports since 1850 showed that all regions of the country had experienced different
types of earthquakes during the past years. Some of these earthquakes can be
considered as damaging earthquakes reaching magnitude of 7.5 in Richter Scale.
This paper is considered as one of the first attempts to review historical data regarding
seismicity of the various parts of the Sudan. I tried to collect data from local sources
during site visits or from archival material that so far remains unpublished. The material
available is as yet far too scanty- but that does not stopped me from tying to direct
attention to some of the problems of seismicity of less well documented parts of the
world that await solutions and to stimulate others to collect and publish data pertinent to
the
subject.
In this paper, the seismotectonic environments related to seismic events will also be
discussed. The available seismic data suggest that there must be structures in this
intraplate region capable of producing medium- magnitude damaging earthquakes. The
preliminary studies of data showed that the microseismicity in the Sudan is concentrated
at
certain
zones
and
have
definite
tectonic
meanings.
The importance of the study of seismicity of the Sudan arise also from the fact that
seismic activity may sometimes be hazardous. Neotectonics and stress patterns are very
important elements in the zonation and evaluation of seismic hazard. These two
elements are closely associated with active faults and seismotectonics.
POSTER / POSTER
103
STUDY OF THE MOHO DEPTH VARIATIONS IN THE EASTERNMOST
ZAGROS USING RECEIVER FUNCTION ANALYSIS
SEDGHI M.H.-1, YAMINIFARD F.-1, MOKHTARI M.-1
1-No. 26, Arghavan St., North Dibajee, Farmanieh, Tehran, I.R.Iran, International
Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES).
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Zagros mountain belt results from the closure of the Neotethys oceanic
domain and the collision of the northern margin of the Arabian platform with the microplates of central Iran, accreted to the southern margin of Eurasia during the Mesozoic.
Estimates for the age of the initial collision between Arabia and Eurasia along the Zagros
suture vary between late Cretaceous and Pliocene. We studied the easternmost Zagros
velocity structure by receiver-functions analysis. Receiver-function analysis is a
straightforward method of extracting constraints on crust structure and Moho depth from
teleseismic waveforms at three-component seismic stations. In this study we used about
380 teleseismic events with epicentral distance between 25º and 95º and magnitudes
greater than 5 which were recorded by minimum 45 dense temporary seismic stations.
Teleseismic events were extracted from continuous data after time correction. To
calculate the receiver functions the iterative deconvolution in time domain was applied as
following: i) calculation of the radial and transverse components; ii) filtering; iii)
Calculation of receiver functions by iterative deconvolution in time domain. Analysis of
the receiver functions in studied region shows large Moho depth variations across
easternmost Zagros. In this presentation after review of velocity structure in the
easternmost Zagros region, the result achieved in this study mainly the Moho variations
to will be presented.
POSTER / POSTER
104
THE 1962 BUYIN-ZAHRA (QAZVIN) EARTHQUAKE IN NOTHWEST
IRAN AND ITS POST SEISMIC ACTIVITY
GHEITANCH M.R.-1, MIRI M.-2
1-Science and Research Branch, Azad University Tehran Iran
2-Institute of Geophysics Tehran University Tehran Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT On September 1, 1962, at 19h, 20m, 40.5s (GMT), a shallow destructive
earthquake with a magnitude averaged from several determinations as 7.2 occurred near
Buyin-Zahra, in Qazvin province, north west Iran and was felt nearly on the whole area
of North Iran. Intensity along the fault zone has been rated IX- to IX but around the fault
zone the maximum intensities during the mainshock did not exceed VIII MM. The total
area within which the mainshock was felt with an intensity greater than IV- is about
90,000 square miles. The earthquake killed 12,225 and injured 2,776 persons. It
damaged beyond repair 21,309 houses and 91 villages were totally destroyed. It is
remarkable to mention that up to the middle of November, the main shock was followed
by over 1800 aftershocks, which were felt in the epicentral area or were recorded at
seismological stations of Iran (Tehran, Shiraz and Sefid Rud); five of these had
magnitude 4 to 5.5. The mainshock is the oldest destructive earthquake in Iran recorded
by WWSSN. In this paper, using the results of field investigations as additional
information, we invert the WWSSN long-period body waves of the Buyin-Zahra
earthquake to their sources to investigate the rupture charactristics. We use the
inversion technique developed by Kikuchi and Kanamori (1991) where the source process
is modeled as a sequence of point dislocations with varying fault mechanisms and time
histories. The double-couple point sources, represented by moment tensors, are
determined iteratively by matching the observed with the synthetic ones. First the fault
system and background seismicity in epicentral area are reviewed. Then the source
parameters of mainshock are obtained by waveform modeling. Finally the post
earthquake activity in the epicentral area is discussed. No data for the period between
1903-1962 was found but twelve teleseismic earthquakes for the period 1962-1999 are
reported by international agencies. Since 1976 that the Iranian Long Period Array system
(ILPA) has started its operation in southwest Tehran, not far from the Buyin-Zahra
region, recorded many local events in the epicentral region that could not be detected by
distant seismic stations. The new Tehran seismic network with 14 seismic stations also
has recorded many local events since 1996 when it was operational. The source
parameters of the local events were extracted and used in this analysis to investigate the
rate of seismic activity in the region. The pattern of locally recorded micro earthquakes
showed that the epicentral area was active with high activity in southeast extension. It
was concluded that there might be a possibility that the southeast extension of activated
fault could be activated by another strong earthquake in future. Regarding the fact that
this area is near to the densely populated Tehran and Karaj regions, extensive
observations as well as study of crustal deformation is strongly recommended.
POSTER / POSTER
105
SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 28TH FEB., 1997 ARDABIL
DESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKE
ATEFI S.-1, GHEITANCHI M.R.-2
1-Science and Reseach Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Northwest Iran is one of the seismically active areas in the Middle East.
Deformation and seismicity in this region is mainly due to the continental shortening
between Eurasian and Arabian plates. On February 28,1997, an earthquake occurred in
Ardabil province, a densely populated area in Northwest Iran. The mainshock with mb
=5.5, Mw =6.0 occurred at 12:57:17GMT in the evening of Friday( the weekend in the
nation ), and completely demolished about 6 villages, killed about 1200 in habitants and
injured 2600 others. During Ardabil earthquake, strong ground motion was recorded by
25 accelograph stations within 40km from the epicentre of mainshock.
In this paper, by using the recorded mainshock Digital Accelograms Data of Building and
Housing Research Center (BHRC) and SEISAN software hypocenter of the earthquake
was relocated at 38.09o N , 47.11o E . We used Acceleration, Velocity and Displacement
time histories and determined the falt portion (k) and corner frequency (fc) after base
line correction and band pass filtering of Fourier spectrum. The average seismic moment
(Mo=1.28×1018N-m) and the moment magnitude Mw=6.1 were calculated. The
maximum acceleration belongs to the horizontal component of the Karigh station(0.61g)
at a distance 29Km.
The results of teleseismic waveform modeling in this study, indicates that the source
process of this earthquake follows mainly a single event model and focal mechanism of
the mainshock is mainly right lateral strike slip with small component of thrust. Rupture
during the mainshock initiated around the hypocenter and extended unilaterally to the
northwest. The source time function suggests that the main energy was released during
the first 10 seconds and the ground motion in the epicentral area was intense. Therefore,
the mainshock produced extensive destruction. The analysis of near field data also
indicates that the source process mainly followed a unilateral rupture model and the
directivity caused extensive destruction and heavy human loss. Finally, the results of this
study are compared and discussed with other studies.
POSTER / POSTER
106
COMBINED EM-VLF, 2D AND 3D RESISTIVITY SURVEYS TO IMAGE
HIDDEN QANAT CHANNELS IN URBAN AREAS: A CASE OF TEHRAN,
IRAN
JAMIE M.-1, OSKOOI B.-1, BARDAR A.E.-1, ABBASI B.-1
1-End of Kargare shomali St, Institute of Geophysics of University of Tehran.Tehran,Iran.
Postal code:1435944411
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Qanat is a water management system used to provide a reliable supply of
water to human settlements or for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. Hidden
Qanat channels located in urban areas are a significant problem concerning the stability
of buildings and installations built in the areas situated above them. Here a case study is
presented, in which EM-VLF combined with 2D and 3D resistivity surveys are used to
image a hidden Qanat channel in an urban area. The purpose of this study is to find
location, depth, direction and the volume of these hidden channels. Totally 5 VLF profiles
were conducted to locate Qanat channel. Afterwards, due to advantages of wenner array
among the conventional ones, like highest signal-to-noise ratio, the 2D Wenner has been
used to determine the location, depth and direction of the anomaly source with high
approximation. Also we conducted a 3D resistivity survey, using pole-pole array and
interpreted the data. By using Res3DInv. Software, the data was inverted and the 3D
model of the channel is obtained.
POSTER / POSTER
107
EFFICIENCY OF COMBINED USE OF VES AND PMR FOR
GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS IN SEDIMENTARY AQUIFERS: A
CASE OF ABEYEK, IRAN
JAMIE M.-1, OSKOOI B.-1, KAMAL H.S.-1
1-End of Kargare shomali St, Institute of Geophysics of University of Tehran.Tehran,Iran.
Postal code: 1435944411
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The study area covers an area of 200 hectares and is situated in Abeyek,
Iran. Combined VES and PMR soundings were conducted in the region to investigate
sedimentary aquifers. Measurements of 30 Schlumberger VES have been conducted to
determine resistivity distribution of the region and also finding the best sites for
performing PMR soundings. Totally 5 PMR soundings were carried out in five sites using
the NUMIS-Plus PMR instrument. All the sites were tested for noise levels and due to high
noise levels in two of them, PMR depth soundings could only be effected using eightsquare loop for which the maximum depth of investigation was approximately 75m. In
these sites, the VES models have more reliable results. One PMR sounding was
conducted just close to an existing borehole; the aim of this measurement was to
calibrate the PMR response. The other soundings were performed along one profile. Low
resistivity layers interpreted as clay are sometimes identified close to the surface. The
PMR result in site 2 is a good example of signals penetrating through the clay and deeper
aquifer still being detected.
POSTER / POSTER
108
THE FEBRUARY 1997 GARMKHAN (NORTH-EASTBOJNOURD),
NORTHEAST IRAN, EARTHQUAKE AND SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF THE
REGION DURING 2006-2009
AMINIPANAH M.-1, GHEITANCHI M.R.-2, GHORASHI M.-3
1-Science and Research University, Tehran, Iran
2-Institute of Geophysics, Tehran University
3-Geological Survey of Iran
[email protected]
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Bojnourd earthquake occurred in a mountainous area in North
Khorasan provinc. The mainshock produced extensive destruction. Field investigation and
aftershocks distribution suggest a NW-SE trend faulting. The distribution of locally
recorded aftershocks was extended to a length of about 40-50 km and a depth of about
30 km. Aftershock activity was scattered indicating a complex mode of faulting. The
result of waveform inversion indicated that the mainshock followed mainly strike-slip
mechanism and the source process included at least two main fault slip. The source time
functions indicates that the major amount of seismic energy was released within the first
10 seconds. Considering the field observation, the distribution of aftershocks and the
source mechanism, an average source dimension of about 45 km, a NW-SE strike and a
SW dipping fault plane could be estimated. The mechanism for the total source is
obtained as (strike, dip, rake) = (323, 89, 178). The total seismic moment was
calculated to be M0= 6.7×1025 dyne cm. The calculated maximum dislocation was about
50 cm and the obtained moment magnitude was Mw = 6.5. The average stress drop was
estimated to be 25 bar and the average dislocation was 25 cm.
POSTER / POSTER
109
DETECTING OIL TRAPS USING TIME-FREQUENCY DECOMPOSITION
NEJATI M.-1
1-University of Tehran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Due to difficulties in observating many characteristics of a time-series in
time domain, it can be studied in the frequency domain. In fact, amplitude and phase
spectrum have the ability to determine a time-series for us. Therefore, for a detailed
study of time-series, we transform it from one-dimensional domain to time-frequency
domain. Because the transition from time domain to frequency domain provides
possibility to survey frequency content of a signal and consequently it provides detailed
study of many characteristics of the time-series. For this purpose the spectral
decomposition which is an efficient method has been used in recent years (Kastagna and
colleagues, 2003). Spectral decomposition method is an useful tool in interpretation of
seismic data and seismic exploration also. In fact, analysis of data to their spectral
components can specify many of structural and stratigraphy details below the earth
surface. The result of Spectral analysis of any trace is a time-frequency map. Spectral
decomposition effectively distinguish between vertical and horizontal changes. And
therefore it help us in detection of stratigraphy traps and frequency content changes due
to hydrocabore.
The spectral decomposition allow the interpreter to use the
discrete frequency
components of the seismic bandwidth for interpretation and study the exact details of
stratigraphy below the earth (Chapra and Marfort, 2006).
Spectral decomposition in seismic exploration encompass methods that give us an
continuous frequency analysis of a trace. Higher frequency resolution at lower
frequencies and higher
temporal resolution at higher frequencies are the objectives for different time-frequency
decomposition methods. Different spectral decomposition methods include short time
Fourier transform(STFT), s transform, Matching Pursuit and continuous Wavelet
transform(CWT), that by using each of these methods we can enhance the time and
frequency resolution. each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. These
methods include various applications to determine the thickness of layers (Partyka,
1999), stratigraphy (Marfvrt and Krlyn, 2001) and detection Hydrocarbon Reservoir
(Kastagna, and Synha 2003, 2005).
Seismic waves are non-stationary waves, it means that frequency content is variying
with time, so for accurate separation of discrete time events, it is better to use the
methods that adjust the window length with frequency automatically. Among these
methods can continuous Wavelet transform.(Synha and colleagues, 2003). Continuous
Wavelet Transform (CWT) techniques, which are the same as narrow-band spectral
analysis methods, provide frequency spectra with high temporal resolution without the
windowing process associated with other techniques
CWT method is useful for detecting hydrocarbore reservoir, because these reservoir were
detected in low frequencies.
Identifying channels and detection the lithology within them have always been a topic of
interest among geophysists. This paper presents a successful application of the CWT
method in identifyihng buried channels in one of southern oil fields of Iran.
POSTER / POSTER
110
ROLE OF SOIL LIQUEFACTION IN CLAY SOILS: AN EXAMPLE FROM
BURDUR (TURKEY) SETTLEMENT AREA
KİLLİ ZEMİNLERİN ZEMİN SIVILAŞMASINDAKİ ROLÜ: BURDUR
(TÜRKİYE) ÖRNEĞİ
ÖZÇELIK, M.-1
1- S.D.Ü., Müh-Mim.Fak. Jeoloji Müh.Böl.32260-Isparta
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Burdur settlement area has been founded on a recent sedimentary deposit.
Fault steps have been formed in response to vertical displacement along the normal fault
zones in recent deposits. Paleoliquefaction traces characterized by sand and mud dykes
are observed in three different locations along the fault zones in the recent sediments.In
this study, in order to investigate the relations of sand and mud dykes to liquefaction,
the present geologic and hydrogeologic environment, evolution of the host sediments,
and the paleoenvironment corresponding to duration of liquefaction were investigated. In
the field and laboratory, experiments have been performed on the samples taken from
liquefied soils and clayey soils cut by sand and mud dykes. Physical-mechanical features
of the liquefied material and mineralogical features of the clays were investigated in the
experimental studies.The soil samples taken from the liquefaction zones were determined
being in the range of liquefiable grain size. During earthquake, water saturated sands
and silts with low plasticity are liquefied whereas silts with soft plasticity and clays loose
their carrying capacity. In the case of being soft consistency, plastic clays are more
affected from earthquake weights. Approaching the natural water content of clay to liqid
limits, deformation in clays will increase and pore water pressure will be limited. It is
concluded that owing to occurences of groundwater level under critical depth, there is no
possibility of liquefaction in the region during possible earthquake.
ÖZET Burdur yerleşim alanını güncel sedimanlar üzerinde kurulmuştur. Burdur fayının
doğrultusu boyunca bu güncel sedimanların oluşturduğu topoğrafyada,
tektonik
aktiviteden kaynaklanan fay eşikleri dikkati çekmektedir. Fay eşikleri üzerinde güncel
sedimanları kesen üç ayrı lokasyonda eski sıvılaşma izleri gözlemlenmektedir. Söz konusu
eski sıvılaşma izleri; kum ve çamur daykı şeklindedir.Bu çalışmada; kum ve çamur
dayklarının sıvılaşma ile ilgisini araştırmak amacıyla, sıvılaşan malzemenin gözlemlendiği
yerlerde mevcut jeolojik ve hidrojeoljik ortam, çevre sedimanların oluşum özellikleri,
sıvılaşmanın olduğu dönemdeki ortam araştırılmıştır. Sıvılaşan malzemeler ve onların
kestiği killi zonlardan alınan numuneler üzerinde arazide ve laboratuvarda deneyler
yapılmıştır. Yapılan deneylerde, sıvılaşan malzemenin fiziksel-meknik özellikleri ile birlikte
killerin minerolojik özellikleri de incelenmiştir. Sıvılaşan ortamdan alınan örneklerin
laboratuvarda yapılan zemin sınflamasına göre sıvılaşabilir dane boyu aralığında olduğu
tespit edilmiştir. Depremler sırasında suya doygun kumlar ve düşük plastisiteli siltler
sıvılaşırken, yumuşak plastik siltler ve killer taşıma gücü kaybına uğramaktadır. Plastik
killer, yumuşak kıvamlı olmaları durumunda; deprem yüklerinden daha fazla
etkilenmektedir. Kilin doğal su içeriği, likit limit değerine yaklaştıkça, dinamik yükler
altında killerde oluşan deformasyonlarda önemli artışlar meydana gelirken, boşluk suyu
basıncı sınırlı olmaktadır. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda; günümüzdeki jeolojik
ortamdaki yeraltı su seviyesinin kritik derinliğin altında bulunması nedeniyle, bölgede
olası
bir
depremde
sıvılaşma
potansiyelinin
olmadığı
sonucuna
varılmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER
111
BLOC ROTATION TECTONICS IN NORTHERN ALGERIA REVEALED
BY PALEOMAGNETIC INVESTIGATIONS IN THE “MITIDJA” BASIN
(ALGIERS AREA, ALGERIA)
DERDER M.E.M.-1, HENRY B.-2, DJELLIT H.-1, DORBATH C.-3, YMEL H.-1, GHARBI S.-1,
GUEMACHE M.-1, ABTOUT A.-1
1-CRAAG, BP 63, 16340 Bouzaréah, Alger, Algeria
2-Paléomagnétisme, IPGP and CNRS, 4 avenue de Neptune, 94107 Saint-Maur cedex,
France.
3-EOST 5 rue René Descartes F67084 Strasbourg cedex France
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The seismic activity in the Western Mediterranean area is mainly
concentrated in northern Africa, particularly in northern Algeria, as it was shown by the
21 May 2003 Boumerdes earthquake and the 10 October 1980 El Asnam one (of
respectively moment magnitudes Mw =6.9, and Ms= 7.3), which were among the recent
strongest ones recorded in the western Mediterranean Sea. This seismicity is due to the
convergence between Africa and Eurasia plates since at least the Oligocene. This
convergence involves a transpression tectonic with N-S to NNW-SSE direction of
shortening, which is expressed by an active deformation along the boundary of these two
plates.
In Algeria, the seismicity is focused in a coastal zone (The Tell Atlas) in the northern part
of the country. Active structures define there NE-SW trending folds and NE-SW sinistral
transpressive faults, which affect the intermountain and coastal basins of Neogene to
Quaternary age (e.g. “ Cheliff ”basin, “ Mitidja ”basin). These reverse faults are coupled
with NW-SE to E-W trending strike-slip deep faults. The active deformation in northern
Algeria could thus be explained by a kinematic model of bloc rotation: the transpression
tectonics with NNW-SSE direction of convergence defines NE-SW oriented blocs, which
have been possibly subjected to clockwise rotation.
The aim of this study is to look for such blocks rotation in the “Mitidja” basin (Algiers
area), by using the paleomagnetic tool. A paleomagnetic study has been thus conducted
on the igneous rocks of Middle Miocene age, cropping out on the northern part of the
“Mitidja” basin. The preliminary results yield isolation of a magnetic primary component
of reversed polarity. According to flows, the direction of this component slightly changes,
but remains confined within the SW quadrant. This variation is due to the paleosecular
variation of the Earth Magnetic Field, and the mean paleomagnetic direction from several
flows is defined by D=238.3°, I= -34.5°. The comparison of this direction with that
computed for our site from the reference curve of Besse & Courtillot (2002) for stable
Africa indicates that the studied region has undertaken a clockwise rotation of about 40°
since the Middle Miocene.
Such a result, which has to be establish in other area of the “Mitidja” basin, confirms that the
deformation related to the convergence between the Africa and Eurasia plates is partly
accommodated in northern Africa by blocks rotations movements.
POSTER / POSTER
112
CRUSTAL STRUCTURE BENEATH THE LOWER TAGUS VALLEY,
SOUTHWESTERN IBERIA USING JOINT ANALYSIS OF TELESEISMIC
RECEIVER FUNCTIONS AND SURFACE WAVE DISPERSION DATA
SALAH M.K.-1,2, CHANG S.J.-3., FONSECA J.F.B.D.-1,4
1-ICIST, Earthquake Engineering and Seismology Group, Instituto Superior Tecnico,
Lisbon, Portugal
2-Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
3-Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
60208-2150, USA
4-Physics Department, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We conducted a joint inversion of body wave teleseismic receiver functions
and Rayleigh wave phase velocities using a genetic algorithm (GA) on seismic waveform
data recorded by 5 broadband seismic stations deployed at the Lower Tagus Valley (LTV)
region, SW Iberia. The joint inversion improves the uniqueness of the solution compared
to separate inversions since the two data sets complement each other. The GA is more
appropriate than conventional linearized inversion schemes in regions where there is little
a priori information about local crustal structure such as SW Iberia because it does not
strongly depend on an initial model. The study region is located on the central western
Portuguese mainland a few hundred kilometers north of the Africa-Iberia plate boundary
and has a record of historical damage and casualties which are caused by destructive
earthquakes occurring either to the southwestern offshore area or onland as a result of
intraplate seismic activity. The latter may represent a response of old basement fractures
to the current convergence between Africa and Iberia. However, little is known about the
deep structure of the crust beneath this region. For this reason, we have adopted the GA
to seismic data recorded in the LTV area. The crustal thickness beneath the study region
varies from 28 to 30 km with an average of 28.5 km, which is remarkably lower than the
global average. The crustal thickness shows a tendency of decrease close to the Tagus
River and towards the west near the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, being consistent with
the extensional tectonic episodes that led to the opening of the Atlantic in the Middle
Jurassic. Nonetheless, more teleseismic receiver functions from earthquakes recorded at
denser seismic stations both onland and offshore combined with surface wave dispersion
data are necessary for a more detailed crustal model which is a pre-requisite of a
complete geoseismic hazard assessment of the LTV in SW Iberia.
POSTER / POSTER
113
MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF NORTH WEST
OF YAZD SKARN
MACKIZADEH M.A.-1, TAGHIPOUR B.-1
1-Esfahn University, Esfahan, Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Cu-skarn is located in NW of Yazd province, within the Cenozoic
magmatic belt of Central Iran. The widespread rocks in the region are Eocene age
volcanic with granitoids intrusive. The Cretaceous limestones in western parts of NW of
Yazd are hosted by skarn – marble mineralization. The skarns are distal type and are
characterized by assemblage:
Clinopyroxene, garnet, ilvaite, vezovianite, termolite, epidote, chalcopyrite, magnetite,
calcite and quartz. The paragenetic relationships of these minerals have revealed a
polygenetic nature of skarn assemblage reveal a polygenetic nature. Black crystals and
masses of ilvaite have a close association with hedenbergite clinopyroxene and andradite
garnet zone, likely as replacement bodieds. The formation of ilvaite is related to following
reactions:
Andradite + Fe (OH)2 + CO2 = ilvaite + magnetite = quartz + calcite + H2
Hedenbergite + magnetite + Fe (OH) 2 = ilvaite. The early skarn minerals are formed at
550 ºc and the decomposition of early minerals to formation of final hydrous
assemblages started below 470 ºc in fO2.
POSTER / POSTER
114
SPECTRAL DECOMPOSITION: A USEFUL INSTRUMENT FOR FAULT
PATTERN VISUALIZATION
RADAD-1, HOZHABRI-2
1-Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, north Kargar st., Tehran, Iran.
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Often it is difficult to map subtle faults and other trace-to-trace
discontinuities hidden in 3D seismic data. They may appear as minor changes in the
seismic waveform that are not easily correlated using conventional interpretation of
seismic cross-sections. During the recent years, seismic attributes have become not only
well-accepted by the interpretation community, but have also become a key component
in enhancing individual faults and discontinuities. One of the seismic attributes is spectral
decomposition. Ordinary 3-D seismic data typically has a 60–80 Hz bandwidth, so it
contains energy reflected from the subsurface at a wide range of frequencies, all of which
are compounded in a typical seismic volume. Spectral decomposition analysis allows the
interpreters to quantify amplitude variation with frequency, and thereby gain insight into
the distribution of stratigraphic entities, faults and fractures. Our main goal is to gain a
better understanding of and predict fault trends in our study area. It is shown in the
present study that with the help of this technique a complex trend of main and cross fault
system can easily be identified and properly mapped.
POSTER / POSTER
115
TOMOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE NORTH-CENTRAL IRAN USING THE
LG CODA Q
NAGHAVI-1, SHOMALI-1, ZARE-1
1-Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran (IGUT), Tehran, Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The work was done here is the implementation of the Lg Coda to obtain a
tomographical map of the North-Central Iran. The study area, extending from 34
°
°
°
to
°
37 N and from 49 to 54 E, is one of the most concentrated areas of seismic activity in
Iran. The main tectonic characteristics of the region are dominated by the Alborz
Mountain Belts.
Using high-quality 1020 Lg waveforms recorded at 32 local and regional stations, for 194
earthquakes from 2000 through 2008, we measured the Lg coda Q in the frequency
ranges of 0.3-7 Hz by the method of Spectral Stacking Ratio (SSR).
The results demonstrate that there are several clear trends corresponding to different
characteristics of seismic activity and attenuation field. Our estimation of the low Lg coda
Q for the Central Alborz suggests that the seismic activity correspond to this region is
probably affected by the thermal characteristics of the Damavand Moutain.
POSTER / POSTER
116
SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION THROUGH 2D TIME
LAPSE ELECTRICAL TOMOGRAPHY
ABBASI-1, OSKOOI-1, AZIMI-2, KARGAHI-1
1-Tehran University (Institute of Geophysics, end of North Karegar Ave., Tehran, Islamic
Republic of Iran)
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Continuous geoelectrical monitoring of earthquake is a proper method of
exploring the changes of electrical properties in seismological active environments .With
the aid of a transmitter dipole as an artificial electrical source and a set of multi-channel
receiver dipoles ,we can prepare a continuous geoelectrical monitoring site in a seismic
active zone to measure electrical properties of the crash zone in custom time intervals.
In this article we are discussing the simulation of this phenomenon through computer
aided modeling and inversion. As the first step we have considered a simple geological
model from an active fault .electrical resistivity of crash zone around the fault plane will
be temporary nearly zero. Then, we have simulated the geoelectrical response of such an
earth against electrical current injection by the way of a forward programming
subroutine. In this way, we have product a set of synthetic apparent resistivity of the
propose geological model .this is analogous to the direct measurement of resistivity data
in field situations. In the next step, in order to show how much the geological model is
compatible with inversed model, we have used a time laps inversion procedure in which,
the resistivity values are allowed to vary simultaneously in time dimension as well as in
the two other spatial dimensions, during the inversion process. Simulation of earthquake
prediction in this way, help us to have a bright vision in the subsequent time consuming
field measurements.
POSTER / POSTER
117
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF WEAK MOTION AND STRONG MOTION
SENSORS AND REAL TIME EARTHQUAKE MONITORING IN THE
ESKISEHIR URBAN AREAS: ANA-NET SEISMIC NETWORK
ESKİŞEHİR YERLEŞİM YERİNDE
ZAYIF VE KUVVETLİ YER
HAREKETİ KAYITÇILARININ KURULMASI VE EŞ ZAMANLI TAKİBİ
(ANA-NET)
TÜN M.-1, AVDAN U.-1, PEKKAN E.-1, ÖZEL O.-2
1-Anadolu Üniversitesi Uydu ve Uzay Bilimleri Araştırma Enstitüsü, Eskişehir, TÜRKİYE
2-İstanbul Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Jeofizik Müh. Bölümü, İstanbul,
TÜRKİYE
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In order to supply safe and modern life conditions, particularly under the
threats of natural hazards, it is necessary to determine appropriate land-use in urban
areas considering geological, geophysical and geotechnical properties of the earth
material. Variations of the effects of earthquake-induced strong ground motions with
respect to different ground conditions could be given as a good enough example for the
statement mentioned here. Considerable casualties fell out during the Marmara
earthquake occurred in 1999 in our country. After this event, the requirements for the
strong ground seismology and earthquake engineering studies was obviously realized to
decrease the amount of the casualties. Eskişehir is one of the smartest developing cities
in Turkey. However, this nice town is under the threat of active faults locating around the
city. The main purpose of this study is to introduce the ground motion monitoring studies
performed in Eskişehir. The monitoring campaign namely “Ana-Net Project” is established
on five different observation locations having different ground conditions around the city
center of the town. All of the stations constructed on the observation points include
accelerometers and one of them has a wide-band earthquake recorder. The ground
motion data recorded by the observation stations will be used to evaluate the probable
structural losses during the potential earthquake anticipated in Eskişehir.
The locations and properties of the stations are provided in Table 1, respectively.
Table 1. The properties of Ana-Net seismic station
Station
Code
Latitude
(N)
Longitude
(E)
Height
(m)
Transmission
Data
ANA01
39.814
30.529
787
Local Network
GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA02
39.791
30.498
815
Local Network
GURALP / CMG-5TD
POSTER / POSTER
of
Device Type
118
ANA03
39.884
30.463
930
Satellite
GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA04
39.773
30.514
794
ADSL
GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA05
39.723
30.533
855
ADSL
GURALP / CMG-5TD
BORA
39.884
30.463
930
Satellite
GURALP / CMG-3T
ÖZET Olası doğal afet durumlarına karşı güvenli, düzenli ve çağdaş yaşam standartlarına
uygun bir kentleşme yapılanması çalışmalarında, yapılaşma yerlerinin sınıflamasının;
jeolojik, jeofizik ve geoteknik çalışmalarla belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Ayrıca deprem
kaynaklı kuvvetli yer hareketlerinin, yerel zemin koşullarına bağlı etki derecelerinin farklı
olduğu bilinmektedir.
Ülkemizde 1999 yılında yaşanan büyük depremlerde önlemi alınabilecek yapı
hasarlarından kaynaklı, çok fazla maddi ve manevi kayıplar olmuştur. Kayıpların en aza
indirgenebilmesi açısından kuvvetli yer hareketi sismolojisi ve deprem mühendisliği
uygulamaları için kullanılmak üzere elde edilen yer salınım periyodu, büyütme oranları ve
ivme kayıtlarının gerekliliği bir kez daha önem kazanmıştır. Eskişehir ili ülkemizin yüksek
oranda endüstrileşen ve kentleşen illerinden biridir. Bölgede daha önceden yaşanan
depremler çalışma alanı olarak seçilen Eskişehir yerleşim yerini en fazla etkileyebileceği
düşünülen doğal afetin deprem olduğunu göstermektedir.
Bu çalışmada Eskişehir yerleşim yerinin deprem etkinliğini eş zamanlı izlemek ve olası bir
depremin yerel zemin koşullarına bağlı etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılan çalışmalar
hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sayısal arazi modeli ve sayısal kent haritası
oluşturulmasında Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Ana-Net
projesi kapsamında Eskişehir yerleşim yerinde, farklı zemin özellikleri değerlendirilerek, 5
farklı noktada eş zamanlı veri iletişimi sağlayan 5 adet ivme ölçer istasyonu ve 1 adet
geniş band deprem kayıtçısı istasyonu kurulmuştur. İstasyon özellikleri (Tablo 1)’de
verilmiştir. Bu ivme-ölçer cihazlarından elde edilen ivme kayıtları, çalışma alanında
meydana gelebilecek yapısal hasar tahminlerinde, mühendislik uygulamalarında ve
bilimsel çalışmalarda oldukça önemli bir veri tabanı sağlayacaktır.
Tablo 1. Mevcut ANANET sismik ağı istasyon kodları ve yerleri
İstasyon
Kodu
Enlem
(K)
Boylam
(D)
Yükseklik
(m)
İletişim
Cihaz Türü
ANA01
39.814
30.529
787
Yerel
Üniversite Ağı
GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA02
39.791
30.498
815
Yerel
Üniversite Ağı
GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA03
39.884
30.463
930
UYDU
GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA04
39.773
30.514
794
ADSL
GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA05
39.723
30.533
855
ADSL
GURALP / CMG-5TD
BORA
39.884
30.463
930
UYDU
GURALP / CMG-3T
POSTER / POSTER
119
ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT MODEL STUDY IN KIRŞEHİR – NEVŞEHİR
REGION
KIRŞEHİR NEVŞEHİR BÖLGESİNDE BİR BOYUTLU ISI MODELİ
ÇALIŞMASI
BAYRAM B.-1, CANBAY M.–1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT There are just heat flow and earth temperature values that we have
measured from the earth surface to be able to be informed about subterranean
temperature. We are not able to have directly information at the present time about the
temperature’s vertical gradient, distribution of heat sources in the underground and in
which way the heat is conveyed in the underground. Furthermore, we do not have too
much information about the temperature at initiation phase of earth formation. However,
some assumptions are made with model studies being implemented by benefiting from
the information obtained from seismic, electric and magnetic methods. Also, values of
the temperature and heat flow at different depths within the time period passing from
the earth’s initiation to the present time are able to be obtained from calculations that
have been made by utilizing the quantity of heat that radioactive substances have
formed at the underground at the present time.
When ‘‘Turkey’s Heat Flow Map’’ that MTA performed in the year of 2006 is analyzed, two
closures showing high heat flow within the region between Nevşehir and Kırşehir in
Central Anatolia have been encountered. Therefore, the temperature has been calculated
up to crust limit by using one dimensional heat equation in a few points within the
regions showing high heat flow values and its temperature has been modeled through
the region’s deepness.
Three profiles have been determined in such a way that they shall intersect two closures
in order to determine continental crust’s thermal structure in the study field. The points
at which the calculations shall be carried-out have been determined by performing the
heat flow readings at the each 20 km on these profiles. Radiogenic heat production
values have been calculated for these points. Then, the temperatures belonging to the
study field have been calculated through deepness. The temperatures have been
calculated through the deepness with distances of 20 km within three profiles in the
study field. A temperature contour map has been drawn by getting together the
temperatures that have been calculated through the deepness for each profile. Thus, it
has been interpreted that the thermal structure of the crust set forth in the study field
and this was associated with geological and tectonic structure of the region.
It was remarked that there was an increase on the temperature values through the
deepness within the region where the study is being carried-out. The temperatures are
also high in moho limit at the points where the surface temperature is high on the heat
flow map. It has been seen that very low temperature values have been calculated at the
locations showing low heat flow and representing south-eastern part of the model that
the temperature values have higher values like 1600oC on the crust mantle limit accepted
as 36 km by depending on the values of heat flow having been observed on the surface
POSTER / POSTER
120
When the seismic studies that have been carried-out in the study field are analyzed, it
has been seen that upper crust limit has been approximately 10 km for the region and
has shown the shallowness through fault lines. The temperatures in this limit are
approximately 250-400oC. The shallowness is also seen in the crust mantle limit while
going to south. The fact that the temperatures in the crust mantle limit within southern
regions in the obtained heat model are low are in accord with this shallowness. We can
say that there were earthquakes of limited number within the region during instrumental
period and they were low-magnitude and very shallow earthquakes. It is known that
there have been shallow earthquakes within the regions with high heat flow and
earthquake depths increase while the heat flow decreases. Gümüşkent Fault passing from
middle areas of the study field has a characteristic of fault line not showing any
earthquake activities. However, these kinds of models are able to be carried-out if the
information in regard to the fault line increases.
ÖZET Yer içindeki sıcaklık konusunda bilgi edinebilmek için elimizde sadece yer
yüzeyinden ölçtüğümüz ısı akısı ile yeryüzü sıcaklık değerleri bulunmaktadır. Günümüzde
sıcaklığın düşey yöndeki değişimi, yer içindeki ısı kaynaklarının dağılımı ve ısının yer
içinde hangi şekilde taşındığı konusunda doğrudan bilgiye sahip olamamaktayız. Ayrıca,
yerkürenin oluşumunun başlangıç fazındaki sıcaklık konusunda da çok fazla bilgi sahibi
değiliz. Ancak sismik, elektrik ve manyetik yöntemlerden elde edilen bilgilerden
yararlanarak yapılan model çalışmalar ile bazı varsayımlar yapılmaktadır. Yine
günümüzde yer içindeki radyoaktif maddelerin oluşturdukları ısı miktarlarının
belirlenmesinden yararlanarak yapılan hesaplamalardan yer kürenin başlangıcından
günümüze kadar geçen zaman içinde farklı derinliklerdeki sıcaklık ve ısı akısı değerleri
elde edilebilmektedir.MTA’nın 2006 yılında yaptığı “Türkiye’nin Isı Akısı Haritası”
incelendiğinde Orta Anadolu’da Nevşehir – Kırşehir arasında kalan bölgede yüksek ısı
akısı gösteren iki kapanıma rastlanmıştır. Bu sebeple yüksek ısı akısı değerleri gösteren
bölgelerde birkaç noktada, bir boyutlu ısı denklemi kullanılarak kabuk sınırına kadar
sıcaklık hesaplanıp, bölgenin derine doğru sıcaklığı modellenmiştir.Çalışma alanında
kıtasal kabuğun ısıl yapısını belirlemek için, iki kapanımı da kesecek şekilde üç profil
belirlenmiştir. Bu profiller üzerinde her 20 km’ de bir ısı akısı okumaları yapılarak
hesaplamaların yapılacağı noktalar belirlenmiştir. Bu noktalar için radyojenik ısı üretimi
değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Daha sonra çalışma bölgesine ait sıcaklıklar derine doğru
hesaplanmıştır. Çalışma alanı içerisinde yer alan üç profil içinde 20 km aralıklarla derine
doğru sıcaklıklar hesaplanmıştır. Derine doğru hesaplanan sıcaklıklar her profil için bir
araya getirilerek sıcaklık kontur haritası çizilmiştir. Böylece çalışma alanının da kabuğun
ısıl yapısı ortaya konularak bölgenin jeolojik ve tektonik yapısı ile ilişkilendirilerek
yoruma gidilmiştir.
Çalışmanın yapıldığı bölgede derine doğru sıcaklık değerlerindeki artış dikkati
çekmektedir. Isı akısı haritasında yüzey sıcaklığının yüksek olduğu yerlerde moho
sınırında da sıcaklıklar yüksektir.Yüzeyde gözlenen ısı akısı değerlerine bağlı olarak 36 km
olarak kabul edilen kabuk manto sınırında sıcaklık değerlerinin 1600 oC gibi yüksek
değerler aldığı modelin güneydoğu kısmını temsil eden düşük ısı akısı gösteren yerlerde
ise çok düşük sıcaklık değerleri hesaplandığı görülmüştür.Çalışma alanında yapılmış olan
sismik çalışmalar incelendiğinde, üst kabuk sınırının bölge için yaklaşık olarak 10 km ve
fay hatları boyunca üst kabuk sınırının sığlaşma gösterdiği görülmüştür. Bu sınırda
sıcaklıklar yaklaşık olarak 250-400 oC civarındadır. Güneye doğru gidildikçe kabuk manto
sınırında da bir sığlaşma dikkati çekmektedir. Elde edilen ısı modelinde güneydeki
bölgelerde kabuk manto sınırındaki sıcaklıkların düşük olması bu sığlaşma ile uyum
içerisindedir. Bölgede aletsel dönemde sınırlı sayıda deprem olduğunu ve bunların küçük
magnitüdlü ve oldukça sığ depremler olduklarını söyleyebiliriz Isı akısı yüksek bölgelerde
sığ depremlerin olduğu, ısı akısı düştükçe deprem derinliklerinde artma görüldüğü
bilinmektedir. Çalışma bölgesinin orta kısımlarından geçen Gümüşkent Fayı da deprem
aktivitesi göstermeyen bir fay niteliğindedir. ancak fayla ilgili bilgilerin artması
durumunda bu tür modellemeler gerçekleştirilebilecektir.
POSTER / POSTER
121
METAL HEAVY CONTAMINATION OF SOILS WITH MAGNETIC
SUSCEPTIBILITY
METHOD
IN
KOCAELI
(TURKEY)
AND
COMPARISON OF IN SITU FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY WITH LABORATORY DATA
KOCAELI BÖLGESININ AĞIR METAL KIRLILIĞININ MANYETIK
DUYARLIK METODUYLA TESPITI ILE YERINDE VE LABORATUVAR
ÖLÇÜLERININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
CANBAY M.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study it is intended to reveal dimensions of industrial pollution in
Province Kocaeli which is rapidly industrialized and migrated to, and to make contribution
by applying a different method to the works performed on soil pollution which is one of
the environmental pollutions considered as one of the biggest environmental issues.
İzmit Waste and Wastes Treatment, Incineration and Recycling Inc. Co (İzaydaş) has
been operating since 1996. In this study, purposing to identify environmental damages
caused by İzaydaş, the magnetic sensitivity method results and geochemical data for an
area of about 1 km are jointly used and the structural features and pollution
concentrations of that area have been revealed. For this purpose samples were taken
phase of land. The soil profiles of samples were identified and it is considered that A
horizon which is thought to be rich for heavy metal is taken from 15 cm. For this reason,
the method is conducted by taking sample at 3 separate levels (5-10-15 cm).
Furthermore, by means of magnetic sensitivity device to be used for the study,
Anisotropic Magnetic Sensitivity (AMS) was measured both on land (surface magnetic
sensitivity) and on the directional samples in the lab. The studies regarding whether the
waste materials contain heavy metals, and if yes, the change of heavy metal rate as well
as geochemical analysis work have been performed one after the other and the heavy
metal contents were determined as Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, Ni by using Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry in the lab. analysis. In this study, a part of our work is used and in the
light of received data, the measures taken on site of land and the lab values are
compared with each other.
ÖZET Hızla sanayileşen ve göç alan kentlerimizden biri olan Kocaeli bölgesinde
endüstriyel kirlenmenin boyutlarının ortaya konulması ve günümüzde ve gelecekte en
büyük çevre sorunlarından biri kabul edilen çevre kirliliklerinden biri olan toprak kirliliği
üzerine yapılan çalışmalara farklı bir yöntem denenerek katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır.
Kocaeli ili Alikahya beldesinde İzmit Atık ve Atıkları Arıtma Yakma ve Değerlendirme A.Ş.
((İzaydaş) 1996 dan beri faaliyet göstermektedir.Yakma ve Arıtma tesisinin yakın
çevrelerinde tarım ve hayvancılık faaliyeti sürdürülmekte olup,tesisin bacasından çıkan
dumanın bile insan , hayvan ve bitkilere doğrudan veya meteorolojik koşullarla zarar
verdiği bilinmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
122
İzaydaş’ın çevreye verdiği zararın tespiti amacıyla yaklaşık 1 km. lik alan manyetik
duyarlık yöntemi sonuçları ile jeokimyasal veriler birlikte korale edilerek sahanın yapısal
özelliklerinin yanında ağır metal konsantrasyonları ortaya konmuştur. Bu amaçla çalışma
bölgesindeki 13 istasyon noktasından belirli düşey derinliklerden ve koordinatlardan
numuneler alınmıştır. Numunelerin, toprak profilleri belirlenmiş ve ağır metalce zengin
olduğu düşünülen A horizonunun ilk 15 cm.den alınması düşünülmüştür. Bu sebeple
yöntem 3 ayrı seviyeden (5-10-15cm) numune alınarak yürütülmüştür.Ayrıca çalışmada
kullanılacak manyetik duyarlık aleti ile hem arazide (yüzey manyetik duyarlık) hem de
yönlü numuneler üzerinde laboratuarda Anizotropik Manyetik Duyarlık (AMD)
ölçülmüştür. Bu değerler daha sonra karşılaştırılmıştır ve birbirlerine göre uyumu
tartışılmıştır. Manyetik duyarlık değerleri toprağın üst katmanlarında genellikle 11.10-6 SI
ile 93.10-6 SI arasında değişmektedir. Mass-specific magenetic susceptibility lab. values
ise 1. 10-6 SI ile 304. 10-6 SI arasında değerler almaktadır. Atık malzemelerin ağır
metalleri içerip içermediği, içeriyorsa ağır metal oranındaki değişim ile jeokimyasal analiz
çalışmaları ardı ardına yapılmış ve laboratuar analizlerinde Atomik Absorbsiyon
spektrometresi kullanılarak ağır metal içerikleri Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, Ni olarak
belirlenmiştir. Ağır metal konsantrasyonları standart kabul edilen değerlere göre yüksek
olup, çalışma bölgesinde manyetik duyarlık çalışmaları başlatılmış olup özellikle kirlilik
araştırmalarında kullanılabilirliği
lokal büyüklükteki çalışmalarla denenmiş ve
sürdürülmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
123
MICRO-SEISMICITY AND FLUIDS RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE
WESTERN PART OF SEA OF MARMARA
TARY J.B.-1, BARDAINNE T.-2, GELI L.-1, HENRY P.-3, COMOGLU M.-4., YILMAZER M.-4,
TRYON M.-5, NATALIN B.-6, CAGATAY N.-6, BURNARD P.-7, BOURLANGE S.-8
1-IFREMER, BP 70 Centre de Brest, Plouzané, 29280, France
2-MAGNITUDE-SAS, Centre Regain, Sainte-Tulle, 04220, France
3-IFREMER CEREGE/CNRS, Europôle de l'Arbois, Aix-en-Provence, 13545, France
4-KOERI, Ulusal Deprem Izleme Merkezi - Cengelköy, Istanbul, 34684, Turkey
5-Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United
States
6-ITU, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
7-CRPG, BP 20, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, 54501, France
8-CRPG, BP 20, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, 54501, France
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Four Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) were deployed for 2.5 months in
the Tekirdag Basin (Western Sea of Marmara), within the submerged section of the North
Anatolian Fault. During the 10-weeks long deployment, the OBSs recorded a total of
about 150 events from below the basin and the immediately adjacent submarine areas,
while only about 50 events were recorded by the land stations. The data thus confirm
previous experiments in the Marmara Sea showing the efficiency of sea bottom
instruments to lower the detection threshold compared to land stations. The events
distribution shows two particular patches. The first is a cluster of events located below
the western ridge, where vent gas originating from Thrace natural gas field has been
found. The events of the second cluster are located in the North – West corner of the
Tekirdag Basin and occurred in a short lapse of time. These events have very similar
arrival times and waveforms, which indicate that they have the same path and source.
The focal mechanism calculated for the biggest event (Mw = 2.8) with data coming from
OBSs and land station is in strike-slip, its azimuth is parallel to the foot of slope and its
dip is subvertical. Visual observations with Nautile show that gas emissions occur through
NNE oriented tensile cracks near the base of the Northern escarpment. The events
distribution, the short lapse of time and the observation of gas expulsion nearby make
think of an events crisis driven by fluids.
POSTER / POSTER
124
DETECTION OF THE TALKHAB FAULT USING A MAGNETOTELLURIC
STUDY IN MARKAZI PROVINCE, IRAN
PAKDEL N.-1
1-NO 20, Yasaman apartment, Jomhuri Av., Orumieh,Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Because of the reflection and refraction of the electromagnetic (EM) waves
at both horizontal and vertical interfaces separating the media of different electrical
parameters, geoelectromagnetic methods have been developed and employed to
recognize the geological features and particularly fault zones in many regions. Due to its
lateral resolution and also greater depth penetration, the magnetotelluric (MT) method is
one of the most effective EM techniques to image the subsurface structures electrically.
During year 2007 wide frequency range magnetotelluric measurements was carried out
in
Arak area ,Iran to understand the crustal electrical conductivity of the region by
putting emphasis on relocating the fault zones. The electric and magnetic field
components were acquired along a profile across the geological trend at 3 stations. A
robust single site processing followed by the inversion and one dimensional as well as
two dimensional modeling were performed. The inversion results revealed electrical
conductivity structures in good correlation with geological features. As a significant
result, true location of a major fault, Talkhab, was recognized in Arak area.
POSTER / POSTER
125
AN EVALUATION OF NORTH KOREA’S NUCLEAR TEST BY BELBAŞI
NUCLEAR TESTS MONITORING CENTER-KOERI
NECMIOĞLU O.-1, MERAL OZEL N.-1, SEMIN K.-1, KOCAK S.-1, DESTICI C.-1, TEOMAN
U.-1
1-Bogaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and
Geophysics Department, 34684, Çengelköy, İstanbul
Earthquake
Research
Institute,
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) has the
global responsibility of the verification of compliance with CTBT, which bans all nuclear
test explosions in order to constrain the development and qualitative improvement of
nuclear weapons and end the development of advanced new types of these weapons. Its
main task is the establishment of the 337 facility International Monitoring System (IMS)
and the International Data Centre (IDC) responsible for data delivery and analysis.
Belbaşı Nuclear Tests Monitoring Center-KOERI is responsible for the operation of a long
period seismic array in Ankara and a short period seismic array in Keskin as a part of
CTBTO-IMS since December 2003 as a primary seismic array, which sends its data in
real-time to CTBTO to monitor the globe for evidence of nuclear explosions on earth.
Recently, data processing activities using Geotool has also begun and the aim is to install
and make full use of Geotool software both at the Central Recording Building (CRB) in
Ankara and National Data Centre (NDC) at KOERI.
On 25 May 2009, The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) claimed that it had
conducted a nuclear test. Corresponding seismic event was recorded by IMS and IDC
released first automatic estimation of time (00:54:43 GMT), location (41.2896 º N and
129.0480 º E) and the magnitude (4.52 mb) of the event in less then two hours time
(USGS: 00:54:43 GMT; 41.306°N, 129.029°E; 4.7 mb). During our preliminary analysis
of the 25th May 2009 DPRK event, we saw a very clear P arrival at 01:05:47 (GMT) at
BRTR SP array. The result of the f-k analysis performed in Geotool software was also
indicating that the arrival belongs almost certainly to the DPRK event. After the
interactive analysis by IDC, Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB) was published and we have
observed that BRTR arrival was manually picked by analyst and associated to the DPRK
event in REB. When comparing our f-k results with REB, however, we have noticed that
our calculation and therefore corresponding residuals (calculated with reference to REB
residuals) are much better in comparison to REB, despite the fact that we performed f-k
only once, i.e. we did not even try to improve the f-k results.
We are now in the mutual process of investigating what the reasons of difference in f-k
parameters calculated in ARS (Analyst Review Station-software used by IDC) in
comparison to f-k parameters calculated in Geotool are. We believe that through this
study we are also giving CTBTO the opportunity to diagnose specific problems concerning
the automatic and/or interactive analysis and to improve its capabilities for the
verification of the compliance with CTBT.
POSTER / POSTER
126
DISCRIMINATION OF ARTIFICIAL SOURCED SEISMOGRAMS FROM
NATURAL SOURCED SEISMOGRAMS
YAPAY KAYNAKLI SİSMOGRAMLAR
SİSMOGRAMLARIN AYIRT EDİLMESİ
İLE
DOĞAL
KAYNAKLI
BAŞER O.-1, SERTÇELİK F.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh. Böl. KOCAELİ/TÜRKİYE
[email protected], fasert@kocaeli edu.tr
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, 149 seismic events data that recorded by Bodrum (BODT),
Dalyan (DALT), Datça (DAT), Milas (MLSB) and Yerkesik (YER) broad-band stations were
set by Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute
(KOERI) are used to identfy the source type of these seismic events occured between
Muğla and Aydın in Southern Ege. Epicentre locations and magnitudes of these events in
37.22°-37.50° N and 26.70°-28.40° E were estimated by General Directorate Of Disaster
Affairs Earthquake Research Department Directory of Seismology. The magnitudes and
time of seismic events were 2≤Md≤3 and 08:00-17:00 (GMT) respectively. Distribution
of events and stations in study area were mapped by GMT plot software. The records of
events have been made available for discrimination analyze by a band pass filter with
frequency range of 1-15 Hz.
This study was used S/P-LogS and Complexity discrimination method. P and S wave
amplitudes of vertical components of data recorded by BODT, DALT, DAT, MLSB and YER
stations has been read individually. The amplitude peak ratios of S waves to P waves
versus logarithms of amplitude peaks of S waves were estimated and plotted. Afterwards
the complexity was plotted versus spectral ratio. The time windows and frequency bands
used in calculation of C and Sr were selected as t1-t2=2-4 s and t0-t1=the onset time of P
wave-2s, h1-h2=5-10 Hz and l1-l2=1-5Hz. As a result of discrimination analyze of 149
seismic events, 30 of events were determined as earthquakes and 119 of events were
determined as quarry blast. Applying more methods in succession for discrimination
analyze of source types increase the success rates
ÖZET Güney Ege’de, Muğla-Aydın arasında kalan bölgede, oluşan sismik olayların
kaynak tipinin belirlenmesinin amaçlandığı bu çalışmada; Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli
Rasathanesi Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü (KRDAE) tarafından kurulan Bodrum (BODT),
Dalyan (DALT), Datça (DAT), Milas (MLSB) ve Yerkesik (YER) geniş bant istasyonlarına
ait 149 adet deprem verisi kullanılmıştır. 37.22°-37.50° K enlem ve 26.70°-28.40°D
boylamları arasında olan olayların episantır koordinatları ve magnitüdleri Bayındırlık ve
İskan Bakanlığı Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma Daire Başkanlığı Sismoloji
Şube Müdürlüğü'nü tarafından belirlenmiştir. Seçilen sismik olayların magnitüdü 2≤Md≤3,
oluş zamanları 08:00-17:00 (GMT) aralığındadır. Depremlerin ve istasyonların bölgedeki
dağılımı ise GMT çizim programı ile haritalanmıştır. Sismik olay kayıtlarına, 1-15 Hz band
geçişli filtre uygulanmıştır.
Çalışmada S/P-logS ve Karmaşıklık (Complexity) ayırım yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. BODT,
DALT, DAT, MLSB ve YER istasyonlarında kaydedilen 149 sismik olayın düşey bileşen
kayıtlarının P ve S dalgaları genlikleri okunmuştur. S dalgalarının genliklerinin P dalgası
genliklerine oranları ve S dalgaları genliklerinin logaritmaları hesaplanmış ve grafikleri
çizilmiştir. Daha sonra karmaşıklık (C) karşısında spektral oran (Sr) grafiklenmiştir. C ve
Sr’nin hesaplanmasında kullanılan zaman pencereleri; t1-t2=2-4 sn, t0-t1=P dalgası
başlangıç zamanı-2 sn ve frekans bantları; h1-h2=5-10 Hz, l1-l2=1-5 Hz’dir. Yapılan ayrım
analizi sonucunda toplam 149 adet sismik olayın, 30 tanesi deprem 119 tanesi patlatma
olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kaynak tipi ayrımı analizinde daha fazla yöntemin artarda
uygulanması başarı oranını yüksetmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
127
SOME BASIC ASPECTS OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY 2008
RRAPO O.-1
1-Institute of Geosciences, Polytechnic University, Tirana, “Don Bosko” street, Nr.60.
Albania.
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Albania is a country of high seismic activity. It is characterized by intense
micro seismic activity and small and medium-size earthquakes and only seldom by large
event., The Institute of Geosciences, Polytechnic University of Tirana using seismic
network consist of 13 stations, has recorded a moderate seismic activity at the Albania
territory during year 2008. Seismic phases recorded by the Albanian network, integrated
with data of Montenegro, Thessalonicy (Greece) and Macedonia networks, are used to
prepare the database for this year. We present here the results of the analysis in
parameters of events and some features of Seismicity that have occurred in the Albania
and surrounding area during 2008. On that territory 39°00’-43°00’ N and 18°50’-21°50’E
there are 367 located earthquakes with magnitude M>2 Richter, and 25 of them were
felt by population of Albania. The standard procedure uses the program HYPO71 (Lee and
Lahr, 1975) of the SEISAN packet (Haskov 1995), and velocity model Vel-Albanid
(Ormeni Rr.2007) for earthquake locations. We relocated the earthquakes, which
occurred in the Albania in the last year, achieving constrained hypocentral
determinations. The most of local earthquakes are distributed in depth between 0 and 25
km, with maximum concentration between 0 and 10 km. The strongest earthquakes in
Albania occurred on the 28th of August at 04h37m(GMT) or (05:37 local time), with
magnitude 4.1 (Richter), Mw=4.0(ENSC), on the vicinity of Korça town, and on the 24th
of October at 20h30m(GMT) or (21:31 local time), with magnitude 4.4 (Richter),
mb=4.6(EMSC), on the Elbasani district. These earthquakes have been felt by the
population of central Albania and have induced panic. The earthquake foci are
concentrated mostly along the some active faults: 1. In the Lushnje-Elbasan-Dibra
transversal fault zone.. From the Seismotectonic point of view, the Lushnje-ElbasanDibra transversal fault zone belongs to a complex faulting environment, and according to
the actual map of neotectonic zonation of Albania is located in the boundary between the
two main tectonic zones characterized by compression and extensional. 2. In The KorcaOhrrid-Peshkopia Seismogenetic zone. It lies in the area of inner Albanides, along a
depressional zone of faults extending nearly meridional and relatively narrow. 3. In The
Ionian-Adriatic Seismogenetic zone. It occurs in the tension stresses directed nearly
east-west is characterized by new differentiating movements of high gradients and by
many and frequent earthquake epicenters. In the vicinity of Durresi was registered a
small series of earthquakes that lasted from September 2007 until May 2008. 4. On the
northern part of Albania, in the fault zone of Thethi a small increase of seismic activity
was recorded. Increased seismic activity was registered nearby of southern Albania on
the Greece territory. The strongest earthquake occurred in Greece on the 6th of January
at 06:14 local time, with Richter magnitude of 6.3, and the 9th of January at 13:53 local
time, with Richter magnitude of 6.2, were felt with intensity of IV-V degrees on the EMS
Scale on the south of Albania.
POSTER / POSTER
128
SOME FEATURES OF LUSHNJE-ELBASANI-DIBRA (ALBANIA)
TRASVERSAL FAULT ZONE AND ITS RECENTLY SEISMIC ACTIVITY
ORMENI.R.R.-1
1-Institute of Geosciences, Polytechnic University, Tirana, “Don Bosko” street, Nr.60.
Albania.
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The traversal fault zone Lushnje-Elbasani-Dibra with Northeastern strike
dislocated the structure of Albanides along all their width. This transversal fault is
distinguished by the flexure of Lushnja, the diapered dome of Dumrea, the transversal
Quaternary depression of Elbasani, the belt of traversal structure of Labinoti, and then it
continues toward Northest with traversal horst of Golloborda and goes towards
Macedonia in NE direction. The traversal fault zone Lushnje-Elbasan-Dibra is clearly
outlined by the location of medium and weak earthquakes, migration of foci along this
fault, the macrosismic field and focal mechanisms. Generally along this traversal fault
zone it is the trastensional strike-slip dextral motion that dominates. The traversal fault
zone Lushnje-Elbasani-Dibra has played and is playing an important role in
seismotectonic in Albania and nearby. Travel time data from earthquakes of both zones
that are crossed from the traversal fault zone Lushnje-Elbasani-Dibra
have been
inverted for both hypocenter locations and one-dimensional Vp and Vs structure. The
compiled data contains 481 earthquakes occurred 2002-2006 with 2362 P-phases and
2131 S-phases recorded by 29 seismological stations in the inversion procedure. 1-D
initial velocity model was obtained using VELEST. The velocity contrasts are more
pronounced in depth between 0 and 40km at both zones that are crossed from the
traversal fault zone Lushnje-Elbasani-Dibta . The lateral velocity difference is as large as
3-9% and the localizations based on 1D velocity models will be systematically shifted in
the direction of increasing velocities. Precisely this is the cause for larger systematic
misallocation and the determined fault to be deviated from the real fault. Moderate
seismic activity was recorded at the Lushnje-Elbasan-Dibra transversal fault zones,
especially during April 2007. The strongest earthquake occurred on the16th of April at
07:38 local time, with Richter magnitude of 4.5. In the series of about 49 earthquakes
with magnitude ML=2.0-4.5 were located in this fault. The earthquakes on the fault
Lushnje-Elbasan-Dibra during 2007 have occurred mainly in the Elbasani area. On the
Lushnje-Elbasani-Dibra fault zone there are 67 located earthquakes during 2008 year
with magnitude ML=2.0-4.3 Richter. The strongest earthquakes in Lushnje-ElbasaniDibra fault zone occurred 24th of October at 20h30m(GMT) with magnitude ML=4.4
(Richter), mb=4.6(EMSC). All earthquakes of resently periode 2007-2008 are distributed
in depth between 0 – 40 km. From the Seismotectonic point of view, the LushnjeElbasan-Dibra transversal fault zones belongs to a complex faulting environment, and
according to the actual map of neotectonic zonation of Albania it is located in the
boundary between the two main tectonic zones characterized by compressional and
extensional movements.
POSTER / POSTER
129
INTERPRETATION WITH EULER DECONVOLUTION OF BOUGUER
GRAVITY DATA OF BURDUR REGION
KESKINSEZER-1, BEYHAN-1, KARAVUL-1, KAFADAR-2
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
2-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Köseköy MYO.
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Euler deconvolution method is the method of depth estimation which is best
suited for anomalies caused by isolated and multiple anomalous sources. This method
belongs to the most discussed interpretation methods in potentials fields during last
several years. We derive the analytical estimators for the horizontal and vertical source
positions in 3D Euler deconvolution as a function of the x, y and z derivatives of gravity
anomaly within a data window. In this study, algorithmic programs based on generalize
linear inverse theory, uses analytical estimators for the horizontal and vertical source
positions is being written using Visual C#.Net. This method was applied on the region’s
bouguer gravity map and it has given fast and successful results to detect the depth of
the structures of tectonic graben type. A synthetic data is used to test the validity of the
proposed method. As a result, 3-D modeling of the Burdur region was made using this
method.
POSTER / POSTER
130
DETERMINATION OF DEPTH AND COEFFICIENT FACTOR OF THE
RESIDUAL
GRAVITY
ANOMALIES
USING
EQUATIONS
LINEARIZATION DUO TO LEAST-SQUARES METHOD
HOZHABRI R.-1, ARDESTANI V.E.-1
1-Institute of Geophysics ,University of Tehran ,north kargar st, Tehran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The gravity anomaly caused by contrast densities of geologic structure can
be represented by a continuous function of both shape and depth related variables with
an amplitude coefficient related to mass. For the determination of the coefficient factor
and the depth of gravity anomaly we used data acquired along profiles. The gravity
anomalies due to spherical and horizontal structures can be represented by an analytical
formula which involves both anomaly depth and shape factor variables. The shape factor
depends on radius and density contrast of structures. In this study, gravity data acquired
from each profile are fitted over functions obtained from spherical and horizontal
structures by linear inverse least square method; hence, obtaining the variables
mentioned above. Validity of this method is tested by applying synthetic data without
and with random noise. This method has also been applied to real gravity data. The
agreement between the results obtained by the proposed method and other
interpretation methods is good. Moreover, the depth obtained by the proposed approach
is found to be in a very good agreement with the depth obtained from drilling
information.
POSTER / POSTER
131
ESTIMATION OF STRESS DROP AND RUPTURE RADIUS FOR ZRAND
EATHQUAKE
MANSOURI R.-1, GHEYTANCHI M.R.-1
1-Institute of Geophysics, North Karegar Ave., Tehran, Iran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We use broad band seismograms to examine source parameters of
destructive earthquake of 2005 February 22 near Zarand and its aftershocks, in southcenter of Iran. The mainshock ruptured an intermountain reverse fault, striking E-W and
dipping north at 61 to a depth of 9 km. Its aftershocks represent the almost same strike
as the main shock which have agreement with geological and tectonic settings in Zarand
area. The dataset consist mainshock and 9 aftershocks seismograms and their minimum
magnitude was 4.
In order to find focal mechanism of these earthquakes modeling has been carried out
using ISOLA package (Zaharadnik J. and Sokos E., 2003) which is based on time domain,
full waveform three components modeling of seismograms for obtaining the components
of seismic moment tensors. The data comprise broadband recordings of stations of Iran
National Seismic Network (INSN) within regional distances from the analyzed events.
The results represent that most of these earthquakes have reverse faulting rupture with
some minor component but some partitioning was obtained trough this study which
consist of 3 focal mechanism that shows striking slip with minor reversal faulting of
source process. The depth distribution of earthquakes which were optimum through
waveform modeling demonstrate that seismogenic zone have 15-20 km depth.
POSTER / POSTER
132
SINGULARITY EXPONENT FROM WAVELET-BASED MULTISCALE
ANALYSIS: A NEW SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE FOR FAULT DETECTION
HADILOO S.-1, SIAHKOOHI H.R.-1, MANSOURI R.-1
1-Institute of geophysics, North Karegar, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Seismic interpretation has been traditionally based on reflections or
amplitudes values. However, amplitude alone can also disguise the true nature of
subsurface geology and blur stratigraphic boundaries. In many cases important
information is carried by singularities information that is not necessarily associated to
certain amplitude patterns. We present Lipschitz exponent (α) as a new seismic attribute
which captures the locations and strengths of irregularities in the trace. Lipschitz
exponent (α) is a measure of singularity strength defined at or around a point. Higher α
indicates higher degree of regularity, and vice versa. We extract this attribute from
continues wavelet transform, wavelet transform help us to localize singularity for any
point. It is demonstrated that α is a natural attribute for delineating stratigraphy
boundaries due to its excellent abilities in detecting detailed geologic features from
seismic data. Certainly in this work we can detect every fault in seismic 2D and 3D
section. We use Lipschitz exponent as instantaneous attribute for fault and feature
detection. We test our concept and wavelet-based multiscale analyzing algorithm on both
synthetic and seismic data, and show that α improves our ability in the delineation of
stratigraphy layers that would be otherwise vague in the original seismic amplitude
display.
POSTER / POSTER
133
RANDOM NOISE SUPPRESSION BY MEANS OF DCT FILTER
RAHMATI-1, RIAHI-1
1-Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, PO Box 14155-6466, Tehran, Iran,
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Random noise is one of the most important and harmful feature that
appears in seismic data over entire time and frequency domain. Various methods have
been implemented to suppress this type of noise from seismic records. The prediction
filter is widely used method for de-noising. In the ordinary prediction filter, Discrete
Fourier Transform (DFT) is used to compute the prediction filter in frequency domain.
DFT has some inherent limitations such as: Gips phenomena, energy loss and low
spectral resolution, which affect the results. In this paper, to verify the efficiency of
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)-based prediction filter, the DCT and DFT operators were
applied on both synthetic and real seismic data. In the present article DCT-based
operator appeared with better performance than DFT-based prediction filter. The results
obtained from the DCT operator showed the reduction of the Gips phenomena and
increased spectral resolution. Besides, results showed that the energy compaction of DCT
is better than DFT on seismic data.
POSTER / POSTER
134
GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF HIGH ZAGROS SALT DOMES,
IRAN
TAGHIPOUR S.-1, TAGHIPOUR B.-2, MACKIZADEH M.A.-3
1-Tehran University
2-Shiraz University
3-Esfahan University
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT According to the mineralogical and petrographical studies of High Zagros
igneous rocks related salt deposits, they have complex mineralogical composition. The
minerals assemblage in these rocks is formed in three stages, 1. Magmatic stage
(plagioclase, clinopyroxcene, apatite), 2. Late magmatic stage (amphibole, biotite,
quartz, albite, calcite and sphene) and 3. vein mineralization stage (quartz, albite,
epidote, amphibole, calcite and garnet). On the base of amphibole crystal chemistry,
actinolite (CaA<0.5, (Na+K)A<0.5, CaB>1.5, Si=7.87-7.93) have been distinguished,
which is stable in wide range of temperature (320-520 °C) and total 2 k bar. Studies of
fluid inclusion in quartz veinlet from altered volcanic rocks showed the high salinity of
hydrothermal fluids. Also this quartz has inclusions of actinolites needles a lot. There are
almost three phase including: solid, liquid and gases phases in fluid inclusion.
The thermal rang; 310-330˚c is distinguished for the formation of these quartz veins. The
composition chlorites, epidotes and garnetes are determined picnochlorite, pistachist and
grossular-andradite respected and also the composition of plagioclases are mainly albite.
On the base of thermometric studies those metasomatic mineral are stable in thermal
rang of 300-500˚c and intermediate pressure.
POSTER / POSTER
135
GEOPHYSICAL EVIDENCE FOR RADIAL EXTENSION AT THE APEX
OF THE ISPARTA ANGLE
ALTUNCU S.-1, TUNCER M.K.-1, PINAR A.-2
1-Boğaziçi University,
Çengelköy, İstanbul
Kandilli
Observatory
and
Earthquake
Research
Institute,
2-Istanbul University, Department of Geophysics, Avcılar, Istanbul
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Isparta Angle is a prominent tectonic feature in Eastern Mediterranean
region lying to the north of the Africa-Anatolia collision zone and to the east of the
Aegean extensional zone. The distinct morphological view of the eastern and western
flanks namely the NW trending Akşehir fault zone and NE trending Fethiye-Burdur fault
zone, respectively, marks the boundaries of the angle. The low seismic activity during the
last century left the Isparta Angle as a feature with little-known seismotectonics that
gave rise to long lasting debates. Several researches identified the western flank as a
prominent left-lateral shear zone but the NW-SE oriented normal faulting associated with
the M7 1914 and M6 1971 Burdur contradicted them. Similarly, the recent M6 2000 and
2002 Sultandağ earthquakes showing predominantly normal faulting mechanisms took
place on the previously defined Sultandağ thrust fault.
Thus, the focal mechanisms of the large events on the eastern and western flanks of the
Isparta Angle clearly depicts present day extensional tectonics rather than strike-slip or
reverse faulting. The March 30, 2007 (ML=4.7) and April 04, 2007 (ML=4.9) earthquakes
in Eğirdir (Isparta) are the two recent events that shed light on the extensional
tectonics acting within the Isparta angle showing WSW to SW normal faulting. These two
events were accompanied with several smaller earthquakes. The NNW-SSE lineament of
this seismic activity is in accordance with the N-S and NNW-SSW trending tectonic
features such as Kovada graben and several other normal faults occurring further
southward extending toward Mediterranean seaside.
The T-axes of the focal mechanisms of the recent events taking place around the apex of
the Isparta angle show systematic variations. The M=6.0 2000 Sultandağ earthquake
depicts motion along a NE-dipping normal fault, the focal mechanism of the M=6.4 2002
Çay-Eber event reveals predominantly normal faulting mechanism with slip-vectors
toward NNE, while its largest M=5.9 aftershock at Bolvadin have slip vectors oriented
NNW. The slip vectors of all of these events along with the ones of Eğirdir activity
outlines an obvious radial extension acting within the Isparta angle. A causative for such
an extension as suggested by Emre et al. (2009) would be a domal uplifting. To test this
hypothesis we modeled several magnetic profiles acquired from an aeromagnetic survey
carried out in SW Turkey. These profiles cut the normal faulting geologic features along
which the above mentioned earthquakes occurred. The modeling of the magnetic field
data clearly indicates steeply dipping bodies beneath the normal faults.
POSTER / POSTER
136
STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCE OF
MD=5.3 ANKARA (BALA) EARTHQAUKE OF DECEMBER 27,2007
ÖZTÜRK S.-1, BAYRAK Y.-1
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Geophysics, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, the statistical properties of the aftershock sequence of Ankara
(Bala) earthquake of December 27, 2007 is analyzed. For this purpose, the b-value of the
frequency-magnitude relationship and temporal decay rate of aftershocks as described by
the p-value are calculated in order to assessment the some characteristics of the
aftershock sequence in the five months after the MD=5.3 Bala (Ankara) earthquake of 27
December 2007. The catalog taken from the KOERI contains 539 aftershocks with
magnitude MD larger than and equal to 2.6. Aftershock sequence is concentrated around
the main shock epicenter and shows an elliptic area in the NW-SE direction. All of the
computations are programmed in ZMAP software. Using the maximum likelihood
procedure, b-value of Gutenberg-Richter relation is computed as 1.48±0.06, rather large,
with magnitude completeness Mc=2.8. The catalogue does not consist any aftershocks
with magnitude MD>5.0 and there are only 6 aftershocks greater than M4.0. This large bvalue may be resulted by the paucity of aftershocks whose magnitudes are larger than
5.0. By using MD≥Mc (=2.8) and Tstart=0.002 days, p-value of modified Omori law is
calculated as 0.75±0.03 to be relatively small. Relatively small p-value may be a result
of the slow decay rate of the aftershock activity or small number of aftershocks. Thus,
the limitation of the data set strongly affects the results and more detailed future studies
are needed for underlying physical mechanism of the b and p-values variations.
POSTER / POSTER
137
EXAMINATION
OF
GELENDOST
AND
EARTHQAUKES OCCURED IN 2007 BY
TENSOR METHOD
EGRIDIR
(ISPARTA)
DEVIATORIC MOMENT
2007 YILINDA MEYDANA GELMİŞ GELENDOST ve EĞRİDİR
(ISPARTA) DEPREMLERİNİN DEVİATORİK MOMENT TENSÖR
YÖNTEMİ İLE İNCELENMESİ
KILIÇ T.-1, UTKUCU M.-2
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Deprem Araştırma Dairesi, Eskişehir yolu 10. km,
Lodumlu/ANKARA
2-Sakarya
Üniversitesi,
Esentepe/SAKARYA
Mühendislik
Fakültesi,
Jeofizik
Mühendisliği
Bölümü,
[email protected]
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT A high seismic activity beginning from February 2007 and lasting about four
months has been observed in Gelendost and Egridir towns of Isparta located in a
prominent tectonic feature of SW Turkey, known as Isparta Angle. Source parameters
and focal mechanisms of the 9 earthquakes with magnitude M ≥ 4.0 belonging this
activity are investigated by Deviatoric Moment Tensor (DMT) method. In this study,
catalog information and broadband seismograms obtained from National Seismic Network
that is operated by Seismology Section of Earthquake Research Department under
General Directorate of Disaster Affairs are used. For each earthquake, three component
records obtained from at least four broadband stations of this network are utilised.
Analyses are performed using Isola Gui, Moment Tensor Analysis program. Results of the
DMT analysis have shown that the earthquakes studied are mostly having normal faulting
character. Total seismic moment, which is a measure of seismic energy released during
these earthquakes, is calculated as 2.86E+15 Nm. Epicentre distribution and obtained
focal mechanisms suggest that extensional crustal motions related with the Western
Anatolia continue within the Isparta angle.
ÖZET Türkiye’nin önemli bir tektonik özelliği olan Isparta büklümü içinde yer alan
Isparta’nın Gelendost ve Eğridir ilçelerinde 2007 yılı Şubat ayından başlayıp yaklaşık dört
ay devam eden yoğun bir sismik aktivite gözlenmiştir. Bu aktiviteye ait 9 adet büyüklüğü
M ≥ 4.0 olan depremin kaynak parametreleri ve odak mekanizmaları Deviatorik Moment
Tensör (DMT) yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Deprem
Araştırma Dairesi, Sismoloji Şubesi tarafından işletilmekte olan Ulusal Sismik Ağa ait
katalog verileri ve geniş-bant sismogramlardan faydalanılmıştır. Her bir deprem için bu
ağa ait geniş bant istasyonlardan en az dört tanesinin üç bileşen kayıtları kullanılmıştır.
Verilerin analizinde Isola Gui, Moment Tensör Analiz programı kullanılmıştır. DMT analizi
sonucunda elde edilen odak mekanizma çözümleri bu depremlerin çoğunlukla normal
faylanma karakteri taşıdığını göstermiştir. Depremler sırasında açığa çıkan sismik
enerjinin bir göstergesi olan toplam sismik moment 2.86E+15 Nm’dir. Depremlerin
episantır dağılımları ve elde edilen odak mekanizma çözümleri Batı Anadolu’daki
genişleme tektoniği ile ilgili kabuk hareketlerinin Isparta Büklümü içerisinde de devam
ettiğini önermektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
138
THREE-DIMENSIONAL INVERSION OF MAGNETIC ANOMALIES: A
COMPARISON OF INDIVIDUAL AND HYBRID USE OF EXACT AND
APPROXIMATE EQUATIONS
MANYETİK ANOMALİLERİN ÜÇ-BOYUTLU TERS ÇÖZÜMÜ: TAM VE
YAKLAŞIK
EŞİTLİKLERİN
AYRI
AYRI
VE
BİRLİKTE
KULLANIMLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
KONUK T.-1, EKİNCİ Y L-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 17020, ÇanakkaleTürkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, three-dimensional inversion of magnetic anomalies resulting
from vertical sided prizmatic bodies with arbitrary magnetizations and orientations was
presented. A MATLAB-based algorithm was developed for the interpretation of gridded
total field magnetic data. In order to calculate the model parameters, non-linear
optimization technique based on damped least-squares solution with singular value
decomposition solver was used. The partial derivatives of data with respect to the user
defined initial model parameters were computed by using numerical differentiation with
forward difference approximation.
In order to speed up the inversion procedure for large data sets which may require large
iteration number, approximate anomaly equations can be used instead of exact anomaly
equations in the developed algorithm. Approximate anomaly equations which treat the
prism as a line mass are valid at the user defined grid points that are beyond short
distances from the outline of the causative bodies on the observation plane.
In the frame of this work, the efficiency of the inversion algorithm with the use of
approximate anomaly equations was tested on syntectically produced total field gridded
magnetic data and the model parameters obtained were compared with the ones
obtained from the use of exact anomaly equations. Additionally, the effect of the change
of user defined grid interval, where the use of exact equations are valid, was investigated
as well. Theoretical noise-free and noisy simulations with single and multiple prisms
showed that, in case of increasing the number of the grid points for the use of
approximate equations, the computing time of the inversion procedure becomes
decreasingly low but the misfit between the actual and calculated model parameters
becomes increasingly high.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, gelişigüzel mıknatıslanmış ve yönlenmiş düşey prizmatik şekilli
yapılardan kaynaklanan manyetik anomalilerin üç-boyutlu ters çözümü sunulmuştur.
Gridlenmiş toplam alan manyetik verilerinin yorumlanabilmesi amacıyla MATLAB-tabanlı
bir algoritma geliştirilmiştir. Model parametrelerinin hesaplanabilmesi amacıyla tekil
değer ayrışımı ile sönümlü en küçük kareler çözümü esasına dayanan doğrusal olmayan
optimizasyon
tekniği
kullanılmıştır.
Kullanıcının
belirlediği
başlangıç
model
POSTER / POSTER
139
parametrelerine
hesaplanmıştır.
göre
kısmi
türevler,
ileri
farklar
yaklaşımı
ile
sayısal
olarak
Geliştirilen algoritmada, fazla iterasyonun gerekebileceği büyük veri setleri için ters
çözüm işleminin hızlandırılabilmesi amacıyla, tam anomali eşitlikleri yerine yaklaşık
anomali eşitlikleri kullanılabilmektedir. Prizmatik yapı yerine çizgisel kütle anomalisini
hesaplayan yaklaşık eşitliklerin kullanımı, gözlem yüzeyinde kaynak yapı sınırlarından
kullanıcının belirleyeceği bir uzaklıkta bulunan grid noktalarında geçerli olacak şekildedir.
Bu çalışma kapsamında, kuramsal olarak hesaplanan modeller üzerinde yaklaşık eşitlikler
kullanımı ile gerçekleştirilen çözümlemelerle, algoritmanın başarısı sınanmış ve elde
edilen model parametreleri tam eşitliklerin kullanımı ile hesaplanan model parametreleri
ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, tam eşitliklerin kullanımının geçerli olduğu kullanıcı tanımlı
grid aralığı değişiminin çözüm üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Tek ve çoklu prizmatik
yapılardan hesaplanan gürültülü ve gürültüsüz verilerle gerçekleştirilen benzetimler,
yaklaşık eşitliklerin kullanımının geçerli oldugu grid noktası sayısının arttırılmasıyla ters
çözüm işlem süresinin azaldığını ancak gerçek ve hesaplanan model parametreleri
arasında ki çakışmazlık ölçütünün ise arttığını göstermiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
140
NATIONAL STRONG GROUND MOTION NETWORK OF TURKEY
TÜRKİYE ULUSAL KUVVETLİ YER HAREKETİ KAYIT AĞI
KURU T.-1, KARAKISA S.-1, ALKAN M.A.-1, APAK A.-1, KÖKBUDAK D.-1, ÇAKIR E.-1,
ALTIOK S.-1, ALBAYRAK H.-1, ŞAHİN C.-1, TENGİLİMOĞLU E.-1, YAŞAR A.-1, IRAVUL Y.1, TUZEL B.-1
1-Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs,
Earthquake Research Department, 06530, Ankara, Turkey
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Strong Ground Motion Network of Turkey is operated by Earthquake
Research Department (ERD) under the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement General
Directorate of Disaster Affairs (GDDA). The network had been initiated in 1973 and the
first strong ground motion had been recorded in 1976. Earthquakes which occured in
Turkey near the network since 1976 have been recorded by our network.
Initially, analog acceleration recorders were installed as they were the available
technology. Later (after 1993) the system has been supported by digital instruments
additionally.
Aim of the Network is; to improve the damage-loss estimations and to develop the
seismic intensity attenuation relations, which is in turn connected to the earthquake
scenario studies for urban areas. Data from the Network will be used for emergency
response, performance assessment, improvement of building codes and scientific studies.
And also, earthquake strong motion records can be used by national and international
researcher via internet.
According to the aim of the Network, accelometers are installed on the North Anatolian
Fault Zone (NAFZ), East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) and Aegean Graben System where
the big earthquakes occurred or the expected active areas with a distance about 20-30
km.
Most instruments have been generally installed at freefield and also, end of the yaer
2009 all of them will be installed as freefield.
ÖZET Ulusal Kuvvetli Yer Hareketi Kayıt Ağı; Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı, Afet İşleri
Genel Müdürlüğü (AİGM), Deprem Araştırma Dairesi (DAD) tarafından işletilmektedir.
Ağ 1973 yılında başlatılmış ve 1976 yılında ilk kuvvetli yer hareketi kaydı alınmıştır.
Türkiye ve civarındaki depremlerin kuvvetli yer hareketi kaydı 1976 yılından beri bu ağ
tarafından kaydedilmektedir.
İlk olarak; 1973 yılında o günkü teknoloji ile analog ivme kayıtçıları kurulmuştur. 1993
yılından sonra, sistem sayısal aletlerle desteklenmiştir.
Kuvvetli Yer Hareketi Kayıt Ağı’nın amacı; ülke ölçeğinde deprem sırasında oluşan yer
ivmesini ölçülmesi, her tür yapıya depremle gelen ve hasar yapabilen kuvvetlerin
ölçülmesi, buradan elde edilen verilerle depreme dayanıklı yapı yapma tekniklerinin
geliştirilmesi ve alınan kayıtların arşivi ve ulusal ve uluslararası bilim dünyası tarafından
kullanılabilir sağlıklı veri tabanının oluşturulmasını hedeflemektedir.
İvme kayıtları kullanılarak, depremin uzaklıkla değişimini gösteren azalım ilişkileri
kurulabilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, değişik uzaklıklardaki yerleşim birimlerinde olası ivme
değerleri hesaplanabilmektedir. Ölçülen değerlere göre bölgedeki hasar durumu ve şiddet
dağılımı hızlı bir şekilde tahmin edilebilmektedir. Ayrıca bu kayıtlar internet aracılığı ile
ulusal ve uluslar arası araştırmacılara sunulmaktadır.
Ağdaki sınırlı sayıdaki ivme-ölçerler, ülkemizde hasar yapıcı depremlerin oluştuğu Kuzey
Anadolu Fay Zonu (KAFZ), Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonu (DAFZ) ve Ege Graben Sistemleri
(EGS) üzerine yerleştirilmiştir.
İstasyonların çoğu serbest alanda kurulmuş olup, 2009
istasyonların serbest alana taşınması planlanmaktadır.
POSTER / POSTER
yılı sonuna
kadar tüm
141
THE KINEMATIC MODEL OF THE VISCOELASTIC ANATOLIAN CRUST
SUPPORTED
BY
MORPHOLOGICAL,
HYDROLOGICAL,
VOLCANOLOGICAL, SEISMOLOGICAL AND TECTONICAL CLUES
ANADOLU
VİSKOELASTİK
KABUĞUNUN
MORFOLOJİK,
HİDROLOJİK,
VOLKANOLOJİK,
SİSMOLOJİK
VE
TEKTONİK
KANITLARLA DESTEKLENMİŞ KİNEMATİK MODELİ
KAYNAK U.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT An evolutionary moving model is been created for viscoelastic crust of the
Anatolia, supported by quantitative data derived from morphological, hydrological,
volcanological, seismological and tectonical clues. These are the morphological evolution
of the symmetric Turkish Aegean Bays, the maximum curvature diameters of the mid
Anatolian big rivers, the distances between the first and the last linear moving values of
the mid continental volcanoes of Anatolia, the epicenters distribution showing deltoid
pattern of the Anatolia and the non-stationary FFF triple junction of Karlıova,
respectively. Included all of its characteristics this junction can be identified as the FFF
non-stationary triple junction working under the radial transpression force. All of the
numerical and logical data collected from those of the sources are been took place in a
seismotectonic evolutionary map around Karlıova located central part of the Eastern
Anatolia. On the other hand the qualitative data obtained from all of these works such as
the strike, velocities and ages have been given in a table.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Anadolu Viskoelastik Kabuğu için sayısal verilerle desteklenen
evrimsel bir devinim modeli kurgulanmıştır.
Bu modelin argümanları, morfolojik,
hidrolojik, volkanolojik, sismolojik ve tektonik kaynaklı sayısal verilerdir. Bunlar sırasıyla,
Ege Denizi Türk sahillerindeki simetrik körfezlerin morfolojik evrimleri, Anadolu’daki
başlıca ırmakların en büyük eğrilik çapları, Anadolu’nun çizgisel yürüyen kıta ortası
volkanlar arası açıklıkları, Anadolu’nun deltoid biçemli dışmerkez dağılımı ve Karlıova
duraysız FFF üçlü eklemi’dir. Bu eklem bütün karakteristikleri ile “Radyal transpresyon
altında çalışan duraysız FFF üçlü eklemi” olarak isimlendirilebilir. Bütün bu verilerden elde
edilen sayısal ve mantıksal sonuçlar Doğu Anadolu’nun orta kısmında yer alan Karlıova
merkezli bir sismotektonik evrim haritası üzerine yerleştirilmişlerdir. Diğer taraftan bütün
bu çalışmalardan elde edilen atım, hız ve yaş gibi nicel veriler tablo halinde sunulmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER
142
THE INTERIOR GEOLOGY OF THE ISTANBUL CITY WALL AND THE
EVOLUTION OF THE TURKISH STRAITS
İSTANBUL SURİÇİ JEOLOJİSİ VE TÜRK BOĞAZLARI’NIN GELİŞİM
SÜRECİ
KAYNAK U.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Ridge-Ridge-Ridge (RRR) type non-stationary triple junctions can build
a rift-rift-rift’ (rrr’) triple junctions chain, by means of a linear upwelling effect originated
on the bottom level of the crust in the initial stage. This preliminary phenomenon can be
transit a continental splitting and drifting, driven by the activity of the sea floor spreading
effect at least. The west to east travel of the Sinistral Cadomian Transpression Zone
driven Vardar Sea and east to west travel of the Dextral North Anatolian Fault Zone
driven Likian Sea are the important factors of structural geologic history of the Turkish
Straits. When those of local rifting processes was been stopped just on the Tanganyika Nyassa phase by a well known external force, it has been shown in this study that a
building model having all characteristics of the Turkish Straits can be state by the limited
rifting case and it do not need any other preliminary argues. This study is affected
strongly by the interior geology of the İstanbul city wall.
ÖZET Bir Üçlü eklem türü olan Ridge-Ridge-Ridge (RRR) duraysız üçlü eklemleri,
başlangıç aşamasında, kabuk tabanından aldıkları çizgisel kaldırma etkisiyle, yeryüzünde
birbirlerine bağlanmış rift-rift-rift’ (rrr’) üçlü eklemleri dizisi oluşturabilmektedirler. Bu
olgu sürgit devam ettiğinde kıtasal kabuğun yarılması ile başlayıp, yeni bir okyanus
tabanı oluşumuna kadar varabilen bir süreç oluşur. Türk Boğazlarının jeolojik oluşum
sürecinde Sinistral Cadomian Transpression Zone’un etkisiyle Vardar Denizinin ve
Dekstral Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu’nun etkisiyle Likian Denizinin batı → doğu ve doğu →
batı yönlü devinimleri birinci derecede etkin olmuşlardır. Eğer bu oluşum Tanganyika Nyassa aşamasında iken, iyi bilinen bir dış etmenle açılması durdurulursa, Türk
Boğazları’nın bütün karakteristiklerini taşımak üzere bir “oluşum modeli” oluşturabileceği
ve başkaca hiçbir ön kabule gerek kalmayacağı gösterilmiştir. İstanbul sur içi jeolojik
haritasının bu çalışmaya önemli katkıları olmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER
143
THE CRUSTAL FRACTURE SYSTEM, THE EARTHQUAKES AND THE
MISUNDERSTANDINGS
KABUKSAL ÇATLAK SİSTEMLERİ, DEPREM VE YANILGILAR
KAYNAK U.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is supposed that the micro tension cracks are not important according to
the knowledge’s before, in the rocks reached to the breaking points in this study. It is
shown that the essential agents in cherged before and while the main shock are the
lithosphere fracturing system. All of the information about mechanism of the hypocenters
need to be a revision because being of the effective interaction between the fracturing
system and the earthquakes. When the main shock getting closed; the deformation area
of the fault segment suddenly get hotter because of the quasi debris of the lattice forced
the rocks expand, the fractures get close, the fluids and the volatiles in the fractures
eject to the open air, the deformation area rises up, the fault plane begins to open,
breaking of the fault plane lock causes the decreasing of the friction resistance, the
bilateral compartments of the deformation area begin to walk with some 1.6-1.7 cm/s
velocity to the new unstressed locations and the earthquake begins. According to those
of the model, as the on-line cross hole shots and the resistivity measuring on the
deformation area observed continuously, the people will be aware, from a few hours to a
few days before the main shock, by the proper alert system. Because some dramatically
changes at the velocity of the seismic waves and conductivity of the medium will affected
by closing down of the fracture system, contrary to the knowledge’s.
ÖZET Çalışmada kopma gerilmesine yaklaşan fay segmentlerinde oluşan mikro tansiyon
çatlaklarının sanıldığı kadar önemli olmadıkları varsayılmıştır. Ana şokun hemen
öncesinde ve ana şok sırasında asıl görev yapan ajanların sistematik çatlaklar olduğu
gösterilmiştir. Sistematik çatlakların depremle karşılıklı etkin etkileşimleri nedeni ile odak
mekanizması hakkındaki bütün bilinenlerin yeniden gözden geçirilmesi gerekmektedir.
Buna göre ana şok yaklaştığında; segmentin deformasyon bölgesi kısmi latis göçertilmesi
nedeniyle aşırı ısınmakta, kayaçlar genleşmekte, deformasyon bölgesi kabarmakta,
sistematik çatlaklar kapanmakta, çatlaklardaki akışkanlar yeryüzüne fışkırtılmakta, fay
düzlemi açılmakta, fay düzleminin kilidi kırılarak sürtünme direnci azaltılmakta,
deformasyon bölgesinin bilateral kompartmanları gerilimi azaltacak yönlerde yaklaşık
1.6-1.7 cm/sn hızla harekete geçmekte ve böylece deprem oluşmaktadır. Bu modele göre
gerilim bölgesinde yapılacak on-line kuyu çapraz atışları ve elektriksel direnç ölçümleri
sayesinde ana şoktan birkaç günle birkaç saat öncesinde insanlara vakit kazandıracak bir
deprem alarmı verilmesi mümkün olacaktır. Çünkü kapanan sistematik çatlaklar
yüzünden, bilinenlerin aksine sismik hız ve kayaç iletkenliği aniden yükselmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
144
THE MOVEMENT POTENTIAL EVALUATION AND COMPARING OF
THE ACTIVE FAULTS (CASE STUDY: MAJOR FAULTS IN THE
SEMNAN REGION)
ARIAN M.-1, MALEKI Z.-1
1-Geology Department, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research branch
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT One of the most important problems in Seismotectonic investigations is
evaluation and comparing of active fault movement potential. This method is based on
the relationship between fault geometrical characteristics and regional tectonic stress
field and used to active major faults in the Semnan region. According to this, the major
Quaternary faults can be classified based on their strikes into three sets; northeast,
northwest and east – west and they have evaluated. The results show that the north
Semnan and the north Sorkheh fault zones are of the highest movement potential in the
area, in spite of the lack of the seismic records along them.
POSTER / POSTER
145
DAMAGING SEISMIC HAZARD FOR KHORAMABAD AREA (SPECIAL
EFFECTIVE FOR OLD TISSUE)
RAFIEH Z.-1, MALEKI Z.-1
1-Geology Department, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Campus, Member
of young Reserchers Club
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Khoramabad city is centeral Lorestan located between 48 .15 - 48.30
and 33.15-33.30 above on the antcline Khoramabad that cover with two faults cover in
the north and south of it.
This study is about structural geology and seismisity in the area .It shows that Decolman
displacdment is the reseon of folding in the high Zagros mountain belt. According of this
study some of the faults indicator determinated active faults.(S.B.F) (Mahdavian ,
Nayeb2005) and sinocity of Khoramabad mountainseem too.
The oldest rocks is trace and garo formation whit outcropin Khoramabad .
Iran lies on a very active region from seismicity point of view . Sinc a shallow destructive
earthquake (M>6.8) and several moderate earthquake will be occur at least every ten
years.
The (ZMRF) and (HZF) and the other faults in the regionalare active or Quaternary rightlateral wrench faults almost direction are NW-SE strike.
High Zagros mountain fault and Khoramabad area is seismically actice and following
destructive earthquake have occurred along it: The Silakhor earthquake of 23 January
1909 (Ms=7.4)
The maximum magnetude recent earthquake is recorded in 1957 with MS=7.5
At last of this study show estimate risk hazard in Khoramabad and effective old tissue
earthquake critical management.
POSTER / POSTER
146
ENGINEERING
MÜHENDİSLİK
A CASE STUDY: EFFECTS OF SELECTED MODELING PARAMETERS
ON PERFORMANCE EXPECTATIONS OF BUILDINGS
DILSIZ A.-1, GÜLKAN-1
1-Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Çankaya 06531 - ANKARA
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT During the last two decades, many competing nonlinear analysis procedures
have been proposed for earthquake performance determination of engineering
structures. The nonlinear response history analysis (NRHA) is accepted as the most
accurate source of information for nonlinear seismic response, there are several
shortcomings (i.e. amount of run time, post processing efforts, and stability and
convergence problems) in the application. Therefore, nonlinear static procedures (NSP)
have been developed to determine the nonlinear seismic response in terms of demand
and performance evaluation. NSPs may also provide reasonable estimates of seismic
demand and inelastic behavior. However, adequacy of all proposed NSPs is limited due to
the simplifications and approaches as invariant load pattern and consideration of single
mode. Due to other inherent approximate assumptions, determination of local or global
demands may be difficult or erroneous. Considering the effect of higher modes to the
seismic response, many adaptive modal pushover analysis procedures have been
proposed, recently.
In this study, a case study has been formed. Two damaged buildings (one moderately
and one severely) have been selected from a building model pool that we have crafted
and a number of analysis procedures have been applied to them. The buildings for the
case study have been selected from among the damaged buildings in Adapazarı city
center during 1999 Marmara Earthquake. Since the damage states for buildings are
known, comparing them with predictions from NSP analyses, effects of different modeling
parameters have been evaluated.
In the sample building models the following parameters have been changed; i. load
pattern for each NSP, ii. hinge properties of frame elements, iii. infill wall modeling
(considered or neglected), iv. material properties, v. P-∆ effects (included or neglected).
For each parameter combination, the “performance point” are obtained. The results are
compared with each other. The difference between these results has also been compared
with the case of considering higher mode effects (in adaptive modal pushover analysis
procedures).
Comparing with the results of analyses, approximations of NSP’s have been evaluated.
This way, reliability of NSP Methods is evaluated and checked whether they are suitable
“route signs” for engineers. Since the performance expectations for the models have
been different from the “real” damage state, the study has been concluded that, there is
as yet no safety for the agreement of pushover procedures with field observations.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
147
FIRE PERFORMANCE OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES IN CEMENT
MORTARS
ÖNER A.-1, ÖZTÜRK O.-1, ENGIN S.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In recent years, concrete manufacturing has been increased rapidly with
the development of technologies. Development of concrete manufacturing is provided by
mineral and chemical admixtures. Materials as slag, fly ash, silica fume and stone dust
similar with cement that stored in silo are named mineral admixtures. All mineral
admixtures ,except furnace slag, haven’t got the binding properties without any other
binder as cement. However, mineral admixtures behave as binder like cement if they
used with cement. Therefore, mineral admixtures provide usage of less cement. Chemical
admixtures have a widespread use of enhancing the workability properties of concrete
Water reducers, superplasticizers, retarders, accelerators and air-entraining admixtures
are the mainly chemical admixtures. Chemical admixtures provide advantages for the
workability and pumping properties of concrete. Fire performance of concrete with
chemical admixtures was determined in this study. 45 cement mortar specimens with
50x50mm dimensions consist of hyperplasticizers and superplasticizers (1 percent of
cement volume) were produced. All specimens except reference specimens were fired at
5000 C and 10000 C after the cure time. Compressive strength of mortar specimens
were defined after the fire and loss of strength was investigated for each specimens.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
148
EXPERIMENTAL
BRIDGE
MODAL
ANALYSIS
OF
GULBURNU
HIGHWAY
BAYRAKTAR-1, ALTUNIŞIK-2, SEVİM-3, TÜRKER-4
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Trabzon
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Gülburnu Highway Bridge is a reinforced concrete box girder bridge located
on the Giresun-Espiye Highway. The bridge deck consists of a main span of 165m and
two side spans of 82.5m each. The total bridge length is 330m and total width of bridge
is 30m. Construction of the bridge is completed two month ago and opened to traffic. So,
dynamic characteristics such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios of
the bridge are determined using experimental measurements to evaluate current
behavior. In the experimental measurements, vibrations of the bridge are obtained by
Experimental Modal Analysis method under ambient vibrations such as traffic loads.
Vibration data are gathered from both box girder and bridge deck. Measurement points,
measurement time, frequency span and effective mode number are determined by
considering similar studies in literature. Dynamic characteristics are extracted using the
Peak Picking method in the frequency domain and the Stochastic Subspace Identification
method in the time domain. At the end of the study, the dynamic characteristics of the
bridge are obtained and compared with each other for different measurement locations
and methods. It is seen from the study, there is a good agreement between all
measurements performed on box girder and bridge deck.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
149
EFFECT OF SOIL CONDITIONS ON THE HIGH STOREY BUILDINGS
DUE TO DYNAMIC LOADING
DİNAMİK DURUMDA ZEMİN KOŞULLARININ ÇOK KATLI YAPI
DAVRANIŞINA ETKİSİ
SÜNBÜL A.B.-1, DAĞDEVİREN U.-1,GÜNDÜZ Z.-1, SİYAHİ B.-2
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Mühendislik
Adapazarı, Sakara
Fakültesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, 54187,
2-Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü,
Çayırova Kampusu, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli
[email protected],
[email protected]
GYTE
Deprem
[email protected],
ve
Yapı
Anabilim
Dalı
[email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The seismic installations occurred during earthquakes affects the structures
abutments and the buildings carrier system and also generate time domain displacement
on the joints. The ground soil conditions that the structure is built on have already
identified before the design will prevent the structures from the damage of earthquake.
The carrier system of the structures is connected to ground in the foundation. Therefore,
ground-foundation and structure is in interaction with each other. And under earthquake
shaking the carrier system, foundation and the ground shows different behavior. Soilstructure interaction problem in this case known as; structure, the seismic vibrations into
the soft ground will be shown against the reaction in with the hard rock to sit on the
ground show that the reaction is different.
The 1999 Marmara earthquake (Mw: 7.4) caused very severe damaged to high storey
buildings to low storey buildings. In this study we try to understand the real cause of the
damage on the high storey buildings in the centre of Adapazari city during the
earthquake. By evaluating the structures in this region about floor number, set for this
ratio in the region, the damage has emerged as a factor.
In light of this information; estimation of earthquake ground motion is needed in the
design/retrofit phase of a structure and is highly affected from the soil type. The soil type
at the site is often the most important factor in determining cost and performance of a
structure in seismic regions.
In this study, a damaged high storey building sitting on the bed rock, on the soft soil and
the stiff soil is selected on which SDOF structures with periods of vibration up to 5
seconds are supported. An ensemble of ground motions recorded on rock was used as
input beneath the soil deposits, and response spectra were generated for the same
building on different soil conditions. Ground conditions during the earthquake behavior of
the multi-storey buildings and the ground effects features are working to determine the
appropriate design criteria.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
150
ÖZET Depremler sırasında meydana gelen sismik yüklemeler; yapıların mesnetlerinde
zamana bağlı bir yer değiştirme hareketi doğurarak bir etki oluştururlar. Bu etkiler
yapıları, her zamanki yüklerinden farklı yükler altında zorlayarak, uygulama ve tasarım
aşamalarında yapılmış hatalarını ortaya çıkartırlar. Yapıların yapılacağı alanların zemin
özelliklerinin yapı tasarım aşamalarında önceden belirlenmiş olması ve bu zemin
özelliklerine uygun yapı sistemlerinin seçilmesi, binaların deprem sırasında zemin
özelliklerine bağlı hasarlar görmesini engeller.
Yapıların taşıyıcı sistemleri zemin içine temelleriyle bağlanır. Bu yüzden zemin-temel-yapı
birbiriyle etkileşim içindedir. Deprem titreşimleri altında zemin, kendi özelliklerine bağlı
davranış gösterirken, bu zeminde oturan yapının temeli ve taşıyıcı sistemi de farklı
davranış gösterir. Zemin-yapı etkileşimi problemi olarak bilinen bu durumda; yapının,
yumuşak zemine oturması halinde deprem titreşimine karşı göstereceği tepki ile sert
kaya zemine oturması halinde göstereceği tepki farklı olmaktadır.
1999 Marmara depremi ardından inceleme alanı Adapazarı’nda yapılan hasar tespit
çalışmalarında, şehrin zayıf zemin özellikleri gösteren bölgelerinde hasar gören yapılar
yanında depremi az hasarlı atlatmış yapılara rastlanmıştır. Aynı şekilde şehrin sağlam
zemin özellikleri gösteren bölgelerinde beklenenin aksine depremden hasar görmüş
yapılar bulunmaktadır. Bu bölgelerde yapıların kat adetleri değerlendirildiğinde, kat
adedinin bu bölgelerdeki hasar oranları için belirleyici bir etken olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
Bu bilgiler ışığında; çalışma kapsamında sert ve yumuşak zemine oturan aynı plan ve kat
adedinde yapılar gerçek ölçülerine bağlı kalınarak farklı deprem büyüklüklerinde, sonlu
elemanlara dayalı paket program ile zaman tanım alanında analiz edilmiştir. Bu çalışma
sonucunda farklı zemin üzerine oturan benzer yapıların depremden nasıl ve ne ölçüde
etkileneceği, ayrıca deprem sırasında zemin koşullarının çok katlı yapı davranışına etkisi
ve zemin özelliklerine uygun tasarım kriterleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
151
VARIATIONS ON SEISMIC RESPONSE VIA VISCOUS DAMPER
PLACEMENT IN PLANAR BUILDING STRUCTURES
AYDIN E.-1, ÖZTÜRK B.-1, POLAT F.-1
1-Division of Mechanics, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and
Architecture, Nigde University, 51240, Nigde, Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In recent years, viscous fluid dampers have been incorporated into several
civil engineering structures. Viscous dampers (VD) are highly effective in mitigating
dynamic responses of building structures due to seismic excitation. It needs to be pointed
out how many and/or where the dampers should be supplemented. There are some
studies about allocation of the dampers in structures. Optimal damper distribution
problem has been studied in limited number in the literature. To obtain an optimal
solution of the damper distribution, we should define an objective function dependent on
the structural response. An optimal solution upon damper placement relatively changes
by the choice of objective function. There are some relevant investigations in the
literature. To understand the effect of distribution of dampers, in the first step, it needs
to be known which damper placement mitigates which response of the structures. In this
study, without using any optimization method, three main structural models that are five
stories, ten stories and twenty stories planar buildings, and 96 damper distribution submodels are constructed and analyzed to understand the best suitable damper design in
terms of some structural response parameters such as story displacements, interstory
drifts and story accelerations. El Centro earthquake acceleration record is used in time
history analyses. For each one of main structural model, a total damper capacity that is
the sum of damping coefficient of the added dampers is chosen. Then, a damper whose
damping coefficient presents total damper capacity is passed on each story level. In
other damper designs, the total damper capacity is divided by the damper number and
more than one damper is placed on each story sequentially and is passed on the height
of the structure. The results of analyses point out that proper damper distribution
relatively changes in terms of different response parameters.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
152
LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED
DEFORMATION
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOUNDATION SOILS
ASSESSMENT
OF
UNUTMAZ B.-1, ÇETİN K.Ö.-2
1-Civil Engineering Department, Kocaeli University
2-Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Assessment of liquefaction triggering potential estimation of free field soil
sites (i.e. when the site is level and there are no structures) has been widely accepted all
over the world. However, estimating the liquefaction triggering potential beneath
foundations still stays as a controversial and difficult issue. Assessing liquefaction
triggering potential under foundations requires the estimation of cyclic and static stress
state of the soil medium by means of 3-D dynamic response assessments of the soil,
structure and earthquake interacting systems. In this paper, calibration of an alternative
simplified, semi empirical procedure for the estimation of structural-induced CSR values
has been performed through the results of 3-D numerical simulations of soil-structureearthquake systems. This paper especially focuses on the validation of the proposed
methodology based on well-documented foundation performance case histories of
residential structures founded on liquefiable soils after 1999 Kocaeli earthquake. The
foundation soil profiles of these case histories generally consist of silty soils, sand-silt
mixtures and silt-clay mixtures. Overburden and procedure corrected SPT-N values vary
in the range of 2 to 5 blows/30 cm in the upper 5 meters and gradually increases up to a
maximum value of 25 blows/30 cm beyond depths of 5 to 8 m’s. Overlying structures are
mainly 3 to 6 storey, residential buildings with no basements. The structures were
composed of frame elements of beams and columns. Foundation systems were either
documented or assumed to be mats. Liquefaction triggering performance as well as
foundation settlements of the case histories are assessed through the proposed
methodology. In addition to calibration and validation efforts, the validity of the following
observations based on post earthquake reconnaissance, especially after 1999 Kocaeli and
Duzce and 2000 Chi-Chi earthquakes, is assessed: i) sand boils were usually observed at
the edges of some structures where as no sand boils were observed at free field soil sites
with similar soil profiles, ii) structures located at the end of closely spaced residential
building series are more vulnerable to liquefaction-induced bearing capacity loss and
corollary tilting. As the concluding remark, the proposed simplified procedure is shown to
capture almost all of the behavioral trends and most of the settlement amplitudes.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
153
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF 1855 EARTQUAKES ON
MASONRY STRUCTURES IN BURSA: CASE STUDY BURSA ÖRDEKLI
PUBLIC BATH
BAĞBANCI M.B.-1, KÖPRÜLÜ B.Ö.-1
1-Uludag University Engineering and Architectural Faculty of Architectural Department
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Between the 14th and 15th centuries, the city of Bursa had major
commercial activities. There were commercial routes to central Anatolia such as Silk
Road, Spice Road. Because of the important location of the city many commercial, public,
religious and educational buildings were built during this period due to the commercial
activities between Anatolia and Europe. The Ordekli Bath is dated to the end of 14th
century in the city of Bursa, the first capital of the Ottoman Empire. Ördekli Bath began
to be built in the period of Sultan Yıldırım Bâyezid I (1389–1402) and was completed in
the 15th century by Çelebi Sultan Mehmet.
The Ordekli Bath still preserves its authentic characteristics such as plan layout, mass
order, spatial features of construction techniques and most of the original material. The
building has a lengthwise rectangular plan -except men’s frigidarium (Soğukluk)extending along an axis in the east-west direction. The building was built with rubble
stone, limestone, horosan mortar, brick and timber in the masonry system. The exterior
walls were 100–110 cm. in thickness, and interior walls were 100cm in thickness. Rubble
stone was the main structural material in the walls. Limestone was used on the door and
window openings and at the corner of the walls. Brick was used on the transition
elements (pendentives, Turkish triangles, squinches) and superstructure (arches, vaults
and domes). The interior walls were plastered with khorasan mortar.
The first earthquake in 31st January and the second in 18th April in 1855 was damaged
the Bursa City and many historical buildings were destroyed. Many of the historical
monuments fully or partly collapsed in this earthquakes. Bursa Ördekli Bath is known as
an example of these partly destroyed buildings. 1600 people were died in this
earthquakes in Bursa City. There were cracks and big cuts on the ground, water blow out
under the ground and every where smells heavy sulphur gases.
Researchers of this paper want to investigate the characterization of the materials used
in the historical bath, adopted the composite material properties to the finite element
model of the Ördekli Bath and make the structural analyses under dead load and
earthquake loads. After the analyses the conclusions are discussed and compared with
the men’s frigidarium dome which was partly collapsed after the 1855 earthquakes.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
154
INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL CONTINIUTY TO
STRUCTURAL CAPACITY
BETONARME BİNALARDA PERDE DUVAR SÜREKLİLİĞİNİN YAPISAL
KAPASİTEYE ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
YÖN B.-1, ÖNCÜ M.E.-2
1-Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
2-Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, the relationship between the shear wall which continued from
ground floor to top floor and the structural capacity was investigated in the multi-storey
reinforced concrete buildings. For this purpose, 14 reinforced plane systems have been
selected. These structures consist of two plane frames, one of which is 5-strorey and the
other is 7-storey, and of 12 dual frame-shear wall systems whose middle axes were
shear walls, five of which are 5-storey and seven of which are 7-storey. Column sizes of
the plane systems were chosen as 50/50 cm for which are 5-storey and as 60/60 for
which are 7-storey, and beam size of all the plane systems were chosen as 30/60 cm.
Pushover analysis of these structures were performed and the capacity curves of these
were found. The analysis of structures according to strength of 20, 25 and 30 MPa (C20,
C25 and C30) was accomplished separately. The areas under the capacity curves which
obtained from the analysis were calculated and results from which were evaluated.
Accordingly, it was determined that the more shear wall continue to top floors the more
increase the capacity of structures; however a significant increase of the capacity didn’t
occur after high of shear wall reached certain level. SAP2000 structural analysis software
was used in the analysis.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, çok katlı betonarme binalarda yapı yüksekliği boyunca perde duvar
sürekliliği ile yapısal kapasite arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, 14 adet
betonarme düzlem sistem seçilmiştir. Bunlar, biri 5 diğeri 7 katlı olan iki düzlem çerçeve
ile beşi 5 katlı ve yedisi 7 katlı olan ve orta aksında perde bulunan 12 adet perde-çerçeve
sistemden oluşmaktadır. 5 katlı düzlem çerçevelerde kolon boyutları 50/50 cm, 7 katlı
çerçevelerde kolon boyutları 60/60 cm ve tüm çerçevelerde kiriş boyutları 30/60 cm
olarak seçilmiştir. Söz konusu yapıların itme analizleri yapılmış ve kapasite eğrileri
bulunmuştur. Düzlem çerçevelerin analizleri 20, 25 ve 30 MPa dayanımlı beton sınıflarına
(C20, C25 ve C30) göre ayrı ayrı yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda analizlerden elde
edilen kapasite eğrilerinin altında kalan alanlar hesaplanarak sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir.
Buna göre, 5 ve 7 katlı betonarme binalarda üst katlara doğru perdenin sürekliliği arttıkça
yapıların kapasitelerinin arttığı ancak belirli bir yükseklikten sonra kapasitelerinde önemli
bir artışın olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Analizlerde SAP2000 yapı analiz programı kullanılmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
155
THE DYNAMICS ANALALYSIS OF THE SYSTEMS BASED ON THE
INTERACTION BETWEEN SOILNAND BUILDINGS
ZEMİN-YAPI
ETKİLEŞİMİNİN
SİSTEMLERİN DİNAMİK ANALİZİ
DİKKATE
ALINDIĞI
KEMER
AVANOĞLU SICACIK E.-1, SOYLUK K.-1
1-Gazi Üniversitesi Müh. Mim. Fak. İnşaat Müh. Bölümü 06570 Maltepe ANKARA
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of the spatial
variation of ground motion in the dynamic response analysis of arc type systems by
considering the soil-structure interaction. In the analysis of embedded, massive and
long-span structures the soil-structure interaction should be taken into account. Substructure method is used while modeling the system. In the sub-structure method
superstructure and soil medium is partitioned into two subsystems. When the analysis of
each subsystem is completed, the results can be combined in order to obtain the global
response of the entire system. Spatial variation of the ground motion is taken into
account with the wave passage and site response effects. Wave passage effect occurs
depending on the different arrival times of the ground motion to the supports of the
structural system. To take in to account this effect, apparent wave velocities of the
ground motions are considered as V=3000m/s, V=300m/s and infinite. Site response
effect occurs depending on the different soil conditions located at the supports of the
structural system. For the site response effect stiff and soft soil conditions are used for
the considered numerical system. As ground motion, a horizontal component of the 1999
Kocaeli earthquake is applied in the horizontal direction. The results of the study indicate
that the spatial variation of the ground motion significantly affect the dynamic response
of the arc type systems. When the soil-structure interaction is also considered, the effect
of the spatially varying ground motion becomes more important
ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı zemin-yapı etkileşiminin dikkate alındığı kemer sisteminin
deprem hareketi değişim bileşenlerinin etkilerini incelemek amacıyla dinamik analizi
gerçekleştirilmektedir. Zemine gömülü, ağır ve uzun açıklıklı yapıların dinamik analizinde
zemin yapı etkileşimi dikkate alınmalıdır. Problemin çözümünde alt-sistem yaklaşımı
kullanılmaktadır. Alt-sistem yaklaşımında, üstyapı ile zemin iki ayrı sistem olarak ele
alınır ve her iki sistem için ayrı ayrı yazılan dinamik denge denklemleri, daha sonra
üstyapı-zemin arakesitindeki geometrik uygunluk ve denge koşulları dikkate alınarak
birleştirilir. Deprem hareketindeki değişim dalga yayılma ve zemin etkileri ile birlikte
dikkate alınmaktadır. Dalga yayılma etkisi deprem hareketinin bir mesnetten diğerine
ulaşıncaya kadar geçen zaman farkından doğmaktadır. Bu etki göz önünde
bulundurularak dalga yayılma hızı 3000m/s, 300m/s alındığı durum ve deprem
dalgalarının sonsuz hızla yayıldığı kabul edilerek analizler yapılmaktadır. Zemin etkisi ise
farklı mesnet noktalarındaki yerel zemin şartlarının faklılığından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu
etkinin incelenmesi için de mesnetlerde yumuşak ve sert zemin özellikleri
kullanılmaktadır. Dinamik etki olarak 1999 Kocaeli depremine ait yatay bir bileşen
kullanılmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda dalga yayılma hızının ve mesnetlerdeki farklı zemin
cinsinin kemer sistemlerin dinamik davranışında önemli olduğu gözlenirken, zemin-yapı
etkileşiminin de dikkate alınmasının bu hassasiyeti daha da arttırdığı gözlenmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
156
THE EXAMINATION OF THE BC III(a) REINFORCING STEEL BARS
ACCORDING TO EARTHQUAKE CODES
BÇ III(a) BETON ÇELİK ÇUBUKLARININ DEPREM YÖNETMELİKLERİ
AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ
FIRAT F.K.-1, YÜCEMEN, M.S.-2
1-Aksaray Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşaat Bölümü AKSARAY.
2-ODTÜ Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşaat Bölümü ANKARA.
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In Turkey, after the researches on the damaged or collapsed structures
owing to the important earthquakes occurred recently, it is seen that the quality of
materials used to form structural system is insufficient. For this reason, a great number
of studies have been carried out for the increase of quality of concrete. On the other
hand, the quality of reinforcing steels -which is important as much as concrete- are not
taken into consideration adequately and the qualified study on this subject are not
performed.
The aim of this study is to investigate the quality of reinforcing steel bars from a
statistical point of view, considered the mechanical properties such as yield strength,
ultimate strength and elongations according to the test reports of specimens. The test
results on 5693 BCIII(a) reinforcing steel bar specimens with different bar sizes ranging
from 8 mm to 22 mm obtained by the material laboratories of Middle East Technical
University, Istanbul Technical University and Selcuk University are evaluated. At the end
of this study, it is seen that variations in mechanical properties are high and the quality
of these bars have improved compared to the past.
In Turkey, the mechanical properties are treated in the TS 500, TS 708 and Turkish
Earthquake Code 1997 and 2007. However, there are some discrepancies among these
codes. In this study, these discrepancies and the new requirements in the Turkish
Earthquake Codes are investigated. Finally, the research shows that 42% of reinforcing
steel bars do not conform to the Earthquake Code 1997 and 21% to the Earthquake Code
2007.
ÖZET Türkiye’de son yılarda meydana gelen büyük depremlerden dolayı yıkılan veya
hasar gören yapılar üzerinde gerçekleştirilen araştırmalar sonrasında bu yapılarda taşıyıcı
sistemin oluşturulmasında kullanılan malzemelerin kalitesinin kötü olduğu görülmüştür.
Bu nedenle beton kalitesinin arttırılması için birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Ancak, yapı
taşıyıcı sisteminde beton kadar önemli olan beton çelik çubuklarının kalitesine yeterince
dikkate alınmamış bu konuda fazla çalışma yapılmamıştır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, elde edile deney raporlarına göre, akma dayanımı, çekme dayanımı
ve uzama miktarları gibi mekanik özellikleri dikkate alınarak beton çelik çubuklarının
kalitesini istatistiksel olarak incelemektir. Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul Teknik
Üniversitesi ve Selçuk Üniversitesi malzeme laboratuarlarında çekme testine tabi tutulan
çapları 8 mm ile 22 mm arasında değişen 5693 adet BÇIII(a) beton çelik çubuğu
numunesine ait deney raporları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, beton çelik
çubuklarının mekanik özelliklerindeki değişkenliklerin yüksek olduğu ve geçmişe kıyasla
beton çelik çubukların kalitesinin arttığı görülmüştür.
Türkiye’de beton çelik çubuklarının mekanik özellikleri TS 500, TS 708 ve Deprem
Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik’te ele alınmaktadır. Ancak bu
standartlar arasında bir takım çelişkiler vardır. Bu çalışmada bu çelişkiler ve deprem
yönetmeliğinde getirilen yeni koşullar incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda beton çelik
çubuklarının % 42’sinin deprem yönetmeliğinin 1997 baskısındaki, % 21’inin ise 2007
baskısındaki koşulları sağlamadığı ortaya çıkmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
157
A CASE STUDY FOR THE APPLICATION OF FIRST LEVEL SEISMIC
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS IN
DENIZLI
AVŞAR Ö.-1, KOCAMAN C.-1, KURAN F.-1, DEMIROK E.-1
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma Dairesi Eskişehir yolu 10.km Lodumlu /
Ankara
[email protected],
[email protected]
[email protected],
[email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Different procedures are employed to assess the seismic performance
assessment of existing buildings in the earthquake prone regions. Seismic vulnerability
assessment procedures generally comprise of three levels named walk down survey,
preliminary assessment and detailed assessment. In Turkey, the rules of the third level
(detailed) assessment procedure for existing buildings were specified by the new Turkish
Seismic Code which was enforced legally in 2007. However it is pretty difficult to
evaluate the seismic performance of all buildings in the country by using this detailed
procedure. Therefore, as an initial step, buildings need to be prioritized according to their
vulnerability level by simpler procedures. First two levels of the seismic vulnerability
assessment procedures are utilized to make the prioritization of the existing buildings.
Although some walk down survey and preliminary assessment procedures were
developed in Turkey, there is not a common methodology for these two levels of seismic
vulnerability assessment procedures. Therefore General Directorate of Disaster Affairs
initiated the works on two levels of the seismic vulnerability assessment and a draft form
was developed for the first level of seismic vulnerability assessment. First study was
performed in Denizli and 4151 masonry buildings were investigated by using the
developed first level form. This paper briefly gives information about the studies
performed in Denizli and the developed draft form.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
158
EXAMINATION OF RELIABILITY OF LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
ON STRUCTURES OF DIFFERENT HEIGHTS
OKAY F.-1, BEYEN K.-1, ENGIN S.-1
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Our country is under the risk of earthquake due to its location on earth.
Because of this fact, performance of the structures against earthquake is important from
economic view of the country as well. There are two methods in seismic analysis of
structures: exact and approximate. “Time history analysis” is usually accepted as the
exact method. From various approximate methods, “equivalent static earthquake load”
and “mode superposition method” are most frequently used methods.
Mode
superposition and time history analysis methods are dynamic based methods and both
can be applied in either linear or nonlinear forms. In this study, mode superposition
method and time history methods are used in order to examine the performance of high
rise reinforced concrete structures. Within the scope of the study, the behaviour of 5, 10
and 20 storey reinforced concrete framed buildings are analyzed by using finite element
programs in both methods. Five different earthquake records are used in the analysis of
time history method. Analysis results are used to investigate the variation of the
reliability of approximate method in predicting the structural behaviour with the increase
of the number of storeys are investigated.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
159
CONTROL OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL
STUCTURE BY MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL DAMPERS
TURAN G.-1, KINAY G.-1
1-İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Gülbahçe Kampüsü, Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü
35430 Urla-İzmir
[email protected] , [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Several lives and millions of dollars have been lost in recent earthquakes all
over the world, including Kobe, Japan (1995), Kocaeli, Turkey (1999), Düzce, Turkey
(1999), Chi-Chi, Taiwan (1999), Bhuj, India (2001), West Coast North Sumatra,
Indonesia (2004), Kashmir, Pakistan (2005), Eastern Sichuan, China (2008). These
detrimental effects due to earthquakes can be reduced by using control devices in civil
structures for vibration reduction. The technology has received attention in recent years
due to the afflicting losses in earthquakes. Three main categories exist for structural
control: active, semi-active and passive control. Among these, semi-active control
devices are more energy-efficient than active devices and are more effective in reducing
structural vibrations than passive devices [Wilson]. Therefore semi-active control devices
became popular in recent times. Furthermore instability problems in the sense of
bounded-input-bounded-output stability do not occur since semi-active control devices do
not add energy into the system being controlled. The scope of this study is on
Magnetorheological (MR) dampers, which are semi-active control devices that utilize
magnetorheological fluids to generate controllable damping forces. In the present
research a three dimensional model structure is excited individually by two horizontal
components of El Centro and Düzce Earthquakes. The modified Bouc-Wen model
proposed by Spencer et.al. is utilized for phenomenological model. A modified clippedoptimal acceleration feedback control strategy is applied to control the
magnetorheological damper. The effectiveness of magnetorheological dampers to control
vibrations of three dimensional structures are demonstrated through numerical
examples.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
160
THE EFFECT OF THE POTENTIAL OF LIQUEFACTION SENSITIVITY
ON DAMAGE: ISTANBUL (HISTORICAL PENINSULA)
TARİHİ YARIMADA (İSTANBUL)’NIN
POTANSİYELİNİN HASARA ETKİSİ
SIVILAŞMA
HASSASLIĞI
İNCE ÇİCEK G.-1
1-Aksaray Üniv.Mühendislik Fak.İnşaat Müh.Böl.Geoteknik Anabilim Dalı 68100/AKSARAY
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, damage information on the historical artifacts and structures
in the Historical Peninsula during the previous earthquakes and the liquefaction hazard of
the region have been evaluated together with the seismic micro-zoning maps, and the
effect of the ground behavior on the damages have been researched. Liquefaction
potential micro-zoning maps of the study area have been generated using earthquake
movements calculated in accordance with the 10% and 40% probability of exceedance in
50 years. In the study, geological and geotechnical features of the region have been
examined in detail, and regions in which liquefaction sensitivity may occur have been
determined with the help of the obtained geological maps and sections. Liquefaction
analysis has been conducted in a total of 108 250m*250m cells which have liquefaction
risk in accordance with the Simplified Method developed by Seed, et al., (1984, 1985),
and the liquefaction potential of the region has been found as PL (liquefaction potential
index). Geographical information systems have been utilized in joining the damage
information on the historical artifacts observed in the region (Erdik, et al., 2003),
regional damage information on the earthquakes of 1509 and 1894 (Barka, 1991),
damage information on 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake (Disaster Management Center
Directorate) and liquefaction hazard seismic micro-zoning maps. It has been concluded
that liquefaction may partially affect the observed damage.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada Tarihi Yarımada’da geçmiş depremlerde tarihi eserlerde ve yapılarda
meydana gelmiş hasar bilgileri ile bölgenin sıvılaşma tehlikesi sismik mikrobölgeleme
haritaları birlikte değerlendirilerek hasarlar üzerinde zemin davranışının etkisi
araştırılmıştır. İnceleme alanının sıvılaşma potansiyeli mikrobölgeleme haritaları 50 yılda
% 10 ve % 40 aşılma olasılıklarına göre hesaplanmış deprem hareketleri kullanılarak
üretilmiştir. Çalışmada bölgenin jeolojik ve geoteknik özellikleri ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiş
ve elde edilen jeolojik harita ve kesitlerden faydalanarak sıvılaşma hassaslığı olabilecek
bölgeler belirlenmiştir. Sıvılaşma analizi sıvılaşma riski bulunan toplam 108 adet
250m*250m hücrede Seed vd., (1984, 1985) tarafından geliştirilmiş olan Basitleştirilmiş
Yöntem’e göre yapılarak bölgenin sıvılaşma potansiyeli PL (sıvılaşma potansiyel indeksi)
olarak elde edilmiştir. Bölgede gözlenen tarihi eserlere ait hasar bilgileri (Erdik vd.,2003),
1509 ve 1894 depremlerine ait bölgesel hasar bilgileri (Barka,1991) ve 1999 Kocaeli
Depremi hasar bilgileri (Afet Yönetim Merkezi Müdürlüğü) ile sıvılaşma tehlikesi sismik
mikrobölgeleme
haritalarının
birleştirilmesinde
coğrafi
bilgi
sistemlerinden
yararlanılmıştır. Gözlenen hasarlar üzerinde sıvılaşmanın kısmen etkili olabileceği
sonucuna varılmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
161
PREFABRICATED
MULTI-STOREY
EARTHQUAKE EXPERIENCES
PREFABRIKE
ÇOK
DENEYIMLERIMIZ
KATLI
STRUCTURES
YAPILAR
VE
AND
GEÇMIŞ
PAST
DEPREM
ATAKÖY H.-1, BARKA G.-1
1-Türkiye Prefabrik Birliği
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Following the earthquakes that our country has experienced in the last 10
years, performances of especially single-storey R.C. prefabricated industrial structures
were investigated by professionals with different perspectives. It was concluded that the
major problem was due to the application process and that structures that have been
properly detailed and designed according to national standards have performed very well.
Based on a comprehensive outlook on this article, prefabrication technology, which is
generally reduced to performance of single-storey industrial structures, will be discussed
in the prospect of application details and design criteria of multi-storey construction
style, referencing examples that have performed well in past earthquakes.
The structures that will be discussed are;
A)Ozdilek Izmir Shopping Mall-Construction Year 1997
B)Bahcecik Pirelli Residences-
Construction Year 1990
C)Bingol Earthquake Houses-
Construction Year 1987
All of these structures are between three and five stories high, constructed with R.C.
prefabrication technology using different application techniques and have experienced
1999 Korfez Earthquake and 2003 Bingol Earthquake.
ÖZET Ülkemizde son 10 yılda yaşadığımız depremlerden sonra; özellikle tek katlı
prefabrike betonarme sanayi yapıları performansları çeşitli açılardan ve farklı yorum
sahipleri tarafından irdelenmiş ve sorunun uygulama kökenli olduğu,mevcut ve yürürlükte
bulunan tasarım kriterlerine uyulduğu ve doğru detaylandırmanın yapıldığı örneklerde
yaşanan depremlerde ilgili yapıların olumlu servis verdiği saptaması yapılmıştır.(1)
Bu makaleden kapsamlı bir bakışla tek katlı sanayi yapıları performansına indirgenen
prefabrikasyon teknolojisi eleştirisinin, genellikle konu edilmeyen ,edilse de yanlış yapım
tarzlarına atfedilen çok katlı yapım tarzıyla yapılmış deprem geçirmiş ve başarılı servis
vermiş örnekleri ele alınarak deprem performansları, uygulama detayları ve mevcut
tasarım kriterleri bağlamında irdelenmesi yapılacaktır.
İrdelenecek yapılar;
A)Özdilek İzmit Alışveriş Merkezi-Yapım Yılı 1997
B)Bahçecik Pirelli Konutları-Yapım Yılı 1990
C)Bingöl Deprem Konutları-Yapım Yılı 1987
Bu yapıların tümü de üç ile beş kat arasında olup, betonarme prefabrikasyon
teknolojisiyle farklı uygulama teknikleri ile tasarlanarak inşa edilmiş ve
1999
Körfez
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
Depremi
ile
2003
Bingöl
Depremi
etkilerine
maruz
kalmışlardır.
162
AN INVESTIGATION OF SOME MALPRACTICE APPLICATIONS ON
REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING
BAZI ONARIM VE GÜÇLENDİRME HATALARININ İNCELENMESİ
ÇAĞATAY H.İ.-1
1-Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Turkey, with more than 90% of its land being in highly seismic regions, is
an earthquake-prone country and has been struck by many devastating earthquakes
throughout history. In our recent history, Erzincan, Dinar, Adana-Ceyhan, Adapazarıİzmit, and Bingöl earthquakes have occurred. In all these earthquakes so much loss of
life and building damages has occurred that could have been prevented. Although, it
has been no secret that all the region is vulnerable to high-intensity earthquakes, the
negligence and ignorance in lot allocation for high-rise buildings on alluvial deposits
having unsuitably low bearing pressures, inadequate design against seismic loading, misproduction of lateral reinforcement, and especially inadequate quality of concrete, noncontrolling of the building, caused devastation in reinforced concrete structures. Hence,
an earthquake reveals the buildings built without appropriate engineering applications.
Therefore, no damage has been observed in the buildings built with full engineering
practice while heavy damage has occurred in buildings built without any engineering
practice. The main purpose of repair and strengthening of a structure is to provide a
required security against earthquake. Repairing one or more elements of the structure
that are damaged from an earthquake does not mean that the whole structure is
strengthened and should be safe against further earthquakes. Generally, repairing of a
building by someone without appropriate technical education and detailed care may
result in a worse condition. In this study, some structures repaired or retrofitted wrongly
are examined and presented. The new earthquake regulations are also examined.
ÖZET Ülkemizin tamamına yakın bir bölümü aktif deprem kuşağında yer almaktadır.
Tarih boyunca sık sık büyük depremle olmuş ve olmaya da devam etmektedir. Yakın
tarihimizde Erzincan, Dinar, Adana-Ceyhan ve Adapazarı-İzmit, Bingöl depremleri
meydana gelmiştir. Bütün bu depremlerde aslında hiç bu kadar olmaması gereken çok
fazla can ve mal kayıpları meydana gelmiştir. Tüm depremlerde yapıların yıkım nedenleri
incelendiğinde hemen hemen tümünün ortak oldukları görülür. Bunlar genel olarak
depreme dayanıklı yapı yapılmaması yani, yapıların projesiz veya çok hatalı
projelendirilmiş olması, yapılarda kullanılan malzemelerin özellikle betonun çok kötü
olması, malzemelerin yanlış kullanımı, denetimin olmayışı veya yetersizliği ve hatalı
uygulamalardır. Depremler bu nedenlerle hatalı mühendislik uygulamalarını ortaya
çıkarmaktadır. Dolayısıyla mühendisliğin tam olarak uygulandığı yapılarda hiç bir hasar
olmazken, mühendislik hizmetlerinin uygulanmadığı yapılarda çok büyük hasarlar
meydana gelmiştir. Onarım ve güçlendirmede temel amaç yapının depreme karşı
güvenliğinin sağlanmasıdır. Eğer depremden yapının bir veya birkaç elemanı hasar
görmüş ise sadece hasar gören bu elemanların onarılması veya güçlendirilmesi mevcut
yapının da güçleneceği veya depreme karşı güvenli olduğu anlamına gelmemelidir.
Genellikle halkın bilinçsizliği ve eğitimsizliği nedeniyle hasar gören yapı herhangi bir
teknik destek almadan onarılmaya çalışılmakta yapıyı onarmak veya güçlendirmek yerine
daha da kötü duruma getirmek mümkün olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada yazarın çeşitli
zamanlarda bilirkişi olarak görev yaptığı ve incelediği bazı yapılarda onarım ve
güçlendirme konusunda yapılan hatalar burada verilmektedir. Ayrıca yönetmelik kuralları
da
incelenmektedir.
Aşağıda
sadece
bazı
örnekler
şekillerde
verilmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
163
AN ENERGETICALLY APPROACHED STUDY OF SOIL BEHAVIOR AT
STRONG EARTHQUAKES OR OTHER DYNAMIC INFLUENCES
GÜÇLÜ DEPREM VE DİĞER DİNAMİK ETKİNLİKLERİNDEKİ TOPRAK
DAVRANIŞLARININ İNCELENMESİNE ENERJİK YAKLAŞIMLAR
KOCOBAYEV K.A.-1
1-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi Kırgızistan, Bişkek şehri, Mira cd. 56
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Study of soil behavior at strong earthquakes or other dynamic influences
needs the energetically approaches. By the transfer of dynamic influences, such as
oscillatory displacement on a soil sample, transferred amount of energy on its unit is
much more than by transfer of dynamic loadings to a quasistatic soil - at identical
average pressure. The identical effect of these two kinds of dynamic influences can be
expected for an ideal soil with absolutely identical structural communications between all
its particles of the identical size and identical density. As in the nature such soils do not
exist, also the effect from these two kinds of dynamic influences turns out various. But at
different frequencies and amplitudes of fluctuation, but at equal accelerations, the
different quantity of energy is transferred to unit of soil volume. It leads to different
change degree of structure, durability and ground deformation, and also rheological
realization is different. By this, the choice of research methods of soils at strong
earthquakes should be based, among other things, on energetic and rheological
substantiation. It is theoretically shown that, while modeling the dynamic influences that
transfers to a soil oscillatory displacement, particularly strong earthquakes, it is
necessary to observe equality of acceleration size, speed size, fluctuations and specific
energy. And, as it is known, the size of specific energy, except the specified parameters
of fluctuations, depends also on the sizes of the sample and static loading. This research,
for low loaded soil samples are confirmed by experimental researches on high amplitude
vibration table.
ÖZET Güçlü deprem ve diğer dinamik etkinliklerindeki toprak davranışlarının incelenmesi
için enerjik yaklaşım ve yöntemlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Toprak numunesine dinamik
etkinliklerinden olan titreşimin verilmesi zamanında eşit ortalama gerilme şartlarında ona
düşen enerji niteliği statik durumundaki niteliğinden çok büyüktür. Sadece ölçek,
yoğunluk ve yapısal bağları yönünde eşit olan ideal topraklarda statik ve dinamik
şartlarda benzer davranışlar olabilir. Doğada ideal benzer toprakların olmaması sebebiyle
bu iki durumdaki etkinlikler farklı olacaktır. Titreşimin farklı frekans ve amplitüt, ama
benzer hızlandırma şartlarında toprağın birimine farklı enerji niteliği verilmektedir. Bu
olay toprağın farklı derecedeki yapı, yoğunluk ve deformasyon değişikliklerine sebep olur
ve reolojik özellikleri de farklı olarak gerçekleştirilmektedir. Buna göre güçlü deprem
zamanında toprakları inceleme yöntemlerinin seçiminde enerjik ve reolojik delillere
dayanmalıdır. Teorik olarak, toprağa titreşim veren güçlü deprem ve dinamik
etkiniklerinin modellemesi için hızlandırma katsayısı, titreşlim hızı ve özgül enerji
değerleri yerlerine getirilmelidir. Bilindiği gibi hızlandırma katsayısı ve titreşlim hızı hariç,
özgül enerji değeri numunenin büyüklüğüne ve statik yüküne bağlıdır. Bu araştırmalar az
yüklü numuneler için deneysel olarak yüksek amlitütlü ‘titreşim masası’nda delillenmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
164
IDENTIFICATION OF THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
TOPOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES THROUGH TWO DIMENSIONAL
NONLINEAR WAVE PROPAGATION ANALYSIS
TOPOĞRAFIK
YAPILARIN
DINAMIK
DAVRANIŞ
KAREKTERISTIKLERININ İKI BOYUTLU NONLINEAR DALGA
YAYILIMIYLA TANIMLANMASI
BEYEN K.-1
1-Civil Engineering Department, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is crucially important for the cities located on seismically active regions to
be ready against the natural disasters such as severe earthquakes with high return
periodicy. Cities were developed in ancient time over the city-states depending upon the
location and distance to commercial transportation corridors, safety and defense
potentials. Although some of such historical cities forming the central part of today’s
modern cities, many of them after the wars or natural disasters such as flooding or
earthquake were moved to safe places like on the skirts of the mountains or hill sides.
Depending on economical products and other local potentials in growth, such cities were
urbanized around the first original locations.
Todays, new residential areas and sustainable urban underground in the old cities
survived after heavy damages are important planning problem in case of new earthquake
risks and for newly developing areas re-evaluation is inevitable. After the intensive
earthquakes occurred at 17 August and 12 November in 1999, such critical problems and
sustainability appeared in Adapazarı and Düzce. Although, the scale of cities cannot
infinitely grow at the surface for many countable reasons. Urban planers and managers
of cities tend to consider new locations without development control plan after an
extensive earthquake. Cities at similar risks may prepare urban planning based on true
site response analysis. City decision makers can be informed regularly, in long run, local
soil effects in block scale under expected future earthquakes, surface effects and the
effects of the topographic locations may be studied to utilize true local dynamic
characteristics for urban design and planning. Such studies minimize the errors of the
empiric solutions.
Land use, growth management, and environmental planning need analysis results
performed for the basin structure underneath the city, skirts, hills and surface
topography in case of the different wave fronts propagating in channel structure,
therefore channel effects, or wedge effects in case of the subsurface geology changing
with hard rock structure, or focusing effects for imbedded concave or convex soil
mediums.
In this study, effects of the nonlinear-dynamic characteristics of the two dimensional
irregular topographic structures on the soil amplification are studied from different
perspective. Effects of the local ground conditions on the soil amplification in transition
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
165
zones, but particularly over the skirts, are numerically modeled for different surface
slopes and for the cases of the different incidence angles. Analyses are performed based
on total stress and strain theory.
Results of these case studies for all site models under the effects of the strong and weak
ground motions are discussed from the bilateral interaction between the frequency
content and varying incidence angle point of view. Results from the two dimensional
nonlinear site response analyses with all parameters are discussed for practical purposes.
ÖZET Aktif kuşaklar üzerinde bulunan ve şiddetli depremlere maruz kalınma periyodu ve
riski yüksek olan şehirlerde önceden deprem gibi bir afete hazır olunması çok önemlidir.
Şehirler genellikle şehir devletlerinin var olduğu çağlarda güvenlik/savunma ve ticaret
yollarının aldığı değerler göz önünde bulundurularak kurulmuşlardır. Bu tarihi şehirler
hala günümüz coğrafyası içinde şehir çekirdeklerini oluşturan merkezler olmalarına
rağmen geçmişlerinde savaşların getirdiği savunma yapıları ve deprem gibi doğal
felaketlerden sonra yeni alanlarda yeniden kurulmuş veya ekonomik gücün
azalması/artmasıyla veya ticaret/ulaşım yollarının değişimiyle ilk kuruldukları noktaların
etraflarında tekrar tekrar biçimlenmişlerdir.
Günümüzde depremi ağır hasarlarla yaşayan şehirlerimiz için yeni yerleşim alanları ve
gelişim alanları deprem riskine göre tekrar düşünülmesi gereken önemli bir yerleşim
planlama sorunudur. 17 Ağustos ve 12 kasım 1999 depremlerinden sonra Adapazarı ve
Düzce’de bu sorunlarla karşılaşılmıştır. Yer değiştirme veya kaydırma çalışmalarına yıkıcı
depremlerden sonra maruz kalabilecek benzer risk altında bulunan diğer şehirlerin imar
planlarının geliştirilmesi aşamasında, karar verici mercilerin doğru bilgilendirilmeleri ile
şehirlerin gelişme ve imar şartlarını deprem öncesi belirlemek ve zaman içinde imar
planlarıyla doğru seçilmiş yeni yerleşim bölgelerine doğru taşıyarak büyütmek, şehirlerin
mevcut deprem hasar dağılımını azaltmak mümkündür. Şehirleşmeyi iyileştirme
çalışmalarında, uzun süreç içinde, yerel zemin tepkilerinin modellenmesi muhtemel
depreme göre analizlerinin yapılması ve sonuçların şehir plancılarının çalışmalarında
kullanılması ada hatta parsel bazlı yerel etkilerin tahmin hatalarını azaltacaktır.
Şehirlerin gelişme alanlarının kontrollu/kontrolsuz vadi, yamaç ve tepelere yayılması
bilinen yerel zemin risklerinin yanı sıra topoğrafik, kanal, kama, odaklanma gibi analiz
yapılmadan öngörülemeyecek tehlike riskleriyle karşı karşıya kalınacak olması bu
çalışmanın çözmeye çalıştığı bir problemdir. Bu çalışmada, düzensiz geometriye sahip
topoğrafik yapıların doğrusal olmayan zemin davranışının zemin büyütmelerine olan etkisi
incelenmiştir. Yerel zemin şartlarının etkisi, özellikle basenden/ovalardan dağlara geçiş
bölgelerinde modellenerek ve parametrik anlamda incelenerek deprem yer hareketine
farklı yüzey eğimi olan şekillerin etkilerinin görülmesi amaçlanmıştır. Analizde toplam
gerilmeler ve birim şekil değiştirmeler esas alınmıştır.
Bu çalışmada örnek olarak alınan değişik yamaç eğimli dağ, tepe gibi yüzey modelleri
kuvvetli ve zayıf deprem kuuvvetleri altında sırasıyla doğrusal olmayan zemin davranış
(nonlinear) ve doğrusal zemin davranış (linear) modelleri altında üreteceği etkiler
karşılıklı olarak değişen frekans içeriği ve geliş açıları açısından karşılaştırılmalı olarak
irdelenmiştir. İki boyutlu doğrusal olmayan ortamın davranışıyla ilgili nümerik neticeler,
sonuç ve önerilen çalışmalar yönetmeliklere konulacak parametrik değerler olarak
sunulmuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
166
COMPARISON
OF
METHODS
WITH
REGARD
PRODUCTION IN A MULTIPLE RESERVOIRS SYSTEM
ÇOK BARAJLI BIR SISTEMDE ENERJI
YÖNTEMLERIN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
ÜRETIMI
TO
ENERGY
AÇISINDAN
OPAN M.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Kocaeli,
Türkiye
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Water resource planning integrated with national economics and desired
living standards is a multi-dimensional and complicated process. Water resource planning
and management must incorporate all activities to provide the optimal uses of water
resources, while meeting requirements and taking criticisms into account. In this study,
optimization model with energy production objective for long term planning to a multiobject water resource system with multiple reservoirs presented on the Ceyhan River in
the Ceyhan Basin of Turkey is developed. Dynamic programming with successive
approximations as optimization technique is used in the model. In this optimization
model, firstly,
maximization of the firm power value of the system by using the
monthly inflow data of the drought period is realized and monthly minimum operational
levels are obtained. Then, in the same optimization model, the maximization of the total
energy of the system is achieved by locating the firm power value as a c constant and
using the monthly average inflows and normal operational levels are determined. When
operational levels obtained from optimization process are illustrated, it has controlled and
managed by reservoirs with large storage. This system by an approach used to the basin
planning and management of DSİ is analyzed. The results obtained are compared with
results of optimization model.
The firm power value obtained from optimization model
is presented 20 % bigger than its value obtained from approach of DSİ and also total
energy production of the system is 153%
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Ceyhan Havzası’nda Ceyhan Nehri üzerinde bulunan çok amaçlı ve
çok barajlı bir su kaynakları sistemi üzerine uzun sureli planlama için enerji üretimi
amaçlı optimizasyon modeli kurulmuştur. Optimizasyon tekniği olarak ardışık
yaklaştırmalı dinamik programlama kullanılmıştır. Bu optimizasyon modelinde, ilk olarak,
kurak dönemin aylık ortalama akımları kullanılarak güvenilir güç değerinin
enbüyüklenmesi gerçekleştirilmiş ve minimum işletme seviyeleri bulunmuştur. Daha
sonra, aynı modelde, güvenilir güç değeri kısıt olarak yerleştirilip, aylık ortalama akımlar
kullanılarak toplam enerjinin enbüyüklenmesine çalışılmış ve normal işletme seviyeleri
elde edilmiştir.. Elde edilen işletme seviyelerine bakıldığında optimizasyon sürecini büyük
hacimli barajların kontrol ettiği ve yönettiği görülmüştür. DSİ’ nin havza planlaması için
kullandığı bir yaklaşım ile analiz yapılmıştır. Buradan elde edilen sonuçlar optimizasyon
modelinin ürettiği sonuçlar ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Optimizasyon modelinin ürettiği güvenilir
güç değeri DSİ tarafından kullanılan yaklaşım ile üretilen değerden % 20 daha büyük
olduğu ve toplam enerji üretimi değerinin ise % 153 daha büyük olduğu görülmüştür.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
167
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR DESIGNATING THE EFFECT of
INCLINED CFRP PLATE USAGE ON SHEAR BEHAVIOR
TANARSLAN H.M.-1, ŞAKAR G.-1
1-Department of Civil EngineeringDokuz Eylul University, Izmir,
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The strengths of unidirectional composites are highly anisotropic.
Perpendicular to the fibers, the strengthening material is weak and failure is controlled by
fiber/matrix debonding and/or by the demolish of adhesive. In this instance, it would be
best to place the fibres perpendicular to shear cracks for increasing shear capacity.
Therefore, an experimental program was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclined
CFRP plate usage on shear behavior. Specimens, one of which was the control specimen
and the remaining three were the shear deficient reinforced concrete (RC) T-section test
specimens, were strengthened with side bonded CFRP plates. One shear deficient
specimen was tested with its virgin condition to serve as a reference to shear deficiency.
BEAM-2 was strengthened with perpendicular CFRP plates. The first ply was bonded
parallel to beam axis (0°) and the second ply was bonded perpendicular to beam axis
(90°). BEAM-3 was strengthened with inclined CFRP plates. Inclination angles of CFRP
were 45 and 135 degrees. The last specimen was strengthened with CFRP plates with
inclination angle of 60 and 120 degrees. Debonding reduces the strengthening potential
of the externally bonded CFRP thus obstructs structures to meet the expected
requirements from strengthening material. To block debonding mechanical anchorages
were used at the end regions of CFRP plates. Test results confirmed that all performed
CFRP arrangements improved the strength and behavior of the specimens in different
level significantly.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
168
THE EFFECTS OF CONFIGURATION IRREGULARITY
DETERMINATION
OF
PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES
STRUCTURES
ON
IN
THE
R/C
KUTANIS M.-1, HÜRYAŞAR S.K.-1
1-Esentepe Kampüsü, Müh. Fak. İnşaat Müh. Böl. A1 Blok No 309 Serdivan-Sakarya
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Recently, simplified nonlinear methods have been implemented in codes for
seismic resistant design of new buildings and evaluation of existing buildings. For regular
structures, these methods are considered to be efficient, but, in construction practice,
most of the structures are built as irregular, asymmetric structures. Therefore, simplified
nonlinear methods must be extended to irregular structures. The goal of the study is to
investigate the efficiency of the simplified nonlinear methods using the generic 3
dimensional reinforced concrete structures: a 5 storey, 2 bay symmetric and asymmetric
buildings. In this study, firstly, both structures are designed according to TEC 2007.
Secondly, their pushover curves are obtained using several techniques such as, static
pushover, adaptive pushover etc… Then, these curves are compared with the results of
nonlinear Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). The results are presented in terms of top
displacement versus base shear of generic frame structures.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
169
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
EARTHQUAKE LOADINGS
OF
A
SOIL
NAILED
WALL
UNDER
TERZİ N.-1, SELÇUK M.E.-1, YENİDOĞAN C.-1
1-Aksaray Üniversitesi Müh. Fak. İnşaat Müh. Böl. AKSARAY
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Soil nailing is an effective method of reinforcing in-situ soils for stabilization
of slopes, landslides and excavations. In recent years, engineers have gradually faced
with the challenge of retrofitting and maximizing the use of existing structures and
minimizing the construction costs. Soil nail walls may be used in such cases. The basic
principle of soil nailing is to increase the shearing resistance of the ground by insertion of
closely spaced inclusions which can withstand tensile forces. Evidence from the field and
full scale laboratory tests suggest that soil nail walls perform remarkably well under both
static and seismic conditions. In this study an attempt has been made to evaluate the
performance of soil nail wall supporting a vertical cut-off 10 m height under seismic
loading. Seismic data from Düzce earthquake is used for pseudo-static and dynamic
analysis. The performance of soil nail structure is evaluated by determining the
parameters such as maximum lateral displacement behavior and development of stress
forces under dynamic loadings. Results of numerical analysis indicate that the use of soil
nail walls is a effective method to improve the stability to retaining structures under
earthquake effects.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
170
RETROFITTING OF SHEAR DEFICIENT RC BEAMS USING CFRP
STRIPS
ALTIN S.-1, TOPTAŞ T.-1 ANIL Ö.-1, KARA M.E.-2
1-Civil Eng. Dept., Gazi University, Maltepe, Ankara, Türkiye, 06570
2-Civil Eng. Dept., Aksaray University, Aksaray, Türkiye
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], eminkara@aksaray .edu.tr
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The results of an experimental investigation were presented in this paper
for retrofitting of reinforced concrete beams by using CFRP strips. The purpose of this
study was to obtain ductile flexural behavior for shear deficient reinforced concrete
beams. The experimental program consisted of total seven T cross sectioned ½ scale
simply supported beam specimens at which all of them constructed with deficient shear
reinforcement. First specimens are loaded up to 80% of shear capacities, and then shear
damaged beams are repaired by using CFRP strips. One beam was used as a reference
and six beams were retrofitted using U shaped CFRP strips with or without fan type
anchorage. Three different CFRP strips spacing were used such as sf=125 mm, 150 mm,
and 200 mm. The effect of anchorages that were used at the ends of the strips on shear
strength and behavior of the retrofitted specimens were investigated. CFRP strips without
anchorages were improved the shear strength, but no flexural behavior was observed.
Specimens were failed with brittle shear failure due to peeling of CFRP strip from RC
beam surfaces. Specimens with deficient shear reinforcement that were retrofitted with
anchoraged CFRP strips were showed improved shear strength and ductile flexural
behavior was observed. When the CFRP strains of the strips with anchorages and without
anchorages were compared, maximum strains at anchoraged strips were approximately
68% larger than that of strips without anchorages
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
171
STRUCTURAL CONSOLIDATION AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF
FATIH (PRISHTINA) AND SINAH PASHA (PRIZREN) MOSQUES KOSOVO
GAVRILOVIC P.-1, CEKO B.-2, ACKAY M.-3
1-Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), “Ss. Cyril and
Methodius” University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
2-ARK, Prizren, Kosovo
3-Akcayalar Restarosion, Afion, Turkey
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The monuments in Kosovo dating back to the Ottoman period are of a
special interest having in mind their significance from historic and artistic point of view.
The Kosovo authorities in cooperation with TIKA (Turkish International Agency,)
supported the conservation projects for two important mosques in Kosovo, i.e., the Fatih
Mosque in Prishtina and the Sinan Pasha Mosque in Prizren.
This paper deals with conservation, structural consolidation and seismic strengthening of
two important historic monuments in Kosovo. Having in mind the present conditions, the
risk assessment and the need for conservation activities, a detailed study and design of
structural stability
and seismic strengthening have been performed. The concept of
structural strengthening and consolidation has been selected respecting the modern
requirements and criteria referring to protection of historical monuments. A
new
technology has been used and new composite materials –carbon fibers and appropriate
adhesives have been selected.
On the basis of a detailed study of the structural stability and the expected seismic
intensity at the considered locations, design of structural consolidation, repair and
seismic strengthening has been performed and field work has already started. For both
monuments, the general concept of seismic strengthening has been adopted on the basis
of experimental and analytical study performed for the Mustafa Pasha Mosque at the
IZIIS’ Dynamic Testing Laboratory in Skopje within the framework of the PROCHITECH
Research Project.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
172
CALCULATION COLLAPSE LOAD OF STRUCTURE FRAMES
YAPI ÇERÇEVELERİNDE GÖÇME YÜKÜ HESABI
OĞUZ S.-1, EFE P.-1
1-Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Müh.Mim.Fak. İnşaat Müh. Bölümü, Çağış Kampüsü, BALIKESİR
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Although Turkish Code “TS 500”, “TS 4561” and “Turkish Earthquake
Resistant Design Code” oblige to use Limit State Design Method in static account of
structures, the current methods used in static account of frame structures are still
methods of elastic behavior account. Meanwhile, the cross section calculations are made
with Limit State Design Method. In this study, a method has been given that determines
collapse load of steel frame structures made of ideal elasto-plastic material and/or
reinforced concrete frame structures in which cross-sectional carrying moments are
calculated by Limit State Design Method.
While calculating by the given method, the moment balance equations of structure frame
were established by considering two special theorems that were improved for this
method besides main principles and theorems that had been considered in collapse
investigation. The collapse load parameter of structure frame was determined by the
solution of equation set which consists of the moment balance equations and restricting
equations by using “Lindo Nonlinear Optimization Computer Program”.
By the method given in the study;
Collapse load which caused the structure to be in a state of mechanism can be
determined in a short time,
The state of the collapse mechanism of structure can be determined,
The place of the first hinge in the structure and the load which caused to form the first
hinge can be determined,
Displacements in the structure can be determined,
As the mechanism of the structure is known, the control of estimation can be done easily
by the “Theorem of Virtual Work”.
ÖZET “TS 500”, “TS 4561” ve “Afet Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Yapılar Hakkında Yönetmelik”
yapıların statik hesaplarının yapılmasında “Taşıma Gücü Yöntemi”ni zorunlu hale getirmiş
olmasına rağmen, yapı çerçevelerinin statik hesaplarında kullanılan yöntemler halen
elastik davranış hesap yöntemleridir. Bu arada kesit hesapları ise Taşıma Gücü Yöntemi
ile yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada İdeal Elasto-Plastik davranış gösteren malzeme ile teşkil
edilen çelik çerçeve yapılar ve/veya Taşıma gücü Yöntemi ile kesit taşıma momentleri
hesaplanan betonarme çerçeve yapıların göçme yükünü belirleyen bir yöntem verilmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
173
Verilen yöntem ile hesap yapılırken; göçme incelemesinde göz önüne alınan ana prensip
ve teoremlerin yanısıra bu yöntem için geliştirilen iki özel teorem göz önüne alınarak yapı
çerçevesine ait moment denge denklemleri kurulmuştur. Moment denge denklemleri ve
kısıtlayıcı denklemlerden oluşan denklem takımı “Lindo Nonlineer Optimizasyon Bilgisayar
Programı” ile çözülerek yapı çerçevesine ait göçme yükü paremetresi belirlenmiştir.
Çalışmada verilen yöntem ile;
* Yapıyı mekanizma durumuna sokan yük “göçme yükü” kısa sürede belirlenebilmekte,
* Yapının göçme mekanizma durumu belirlenebilmekte,
* Yapıda oluşacak ilk mafsalın yeri ve ilk mafsalın oluşmasına sebep olan yük
belirlenebilmekte,
* Yapıda oluşacak deplasmanlar belirlenebilmekte,
* Yapının göçme mekanizma durumu bilindiğinden “Virtüel iş Teoremi” ile hesabın
kontrolü kolaylıkla yapılabilmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
174
THE HISTORICAL IMPROVEMENT, LITERATURE REVIEW OF STEEL
PLATE SHEAR WALLS AND USING IN HIGH SEISMIC REGIONS
DUSAK S.-1, YELGIN A.N.-1
1-Civil Engineer Sakarya Universitesi Sakarya/Türkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The main aim of this article is to summarize the valuable studies on steel
plate shear walls and to thanks to all researchers which studied on these subjects. One
another aim was to give a summarized information about using an alternative lateral load
resisting system to the designers and researchers. This shear wall system was used in
some buildings, as lateral load carrying system, in Japan and North America. Designers
choose this system because of its advantages which explained in this article. Our country
also located in a high seismic region so it is important to study on such alternative and
beneficial lateral load resisting systems. Steel plate shear walls consisted of boundary
frames which infilled by stiffened or unstiffened thin steel plates. The beam to column
connections of the frame can be moment resisting or shear type connection. The infill
plate can be connected to the frame either directly or through fish plate which used weld
or bolt.
Analitical and experimental studies on steel plate shear walls have been conducting since
early 1970's. Most of the studies have done in Japan, United States of America and
Canada. Early researches was conducted in Japan and a few years later such studies
began in United States and Canada. Today it is possible to reach tens of PhD thesis and
technical articles about steel plate shear walls. Early experimental and analitical studies
in Japan was conducted with heavily stiffened plates and some designs also has been
made in this way. The early studies and designs of steel plate shear walls were the result
of the opinion of preventing shear buckling of infill plates under lateral loading. With this
opinion it was impossible to use the post buckling strength and load-carrying mechanism.
Using of thin plates in a shear wall to resist lateral loads is not a new idea. The history of
steel plate shear walls is not younger than 3 or 4 decades. This innovative lateral load
resisting system has not only studied at resarch but also has found application area at
the buildings in Japan, United States of America and Canada. [2] At the end of the article
the effectiveness of the system as a lateral load resisting system with its large energy
absorbation capacity, ductility and initial stiffnes has been discussed.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
175
COMPARISON OF SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CALCULATION
VARIOUS FORMULAE FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
BY
FARKLI YÖNTEMLERDEN ELDE EDİLEN ZEMİN EMNİYET GERİLMESİ
DEĞERLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
PİŞEN S.-1, PEKŞEN E.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, İzmit
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In geotechnical engineering, calculation of bearing capacity and safe
bearing capacity is vital. When you consider Turkey; the correct calculation of these
parameters are very important for us, since there are a lot tectonic activities occurring in
Turkey.
Bearing capacity and safe bearing capacity can be estimated either static or dynamic.
When we need to know these parameters, we should pay attention not only static but
also dynamic parameters. We think that the calculations of these two methods are
important with respect to earthquake engineering. Especially during an earthquake,
dynamic parameters are much more important than static parameters. Dynamic
parameters can be calculated by the seismic refraction method.
In this study, we have compared previously introduced some formulae for using bearing
capacity and safe bearing capacity calculations. By using these formulae, we calculated
and compared safe bearing capacity values with data collected 3 different sites. We
investigated the result of formula of Terzaghi (1943), Keçeli (1988), Kurtuluş (2000),
Türker (2004), Tezcan et. al (2006) and Standard Penetration Test (SPT). The safety
factor generally is taken 3 for all kind of soils. Our investigation suggest that the safety
factor may be estimated better than 3 if we take GS=Vp/Vs ratio.
ÖZET Geoteknik mühendisliğinde hesaplanan zeminlerin taşıma gücü ve zemin emniyet
gerilmesi değerleri önem taşımaktadır. Ülkemizin birçok tektonik olaya ev sahipliği yaptığı
göz önüne alınırsa bu değerlerin doğru hesaplanması önemlidir.
Zeminlerin taşıma gücü ve zemin emniyet gerilmesi statik ve dinamik olarak
hesaplanmaktadır. Bu parametreler gerektiğinde hem statik hem de dinamik olarak
hesaplanmasının özellikle deprem mühendisliği açısından önemli olduğunu yadsınamaz bir
gerçektir. Özellikle bir deprem anında dinamik parametreler statik parametrelerden daha
önemlidir. Dinamik parametreler sismik dalga hızlarından hesaplanabilir.
Bu çalışmada sığ temellerin taşıma gücü ve zemin emniyet gerilmesi hakkında çeşitli
araştırmacıların önceden yaptığı çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmalar ışığında 3 farklı
arazide
alınmış
ölçülerden
hesaplanan
zemin
emniyet
gerilmesi
değerleri
karşılaştırılmıştır. Klasik yöntem (Terzaghi, 1943), Keçeli (1988), Kurtuluş (2000), Türker
(2004), Tezcan (2006) ve Standart Penetrasyon Deneylerinden elde edilen vuruş
sayılarından bulunan zemin emniyet gerilmesi değerlerinin uyumluluğu sorgulanmıştır.
Kullanılan güvenlik sayılarının zeminlerin heterojen olduğunu bildiğimiz halde her tür
zemin için 3 kullanılması yerine, GS= Vp/Vs oranından elde edilerek kullanılmasının o
zemin
için
daha
doğru
değerler
verebileceği
sonucuna
varılmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
176
EFFECT OF ADDITION OF STEEL FIBERS ON CRACKING LOAD
OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS UNDER THE EFFECT OF
TORSION
ENGIN S.-1, OKAY F.-1
__________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Concrete beams subjected to torsion lose their rigidity totally with
the first crack and than collapse. Longidutinal reinforcement applied to beams do
not change the mentioned bahaviour. However with the shear reinforcement
applied with longidutinal reinforcement effects the behaviour after crack and
increases the torsional rigidity and effects the capacity according to
reinforcement on the cracking load on cross section. In this study ten reinforced
concrete beams are produced whose longidutinal and shear reinforcement ratios
are constant. Compressive strength of the concrete, aspect ratio of the fibers and
volumetric content of fiber are taken to be the variables of the experiments.
Beams are subjected to torsion after the curing period and torsional moment
versus unit angle of twist graphs are obtained for each specimen. It is observed
that addition of steel fiber have no efefct on cracking load of the specimens
produced with normal strength concrete; whereas it increases the cracking
torque of high strength concrete specimens. A new approach is suggested for the
cracking torque of high strength reinforced concrete beams containing steel
fibers; considering the expressions already found in literature. However, it should
be noted that this approach should be supported by a several number of
experiments in order to increase the reliability.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
177
COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF RUBBER-BASED SEISMIC ISOLATION
BEARINGS
PINARBASI S.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Civil Engineering Department, 41040, Kocaeli, Turkey
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT According to the traditional seismic design philosophies, the resistance of a
structure to high seismic effects is ensured by designing the structure in such a way that
it will have either sufficiently high strength or sufficiently high ductility when it is
subjected to strong ground excitations. One of the conflicts a structural engineer is faced
with while designing such a structure is the requirement that neither the interstory drifts
nor floor accelerations exceed the code-limited values. The drifts can easily be reduced
by stiffening the structure, however, increasing the stiffness of the structure usually
leads to the amplified accelerations. Thus, by using conventional structural systems, it
does not seem to be possible to limit the drifts and accelerations simultaneously. On the
other hand, it is possible to do this by using a recently-developed seismic design
technique, named “seismic isolation”. In this technique, flexible and dissipative elements,
called bearings or isolators, are inserted at the base of the structure to reduce the
seismic force transmitted from the soil to the structure. Accordingly, a properly designed
seismic isolated structure has sufficient flexibility due to the presence of an isolation
system at its base to reduce the floor accelerations, and at the same time has sufficient
rigidity with its rigidly moving superstructure on flexible isolators to reduce the interstory
drifts. Although seismic isolation technique is known as a relatively new approach for
earthquake resistant design, the idea of isolating a structure from movements is not
new. Composed of thin rubber layers bonded to interleaving reinforcing sheets, rubber
bearings were originally developed to isolate bridges from movements produced by creep
and shrinkage of concrete, thermal expansion, and traffic-induced forces, and to isolate
machines and equipment from mechanical vibrations. During the development of seismic
isolation technique, it has been recognized that this type of bearings can also be
effectively used in mitigating the devastating effects of earthquakes since a multi-layered
rubber bearing incorporates two basic abilities that any seismic isolator has to have into
a single unit; namely, flexibility under shear and rigidity under compression and bending.
Free to deform under shearing forces, soft rubber layers provide lateral flexibility
required to isolate the superstructure from lateral seismic loads. On the other hand,
acting as confinement, reinforcing sheets prevent the bulging of rubber layers to which
they bonded, which increases the compression and bending stiffnesses of soft rubber
layers, which, in turn, provides large vertical and flexural rigidities required to support
the heavy weight of the superstructure safely. Nowadays, besides sliding bearings,
rubber bearings are accepted as the most widely used seismic isolator types. In the
design of a multilayered rubber bearing, it is generally assumed that the presence of the
reinforcing sheets does not influence the horizontal stiffness of the bearing. Thus, it is
usually not so difficult to compute the horizontal stiffness of the bearing. On the other
hand, the determination of the vertical or bending stiffness of such a bearing may not
always be so easy since this requires well understanding of the behavior of “bonded”
rubber layers. Studies on bonded elastic layers have clearly shown that there are three
basic parameters that control the compressive behavior of a rubber bearing: shape factor
of the bearing (i.e., the ratio of one loaded area of a single bonded rubber layer to its
bulge free areas), compressibility of the rubber material and extensibility of the interior
reinforcing sheets. This paper provides a review on the behavior of multi-layered
elastomeric bearings under uniform compression with particular emphasis on the effects
of the above-mentioned three basic parameters on their “compression modulus”.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
178
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL MODAL ANALYSES
PROTOTYPE ARCH DAM-RESERVOIR-FOUNDATION MODEL
OF
A
BAYRAKTAR A.-1, SEVİM B.-1, ALTUNIŞIK A.C.-1, ADANUR S.-1, AKKÖSE M.-1
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, 61080, Trabzon,
TURKEY
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, dynamic characteristics of a prototype arch dam-reservoirfoundation model are determined using experimental and analytical modal analyses. For
this aim, Type-1 arch dam presented in the literature is selected. And this arch dam is
constructed in a laboratory with 6cm crest width and 60cm dam height considering
reservoir and foundation. In experimental modal analysis, Type-1 arch dam is excited by
an impact hammer and the frequency response functions are measured. To obtain
frequency response functions of Type-1 arch dam five sensitive accelerometers are used.
These accelerometers are placed to crest of the arch dam. Measurements are done for
empty and full reservoir of the arch dam. In analytical modal analysis, Type-1 arch damreservoir-foundation system is modeled using ANSYS software, and natural frequencies
and mode shapes are determined for empty and full reservoir. It is stated from the study
that, natural frequencies obtained from experimental and analytical modal analyses are
almost closed the each other. In addition, the natural frequencies of the arch dam are
changed about 20 % for empty and full reservoir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
179
RESTRAINED SHRINKAGE: AN ENEMY CRYPTIC
AKPINAR E.-1, MEYDANLI ATALAY H.-1, OZDEN S.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kocaeli
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Shrinkage, by wording, means loss of volume due either to a chemical
process, or a thermal activity or due and mainly to the loss of water from the composite
material itself; all having distinct names, such as autogenous, thermal and drying
shrinkage. Shrinkage may mainly be divided into two categories: free shrinkage and
restrained shrinkage. Free shrinkage does not result in any internal force in the
reinforced concrete members.
Such a shrinkage usually takes place in statically
determinate structures. Simply supported bridge beams, beams and columns of a pin
supported type of precast construction or a single foundation member of a precast frame
may be listed as the members of a statically determinate system. On the other hand,
restrained shrinkage may yield forces well beyond the capacity of either the shrinking
member or the restraining members. In case of a staged construction, where the shear
walls are cast before the reinforced concrete floor slabs, the shear walls undergo free
shrinkage throughout the curing period, while the slabs casted afterwards and attached
to these cured members experience restrained shrinkage. In turn, lateral loads causing
flexural moments and shears are observed on shears walls, while in plane tensile forces
are observed in the slab plates during the curing period of the floor slab itself. The inplane floor slab forces are consistent with the lateral stiffness of the vertical members.
In other words, the stiffer the shear wall, the higher the in plane tensile stresses in the
floor slabs. The forces, either moment, shear or in plane tension, may cause unexpected
and immature failures.
Restrained shrinkage should be considered in the structural analysis in order to calculate
the reinforcement required to carry the loads caused. Experimental and analytical
research yielded that the shrinkage induced member forces results in cracks and the
reinforcement crossing such cracks may reach yielding. It should be noted that the
yielded reinforcement may no more create an increasing resistance to load.
Authors have experienced several structural overloads, sometimes failures, due to
restrained or partially restrained shrinkage.
The reinforcement amount and the
distribution calculated through linear structural analysis performed without shrinkage
loads is usually not enough in the case of shrinkage loading. The shrinkage cracking
strength may well be calculated via the material properties of the concrete, while the
shrinkage force is calculated through the shrinkage properties of the concrete and
through the adverse environmental affects.
In this paper, failures due to shrinkage in some structures will be given and the means of
shrinkage calculation in structural analysis will be discussed
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
180
OPTIMAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IRRIGATION AND ENERGY
PRODUCTION IN THE MUNZUR RIVER BASIN, TURKEY
MUNZUR NEHRI HAVZASINDA SULAMA SUYU ILE ENERJI ÜRETIMI
ARASINDAKI OPTIMAL İLIŞKI
TEMİZ T.-1, OPAN M.-1, ÖNER A.-1
Türkiye
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, optimization model with energy production objective for long
term planning to a multi-object water resource system with multiple reservoirs presented
on the Munzur River in the Munzur River Basin of Turkey is developed. Dynamic
programming with successive approximations as optimization technique is used in the
model. In this optimization model, firstly,
maximization of the firm power values by
using the monthly inflow data of the drought period and changing the irrigation water
parametrically are realized and monthly minimum operational levels are obtained. Then,
in the same optimization model, the maximization of the total energy of the system is
achieved by locating the firm power values for irrigation water amounts as a parametric
constant, using the monthly average inflows and changing the irrigation water
parametrically and normal operational levels are determined. As a result, when
operational levels obtained from optimization process are illustrated, it has controlled and
managed by reservoirs with large storage. When irrigation water is increased, its benefit
is decreased, and the firm power values and energy production benefit are reduced.
Optimum irrigation water value is obtained as 60x106 m3 where total benefit of the
system is a maximum value.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Munzur Nehri Havzası’nda Munzur Nehri üzerinde bulunan çok
amaçlı ve çok barajlı bir su kaynakları sistemi üzerine uzun sureli planlama için enerji
üretimi amaçlı optimizasyon modeli kurulmuştur. Optimizasyon tekniği olarak ardışık
yaklaştırmalı dinamik programlama kullanılmıştır. Bu optimizasyon modelinde, ilk olarak,
kurak dönemin aylık ortalama akımları kullanılarak ve sulama suyu parametrik olarak
değiştirilerek güvenilir güç değerlerinin enbüyüklenmesi gerçekleştirilmiş ve minimum
işletme seviyeleri bulunmuştur. Daha sonra, aynı modelde, güvenilir güç değerleri sulama
miktarına göre kısıt olarak yerleştirilip, aylık ortalama akımlar kullanılarak ve sulama
suyu parametrik olarak değiştirilerek toplam enerjinin enbüyüklenmesine çalışılmış ve
normal işletme seviyeleri elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, elde edilen işletme seviyelerine
bakıldığında, optimizasyon süreci büyük hacimli barajlar tarafından kontrol edilmiş ve
yönetilmiştir. Sulama miktarı arttığı zaman, güvenilir güç değerleri ve enerji faydası
azalmakta, sulama faydası artmaktadır. Toplam faydanın en büyük olduğu yerde,
optimum sulama suyu miktarı 60x106 m3 olarak elde edilmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
181
VERTICAL GROUND MOTION INFLUENCE
ISOLATED&UNISOLATED BRIDGES
ON
SEISMICALLY
REYHANOĞULLARI N.E.-1, AKYUZ U.-1
1-Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkiye
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study influence of vertical ground motion on seismically isolated
bridges are investigated for seven different earthquake records. Bridges which are
isolated with different lead-rubber bearings are compared with the results of unisolated
bridges. Several runs are used to be able to have a satisfactory comparison between
different types. The earthquakes are chosen considering primarily two different
parameters. One is peak ground acceleration to peak ground velocity ratios (Ap/Vp).
There is a range of 7.70 to 20.28 for Ap/Vp. The other one is earthquakes’ classification.
All are classified as near-fault vertical ground motion.
Analytical calculations are
conducted using well known structural analysis program SAP2000. The bridge is a three
span steel composite bridge having concrete piers, mat foundation and pile system. The
isolated one has lead-rubber bearings installed under each steel girder. On the other
hand, unisolated one has a fix connection between steel girders and concrete piers. The
bridge is aimed to have reasonable sections which may be a structural design output. In
this sense, the steel girder bridge sections are checked per AASHTO provisions and
analytical model is updated accordingly. Response data collected from the analysis
program is used to determine the vertical load on the piers and mid-span moment on the
steel girders due to the vertical component of excitation. A comparison between all
configurations is introduced. Also, a correlation for different bearings and earthquakes
considering isolated and unisolated system is provided.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
182
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF CLAMPED LAMINATED COMPOSITE
PLATES USING ARTIFICAL NEURAL NETWORK
TOPAL U.-1, ÖZTEKIN E.-1
1-Gümüşhane University Department of Civil Engineering 29000 Gümüşhane Turkey
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Computer simulation of dynamics behaviour of composite laminates is
related with advanced FEM software and quality expertise. The response of laminate
plates depends on fibre orientation, laminate thicknesses and type of loading. It takes
quite sometime to carry out modelling and simulation and there is a need of quick
prediction of responses.
The term ‘artificial neural network’ comes from the intendedanalogy with the functioning
of the human brain adopting simplified models of ‘biological neural network’. The human
brain consists of nearly 1011 neurons (nerve cells) of different types. In a typical neuron,
one can find nucleus with which the connections with other neurons are made through a
network of fibres called dendrites. Extending out from the nucleus is the axon which
transmits, by means of complex chemical process, electric potentials to the neurons, with
which the axon is connected to. When signals, received by neuron, become equal or
surpass their threshold values, it ‘triggers’ sending an electric signal of constant level and
duration through axon. In this way, the message is transferred from one neuron to the
other. In an artificial neural network (ANN), the neurons or the processing units may
have several input paths corresponding to the dendrites. The units combine usually by a
simple summation, that is, the weighted values of these paths. The weighted value is
passed to the neuron, where it is modified by threshold function such as sigmoid
function. The modified value is directly presented to the next neuron. The connections
between various neurons are strenghened or weakened according to the experiences
obtained during the training.
In this study, the prediction of frequency analysis of clamped composite laminated plates
is carried out using artificial neural networks. To automate the response predictions, the
results are trained back propagation neural network. The first-orders shear deformation
theory is used for frequency analysis of finite element solution. The numerical analysis is
carried out for 2- and 4-layered laminated plates. The prediction of network to unknown
problems shows that there is close agreement between the finite element solution and
the network.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
183
THE EFFECT OF MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTİON ON THE
BEHAVİOR OF A STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE LOADS
MUTMAN U.-1, KAVAK A.-1, ATALAY H.-1
1-Kocaeli University Civil Engineer Departmant
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of modulus of
subgrade reaction of the soil on the structural behavior under the earthquake loads. For
this aim, a seven storey structure is modeled by using SAP2000 program. The
dimensions of the structure are 16 m x 16 m on plan and have 4 openings at each side.
The height of a typical storey is taken as 3 m, the columns are chosen as 50 cm x 50 cm
and the thickness of the floor is chosen as 13 cm for the modeling of the structure. The
soil beneath the structure is mentioned by using the springs in the program. The
modulus of elasticity of the soil is used as spring constants. In the study different
modulus of subgrade reaction values are used for simulating various soil conditions for
analyzing the structural behavior of the structure under the earthquake loads. The values
of modulus of subgrade reaction values are chosen for different soil conditions defined in
earthquake regulations manuals. In the research, it is observed that: when the modulus
of elasticity values increases, the period of the structure decreases and axial forces in the
columns increase. The shear forces in the columns and beams increase with increasing
modulus of elasticity on the earthquake direction but decrease on the other direction. The
lateral displacement during earthquake decreases with increasing modulus of elasticity
values.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
184
INTEGRATED
APPROACH
IN
REPAIR
AND
SEISMIC
STRENGTHENING OF MUSTAFA PASHA MOSQUE IN SKOPJE
SENDOVA V.-1, GAVRILOVIC P.-1, STOJANOSKI B.-1
1-Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, University “Ss. Cyril
and Methodius”, Skopje, R. Macedonia
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Mustafa Pasha's Mosque is one of the biggest and the best preserved
monuments of the Ottoman sacral architecture in Skopje and the Balkan. The building
style belongs to the early Constantinople period at the beginning of the second half of the
15th century. The catastrophic Skopje earthquake of 1963 inflicted damage to the
mosque structure that dominantly affected the central dome and the domes of the porch,
the east facade and the minaret. In 1968, these damages were repaired by injection of
cement mortar based mixtures.
Today, Mustafa Pasha’s Mosque represents a cultural historic monument of an
extraordinary importance for the city of Skopje and R. Macedonia. As such, it is under
protection of the Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage. According to its role and
cultural-historic values, this monument is categorized as a structure belonging to the first
category.
At the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, Skopje in
the recent time intensive research activities have been performed for evaluation of a
procedure for repair and strengthening of valuable historic monuments. Such integrated
approach is based on conventional understanding of retrofitting, although in our concept
are also techniques which are based on the idea of structural control.
Presented in the paper will be the project on repair and strengthening of Mustafa Pasha’s
mosque, elaborated in IZIIS in compliance with the Project for Conservation of the
Architecture realized in 2006 and prepared by the Foundation of the University of Gazi in
cooperation with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of R. Turkey, the Ministry of Culture
of R. Macedonia and the National Conservation Centre in Skopje.
The main principles of seismic strengthening are (i) application of new technologies and
materials, (ii) reversibility and (iii) invisibility of the applied technique. The concept of
structural strengthening and repair aimed at reaching the designed level of earthquake
protection has been selected based on: (i) investigations of the soil conditions, (ii)
investigations of the characteristics of the built-in materials, (iii) investigation of the main
dynamic characteristics, as well as (iv) previous experimental investigation of the
mosque model.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
185
DETERMINATION SITE EFFECT OF ZARQA CITY-JORDAN BASED ON
MICROTREMORS FIELD MEASUREMENTS: A MICROZONATION
STUDY
OLIMAT W.-1
1-11118, P.O.Box 7, AMMAN – JORDAN Jordan Seismological Observatory, Natural
Resources Authority
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Zarqa governorate is one of the important governorates in Jordan. It is the
second populated after the capital Amman, the location of Zarqa gives the city a great
importance because it lies on the main high ways leading to Syria, Iraq and Saudi Arabia,
most of Jordan's industries, power plants and strategic projects are located in Zarqa,
which gives this city a special importance.
The Nakamura's technique is applied in this study for both areas; Zarqa city and
Hashemite University Campus in order to determine the resonance frequencies and
amplification factors for each site then draw there maps which will be of a great use in
the field of civil and structural engineering by enriching the building codes.
The results of our study show that; values of resonance frequency F are not affected by
the time of recording. While values of amplification factor A can vary accordingly. Results
also show that the amplification factor A varies from 0.8 to 8.55 in Zarqa city and the
resonance frequency (F) also varies between 0.37 Hz and 2.98 Hz in Zarqa city , that
means some constructions in the study area, in case of a major earthquake, may
experience minor damages respectively.)
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
186
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS FOR MODELING
OF THE HISTORICAL OTTOMAN MINARETS
FAHJAN Y.M.-1, ERTEK E.-1
1-Department of Earthquake and Structural Science, Gebze Institute of Technology,
41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Analytical Modeling of Ottoman minarets are of great challenges to
contemporary engineering analysis tools. Historical minarets for the major ottoman
mosques are slender and high elevated masonry structures built by special techniques.
The Ottoman construction techniques proved their efficiencies for building minarets that
can resist wind and earthquake forces many centuries. A better understanding of the
structural components and the and the special connection techniques between different
parts of minarets structure is the key issue for a comprehensive structural analysis,
interpretation of the analysis results and a proper intervention.
Minarets were initially constructed as elevated structures attached to Islamic mosques to
be used by the “Müezzin”. Although in modern times, minarets are no longer used for
this function, they still represent the most prominent architectural feature of Islamic
mosques. A large number of historical minarets now exists all over Turkey to be existed
near the mosques and were built during “Selçuk” and Ottoman periods. Different type of
construction materials were used for outer shells and inner stairs. Even though, there are
number of studies considering modeling and analysis of historical minarets Lomlu (1996),
Al-Attar et al (2005), comprehensive modeling methodology is still not existed.
The Ottoman Minarets generally consists of different parts: Foundation, rectangular
pedestal, Cubic connection, cylindrical body, balcony (surrounding a minaret),
honeycomb to hold conical cover, conical cover and Flag parts.
In general, modeling and analyzing the historical structures require not only the
knowledge of geometrical and material properties of the structure but also the skills to
use the best elements to model different parts of the structures and how to connect the
different structural elements in order to get the correct results.
In this study, the minarets constructed during Ottoman period are classified in terms of
its structural components and systems. The different construction technology and
materials used are investigated. Different aspects in the modeling and analysis of
historical construction are reviewed and various difficulties that are typically encountered
in the geometric modeling are emphasized. The finite element techniques are utilized to
model the different minarets systems.
The effects of different structural elements on the total behavior of the minarets are
studied and the effects of interconnection between inner stairs and outer shell are
discussed in details. Models using different materials and different support conditions are
studied and compared.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
187
THE BEHAVIOR OF MULTISTORY REINFORCED CONCRETE PANEL
BUILDINGS UNDER LATERAL LOADING A THEORETICAL AND
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
ÇOK KATLI BETONARME PANEL YAPILARIN YATAY YÜK ALTINDA
DAVRANIŞI DENEYSEL ARAŞTIRMA
İLGÜN A.-1
1-Selçuk Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Konya
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The subject of this research is the study of the strength and behavior of
multi-story buildings constructed by the tunnel-framework technique subjected to
earthquake excitations. For this purpose, a section composed of the connection regions
of the structural walls which are the vertical members and the floors which are the lateral
members of the buildings constructed by the tunnel-framework technology is modeled.
The modeled structural system has been tested under reverse-cyclic loading within a
lateral load testing frame assembled from steel profiles at Selcuk University, EngineeringArchitecture Faculty, Civil Engineering Department Structures Laboratory. The reversedcyclic loading are applied on the models at the 4th, 3rd and 2nd floor levels by varying the
parameters belonging to the amount of reinforcement and keeping the thickness of shear
wall and slab constant.
In order to determine the effect of the spacing of vertical reinforcement in reinforced
concrete shear walls, experiments have been carried out on three different models
namely Type-A; Type-B and Type-C. The diagrams of moment-curvature, loaddeformation and load-displacement of the bottom of shear wall are plotted with respect
to the reinforcement patterns used in the specimens.
By inspecting the cracks of the model shear walls occurred during the application of
lateral force, some conclusions have been made about the failure modes.
ÖZET Bu çalışmanın konusu, tünel kalıp tekniği ile inşaa edilen çok katlı yapıların deprem
yükleri altındaki dayanım ve davranışının araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla, tünel kalıp
teknolojisi uygulanmış yapıların yatay elemanları olan döşemeler ile düşey elemanları
olan perdelerin birleşim bölgelerinden oluşan bir kesit modellenmiştir
Modellenen yapı sistemi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi, İnşaat
Mühendisliği Bölümü Yapı Laboratuarında çelik profillerden imal edilmiş yatay yük
çerçevesinde tersinir-tekrarlanır yük altında denenmiştir. Modeller üzerindeki tersinirtekrarlanır yatay yük uygulaması; perde ve döşeme boyutları sabit olmak üzere,
perdelerdeki donatı miktarlarına ait parametreler değiştirilerek 4. kat, 3. kat ve 2.
katlardan uygulanmıştır.
Betonarme perdelerde yatay ve düşey donatı aralıklarının etkisinin belirlenmesi için TİPA;
TİPB ve TİPC olmak üzere üç çeşit model üzerinde deneyler yapılmıştır. Numunelerde
kullanılan donatı düzenine göre moment-eğrilik, yük-şekil değiştirme ve perde tabanında
meydana gelen yük-deplasman grafikleri hazırlanmıştır.
Model perdelere yatay yük uygulaması sırasında meydana gelen çatlaklar incelenerek
göçme türleri hakkında görüşler ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER
188
A NEW DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING SOFTWARE FOR ANALYZING
SIGNALS OBTAINED FROM MODAL TESTS OF STRUCTURES:
SIGNALCAD
YAPILARIN MODAL DENEYLERİNDEN ALINAN SİNYALLERİN
ANALİZİ İÇİN YENİ BİR SAYISAL SİNYAL İŞLEME PROGRAMI:
SİGNALCAD
ŞAHİN A.-1, BAYRAKTAR A.-1
1-Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, 61080, Trabzon, Türkiye
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Experimental and operational modal analysis methods are among the most
effective experimental methods for nondestructive evaluating the dynamic behaviours of
structures. The dynamic characteristics of structural systems which consist of frequency,
mode shape and damping ratios are determined by experimental and operational modal
analysis. Analytical finite element models are updated depending on experimentally
determined modal parameters, so it will be possible to use much more realistic analytical
models to determine earthquake performance of structures. In this study, SignalCAD
software developed for processing signal records collected from structural systems where
forced and ambient vibration tests are carried out. SignalCAD is an interactive analysis
software written in MATLAB media as functional which has graphical user interface. The
spectral functions representing dynamic behaviour of the structure are produced by
analyzing unprocessed acceleration records collected from structural systems. Frequency
response functions, autopower spectrums, crosspower spectrums, power spectral
densities, transfer functions, coherence functions and spectrograms may be produced
and in addition, complex mode indicator functions may be obtained by post processing
the produced spectrums. The leakage errors caused by FFT transform are filtered by
using windowing methods widely used in literature. Also, faulty signals are extracted
from signal sets by filtering in ambient vibration tests. The spectral functions produced
by SignalCAD software constitute the input data of the algorithms developed to
determine dynamic characteristics of the structures. As an application, acceleration
records obtained from forced and ambient vibration tests of three dimensional steel
frame model produced in laboratory are analyzed with SignalCAD software and the
comparisons of obtained results with those of commercial PULSE software are presented
in this study.
ÖZET Yapıların dinamik davranışlarının tahribatsız olarak değerlendirilmesinde deneysel
ve operasyonel modal analiz yöntemleri en etkili deneysel yöntemler arasında yer
amaktadır. Deneysel ve operasyonel modal analiz ile yapı sistemlerinin frekans, mod şekli
ve sönüm oranlarından meydana gelen dinamik karakteristikleri belirlenirler. Deneysel
olarak bulunan bu modal parametreler referans alınarak analitik solu eleman modelleri
iyileştirilir, buna bağlı olarak yapıların deprem performansının belirlenmesinde çok daha
gerçekçi analitik modellerin kullanılması mümkün hale gelir. Bu çalışmada zorlanmış ve
çevresel titreşim deneyleri yapılan yapı sistemlerinden toplanan sinyal kayıtlarının
POSTER / POSTER
189
işlenmesi amacıyla geliştirilmiş olan SignalCAD programı tanıtılmaktadır. SignalCAD
programı MATLAB ortamında fonksiyonel olarak yazılmış grafik kullanıcı arayüzüne sahip
interaktif bir analiz programıdır. Bu program ile yapı sistemlerinden toplanan işlenmemiş
ivme kayıtları analiz edilerek, yapının dinamik davranışını gösteren spektral fonksiyonlar
üretilmektedir. Frekans davranış fonksiyonları, otogüç spektrumları, çaprazgüç
spektrumları, güç spektral yoğunlukları, transfer fonksiyonları, koherans fonksiyonları ve
spektrogram grafikleri üretilebilmekte, bunun yanında üretilen spektrumların ileri
analizleri yapılarak kompleks mod gösterge fonksiyonları elde edilebilmektedir. FFT
dönüşümünden kaynaklanan sızma hataları, literatürde yaygın olarak kullanılan
pencereleme yöntemleri kullanılarak filtrelenmektedir. Bununla beraber, çevresel titreşim
deneylerinde sinyallerin içerisine karışan hatalı sinyaller filtrelenerek sinyal kümelerinden
çıkartılmaktadır. SignalCAD programı ile üretilen spektral fonksiyonlar, yapıların dinamik
karakteristiklerinin belirlenmesi için geliştirilen algoritmaların giriş verilerini oluştururlar.
Bu çalışmada uygulama olarak laboratuarda üretilen üç boyutlu çelik çerçeve modelinin
zorlanmış ve çevresel titreşim deneyleri sonucu toplanan ivme kayıtlarının SignalCAD
programı ile analizi yapılmış, elde edilen sonuçların ticari PULSE programı ile
karşılaştırmaları sunulmaktadır.
POSTER / POSTER
190
A NEW DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC IDENTIFICATION SOFTWARE
FOR EXPERIMENTAL AND OPERATIONAL MODAL ANALYSES OF
STRUCTURES: MODALCAD
YAPILARIN DENEYSEL VE OPERASYONEL MODAL ANALİZLERİ İÇİN
YENİ BİR DİNAMİK KARAKTERİSTİK BELİRLEME PROGRAMI:
MODALCAD
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, ModalCAD software with graphical user interface developed in
MATLAB media as functional for dynamic characteristic identification of structural systems
where forced and ambient vibration tests are performed is presented. Spectral functions
obtained by analyzing raw measured data obtained from dynamic tests constitute the
input data of solution algorithms used in ModalCAD software. In ModalCAD software,
dynamic characteristics constituted from frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes of
tested structural system may be obtained by using Operating Vectors Method, Complex
Exponential Method and Polyreference Time Domain Method which are used widely in
literature. In addition, accuracies and consistencies of determined dynamic
characteristics may be controlled numerically with modal assurance criteria (MAC) and
modal phase Collinearity (MPC) graphics. Frequency points where modes are balanced
may be detected with stability diagrams, synthesized spectrums may be compared with
experimentally obtained spectrums. Determined mode shapes may be viewed visually in
animation screen. As an application, dynamic characteristics of three dimensional steel
frame model produced in laboratory are determined by carrying out experimental and
operational modal analyses with ModalCAD software and the comparisons of obtained
results with those of commercial OMA software are presented in this study.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada zorlamış ve çevresel titreşim deneyleri yapılan yapı sistemlerinin
dinamik karakteristiklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla MATLAB ortamında fonksiyonel olarak
geliştirilmiş olan grafik kullanıcı arayüzüne sahip ModalCAD programının tanıtımı
yapılmaktadır. Dinamik deneyler sonucunda elde edilen işlenmemiş ham verilerin analizi
ile elde edilen spektral fonksiyonlar ModalCAD programında kullanılan çözüm
algoritmalarının giriş verilerini oluştururlar. ModalCAD programında literatürde yaygın
olarak kullanılan İşletim Vektörleri Yöntemi, Kompleks Eksponansiyel Yöntemi ve
Çokreferanslı Zaman Ortamı Yöntemleri kullanılarak ölçüm alınan yapı sistemlerinin
frekans, sönüm oranları ve mod şekillerinden oluşan dinamik karakteristikleri elde
edilebilmektedir. Bununla beraber, belirlenen dinamik karakteristiklerin doğruluk ve
tutarlılıkları modal güvence kriteri (MAC) ve modal faz doğrudaşlık (MPC) grafikleri ile
sayısal olarak kontrol edilebilmektedir. Stabilite diyagramları ile modların dengeye
ulaştığı frekans noktaları tespit edilebilmekte, sentezlenen spektrumlar deney sonucunda
elde edilen spektrumlar ile karşılaştırılabilmektedir. Belirlenen mod şekilleri animasyon
ekranında görsel olarak takip edilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada uygulama olarak
laboratuarda üretilen üç boyutlu çelik çerçeve modelinin ModalCAD programı ile deneysel
ve operasyonel modal analizleri yapılarak dinamik karakteristikleri belirlenmiş, elde edilen
sonuçların ticari OMA programı ile bulunan sonuçlarlarla karşılaştırma sonuçları
sunulmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER
191
A NEW SOFTWARE FOR OPTIMIZATION ANALYTICAL
ELEMENT MODELS WITH SQP METHOD: FEMUP
FINITE
YAPILARIN ANALİTİK SONLU ELEMAN MODELLERİNİN SQP
YÖNTEMİ İLE OPTİMİZASYONU İÇİN YENİ BİR PROGRAM: FEMUP
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, FemUP software developed for optimal updating the analytical
finite element models of structures depending on experimental result is presented.
FemUP software is prepared in MATLAB media for optimization of finite element model
produced in ANSYS by referencing experimental models obtained as a result of
experimental modal analysis. The result file of ModalCAD software developed by authors
is used for experimental model and the file prepared by using ANSYS Parametric Design
Language (APDL) is used for analytical model. Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP)
Algorithm is used as optimization method. The minimum difference value of experimental
and analytical models is taken as objective function in solution algorithm. Constraint
function is produced to hold difference in a limit between mode shapes determined by
user while scanning for objective function. In constraint function, MAC limit is
determined, therefore the harmonies between mode shapes are considered. As an
application, experimental modal analyses of three dimensional steel frame model
produced in laboratory are carried out, then finite element model of system is optimized
by referencing experimental model.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada yapıların analitik sonlu eleman modellerinin deneysel sonuçlara bağlı
olarak optimum seviyede iyileştirilmesi amacıyla geliştirilmiş olan FemUP programı
tanıtılmaktadır. FemUP programı, ANSYS programı kullanılarak üretilen sonlu eleman
modellerinin deneysel modal analiz sonucu elde edilen deneysel modeller referans
alınarak optimizasyonun yapılması amacına yönelik olarak MATLAB ortamında
hazırlanmıştır. Deneysel model için yazarlar tarafından geliştirilmiş olan ModalCAD
programı tarafından üretilen sonuç dosyası ve analitik model için ANSYS parametrik
tasarım dili (APDL) kullanılarak hazırlanan dosya kullanılmaktadır. Optimum model
iyileştirme çalışmasında deneysel ve teorik modelin doğal frekansları ile mod şekilleri
arasındaki farkın minimum seviyeye getirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Optimizasyon yöntemi
olarak Ardışık Kuadratik Programlama (SQP) Algoritması kullanılır. Çözüm algoritmasında
hedef fonksiyonu olarak analitik ve deneysel modeller arasındaki farkın minimum değeri
alınmaktadır. Hedef fonksiyonu için tarama yapılırken, mod şekilleri arasındaki farkın
kullanıcı tarafından belirlenen sınırda tutulması amacı ile sınırlandırma fonksiyonu
üretilmiştir. Sınırlandırma fonksiyonunda MAC limiti belirlenerek, optimizasyon çalışması
sırasında modal vektörlerin uyumunun dikkate alınması sağlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada
uygulama olarak laboratuarda üretilen üç boyutlu çelik çerçeve modelinin deneysel modal
analizleri yapılmış, deneysel model referans alınarak sistemin sonlu eleman modelinin
optimizasyonu yapılmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER
192
BOUNDARY
CONDITION
EFFECT
ON
THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF LABORATORY BRIDGE MODEL
VIBRATION
ALTUNIŞIK-1, BAYRAKTAR-2, SEVİM-3, ADANUR-4
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Trabzon
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this paper, it is aimed to determine the boundary condition effects on the
vibration characteristics of the laboratory bridge model. A steel footbridge which has arch
type structural system is selected as an example and modeled in the laboratory. The
main span of the bridge and the height of the bridge column are 6m and 0.85m,
respectively. The maximum arch height is 0.95m. The vibration characteristics such as
natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios of the steel arch bridge are
determined using Operational Modal Analysis method. In this method, the bridge is
excited using natural excitations. The vibration characteristics are extracted using the
Peak Picking method in the frequency domain and the Stochastic Subspace Identification
method in the time domain. As the boundary conditions, the bridge columns are both
fixed and not fixed to the floor. Also, tightness of the connections of the structural
elements is changed by screw of the bolts. At the end of the study, the vibration
characteristics of the bridge model are determined for different boundary conditions and
the result are compared with each other. It is seen from the study, the boundary
conditions are very effective on the vibration caracteristics.
POSTER / POSTER
193
COLLAPSING REASONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
BY NEW EARTHQUAKES
BETONARME
YAPILARIN
DAVRANIŞLARI
DEPREMLERDEN ÖĞRENDİKLERİMİZ
HAKKINDA
DURMUŞ A.-1
1-KTÜ İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü 61080 Trabzon/TÜRKİYE
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Turkey has one of the most active seismic zones of the world. It is well-
known that so many earthquakes have occurred throughout the history of human being
in this zone. Many structures have collapsed related to the properties of earthquake,
structure and soil. According to Earthquake Engineering, these kinds of earthquakes will
occur in Turkey in future. This situation shows that the results of the earthquakes,
happened in the past, must be taken into account.
Ground motion, caused by earthquake, depends on several variations and most
important parameters affecting response of structures are mass, stiffness and dumping
during this motions. Former seismic records are utilized for determining of earthquake
loads. Analyses carried out by using these records indicate that reinforced concrete
structures show beyond elastic behavior and damage or collapse.
In this study, stability, resistance, durability, stiffness and dumping properties which
must be included by earthquake resistant structures are deliberated with below order.
Indicating of the most important characteristics of recent earthquakes in Erzincan
(1992), Kocaeli (1999) and Bingöl (2003).
Summarizing of life and property lost caused by the earthquake.
Determination of damages and collapsing reasons in connection with design, application
and usage processes, by the light of observations on projects, at laboratories and in its
places at foregoing cities.
ÖZET Dünyanın aktif deprem kuşaklarında dolayısıyla da bu kuşaklardan biri üzerinde
bulunan Türkiye’de insanlık tarihi boyunca birçok depremin meydana gelmiş olduğu
hemen herkesçe bilinmektedir. Bu depremlerin etkisiyle; depremin, yapının ve zeminin
özeliklerine bağlı olarak birçok yapının kullanım dışı kaldığı da bir gerçektir. Deprem
mühendisliği bilimine göre bu tür depremler bundan sonra da anılan deprem kuşaklarında
meydana gelecektir. Bu durum geçmişte meydana gelmiş olan deprem sonuçlarından
ders alınmasının gerekliliğini ve önemini ortaya koymaktadır.
Depremden doğan yer hareketini birçok değişkenin yönlendirdiği, yapının bu harekete
göstermiş olduğu tepkiye etki eden en önemli parametrelerin ise, kütle, rijitlik ve sönüm
oranları olduğu da bilinmektedir. Yapılara etkiyecek deprem yüklerinin belirlenmesinde
dünyanın aktif deprem kuşaklarında meydana gelmiş olan deprem kayıtlarından
yararlanılmaktadır. Bu kayıtlar dikkate alınarak gerçekleştirilen yapısal çözümlemeler,
bugün yürürlükte bulunan deprem yönetmeliklerinde öngörülen deprem yüklerine göre
projelendirilmiş olan, betonarme yapıların elastik ötesi davranışa itilerek hasar görmeye
mecbur edildiklerini de ortaya koymaktadır.
Bu bildirinin temel amacı, Türkiye’de özellikle son Erzincan (1992), Kocaeli (1999), Düzce
(1999) ve Bingöl (2003) depremlerinin bazı önemli özeliklerini özetledikten sonra
mahallinde, laboratuvarda ve yapı projeleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiş olan incelemelerin
ışığında Türkiye’nin anılan illerindeki betonarme yapıların davranışlarını bir yapının
oluşturulmasındaki proje, yapım (uygulama) ve kullanım (servis) aşamaları ile bu
aşamalara ilişkin yer seçimi, sistem seçimi, yüklerin belirlenmesi, statik- dinamik yapısal
çözümleme, kesit hesapları, donatı planı- kesit detayları, denetim, bakım ve onarım
adımları sırasında belirleyerek depreme dayanıklı yapılarda bulunması gereken başta
stabilite olmak üzere, dayanım, dayanıklılık, rijitlik, süneklik, sönüm ve yeniden dağılım
özelikleri konusunda bazı hatırlatmalardan sonra yeterli güvenliğe sahip yapı tasarımı için
gerekli ve yeterli koşullar üzerinde durmaktır.
POSTER / POSTER
194
CREATING THE MICROZONATION MAPS OF SAPANCA DISTRICT BY
USING GIS
COĞRAFI BILGI SISTEMLERI KULLANILARAK SAKARYA İLI –
SAPANCA
İLÇESI
MIKROBÖLGELEME
HARITALARININ
HAZIRLANMASI
KURNAZ T.F.-1, KIYAK A.-2, KARAVUL C.-1
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study we aimed to form the GIS based microzonation maps of
Sapanca district. Fort his purpose 63 drilling data and 61 seismic refraction data collected
and transferred to numerical domain. We carried out a data analysis for the database and
eliminated the faulty data. The SPT values belongs to 1,5 m, 3 m, 4,5 m and 6 m, shown
on GIS based maps and observed the variation on SPT values along with the depth rises.
The seismic velocity maps are also formed by GIS and we investigated the harmony with
the SPT maps. All the maps are show that the southern parts of the study area have
better soil parameters. The Mahmudiye region have also firm soil parameter located on
southwest part of the study area but towards the Kırkpınar, there are some rapid
transition on the soil characteristics. We can see that the SPT values and seismic
velocities are low level at the Göl Mahallesi and Uzunkum regions.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Sakarya İli Sapanca İlçesinin Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) tabanlı
mikrobölgeleme haritalarının oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda
inceleme alanında, zemin araştırmalarına yönelik olarak yapılan 63 adet zemin sondajı ve
61 adet sismik kırılma çalışmasına ait veriler toplanarak sayısal ortama aktarılmıştır.
Oluşturulan veritabanı, veri analizine tabi tutularak sapma gösteren veriler atılmıştır.
Çalışma alanında, 1,5 m, 3 m , 4,5 m ve 6 m derinliklere ait SPT değerleri, CBS tabanlı
olarak oluşturulan haritalar üzerinde gösterilerek, derinlik artışı ile birlikte SPT
değerlerindeki değişimler gözlemlenmiştir. Sismik kırılma çalışmalarına ait 1. ve 2. tabaka
sismik hız haritaları da CBS tabanlı olarak oluşturularak, SPT haritalarıyla olan uyumu
incelenmiştir. Oluşturulan haritalara bakıldığında, çalışma alanının güneyinde yeralan
kesimlerin, zemin açısından diğer alanlara göre daha iyi özelliklere sahip olduğu
görülmüştür. Çalışma alanının güneybatısında yeralan Mahmudiye’ nin eteklerindeki
bölgelerde de zeminin iyi özellikler gösterdiği fakat çalışma alanının batısındaki Kırkpınar’
a doğru zeminde ani geçişlerin olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışma alanın doğusundaki Göl
Mahallesi ile kuzeydoğusundaki Uzunkum civarında ise gerek SPT değerlerinin gerekse de
sismik hız değerlerinin düşük olduğu görülmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
195
CREATING THE SPT MAPS OF DERINCE DISTRICT BY USING GIS
COĞRAFI BILGI SISTEMLERI KULLANILARAK KOCAELI
DERINCE ILÇESI SPT HARITALARININ HAZIRLANMASI
ILI–
KARAVUL C.-1, KIYAK A.-2, KURNAZ T.F.-1, DURMUŞ, H.-1
[email protected],
[email protected]
[email protected],
[email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, we aimed to point out the SPT values of Derince district on
GIS based maps. For this purpose, 41 drilling data collected and transferred to numerical
domain. We carried out a data analysis for the database and eliminated the faulty data.
The SPT values belongs to 1,5 m, 3 m and 4,5 m shown on GIS based maps and
observed the variation on SPT values along with the depth rises. SPT value is the most
important parameter to determine the stiffness of soils. The maps are show that the SPT
values are increasing from south to northern part of study area. The low SPT values at
southern part of study area result from the sedimets of Marmara Sea. Along with the
depth rises the SPT values are increasing all over the study area.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Kocaeli ili Derince ilçesinde, zemin sondajlarında yaygın olarak
uygulanan Standart Penetrasyon Testi (SPT) değerlerinin Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS)
tabanlı haritalar üzerinde gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, çalışma
alanında zemin araştırmasına yönelik olarak yapılan 41 adet sondaja ait veriler
toplanarak sayısal ortama aktarılmıştır. Oluşturulan veritabanı, veri analizine tabi
tutularak sapma gösteren veriler atılmıştır. Çalışma alanında, 1,5 m, 3 m ve 4,5 m
derinliklere ait SPT değerleri, CBS tabanlı olarak oluşturulan haritalar üzerinde
gösterilerek, derinlik artışı ile birlikte SPT değerlerindeki değişimler gözlemlenmiştir. SPT
değeri, zeminlerin sıkılık-gevşeklik derecelerini gösteren en önemli parametrelerden
biridir. Haritalara bakıldığında inceleme alanında güneyden kuzeye doğru SPT sayılarında
artış olduğu görülmektedir. Güney bölgelerdeki düşük SPT sayılarının, inceleme alanının
güneyindeki Marmara Denizi’nin biriktirdiği çökellerin varlığından kaynaklandığı
düşünülmektedir. Derinlik artışı ile birlikte inceleme alanı genelinde SPT sayılarında artış
olduğu görülmüştür.
POSTER / POSTER
196
VISUAL SEISMIC ASSESSMENT
CONCRETE BUILDINGS IN CYPRUS
OF
EXISTING
REINFORCED
EMINAGA A.-1
1-Eminaga Construction Ltd., Universite yolu No:7, Karaoglanoglu, Girne, KKTC
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Since the existence of the Planet Earth, earthquakes occur and result by
injury and death of thousands of people, structural losses and damages to the buildings
and great economic losses to the countries. Although search and rescue is an important
component, the most rational way to reduce the impact of the earthquakes is through
proper mitigation and preparedness efforts. In the long term, from the economical view
point, preparedness pays off response. Besides, the response activities never save
human lives which have already been lost.
On architectural and engineering perspective, “Being Prepared” means “Design against
Earthquake”. Considering the architectural and engineering designs and buildings of last
decades, it can be said that they have followed the new earthquake design codes and can
be assumed to be Earthquake-Safe. But, what about the buildings being designed before
relevant design codes? As a general statement, it has been thought that 80% of the
existing buildings over the world have been built before relevant codes and needs to be
seismically assessed and retrofitted in terms of seismic deficiencies.
As a part of the current dissertation study, the national standards of FEMA-United States,
NRCC-Canada, EUROCODE-Europe, FIB-Europe explaining the guidelines for physical
examination and seismic reliability assessment of the existing buildings have been
discussed and compared for their applicability to Cyprus. It has been aimed to propose a
methodology for the use of the experienced civil engineers and architects to assess and
rank the seismic reliability of existing reinforced concrete buildings in Cyprus. There is a
need to carry out a study specific for Cyprus on this issue, not just because Cyprus is on
active region and is under the threat of earthquakes, it is also required because there are
differences between the seismicity and construction systems of the countries which make
them generate their own guidelines for seismic assessment.
In this paper it is aimed to discuss the main principles of current national standards of
USA, Canada and European Union and provide guidelines specific to Cyprus for the
physical assessment of the existing reinforced concrete buildings.
POSTER / POSTER
197
GROUND MOTION
EARTHQUAKES
SIMULATIONS
OF
THE
1999
MARMARA
ASKAN A.-1, UĞURHAN B.-1
1-Middle East Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering and Earthquake
Engineering Research Center, 06531 Ankara
[email protected]; [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Evaluating the ground motions to which structures are exposed to during
their lifetimes is the main step in earthquake-resistant design, retrofitting of the existing
structures and reduction seismic risk. In regions with sparse or no seismic recordings are
available, ground motion simulations become essential. In this study, the stochastic
finite-fault technique is used to simulate strong ground motions of the 17 August 1999
Kocaeli and 12 November 1999 Düzce earthquakes. In this method, originally proposed
by Beresnev and Atkinson (1997), the finite- fault plane is discretized into a number of
rectangular subfaults, each of which is treated as a stochastic point source with an wsquare spectrum. The contribution from each subfault is lagged properly and summed at
the observation point to obtain the ground motion from the entire fault. Ground motion
simulations are carried out using regional model parameters as well as local soil
conditions. For taking the soil amplification account, we compare standard H/V ratios and
existing empirical relations. The region-specific seismic model parameters are calibrated
against the strong ground motion recordings of the 1999 Marmara earthquakes. The
results are expressed in terms of the simulated acceleration and velocity time histories,
Fourier amplitude spectra and response spectra. Further simulations are performed for
regions where there are not ground motion recordings and the distribution of ground
motions is assessed.
POSTER / POSTER
198
SEISMIC BEARING CAPACITY AND THE PARAMETERS AFFECTED ON
THE FOUNDATIONS
TEMELLERDE OTURMALARA ETKİYEN PARAMETRELER VE SİSMİK
TAŞIMA GÜCÜ KAYBI
SÜNBÜL A.B.-1, GÜNDÜZ Z.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Mühendislik
Adapazarı, Sakarya
Fakültesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, 54187,
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The seismic installations occurred during earthquake or immediately after
the earthquake caused building damages. Most of the damages are related to soil
failures, such as sliding, tilting, settlement, and breakage in foundation piles, and
subsequent to the cracking of walls. This damage reasons generally can be explained
with soil liquefaction under the structure foundation or exchanging of the underground
water level, this effect can also be explained by the reduction of the bearing capacity
with the seismic impact. After the 1999 Marmara Earthquake these damage mechanisms
only explained with soil liquefaction without detailed investigation.
Due to the laboratory studies and field observations of seismic bearing capacity
according to the basic dynamic load resistance not occurred only in the ground saturated
and loose properties like liquefaction, seismic bearing capacity can occur all types of
ground and water availability does not depend on the circumstances.
In the literature study of fluid transport power loss (fluidization) was defined with the
concept, and today these issues are tried by many researchers (Richards et all., 1993)
In Turkish Earthquake Code have not a method to calculate seismic bearing capacity. The
seismic design basis for the static case, only the safety of increasing the understanding
of stress is dominated. However, for seismic analysis and using a higher number of
security strength and safe transportation of these values such as design an application in
our country is not settled.
The purpose of this study is to determine the parameters of the bearing capacity of the
foundations and the coefficients about the seismic bearing capacity. And to attract
attention about to coefficients to earthquake regulations have to be entered.
Within the scope of this study; migration mechanisms which develop under foundation
will be determined, for static state bearing capacity formulas and the dynamic effects of
earthquake parameters added that moving the seismic strength formulas were obtained.
Different acceleration values, different ground properties designated for the basic effects
of the earthquake dynamics in the power and transport primarily occurring sitting
calculated seismic forces carry most influence on the parameters of the horizontal
acceleration coefficient (kh), vertical acceleration coefficient (kv), the basic depth (DF) as
was determined.
POSTER / POSTER
199
ÖZET Depremler sırasında meydana gelen sismik yüklemeler; deprem sırasında veya
depremin hemen ardından üzerlerinde bulunan yapılarda zemine batma, yan yatma veya
yerinden çıkma gibi zemin özelliklerine bağlı hasarlara neden olurlar. Bu hasarlar eğer
sıvılaşma veya yapı altında yer altı suyu seviyesi (YASS) değişimine bağlı değilse, taşıma
gücünün sismik etki ile azaltılmasına bağlı olarak açıklanabilir. 1999 Marmara depremi
ardından oluşan bu tür hasarların davranış mekanizmaları yerinde ayrıntılı çalışmalar
yapılmadan sıvılaşma (liquefaction) olarak tanımlanmıştır.
Laboratuar çalışmaları ve arazi gözlemlerine göre dinamik yükler altında temellerin
direncini kaybetmesiyle oluşan taşıma gücü kaybı sıvılaşmada olduğu gibi sadece doygun
ve gevşek zeminlerde gerçekleşmez ve bütün zemin tiplerinde ve suyun bulunma şartına
da bağlı değildir. Literatürde ilk kez Richards ve diğ. (1993) yaptıkları çalışmalarda
taşıma gücü kaybını akışkanlaşma (fluidization) kavramı ile tanımlamışlar ve günümüzde
birçok araştırmacı tarafından bu konu çalışılmaktadır.
Türkiye Afet Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Yapılar Hakkındaki Yönetmelikte (ABYYHY) sismik
taşıma gücü azalmasını hesaplamak üzere bir yöntem bulunmamaktadır. Sadece sismik
tasarımda statik durum için bulunan zemin emniyet gerilmelerinin arttırılması anlayışı
hâkimdir. Ancak sismik analiz için ayrı ve daha yüksek bir güvenlik sayısı kullanarak
emniyetli taşıma gücü bulunması ve bu değerlerle tasarım yapılması gibi bir uygulama
ülkemizde yerleşmiş değildir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı depremler sırasında temellerin taşıma gücü kaybıyla oluşan
oturmaları ve ilgili parametreleri belirlemek ve sismik tasarım için gerekli katsayıların
deprem yönetmeliklerine girmesi gerektiğini göstermektir. Bu çalışma kapsamında
deprem etkisi ile temel altında gelişen göçme mekanizması belirlenerek, statik durum için
geçerli taşıma gücü formülleri, dinamik deprem etki parametreleri eklenerek, sismik
durumda ki taşıma gücü formülleri elde edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Farklı ivme değerleri, farklı
zemin özelliklerinde belirlenmiş temel için deprem etkileri altında dinamik durumda
taşıma gücü ve temelde meydana gelen oturma hesaplanarak sismik taşıma gücüne en
çok etkiyen parametreler yatay ivme katsayısı (kh), düşey ivme katsayısı (kv), temel
derinliği (Df ) olarak belirlemiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
200
APPLICATION
OF
CAPACITY
SPECTRUM
METHOD
FOR
PERFORMANCE
ASSESSMENT
OF
INDUSTRIAL
BUILDING
STRUCTURES LOCATED IN EARTHQUAKE-PRONE REGIONS IN
TURKEY
ÖZTÜRK B.-1, SADAK M.-1, DEMİRALAN F.-1
1-Division of Mechanics, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and
Architecture, Nigde University, 51240, Nigde, Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Precast concrete building structures are the main construction type applied
in industrial areas in Turkey. Two major earthquakes, namely Marmara Earthquake
(August 17th, 1999) and Duzce Earthquake (November 12th, 1999), occurred
subsequently in Turkey. Excessive levels of damage were observed at precast concrete
structures especially in the city of Izmit and its vicinity after these earthquakes. The
observed damage was mainly destruction at column-girder connections or column
failures. Investigation of seismic behaviour of precast concrete structures located at this
highly earthquake-prone region in Turkey seems to be vital. Hence, seismic response of
precast concrete industrial building structures representative of the current design
practice in Turkey are examined. They are designed considering the current seismic code
in Turkey and are subjected to ground motions from the recent earthquakes in Turkey.
Seismic responses and the anticipated levels of damage for these buildings are evaluated
in the light of results of dynamic analyses. The capacity spectrum method is applied in
order to assess the performance of investigated precast concrete buildings subjected to
selected earthquake excitations.
POSTER / POSTER
201
THE EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS
IN ISTANBUL
SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KENTSEL GELİŞME PLANLARININ İSTANBUL İLİ
KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
ŞENGÜL D.-1, SAYIN B.-2
1-Çevre ve İnşaat Mühendisi
2-İ.Ü. Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACTIstanbul has the cutting edge as becoming one of the leading international
metropolises due to its potentials, opportunities and geopolitical position. Therefore, it is
necessary to consider Istanbul’s role in Turkey’s economic, politic and cultural life. The
challenge of becoming a leading metropolis can be achieved by utilising the geopolitical
and cultural advantages. It is possible to convert the city’s cultural, historical and natural
values and the conjectural advantages into sustainable and systematic gains by proper
developments in infrastructure. This gives Istanbul the chance of becoming a leading and
sample metropolis in terms of economic, cultural and scientific values within its region,
as it has been in the past.
Evaluating the urban and regional development plans shows that regional plans have
inconsistencies in term of content and scale, and sustainability has not been considered
in the urban plans. The realizations of the growth of selected centre strategies were
partly successful. The selected provinces were progressed for the considered period and
they failed to create any development beyond their borders.
The most important issues that affect the sustainable urban development in Istanbul are
that the city development boundaries threaten the irrigation and agricultural lands and
the city partly sits on some risky areas for natural disasters. The unplanned urban
development caused many environmental, social, economical and cultural problems,
which resulted a very low quality of life for society and affected a sound progress,
causing a total chaos. The urban development plans for the cities which threaten its
surrounding environment, such as pollution, must be devised very carefully. Therefore, it
is essential to realize that urban planning must be carried out in a way that will improve
the quality of life and decrease the possible damages during natural disasters.
The proposed research highlights the importance of the role of planned sustainable
developments for Istanbul in order to take its deserved place amongst the World’s
leading metropolises and the benefits of such development for Turkey as a whole.
Achieving a sustainable development for Istanbul must be an unavoidable priority for
urbanization policies for both the city’s vision and Turkey’s development and use of its
resources.
ÖZET İstanbul’un uluslararası metropoller yarışında mevcut potansiyelleri, fırsatları ve
konumu ile küresel cazibe merkezlerinden biri olacağı kuvvetle tahmin edilmektedir. Bu
POSTER / POSTER
202
kapsamda uluslararası alanda önemli bir metropol olmaya aday bir kent olan İstanbul’un,
Türkiye’nin ekonomisi, siyaseti ve kültür hayatındaki ağırlığının göz önüne alınması
gerekmektedir. İstanbul’un önündeki yeni açılımını kapsayacak şekilde uluslararası bir
metropol olabilmesi, dünya coğrafyası içindeki yeri, sahip olduğu jeopolitik ve jeokültürel
avantajları ile gerçekleşebilecektir. Kentin tarihi kültürel kimliği, sahip olduğu doğal
değerleri ile bu konjonktürün sunduğu avantajların, altyapıda sağlanacak gelişmeler ile
kalıcı ve yapısal kazanımlara dönüştürülmesi mümkün olacaktır. Böylelikle İstanbul’un,
tarihsel geçmişinde olduğu gibi, yaşanılan süreçte de; Akdeniz ve çevresinde, Asya,
Avrupa, Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika bölgesinde, ekonomik, kültürel ve bilimsel açıdan,
uluslararası bir metropoliten merkez olma konusunda kendisiyle yarışacak bir başka
kentin olmayacağı sadece bir beklenti olmaktan uzakta durmaktadır.
Türkiye'deki planlı dönemde yürütülen kentsel ve bölgesel planlama çalışmaları
değerlendirildiğinde, kalkınma planlarının bölge planlamasına yaklaşımında kapsam ve
ölçek açısından tutarsızlıklar barındırdığı, kentsel gelişimde sürdürülebilirliğin
hedeflenmediği görülmektedir. Uygulamalarda ise gelişme merkezleri stratejisinin ancak
kısmen başarılı olduğu söylenebilir. Merkez olarak seçilen iller ise, sadece dönemsel
gelişme göstermekle birlikte, çevrelerinde hiç bir hareketlenmeye yol açmamıştır.
İstanbul’un, yaşadığımız yüzyılda, sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişimini kısıtlayan en önemli
konular kentsel yayılmanın su havzaları, tarım alanları gibi doğal alanları tehdit etmesi,
doğal afetler için risk oluşturan alanların bir kısmına yerleşilmiş olmasıdır. Plansız kentsel
gelişmenin, kentsel alanlarda çevre sorunları ile oluşan düşük yaşam kalitesine sebebiyet
vermesine bağlı olarak, şehrin ve ülkenin birçok ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel gelişine
temelsiz planlarla sekte vurulmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu durum ise, gözle görülür
keşmekeşin artmasına sebep olmaktadır. Su havzaları gibi hassas doğal alanların, çevre
kirliliği ve diğer nedenlerle tehdit altındaki bölgelerdeki kentsel gelişmelerin dikkatlice ele
alınması gerekmektedir. Bu kapsamda, kentsel planlamanın, yaşam kalitesini artıracak
şekilde yapılarak, afet durumlarında olası zararların azaltılacak bir yaklaşımla ele alınması
zorunlu bir durum olarak çıkmaktadır.
Gerçekleştirilecek çalışmada, İstanbul’un kentleşme stratejilerinde, dünya metropolleri
arasında hak ettiği yeri almasının, sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişimin temel alınması ile
mümkün olabileceği irdelenecek ve bu durumun Türkiye için de faydaları anlatılacaktır.
Böylece, İstanbul için sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişimin sağlanmasının, hem kentin vizyonu
açısından, hem de ülke kaynakları ve gelişimi açısından, kentleşme politikaları arasında
öncelikli olarak ele alınmasının kaçınılmaz olduğu gösterilecektir.
POSTER / POSTER
203
SOME EVOLUTION ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF CROSS-STEEL
FRAMES
ÇAPRAZLI ÇELİK ÇERÇEVELERİN SİSMİK PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE
BAZI DEĞERLENDİRMELER
AY Z.-1, ÇELİK İ.D.-1, KIMILLI N.A.-1
1-Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi İnşaat Mühendisliği
Bölümü Çünür/ISPARTA
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe earthquakes showed that new
technologies and structural configurations are needed to limit damage to steel structures
subjected to moderate and large ground motions. In order to evaluate the behavior and
seismic capacity of structures under earthquake effect traditionally, seismic design
methods are insufficient. In recent years, many studies about seismic performance of
steel frames have been carried out in the world. Most of these studies are numerical
studies. Numerical studies carried out by making use of advanced computer programs
and to be supported with experimental studies. Experimental studies, though few in
number, are carried out as well. In these studies, main differences are both on the bases
of
numerical and experimental modeling or computer programs and experiment sets.
This paper is written to present some assessments and discuss about experimental and
analytical studies which are carried out about seismic performance of steel structures in
last decade.
ÖZET Yapıda deprem anında oluşacak plastik deformasyonların yeri, şekli ve oluşum
sırasını düzenleyecek geometrik tasarım ilkeleri ortaya doğru bir şekilde konmadıkça,
yapılacak olan güçlendirme yöntemleri yapıya fayda yerine zarar getirmektedir. Çelik
yapılarla ilgili en bunun belirgin örnekleriyle 1994 Northrige ve 1995 Kobe depremlerinde
karşılaşıldı. Bu depremler sonrasında, sistem geometrisi ve birleşim detayları bakımından
yeterli deprem dayanım koşullarını sağlamayan çelik yapıların, beklenildiği gibi deprem
karşısında yüksek performans sergileyemediği görülmüştür. Yine , bu depremler,
depreme dayanıklı çelik yapı tasarımında bir dönüm noktası olarak kabul edilmekte ve
depreme dayanıklı çelik yapı tasarımı konusunda yeni arayışların başlangıcı olmuşlardır.
Bu arayışlar çerçevesinde, son yıllarda, çelik yapıların sismik performansı üzerine çoğu
sayısal olmak üzere pek çok çalışma yapıldı. İleri mühendislik programları kullanılarak
gerçekleştirilen sayısal çalışmaların bir kısmı, deneysel çalışmalarla da desteklenmiştir.
Bu çalışmalarda, temel farklılıklar ya sayısal ve deneysel modelleme ya da kullanılan
programlar ve deney düzenekleridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, son on yılda çelik yapıların
sismik performansı üzerine yapılmış sayısal ve deneysel çalışmalarla ilgili genel bazı
değerlendirmeler sunmaktır.
POSTER / POSTER
204
INCLINOMETER MONITORING: A METHOD FOR MONITORING DEEP
EXCAVATION DEFORMATIONS
DERİN KAZILARDA DEFORMASYONLARIN
YÖNTEM; İNKLİNOMETRİK GÖZLEM
İZLENMESİNDE
BİR
ÖZCAN E.-1
1-Mithatpaşa Mah. İstanbul Cad. Gökşin Sk. No:16 Kemerburgaz /İSTANBUL
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT While making the projects deep excavations, it is necessary to have some
presupposition about the soil. It is unknown if the conditions of the soil prepared by the
preceding phases of the product meet the accepted values or how conservative the
design is without making specific observations. For this reason, monitoring in deep
excavations is absolutely vital. Many methods of monitoring have been developed to
satisfy this necessity.with its practicality,sensitivity and handiness, monitoring with
inclinometers have become a widely used method. Inclinometers are used to determine
displacements.
Inclinometers can be defined as tools measuring deformations seen in the vertical axis
through a pipe line with the help of a sensitive prob that stands against gravity. Vertical
inequalities on the pipe axis are transformed to deplacements with the help of the
trigonometric functions. Basic usage of the inclinometers is to monitor horizontal
deformations that are expected to be seen in certain depths from the surface in a costeffective way. For that reason, pipe is positioned vertically or a degree that is close to
vertical and that helps measuring horizontal deformations in lower levels.
Being able to save the data automatically on the field makes it easy to process and
present the raw data. Recently, this transducer type is the most sensitive inclinometer
monitoring type.
In the context of deep excavation projects, controlled excavation is processed by having
frequent readings from inclinometer wells which are positioned according to the project
engineer's directives. In this paper, it has been stated that important engineering
constructions have measuring methods which use inclinometric monitoring that consists
millimetric changes in deep excavations. In addition to that, subjects related to how
inclinometer pipe is installed, how measurements are taken have been mentioned.
Moreover, how the gathered data is going to be matched with the standards in the next
steps of the project and how conservative is the design are going to be discussed with
certain examples from the project.
ÖZET Derin kazıların projelendirilmesi esnasında zeminle ilgili birçok kabul yapmak
gerekmektedir. İmalatın ilerleyen safhalarında oluşan zemin koşullarının kabul edilen
değerlerle ne derece örtüştüğü veya yapılan dizaynın ne derece konservatif olduğu belirli
gözlemler yapılmadığı sürece bilinmemektedir. Bu nedenle, derin kazılarda gözlem her
zaman gereken ve büyük önem arz eden bir olgudur. Bu gerekliliği karşılamak üzere
çeşitli gözlem yöntemleri geliştirilmiş bulunmaktadır. Inklinometrik gözlem, pratikliği,
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205
hassasiyeti ve sağladığı verilerin kullanışlılığı ile bu yöntemler arasında en çok
kullanılanlardan biri olmuştur. İnklinometrik gözlem yer değiştirmelerin ölçümünde
kullanılmaktadır.
İnklinometreler, bir boru boyunca, yerçekimine karşı hassas bir prob yardımıyla borunun
eksenine dik yönlerde oluşan deformasyonların ölçümüne yarayan aletler olarak
tanımlanabilir. Boru eksenine dik olarak gerçekleşen sapmalar trigonometrik
fonksiyonların yardımıyla ölçülen deplasmanlara dönüştürülür. İnklinometrelerin esas
kullanım amacı, fazla pahalı olmayan bir şekilde yeryüzeyinden belirli bir derinlikte
meydana gelmesi beklenilen yatay deformasyonların gözlemlenmesidir. Bunun için boru
genellikle düşey veya düşeye yakın bir açıyla yerleştirilir ve bu şekilde alt seviyelerdeki
yatay deformasyonların ölçümüne olanak sağlar.
Verinin arazide otomatik olarak kaydedilmesi, ham verinin işlenmesi ve sunumu
konularında da kolaylıkları vardır. Günümüzde hassasiyeti en yüksek inklinometrik
gözlem tipi transdüserli tiptir.
Derin kazı projeleri kapsamında proje muhendisinin öngördüğü lokasyonlara yerleştirilen
inklinometre kuyularından sürekli okuma alınarak deplasman kontrollü kazı işlemi
gerçekleştirilir.
Bu çalışmada, önemli mühendislik yapılarının derin kazılarında inklinometrik
gözlemlemenin mm boyutunda dahi oluşacak hareketlerin izlenmesinde kullanılacak bir
ölçüm metodu olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, gözlem yapabilmek için inklinometre
borusunun nasıl yerleştirileceği nasıl ölçü alınacağı konuları ele alınmıştır. Bunlara ilave
olarak, elde edilen verilerin derin kazı projesinin imalatının ilerleyen safhalarında oluşan
zemin koşullarının kabul edilen değerlerle ne derece örtüştüğü ve yapılan dizaynın ne
derece konservatif olduğu konusu irdelenerek uygulamadan örnekler verilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
206
GEOTECHNICAL AND SEISMOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE IN YALOVA (TURKEY) CITY
YALOVA KENTİNDE OLUŞAN DEPREM
GEOTEKNİK VE SİSMOLOJİK DÜŞÜNCELER
HASARLARI
ON
ÜZERİNE
OZCEP F.-1, KARABULUT S.-1, OZEL O.-1, CİCEN C.-1
1-Istanbul University Faculty of Engineering Department of Geophysical Engineering
Avcilar 34850 Istanbul, TURKEY
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Yalova is located on a geodynamic position (especially, affected the
Northern Branch of North Anatolian Fault Zone). The 1999 earthquakes (which had
magnitudes Mw of 7.4 and 7.2) in Turkey caused great destructions and damages for
Yalova (Turkey) sites. The causes for the heavy damages to buildings and other civil
engineering structures are focused on the liquefaction induced settlements and site
effects (resonance and amplifications). For the study area, the probabilistic and
deterministic seismic hazard analysis shows very high seismic activity. By using design
earthquake parameters, cyclic stress analysis of liquefaction were applied to the field
data (both SPT (N) data), obtained from over 200 borehole sites in the Yalova region.
Then FS (factor or safety) values of liquefaction were estimated by this approach. By
using FS, liquefaction potential index (PL) was estimated. In the last phase of the
liquefaction analysis, by using Isihara and Yoshimine (1992) approach, the liquefaction
induced soil settlements for several design earthquakes were estimated. Second phase of
the study, site effects in Yalova soils was investigated by using microtremor and
earthquake data. The fundamental periods and amplification in soft soil were compared
by using microtremor measurements at 37 points and by using strong ground motion
records obtained by a local array of 8 accelereograph stations deployed in Yalova. All
results (liquefaction or site effects) are evaluated in integrated form with earthquake
damage caused by 1999 Golcuk earthquake.
ÖZET Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu’nun kuzey kolunun etkisi altında bir bölgede yer alan
Yalova kenti, tektonik olarak aktif bir konumdadır. Ülkemizde 1999 yılında oluşan (7.4 ve
7.2. büyüklüğündeki) depremler Yalova kentinde büyük yıkımlara ve hasarlara neden
olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, binalar ve diğer mühendislik yapıları için ağır hasarların
nedenlerinden ikisi olarak sıvılaşma-tetiklediği zemin oturmaları ve zemin etkisi
(rezonans ve büyütmeler) üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Çalışma alanı için deterministik ve
probabilistik deprem tehlike analizi bölgenin çok yüksek bir sismik etkinlik içerisinde
olduğunu göstermektedir. Tasarım depremi parametrelerini kullanarak, devirsel kayma
gerilmesi yaklaşımı Yalova bölgesindeki 200 üzerindeki sondaj ve bu sondajlardan alınan
numuneler üzerinde yapılan test sonuçları verileri ile bölgenin zeminleri için sıvılaşma
analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonucu elde edilen sıvılaşma güvenlik katsayıları (GK) bu
yaklaşımla kestirilmiş, güvenlik katsayısı ve diğer sıvılaşma analiz parametreleri
kullanılarak sıvılaşma potansiyeli indeksi (PL) ve sıvılaşmaya bağlı oturmalar
kestirilmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında Yalova kentinde zemin etkisi, reel deprem ve
mikrotremor verileri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Bölgedeki zeminlerin hakim periyotları ve
büyütmeleri 37 noktada mikrotemor ölçümleri ve 8 ivme kayıt istasyonu kuvvetli yer
hareketi verileri kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Bütün sonuçlar (sıvılaşma ve zemin etkisi)
1999 Gölcük depremi hasar dağlımı verileri ile bütünleşik biçimde değerlendirilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
207
DYNAMIC (EARTHQUAKE) SLOPE STABILTY ANALYSIS: GURPINAR
CASE HISTORY
DİNAMİK (DEPREM)
(İSTANBUL) ÖRNEĞİ
YAMAÇ
STABİLİTE
ANALİZİ:
GÜRPINAR
OZCEP F.-1, EROL E.-2, SARAÇOĞLU F.-3, HALİLOĞLU M.-4
1-İstanbul Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, İstanbul,
2-Granit Jeofizik, Çatalca, İstanbul,
3-SRC Geoteknik ve Deprem Mühendisliği, İstanbul,
4-Jeoson Yeraltı Araştırma ve İnşaat Merkezi, İstanbul
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Slope failures triggered by the earthquakes are one of the most important
soil problems. In this study, dynamic (earthquake) slope stability analysis was carried
out in Gurpınar area. For this aim, in situ tests (SPT) were carried out and laboratory
samples were obtained from 6 boreholes (their max. dept 50.0m) to determine soil
classification and strength characteristics. Moreover, geophysical studies (seismic
refraction and MASW) were also carried out in the area to estimate the structure and
strength characteristics of the slope to 50.0 m. All of data, obtained in field and
laboratory, was used to construct the mechanical and structural (geometrical) behavior
of the slope. To solve slope stability problem, tree soil slope model was considered for
the area. In dynamic state, to estimate the earthquake acceleration seismic hazard
analysis was carried out in the region. In the end of the analysis, while there is not any
problem in static condition/loads, some slope stability problems was appeared with
increasing earthquake acceleration. A geotechnical slope improvement project was
proposed for the study area.
ÖZET Depremler ve yamaç yenilmeleri en önemli zemin problemlerinden biridir. Bu
çalışmada dinamik yamaç stabilite analizi, İstanbul Gürpınar’da bir sahada uygulanmıştır.
Bu amaçla sahada derinlikleri maksimum 50.0 m’ye kadar değişen derinliklerde altı (6)
adet sondaj yapılmıştır. Bu sondajlarda, arazi deneyi kategorisinde SPT deneyleri yapılmış
ve zemin özellikleri tanımlanmıştır. Ayrıca, jeofizik çalışmalardan sismik kırılma ölçümleri
ve sismik çok kanallı yüzey dalgası analiz (MASW) yöntemleri yapılmıştır. Arazi deneyleri
(jeofizik ve SPT) ile ortamın mukavemet karakteristikleri ve zemin sınıfı ortaya konulmuş
ve projelendirmeye baz oluşturacak veriler elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, temel zeminini
karakterize edeceği düşünülen ortamdan sondaj yolu ile alınan zemin numunesi üzerinde;
laboratuarda zeminin mukavemet ve sınıflama karakteristiklerini açığa çıkarmak amacıyla
sınıflama ve mukavemet deneylerinden su içeriği, doğal birim hacim ağırlık, Atterberg
limitleri, serbest basınç deneyi, direkt kesme deneyleri yapılmıştır. Çalışma alanında
yapılan sondajlar, jeofizik ve geoteknik laboratuar ve arazi deneyleri ile yamaç stabilite
problemi oluşturabilecek ortamın geometrik ve mukavemet karakteristikleri açığa
çıkarılmıştır. Bölge ile ilgili yamaç stabilite analizi için ortamın geometrik ve mukavemet
karakteristiklerinden stabilite problemi yaratabilecek üç model düşünülmüştür. Dinamik
durum için yamacı tetikleyecek ivmenin kestiriminde, deterministik ve probebilistik
deprem tehlike analizi yapılmış ve proje ivmesi kestirilmiştir. Yapılan yamaç stabilite
analizinde statik koşullar için problem oluşmazken dinamik durumlarda deprem ivmesine
bağlı oluşabilecek olası stabilite problemlerinin giderilmesi için geoteknik proje
önerilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
208
CREATING THE SPT (STANDART PENETRATION TEST) MAPS OF
ERENLER REGION IN SAKARYA BY USING GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ KULLANILARAK SAKARYA İLİ
ERENLER BÖLGESİ SPT (STANDART PENETRASYON TESTİ)
HARİTALARININ OLUŞTURULMASI
KURNAZ T.F.-1, KIYAK A.-2, KARAVUL C.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, Esentepe
Kampüsü 54187 Adapazarı/Sakarya
2-MTA Genel Müdürlüğü Jeofizik Etütler Dairesi – 06800 / Ankara
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Erenler Region is located on southern part of Adapazari that has a very
active tectonism features according to the North Anatolian Fault System. In this study,
we aimed to point out the SPT values of Erenler region on GIS based maps. For this
purpose, 488 drilling data collected and transferred to numerical domain. We carried out
a data analysis for the database and eliminated the faulty data. The SPT values belongs
to 1,5 m, 3 m, 4,5 m and 6 m, shown on GIS based maps and observed the variation on
SPT values along with the depth rises. SPT value is the most important parameter to
determine the stiffness of soils. SPT 1 and SPT 2 maps are show that, the study areas
generally have low SPT values at related depths. Yeşiltepe, Baglar and Yeni districts have
low groundwater depths and also they have high SPT values. SPT 3 and SPT 4 maps are
show that, there are some local increases on the SPT values at the study area. Along
with the depth rises, Yeşiltepe, Baglar and Yeni districts keep their strong soil
characteristics but Tabakhane and Hacıoglu districts and southern parts of study area are
still have low SPT values.
ÖZET Adapazarı’nın güneyinde yer alan Erenler Bölgesi, güneyinden geçen Kuzey
Anadolu Fayı (KAF) itibariyle birinci derece deprem kuşağı üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Bu
çalışmada, Sakarya ili Erenler bölgesinde, zemin sondajlarında yaygın olarak uygulanan
Standart Penetrasyon Testi (SPT) değerlerinin Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) tabanlı
haritalar üzerinde gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, çalışma alanında
zemin araştırmasına yönelik olarak yapılan 488 adet sondaja ait veriler toplanarak sayısal
ortama aktarılmıştır. Oluşturulan veritabanı, veri analizine tabi tutularak sapma gösteren
veriler atılmıştır. Çalışma alanında, 1,5 m, 3 m , 4,5 m ve 6 m derinliklere ait SPT
değerleri, CBS tabanlı olarak oluşturulan haritalar üzerinde gösterilerek, derinlik artışı ile
birlikte SPT değerlerindeki değişimler gözlemlenmiştir. SPT değeri, zeminlerin sıkılıkgevşeklik derecelerini gösteren en önemli parametrelerden biridir. 1,5 m derinliğe ait SPT
1 ve 3 m derinliğe ait SPT 2 haritalarına bakıldığında, inceleme alanı genelinde SPT
sayılarının düşük değerler aldığı görülmekte ve zeminin gevşek yapıda olduğu
anlaşılmaktadır. Yeşiltepe Mah., Bağlar Mah. ve Yeni Mahalle sınırları içinde kalan
alanlarda yer altı su seviyesinin de düşük seviyelerde olmasına paralel olarak SPT
değerleri diğer alanlara göre yüksek çıkmıştır. 4,5 m derinliğe ait SPT 3 ve 6 m derinliğe
ait SPT 4 haritalarına bakıldığında lokal olarak artan SPT değerleri görülmüştür. Derinlik
artışı ile birlikte, Yeşiltepe Mah., Bağlar Mah. ve Yeni Mahalle sınırları içinde kalan alanlar,
diğer alanlara göre daha sıkı zemin olma özelliğini korurken, Tabakhane Mah. ve Hacıoğlu
Mah. ile inceleme alanının güneyinde kalan alanlarda zemin özelliklerinde pek bir değişim
görülememiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
209
CREATING THE LITHOLOGY MAPS OF ERENLER REGION IN
SAKARYA BY USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
SAKARYA ERENLER BÖLGESİ LİTOLOJİ HARİTALARININ COĞRAFİ
BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ KULLANILARAK OLUŞTURULMASI
KURNAZ T.F.-1, KIYAK A.-2
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, Esentepe
Kampüsü 54187 Adapazarı/Sakarya
2-MTA Genel Müdürlüğü Jeofizik Etütler Dairesi – 06800 / Ankar
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Erenler Region is located on southern part of Adapazari. In this study, we
aimed to point out the lithologic distribution in the study area on GIS based maps. For
this purpose, 488 drilling data collected and transferred to numerical domain. The study
area and also Adapazari city is located on thick alluvial deposits. Becose of the historical
earthquakes and the active tectonism, lithologics have quite complex conditions in the
alluvial deposits. We carried out a lithology classification before the lithology maps were
prepared. For the lithology classification, considered only gravel, sand, silt and clay soils
and their mixtures, ignored the placticity, firmness, softness of the soils. According to
lithology classification, lithology number came down to 37 from 531. Then, 0,5-1 m, 1,5
m and 3 m depth lithology maps are formed by GIS. 0,5-1 m depth lithology map show
that, the study area covered by botanical soils at related depths. It is clear that on the
other maps, 1,5 m depths are controlled by silty soils, conversely 3 m depths are
controlled by clayey soils
ÖZET Erenler Bölgesi, Adapazarı şehir merkezinin güneyinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma,
Erenler Bölgesi zeminlerinde, litolojik birimlerin nasıl bir dağılım gösterdiğini, Coğrafi
Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) tabanlı haritalar üzerinde görebilmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaç
doğrultusunda, öncelikli olarak Erenler Bölgesinde zemin araştırmasına yönelik olarak
yapılmış olan 488 adet sondaja ait veriler toplanarak sayısal ortama aktarılmıştır.
İnceleme alanını da içine alan Adapazarı ili, kalın bir alüvyon zemin üzerine kurulmuştur.
Tarih boyunca meydana gelen depremlerden ve fay hareketlerinden ötürü alüvyon
zeminde litolojik birimler oldukça karmaşık ve birbirleriyle geçişli bir hal almıştır. Litoloji
haritaları oluşturulmadan önce sondaj loglarında görülen tüm litolojiler göz önünde
bulundurularak basit bir litoloji sınıflaması yapılmıştır. Bu sınıflamanın oluşturulmasında
kil, silt, kum, çakıl gibi ana birimler ve bunların birbirleriyle olan bileşenleri dikkate
alınmış, zemin birimlerinin plastisite, sıkılık, gevşeklik gibi özellikleri göz ardı edilmiştir.
Sondaj loglarında tespit edilen 531 adet litoloji birimi içerisinde, sınıflamaya uygun olarak
yapılan eleme ile, litolojik birim sayısı 37’ye indirilmiştir. Oluşturulan yeni litoloji
sınıflamasında temel olarak çakıllı, kumlu, siltli ve killi birimler olmak üzere 4 ana grup
bulunmaktadır. Hazırlanan yeni sınıflamaya uygun şekilde, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinden
yararlanılarak inceleme alanında 0,5-1 m arası, 1,5 m ve 3 m derinliğe ait litoloji
haritaları oluşturulmuştur. 0,5-1 m arası litoloji haritasına bakıldığında bu metreler
dahilinde tüm inceleme alanının nebati topraktan oluştuğu, 1,5 m litoloji haritasında, bu
seviyede inceleme alanının genelinde silt ağırlıklı birimlerin hakim olduğu, 3 m litoloji
haritasında ise ağırlıklı olarak killi birimlerin egemen olduğu görülmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
210
DESIGN ASPECTS OF FLAT-SLAB BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
IN SEISMIC ACTIVE REGIONS
NECEVSKA-CVETANOVSKA-1, APOSTOLSKA-1, MIRCIC-1, CVETANOVSKA-1
1-University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, Institute of Earthquake Engineering and
Engineering Seismology , IZIIS, Salvador Aljende Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
[email protected],
[email protected]
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Flat-slab building structures possesses major advantages over traditional
slab-beam-column structures because of the free design of space, shorter construction
time, architectural –functional and economical aspects. Because of the absence of deep
beams and shear walls, flat-slab structural system is significantly more flexible for lateral
loads then traditional RC frame system and that make the system more vulnerable under
seismic events.
To evaluate the seismic behaviour and resistance of the flat-slab structural system,
comparative analyses have been made between the five different models of structural
systems and the referent frame structure. The effects of the designed structural
modifications upon the dynamic characteristics as well as upon the bearing and
deformability capacity of the flat-slab structure have been investigated. Results from the
analysis show that the design structural measures improve small bearing capacity of the
system and increase its strength and stiffness. Selected results from the analysis are
presented in the paper.
POSTER / POSTER
211
SITE EFFECT ASSESSMENT OF SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS OF
ALBANIA THROUGH HVNR TECHNIQUE
RECİ H.-1
1-Department of Seismology, Institute of Geosciences, Str. Don Bosko, Tirana, Albania
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this work is represented the study of site response parameters of
Albanian Seismological Stations (ASN) from ambient noise measurements and two felt
earthquakes located generally in hard rock formations, which use the VSAT
communication technology.
The aim of Methodology is to compare the response parameters of the sites (fundamental
frequency, amplification) for both of registered seismic signals, form microtremors and
the earthquakes as well.
The predominant frequency of the site of every seismological station is determined using
the methodology of Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVNR), of the triggered noise
and two felt earthquakes in Albania territory. From the results of this study, is concluded
that fundamental frequency (F0) and the amplification in this frequency (A0), are almost
the same for the microtremors and seismic events. As far as for the amplification factor,
we concluded that on the sites of seismological stations situated on hard rock (basement)
there is not amplification. In the contrary, for the Vlora station site, the amplification
factor is 5-6 at fundamental frequency 6 Hz, showing that this station is not situated on
the hard rock. The microtremors are a useful technique for the site assessment effects,
used in microzonation of urban areas, that complement the lack of seismic data in a
region (boreholes, geology, etc.).
POSTER / POSTER
212
AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OF MARMARA ON 17 AUGUST 1999, THE
ANALAYSIS OF PREFABRİCATED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS, WHICH
ARE LOCATED IN KOCAELI, IN THE RESPECT OF STRUCTURE AND
SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS
17 AĞUSTOS 1999 MARMARA DEPREMİ SONRASI KOCAELİ İLİNDE
BULUNAN
PREFABRİKE
SANAYİ
YAPILARIN
HASAR
DURUMLARININ YAPISAL YÖNDEN İNCELENMESİ VE ÇÖZÜM
ÖNERİLERİ
BAYRAKTAR H.-1, KOÇ U.-1
1-Merkez Mah. Kültür Cad. Belediye İş Merkezi Kat:1 Düzce Üniversitesi Kaynaşlı Meslek
Yüksekokulu, 81900, Kaynaşlı, Düzce
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Marmara earthquake which occured on 17 august 1999, affected a huge
area. Because of the population and the role of the affected areas in country’s economy,
it had seen that more acute statement appeared both spiritual and material. Marmara
earthquake affected Kocaeli, Sakarya, Yalova, İstanbul, Düzce, Bolu, Bursa and Eskişehir.
One of these cities, in Kocaeli, big damages occured in industrial structures although it
has a very important place as such industrial. Usually prefabricated structures has
chosen as a structure type of industrial buildings owing to its easy assembling and fast
production. So it brings prefabricated systems in the foreground.
In this study, we handle the determination of the damages of the prefabricated industry
structures during Kocaeli earthquake, the analaysis in the respect of structure and
solution suggestions with displaying the importance of Kocaeli in the area’s economy. The
factors which affected damages, the damages of prefabricated structures of some
industrial companies during earthquake, and today the systems prefered by these
companies, and the changes of prefabricated industrial structures in Kocaeli before and
after earthquake displayed by this study
ÖZET 17 ağustos 1999 Marmara Depremi çok geniş bir alanda etkili olmuştur. Etkilenen
alanların nüfus yoğunluğunun fazla olması, Ülke ekonomisi açısından da önemli bir yere
sahip olmaları; depremde hem manevi hem de maddi olarak daha da vahim bir tablonun
ortaya çıkmasına sebep olduğu görülmüştür. Marmara Depremi Kocaeli, Sakarya, Yalova,
İstanbul, Düzce, Bolu, Bursa ve Eskişehir gibi illeri de etkilemiştir. Bu illerden Kocaeli
endüstriyel anlamda önemli bir yere sahip olmasına karşın depremde bu endüstriyel
yapılarda büyük hasarlar meydana gelmiştir. Endüstri yapılarının yapı türü olarak özellikle
hızlı yapımı ve kolay montajı gibi avantajlarından dolayı prefabrike yapılar seçilmektedir.
Bu da sanayi yapılarında prefabrike sistemleri ön plana çıkarmaktadır.
Biz bu çalışmada Kocaeli’nin bölgedeki ekonomik yerinin önemini de ortaya koyarak
Kocaeli’nde deprem sırasında prefabrike sanayi yapılarında meydana gelen hasarların
tespiti, yapısal açıdan incelenmesi ve çözüm önerileri konusunu ele almaktayız. Bu
hasarların meydana gelmesinde hangi faktörlerin yer aldığı, deprem sırasında hasar
gören prefabrike yapıya sahip bazı sanayi firmalarının hasarlarını ve bugün bu incelenen
firmaların yapısal olarak hangi yapı sistemini tercih ettikleri gibi durumları ve deprem
öncesi ve sonrası Kocaeli’nde bulunan prefabrike sanayi yapılarındaki değişiklikler ortaya
konulmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER
213
AN INVESTIGATION OF SOME PROPERTIES OF MORTARS
INCLUDED BINARY COMBINATIONS OF PC AND FLY ASH, SILICA
FUME AND GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG
PC VE ÜÇ FARKLI MİNERAL KATKISINI İÇEREN
NUMUNELERİNİN BAZI ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
HARÇ
ÇAĞATAY İ.H.-1, ÖZDEMİR E.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Due to the rapid technologic development and the growth in the world
population, energy consumption over the world has significantly increased recently. While
natural resources are getting reduced, air and environmental pollution are increased.
Thus, the idea of using waste industrial material has gained popularity. Fly ash (FA),
silica fume (SF) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) are three of the most
common cement and concrete ingredients due to their pozzolanic properties. In this
study, an experimental investigation on the effect of binary combinations of fly ash (FA),
silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and portland cement (PC)
on compressive strength, flexural strength, and abrasion strength of mortars at 1, 3, 7,
28, 90, 180 and 360 days is presented. All the mixtures were prepared with 0.5
water/binder ratio. According to results of compressive, flexural and abrasion strength, it
is observed that for binary mixtures %5-%30 FA, %5-%20 SF and %5-%50 GBFS can be
used as mineral additive for cement and concrete. The abrasion strength of mortars was
generally better at longer periods.
ÖZET Dünya nüfusundaki artış ve teknolojinin hızlı gelişmesinden dolayı, dünyadaki
enerji tüketimi son yıllarda önemli derecede artmaktadır. Doğal kaynakların azalması,
hava ve çevre kirliliği, endüstriyel atık malzemelerin kullanılma fikrine popülerlik
kazandırmıştır. UK, SD ve GYFC puzolanik özelliklerinden dolayı çimento veya betonda
kullanılan atık malzemelerin en etkili olanlarındandır. Bu çalışmada, portland çimentosu
(PÇ) ile birlikte uçucu kül (UK), silis dumanı (SD) ve granüle yüksek fırın cürufu (GYFC)
mineral katkı maddelerinin ikili harç numunelerinin 1, 3, 7, 28, 90, 180 ve 360 günlük
basınç, eğilme ve aşınma özelliklerine olan etkileri incelenmiştir. Tüm karışımlar için
su/bağlayıcı oranı 0.5 alınmıştır Basınç, eğilme, aşınma dayanımı sonuçlarına göre
mineral karışımlarda UK’ ün %5-%30 mertebesinde, SD’ nın %5-%20 mertebesinde,
GYFC’ nun %5-%50 mertebesinde çimento katkı malzemesi olarak kullanılabileceği
kanaatine varılmıştır. Harç numunelerinin aşınma değerleri genel olarak uzun dönemde
daha iyi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
214
AN EXAMPLE FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT IDEAL BUILDING
DEPREME DAYANIKLI İDEAL YAPI İÇİN BİR ÖRNEK
ÇAĞATAY İ.H.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Various process from the beginning of design to manufacturing of a building
are required to finish in best conditions for an earthquake resistant ideal design of
structures. To achieve this, all of the service loads and its combinations which will be act
on a building in design step must be determined, a suitable design in accordance with
local codes and standards must be achieved by modeling the structures in a coherent
with the real structure. The producing of structure by using suitable materials and tests
and controls are also required. In this study, a building, which was built by satisfying all
the steps aforementioned before, is introduced here and its importance for civil
engineering is also mentioned. The building was built in America, California on Lake
Merritt. The building, which has two different blocs, one of it has 20 storeys, was
completed in 2002, and was awarded as best design projects. There are many reasons
for representing the building as ideal building which are some: To make a special
carefulness for both design and producing, and reinforcement works which can be an
example for civil engineering students, good site conditions, applications of contemporary
materials as prestressed concrete. There may be many examples for an ideal structure,
but the author represents the example from his current archives. A general view and
some reinforcement works are given in figures below.
ÖZET Depreme dayanıklı ideal bir yapı için tasarım aşamasından yapım aşamasına kadar
çok çeşitli süreçlerin en uygun bir biçimde tamamlanması gerekmektedir. Tasarım
aşamasında yapının ve yapıya gelebilecek tüm etkilerin hesaplanması ve daha sonra
uygun bir şekilde tasarımının yapılması ve en uygun malzemeleri kullnarak yapının imal
edilmesi ve gerekli kontrollerin yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada bu aşamaları
uygulayarak yapılmış bir bina genel olarak ve inşaat mühendisliği açısından önemi
vurgulanarak tanıtılacaktır. Yapı Amerika’da Kaliforniya eyaletinde Okland’da Merritt
gölünde bulunmaktadır. En yüksek katı 20 olan iki farklı bloktan oluşan yapı 2002 yılında
tamamlanmış ve en iyi tasarım ödülünü almıştır. Yapının çeşitli aşamalarından bilgiler de
verilmektedir. Bu yapının ideal bir örnek olarak sunulması için pek çok neden
bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan bazıları ise, gerek tasarım, gerekse yapım aşamalarında
gerekli tizliğin gösterilmesi, donatı uygulamalarının ki inşaat mühendisliği öğrencilerine
örnek olabilecek titizlikle yapılmış olması, şantiye koşullarının gerekli şartları sağlaması,
öngerilmeli beton gibi çağdaş uygulamaların olması sayılabilir. İdeal yapı için pek çok
örnek verilebilir, ancak yazar kendi arşivinden bir örneği uygun bulmuştur. Sadece
yapının genel bir görünüşü ile bazı donatı detayları örnek olarak verilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
215
EFFECT OF STEEL FIBERS ON SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
ÇELİK LİF KATKILI BETONLARIN BAZI MEKANİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN
İNCELENMESİ
DİNÇER R.-1, ÇAĞATAY İ.H.-1
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, effect of steel fibers on some mechanical properties of
concrete were investigated. Hooked-end steel fibers were used in concrete samples with
three volume fractions (vf) of 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% and for two aspect ratios (l/d) of 45
and 65. Compressive and flexural tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete
were determined for cylindrical, cubic and prismatic samples at the age of 7 and 28 days.
The stress-strain curves of standard cylindrical specimens were also studied. In addition,
the relationship between compressive strength and the flexural tensile strength of SFRC
were reported. Finally, a simple model was proposed to generate the stress-strain curves
for SFRC based on strains corresponding to the peak compressive strength and 60% of
peak compressive stress. The proposed model was shown to provide results in good
correlation with the experimental results. The increasing in compressive strength
depends on the volume fractions, aspect ratios as well as the age of the concrete. For the
same volume contents, the specimens with higher aspect ratio and fiber content showed
better mechanical properties under all mechanical strength. Increase in compressive
strength, is maximum for fibers having higher volume fraction and for higher aspect
ratios
ÖZET Bu çalışmada çelik lif katkılı betonların betonun bazı mekanik davranışlarına
etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çelik lifler iki farklı narinlik oranında (boy/çap) 45 ve 65 ve üç farklı
oranda betona beton hacminin %0.5, %0.75 ve %1.0 oranlarında katılmıştır. Küp, silindir
ve prizmatik örneklerin 7 ve 28 günlük basınç, eğilme ve elastisite modulü
hesaplanmıştır. Silindir numunelerin gerilme şekil değiştirme eğrileri de çelik lifli
betonların davranışı için incelenmiştir. Çelik lifli betonların basınç ve eğilme ilişkisi ayrıca
incelenmiştir. Çelik lif katkılı betonun gerilme şekil değiştirme eğrisi için basit bir model
önerilmiştir. Önerilen model ile deneysel sonuçların uyumlu olduğu gözlenmiştir. Betonun
basınç dayanımındaki artışın lif miktarına, narinlik oranına ve beton yaşına bağlı olduğu
bulunmuştur. Aynı lif için narinlik oranının artışı numunelerin tüm mekanik davranışlarının
da iyileşmesine sebep olmaktadır.
POSTER / POSTER
216
ESTIMATION OF LOCAL SITE EFFECTS USING STRONG MOTION
RECORDS
İVMEÖLÇER KAYITLARI İLE FARKLI METODLARLA ZEMİN BÜYÜTME
ETKİSİNİN HESAPLANMASI
ALKAN M.A.-1, ALTIOK S.-2
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Deprem Araştırma Dairesi
[email protected], altı[email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We have used acceleration records which were recorded at the eleven
strong motion stations that were installed between Denizli and Aydın (DATNET) and
additionally Izmir and Uşak. DATNet stations equipped with Etna, Uşak, İzmir (Bornova)
and Denizli stations epuipped with GSR16. Instruments are operating with trigger mode
and data sample rate is 0.01 sec.
We selected S phases of 29 acceleration data and we applied 0.4 sec parzen window for
smoothing. Two method have been applied for the determining of the amplification. First
of them is ratio method (Borcherdt, 1970) and the other one is the Nakamura (1989)
method. At the end of the process, amplification factors that were determined from two
method are compared. These results are also compared with the Vs 30 velocities which
were calculated using seismic refraction (MASW) method.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada Denizli ve Aydın illeri arasına kurulmuş olan ivmeölçer istasyonları
(DATNet) ile İzmir ve Uşak illerine kurulmuş olan ivmeölçer toplam 11 adet ivmeölçer
cihazı ve bu istasyonlarının kaydetmiş oldukları ivme kayıtları bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır.
DATNet istasyonları Etna tip cihazlardan, Uşak, İzmir (Bornova), Denizli istasyonları ise
GSR16 tipi ivmeölçer cihazlarından oluşmaktadır. Cihazlar tetiklemeli moda çalışmakta ve
depremler 0.01 sn örnekleme aralığı ile kaydedilmiştir.
Seçilen 29 adet ivme kaydının S fazları değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmuş ve 0,4 sn’lik
parzen penceresinden geçirilerek yuvarlatılmıştır. Büyütmeleri hesaplayabilmek için iki
farklı yöntem kullanılmıştır. Bunlardan ilki klasik oranlama yöntemidir (Borcherdt 1970),
diğeri ise Nakamura (1989) yöntemidir. Son olarak iki yöntemle elde edilen büyütme
değerleri birbirleri ile kıyaslanmıştır. Aynı zamanda istasyonlarda daha önce yapılmış olan
sismik kırılma (MASW) çalışmalarından elde edilmiş olan Vs30 hızları ile de
karşılaştırılmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER
217
SEISMIC SITE CLASSIFICATION, ZONING AND DETERMINISTIC
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENT of KOCAELI PROVINCE,
TURKEY
CEVHER M.-1, MENGÜÇ G.-1, SOYDABAŞ M.-1, BİLGİÇ A.-1, AYAN E.-1, ZOR E.-2,
ÖZALAYBEY S.-2
1-Metropolitan Municipality of Kocaeli, Site and Earthquake Investigation Management,
Kocaeli
2-TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Earth and Marine Sciences Institute
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We present the results of a Site Classification and Seismic Hazard
Assesment study carried out for the Kocaeli Province of Turkey. This study is one of the
main outcomes of a joint project conducted by the Greater Metropolitan Municipality of
Kocaeli and Marmara Research Center of TÜBİTAK. A series of geological and geophysical
surveys and investigations has been made to obtain a macro scale site classification for
the province. These surveys include ambient noise array and active source surface wave
measurements to determine S-wave velocity profiles at 60 different sites selected in
various settlement areas. A site classfication map of Kocaeli was produced based on
average S-wave velocity down to 30 m depth (Vs30) and surface geological class map.
The deep structure of the Izmit Basin using a joint analysis of the S-wave profiles and
newly collected 327 point Gravity data has also been investigated to obtain a map of
three-dimensional bedrock depth. The results show that bedrock depth reaches down to
750-800 m depth in the middle of the Basin. A total of 422 three-component microtremor
measurements were made to directly obtain site resonance frequency and horizontal to
vertical amplification parameters using the well-known spectral ratio method.
Vs30 derived from the S-wave velocity profiles and bedrock information were used to
perform a deterministic Seismic Hazard analysis for selected scenario earthquakes that
may threaten the city of Kocaeli both at local and regional scales. Deterministic Seismic
Hazard Maps were produced in terms of maximum horizontal Peak Ground Accelarations
(PGA) and Spectral Accelerations (SA) using Geographical Information Sytems. These
maps were then unified into a single map of ‘Seismic Hazard Zones of Kocaeli’. These
macro-scaled maps are anticipated to lead decision makers in settlement&city planning
actions, seismic retrofitting, engineering designs, identification of earthquake safe
regions. The Turkish Earthquake Code (2008) is used to evaluate the predicted PGA and
SA values in these maps. This evaluation leads to a conclusion that the structural
damage associated with large earthquakes in Kocaeli is not due to any shortcomings in
the code, but is due to lack of enforcement of the code itself.
POSTER / POSTER
218
COMPRESSION OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF STEEL STRUCTURES
USING DIFFERENT SOFT WARES
ÇELİK ÇERÇEVE SİSTEMLERİN FARKLI BİLGİSAYAR PROGRAMLARI
İLE İTME ANALİZİ
SONMEZ M.-1, KOMUR M.A.-1
1-Aksaray Universities, Engineering Faculty, Dept of Civil Eng. Aksaray 68100, Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, nonlinear static analysis of a 9 story and 5-bay steel frame
has been performed using Ruaumoko and NPFrame++ programs. The first one is a
commercially available program developed by Carr in University of Canterbury, New
Zealand. The second one is developed by the first author of this paper. This frame was
modeled with according to Uniform building Code (UBC-1994). Frame was pushed to 2%
of the height of the frame. The lateral load shape was selected as the inverse triangular
shape. The frame is analyzed two different programs which have different back ground
and the capacity curves, distribution of plastic hinges and relative lateral displacements
are compared. The results obtained from both programs are in good agreement.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada 9 katlı- 5 açıklıklı çelik çerçeve sistemi Ruaumoko, ve NPFrame++
programları ile doğrusal olmayan statik analizleri yapılmıştır. İlk program Canterbury
Üniversites’inden Carr tarafından geliştirilmiştir. İkincisi ise bu makalenin ilk yazarı
tarafından geliştirilmiştir Literatürde mevcut olan çerçeve sistem Uniform Building Code
(UBC,1994) a göre modellenmiştir. Çerçeve sistem toplam yüksekliğinin %2 si kadar
itilmiştir. Yanal yük olarak ters üçgen biçimli yük kullanılmıştır. Farklı teorik altyapıya
sahip programlara yapılan analizler sonucunda çerçeve sistemin kapasite eğrisi, plastik
mafsal dağılımları ve katlar arası göreli yer değiştirmeler karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan
karşılaştırmalardan her iki programın birbirine yakın sonuçlar verdiği saptanmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER
219
INVESTIGATION OF GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS
NOVEMBER QESHM ISLAND 2005 (SOUTHEAST OF IRAN)
OF
27
ASKARI M.-1
1-Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Science and Research Branch
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We analyze the strong motion accelerograms of the moderate (Mw=6.2),
November 27, 2005, Qeshm.At first we introduce a generalized method for simulating
strong ground motion from large earthquakes by summing subevent records to follow the
ω^2 law. Secondly aftershocks that were recorded in 16 stations by Building and Housing
Research Center (BHRC) are considered and processed for simulating these earthquake,
Finally we use these approximate values and an empirical Green’s function approach in
an iterative manner, to optimally model the strong ground motion and rupture
characteristics of the main event in terms of peak ground acceleration
/velocity/displacement and duration of ground shaking and thereby provide improved,
more reliable estimates of causative fault parameters of the main event and its asperities
POSTER / POSTER
220
EVALUATION OF SITE EFFECTS IN TABRIZ CITY
GHAYAMGHAMIAN M.R.-1, BEHROO R.-2
1-Disaster Risk Management Research Center, International Institute of Earthquake
Engineering & Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, Iran.
2-Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Tarbiat Modares,
Tehran, Iran.
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is well known that local soil conditions largely affect the amplitude,
frequency content, composition and duration of ground motions. The extent of their
influence depends on the geometry and material properties of the subsurface materials,
site topography, and the characteristics of the input motion. The nature of local site
effects can be estimated in several ways: by simple, theoretical ground response analysis
using geotechnical and geophysical information; by empirical methods using
measurements of the actual surface and subsurface motions at the same site; and by
measurements of ground surface motion or microtremors from site with different
subsurface conditions.
In this paper, the site effects are estimated using available geologic, geotechnical and
geophysical data along the east-west cross-section of Tabriz City, one of the mega cities
in northwest of Iran. Series of geologic, geotechnical and geophysical information are
gathered and processed to characterize different soil units and their distribution along the
cross-section. Based on collected data, the variations of soil amplification factor and site
dominant frequency were obtained. Furthermore, this information were employed to
estimate linear and non-linear site effects based on predicted input motion on the
engineering bedrock (shear wave velocity of 600-800 m/s). Then, the surface ground
motions were estimated, and its distribution along the east-west cross-section of Tabriz
City is examined.
POSTER / POSTER
221
YIELD-CAPACITY-RISK
EARTHQUAKE
RELATIONSHIP
FOR
A
RESERVOIR
IN
DEPREMDE BİR BARAJ HAZNESİ İÇİN VERİM-KAPASİTE-RİSK
İLİŞKİSİ
OPAN M.-1, TEMİZ T.-1, ÖZTÜRK O.-1
Türkiye
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT. In the water resource systems; yield is defined as annual water amount
supplied from the reservoir, capacity is defined as storage volume of reservoir and risk is
defined as to obtain the same yield with lower capacity. The purpose of this study is to
determine yield-capacity-risk relationship for reservoir storage in earthquake. For this
purpose, firstly, the capacity values are calculated against to the various yield values of
the reservoir storage. According to the data obtained from the calculations; it has been
observed that capacity values are increased while the annual yield values are increasing
and reduced while the annual yield values are reduced. Then, Earthquake forces acted
on the reservoir in the earthquake can be reduced by changing capacity amount. Here,
capacity with risk should be defined by changing the capacity amount to obtain the
desired annual yield value. The desired annual yield value in the capacity with risk can be
obtained from the capacity with different risk values. In this study; according to
situations described as above, it has been observed that the capacity is reduced due to
risk of earthquake and the desired annual yield value at the statement without
earthquake can be obtained with the reduced capacity under the certain risk.
ÖZET Su kaynakları sisteminde verim, barajdan yıllık çekilen su miktarı, kapasite,
barajın depolama hacmi ve risk ise küçük kapasite ile aynı verimin sağlanması olarak
tanımlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, deprem durumunda verim kapasite risk
arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi üzerindedir. Bu amaçla, ilk olarak, baraj haznesinde
çeşitli verimlere karşılık kapasite değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilere
bakıldığında, kapasite miktarı artıkça yıllık verimin arttığı, azaldıkça azaldığı görülmüştür.
Daha sonra, deprem durumunda baraja gelen deprem kuvvetleri, kapasite miktarı
üzerinde yapılan değişiklikler ile azaltılabilir. Burada, hedeflenen verimi elde etmek için,
kapasite miktarı değiştirilerek riskli kapasite tanımlanmalıdır. Riskli kapasitede
hedeflenen verim, farklı risk değerlerine sahip kapasitelerden elde edilebilir. Bu
çalışmada; yukarıda tanımlanan durumlara göre yapılan analiz sonucunda, deprem olma
riskine karşılık kapasitenin azaldığı, azalan kapasite ile depremsiz durumdaki hedeflenen
verimin belirli bir risk altında sağlanabildiği görülmüştür
POSTER / POSTER
222
DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITIES FOR FLOOD AND
DROUGHT CASES IN A RESERVOIRS WITH IRRIGATION OBJECTIVE
SULAMA AMAÇLI BARAJLARDA OLASI TAŞKIN VE KURAKLIK
DURUMU İÇİN BARAJ KAPASİTELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
OPAN M.-1, TEMİZ T.-1
Türkiye
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, a water resources system with multi-objective and multiple
reservoirs is described and optimization models with flood/drought control objective for
short term planning are established using this system. The optimization technique of
dynamic programming with successive approximations is used. In the optimization
models, objective function has three stages, related to the maximum/minimum safe
discharge in downstream and the additional flood/drought control volumes of reservoirs
and the peak values of the flow data released from reservoirs are minimized. Inflows
released from one reservoir to other reservoir are carried by using kinematic wave
approach. As a result of the optimization, the reservoirs of the largest storage control
and manage to the optimization process. Storage capacities of reservoirs are calculated
by using operational levels obtained
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Ceyhan Havzası’nda Ceyhan Nehri üzerinde bulunan sulama amaçlı
ve çok barajlı bir su kaynakları sistemi üzerine kısa sureli planlama için taşkın/kuraklık
kontrolü amaçlı olarak optimizasyon modelleri kurulmuştur. Modellerde optimizasyon
tekniği olarak ardışık yaklaştırmalı dinamik programlama kullanılmıştır. Optimizasyon
modellerinde, amaç fonksiyonu, ilave taşkın/kuraklık kontrol hacmine ve mansaptaki debi
kontrol kısıdına bağlı olarak üç aşamalıdır. Barajlardan bırakılan akımlar enküçüklenmeye
çalışılmakta ve diğer barajın aksına akarsu yatağı boyunca kinematik dalga yaklaşımı
kullanılarak taşınmaktadır. Optimizasyon sonucu elde edilen işletme seviyelerine
bakıldığında optimizasyon sürecini büyük hacimli barajların kontrol ettiği ve yönettiği
görülmüştür. Elde edilen işletme seviyeleri kullanılarak barajların depolama kapasiteleri
belirlenmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
223
DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL OPERATIONAL LEVELS IN
MULTIPLE RESERVOIRS SYSTEM: THE CEYHAN BASIN, TURKEY
ÇOK BARAJLI SİSTEMDE OPTİMAL İŞLETME SEVİYELERİNİN
BELİRLENMESİ:
CEYHAN HAVZASI, TÜRKİYE
OPAN M.-1
Türkiye
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, a water resources system with multi-objective and multiple
reservoirs is described. Optimal operational models of long term with energy production
and short term with flood/drought control objectives are developed by using this system.
In these models, the optimization technique of the dynamic programming with successive
approximation (DPSA) is used. In short term optimal operation, objective function have
three stages, related to additional flood/drought control volumes and discharge control
limit in downstream , and Carrying by routing inflows released from one reservoir to
other reservoir, kinematic wave approach is used. In long term optimal operation,
objective function is the form of the maximization of firm power and the total energy of
the system. The developed optimal operation models are applied to a water resources
system with multi-objective and multiple reservoirs presented on the main line of the
Ceyhan River in the Ceyhan Basin, Turkey. Optimal operational levels obtained are
evaluated to flood/drought control and energy production.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, çok amaçlı ve çok barajlı bir su kaynakları sistemi tanımlanmıştır.
Bu sistem kullanılarak enerji üretimi amaçlı uzun süreli ve taşkın/kuraklık kontrolü amaçlı
kısa süreli optimal işletme modelleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu modellerde ardışık yaklaştırmalı
dinamik programlama optimizasyon tekniği kullanılmıştır. Kısa süreli optimal işletmede,
amaç fonksiyonu, ilave taşkın/kuraklık kontrol hacmine ve mansaptaki debi kontrol
kısıdına bağlı olarak üç aşamalı olup barajdan bırakılan akımların diğer barajın aksına
taşınması için kinematik dalga yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Aylık akımların kullanıldığı uzun
süreli optimal işletmede amaç fonksiyonu güvenilir ve toplam enerjinin enbüyüklenmesi
şeklindedir. Geliştirilen optimal işletme modelleri, Ceyhan Havzası’nda Ceyhan Nehri ana
kolu üzerinde bulunan çok barajlı bir su kaynakları sistemine uygulanmıştır. Buradan elde
edilen optimal işletme seviyeleri, taşkın/kuraklık kontrolü ile enerji üretimi bakımından
değerlendirilmiştir
POSTER / POSTER
224
PARAMETERS INCREASING SHORT COLUMN EFFECTS IN R/C
STRUCTURES AND SOLUTION RECOMMENDATIONS
BETONARME DOLGU DUVARLI ÇERÇEVELERDE KISA KOLONA ETKİ
EDEN PARAMETRELERİN İNCELENMESİ
BİKÇE M.-1, AÇIKYOL H. E.-1, GENEŞ M. C.-1
1-Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, 31040 Antakya-Hatay,
TÜRKİYE
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Band windows shorten column length and consequently, the columns are
exposed to higher shear forces compared with hollow frames and damaged during
earthquakes. However, band windows are generally preferred on the ground floors for
ventilation and lighting. In the present study, the contributions of the parameters such as
the width and height of the band windows, the width and height of the frame, the bay
number, the storey number and the soil class on the short column effect in with ground
floors infilled by reinforced concrete walls buildings were investigated. According to the
results obtained, that when the width of band window was lower than 60% of the total
open floor high, almost all of the shear force on the short column was absorbed by the
reinforced concrete existing in the frame and it behaves like coupled shear wall. The
height of the reinforced concrete wall inside the frame starts to affect the column after
one third of the storey height. In the present study, it was seen that, it increased the
shear force affecting the short column up to four folds compared with the hollow frame
according to the parameters under consideration. Also, alternative designs were
recommended with the help of the results obtained from the parameters under
consideration in the present study to decrease short column effect.
ÖZET Yapıların bodrum katlarında yapılan bant pencereler nedeniyle kolonların boyları
kısaltılmaktadır. Kısa kolonlar, diğer kolonlara göre, yatay yük etkisinde daha büyük
kesme kuvvetine maruz kaldıklarından hasara uğramaktadır. Buna rağmen, havalandırma
ve ışık ihtiyacını giderilmek için, yapıların genellikle en alt katlarında, bant pencere
uygulamaları tercih edilmektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmada, zemin kat çerçeve iç dolgusu
Betonarme’den oluşturulmuş yapılar için bant pencere genişliği ve yüksekliği, çerçeve
genişliği ve yüksekliği, çerçeve açıklık sayısı ve kat adedi gibi parametrelerin kısa kolona
etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada dikkate alınan model ve parametre sonuçlarına göre;
bant pencere genişliği, çerçeve iç genişliğinin %60’dan daha küçük olması halinde ve
çerçeve içi betonarme duvar yüksekliği, kat yüksekliğinin yarısından daha az olması
halinde kısa kolona gelen kesme kuvveti önemli ölçüde azaldığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca,
dikkate alınan parametrelere bağlı olarak, kısa kolona gelen kesme kuvvetinin, içi boş
çerçevedekine göre dört kata kadar arttırdığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın sonunda, kısa
kolona etki eden parametreler dikkate alınarak bant pencere boyutlarında sınırlamalar
önerilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER
225
APPLYING SPAC METHOD TO DETERMINE SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY,
A CASE STUDY IN MILAD TOWER, TEHRAN
GHAYAMGHAMIAN-1, KARGAHI-2, SADIDKHOUY-2, FEREYDOUNI-3
1-IIEES (No. 26, Arghavan St., North Dibajee, Farmanieh, Tehran, Islamic Republic of
Iran)-1
2-Tehran University (Institute of Geophysics, end of North Karegar Ave., Tehran, Islamic
Republic of Iran)
3-University of Western Ontario
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The variations of shallow soil properties to the dynamical response of the
ground have been widely shown to be the cause of local variations in the seismic
intensity and/or peak ground acceleration. Furthermore, detail knowledge of the soil
properties for shallow and deep structures provide valuable information in ground motion
simulation of scenario earthquake. Therefore, it is essential to identify the soil profile up
to depth where it is difficult or even impossible to be explored by the conventional
seismic exploration methods in engineering practice. Array observation of microtremors
is a passive method for determining s-wave velocity structure up to the large depth in
the sedimentary basin. It is favorable in shear wave profiling because of its simplicity in
data acquisition, analysis and low cost. The spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) analysis, first
presented by Aki (1957), is popularly used to infer phase velocities of surface waves from
a circular array of seismic sensors deployed on the ground surface.
In this study, array measurements of microtremor were conducted at the western part of
Tehran, the capital of Iran. The site under investigation is located in the residential area
close to the Farahzad Valley. Microtremor data were recorded in the three concentric
circular arrays with radius of 15, 30 and 60 m for 60-140 minutes. The obtained
waveforms were band-pass filtered from 0.3-20 Hz and corrected. Multiple windows were
selected from stationary parts of continuous records. Then, the SPAC coefficients were
calculated in the desired frequency ranges corresponding to arrays size. Based on the
assumption that microtremors mainly consist of the surface waves, dispersion curves of
Rayleigh wave were extracted using SPAC coefficients. The dispersion curve resulting
from combination of the all arrays was inverted using a genetic algorithm inversion
determine S-wave velocity structure. The validity of the inversion results was
investigated by comparison with the available geotechnical and geophysical data in the
area.
POSTER / POSTER
226
INVESTIGATION OF GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS OF FEBRUARY
22, 2005 DAHOOEYEH (ZARAND) EARTHQUAKE (IN CENTRAL
IRAN)
NEYESTANI B.-1
1-Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Science and Research Branch
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We analyze the strong motion accelerograms of the moderate (Mw=6.4),
February 22, 2005, Zarand earthquake of central Iran and also those of one of its
prominently recorded, large (Mw=4.8) aftershock. At First we objectively estimate the
parameters fc (corner frequency) and c (stress drop) and β (shear wave velocity),
appropriate for simulating strong ground motion of the earthquake .then we use these
approximate values and an empirical Green’s function approach in an iterative manner
,to optimally model the strong ground motion and rupture characteristics of the main
event in terms of peak ground acceleration /velocity/displacement and duration of
ground shaking and thereby provide improved , more reliable estimates of causative fault
parameters of the main event and its asperities. Finally the simulation indicates that the
rupture is propagated from west to east.
POSTER / POSTER
227
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED
PAVEMENTS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING
and
UNREINFORCED
TERZİ N.-1, SELÇUK M.E.-1
1-Aksaray Üniversitesi Müh. Fak. İnşaat Müh. Böl. AKSARAY
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Geogrid reinforcements have been used commonly to improve performance
of roadway pavements and to reduce its base course thickness. The primary aim of this
work is to present a numerical study that may be used to evaluate the behavior of
reinforced and unreinforced pavements under plane strain conditions and subjected to
cyclic dynamic loading. Pavement material and soil layers are expressed as using
triangular elements of elastoplastic behavior that obeys Mohr Coulomb soil model.
Geogirid reinforcement material is modeled using one dimensional linear elastic element.
Based on the numerical studies, load-displacement relationships, settlement behaviors,
stress and strain distributions of reinforcement materials are determined both in
reinforced and unreinforced conditions. The results indicates that, reinforcement can
provide lateral confinement at the pavement layers by improving interface shear
resistance and improving stress distribution on the pavement section. The presence of
reinforcement reduces surface the deformation and nonuniform settlements.
POSTER / POSTER
228
DETERMINATION OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEFLECTION AND
SAFETY FACTORS FOR A CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM IN
EARTHQUAKE
DEPREMDE BETON AĞIRLIK BARAJI İÇİN DEPLASMAN
GÜVENLIK SAYILARI ARASINDA ILIŞKILERIN BELIRLENMESI
ILE
ÖZTÜRK O.-1, OPAN M.-1, TEMİZ T.-1
Türkiye
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between deflection
and safety factors for a concrete gravity dam (CGD) in earthquake. Tipping, sliding and
shear safety factors for a selected concrete gravity dam with base width “b” and height
“H” were specified using the pseudo analysis in case of the b/H ratios and earthquake
acceleration value between 0.1g-0.4g. Deflection values of CGD for the specified
parameters were obtained from the structural analysis program “SAP2000”. Deflectionsafety factors curves depends on the b/H ratios and the values of earthquake
acceleration were obtained. As a result of analysis, safety factors reduced while the strain
values were increasing.
ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı, beton ağırlık barajında deprem durumunda oluşan
deplasman ile güvenlik sayıları arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi üzerinedir. Bunun için
taban genişliği b yüksekliği H olan bir beton ağırlık barajı seçilerek, b/H oranı ve deprem
ivmesinin 0,1g-0,4g değerleri arasında değişmesi durumuna göre, devrilmeye, kaymaya
ve kesmeye karşı güvenlik sayıları pseudo analiz yardımı ile belirlenmiştir. Baraja ait
deplasman değerleri belirlenmiş olan parametreler kullanılarak yapısal analiz programı
SAP2000 kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Barajın b/H oranına ve deprem ivmelerine bağlı
olarak deplasman ve güvenlik sayıları arasındaki ilişkiye ait grafikler elde edilmiştir.
Yapılan analizler neticesinde, deplasman miktarı artıkça güvenlik sayılarının küçüldüğü
görülmüştür.
POSTER / POSTER
229
INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC
COUPLED BUILDING-SYSTEMS
BURULMALI
BAĞLAŞIK
YAPI
DAVRANIŞININ İNCELENMESİ
RESPONSE
FOR
TORSIONALLY
SİSTEMLERİNİN
DİNAMİK
DALDAL A.M.-1, ÇELEBI E.-1, KIRTEL O.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Müh. Fak., İnşaat Müh. Böl., A1 Binasi, 54187 Esentepe Kampüsü,
Serdivan/ Sakarya
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, the dynamic response of the asymmetric torsionally coupled
3-dimensional multistory buildings under harmonic type of vertical sinusoidal loading
increasing with its amplitudes linearly is considered analytically. In the improved
mathematical model by using modal superposition method, a comprehensive parametric
investigations and systematic calculations are accomplished with different controlling
parameters to evaluate the effects of the torsional vibrations on the structural vertical
response.
To obtain the forced vibration response for both single and multistory asymmetric
structure models subjected to frequency dependent varied harmonic loading is analyzed
and the effectiveness of the dynamic magnification factor on the dynamic behavior of the
system depending on the stiffnesses of the lateral load resisting elements which are
arranged so that the system has no symmetrical distribution in the plan, are also
investigated.
The maximum values of translational and torsional displacement components of the floor
deck for various structural eccentricities are obtained with respect to the frequency of the
harmonic excitation applied. The comparison of the resulting response curves for
corresponding parameters are presented.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada genliğinin doğrusal artıran sinüzoidal harmonik yük etkisi altındaki
burulmalı bağlaşık çok katlı uzay çerçeve sistemlerin dinamik davranışı analitik olarak ele
alınmıştır. Ayrıntılı parametrik araştırmalar ve sistematik hesaplamalar farklı kontrol
parametrelerine bağlı yürütülerek burulma titreşimlerinin yapısal davranış üzerindeki
etkileri geliştirilen matematik model üzerinde modal analiz yöntemi kullanılarak
irdelenmiştir.
Dış yükün değişen açısal frekans değerlerine göre tek katlı ve çok katlı uzay yapı
sistemlerinin zorlanmış titreşim davranışı, planda simetrik dağılım oluşturmayacak şekilde
yerleştirilen farklı çerçeve rijitliklerine bağlı elde edilerek dinamik büyültme çarpanının
sistem üzerindeki etkisinin değişimi incelenmiştir.
Dinamik büyültme çarpanının ve ona bağlı olarak yapı sisteminin farklı doğrultulardaki
tepe yanal yerdeğiştirme ve burulma-dönme bileşenlerinin boyutsuzlaştırılmış dış yükün
frekansına bağlı değişimi, özellikle sistemin rezonans durumu dikkate alınarak dış
merkezliğin farklı değerleri için elde edilmiş ve karşılaştırmalı olarak sunulmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER
230
SITE AMPLIFICATION
REGION
IN
THE
NORTH-WESTERN
MARMARA
BATI MARMARA BÖLGESİNDE ZEMİN BÜYÜTMELERİ
KARAGÖZ Ö.-1, DEMİRCİ A.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz
Mühendisliği Bölümü
Mart
Üniversitesi,
Mühendislik-Mimarlık
Fakültesi,
Jeofizik
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The amplification factor as a soil dynamic parameter can be significantly
affected by the local subsurface geology and it is widely used in microzoning and soil
classification studies. This parameter can be determined by using different techniques as
receiver function methods, shear wave measurements and Standard spectral ratio
methods.
Standard spectral ratio (SSR) method works on the basis of the ratios of spectral
contents of earthquake data recorded at investigation station and at a reference station
established on hard-rock site. In the cases of the non-existence of the reference station,
spectral ratios of horizontal to vertical components of shear wave part in recordings at
each station can be used as an alternative method by assuming the there is no
amplification on the vertical component.
In this study, earthquake acceleration data recorded in stations established and being
operated by Turkish Republic The Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Disaster
Affairs Earthquake Research Department (ERD) and located in the North-Western
Marmara Region between longitudes of 26 and 29o E and between latitudes of 39 and
41oN are analyzed and amplification factor and dominant period of the soil belong to local
geological conditions of stations are calculated by applying H/V technique. Consequently,
the soil classifications by using amplification values will be presented for the purpose of
obtain input data to seismic hazard assessments.
ÖZET Zeminlerin, yer hareketinin davranışına etkisinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan zemin
dinamik parametrelerinden büyütme faktörü mikrobölgeleme çalışmalarında ve zemin
sınıflama çalışmalarında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu parametre, birbirlerine göre
farklı avantajları ve dezavantajları olan yöntemler ile belirlenebilmektedir. Alıcı
fonksiyonları kullanımı, S dalgası ölçümleri ve
spektral oran yöntemleri örnek
gösterilebilir.
Standart spektral oran yöntemi, aynı kaynak için elde edilmiş, zemin etkisi belirlenecek
istasyona ait deprem kayıtlarının spektrumlarının, sağlam zemin üzerinde bulunan ve
zeminden etkilenmediği düşünülen referans istasyonundaki spektruma bölünmesi esasına
dayanmaktadır. Referans olarak değerlendirilecek bir istasyon bulunmadığı durumlarda,
standart spektral oran yöntemine alternatif olarak düşey bileşen kaydında büyütme
olmadığı varsayılarak, Nakamura (1989) tarafından geliştirilen her bir istasyondaki
kayıtlara ait, pencerelenmiş S dalgasının Yatay/Düşey Spektral Oran Yöntemi
kullanılmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, 26-29o D boylamları ve 39-41o K enlemleri arasında yer alan Batı Marmara
Bölgesinin zemin davranışının incelenmesi amacıyla, T. C. Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı,
Deprem Araştırma Dairesi (DAD/ERD) tarafından işletilmekte olan kuvvetli yer hareketi
kayıt şebekesine bağlı bulunan deprem istasyonlarında kaydedilen tüm depremlerin ivme
kayıtları analiz edilerek, istasyonların üzerinde bulundukları yerel jeolojik koşullara ait,
zemin büyütmesi ve baskın frekansı Yatay/Düşey spektral oran yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir.
Sonuç olarak, sismik risk analizi çalışmalarının temel girdi verisi olarak kullanılmak üzere,
istasyonlara ait elde edilen ortalama zemin büyütme değerleri kullanılarak zeminlerin
farklı zemin grupları olarak sınıflandırılması sunulacaktır.
POSTER / POSTER
231
REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING METHODS FOR THE HERITAGE
STRUCTURES
MEYDANLI A.H.-1, AKPINAR E.-1, OZDEN S.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kocaeli
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The repair and strengthening of heritage structures need special expertise,
due to their unique existence and due to the complicated intervention processes
regarding their load bearing systems.
The strengthening methodologies have
fundamental differences, even for the same type of structures, like bridges, varying along
with the centuries. A roman bridge, of which the bulky stones are seated on top of each
other, carries the lateral loads by means of frictional forces between construction stones,
should be evaluated truly different from a recent century slender stone-masonry bridge
of which the stones are tied together by means of steel stitches fixed through lead
anchorages.
The heritage structures may be listed as bridges, inns or hostelries, religious structures
like mosques or churchs, baths, houses and palaces. For such a list of structures, it is
possible to see another list for the construction materials, ranging from wood to adobe,
stone to brick masonry, each having different lay-ups. Sometimes, the above materials
may be encountered in a single wall with various lay-ups. Therefore, the repair and
strengthening methodologies should be decided according to the materials and aly-ups
unique to this structure.
The load carrying system for the contemporary buildings are taught and discussed in the
engineering education system thoroughly. On the other hand, the load carrying system
of a stone masonry arch, at which the stones are freely seated side-by-side in the form
of the arch, is totally different from that of the reinforced concrete arch. The engineer or
the architect aiming for the repair or strengthening of such structures is expected to
visualize the load flow and to calculate the capacity. Otherwise, interventions without
through knowledge on the special system will cause partial and even total damage.
Repair and strengthening materials may range from ordinary reinforced concrete, usually
opposed by the architects and heritage conservatives, to application of glass or carbon
fiber laminates. They all depend on what is expected from an added material in terms of
strength. Replacing the stone, brick or wood parts of the structures with the same may
also be an alternative intervention.
It is necessary to keep in mind that any intervention must obey the load flow and load
bearing system of the original structure. It is not rare to see heritage structures
damaged more and more after a non-rational repair and strengthening techniques. In
this paper, the authors aim at highlighting possible methodologies for different structures
and discuss the inferiority or superiority of different methods.
POSTER / POSTER
232
SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS OF ADAPAZARI REGION DUE TO 17
AUGUST 1999 MARMARA EARTHQUAKE
17 AĞUSTOS 1999 MARMARA DEPREMİ ETKİSİNDE ADAPAZARI
BÖLGESİNDE OLUŞAN OTURMALAR
NURTEKİN T.-1, FIRAT S.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi, Yapı Bölümü, Geoteknik Anabilimdalı,
54187, Sakarya
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Marmara earthquake on 17th August 1999 at 03:02 on local time
occurred and lasted 45 sn with the maximum ground acceleration as 0.41 g. Sakarya
province severely affected from the earthquake. Intense failure and damages were
effected especially city center where is called Adapazarı. The city of Adapazarı quite far
away from the epicenter of earthquake but heavily affected due to its ground conditions.
Ground conditions of Adapazarı are formed thick alluvial basin and water table is very
high. Bedrock is formed quite deep and soil formations are generally clay, silt and sand.
In this study, the 17th August 1999 Marmara earthquake’s peak ground acceleration is
used to analyze liquefaction and settlement analysis in terms of bearing capacity failure.
Analysis are carried out by using SHAKE2000 programme and SPT data. Settlements are
occurred due to liquefaction in sand and silty sand formations by strong shaking and
building loads on clay deposits. According to results, liquefaction caused severe
settlements on sand and silty sand then clay formation layers.
ÖZET 17 Ağustos 1999 Marmara depremi gece saati ile 03.05’te meydana gelmiş ve 45
sn süren depremin maksimum ivmesi 0.41 g olarak kaydedilmiştir. Sakarya ili de söz
konusu depremde ciddi derecede maddi ve manevi kayıplara uğramıştır. Hasarların
yoğunluğu, Adapazarı bölgesi olarak bilinen şehir merkezinde bulunan mahallelerde
gözlemlenmiştir. Adapazarı bölgesinin söz konusu depremin merkez üssüne uzak
olmasına rağmen bu denli hasara uğraması yerel zemin koşullarının özelliği ile ilgili
problemleri gündeme getirmiştir.
Yeraltı su seviyesinin sığ durumda bulunduğu Adapazarı bölgesi genç ve kalın çökellerden
oluşan alüvyon zemin yapısına sahiptir. Ana kayaya ulaşabilmenin problem olduğu bölge
genellikle kil, silt ve kum içeren tabakalardan meydana gelen zeminlerden oluşmaktadır.
Çalışmada 17 Ağustos 1999 Marmara depremi kuvvetli yer hareketi etkisinde sıvılaşma
ve beraberinde getirdiği taşıma gücü kayıplarından dolayı oluşan zeminlere ait oturma
analizleri yapılmıştır. Analizlerde bir boyutlu yer tepki analizi yapan SHAKE2000 bilgisayar
programı ve SPT sondaj verileri kullanılmıştır.
Oturmalar genel olarak, kuvvetli yer hareketi esnasında dinamik yük ve söz konusu
zemin üzerinde bulunan yapıların nihai yükünün de etkisi ile kumlu ve siltli zeminlerin
sıvılaşmasından
ve
düşük
plastisitedeki
kil
tabakalarının
büzülmesinden
kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu durum ve yeraltı su seviyesinin sığ durumda bulunuşu göz
önünde bulundurularak yapılan analizler incelendiğinde, Adapazarı bölgesi ve yakın
çevresindeki yerleşim merkezlerinde, kumlu ve siltli zeminlerde sıvılaşma ve taşıma gücü
yenilmelerinden dolayı oluşan zemin oturmalarının, büzülen killi tabakalara göre daha
fazla olduğu görülmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
233
EXTRACTION OF SPATIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF EARTHQUAKE
USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
ZARINKAMAR S.-1, MIRZAEI M.-1
1-Islamic Azad University of Arak, Iran.
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT With due attention to human and economical damages measurement
problem and locating the earthquake is of great importance. Nowadays there are
different methods locating earthquake around the world. Most of the poly station ways
use simple velocity model of the earth determining source parameters such as position
and focal depth of the earthquakes occurred. As it is well known velocity structure of the
earth is usually estimated with use of inversion of travel time data, recorded in
seismological stations. In this study primary parameters of earthquakes and velocity
model of crust determined in north-western of Iran, 36-40 northern degree, 44-50
westerner degree, has been used for purpose of locating earthquakes. In this area
velocity structure are estimated using a 3D inversion of travel time data, recorded in the
stations of the area. Then, estimated velocities are used to locate earthquakes. For
locating earthquakes a neural network inversion is employed which in it number of
observations are more than the number of model parameters. This advantage, called
over-determined problem, put more constraints on the inversion for estimating model
parameters. In this way inverse problem will be stable. The usable networks in this case
are supervised Learning type and algorithm learning is back propagation error. These
networks use first arrival travel times for estimating parameters. Travel time data used in
the inversion are recorded in eight stations in north western part of Iran. Results of
locating earthquakes by choosing a neural network including 5 and 3 stations in
optimization procedure shows good results. Obtained results demonstrate that the
neural network method used is an efficient method for locating earthquakes from
recorded first arrival travel time data.
POSTER / POSTER
234
SEISMIC ZONATION OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION FOR THE
2005 DAHOOIYEH-ZARAND, IRAN EARTHQUAKE
GHAYAMGHAMIAN M.R.-1, AHMADZADEH S.-2, MIRZAEI N.-2
1-International Institute Of Earthquake Engineering And Seismology, Disaster Research
Center,Iran
2-Institute of Geophysics, Tehran University, Iran (No. 26, Arghavan St., North Dibajee,
Farmanieh, Tehran, Iran)
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this paper, peak ground acceleration (PGA) was estimated in the
damaged areas of 2005, Dahooiyeh-Zarand, Iran earthquake. PGA was evaluated in the
damaged areas using both interpolation technique and attenuation relationships. Inverse
distance weighting (IDW) was applied as a robust and widely used interpolation method
to estimate PGA in the damaged areas where no recordings of acceleration were
available. The optimum power of IDW method was decided from the root mean square
error statistic. Then, the PGA was estimated in the damaged areas using Campbell and
Bozorgnia (2008) and Fukushima (2003) attenuation relationships. Furthermore, the
attenuation relationships were corrected by minimizing the difference between estimated
and recorded PGAs in meizoseismal area of 2005 Dahooiyeh-Zarand earthquake. The
results revealed that the estimated PGAs from corrected attenuation relationships are
more accurate than those derived from the original attenuation relationships and IDW
method. Finally, Seismic Zonation of peak ground acceleration was presented using both
IDW interpolation technique and attenuation relationships.
POSTER / POSTER
235
OPERATIONAL MODAL ANALYSIS OF A SCALED BUILDING MODEL
FOR EACH CONSTRUCTION STAGE
BAYRAKTAR-1, TÜRKER-1
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, 61080,Trabzon,
Turkey.
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is a known fact that the dynamic characteristics of buildings vary
depending on the construction stage. This arises that the mechanical properties of each
level may be different because the buildings are not monolithic. Also, brick walls and
coating cause an increase on the building rigidity. They are not taken into consideration
of the design of the buildings. The dynamic behavior of a building depends on the
dynamic characteristics, natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes, therefore,
it is very important to determine these values experimentally in order to evaluate real
behavior of the building.
In this study, the natural frequencies, modal damping ratios and mode shapes are
determined for each construction stage of a scaled building model. The measurements
are done by using Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) method under ambient vibrations.
The scaled building model has three stories with 1.5m height. The construction stages
are considered as a first storey building, a second storey building, a third storey building,
brick walled building, and coating building. In each construction stage, the
measurements are made on the floors of the model using twelve single axis
accelerometers. The analytical model of the scaled building for each construction stage is
created and updated according to the experimental values by minimizing the differences
between the experimental and analytical dynamic characteristics. This study provides an
experimental and analytical evaluation of the building construction stages in terms of
dynamic characteristics.
POSTER / POSTER
236
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A ONE STOREY BUILDING MODEL
FOR DIFFERENT DAMAGE CASES
BAYRAKTAR-1, TÜRKER-1
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, 61080,Trabzon,
Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Damage cause changes in the dynamic characteristics of the buildings. The
changes vary depending on the damage location and level. Damages result in a decrease
in the rigidity of the building and in the natural frequencies.
In this study, different types of damages are created on a scaled one storey building
model. The model has 1.5m height and there are two spans in longitudinal direction and
one span in transverse direction
The natural frequencies, modal damping ratios and mode shapes are determined for each
damage case. The measurements are done by using Operational Modal Analysis (OMA)
method under ambient vibrations. A progressive damage is taken consideration. Firstly,
the concrete cover of the upper and lower parts of the all columns are cracked and
removed. Then, the core concrete of the upper and lower parts of the columns are
damaged in a similar way respectively. Lastly, the ends of the beams are damaged
progressively. The dynamic characteristics of each damage case are compared with the
undamaged case. It is observed that the changes in the natural frequencies are highly
affected the damages in the columns. The beam damages have a slight decrease in the
natural frequencies. Also, the mode shapes of the model change according to the damage
location and level.
POSTER / POSTER
237
PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY IN
BUILDINGS DURING EARTHQUAKES ACORDING TO THE TURKISH
EARTHQUAKE CODE
İNAN T.-1, KORKMAZ K.-1
1-İzmir Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture,35430 Urla, İzmir, Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Torsional irregularity is a common type of structural irregularity, which
caused devastating effects on buildings under earthquake loading. It is defined in the
Turkish Earthquake Code as the ratio of the maximum relative storey displacement to
the average relative storey displacement calculated at any storey, is greater than 1.2.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the main factors causing torsional irregularity.
The number of axes, the number of stories, the overhangs direction, and the building’s
symmetry have been investigated. The changes in the torsional irregularity coefficient
are evaluated according to the Turkish Earthquake Code. For this purpose at first, a
model having regular plan geometry is constituted, and then the model is changed
constantly according to the defined parameters. All of them are analyzed by IdeCAD
structural software package according to the Turkish Earthquake Code. And also later,
the effects of the earthquake zone and the soil type are compared for having the best
torsional irregularity coefficient model and having the worst torsional irregularity
coefficient model. Finally, the main factors caused torsional irregularity coefficient are
examined.
POSTER / POSTER
238
TURKISH READY MIXED CONCRETE ASSOCIATION
AKAKIN T.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Concrete is the most used construction material in Turkey and World. So
the quality of concrete is very important for our constructions. First of all I would like to
give information about current status of the industry in Turkey and Europe.
After the modest 2007 growth, the decline set in 2008- and unfortunately the trend has
continued this year, as a further major slowdown is anticipated. Our industry is suffering
everywhere.
The causes of this slowdown in the world economy are well known: the international
financial crisis started from subprime loans and the bursting of the bubble in real estate
markets–then moved to the world of derivatives and collaterals. These were debts
written on paper with no real value behind them. The crisis in the banking system has
affected the whole economy not only in the Americas and in Europe but also in Middle
and Far East also, where growth had been expected to continue. In 2008 the picture
seems to be even worse from the first 2009 data or concrete.
The concrete quality has been increasing in Turkey every year. The concrete classes have
been increasing each year. But there are some drawbacks in this increase of quality one
of which is unfair competition.
In 1996, technical Specifications were set for membership in the TRMCA. On this basis,
along TSE certificate, membership in the QAS and having an adequately equipped
laboratory were accepted as prerequisites for membership. At the end of 2008, TRMCA
member firms have above 300 plants in operation.
There is no mandatory certification in Concrete. But there is a new legislation which
requires national certification on Concrete and other construction materials which has ne
Ce marking. When this legislation has finished G (national Mark) will be mandatory. I will
also give detail information about Quality Systems applied on QAS Certified concrete
POSTER / POSTER
239
EFFECT OF DISTRIBUTED PATCH
OPTIMIZATION OF LAMINATED PLATES
MASS
ON
FREQUENCY
TOPAL U.-1, ALBAYRAK S.-1, UZMAN Ü.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Vibration problems of plates with and without mass loading are very
common in engineering applications. Rectangular plates have wide applications in civil
and mechanical engineering. Plates form an essential part of many aerospace, marine
and automobile structures. These structural components, in many instances, are
subjected to vibration. The problem of plates carrying distributed masses initiated from
the design of electronic systems. The printed circuit boards and plate-like chassis can be
approximated as flat rectangular plates carrying distributed masses and subjected to
vibration. Laminated composite plates are widely used in industry and new fields of
technology. Due to high degrees of anisotropy and low rigidity in transverse shear,
Kirchhoff hypothesis as a classical theory is no longer adequate. The hypothesis states
that transverse normal to the mid-plane of a plate remains straight and normal after
deformation because of the negligible transverse shear effects. Refined theories based on
removing those restrictions of transverse normal have been recently used. As a result,
the free vibration frequencies calculated by using the classical thin plate theory are
higher than those obtained by Mindlin plate theory, in which transverse shear and rotary
inertia effects are included.
This paper deals with effect of distributed patch mass on frequency optimization of angleply laminated plates. The objective function is the maximization of the fundamental
frequency of the laminates and the design variable is the fibre orientation. The first-order
shear deformation theory is used for the finite element solutions. Firstly, the numerical
results are compared with the results of some investigators for without mass. The
modified feasible direction (MFD) is used for the optimal solutions. Also, some solutions
are compared with the solutions for golden section (GS) method. Finally, effect of size
and location of the distributed patch mass, boundary conditions and plate aspect ratios
on the optimum results is investigated and the results are compared.
POSTER / POSTER
240
OPTIMUM
STACKING
SEQUENCE
OF
SYMMETRİC
HYBRID
LAMINATED
THIN
PLATES
FOR
MAXIMUM
FREQUENCY
SEPERATION
TOPAL U.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Laminated composite plates, one of the most basic structural elements,
have been increasingly applied in many industry fields such as aviation, automobiles,
marine and submarine vehicles, aerospace and mechanical/ civil engineering etc. This is
mainly due to the fact that these components, over the conventional and traditional
structures, have great advantages of promising high stiffness and high strength to weight
ratios and high rigidity. Hence, the pursuit of corresponding mechanical and
mathematical models for predicting their behavior of dynamic characteristics, which is of
great significance in modeling many mechanical parts in the afore-mentioned
employment aspects besides other systems, has been an intensive research focus for
several decades.
On the other hand, the maximum frequency problems are of practical impostance in the
design of laminates against resonance due to external excitation. The frequency of an
external excitation can be placed either between zero and the fundamental frequency or
in a gap between two consecutive higher-order frequencies depending on its magnitude.
This paper studied the design of hybrid symmetric angle-ply laminated thin plates
consisting of high-stiffness surface and low-stiffness core layers. The objective function is
the maximization of the frequency separation of the laminates and the design variable is
the fibre orientation. The classical laminated plate theory (CLPT) is used for the finite
element solutions. Modified feasible direction (MFD) method is used for the optimization
routine. Finally, the effect of hybridization is investigated for various parameters of the
laminate such as the aspect ratio, the number of layers and boundary conditions. Results
are given for hybrid graphite-epoxy/glass-epoxy laminates.
POSTER / POSTER
241
DYNAMIC COMPACTION ANALYZE WITH SAP2000
MUTMAN U.-1, ATALAY-1
1-Kocaeli University Civil Engineer Departmant
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Dynamic Compaction is a soil improvement and strengthening method for
loose and soft soils at building, road or heavy weight structure constructions. Dynamic
compaction method is applied with a 10-40 ton tamper dropped from a special designed
crane with 10-40 m. height to predetermined points at construction site. The first 10-15
meters of soil section can be improved with this method. According to Wayne et.al, the
major parameters affecting the performance of dynamic compaction are soil properties,
tamper properties and applied energy quantity. Tamper weight, tamper shape, drop
height and drop amount are considered as tamper properties. Tamper weight, drop
height and drop amount are exactly known parameters that affect efficiency of
compaction while the tamper shape is a discussion subject. In this study, dynamic
compaction is modeled with SAP2000 and tamper shape was investigated. Firstly, the
circular tamper with a diameter of 2,50 m with area of 4,90 m2 is studied. In the second
step the square tamper with 2,21x2,21 m dimensions with an area of the same as the
first one is used. At the last stage the rectangular tamper with 2x2,45 m dimensions
which has the same area of the previous ones is modeled. Soil properties were constant
for all modeling studies. Drop height was 10 m and drop amounts are 10. While
deformations and bearing coefficient are obtained after each drop at all models, young
modulus is obtained after last drop at all models.
POSTER / POSTER
242
ASSESSMENT OF ARTIFICAL AND SYNTHETIC ACCELEROGRAMS
FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSES OF STRUCTURES
FAHJAN Y.M.-1, ZEYTINCI A.-1, MERT A.-1, SUNBUL F.-1
1-Department of Earthquake and Structural Science, Gebze Institute of Technology,
41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Seismic design codes generally define ground shaking in the form of a
response spectrum of acceleration and allow using response spectrum compatible time
history records in linear and nonlinear time history analyses. These records can be
obtained from synthetically, and artificially generated accelerograms, or natural
earthquake records and have to be selected and scaled according to the rules defined in
codes.
Synthetic accelerograms can be generated from seismological source models and
accounting for path and site effects. These models can be used to produce more realistic
time-histories than those produced by methods that do not contain seismological
controls. In order to generate synthetic accelerograms there is a need for a definition of a
specific earthquake scenario in terms of magnitude, rupture mechanism in addition to
geological conditions and location of the site (Bommer et al., 2003).
An alternative for the finite source modeling methodology, stochastic point source
modeling are applied to generate one component synthetic accelerograms, Boore (1983)
developed a Band-Limited-White-Noise model for stochastic simulation of high-frequency
ground motions. This simulation procedure does not generate ground motions from a
given stochastic slip model. Instead, this procedure generates random white noise,
multiplies it by a window function appropriate for the expected source duration and then
filters the windowed white noise to obtain a time-history having a band-limited Fourier
amplitude spectrum specified for Brune source model (Brune 1970) and incorporating
wave propagation effects of homogenous crust with geometrical attenuation. Silva and
Lee (1987) use a similar formulation for the Fourier amplitude spectrum, but they use
the phase spectrum from a natural time-history to generate the synthetic time-history.
These stochastic procedures are well calibrated and validated for the calculation of
response spectra. Related computer codes RASCAL (silva and Lee 1987) and SMSIM
(Boore, 1996). SMSIM does not provide the means to calculate local site effect. due to
the soil column. RASCALS (Silva and Lee,1987) incorporate and equivalent linear site
response analysis.
In this study, synthetic accelerograms records are generated using SMSIM and RASCALS
for a set of different locations with different site classes. The nonlinear response of SDOF
to the generated synthetic time history input motions will be assessed and discussed in
terms of engineering design parameters.
POSTER / POSTER
243
DISASTER-RISK MANEGEMENT
AFET YÖNETİMİ
ROLE
OF
NON-GOVERNMENTAL
SOCIETIES
IN
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT, FEDERATION FOR SEARCH AND RESCUE SOCIETIES
SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ AFET YÖNETİMİNDEKİ ROLLERİ,
ARAMA VE KURTARMA DERNEKLERİ FEDERASYONU
DEMİREL A.-1
1-Yalova İl Özel İdaresi, Afet Yönetim Merkezi, Yalova
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT A non-governmental organization (NGO) is any non-profit, voluntary
citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level. Task-oriented
and driven by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of service.
The difference between NGOs and a group of people is that the former are organized
around specific issues known by public; that they are usually well-organized; that they
are acknowledged by official institutions and agencies and that they are driven by social
responsibility.
It is understandable, after large-scale disasters, that not only the officials but also the
citizens of a country want to help affected population in goodwill. It is the NGOs where
the said good will is crystallized. NGOs replace the idea that “the government and its
institutions should meet all the needs of the affected population” with active citizenship
ideal. NGOs may specialize after disasters and may help responsible bodies and
beneficiaries on a voluntary base in a variety of areas like search and rescue,
communication, health etc.
Since NGOs work in small groups, they can act instantly and may assume the
responsibility of guidance in coordination with official institutions. They can especially
mobilize and organize the public will to help affected by disasters at home and abroad
and may show others how benevolent Turkish people are.
The aim of the Federation for Search and Rescue Societies is to minimize the spiritual
and material loss of the disasters such as earthquake, flood, fire and accidents through
well-organized, active search and rescue societies at city and county levels. The
Federation was set up by five different search and rescue societies in 2002. Our
components are in Aydın UMUT, Balıkesir- Gönen GÖNDAK, Antalya- Alanya DAD, Edirne
EDAK ve Yalova K-77.
Teams from the federation have so far taken part in numerous search and rescue
operations after earthquakes, accidents, fires and other disasters as well as various
exercises and training programs since 2000.
Our federation, composed of five search and rescue societies allover Turkey, commits
itself to create common understanding among different stakeholders including volunteers
taking part in disasters and emergencies.
ÖZET Sivil Toplum Kuruluşu bir toplumda yaşayan bireylerin belli amaçlar ve hedefler
doğrultusunda bir araya gelerek kurumsal bir çatı altında gönüllü olarak, kar amacı
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
244
gütmeksizin çeşitli faaliyetlerde bulunduğu yapılanmadır. Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının Bir
Araya Toplanmış İnsan Gruplarından Farkı;
Hukuki çerçevelerinin ve sorumluluklarının bulunması, ilke ve amaçlarının resmi
kurumlara ve topluma duyurulmuş olması ve bunlara uygun davranması, Resmi kurumlar
tarafından tanınması, ilkelerini ve amaçlarını gerçekleştirmeleri için bir organize bir
yapıya sahip olması, ticari amaç gütmemesi ve Sosyal Sorumluluk bilinciyle hareket
etmesi’dir.
Geniş alanları ve nüfusu etkileyen felaketlerde sadece devletin değil bütün vatandaşların
kardeşlik ve işbirliği içinde afetten etkilenen vatandaşlara yardım etmek istemesi
doğaldır. İşte bu yardım etme isteğini resmi olarak kanalize eden kurumlar Sivil Toplum
kuruluşlarıdır.
Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları ‘Afetlerde devletin resmi kurumları bütün hizmeti
gerçekleştirmelidir’ fikrinin yerine aktif vatandaşlık bilincini uyandırmaya çalışmaktadır.
Afet öncesi esnası ve sonrasında bazı konularda uzmanlaşabilirler ve bu şekilde devlet
görevlilerine ve ihtiyaç olan kişilere bazı konularda gönüllü uzman hizmeti verebilirler.
(Arama Kurtarma,İletişim, Çevirmenlik, Sağlık….)
Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları mikro gruplar halinde çalıştıkları için hızlı hareket kabiliyetine
sahiptirler ve resmi kurumlar işbirliği içinde kılavuzluk görevini üstlenebilirler. Özellikle
insani yardım konusunda hem halkımızın hem de özel kuruluşların sahip olduğu yardım
etme isteğini organize edebilirler ve başka ülkelerde meydana gelen felaketlerde Türk
İnsanının, Türk Sivil Toplumunun yardım severliğini ve insan sevgisini dünya insanına
gösterirler.
Arama ve Kurtarma Dernekleri Federasyonu’nun amacı Ulusal ve uluslar arası düzeyde
deprem, sel, yangın, orman yangını, dağ, çevre, ulaşım ve benzeri kaza ve afet
gerçeklerinden yola çıkarak; refleks ve inisiyatif gücüne sahip, müdahale hızı yüksek il ve
ilçe düzeyinde kurulmuş gönüllü arama ve kurtarma dernekleri bünyesinde, birlikte
çalışacak ekipler oluşturarak afetlerin getireceği maddi ve manevi zararı en aza
indirmektir.
Arama ve Kurtarma Dernekleri Federasyonu kısaca AKDF 2002 yılında 5 arama kurtarma
derneğinin oluşumu ile kurulmuştur. Federasyonumuz; Aydın UMUT, Balıkesir- Gönen
GÖNDAK, Antalya- Alanya DAD, Edirne EDAK ve Yalova K-77 ‘dan oluşmaktaktadır.
Federasyonumuza bağlı ekipler tarafından 2000 yılından günümüze birçok arama
operasyonuna, çeşitli deprem bölgelerinde kurtarma çalışmalarına, trafik kazalarında
kurtarma çalışmalarına, yangın söndürme çalışmalarına, diğer ekiplre lojistik destek
çalışmalarına katılınmış ve katılmaya devam edilecektir. Ayrıca 2000 yılından yine
günümüze birçok tatbikat ve eğitim programlarına katılmış ve görev almıştır.
Federasyon olarak Yalova'da dahil olmak üzere Türkiye'nin değişik şehirlerinde kurulmuş
aynı etik ve disiplin içinde faaliyet gösteren 5 gönüllü arama ve kurtarma derneği,
afetlerde ulusal boyutta gönüllüler içinde standartları ve ortak dili sağlamak için
örgütlenmek üzere bir araya geldik ve çalışmalarımıza hız kesmeden üye olsun olmasın
tüm derneklerin, kurum ve kuruluşların afetler ve kazalar karşısında iletişim sağlanması,
dil birliğinin oluşturulması çalışmalarımız devam edecektir.
.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
245
STATISTICAL METHODS FOR THE ESTIMATION
DAMAGE TO RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN TURKEY
OF
SEISMIC
ASKAN A.-1, YUCEMEN-1
1-Middle East Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering and Earthquake
Engineering Research Center, 06531 Ankara
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Three alternative stochastic methods, one of them being purely empirical
and the other two semi-empirical, are presented for the prediction of potential seismic
damage to low and mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings in Turkey. As the first method,
“best estimate” damage probability matrices for each seismic zone are developed by
combining expert opinion and the damage statistics compiled from the recent
earthquakes occurred in Turkey. Second technique utilizes a reliability-based model,
where the earthquake force and seismic resistance are considered as lognormallydistributed random variables. This model expresses potential seismic damage in the form
of a damage rate distribution, which is a function of modified Mercalli intensity or peak
ground acceleration. As the final methodology, discriminant analysis technique is utilized
to perform a statistical evaluation of the damage data compiled during recent
earthquakes that occurred in Turkey. These three methods are applied on the building
damage databases compiled in the aftermath of several recent earthquakes in Turkey,
namely: 1992 Erzincan, 1995 Dinar, and 1999 Düzce earthquakes. The stochastic
damage profile obtained according to these three methods is expressed in terms of
damage ratios and the results are compared with each other.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
246
DISASTERS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN AND COMMUNICATION
IN EMERGENCIES CASE STUDY of YALOVA CITY
AFETLER ACİL YARDIM PLANI VE OLAĞAN DIŞI DURUMLARDA
HABERLEŞME, YALOVA İLİ ÖRNEĞİ
YALÇIN B.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT This study aims at adopting and implementing measures to save lives and
help victims of large-scale disasters that would occur in Yalova city such as earthquake,
flood, landslide, fire, nuclear and chemical accidents and epidemics.
As is known, Turkey is an earthquake-prone country and Yalova is in the first degree
earthquake risk zone and was heavily affected in 1999 Marmara Earthquake. It is now
crystal clear, after the lessons learned during 1999 Marmara Earthquake, that each and
every city has a disaster contingency plan and that it is practical.
The fact that earthquakes pose near and immediate risks and threats in Turkey brings
emergency communication issue into the agenda. Emergencies are complex issues where
parameters like place, type, intensity, time and affected areas are difficult to foresee.
Although it is possible to forecast meteorological emergencies, the process at which they
may occur has a good deal of unknown features.
All in all, it is possible to state that all these “surprising elements” have two “fixed,
normal consequences”.
1. State resources in emergency areas are not enough to cover emerging needs,
2. Communication infrastructure collapses due to excessive use and/or physical damage.
It is now established that necessary steps should be taken so as to non-governmental
resources are mobilized to create an alternative communication capability. It is also
stated that the primary alternative communication capability is radio communication.
As a result of the said researches, “Yalova Emergency Response Plan” has been prepared
in conformity with related national legislation and all towns, counties and the city centre
of Yalova are equipped with radio equipments so as to have continuous communication
among local authorities and responders in times of emergencies.
ÖZET Bu çalışma ile, Yalova İlinin mülki hudutları içinde genel hayatı etkileyecek boyutta
deprem, su baskını, toprak kayması, büyük yangınlar, nükleer ve kimyasal sızıntı ve
salgın hastalık gibi afetlerin meydana gelmesi durumunda afete maruz kalanların
kurtarılması ve halkın yaşam şartlarının düzeltilmesi ve tekrar eski düzeyine getirilmesini
sağlayacak tedbirlerin önceden alınması ve afet sırasında süratle reaksiyon göstererek
uygulamaya sokulması amaçlanmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
247
Bilindiği üzere ülkemiz bir deprem ülkesidir ve Yalova İlide birinci derece deprem
bölgesinde yer almakta olup; 1999 Marmara Depremini de yaşayan bir ilimizdir. 1999
Marmara Depreminde karşılaşılan zorluklar, edinilen acı tecrübeler ışığında bir İlin Afet
Planının bulunmasının ve uygulanabilir olmasının önemi aşikardır.
Ülkemizin gündemindeki depremsellik gerçeği acil durum (afet) haberleşmesi konusunu
da gündeme getirmektedir. Acil durumlar, zaman, yer, tür, şiddet, etki ve etkilediği alan
gibi parametrelerinin önceden tahmin edilmesi mümkün olmayan karmaşık (kompleks)
olaylardır. Meteorolojik acil durumlar bağlamında genel bir tahmin yapılabilse bile, bu tür
acil durumların gelişimi birçok bilinmeyeni (sürpriz) barındırır.
Bu noktalardan hareketle tüm bu olası "sürpriz gelişmelerin" iki tane "değişmez olağan
sonucu" olduğu görülmüştür.
1. Acil durumun yaşandığı bölgedeki kamusal kaynakların gerekli acil müdahale için
yetersiz kalması,
2. Telefon altyapısının aşırı yük ve/veya fiziki tahribat nedeniyle çökmesidir.
Yapılan çalışmalarda kamu dışı kaynakların seferber edilebilmesi ve alternatif haberleşme
olanaklarının oluşturulması için gerekli adımların atılması kaçınılmaz bir gereklilik olduğu
saptanmıştır. Alternatif haberleşme olanaklarının en birincili ise telsiz haberleşmesi
olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Bu çalışmalar sonucunda “Yalova İli Afetler Acil Yardım Planı”, 5302 Sayılı İl Özel İdaresi
Kanunu, 5393 Sayılı Belediye Kanunu, 5442 Sayılı İl İdaresi Kanunu, Yalova Valiliği Afet
Yönetim Merkezi Yönergesi ile 7269 Sayılı Umumi Hayata Müessir Afetler Dolayısıyla
Alınacak Tedbirlerle Yapılacak Yardımlara Dair Kanunu ve Yönetmeliği esaslarına göre
hazırlanmış, ayrıca İlimizde meydana gelebilecek olası afetlerde İlimiz, Merkez, İlçeleri ve
Köyleri arasındaki acil haberleşmenin sağlanması amacıyla alınan telsizler ile İlimizdeki
tüm muhtarlara kamu kurumlarına ve askeri birimlerle kesintisiz iletişim sağlanmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
248
THE INVESTIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE RISK OF POPULATION AND
VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN TURKEY
TÜRKİYE’DE NÜFUS VE ÇEŞİTLİ SEKTÖRLERİN DEPREM RİSKİNİN
İNCELENMESİ
UYSAL C.-1
1-İTÜ Maden Fakültesi
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT This project is carried out to investigate the earthquake risks of population
and various industrial sectors in Turkey. By using official data from Turkish Statistics
Institution, The Ministry of Health of Turkey, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs
Earthquake Research Department, the hospital bed capacities for each city have been
found and populations of every earthquake zone degrees inside each city have been
calculated. In addition, with informations about the airport list of Turkey, taken from
Wikipedia, the locations of airports in each city have been found by using the algorithm
“Google Earth”. Thus, airport locations in every earthquake zone degrees were
designated for each city in Turkey. In the continuation of the project, according to
informations and data from The Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of
Turkey, the earthquake risks of some industrial sectors that are registered to this union,
as electric and gas produce and distribution firms, LPG and other gas filling and storing
firms, in addition to water providing and distribution firms have been studied. As a result,
earthquake risks of population and various sectors have been found, personal opinions
and advices are indicated. “Cementation Factor” , which is referred as “m” power
parameter, is very important to find out porosity of the reservoir and gives reliable
information about fracturing of the reservoir. This graduation project analyses “m”
power parameter equations mathematically and physically, according to connection type
of fractures with matrix. In addition; graphics drawn to determine “m” and “v” with these
equations. Finally, some applications made and graphics tested with logs which taken
from a real reservoir
ÖZET Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin nüfus ve çeşitli sektörlerinin deprem risklerinin
incelenmesi adına yapılmıştır. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık
Bakanlığı ile Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı Afet İşleri Genel
Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma Dairesi gibi resmi kurumlardan alınan verilere dayanılarak,
Türkiye’nin 81 ili için her ilin ayrı ayrı deprem bölge derecelerine göre nüfus sayıları
hesaplanmış, her il için hastahane yatak sayıları tesbit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, Wikipedia’dan
alınan Türkiye Havaalanları Listesi’nden elde edilen havaalanları bilgileri ve Google Earth
programı ile her ilin sınırları içinde kalan havaalanlarının yerleri bulunarak, bu alanların
deprem bölge derecelerine göre kaçıncı derece deprem bölgelerinde bulundukları
saptanmıştır. Çalışmanın devamında, Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği’nden alınan veriler
doğrultusunda, ülkemizde bu kuruma kayıtlı olarak faaliyet gösteren elektrik ve gaz
üretim dağıtımını yapan firmaların, LPG ve diğer gazların dolumu ve depolanmasını
sağlayan firmaların, suyun sağlanması ve dağıtılmasını sağlayan firmalar ile yabancı
sermayeli firmaların illere göre dağılımları incelenmiş, bu sektörlerin deprem risklerinin
bulunmasına çalışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, nüfusu, ekonomiyi ve yaşamı etkileyecek çeşitli
sektörlere ait deprem riskleri belirtilerek, kişisel yorumlar ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
249
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT TURKEY
DEPREME DAYANIKLI TÜRKİYE
KASAPOĞLU E.-1
1-Doğal Afetler Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, HÜDAM Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 06800
Beytepe, Ankara
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Is Istanbul ready for a big earthquake? Or not? Debates about this question
has been going on since 17 August, 1999. The answer of scientists and authorities for
this question is unfortunately “no”. In fact, many person, institution and organization
from various parts of the society have been trying to do something and prepare Istanbul
for such an earthquake. However, each of thiese attempts is limited with its narrow circle
as no senior institution or organization exists to compile these efforts for providing a
perceptible results and making Istanbul ready for a probable big earthquake. Also,
earthquake is a natural disaster threating not only İstanbul but also all of the other cities
in Turkey %96 of its total surface area is under earthquake risk and % 98 of its total
population live in these areas. For this reason, we need to start a big project with the
slogan of “Earthquake Resistant Turkey” including all cities of Turkey. For this; an
international conference has to be held regularly every year with participation of local
and central government delegates, related career chambers, non-governmental
organizations and native and foreigner scientists. At the first meeting; what should be
done to prepare the city for a big earthquake must be determined in all details and then
which of them will be done by which parts of the society and sources of finance for all of
these works should be decided. At the second meeting to be held the next year, first of
all which of the works planned at the previous conference were achieved; if not, why
they couldn’t be achieved, the required precautions to achieve these and things should
be done in the next year should be expressed and discussed in all details and so the city
should get more prepared for an earthquake every year. For example, the state of
California in the U.S.A has started such a project about eight years ago and today
California is almost %90 ready for an expected big earthquake. Turkey also should start
this reasonable and effective process as soon as possible. First one of these conferences
can be organized for Istanbul under the name of “Earthquake Resistant Istanbul” this
year and this should be carried on until the city is %100 prepared for a probable big
earthquake. It is not yet too late because no one can know when the earthquake will
occur.
ÖZET İstanbul olası bir büyük depreme hazır mı? Değil mi? tartışmaları 17 Ağustos 1999
dan buyana sürüp gidiyor. Bilim adamlarının ve yetkili ağızların bu soruya yanıtı ne yazık
ki “Hayır”. Oysa, toplumun hemen her kesiminden bu konu ile ilgili kişi, kurum ve
kuruluşların her biri kendi olanakları çerçevesinde bir şeyler yapmaya, İstanbul’u olası bir
büyük depreme hazırlamaya çalışıyor. Ancak, tüm bu çalışmaları bir araya getirip
bütünleştirecek ve somut sonuçların alınmasına olanak sağlayacak bir üst kurum ve
organizasyon olmadığı için bu çalışmalar kendi dar çevreleri ile sınırlı kalmış, İstanbul’u
olası bir büyük depreme hazır hale getirme hedefine bir türlü ulaştırılamamıştır. Ayrıca
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toplam yüzölçümünün %96 sı aktif deprem bölgesi olan ve toplam nüfusunun %98 i bu
bölgelerde deprem riski altında yaşayan Türkiye’de deprem yalnız İstanbul’u değil tüm
kentlerimizi tehdit eden bir doğal afettir. Bu nedenle, “Depreme Dayanıklı Türkiye”
sloganı ile, tüm kentlerimizi kapsayan bir büyük projeyi başlatmak durumundayız. Bunun
için öncelikle büyük kentlerimizin Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nin organizatörlüğünde toplumun
konu ile ilgili tüm kesimlerinin, merkezi ve yerel yönetim temsilcilerinin, , ilgili meslek
odalarının, sivil toplum örgütlerinin, yerli ve yabancı bilim adamlarının katılacağı ve her
yıl düzenli olarak toplanacak bir uluslar arası kongrenin düzenlenmesi gerekir. İlk
toplanacak kongrede öncelikle kenti olası bir büyük depreme hazır hale getirebilmek için
yapılması gerekenler öncelik sırasına göre belirlenmeli; sonra, bunların hangilerinin
toplumun hangi kesimleri tarafından ve nasıl yapılacağı; gerekli finansmanın nereden
nasıl sağlanacağı karara bağlanmalıdır. Ertesi yıl yapılacak ikinci kongrede ise, önce bir
önceki kongrede yapılması planlanan işlerin hangilerinin ne kadar yapılabildiği;
yapılamayanların neden yapılamadığı; bunların da yapılabilmesi için alınması gereken
önlemlerin neler olabileceği; bir sonraki yılda nelerin yapılacağı tüm ayrıntıları ile tartışılıp
karara bağlanmalı; ve bu süreç, her yıl düzenli olarak toplanacak kongrelerde
tekrarlanarak sürdürülmeli; böylece kent, her geçen yıl depreme daha hazır bir duruma
getirilmelidir. Örneğin Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Kaliforniya Eyaleti böyle bir süreci
bundan 8 yıl önce başlatmış ve bugün Kaliforniya’yı olası bir büyük depreme %90 hazır
hale getirebilmiştir. Türkiye de bu akılcı ve etkili süreci mutlaka başlatmalı ve öncelikle
İstanbul için “Depreme Dayanıklı İstanbul” adı altında uluslararası kongreler serisinin
ilkini hemen bu yıl organize etmeli ve bunu her yıl tekrarlayarak, İstanbul olası bir büyük
depreme %100 hazır hale gelene dek sürdürmelidir. Bunun için henüz geç kalmış
sayılmayız. Çünkü İstanbul’u etkileyecek olası bir büyük depremin ne zaman olacağını
bugünden kestirmek olanaklı değildir. O nedenle, hem söz konusu deprem hiç
olmayacakmış gibi; hem de hemen yarın olacakmış gibi düşünerek; bu konuda yapılması
gerekenleri hiç zaman yitirmeden bir an önce başlatmak ve sürdürmek gerekir. Öyle bir
projenin kamuoyundan da büyük destek göreceğini ve başarı ile uygulanabileceğini
düşünüyorum.
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TSUNAMI DISASTER EVACUATION PLAN
ALPARSLAN E.-1,GUİLLANDE R.-2, KOSCİENY M.-2, GADRİ A.-2,VALENCİA N.-2,SCHEER
S.-3, BUCKLE P.-4, SİLVA A.-5, RANGUELOV B.-6, ATİLLAH A.-7, TİNTİ S.-8
1-TUBITAK MRC Earth and Marine Sciences Institute 41470 Gebze Turkey
2-Géosciences Consultants sarl, 157 rue des Blains, 92220 Bagneux, France
3-RC-Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, European Commission
4-University of Coventry, Centre for Disaster Management, UK.
5-Hıdromod, Portugal
6-Bulgarian Academy of Science - Space Research Institute, Bulgaria
7-Céntre Royal de Télédétection Spatiale, Morocco
8-Céntre University of Bologna, Geophysics Laboratory, Italy
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT A recent coseismic tsunami in Izmit Bay caused by the Kocaeli earthquake
on 17 August 1999 has once more emphasized the fact that a tsunami might occur as the
consequence of a large-scale earthquake. When the tsunamigenic potential of the Sea of
Marmara is assessed, over 40 tsunamis have taken place during the course of an
observational period of about 2000 years. The areas in which such waves have
concentrated are Izmit Bay, Istanbul coasts, Gemlik Bay, Kocaeli Peninsula and Gelibolu
coasts. These facts point out to the necessity of availability of a tsunami evacuation plan
in the hands of local authorities of the coastal towns to let them increase public
awareness against tsunami.
An evacuation plan is an essential tool for any emergency situation and the way it has to
be devised, distributed, tested and implemented is a chapter of the disaster management
strategy, namely of the disaster preparedness and of the emergency response. As
regards tsunami, evacuation from potentially attacked areas is the most obvious way to
save lives. The main purpose of a tsunami evacuation plan is that of allowing people to
reach a position safe from tsunami waves in a very short time and in an orderly way,
avoiding chaos and panic, and avoiding as much as possible deadlock conditions, such as
traffic jam and blocks. Conditions may be very different from place to place along the
coast, and on a given place can be very time dependent, and moreover, evacuation
capability can be age and gender dependent, business dependent, etc. Therefore,
evacuation plans may cover a very broad range of sophistication, from very basic to very
elaborated, depending on the means employed by the local authorities and by the
expertise in terms of human resources they are able or willing to mobilize. What is
certain is that the evacuation plan must be devised for local coastal communities and
adapted to any given specific coastal place. They cannot be implemented on a regional or
national basis, though many elements, especially as regards the actuators structure, i.e.
the line of command and the designated authorities, can be defined on a national level.
In a strict sense, an Evacuation Plan (EP) consists
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of the identification of the area that can be inundated by a tsunami along a given
stretch of the coast, and
of the identification and of the related signaling of the routes that can be used by
people (who at the time of the tsunami warning happen to be in such evacuation zone) to
reach safe places from the waves either because they are too far from the coast (outside
the evacuation zone) or because they are too elevated above the see level (vertical
shelters). In addition,
the EP should indicate the authority responsible to order the people to evacuate, to
confirm and/or to clear the evacuation conditions.
The coastal communities that have adopted an EP are much less than required, but in
many countries in the Indian Ocean and in the Pacific Ocean one may find examples of
tsunami protection strategies, including EPs. If one turns to Euro-Mediterranean region,
however, the situation is quite different, since, conversely, EPs are very rare. The first
example of an adopted EP comes from Italy, and more specifically from the island of
Stromboli that in 2002 was affected by a double tsunami. The Civil Protection authorities
gained awareness that repetition of such events is not improbable and set up a very local
tsunami
warning
system,
inclusive
of
sophisticated
monitoring
and
EP.
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DEFICIENCIES AND PROBLEMS THROUGH EMERGENCY ACTIONS
AFTER EARTHQUAKES: KOCAELİ CASE
AVLAR E.-1, KORKMAZ E.-1
1-Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Mimarlık Bölümü, Barbaros Bulvarı 34349, Yıldız/Beşiktaş,
İstanbul
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Türkiye is affected from natural disasters such as earthquake, landslide,
water flood, fire, snow slide, underground water rise, according to meteorological effects
and its location and ground properties. Earthquake is the most destructive disaster,
devoted to researches and statistics on building damages, magnitude of disaster, types
and significance of losses (life, good etc). The significance of emergency action arises,
depending on to numerical data of life losses and injuries notably after earthquake. 1999
Kocaeli Earthquake is such an important indicator of increase of injury and life losses
quantities and importance of emergency actions after a big earthquake. Main reasons of
increase of injury and life losses quantities are building damages and problems and/or
deficiencies through emergency actions. Some medical buildings’ (hospitals) which were
not regulated to “2007 Regulations about Buildings on Disaster Regions” (2007 Afet
Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Yapılar Hakkındaki Yönetmelik) already deficient quantities were
decreased by damages and collapses after Kocaeli Earthquake. After earthquake,
necessary conditions such as treatments of injurers and protection of corpses couldn’t
provide in this region’s hospitals due to their deficient quantity. In other words, deficient
hospital quantity, increases panics, prevents survivals by emergency actions and finally
causes the life losses. The deficiency of some disciplines’ coordination arises as well as
the deficiency of hospital quantity. Providing this coordination is important to make the
emergency actions on necessary conditions and as fast as possible after earthquake. The
main reason of deficiencies and problems after this Kocaeli Earthquake is the absence of
an analytical system. Consequently, studies should be made devoted to medical buildings
system after earthquake. This system should be taken on as a priority situation, to solve
the treatment problems of injured survivors and emergency action needed people, to
minimize the losses and invalidities and to prevent the epidemic diseases. The problems
and deficiencies, which were mentioned before, after Kocaeli Earthquake will be studied
by analysis and determinations in the scope of this paper. In this context, it is thought
that these analysis and determinations will be efficacious to prevent the instauration of
problems after the possible future earthquakes.
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GIS
APPLICATION
ON
PROBABILSITIC SEISMIC
HAZARD
ANALYSIS LEASON LEARNED FROM YOGYAKARTA EARTHQUAKE,
INDONESIA
MUKTAF H.A.-1
1-Center for Assessment of Regulatory System and Technology of Nuclear Installations
and Materials, Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency-Bapeten
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Earthquake hazard analysis is a computation about the possibility of
earthquake event per set of time. In general, this analysis is assumed in an earthquake
hazard curve, that shown annual probability of accidence against ground movement
amplitude. Implementation of seismic zonation in Indonesia that has been quantified can
help to identify many earthquake sources and their potential and to get the most
important information on how severe damage will be happen in the future and influenced
seismic model. The earthquake happened on 26 May 2006 has changed seismotectonic
condition in this region that was interpreted Yogyakarta Province is more stable against
seismic hazard. This study focuses on Yogyakarta Province, located on the middle of Java
Island, Indonesia. It lies on 7°33’-8°15’ latitude and 110°02’50”-110°50’ longitude. It is
prudent to use an attenuation relation to estimate expected ground motion at bedrock.
Due to insufficient Peak Ground Acceleration data needed to derive an attenuation
function, there is no attenuation function developed particularly for Indonesia regions.
The only way is to adapt attenuation function derived in other region, which is similar to
Indonesia region tectonically and geologically.
It is important that the selected
attenuation function was based on earthquake mechanism, which in Indonesia is
generally categorized into sub-duction zone earthquakes and shallow crustal
earthquakes. Probabilistic approach uses maximum earthquake design for earthquake
hazard that assumed the earthquake will happen in 50 year is 10 % (500 years). Deaggregation is useful to identify the most influence of earthquake sources in calculating
hazard toward a given location for a certain level hazard. Implementation of the logic
tree enables to present several alternative models that each alternative model has been
weighted with a factor as the possibility relative of the model will give a real correct
value. Furthermore, it is essential to understand and to identify what dominant
earthquake events that could provide critical seismic hazard to structure analysis. The
PGA value calculated on 7.96o NE and 110.46o SW with 500 return periods is 0.496 g.
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AFTER
MARMARA
EARTHQUAKE
RECONSTRUCTION
WORKS
(PERMANENT BUILDING APPLICATION METHODS AND RESULTS)
MARMARA DEPREMİ SONRASI YENİDEN YAPIM ÇALIŞMALARI
(KALICI KONUT UYGULAMA YÖNTEMLERI VE SONUÇLARI)
ŞENGÜN H.-1
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Planlama Hak Sahipliği ve Borçlandırma Dairesi Başk.,
Eskişehir yolu 10. km, Lodumlu/ANKARA
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The leading events our country faced in the last century is 17 August
Marmara Earthquake which affected Marmara Region districts. Besides thousands of loss
of life, billions of economic loss with social and pscyhological losses will not be erased
from memories over many years. Starting from the first hours of the earthquake in the
studies prolonging up to today the resettlement studies carry an important place. The
refloating of destroyed cities, the meeting of homeless victims to new residential places
in a short period of time is among the important studies. With the provision of permanent
residential place land choice, planning and succeeding search and rescue and debris
removal studies of the temporary residential places construction studies have started in a
short period of time. The Ministry of Public works and Settlement General Directorate of
Disaster Affairs in light of duties of law numbered 7269 Permanent residential studies
are continuing. The construction period of permanent buildings, carrying out damage
assesment and after the finalization of the ownerships was realized with three different
methods. These methods are; aid for the home maker (EYY), contract and available
building methods. With these three methods approximately a total of 70000 permanent
building was carried out.
In this study, besides permanent building application methods and results for the first
time after Marmara Earthquake the application of available building application at issue is
going to be discussed. With this application by reaching to the ownerships that had
buildings at Ankara the application results are being discussed
ÖZET Ülkemizin geçen yüzyılda yaşadığı en önemli olayların başında, Marmara Bölgesi
illerini etkileyen 17 Ağustos Marmara Depremi gelmektedir. Binlerce can kaybı,
milyarlarca dolarlık ekonomik kaybın yanı sıra sosyal ve psikolojik kayıplarla uzun yıllar
hafızalardan silinmeyecektir. Depremin ilk saatlerinden başlayarak günümüze kadar
süren çalışmalar içerisinde yeniden yerleşim çalışmaları önemli yer tutmaktadır. Yıkılan
kentlerin yeniden ayağa kaldırılması, evsiz kalan afetzedelerin kısa sürede yeni yaşam
alanlarına kavuşması en önemli çalışmalardandır. Arama- kurtarma ve enkaz kaldırma
çalışmalarını izleyen geçici yerleşimin sağlanmasıyla beraber kalıcı yerleşim yerlerinin yer
seçimi, planlaması ve inşaat yapım çalışmaları kısa sürede başlamıştı. Kalıcı yerleşim
çalışmaları Bayındırlık ve İskân Bakanlığı Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğünün 7269 sayılı
Yasa’nın verdiği yetkiler çerçevesinde sürdürülmüştür. Kalıcı konutların yapım süreci
hasar tespitlerin yapılması ve hak sahipliklerinin kesinleşmesi sonrasında üç farklı
yöntemle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bunlar; Evini Yapana Yardım, İhale ve Hazır Konut
Yöntemleridir. Bu üç yöntemle toplam yaklaşık 70000 kalıcı konut yapılmıştır.
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ISTANBUL MEGACITY INDICATOR SYSTEM PROJECT
BAŞ M.-1, KILIÇ O.-1, KHAZAI B.-2, KONUKCU B.E.-1, BASMACI A.E.-1, MENTESE E.Y.1, SUNGAY B.-3
1-Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Directorate of Earthquake and Ground Analysis,
Fatih/Istanbul;
2
-Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction (CEDIM) Geophysical Institute,
Karlsruhe University, Karlsruhe/ Germany;
3
-Department of Earthquake Engineering Kandilli Observatory & Earthquake Research
Institute, Bogaziçi University, İstanbul
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Megacities Indicators System (MIS) for Disaster Risk Management in
Istanbul is a risk communication and planning tool useful for illustrating urban seismic
risk, benchmarking, and measuring disaster risk management performance of
megacities. Working closely with a core group of local practitioners; in particular
technical staff and officials at the Municipality of Istanbul, the main goal of the project is
to train and engage the Municipality’s technical staff in the development and
implementation of indicators system to help enhance stakeholders’ ownership and assist
in policy development, decision-making, and monitoring the effectiveness of specific risk
reduction options. Building on prior methodology, the MIS Index provides an overview of
not only the expected physical damage, through a Physical Risk index, but also looks into
the social fragility and lack of resilience in the different districts in Istanbul through a
Social Vulnerability index. Social fragility is assessed in Istanbul through a detailed field
survey on issues such as community preparedness, risk perception, risk awareness, risk
mitigation and solidarity. Another index, the DRMi, measures the performance and
effectiveness of disaster risk management policies at the Istanbul Metropolitan
Municipality (IMM) based on predefined performance targets or benchmarks classified as
risk identification, risk reduction, disaster management, and financial protection. The
Disaster Risk Management index is used as a “control system”, for the stakeholders to
measure performance and effectiveness of different operational and organizational
policies and their effect on the total Urban Seismic Risk in the different regions for which
the indicators are developed.
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DISASTER PREVENTION IN SCHOOLS–PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS
PETAL M.-1
1-Ibrahim Aga Mah. Blok C2/C/60 Daire, Acibadem, Istanbul, 81010
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Eight million students in Turkey live in 1st and 2nd degree seismic risk
zones. The impacts of earthquakes on schools, major factors in school vulnerability, and
challenges to education posed by the 1999 earthquakes are examined. Essential steps in
assessment and planning, physical protection, and response capacity development are
proposed. Activities and progress in Turkey in three areas of major concern for disaster
prevention in schools are reviewed 1. The structural safety of school buildings; 2. School
disaster management and educational continuity; 3. Disaster prevention education.
Ongoing projects, new proposals and remaining gaps will also be identified.
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258
TRAININGS ON EARTHQUAKE AWARENESS IN USKUDAR
ÜSKÜDAR’DA DEPREME DUYARLIK EĞİTİMLERİ
İLKIŞIK O.M.-1, GÖKÇE S.-1
1-Kemerburgaz Cad. Sular İdaresi Mevkii İSKİ Tesisleri AKOM Binası Nurtepe/Kağıthane
İstanbul
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Historical and instrumental data during last century show that the
probability of an earthquake around Istanbul with a magnitude of greater than 7 within
30 years is 41% . Following the Kocaeli and Duzce earthquakes, many projects on
disaster mitigation were started in the 12 million populated Istanbul City by central and
local governments. Some of the implementation studies under the framework of
“Earthquake Master Plan” –which is prepared by İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality- is on
going but unfortunately some of them has not been develop properly by some causes on
administrative and legal issues.
One of this is; “Public Awareness Against Earthquake” could not raised. People who are
not donated with the exact information are acting with panic at disaster time. In order to
change this, some of the local governments or non governmental organizations had
developed certain number of public projects on “preparedness against earthquake”.
The training given on earthquakes, search and rescue and first aid issues with a
simulation vehicle which is the present of its sister city Shibuya to Uskudar Municipality,
is a sample. 583,000 people are living in 43,200 buildings at the 55 neighborhoods in
Uskudar which is a historical district of Istanbul. 5400 teachers are giving training to
106,000 pupils in 175 schools in total. And also 9 hospitals and many pharmacies and
policlinics are located within the district as well. It is estimated that an earthquake larger
than 7 magnitude will cause a damage with intensity of 7-8 around the district.
As a first step 48 of 68 primary schools were identified in Üsküdar for the training in
2007/08 period. In this period 12,000 pupils at 40 schools were trained two days a week
through practices. Remaining schools left for 2008/09 period . Also simulated exercises
on earthquake was done for the public at 23 Cinema Nigths during Summer season.
Details of the implementation and the project are being given in the presentation.
ÖZET Tarihsel veriler ve son yüz yıl boyunca yapılan aletsel gözlemler İstanbul ve
civarında 7 büyüklüğünde bir deprem olma olasılığının 30 yılda %41 gibi yüksek bir değer
olduğuna işaret etmektedir. 1990 Kocaeli ve Düzce depremlerinden sonra; 1,300,000
kadar binada 12 milyondan fazla kişinin yaşadığı İstanbul’da Merkezi ve Yerel yönetimler
tarafından birçok zarar azaltma projeleri başlatılmıştır. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nce
hazırlatılan “İstanbul Deprem Master Planı” çerçevesindeki uygulamaların bazıları
ilerlemiş ise de bazılarında özellikle hukuki ve idari nedenler ile önemli gelişmeler
sağlanamamıştır.
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Bunlardan birisi de “Depreme Karşı Toplumsal Duyarlığın” arttırılamamış olmasıdır. Doğru
bilgiler ile donatılamamış bireylerin soruna yaklaşımı genelde “panik” anlayışı
kapsamındadır. Bu olguyu değiştirmek amacı ile bazı yerel yönetimler veya sivil toplum
kuruluşlarınca, kişilerin “depreme karşı hazırlanma” konusunda geliştirilmiş kısıtlı sayıda
da olsa bazı toplumsal projeler vardır.
Üsküdar Belediyesi’ne Japonya’dan Shibuya Belediyesince hibe edilen gezici “Deprem
Simülasyon Aracı” ile deprem, arama kurtarma ve ilk yardım konularında mahallelerde ve
okullarda yapılan eğitim buna bir örnektir. İstanbul’un tarihi ilçesi Üsküdar’da, 55
mahallede 43,200 kadar binada 583,000 kişi yaşamaktadır. 175 okulda 5400 öğretmen
toplam 106,000 öğrenciyi eğitmektedir ve İlçede 9 büyük hastahane birçok özel poliklinik
ve eczane vardır. Yakın çevrede olası 7 den büyük bir depremin İlçe’de 7-8 şiddetinde
hasar yapacağı tahmin edilmektedir.
İlk aşamada 2007/2008 eğitim döneminde İlçedeki 68 İlköğretim Okulundan uygun olan
48 okul belirlenmiştir. Bu dönemde haftada iki gün olmak üzere 40 okulda yaklaşık
12,000 öğrenciye “Simülasyon Destekli Depreme Hazırlık Eğitimi” verilmiş, olumsuz hava
şartlarından dolayı çalışma yapılamayan 8 okul ise yeni okul grupları ile birlikte
2008/2009 yılı eğitim programına alınmıştır. Ayrıca Üsküdar İlçesindeki mahallelerde
2007 ve 2008 yazları Sinema Günlerinde toplam 23 film gösterimi öncesi kısa süreli
Simülasyonlu Deprem Tatbikatları yapılarak halkın bilgilendirilmesi sağlanmıştır.
Sunumda projenin içeriği ve uygulamanın ayrıntıları verilmektedir.
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260
COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIES FOR RECOVERING FROM NATURAL
DISASTERS, LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE GREAT HANSHIN- AWAJI
EARTHQUAKE
1995 BÜYÜK HANSHİN - AWAJİ DEPREMİNDEN ALINAN DERSLER
IŞIĞINDA
DOĞAL
AFETLERE
KARŞI
KAPSAMLI
YENİDEN
YAPILANMA STRATEJİLERİ VE İYİLEŞTİRME ÇALIŞMALARI
BEYHAN M.-1, HONJO Y.-2
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Deprem Araştırma Dairesi Eskişehir Yolu 12. Km. Lodumlu
/ ANKARA TÜRKİYE
2-Kobe Institute of Urban Research, KOBE/JAPAN
[email protected]
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study The Great Hanshin – Awaji (Kobe) earthquake and its recovery
and reconstruction studies has been explained under the Kobe City Recovery Plan and
lessons have been touched upon in detail learned from the event. The event occurred on
January17, 1995 in Kobe where the southern part of Hyogo prefecture of Japan.
Magnitude of the event is 7.2 and it caused 6.434 deaths and 14.678 injuries by
collapsed houses and fires. Three following lessons learned from the earthquake were
utilized for formulation of Kobe City Recovery Plan which covered 10 year period. Urban
conveniences well-balanced with safety precautions, awareness of both benefits and
hazards of nature and human to human contact and interchange.
The materials in this study have been supplied by Kobe International Community Center
(KICC) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). In addition, Japan disaster
management system is explained and Plan Do Check Action (PDCA) cycle has been
discussed. Reconstruction of lifelines, public works projects including infrastructure
building, and the formulation and promotion of recovery planning, to the effective use of
social capital and approaches to recovery in the viewpoint of “self help, mutual help, and
public assistance” have been explained by using example of Kobe City Plan. Machizikuri
(Community Development) a concept of recovery process has been explained and
compared with İmece (in Turkish). Also life recovery has been explained in a framework
in order to apply for future disaster in Turkey.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Kobe şehrine ağır zarar veren Büyük Hanshin - Awaji depremi ve
sonrası Kobe Şehri İyileştirme Planı kapsamında yeniden yapılanma ve iyileştirme
çalışmalarından detaylı olarak bahsedilmiş ve afetten çıkarılan derslere değinilmiştir. 7.2
büyüklüğündeki deprem 17 Ocak 1995 tarihinde Hyogo eyaletinin güneyinde yer alan
Kobe şehrinin altında meydana gelmiş, yangın ve yıkımlar sonucu 6.434 kişinin ölümü ve
14.678 kişinin yaralanması ile sonuçlanmıştır. 10 yıllık bir periyoda yayılan Kobe Şehri
İyileştirme Planı izleyen derslerden faydalanılarak düzenlenmiştir. Bunlar, şehrin rahatlığı
güvenli önlemler alınarak iyi bir şekilde dengelenmesi, doğanın faydaları ve zararları
hakkında bilinçlenilmesi ve insan insana olan ilişki ve yardımlaşma geliştirilmesi olarak
sıralanabilir.
Bu çalışmada kullanılan materyal Uluslararası Kobe Toplum Merkezi (KICC) ve Japon
Uluslararası İşbirliği Ajansı (JICA) tarafından sağlanmıştır. Bununla beraber, Japon afet
yönetim sistemi açıklanmış ve planlama uygulama kontroletme ve eyleme geçirme
döngüsü tartışılmıştır. Kobe şehri planı örnek alınarak, afetlere karşı alltyapı, binaların
altyapıları ile ilgili bayındırlık projeleri, iyileştirme planlamasının formülasyonu, “kendi
kendine yardım”, “karşılıklı yardımlaşma” ve “halkın yardımlaşması” ile ilgili kavramlar
ışığında sosyal kapitalin etkili şekilde kullanılması gibi konulara değinilerek açıklamaları
yapılmıştır. Yeniden yapılanma çalışmaları içerisinde oluşan, Machizikuri kavramından
bahsedilmiş ve Türkiye’de ki İmece kavramı ile karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Bunlara ek
olarak en son yaşam iyileştirme çalışmalarından bahsedilmiştir.
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RECONSTRUCTION OR RELOCATİON PLANNİNG ISSUES OF LONGTERM RECOVERY FROM EARTHQUAKE DİSASTER
NAKABAYASHI I.-1, ICHIKO T.-1
1-G.School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We have three steps of countermeasures for damage reduction from
disasters. The first step is the disaster prevention measures for the damage reduction
that is implemented before occurrence of disaster through the measures such as
retrofitting, fire-proofing and renewal of facilities of old buildings. The second step is the
disaster response measures for the damage mitigation through the fire-fighting, rescue,
relief, sheltering and the other disaster response activities. And the third step is the
recovery and reconstruction measure for the reduction of indirect damage such as a
economic losses caused by the jobless and decrease of local productivity.
The second step of measure is very common measures in the world. However, the first
and third steps of measures are different among every state, because these measures
are implemented under the each political, legal, institutional, historical, social and
cultural situation.
In Japan, the urban reconstruction is implemented simultaneously with houses rebuilding
in each severely damaged district especially caused by fire, like an urban redevelopment.
Every people are able to recover their lives in the same district or nearby district, if they
want. The renters are supported by governmental side through the rental fee grant or
the public houses which fee is very low. Most important issue is the urban reconstruction
for the improvement of infrastructures by the method of a land readjustment in the
district of very crowded wooden houses and very narrow streets like a old stale of
Gecekondu.
In Turkey, especially in a case of Marmara Earthquake, it is not so necessary to
reconstruct or to improve the urban infrastructures like a street in the severely damaged
area. The most important issue is the house rebuilding and its quickness, especially for
the owner-occupiers. In comparison of the h0ouses rebuilding in Kobe, the lost houses
are very quickly recovered by new development of houses in the suburban area for
owner-occupiers. These houses are sold for cheap price. On the other hand, the new
regulation of building height is implemented for the safety of reconstruction of the
damaged area. The many houses, shops and offices are constructed newly in the
damaged central areas. It looks like a new urbanization.
In the case of the next Istanbul Earthquake, which nobody knows when it will occur, it is
not so easy to development a great mass of houses in the suburban areas of Istanbul in
the same methodology of the Marmara Earthquake recovery. There are many important
issues which are discussed from now; recovery finance, shortage of cite area for new
development, urban problem caused by urban expanding such as traffic problem,
ecological problem, urban decrease in central Istanbul, and so on. How is Istanbul
recovered from next Earthquake?
In Tokyo, a mega-scale of houses are collapsed and burnt down by fire after earthquake,
Approximately 800,000 buildings are lost and 1,500,000 families lose their homes. How
can we recover from such mega-disaster in the Japanese system of recovery as a
”Reconstruction”?
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
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IMPORTANCE OF DISASTER TRAINING AND ROLE OF EUROPEAN
NATURAL DISASTER TRAINING CENTER-AFEM
AFET EĞİTİMİ VE AVRUPA DOĞAL AFETLER EĞİTİM MERKEZİ
AFEM’İN ROLÜ
VAROL N.-1
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Avrupa Doğal Afetler Eğitim Merkezi, Eskişehir yolu 10. km
Lodumlu/ANKARA
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Comprehensive disaster risk reduction can be achieved through education
and awareness-raising activities.
The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) is a global blueprint for Disaster Risk Reduction.
The Framework offers guiding principles, priorities for action, and practical means for
achieving disaster resilience for vulnerable communities. 3 rd priorities for action is use
knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all
levels. We know that, disasters risks can be substantially reduced if people are well
informed and motivated towards a culture of disaster prevention and resilience.
The European Natural Disasters Training Center (AFEM) is a center which was founded by
the European Council member countries through the Open Partial EUR-OPA Agreement
aiming “cooperation in preventing and taking measures against major natural and
technological disasters and organizing disaster aids”. It has 25 member countries at the
present day. This Agreement was signed by the member countries for the purpose of
cooperating and information exchanging with each other for research and training on the
prevention of disasters, the elimination of their effects and the organization of postdisaster aid.
The target mass for training of AFEM, which was a center founded as a consequence of
European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement (EUR-OPA), is experts,
administrators, trainers, decision makers, elementary schools and the common public. It
is the main purpose of the European Natural Disasters Training Center (AFEM) to create
disaster awareness and create a community ready for disaster by gradually training the
common public on disaster.
ÖZET Kapsamlı bir afet risk azaltma çalışması ancak eğitimle ve farkındalık artıran
faaliyetler ile başarılı olabilmektedir. Hyogo Çerçeve Eylem Planı (HFA), Afet Risk Azaltımı
için küresel bir projedir. Bu eylem planı, afete karşı hassas toplulukların afete direnç
kazanmaları için pratik yöntemler, öncelikler ve temel esaslar sunmaktadır. HFA’nın 3.
önceliği, güvenlik kültürü oluşturmak amacıyla, tüm seviyelerde bilginin kullanımı ve
eğitimdir. Bildiğimiz gibi, eğer insanlar afetler konusunda iyi bir şekilde bilgilendirilir ve
afet önleme kültürü oluşturma konusunda yönlendirilirlerse afet riskini büyük ölçüde
azaltmış oluruz.
Avrupa Doğal Afetler Eğitim Merkezi (AFEM), Avrupa Konseyi’ne üye ülkeler tarafından
“Büyük doğal ve teknolojik afetlerin önlenmesi, bunlara karşı önlem alınması ve afet
yardımlarının organize edilmesinde işbirliği” yapılmasını amaçlayan Açık Kısmi EUR-OPA
Antlaşması ile kurulmuş bir merkezdir. Günümüzde 25 üye ülkeye sahiptir. Bu anlaşma
afetlerin önlenmesi, etkilerinin giderilmesi ve afet sonrası yardımlaşmanın organizasyonu
konularında aralarında araştırma ve eğitim konularında yardımlaşmak ve bilgi
alışverişinde bulunmak amacı ile imzalanmıştır.
Avrupa ve Akdeniz Büyük Afetler Anlaşması (EUR-OPA) neticesinde kurulmuş bir merkez
olan AFEM’in eğitim hedef kitlesi, uzmanlar, idareciler, eğiticiler, karar vericiler, ilk
öğretim okulları ve halktır. Halkın kademeli olarak afet konusunda eğitilerek afet
bilincinin oluşturulması ve afete hazır bir toplum oluşturulması Avrupa Doğal Afetler
Eğitim Merkezi (AFEM) in ana amacıdır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
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NATIONAL-INTERNATIONAL DISASTER DATABASES
AKOM DISASTER INFORMATION SYSTEM: AKOMAS
AND
IMM-
ULUSAL-ULUSLARARASI AFET VERİ TABANLARI VE İBB-AKOM
AFET BİLGİ SİSTEMİ: AKOMAS
ERGENC N.-1, TURK M.T.-1, ILKISIK O.M.-1
1-Kemerburgaz Cad. Sular İdaresi Mevkii İSKİ Tesisleri AKOM Binası Nurtepe/Kağıthane
İstanbul
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT 2008 saw a marked increase in the number of deaths and economic losses
compared to 2000–2007 yearly average. For example the death toll in 2008 was three
times more than the annual average for 2000–2007 (ISDR, 2009).
The dramatic increase in human and economic losses from disasters in 2008 is alarming.
By this reason, many of the organizations in the world have recognized the importance
on systematic collection of information for emergency relief and planning. The collection
of real time natural and technological disaster data is important for mitigating the risk in
future. Also these kinds of data are important for the insurance sector. In recent years,
the need of data on disasters is increasing; but there are no databases on disasters or
disaster information at real time and systematically published.
The most common international and commercial databases are; NatCatSERVICE and
SwissRe CatNet, and publicly accessible EM-DAT and GLIDE. National databases are the
newly developed systems such as; TUAA and AKOMAS.
“Natcat SERVICE” and “SwissRe CatNet” are private international level disaster databases
which are maintained by Reinsurance Companies. These databases collect information on
disasters. Entries include dead, missing, injured and homeless, along with detailed
accounting of insured and uninsured damages. But there is lack of public accessibility to
these services.
Different kind of data in a database must be searchable, accessible, detailed, real-time
and also must address the different sectors and researchers.
The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Disaster Coordination Center was publishing the
disaster bulletins both for World and Turkey since 2005 at the AKOM Web page. AKOMAS
system is newly developed database system of these bulletins with detailed and
searchable information. Also the data on the fires around Istanbul are accessible through
this system.
In our study different international and national databases are examined and the
standards, service sectors and implementations in already developed and developing
disaster databases are discussed.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
264
ÖZET 2000–2007 yılları arasında Dünya’da olan afetlerdeki ortalama ölü sayısı ve
ekonomik kayıpları, 2008 yılında olanlar ile karşılaştırıldığında dikkati çeken bir artış
gözlenmektedir. Örneğin 2008 yılında ölen insan sayısı 2000–2007 yıllarında ölen insan
sayısının ortalama üç katına denk gelmektedir (ISDR, 2009).
2008 yılındaki afetlerin meydana getirdiği can kayıpları ve ekonomik kayıplardaki artış
uyarıcıdır. Bu nedenle dünyada birçok kurum, afetlere ilişkin bilgilerin sistematik olarak
toplanmasının acil yardım faaliyetlerinin planlanması ve gerçekleştirilmesindeki önemini
anlamıştır. Doğal ve teknolojik afetlerin gerçek zamanlı olarak incelenmesi riskin
gelecekte azaltılabilmesi için de önemlidir. Ayrıca sigorta sektörü açısından bu tür ayrıntılı
bilgilere çok ihtiyaç vardır. Türkiye’de de son dönemlerde afetlere ilişkin veri talebi
artmakta; ancak ya afet bilgilerini içeren veri tabanları bulunmamakta veya afet bilgisi
gerçek zamanlı ve sistematik olarak yayınlanmamaktadır.
Uluslararası veri tabanlarından en önemlileri ticari amaçlı “NatCatSERVICE” ve “SwissRe
CatNet” ile ticari amaçlı olmayan EM-DAT, GLIDE olup; ulusal anlamda ülkemiz için yeni
geliştirilmeye başlanan TUAA ve AKOMAS sistemleri sayılabilir.
“Natcat SERVICE” ve SwissRe CatNet” sigorta şirketlerine ait özel veritabanlarıdır. Bu veri
tabanları afetlere ilişkin bilgiler toplamaktadır. Girdilerde ölü, kayıp, yaralı ve evsiz
bilgileri ile sigortalı ve sigortasız hasar kayıp tahminlerine ilişin bilgilerde yer almaktadır.
Ama veri tabanlarına erişim kısıtlıdır.
Farklı özellikteki afetlerin aynı veritabanında gerçek zamanlı, sorgulanabilir ve ayrıntılı
bilgi içeren biçimde tutulması, farklı sektörlere ve araştırmacılara hitap edebilmesi
gereklidir.
İstanbul Büyük Şehir Belediyesi’nin Afet Koordinasyon Merkezi AKOM un Web sayfasında
2005 itibariyle yayını başlatılan bültenlerdeki Dünya ve Türkiye ölçeğindeki afetler,
oluşturulan AKOMAS sistemi ile kayda alınarak kullanıma açılmakta, ayrıca İstanbul
ölçeğindeki itfai olaylara ait veriler de izlenebilmektedir.
Çalışmamızda uluslararası ve ulusal afet veri tabanları incelenerek, geliştirilmiş ve
geliştirilmekte olan afet veri tabanlarında uyulması gereken standartlar, hizmet sektörleri
ve uygulamalar tartışılacaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
265
PREPARING OF URBAN AREAS AGAINST EARTHQUAKES: BURSA
TAŞ N.-1, TAŞ M.-1
1-Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi, Mimarlık Bölümü, 16059 Görükle,
Bursa
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Minimizing the physical, social and economic damage in a possible
earthquake and the necessities to be done before a disaster to overcome the problems in
earthquakes are of great importance. The procedures to mitigate possible earthquake
damages in Turkey comprise an organization which will function effectively during and
after an earthquake. The 1999 Marmara earthquake caused serious losses. Not only the
deficiencies in the design and construction of buildings, but also the negative aspects of
urban plans and applications have been influential in the experience of numerous losses
of people and properties. The system of “Disaster Management” is to be applied to
reduce the risks of potential disaster as much as possible, to eliminate the risks of that or
to get prepared for the risks that cannot be avoided and to carry out the necessary
interventions in time after a disaster. In this study, we present activities that will
minimize the possible earthquake damage prior to, during and after the disaster to
upgrade earthquake security levels of urban areas. A table is prepared to present
together the responsibilities of private and public institutions doing the activities.
Accordingly, recommendations about the necessities are presented by practicing these
activities in the province of Bursa.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
266
BURSA DISASTER DAMAGES REDUCTION TRAINING CENTER
BURSA AFET ZARARLARINI AZALTMA EĞİTİM MERKEZİ
TAŞ M.-1, TAŞ N.-1
1-Uludağ Üniversity, Faculty of
Architecture, 16059 Görükle, Bursa
Architecture
and
Engineering,
Department
of
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Turkey is subject to natural disasters such as earthquake, being in the first
place, fires, floods, landslides, avalanches, extreme southwester, etc. The city of Bursa,
similarly, suffers losses due to the reasons such as extreme southwester and fires as well
as being situated in first degree seismic zone. Even tough trainings and drills are
provided by various foundations in order to raise awareness on disasters; these efforts
remain inadequate as people do not have the opportunity to actually experiment them.
None of our cities yet have a “Disaster Damages Reduction Training Center”, which is
aimed at raising the awareness of the public by using simulation technique, like the ones
in Japan, which suffers earthquake. This project is specialized as a leader project for
Turkey.
Bursa Disaster Damage Reduction Training Center is a training center designed so as to
allow people experience, by means at simulation technique, disaster like earthquake,
storms/ extreme southwester, fires, landslides, floods, etc. and to raise awareness and
train them in order to survive the disaster with minimum harm. In this tranining center,
all visitors have the opportunity to experience the educations mentioned above.
“Disaster Damages Reduction Training Center” Project was prepared with the support of
experts from Japan and Turkey by examining the samples in place in Japan and in
accordance with the conditions in Turkey/ Bursa. The aim of this paper is to be a guide
for the project to become widespread in Turkey, especially in cities with high risk of
earthquake. Consequently, in the scope of this paper information about this project and
its preparation process are given.
The scope of this declaration includes information on the preparation process of this
project and the project itself so that it will became widespread in Turkey, especially in
cities with high risk of earthquake.
ÖZET Türkiye, başta depremler olmak üzere yangın, sel, toprak kayması, çığ düşmesi,
şiddetli lodos vb. doğal afetlerle karşı karşıyadır. Bursa İli de 1. Derece Deprem
Bölgesi’nde olmasının yanı sıra şiddetli lodos, yangın gibi nedenlerden dolayı can
kayıplarına maruz kalmaktadır. Çeşitli kurumlar tarafından afetler konusunda toplumu
bilinçlendirmeye yönelik eğitimler verilmesine ve tatbikatlar gerçekleştirilmesine rağmen
bizzat insanların deneyim imkânı olmadığı için bu çalışmalar yetersiz kalmaktadır.
Afetlere maruz kalan Japonya’da örnekleri olduğu gibi simülasyon tekniği kullanarak
toplumu bilinçlendirmeye yönelik bir “Afet Zararlarını Azaltma Eğitim Merkezi” henüz
hiçbir kentimizde bulunmamaktadır. Bu proje Türkiye geneli için bir pilot proje özelliği
taşımaktadır.
Bursa Afet Zararlarını Azaltma Eğitim Merkezi, simülasyon teknikleri kullanarak deprem,
fırtına/şiddetli lodos, yangın, toprak kayması, sel vb. afetleri insanlara deneyim yolu ile
yaşatmak ve afeti en az zararla atlatmak amacı ile bilinçlendirmek ve eğitmek için
projelendirilen bir eğitim merkezidir. Bu eğitim merkezinde ziyaretçilerin tamamının sözü
edilen eğitimleri deneyimleme imkanı bulunmaktadır.
“Bursa Afet Zararlarını Azaltma Eğitim Merkezi” Projesi, Japonya ve Türkiye’deki
uzmanlardan destek alınarak, Japonya’da yerinde örnekleri incelenip Türkiye/Bursa
koşullarına uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır. Bu bildiri kapsamında, Türkiye’de özellikle
deprem riski altında olan kentlerimizde yaygınlaşması için bu projenin hazırlık süreci ve
proje hakkında bilgi aktarılacaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
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TURKEY’S NATIONAL DISASTER ARCHIVE SYSTEM (TNDAS)
TÜRKİYE ULUSAL AFET ARŞİV SİSTEMİ (TUAAS)
KOÇ N.-1, HAMZAÇEBİ G.-1, SOYAL L.-1, AKIN D.-1, YILDIZ A.R.-1, VELİOĞLU Ö.-1
1-Afet İşleri Genel
Lodumlu/Ankara
Müdürlüğü,Deprem
Araştırma
Dairesi
Eskişehir
Yolu
11.km
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Turkey, due to its geological, topographical and meteorological conditions,
is often faced with major natural disasters. In those regions which experience natural
disasters, losses are increasing more and more because of population density and extent
of economical activities. In order to create a more resistant society against natural
disasters, it is necessary to be successful in every phase of the disaster management.
Nowadays, phase of preparations, loss mitigation and especially planning process are
becoming important. So, importance of knowledge about the previous disaster events
among information, which researchers and decision-makers should have, is increasing. In
developing countries which have poor social memory such as Turkey, this issue is
significant. Erzincan is a remarkable example for this. Because, after at least 10 major
earthquakes which happened in the last thousand-year in Erzincan, the fact of
earthquake is being forgotten and people are living as if it has never happened. In order
to awaken the social memory, these events should be archived. In the global world,
archive is a very important knowledge which sheds light on the future from the past.
Decision-makers, researchers and executives should build their policies and strategies on
this knowledge.
In recent years, public archives have been opened to researchers in the internet.
Therefore, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs (GDDA) is targeting to contribute this
process by developing National Disaster Archive System. Financing facilities of this
system is obtained within the context of MEER project of the Turkish Government-World
Bank and has been initiated by giving priority to earthquakes, landslides, floods,
avalanches, rock falls which affect Turkey most. In this scope, data in the papers, which
are in the archive of the GDDA, have been scanned and transferred to computer. In the
next phase, we were contacted with other public institutions and got all disaster data
which are in the archives of these institutions then they entered into the system. In
conclusion, an archive system, which could be reached by researchers from at home and
abroad, will be developed. In TNDAS, you may search by according to coordinates,
regions, provinces, dates and also according the type of disaster. This system can be
accessible in Turkish, English and French language and in the web page there are general
information, search engine and publication sections on it. You can register to the system
and get disaster archive bulletin in every three mounts in electronic format.
TNDAS is compatible with e-government concept and depends on information
technology; and it opens up Turkey’s experience about national disasters, consequences,
documents, images and statistical information to researchers in the internet
environment.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
268
In this study, information about the aim, scope, targets, types of the archives, archives
criteria of the National Disaster Archive System, glide number and disaster archive
system in abroad are stated.
ÖZET Türkiye sahip olduğu jeolojik, topografik ve meteorolojik koşulların olumsuzluğu
nedeniyle sık sık büyük doğal afetlerle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Doğal afet olan
bölgelerde nüfus yoğunluğunun ve ekonomik faaliyetlerin yaygınlığı kayıp miktarlarını
arttırmaktadır. Doğal afetlere karşı dirençli bir toplum yaratmanın yolu afet yönetiminin
her aşamasında başarılı olmaktan geçer. Günümüzde, afet yönetiminde hazırlık, zarar
azaltma ve planlama aşamaları daha önemli kabul edilmektedir. Bundan dolayı özellikle
araştırmacıların ve karar vericilerin daha önceki yıllarda meydana gelmiş afetlerle ilgili
bilgi sahibi olmaları çok önemlidir. Bu durum özellikle Türkiye gibi sosyal hafızası zayıf
ülkelerde daha fazla öneme sahiptir. Bu alanda en dikkat çekici örnek Erzincan’dır. Bunun
nedeni son bin yıllık süreçte Erzincanda meydana gelen en az on büyük depreme rağmen
burada yaşayanlar sanki yaşananlar olmamış gibi davranmaktadırlar. Sosyal hafızayı
uyandırmanın yolu olayları arşivlemekten geçmektedir. Arşivler küreselleşen dünyamızda
geçmişten gelerek geleceği aydınlatan bilgi birikimleridir.
Son yıllarda kamu arşivleri internet üzerinden araştırmacıların hizmetine sunulmaktadır.
Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü bu sürece Ulusal Afet arşiv Sistemini kurarak katkıda
bulunmayı hedeflemektedir. Finansal kaynakları, Dünya Bankası ile Türk Hükümeti
arasında imzalanan MEER projesinden sağlanan projede Türkiye’yi en fazla etkileyen
deprem, heyelen, su baskını, kaya düşmesi ve çığ olaylarına öncelik verilmiştir. Bu
kapsamda Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğünün arşivinde bulunan kağıt ortamındaki veriler
taranmış ve bilgisayara aktarılmıştır. İkinci aşamada diğer kamu kuruluşundan alınan
teknolojik ve insan kaynaklı afet verileri sisteme eklenmiştir. TUAAS’de koordinatlara,
bölgelere, illere, tarihe ve afetin türüne göre sorgulama yapılabilmektedir. Sisteme
Türkçe, İngilizce, Fransızca dillerinde ulaşılabilmekte ve web sayfası üzerinde genel
bilgiler, arama motoru ve yayınlar kısmı bulunmaktadır. Sistem üye olunabilecek ve bu
durumda üç ayda bir elektronik ortamda afet arşiv bülteni üyelere iletilecektir. TUAAS edevlet konsepti ile uyumlu olup bilgi teknolojileri üzerine kurgulanmıştır. Türkiyenin afet
alanındaki deneyimlerini, afetlerin sonuçlarını, ilgili dökümanları, istatistiki bilgileri ve
resimlerini internet ortamında kullanıcıların hizmetine sunmaktadır. Sonuçta ülke içinden
ve dışından araştırmacıların ulaşabileceği bir arşiv oluşturulmuştur.
Bu çalışmada arşiv sistemi hakkında bilgiler, amacı, kapsamı, hedefleri, arşiv türleri,
Ulusal afet Arşiv Sistemimizin kriterleri, glide number (küresel arşiv no) ve yurtdışından
arşiv örnekleri konusunda bilgiler sunulmaktadır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
269
“ISTANBUL DISASTER PREVENTION AND EDUCATION CENTER”
PROJECT OF ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY
KILIC O.-1
1-İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, Deprem ve Zemin İnceleme Müdürlüğü
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Istanbul Disaster Prevention and Education Center Project:
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality is planning to establish a “Disaster Prevention and
Education Center” in İstanbul to promote public awareness and to be well prepared of all
people from seven to seventy before any possible disaster. In accordance with this aim,
following section will be placed in the center:
Earthquake Shaking, Smoke, Fire Extiguishing, Storm-Wind Simulation Rooms,
4D Video Room,
Conference, Seminar, Workshop Saloons,
Library,
First Aid Education Room, Emergency Case Communication Education Section,
Exhibition Saloons to introduce; Search&Rescue and Fire Fighting Equipments,
Earthscience Projects in IMM, Liquefaction, Earthquake Waves Mechanism, Tsunami
small-models, etc..
Planetarium,
The center’s location have been defined and its project and budget studies are about to
be completed. We hope to start construction and equipments installation in three months
and finish in the end of 2010.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
270
SCHOOL DISASTER READINESS: LESSONS FROM THE FIRST GREAT
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SHAKEOUT TO TURKEY SCHOOL DRILLS
SANDUVAC TURKMEN M.Z.-1
1-Soyak Yenişehir, Palmiye Evl. A5 D:58, 34770. Umraniye Istanbul
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Great Southern California ShakeOut on November 13th, 2008 initiated
the largest community-wide earthquake drill in U.S. history with 5.5 million participants.
Almost four million children (80% of Southern California students in Kindergarten
through 12th grades) participated in the drill through schools. Two hundred and seven
separately governed school districts and 650 private schools in 8 counties (including 1
county outside S. CA). Schools in California are required to develop and implement
disaster management plans based on national emergency management systems. The
ShakeOut provided an important opportunity for schools to test these plans in a
community-wide earthquake simulation drill based on a scientifically selected scenario for
a likely earthquake in the area. It also provided an opportunity for researchers to
investigate current school disaster prevention and preparedness in California, with
lessons to be drawn for school safety, worldwide. To leverage this ShakeOut drill, Risk
RED, an international, California-based non-profit, with support from the Earthquake
Country Alliance (ECA), teamed with Western Washington University’s Institute for Global
and Community Resilience (GCR) and the Coalition for Global School Safety and Disaster
Prevention Education taking a participatory action approach to research the state of
school disaster prevention and preparedness in California and its implications for school
disaster management worldwide. A School Disaster Preparedness Survey and School
Post-Drill Evaluation Survey were designed to aggregate school self-evaluation
observations. The surveys were distributed via the ShakeOut website to registered
schools. An international team was assembled to participate with local schools in on-site
observation in an effort to fill some long-standing gaps in scientific research on
community disaster risk reduction and school safety and lessons of importance
internationally. Detailed observations demonstrated the tremendous learning that comes
from long-term engagement in drills and in reflection and action after each drill. Lessons
from the ShakeOut Drill were implemented in other schools at all over the world in order
to improve future disaster school drills. Real-time drill collaboration would be more
effective if the intended schools had participated in national drills. The drills would
optimize the effectiveness of the limited human and equipment resources in such
disasters. The drills should be built carefully in order to maximize their contribution to
national preparedness. A generic format for the conduction and evaluation of such drills
is presented in this paper. Turkey School community has also drill experiences a few
times in a school year. Disaster Education Week is part of the Turkish national primary
school curriculum. There are also school drills and take home information regarding
disaster preparedness. Turkish Ministry of Education calls for evacuation drills to be held
in all schools.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
271
THE PLACE OF IMPORTANT OF EARTQUAKE WARNING DEVICES IN
FORMING THE ACTION PLAN OF EARTQUAKE POINT
DEPREM UYARI CİHAZLARININ DEPREM ANI HAREKET PLANININ
OLUŞTURULMASINDAKİ YERİ VE ÖNEMİ
KARAKAYA Ç.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Karasu Meslek Yüksek Okulu, Makine Bölümü, Karasu, SAKARYA
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The earthquake is an indispensable part of our life. The necessity of living
with this consciousness and taking necessary precautions are always mentioned by
authorized people and institutions. But these issues come into the question when there is
an earthquake. In spite of the works done, making up an earthquake consciousness,
hasn’t been reached. Although the physical precautions for an earthquake are aburous it
hasn’t been successed.
Nowadays earthquake warning devices are being developed in lots of country and are
being presented to usage the humanity. These kinds of works are envisaged for
particularly cutting off natural gas and electricity automatically during the earthquake.
Whereas these warning devices must be used for practice in all everyday life. Civil
defence buzzers, such as state of the fire, ware etc. are being used in lots of area
expecially in offical institution, expensively. But lock of a kind of standard buzzer for an
earthquake is an indication of an important deficiency.
It is given point in this work to function of earthquake warning devices on forming of
earthquake conscious. The prototype was produced with mechanic approach by designing
and earthquake warning device. This device based on mechanical vibration, will play an
important part to get rid of in difiniteness which happens during earthquake point.
Applying of what must be done during a warning like this will lessen to panic condition at
earthquake point during the earthquake. For example, It is predicted that this will help
children who can’t think consciously, people who are in work area and compact living
quarters, and asleep to take instant precaution during earthquake.
ÖZET.Deprem bilinci ile yaşamak ve gerekli önlemleri almak gerektiği hususu bütün
yetkili kişi ve kurumlar tarafından sürekli olarak dile getirilmektedir. Fakat bu konular
genel olarak deprem belitileri görüldüğünde veya olduğunda gündeme gelmektedir.
Deprem bilincinin oluşması için birçok çalışma yapılmasına rağmen istenilen düzeye
henüz erişilememiştir. Depremler için fiziki açıdan alınacak önlemler belli olmasına
rağmen bu konuda da başarı sağlanamamıştır.
Günümüzde deprem uyarı cihazları birçok ülkede geliştirilmiş ve kullanıma sunulmuştur.
Özellikle doğalgaz, elektrik gibi kaynakların deprem esnasında otomatik olarak kesilmesi
için tasarlanmış cihazların araştırılması önemlidir. Depreme ilişkin alınacak tedbirler hem
eğitim esaslı, hem de teknoloji kullanımına yönelik olmalıdır. Uyarı cihazları, daha çok
tüm yaşam alanlarında tatbikat için kullanılmalıdır. Yangın, savaş hali gibi sivil savunma
alarm ve ikaz sesleri resmi kurumlar başta olmak üzere birçok yerde yaygın olarak
kullanılmaktadır. Deprem alarmı için standart ikaz sesinin ve sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi
faydalı olacaktır.
Bu çalışmada deprem uyarı cihazlarının, deprem bilincinin oluşmasında ki fonksiyonu
üzerinde durulmuştur. Mekanik-elektronik yaklaşım ile bir deprem uyarı cihazı
tasarlanarak prototip imalatı yapılmıştır. Mekanik titreşim temeline dayalı bu cihaz,
deprem anında çoğunlukla meydana gelen belirsizliğin giderilmesinde önemli bir rol
oynayacaktır. Böyle bir uyarı esnasında neler yapılması gerektiğinin önceden tatbik
edilmesi, deprem anındaki panik durumunu azaltacaktır. Deprem anında; çocukların,
uyku esnasında insanların panik nedeniyle karşılaştıkları zararların azaltılmasına yönelik
tedbirler bu makalede incelenmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
272
ENDÜSTRİYEL KAZALARDA PLANLAMA, MÜDAHALE VE YALOVA İLİ
ÖRNEĞİ
IRMAK E.-1
_______________________________________________________________
ÖZET Bu çalışma ile başta Yalova İlinde olmak üzere daha sonra tüm ülkemizde
uygulanması hedefiyle olabilecek Zehirli Endüstriyel Kimyasal kazalara karşı müdahale
edecek ve etkilenecek kişiler başta olmak üzere tüm halkımızda bilinç oluşturulması
öngörülmüş olup; Plan ile Yalova İli’nin Zehirli Endüstriyel Kimyasal riski taşıyan
bölgelerinin ve muhtemel risk maddelerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Bu noktadan hareket edilerek yapılan araştırmalarda Tehlikeli maddelerin taşınması,
yüklenip boşaltılması esnasında kontrolsüz gelişmelerden kaynaklanan ya da herhangi bir
kuruluşun işletilmesi esnasında ve kuruluş içinde veya dışında çevre ve insan sağlığı için
anında veya daha sonra ciddi tehlikeye yol açabilen bir veya birden fazla Zehirli
Endüstriyel Kimyasalın sebep olduğu bir kimyasal yayılma, yangın veya patlama olayı
meydana gelmesi durumunda ciddi sorunlarla karşı karşıya kalındığı gözlenmiştir.
Yalova İli hızlı sanayileşme ve şehirleşme süreçlerine ek olarak bünyesinde barındırdığı
kimyasal fabrikaları ve Marmara Bölgesi’nin üç büyük ili (İstanbul, Kocaeli ve
Bursa)arasında yer aldığından taşıdığı kaza riski yüksektir. Bünyesindeki sanayi tesisleri
haricinde karayollarından her gün onlarca tehlikeli madde taşıyan tankerler geçmektedir.
Yalova İlinin üç büyük şehirle bağlantısını sağlayan şehirlerarası karayollarının şehrin
merkezinden geçiyor olması bu tehlikenin boyutunu maksimum düzeye çıkarmaktadır.
Zehirli Endüstriyel Kimyasal olaylarında söz konusu olan ikincil kazalarda tehlikeyi daha
da artırmaktadır. Örneğin bir tankerden sızan LPG gazının insanlara yapacağı sağlık
etkisinin yanında patlama ve yangın riskinin de yüksek olması tehlikeyi daha da
artırmakta ve müdahaleyi güçleştirmektedir.
Bu kapsamda kurum ve kuruluşların Endüstriyel Kazlarla müdahalede farklı uygulamalar
içerisinde olduğu görülmüş, çalışma sonucunda Yalova İlinde görevli kurum ve etkili
kuruluşlar ile gerektiğinde diğer ilerlide kapsayacak şekilde bölgesel koordinasyonu da
sağlayarak zararı en az düzeyde tutacak ve tekrar eski düzeyine getirilmesini sağlayacak
tedbirlerin önceden alınması ve kaza sonrasında süratle reaksiyon gösterecek
uygulamaların belirlenmesi sağlanmıştır
POSTER / POSTER
273
THE STATISTICAL EXAMINATION OF THE NATURAL DISASTERS
AND THE LOSSES DUE TO THESE DISASTERS IN TURKEY
TÜRKİYE’DE MEYDANA GELEN DOĞAL AFETLER VE KAYIPLARININ
İSTATİSTİKSEL OLARAK İNCELENMESİ
FIRAT F.K. -1
1-Aksaray Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşaat Bölümü AKSARAY.
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is known that, Turkey has experienced significant economical and human
loss after the natural disasters occurred in the past due to its geographical location and
progression of urban development. For the determination of functional and effective
natural disaster strategies, it is very important that the kinds of natural disasters which
was came into existence in the past and loses caused by these disasters should be
known. Natural disasters considered in this study are earthquakes, landslides, floods and
snow avalanches which caused a large quantity of property and human losses in Turkey
and the results of these natural disasters are shown in the tables. While making these
tables, it is taken into consideration that where the natural disasters occurred in Turkey
and how much loses took place in addition to the distribution of the number of the
accommodation unit affected natural disasters. With the help of these tables, a certain
number of results are derived and different evaluations are made. As a result of these
results and evaluations, it is seen that the large portion of Turkey have natural disaster
risks and Turkey has lived a lot of human and property loses due to natural disasters
which have occurred throughout its history
ÖZET Türkiye’nin, yaşanan doğal afetler sonucunda, hem coğrafi konumu hem de
kentsel gelişim süreci nedeniyle, birçok problem ile karşı karşıya geldiği bilinen bir
gerçektir. Afet ülke staretejisinin etkili ve işlevsel bir şekilde ortaya konmasında geçmişte
meydana gelen doğal afet türlerinin ve bu afetlerde meydana gelen değişik nitelikteki
kayıpların bilinmesi önemli bir konu olarak karşımızda durmaktadır. Bu çalışmada
incelenen doğal afetler, Türkiye’de şimdiye kadar en fazla mal ve can kaybına neden olan
deprem, heyelan, su baskını ve çığ düşmeleri olup, bu doğal afetlerin neden olduğu
sonuçlar tablolar halinde özetlenmiştir. Bu tablolar hazırlanırken, afet olaylarından
etkilenen yerleşim birimlerinin sayılarının ülke içerisinde genel dağılımı ve son yıllarda
meydana gelen doğal afetlerdeki can ve mal kayıplarının ne kadar ve nerelerde olduğu
dikkate alınmıştır. Bu tablolar yardımı ile bir takım sonuçlar çıkarılmış ve çeşitli
değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Bu sonuç ve değerlendirmelerden anlaşılacağı üzere,
Türkiye şimdiye kadar yaşamış olduğu doğal afetlerde çok ciddi can ve mal kayıpları
vermiş ve büyük bir kısmı afet tehlikesi altında olan bir ülkedir.
POSTER / POSTER
274
SPACIAL SCALE
COORDINATES
EARTHQUAKE
STATISTICS
IN
GEOMAGNETIC
KHACHIKJAN G.-1
1-Institute of seismology, al-Farabi, 75a, 050060, Almaty, Kazakhstan
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
The integrated studies involving seismology, geodynamics and
geomagnetism are essential for advances in understanding of the dynamics of our planet.
In a report, the results obtained on this subject in the Institute of seismology in
Kazakhstan are presented. They demonstrate a relationship between spatial distribution
of seismic belts, boundaries of tectonic plates, and geometry of the main geomagnetic
ABSTRACT
field. In this study, the data on earthquakes with М ≥ 4.0 detected at the planet from
1973 to the present were taken from [1], and for each of the epicenters (more than
250000 events) the parameters of the main geomagnetic field were calculated using the
International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) model, which computer codes are
available at [2]. Then, a spatial scale earthquake statistics in relation to the main
magnetic field parameters was obtained. It is found [e.g. Khachikjan et al., 2007; 2008;
Khachikjan and Petelina, 2008]: 1) local peaks of seismic activity in the northern and
southern hemispheres are better organized according to the angle of geomagnetic
inclination, than the geographic latitude; 2) the main amount of earthquakes at the
planet occurs in the areas with nearly zero values of the angle of geomagnetic
declination; 3) three main seismotectonic areas: orogeny at continents, island arcs along
the Pacific coast, and rifts on the ocean’s bottom show systematization according to the
angles of geomagnetic declination, namely: in the areas of continental orogeny the
declination angles are mainly close to zero, in the areas of island arcs along the Pacific
cost the declination angles are large and positive, whereas in the areas of rifts on the
ocean’s bottom the declination angles are large and negative; 4) the boundaries of some
lithospheric plates are magnetically conjugated in corrected geomagnetic coordinates, for
example, the southern boundary of Pacific plate is magnetically conjugated with its
northern boundary, the southern parts of the Middle Atlantic Ridge are magnetically
conjugated with its northern parts, the southern boundary of Nazca plate is magnetically
conjugated with northern boundaries of plates Caribbean and Cocos. Surprising, the
western and southern boundaries of forming now Somalian plate may be traced with
earthquakes very well, if one presents the map of epicenters not as usually in geographic
coordinates, but rather in coordinates: longitude-geomagnetic inclination.
POSTER / POSTER
275
CAUSES OF DEATHS & INJURIES IN THE KOCAELI EARTHQUAKE
PETAL M.–1
1-Ibrahim Aga Mah. Blok C2/C/60 Daire, Acibadem, Istanbul, 81010
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT An epidemiological study of the causes of deaths and injuries in the 1999
Kocaeli earthquake was conducted with 453 households representing 1,861 individuals in
order to contribute to a scientific foundation for earthquake risk mitigation and disaster
preparedness education for people in Turkey. A geo-spatial random covered both those
whose homes were damaged beyond repair and those whose homes were re-habitable in
Gölcük, the worst hit area.
Results examine a variety of variables: building-level
variables (damage level, age of building, number of floors), injury level variables (type
and source of injuries, severity of injuries, part of body injured), human behavior
variables (time, activity, actions). All of these results have important implications for
disaster prevention education.
POSTER / POSTER
276
USE OF SATELLITE IMAGERY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT: THE ROLE
OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND COLLABORATION
AFET
YÖNETIMINDE
UYDU
GÖRÜNTÜLERININ
KULLANIMI:
ULUSLARARASI KURULUŞLARIN VE İŞBIRLIĞININ ROLÜ
KUTERDEM N.K.-1,TEKİN B.M.-1,ÖZSARAÇ V.-1, ÇOLAKOĞLU Z.-1, NURLU M.-1
1-Afet İşleri Genel
Lodumlu/ANKARA
Müdürlüğü,
Deprem
Araştırma
Dairesi,
Eskişehir
yolu
10.
km,
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Turkey is vulnerable to various kinds of disasters due to its geological and
meteorological conditions. Most frequent disaster types in Turkey are; Earthquakes,
landslides, rockfalls, snow avalanches and floods. General Directorate of Disaster Affairs is
responsible from almost all phases of disaster management especially pre disaster mitigation
and risk reduction. Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis and remote sensing
techniques are amongst the most frequently used instruments used at projects. The use of
such systems are becoming widespread around the world. The importance of international and
regional partnership and collaboration on disaster response is increasing and most countries
are becoming aware of this partnership. There are several initiatives in order to respond
disasters effectively. Amongst them the use of satellite imagery and the application of rapid
cartography by integrating GIS instruments to remote sensing are becoming popular. For
catasrophic events affecting wider areas, satellite images give a valuable input for emergency
managers by providing rapid damage assessment and impact area mapping. There are
several international organisations those provide value added products like satellite image
derived damage assessment maps and the meta data. International Charter “Space and Major
Disasters” is a good example for this. Charter provides pre and post disaster images to its
authorized users for the use emergency management at no cost. GDDA triggered Charter
after 2003 Bingöl earthquake and used thematic damage maps prepared by Charter and
became an authorized user in 2006.
ÖZET Türkiye jeolojik ve meteorolojik özelliklerinden dolayı değişik türde doğal afetlere karşı
duyarlıdır. Türkiye’de en çok gözlenen afet türleri depremler, heyelanlar, kaya düşmeleri,
çığlar ve su baskınlarıdır. Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü afet öncesi, sırası ve sonrası olmak
üzere afet yönetiminin her safhasından sorumludur. Projelerde coğrafi bilgi sistemleri analizler
ve uzaktan algılama teknikleri en sık kullanılan araçlar arasındadır. Bu tür sistemlerin dünyada
kullanımı da yaygınlamaktadır. Afetlere müdahale konusunda uluslar arası ve bölgesel işbirliği
ve ykınlaşmanın önemi gittikçe artmakta ve çoğu ülke bu tür işbirliklerinin öneminin farkına
varmaktadır. Afetlere etkin bir şekilde müdahale etmek amacıyla birçok oluşumlar
bulunmaktadır.
Bunlar
arasında
uzaktan
algılama
teknikleri
ve
coğrafi
bilgi
sistemlerininentegrasyonu ile oluşturulan hızlı kartoğrafya teknikleri popüler olmaya
başlamaktadır. Büyük alanları etkileyen afet olayları için uydu görüntüleri hasarlı alanlar
hakkında fikir verebilmeleri ve hasar haritaları oluşturmaları açısından acil durum
yöneticilerine önemli bir girdi sağlamaktadır. Uydu görüntüsü kullanarak hasar tespitine
yönelik veriler ve haritalar üreten uluslararası birçok oluşum bulunmaktadır. International
Charter “Space and Major Disasters” buna en iyi örneklerden birisidir. Charter yetkili
kullanıcılarına afet bölgesine ait afet öncesi ve sonrası görüntüleri acil durum yönetimi
çalışmalarında kullanılmak üzere ücretsiz olarak vermektedir. 2003 Bingöl depremi sonrasında
Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Charter oluşumunu tetikleyerek üretilen hasar tespit haritalarını
kullanmış daha sonra 2006 yılında bu oluşumun Türkiye yetkili kullanıcısı olmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER
277
MICROZONATION PROJECTS IN ISTANBUL
BASMACI A.E.-1, KILIÇ O.-1
1-İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Deprem ve Zemin İnceleme Müdürlüğü
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Istanbul City locates on the west edge of North Anatolia Fault, and
characterized as high seismic activity area. Current population of Istanbul City exceeds
10 million and the city is still growing as center of commerce, tourism and culture in
Turkey. Two big earthquakes occurred in 1999 alongside of the North Anatolian Fault.
The Earthquake struck urban area of Kocaeli City in August and also urban area of Duzce
City in November. The phenomena of strong earthquake migrating from east to west
along the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) continue to be observed therefore it is likely that
sometime in the future another large earthquake will strike Istanbul. Disaster prevention
studies of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality focuses on risk mitigation and are being
carried out under two basic topics;
-Risk Management: Scientific and Technical Studies
-Disaster management: Emergency Response Studies
One of the most remarkable projects for Istanbul is ‘Microzonation’ with 250mx250m
grids in which different hazardous potentials such as landslide, liquefaction, site
amplification, flooding, etc. are trying to be identified. Project was proposed by previous
studies like IMM/JICA, IEMP (Earthquake master Plan), Housing & Construction Ministry
Earthquake Council, etc. It is an efficient tool to mitigate risks for hazard related land use
management. First two stages of covers about 650 km2. It is planned that microzonation
project which will be used to revise all kind of construction plans with all scales will cover
whole Istanbul in the future.
To reach the ultimate goal of having a disaster resistant city, Istanbul Municipality has
been conducting remarkably unique national and international projects and ready to
cooperate with international organizations committed to decrease vulnerabilities globally.
POSTER / POSTER
278
DETERMINATION OF STATES FOR AFFECTED BY MARMARA
EARTHQUAKE AND PREPARATION FOR POSSIBLE EARTHQUAKES
OF THE 112 EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE AND RESCUE SERVICE
STAFF IN MARMARA REGION
MARMARA
BÖLGESİ
112
ACİL
YARDIM
VE
KURTARMA
HİZMETLERİNDE ÇALIŞAN PERSONELİN GEÇMİŞ AFETLERDEN
ETKİLENME VE OLASI AFETLERE HAZIRLIK DURUMLARININ
SAPTANMASI
ER A.R.-1, ÇAKMAK E.-1, ÖZ Y.C.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Kocaeli Sağlık Yüksekokulu Umuttepe Merkez Yerleşkesi 41380KOCAELİ
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT There were two major earthquakes in the Marmara region in the recent
past. These two earthquakes affect the people who live in the region with an impact on
health personnel who have worked and some of those staff still continues to live in the
region. However, expectations of an earthquake in the region are available.
In this study, the purpose is determination of states for affected by the Marmara
earthquake and preparations for new earthquakes of the 112 Emergency Assistance and
Rescue Service staff in Marmara region. This study was carried out on 737 people at
between September 2004 and December 2007,and in the provinces in the Marmara
region (Istanbul, Bursa, Adapazari, Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli, Yalova, Bilecik,
Çanakkale, Balıkesir) and working in 112 Emergency Aid and Rescue Services (doctor,
nurse, medical officer , midwives and emergency medical technicians) who agreed to
participate. Studies were gathered by researchers from the literature data and expert
support in the form.
33.5% of the participants in the Marmara region during the earthquake taken duty and
responsibility, and faced mental trauma reactions rate of 11.8% to 19.3% were
determined. 45% of participants, who are 112 employees, feel ready to work in case of
any new disasters and 63.6% 'would be successful when the task is given. The factors
those are none of their relatives has lost, to fell safe themselves and relatives and that
employees know the needs are met are affecting devastating effects of disasters. Men
employees are more powerful than women to work after disasters, women employees
have much concerns and fears than men. 53.5% of the participants' knowledge about the
working conditions in the disaster that has been expressed.
Operating results in the area of personnel working in emergency assistance units shows
in terms of psychological support and at the same time is reasonably necessary in the
working conditions of disasters and disaster information to be useful.
ÖZET Marmara bölgesinde yakın geçmişte iki büyük deprem yaşanmıştır. Yaşanan bu iki
deprem, bölgede yaşayan halkla birlikte görev yapan sağlık personelini de etkilemiştir ve
POSTER / POSTER
279
bu personelin bir kısmı halen bölgede yaşamaya devam etmektedir. Bununla birlikte
bölgede bir deprem beklentisi de bulunmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada; Marmara Bölgesi 112 Acil Yardım ve Kurtarma Hizmetleri’nde çalışan
personelin, Marmara depreminden etkilenme ve olası yeni depremlere hazırlık
durumlarının saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma; Eylül 2004 ve Aralık 2007 tarihleri
arasında, Marmara bölgesindeki illerde (Kocaeli, Bursa, Adapazarı, Tekirdağ, Edirne,
Kırklareli, Yalova, Bilecik, Çanakkale, Balıkesir) 112 Acil Yardım ve Kurtarma
Hizmetleri’nde çalışan (hekim, hemşire, sağlık memuru, ebe ve acil tıbbi teknisyen) ve
çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden 737 kişi üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışma verileri
araştırmacılar tarafından literatür ve uzman desteği alınarak hazırlanan çalışma formu ile
toplanmıştır.
Katılımcıların %33.5’inin Marmara bölgesinde yaşanan depremler sırasında görev ve
sorumluk aldıkları, afete bağlı ruhsal travma tepkilerini %11.8 ile %19.3 oranında
yaşadıkları belirlenmiştir. Çalışmaya katılan 112 çalışanlarının %45’i kendilerini herhangi
bir yeni afet durumunda çalışmaya hazır hissetmekte ve %63.6’sı görev aldığında oldukça
başarılı olacağını düşünmektedir. Yakın kaybının olmaması, kendilerinin ve yakınlarının
güvende olduğunu ve ihtiyaçlarının karşılandığını bilme çalışanların görevlerini yerine
getirmelerini ve afetin yıkıcı etkileriyle baş etmelerini etkileyen faktörlerdir. Afet
sonrasında çalışmakla ilgili erkek çalışanların kadınlara oranla daha hazır oldukları, kadın
çalışanların erkeklerden daha fazla endişe ve korku duydukları saptanmıştır. Katılımcıların
%53.5’i afette çalışma koşulları ile ilgili bilgisinin olmadığını ifade etmiştir.
Çalışma sonuçları bölgede acil yardım birimlerinde çalışan personelin ruhsal açıdan
desteklenmelerinin ve aynı zamanda afetler ve afetlerde çalışma koşulları konularında
bilgilendirilmelerinin yararlı olacağını göstermektedir.
POSTER / POSTER
280
RELATION BETWEEN BUILDING DAMAGE AND GROUND MOTION
PARAMETERS IN ZARAND REGION, CENTRAL EAST IRAN
GHAYAMGHAMIAN-1, AHMADZADEH-2, MIRZAEI-2
1-International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and seismology, Disaster Research
Center, Iran
2-Institute of Geophysics, Tehran University
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT One of the most important reasons of human casualty and economic and
social losses of earthquakes is the vulnerability of residential buildings in urban and rural
regions. Damage function is one of the existing methods in studying building vulnerability
which varies for each region or country with regard to the type of structure, materials
and construction methods. In this paper, the relation between building damage with peak
ground acceleration and seismic intensities was investigated in Zarand region, central
east Iran. To this end, the damage to the residential buildings was defined in different
villages within Zarand province, caused by the Dahooiyeh-Zarand earthquake of 22
February 2005 , and seismic intensities were estimated using European Macroseismic
Scale 1998 (EMS-98) in the damaged areas considering vulnerability class and damage
grade of buildings. The strong ground motion was rarely recorded in the damaged areas,
so the peak ground acceleration (PGA) at the sites with no recorded ground motion
determined by Campbell and Bozorgnia (2008) and Fukushima (2003) attenuation
relationships. Finally, the damage function of non-engineering buildings (adobe and
masonry structures), which were the major type of structure in the Zarand region, was
presented in terms of intensity and peak ground acceleration.
POSTER / POSTER
281
THE MIXTURE MODELS FOR EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE TIMES
ERİŞOĞLU M.-1, SERVİ T.-1, ÇALIŞ N.-1, ERİŞOĞLU Ü.-1, SAKALLIOĞLU S.-1, EROL H.-1
1-Department of Statistics Science and Literature Faculty Cukurova University Turkey
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this paper, a mixture of distributions is proposed to modeling of
earthquake recurrence times.
We represent the time interval data between two
successive earthquakes ( M ≥ 5 ) which were occurred in the area coordinated 39.000 –
42.000 North latitudes and 30.000- 40.000 East longitudes in North Anatolian Fault Zone
(NAFZ) between 1900-2006 years with mixture of distributions such as Exponential,
Gamma, Lognormal and Weibull. To show the effectiveness of mixture of distributions,
firstly the earthquake recurrence times are modeled with pure probability distributions
such as Exponential, Gamma, Lognormal and Weibull. Then the earthquake recurrence
times are modeled with mixture of distributions such as Exponential, Gamma, Lognormal
and Weibull. According to comparison, mixture of distributions is more suitable to
represent the earthquake recurrence times than pure probability distributions. Under and
over probability estimation problems in pure models for earthquake recurrence times are
eliminated with using mixture distribution models. Mixture of which distribution is not
important for modeling of earthquake recurrence times. On the other mixture of
exponential distributions can be offered because parameter estimations can be obtained
more easily than other mixture of distributions.
ARCHITECTURE
MİMARLIK
POSTER / POSTER
283
INCORRECT SETTLEMENT POLICIES IN EARTHQUAKE RISKY
CITIES: A CASE THROUGH İZMİR-KADİFEKALE LANDSLIDE REGION
İZMİR KADİFEKALE HEYELAN BÖLGESİ ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN
DEPREM RİSKLİ KENTLERDEKİ HATALI YERLEŞİM POLİTİKALARI
KUTLUCA A.K.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture,
Anitpark Campus, 41300, İzmit-KOCAELI
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Many academicals and practical study for 1999 Earthquake known in
literature as “17 August Earthquake” has been made in Turkey, but reflections on the
application of those studies couldn’t go beyond a method of wound wrapping on the main
editing for earthquake.
For this reason, neither policies including landslide, flood, and avalanche fall etc.
separated from earthquake could be made, nor could comprehensive training on pre
disaster, during disaster and after disaster be developed. Even though earthquake is at
the centre of disaster prevention in Turkey, other possibilities in regards to geographical
and climatic differences (avalanche possibilities in Eastern regions) or other inter
activated disaster types (landslides after earthquake etc) are also a reality in Turkey.
Within the scope of this study, the İzmir City disaster-risk magnitude were revealed
through the risk areas identification for Izmir and earthquake, landslide, rock fall and
flood types of natural disasters in the landslide phenomenon were focused on. KonakKadifekale is of great importance for İzmir in the historical, social, cultural and
geographical sense and Kadifekale is a sample of the city for the process of historical
development within the urban erroneous policies that are questioned today, Kadifekale
landslide area came to the last point of the concept of urban transformation is examined
in this context.
ÖZET Literatüre 17 Ağustos depremi olarak ta geçen 1999 depreminden sonra ülke
genelinde deprem konusuna yönelik akademik ve pratik alanda pek çok çalışma yapılmış,
fakat yapılan çalışmaların uygulamaya yansımaları deprem ana kurgusu üzerinden yara
sarma yönteminden pek öteye gidememiştir.
Bu sebeple ne deprem dışında kalan heyelan, sel, çığ düşmesi vb. afet türlerini de içinde
barındıracak şekilde genel bir doğal afet kurgusuna yönelik politikalar oluşturulabilmiş, ne
de afet olgusuna afet öncesi, afet esnasında ve afet sonrası süreçleri detayında kapsamlı
çalışmalar yoluna gidilmiştir. Oysaki ülkemizde afet konusunun merkezinde deprem
gerçeği bulunmasına rağmen coğrafi ve iklimsel özellikleri sebebiyle farklı bölgelerde öne
çıkan afet türleri (Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde özellikle kış aylarında görülen çığ düşmesi
afeti vb.) veya birbirini tetikleyen afet türleri (depremin tetiklediği heyelan ve/veya kaya
düşmesi afet türü vb.) bağlamında da bir gerçeklik bulunmaktadır.
Bu çalışma kapsamında, İzmir Kenti afet riskli alanların tespiti üzerinden riskin büyüklüğü
gözler önüne serilmiş ve İzmir için risk oluşturan deprem, heyelan, kaya düşmesi ve sel
doğal afet türleri içerisinde yer alan heyelan olgusu üzerinde durulmuştur. İzmir için
tarihi, sosyal, kültürel ve coğrafi anlamda büyük önem taşıyan Konak- Kadifekale bölgesi
örneği üzerinden kentin tarihsel gelişim süreci içerisinde hatalı kentsel yerleşim
politikaları sorgulanmış ve günümüzde Kadifekale Heyelan Bölgesi alanında gelinen son
nokta
kentsel
dönüşüm
kavramı
bağlamında
incelenmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
283
POST DISASTER RESETTLEMENTS IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
KIRSAL KALKINMADA BİR FIRSAT OLARAK
YENİDEN YERLEŞTİRME UYGULAMALARI
AFET
SONRASI
TERCAN B.-1
1-Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi,
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Today it is clearly obvious in Turkey that, we have not taken lessons from
the previously encountered events of natural or human based disasters and future events
and we were caught unprepared to most of the disasters.
Especially in rural areas, materials used in buildings, construction techniques,
architectural design of buildings, disorganization of settlements are showing the
complexity of possibility of preparedness before disasters.
Post disaster resettlement process and reconstruction practices which served as a
solution for accomodation problems of the victims of disaster turned to a problem. This
problem caused from lack of applicable national disaster policies, disperced organisational
structure and legal structure in Turkey.
Thus, except the losses, disasters must be seen as an opportunity for the rural
resettlements of turkey. These resettlement projects must be designed as a local
development projects. By this way, the negative effects of disasters on the victim of the
disasters can be diminished. They can be reproductive in the society again. For this
purpose, an applicable post disaster resettlement policy must be developed.
Purpose of this study is, to evaluate the results of post disaster resettlements with
reference to some rural resettlement projects (central village, farm village and village
town) implemented in Turkey.
ÖZET Bugün, ülkemizde daha önce karşılaştığımız doğal veya insan kaynaklı afet
olaylarından ders almadığımız, birçoğuna hazırlıksız yakalandığımız ve gelecekteki
olaylara da etkin hazırlanmadığımız açıkça ortadadır.
Özellikle kırsal yerleşmelerdeki yapılarda kullanılan malzemeler, yapım teknikleri,
konutların mimarisi, yerleşim birimlerinin dağınıklığı ile ülkemizdeki muhtemel afet
riskleri dikkate alındığında, afet öncesi hazırlık yapma olanaklarımızın ne kadar sınırlı
olduğu daha da kolay anlaşılmaktadır.
Başta doğal afetler olmak üzere ülkemizdeki tüm afet olayları karşısında uygulanabilir
politikaların
üretilememesi
ve
yapısal
sorunların
ortadan
kaldırılmasına
ve
örgütlenmelerdeki dağınıklığın giderilmemesine yönelik düzenlemeler yapılamaması
nedeniyle, afetzedelerin barınma gereksinimlerine çözüm olarak sunulan afet sonrası
yerleşme süreci ile yeniden yapılaşma uygulamaları birer soruna dönüşmektedir.
Dolayısıyla, afetlerin bir fırsat olarak görülüp, afet sonrası yeniden yerleşim
uygulamalarının bir toplumsal kalkınma projesi gibi ele alınması, toplumsal amaçları ağır
basan afet sonrası yeniden yerleşim uygulamalarının, kişiler ve ekonomi üzerindeki
negatif etkisini asgariye indiren, afetzedelerin yeniden üretken ve kendilerine yetecek
şekilde organize olmalarını sağlayan bir afet sonrası yerleşme politikasının geliştirilmesi
gerekmektedir.
Bu çalışmada amaç, geçmişte yaşanmış afetlerin sonuçlarını ve ortaya çıkan zararları
inceleyerek gidermeye yönelik afet sonrası yeniden yerleştirme süreçlerinde, planlamanın
diğer disiplinlerle olan ilişkileri ve rolüne yönelik eleştirel bir değerlendirmede bulunmak
ve dağınık bir yapıya sahip olan kırsal yerleşme düzenimizin yeniden örgütlenmesi
çabalarının (Köykent, Merkez köy, Tarım kent...) afet sonrası yeniden yerleşme sürecinde
uygulanabilirliğini tartışmaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
284
INVESTIGATION ON EVOLUTION OF TURKISH HOME FURNITURE
DESIGN, WHICH HAS BEEN SHAPED UP BY SECTORAL AND
CULTURAL FACTORS SINCE PRE-REPUBLICAN PERIOD, IN TERMS
OF ENDURANCE TO EARTHQUAKE
SEKTÖREL VE KÜLTÜREL FAKTÖRLERİN ETKİSİNDE BİÇİMLENEN
KONUT MOBİLYAMIZIN CUMHURİYET ÖNCESİNDEN GÜNÜMÜZE
DEĞİN GÖSTERDİĞİ TASARIMA DAİR GELİŞİMİN DEPREM
YÜKLERİNİ KARŞILAMASI AÇISINDAN İRDELENMESİ
ERTEN BİLGİÇ D.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakütesi İç Mimarlık Bölümü Anıtpark
Yerleşkesi İzmit- Kocaeli
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Turkish furniture culture changed direction and developed in terms of
design throughout history, under influence of many factors such as social, economical
and political events and climate, materials, production methods developing in parallel to
materials, religion and traditions. Furniture, which is a reflection of the culture, continues
to be structured under influence of the technological facilities of the geographical region
it is produced in.
In the Ottoman Empire, when speciality furniture production started in the 14th century,
the Edirnekari type furniture (furniture produced in the Edirne region) like chests,
reading desks, cupboard doors and ceilings etc. had changed character with the
Europeanization trend following the Tanzimat (Reformation) Period and this change had
its reflections in the Turkish home interior design as well. Mechanization that started with
the Industrial Revolution in Europe affected furniture production and hence design.
Factories established in a variety of sectors led to formation of new settlement centers
(cities) and the migration from rural areas to cities created a large housing gap, which in
turn invited in a new urban interior space understanding, along with compatible furniture.
Industrialization of furniture sector in Turkey dates back to 1970s. Rapidly developing
industrial systems since 1970s resulted in furniture production plants of different sizes in
parallel to advances in technology. Hand made furniture were replaced by mass produced
furniture made of materials of demand. Industrial mass production brought in industrial
design as well. The products produced during this transition have been reflecting the
global lines, while local effects tended to deteriorate.
Home furniture that has transformed in terms of form and means of production can
create trouble to their users or save their lives in case of earthquakes which repeat over
irregular periods.
In this study, cultural transformation of the Turkish home room understanding and
influence of furniture sector on design will be evaluated over historical time periods, and
reaction of design changes against earthquake effects will be dealt with.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
285
ÖZET Mobilya kültürümüz tarih boyunca yaşadığımız sosyal, ekonomik, psikolojik,
siyasal olaylar, iklim, malzeme, malzemeye bağlı gelişen üretim biçimleri, din, gelenekler
gibi pek çok özellikli durumun etkisi ile tasarımında yön değiştirmiş ve gelişmiştir.
Kültürün bir yansıması olan mobilya, üretildiği coğrafyanın sahip olduğu teknolojik
olanakların etkisinde biçimlenmeye devam etmektedir.
Osmanlı Devleti’nde özellikli mobilya üretiminin başladığı 14. yy’da Edirnekari (Edirne işi
mobilya) denen sandık, rahle, yüklük kapakları, tavanları vb. diye anılan mobilyalar,
Tanzimat Dönemi’nde Avrupa’ya yöneliş ile biçim değiştirmeye başlamış ve bu değişim
Türk Evi oda kurgusuna yansımıştır. Avrupa’da Sanayi Devrimi ile başlayan makineleşme
mobilya üretimine ve dolayısıyla tasarımına da etki etmiştir. Sanayileşme hareketleri
çerçevesinde kurulan farklı sektörlerdeki fabrikalar, yeni yerleşim alanlarını (kentleri)
oluşturmuş ve köyden kente yönelen göç, büyük bir konut açığı ile yeni kentli konut
mekân anlayışını mobilyasıyla beraber getirmiştir.
Ülkemizde mobilya sektörünün endüstrileşmesi 1970’li yıllara dayanmaktadır. 1970’li
yıllardan günümüze hızla gelişen endüstri sistemleri, ilerleyen teknolojiye de paralel
olarak farklı ölçeklerde mobilya üretim tesislerinin kurulmasına sebep olmuştur.
Atölyelerde el emeği ile üretilen mobilyaların yerini zaman içerisinde günün geçeri yeni
malzemelerle yapılan seri üretimler almıştır. Bu süreçte çıkan ürünler global çizgilere
bürünürken yerel kimliklerin izleri silinmeye başlamıştır.
Tüm bu gelişmelerin ışığında, biçimsel ve üretim yöntemleri açısından değişikliğe uğrayan
konut mobilyası, belirsiz aralıklarla tekrarlanan depremlerde kullanıcısına zor anlar
yaşatabilirken hayat kurtarır konuma da gelebilmektedir.
Bu çalışmada; Türk Evi oda anlayışının ve mobilyasının geçirdiği kültürel değişim ile
mobilya sektörünün tasarıma olan etkisi dönemler halinde saptanacak ve mobilya
tasarımındaki değişikliklerin deprem etkileri karşısındaki davranışları irdelenecektir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
286
ASSESSMENT ON “SOFT” AND “HARD” STRATEGIES FOR FLEXIBLE
HOUSING DESIGN: EARTHQUAKE AS AN OUTER FACTOR
ALBOSTAN D.-1, ALBOSTAN
1-Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi, İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı
Bölümü, Beytepe, Ankara
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Flexibility is an important concern for housing design in order to make users
to be able to adapt and adjust their units according to their changing needs and demands
over time. The methods and strategies for creating flexible housing can be assessed
under two aspects: the structural system and the architectural layout. The former one is
the permanent component of the building; whereas, the latter one is the variable part
that is adjustable according to the structural design of the building. There are two
strategies according to the works of Schneider and Till (2005, 2007): “soft” and “hard”.
The main difference between these two strategies can be stated as; while in “soft”
systems, the main scope is to use permanent components (structural elements) in a
limited way, in “hard” systems, there is not such a restriction.
The inquiry is based on the degree of stability for flexible housing buildings under any
destructive level of earthquake. In that respect, this study focuses on the correlation
between structural system of flexible housing and earthquake as an outer factor. The
methodology of the study is based on an analysis of the most prominent selected two
cases, Kallebäck Experimental Housing by Erik Friberger, 1960 in Sweden as “soft” and
Alexandra Road Urban Block by Neave Brown For GL, 1969-78 in Britain as “hard”, in the
structural analysis program (SAP). The aim is to make a comparative reading on two
strategies in flexible housing design, “soft” and “hard” in the light of earthquake through
two prominent selected cases from Europe.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
287
A STUDY ABOUT AN EVALUATION OF THE PERMANENT
EARTHQUAKE HOUSING IN TERMS OF ADVISOR AND RESIDENT –
AN EXAMPLE OF KOCAELI, GUNDOGDU
KALICI DEPREM KONUTLARININ YAPIMCI VE KULLANICI
GÖRÜŞLERİ AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ ÜZERİNE BİR
ÇALIŞMA: KOCAELİ-GÜNDOĞDU ÖRNEĞİ
TAŞ N.-1, TAŞ M.-1, COŞGUN N.-2
1-Uludağ Üniversity, Faculty of
Architecture, 16059 Görükle, Bursa
Architecture
and
Engineering,
Department
of
2-Gebze Institute of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture,
Kocaeli, 41400, Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT One of the biggest investments and projects in Turkey in recent years are
the permanent housing applications. The state of emergency experienced after 17 August
1999 Marmara Earthquake brought the question of permanent housing foreground, and a
total of 43,093 housings were built in certain settlement areas in various cities within the
meaning of Disaster Act. Housings were built with donations from the World Bank,
Council of Europe Development Bank, private sector, and foreign aids. After the 1999
Marmara Earthquake, the biggest number of permanent housings was built in Kocaeli.
It is necessary to manage the project in the best manner possible in both design and
construction phases, to consider arising demands and to take restrictions into
consideration. Interruptions arising after a project has been constructed are either
cannot be fixed or the adjustment requires an extra cost. In order to be able to form a
qualitative environment, production process gains importance in such complicated
structures whose effect will be long lasting.
This study aims to examine the permanent housing production in Turkey after the
Marmara Earthquake in 1999 in terms of (planning, design, construction) and usage and
to determine the problems faced. The aim is to determine the outcomes that could
function as data for the solution of possible problems that might arise in production of
permanent housings after a possible earthquake.
ÖZET Türkiye’de son yıllarda yapılan en büyük yatırımlardan ve projelerden birisi kalıcı
konut uygulamaları olmuştur. 17 Ağustos 1999 Marmara Depremi’nden sonra yaşanılan
olağanüstü durum kalıcı konut ihtiyacını ön plana çıkarmış, Afet Kanunu kapsamında
çeşitli illerde belirlenen yerleşim alanlarında toplamda 43.093 adet konut yapılmıştır.
Konutlar, Dünya Bankası, Avrupa Konseyi Kalkınma Bankası, özel sektör ve dış yardım
kaynaklı hibeler ile inşa edilmiştir. 1999 Marmara Depremi’nden sonra en çok kalıcı konut
uygulaması ise Kocaeli ili’nde inşa edilmiştir.
Bir yapı projesi yapıldıktan sonra oluşan aksaklıklar ya artık düzeltilememekte ya da
düzeltilmeleri için bir ek maliyete gereksinim olmaktadır. Nitelikli bir yapılı çevrenin
oluşturulabilmesi için de böylesine karmaşık ve etkileri uzun süre kalacak olan yapılar için
üretim süreci önem kazanmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de 1999 Marmara Depremi’nden sonra gerçekleştirilen Kocaeli
Gündoğdu kalıcı konutlarının üretim (planlama, tasarım, yapım) ve kullanım aşamaları
irdelenerek, karşılaşılan problemlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Olası bir deprem
sonrasında inşa edilecek kalıcı konutların üretimine yönelik ortaya çıkabilecek sorunların
çözümü
konusunda
veri
olabilecek
sonuçların
belirlenmesi
hedeflenmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
288
APPROACH OF ARHITECTURE HISTORY TO EARTHQUAKE:
“OBJECTIVITY OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENON IN DESIGN AND
CONSTITUTION OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY”
MİMARLIK
TARİHİ’NİN
DEPREM
KONUSUNA
YAKLAŞIMI:
“TASARIMDA
DEPREM
OLGUSUNUN
NESNELLEŞMESİ
VE
KOLLEKTİF BELLEĞİN OLUŞUMU”
ŞENYURT O.-1
1-Kocaeli University Architecture and Design Faculty Department of Architecture,
Architecture History Subdivision Anıtpark Yerleşkesi 41300 İzmit/Kocaeli
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The question, how should “earthquake” phenomenon be included in reciting
about the History of Architecture, was oriented to 40 students of 2nd Class, Architecture
Department of the Faculty of Architecture and Design of Kocaeli University and requested
to express their opinion in written with 1-2 pages. Although the approaches of the
students were various, reciting of the Earthquake issue in the lessons of History of
Architecture was requested by the majority of the students. At the same time, except for
1 student, remaining students agreed that earthquake theme should be included in the
content of the History of Architecture lesson.
While the results of this survey and the view point of the students were underlining that
earthquake issue had not been taken into consideration properly, this can force any
Architecture Historian regarding that how this issue should be handled. It is very exciting
that, earthquake phenomenon has not been considered commonly and even any
information has not been given regarding the earthquakes of Turkey chronologically
during the undergraduate education of architecture. While reciting about the
modifications of the buildings that have important historical references such as Hagia
Sophia and Grand Bazaar, adopting of an ordinary expression style for the executed
modifications because of earthquake as if they had been performed as normal
modification, consists another interesting dimension of the issue. “Earthquake”
phenomenon that could not establish a common point for “architecture” and “history”,
which are the main two components of Architecture History lesson should be discussed in
the declaration, regarding that why could not it determine a history interval in the
History of Turkish Architecture and why was not it included in the subjects of the
Architecture History. On the other hand, eras or structures have been included in the
area of information because of establishing the subject of the Architecture History and
being primarily products of the design, and determining of the historical time interval as
being the first or single. In order to handle earthquake issue in History of Architecture as
a time interval, both public and private structures should be the products of design after
an earthquake and should have value rather than to “save the time” or “heal the
wounds”. In accordance with the concerns of the students about having inadequate
information regarding structure (tectonic) issue at the practical information of
architecture, it is attracted attention to emerge threat about the unidirectional
perceptions about the demands that History of Architecture aims to cover the deficit in
this area. When earthquake phenomenon was included in the issue, architecture
(architectonic) has not been taken into consideration by the students as spatial,
associative/lexical product of design, and this fact was assessed. A part from discussions
regarding the structure should be “earthquake-resistant”, how a structure should have
take place in collective memory and to train the individuals, who ready for earthquake
phenomenon and the success to place this issue in the memories, in other words
importance of spatial, associative/lexical direction at the architectural dimension was
struggled to be explained. Within this approach, it has been emphasized that explaining
of the earthquake phenomenon to the next generations or against the struggle not to
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
289
cause forget this fact, positive role of the objective expression of architecture against the
resistance of the public in order to forget this bad event, should be included in the
information area of History of Architecture.
It has been known that, the role that will be played by the history of the architecture in
order to constitute collective memory is more important than the reciting about the
modifications of the structures in the past because of earthquake. While establishing
collective memory about the earthquake phenomenon, contribution of the Architecture
History is another important point. It has connection with the contributions of the
designers upon the public or private housings after earthquake. In order to prepare the
people against earthquake, a better way should be considered rather than threat the
people by media without distressing and damaging joy of life of the people in our era and
suggestions have been developing in the declaration for a public area, where “collective
memory” can be established.
ÖZET Kocaeli Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi Mimarlık Bölümü II. Sınıf öğrencilerinden 40
kişiye Mimarlık Tarihi ders anlatımında “deprem” konusunun nasıl yer alması gerektiği?
sorusu yöneltilerek düşüncelerini 1-2 sayfalık bir yazılı anlatımla ifade etmeleri
istenmiştir. Soruya öğrencilerin yaklaşımı farklı olmakla birlikte, Mimarlık Tarihi
derslerinde deprem konusunun tarihi yapılar ve strüktürler üzerinden anlatılması
çoğunluğun talebidir. Aynı zamanda, 1 öğrenci dışında, geri kalan öğrenciler Mimarlık
Tarihi ders anlatımında deprem temasının yer alması konusunda hemfikir kalmışlardır.
Bu anketin sonuçları ve öğrencilerin bakış açısı, Mimarlık Tarihi ders anlatımında deprem
olgusunun hakkıyla ele alınmadığının altını çizerken, ele alınırsa ne şekilde ele alınması
gerektiği konusunda da herhangi bir Mimarlık Tarihçi’sini düşünmeye zorlayabilir.
Mimarlık lisans eğitiminde deprem olgusuna fazlaca değinilmemesi ve
en azından
kronolojik olarak dahi Türkiye’deki depremlere dair bilgi verilmemesi dikkat çeker.
Ayasofya veya Kapalıçarşı gibi önemli tarihi referanslara sahip yapıların depreme ait
tadilatlarını anlatırken zamanın eskitmesi sebebiyle yapılan tadilatlar kadar olağan bir
anlatım biçimi benimsenmesi de konunun bir başka boyutunu oluşturur.
Bildiride, Mimarlık Tarihi’nin bilgi alanının başlıca bileşenlerini “mimarlık” ve “tarih”in
oluşturduğu bu dersin bu iki bileşenin ortak noktasını oluşturamayan “deprem” olgusunun
Türk Mimarlık Tarihi anlatısında neden bir tarih aralığı belirleyemediği ve neden Mimarlık
Tarihi’nin konularının içinde yer almadığı? tartışılacaktır.
Diğer taraftan, Mimarlık Tarihi’nin konusunu oluşturan dönemler ya da yapılar öncelikli
olarak tasarım ürünleri olmaları, tarih aralığı belirlemeleri ve ilk ya da tek olmaları
nedeniyle bu bilgi alanına dahildirler. Mimarlık Tarihi’nde deprem konusunun bir dönem
aralığı olarak ele alınması için deprem sonrası gerek kamusal, gerekse özel yapıların
tasarım ürünleri olmaları ve sadece “zamanı kurtarmak” ya da “yaraları sarmaktan” daha
öte bir değer taşımaları gerekmektedir. Bildiride, öğrencilerin mimarlığın pratik bilgi
alanındaki strüktür ve yapıya (tektonik) ait eksik bilgilendirilme kaygıları doğrultusunda
Mimarlık Tarihi’nin bu açığı kapaması yönündeki istemlerinin mimarlığı tek yönlü
algılamalarındaki tehlikeyi ortaya çıkardığına dikkat çekilmektedir. Tasarım ürünü olarak
ortaya çıkan mekansal, çağrışımsal/anlamsal olarak mimarinin (arkitektonik), deprem
olgusu işin içine girince öğrenciler tarafından gözardı edilmesi
değerlendirilmeye
alınmıştır. Burada yapının depreme “dayanıklı” olması konusundaki tartışmaların ötesinde
yapının “kollektif bellek”te nasıl bir yer edineceği ve sonrasında deprem olgusuna
hazırlıklı bireyleri yetiştirmek ve bu olguyu hafızalara yerleştirmekteki başarısının, diğer
bir deyişle yapının mimari boyutundaki çağrışımsal/anlamsal yönün, yapının strüktürü
kadar önemli olduğu anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu yaklaşım tarihin deprem olgusunu
gelecek kuşaklara hatırlatması ya da unutturmaması mücadelesine karşılık, kamunun bu
kötü olayı hatırlamak istememe direnci arasında mimarinin nesnel anlatımının oynayacağı
olumlu yönün Mimarlık Tarihi’nin bilgi alanına dahil edilebileceği vurgulanmaktadır.
Mimarlık Tarihi dersinin kollektif belleği oluşturmada oynayacağı rolün geçmişe ait
yapıların deprem sebebiyle gördükleri tadilatların anlatımından daha önemli olduğu
bilinmektedir. Deprem olgusuna ait kollektif belleği oluşturmada, Mimarlık Tarihi dersinin
katkısının, tasarımcıların deprem sonrası inşa edilen kamusal ya da özel mekanlara
katkısıyla bağlantılı olduğu önemle üstünde durulması gereken bir başka noktadır.
Medyanın korku salarak halkı depreme hazırlamasından daha iyi bir yolun, mimarlığın
nesnel anlatısıyla günümüz insanına ve gelecek kuşaklara üzmeden ve yaşam sevincini
kırmadan depremi hatırlatma olduğu düşünülmekte ve mekanın kendisinin “kollektif
bellek” oluşturabileceği kamusal bir alan için bildiride öneriler geliştirilmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
290
EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
(PLANNING-DESIGN-PRODUCTION)
AFTER
1999
MARMARA
EARTHQUAKE
1999 MARMARA DEPREMİNDEN SONRA YAPI ÜRETİM (PLANLAMA
-TASARIM-YAPIM)
SÜRECİNDE
YAŞANAN
DEĞİŞİKLİKLERİN
DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
KÖMÜRLÜ R.-1, ÖZTEKİN K.-1
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT On August 17 and November 12, 1999 two major earthquakes took place in
Eastern Marmara Region effecting Kocaeli, Duzce and Istanbul and caused a great loss
life and possessions.
This was the first time a that big earthquake effecting a that wide area happened in our
country and losses were mainly caused by buildings partially or totally damaged. This
fact resulted in various researches and legal arrangements about the phases of building
construction i.e. enterprise/planning, design, construction and usage.
However, the process of building construction involves various disciplines and policy
makers and that rises the need for assessing the studies and precautions as a whole.
In this paper, revisions in laws and legislations effecting the process of building
construction after the earthquake, reflections of the subject on architectural education,
studies of professional chambers and various researchers will be assessed and their
effect on construction process as a whole will be stated.
ÖZET 17 Ağustos ve 12 Kasım 1999 tarihlerinde Doğu Marmara Bölgesinde, Kocaeli,
Düzce ve İstanbul’u etkileyen, çok büyük can ve mal kayıplarına yol açan iki deprem
meydana gelmiştir.
Ülkemizde ilk kez bu büyüklükte ve geniş bir kentsel alanda yaşanan söz konusu
depremler sonucu oluşan kayıpların, yapıların kısmen ya da tamamen hasar görmesinden
kaynaklandığı gerçeği, yapı üretim sürecinin çeşitli evrelerine (girişim/planlama, tasarım,
yapım, kullanım gibi) yönelik olarak çok sayıda araştırmaların yapılmasına ve yasal
düzenlemeler yapılmasına yol açmıştır.
Ancak; yapı üretim sürecinin özellikleri, çok sayıda disiplini, karar vericiyi içermesi;
bunlar arasındaki karmaşık ilişkilerin varlığı, yapılan çalışmaların ve alınan önlemlerin
bütünsellik içerisinde ele alınmasını gerekli ve kaçınılmaz kılmaktadır.
Bu bildiride; yapı üretim sürecini ilgilendiren yasa ve yönetmeliklerde deprem sonrası
yapılan değişiklikler, konunun mimarlık eğitimine olan yansımaları, meslek odalarıyla ve
çeşitli araştırmacılarla yapılan çalışmalar irdelenecek ve bunların tüm üretim süreci
açısından değerlendirilmesi yapılacaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
291
A REVIEW OF AUGUST 17 EARTHQUAKE'S EFFECTS ON HOUSING
PRODUCTION AND DESIGN
17 AĞUSTOS DEPREMİNİN KONUT ÜRETİMİ VE TASARIMINDAKİ
ETKİLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
KÖMÜRLÜ R.-1, ÖZTEKİN K.-1
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Two major earthquakes took place in Kocaeli and Duzce in 1999 causing a
great loss life and possessions and these earthquakes effected not only the region
socially, economically and culturally but the whole country. Besides the people that
experienced the earthquake physically, the people effected psychologically by the media
spread from the region started to approach the subject more aware compared to the
times before the earthquake and watch the changes in building scale and city scale with
more attention. The housing investments which have ceased, got started again in 2003
and gained acceleration compared to the era before the earthquakes. The supply and
demand in urban housing differentiated not only in Istanbul and Kocaeli, but in the whole
country.
In this paper differentiations in production, supply and demand of housing industry and
changes in architectural design are reviewed with Istanbul, as the most important
economical focus point, and Kocaeli as the city most effected from the earthquake,
regarded as center. The houses built after the earthquake are assessed from the angle of
design both in single building scale and urban scale and proposals are suggested
ÖZET 1999 yılında Kocaeli ve Düzce’de arka arkaya gerçekleşen iki büyük depremin yol
açtığı büyük can ve mal kaybı, başta bölge halkı olmak üzere tüm ülkemizi sosyal,
ekomomik ve kültürel olarak çok etkilemiştir. Depremi bizzat yaşayanlar yanında, ortaya
çıkan görüntülerden psikolojik olarak etkilenen insanlarımız, yaşadıklarının ve deprem
korkusunun da etkisiyle; konuya deprem öncesine nazaran biraz daha bilinçli olarak
yaklaşmaya ve özellikle yapı ve kentsel mekanlarla ilgili değişiklikleri daha çok
araştırmaya, izlemeye başlamışlardır. Deprem sonrası ciddi bir kesintiye uğrayan konut
yatırımları, özellikle 2003 yılında yeniden başlamış ve deprem öncesine göre hızlı bir
ivmeyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. İstanbul ve Kocaeli başta olmak üzere tüm yurtta kentsel
konut talebi ve arzında önemli bir farklılaşma ve değişiklik gözlenmiştir.
Bu çalışmada en büyük ekonomik odak olan İstanbul ve depremden en fazla etkilenen
yerleşim merkezi olan Kocaeli ağırlıklı olmak üzere konut sektöründeki üretim, talep ve
arz farklılaşmaları ile depremin konut mimari tasarımlarındaki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu
bildiride, deprem sonrasında gerçekleştirilen konutların tasarım özelliklerinin hem tek
yapı ölçeğinde, hem de kentsel mekan ölçeğindeki yansımaları incelenerek mimari
anlamda değerlendirilmesi yapılmış ve buradan elde edilen çıkarımlarla konut üretimine
ve tasarımına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
292
OPINIONS ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKES LEADING
TO DESTRUCTION IN IZMIT, THE OTTOMAN CITY ON THE
PHYSICAL CONSTRUCTION IN THE CONTEXT OF RELIGIOUS
CONSTRUCTIONS
OSMANLI KENTİ İZMİT’TE YIKIMA YOL AÇAN DEPREMLERİN DİNİ
YAPILAR BAĞLAMINDA FİZİKİ YAPIYA ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE
DÜŞÜNCELER
KAYA Ş.-1
1-Vezneciler Cad, 11, 34134- İstanbul
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Izmit had been exposed to earthquakes, most of which had had destructive
intensity, as from the dates which it had been constructed with the name Nikomedia in
year 264 before Christ and had been reconstructed again after these earthquakes. These
activities performed for the purpose of removing the effects of earthquake in the city,
had had an impact on the historical development of the city as well as its physical
appearance.
Izmit was also exposed destructive earthquakes after Ottomans had ruled over the city.
The destructions caused by the earthquakes in question in the city and the reconstruction
activities after them took place in various sources. In this paper, the effects of
destructions generated by the earthquakes occurred in Ottoman Period on the physical
appearance of the city are intended to be examined by means of published sources, old
visual data and documents relating to the city. The determinations regarding the subject
discussed will be attempted to be defined over religious constructions which can be
perceived more easily in the physical construction. In this sense, yet another point to be
emphasized particularly as well is that in the city where the wooden inner dome is
observed in the religious constructions, whether the fact of earthquake plays a part in
being trended to this design or not.
Thus, the design of the religious constructions in the city and the historical development
of the city will be approached with a different point of view.
ÖZET MÖ 264 yılında Nikomedia adıyla kurulduğu tarihlerden itibaren İzmit, çoğu yıkıcı
şiddette olan deprem felaketlerine maruz kalmış ve bu depremlerden sonra yeniden imar
edilmiştir. Kentte depremin etkilerini ortadan kaldırmaya yönelik yapılan bu çalışmalar,
kentin tarihi gelişimine olduğu kadar fiziki görünümüne de etki etmiştir.
İzmit, Osmanlı idaresine girdikten sonra da yıkıcı depremlerle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Söz
konusu depremlerin kente yol açtığı yıkımlar ve sonrasındaki imar faaliyetleri çeşitli
kaynaklarda yer almıştır. Bu bildiride, Osmanlı döneminde meydana gelen depremlerin
yarattığı yıkımların kentin fiziki görünümü olan etkilerinin, çeşitli kaynaklar ve kente ait
eski görsel veriler yanında, tarihi belgeler yardımıyla irdelenmesi düşünülmektedir.
Özellikle konuyla ilgili saptamalar, fiziki yapıda daha kolay algılanabilen dini yapılar
üzerinden belirlenmeye çalışılacaktır. Bu bağlamda üzerinde durulacak bir diğer nokta da
dini yapılarda ahşap iç kubbenin yaygın kullanımı gözlenen kentte, bu tasarıma
yönelinmesinde deprem gerçeğinin rolu olup olmadığıdır.
Böylelikle kentteki dini yapıların tasarımına ve kenti tarihi gelişimine farklı bir bakış
açısıyla yaklaşılmış olunacaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
293
PRIORITIES AND PREFERENCES OF SOCIETY IN EARTHQUAKE
RISK REDUCTION: A SOCIAL RESEARCH IN BAKIRKÖY
TOPLUMUN DEPREM RİSKLERİNİN AZALTILMASINDAKİ ÖNCELİK
VE TERCİHLERİ: BAKIRKÖY’DE SOSYAL BİR ARAŞTIRMA
BALYEMEZ S.-1, BERKÖZ L.-1
1-İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi, Şehir ve Bölge Planlaması Bl. (34437) Taşkışla, Taksim /
İstanbul
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT When the reorganization of the urban space is the subject, interaction of
the three components – natural, built, and social environments – which forms the space
must be considered. In case of negligence of at least one of these components during the
reorganization process may result in breakdown of spatial relations and interactions and
it would be impossible to build a stable and systematic structure.
Urban renewal and rehabilitation works intended for disaster risk reduction should not be
considered just as an overall sum of construction projects. Stability in interrelations
between those three components and degradation in conflicts gain a particular
importance in disaster- focused projects which require some reorganization in urban
space. A new approach beyond the physical planning understanding comes into question
for disaster risk reduction. This multi-componential and totalizer approach called
mitigation planning is an executive system which combines all risk reduction actions and
programs.
This study specifically focuses on earthquake risk and one of the major components of
mitigation planning considering social issues. Every physical change in any site will cause
the human fact which generates the space, to be affected directly and in a radical
manner. An individuals or the society’s acceptance of the physical transformation of the
site is related to what extent the new situation is assimilated, while the degree of
assimilation depends on the consistency with the users’ self conditions and the
characteristics of the factors figuring their preferences. Therefore, various internal and
external factors like psychologic, demographic, economic, etc. acquire importance for a
healthy analysis. The determinants underlying the individual’s acceptance of any
hypothetical situation introduced must be analysed in a cause-consequence relation, and
moreover within the entire complex interrelations network.
Within this scope, three quarters of Bakırköy which have been defined as high risk zones
by various researches carried through since 1999 earthquakes have been subject to a
social research called “Householder Approach About Earthquake Risk Reduction”. The
building stock in the area is relatively old and it might be judged as an opportunity for
renewal. As an overall evaluation, this study owns a character of a social research
intended for a probable future implementation on urban renewal within the scope of
earthquake risk reduction, with its generous database.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
294
ÖZET Kentsel mekânın yeniden organizasyonu söz konusu olduğunda, mekânı oluşturan
üç bileşenin birbirleriyle etkileşimi gözetilmek zorundadır. Bu bileşenler Doğal Çevre,
Yapılaşmış Çevre ve Sosyal Çevredir. Bunlardan en az birinin az ya da çok ihmal edilmesi,
mekânsal ilişkilerin ve karşılıklı etkileşimlerin sağlıksızlaşmasına yol açacak, uyumlu
işleyen dengeli bir sistem kurulamayacaktır.
Afet risklerinin azaltılmasına yönelik kentsel yenileme ve iyileştirme çalışmaları, bu
yüzden, salt yapılaşma projeleri toplamı olarak ele alınmamalıdır. Kent mekânında yeni
bir takım düzenlemeler gerektiren afet odaklı çalışmalarda bu üç bileşen arasındaki
ilişkiler dengesinin kurulması, çatışmaların asgari düzeylere indirgenerek uyumun
sağlanması bilhassa önem kazanmaktadır. Afet risklerinin azaltılmasında fiziksel planlama
anlayışının ötesinde bir yaklaşım gündeme gelmektedir. Sakınım planlaması olarak
adlandırılan bu çok bileşenli ve bütüncül yaklaşım risk azaltma eylem ve programlarına
ilişkin tüm kurgulamaları bünyesinde toplayan bir sistem, bir yönetim şemasıdır.
Bu çalışmada, spesifik olarak deprem riskine ve sakınım planlamasının önemli bir bileşeni
olan sosyal bileşene odaklanılmıştır. Bir mekân için öngörülen fiziksel bir değişim, mekânı
var eden insan unsurunun doğrudan ve radikal biçimde etkilenmesiyle son bulacaktır.
Bireyin ve toplumun mekândaki fiziksel değişimleri en az zararla karşılayabilmesi, yeni
durumu ne ölçüde kabullenebildiği/özümseyebildiği ile, bu ise öznel koşulları ile olan
uyumluluk ve tercihlerini şekillendiren etmenlerin karakteristiği ile ilintilidir. Dolayısıyla
psikolojik, demografik, ekonomik ve bu gibi birçok içsel ve dışsal faktör sağlıklı bir tahlil
için önem kazanmaktadır. Bireyin geleceğe yönelik kendisine sunulan herhangi bir
varsayımsal durumu kabul etme veya etmemesinin ardında yatan belirleyiciler bir sebep
sonuç ilişkisi içerisinde; ve fakat bunun da ötesinde olası karmaşık ilişkiler ağı bütününde
analiz edilmelidir.
Bu çerçevede, 1999 sonrası çalışmalarla Bakırköy ilçesinin deprem riski yüksek olduğu
tespit edilen üç mahallesinde “Deprem Risklerinin Azaltılması Konusunda Hane Halkı
Yaklaşım Belirleme Çalışması” adında sosyal bir araştırma hayata geçirilmiştir. Bölgedeki
bina stokunun görece yaşlı olması yapılaşmış çevrenin yenilenmesine karşı olası direnci
zayıflatabilecektir. Çalışma bu değerlendirmeler ışığında, gelecekte gündeme gelebilecek
deprem risklerinin azaltılması odaklı bir kentsel yenileme projesine içerdiği zengin
veritabanı ile altyapı oluşturan, uygulamaya yönelik sosyal bir araştırma niteliğindedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
295
THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING DESIGN
IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION
MİMARLIK EĞİTİMİNDE DEPREME DAYANIKLI YAPI TASARIMININ
ÖNEMİ
KOÇ Y.-1, HARMANKAYA Z.Y.-2, TUNA M.E.-2
1-Gazi Üniversitesi, Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi, Yapı Eğitimi Bölümü, Teknikokullar, Ankara,
2-Gazi Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi, Mimarlık Bölümü, Ankara,
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Globally increasing prosperity brings about growing consequence o in recent
years, by decreasing the effects of earthquake hazards, well organized teams against
earthquakes and earthquake resistant building design sensitive on society. The most
important step of earthquake resistant building design is settled on during architectural
design. One of the most important phases of architectural design is to identify structural
system of the building. The structural system of building is decided by architects. The
earthquake fact should always be taken into consideration due to building design in
countries located on active seismic zones. It is known that, many collapsed or damaged
buildings are recognized by their unsuitable structural system created during the
architectural design stage. Such design errors usually can not be fixed by engineering
calculations. In countries located on high seismic zones similar to Turkey, earthquake
codes and specifications should be improved continuously. In addition to these legal
regulations about earthquake resistant building design and construction, special
attentions should be cared on architectural and engineering education. Earthquake
resistant building design concepts should be taught to students of architecture
considering the fact that “Earthquake is a reality of Turkey” instead of common criteria
and examples. Curriculum of several architectural schools in Europe and Turkey, do not
include compulsory “Earthquake Resistant Building Design” courses. As well as Gazi
University Department of Architecture, a few school of architecture offer earthquake
resistant building design elective courses in their curriculum. By questioning present
circumstances of architectural education, the statement that “What should be done to
provide more conscious and equipped earthquake resistant building design education”
should be discussed. Earthquake resistant building design courses should take place as
compulsory courses in the curriculum of schools of architecture. These courses should be
adjoined to design projects and various visual materials, physical models must support to
increase the students’ perception of true structural behavior. Most of architectural
students are visual learners, therefore teaching techniques including visual expression
are the correct choice for architectural students. Graphical simulations of structural
analysis software and simple physical models prepared by wood or metal pieces may be
the best alternative for this teaching method. Consequently, architectural students
appropriate to earthquake resistant building design theory will gain ability of the
assessment and interpretation of the behavior of structural systems. In this study, the
importance of earthquake resistant building design during the architectural education has
been reminded. The weight of earthquake resistant building design concepts taken into
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
296
account in architectural schools of Turkey is explored. Innovative teaching tools are
proposed which provides improved earthquake resistance building design concepts to
architectural students.
ÖZET Refah düzeyinin küresel olarak artmasının bir sonucu olarak, depreme hazırlıklı
olmak, deprem afetinin hasarlarını azaltmak ve depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımı gibi
kavramlar son yıllarda Türkiye’de de önem kazanmıştır. Depreme dayanıklı yapı
tasarımının en önemli adımı mimari tasarım sırasında atılır. Mimari tasarımın en önemli
aşamalarından biri taşıyıcı sistemin belirlenmesidir. Yapıların taşıyıcı sistemi diğer bütün
yapı unsurlarında olduğu gibi mimari tasarım sırasında mimarlar tarafından belirlenir.
Türkiye gibi deprem riskinin yüksek olduğu yerlerde, yapıların taşıyıcı sistemi
belirlenirken deprem olgusu mutlaka göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Daha önce yaşanan
depremlerde yıkılan veya hasar gören yapıların bir çoğunun, deprem davranışına göre
hatalı olarak hazırlanan mimari tasarımlardan kaynaklandığı bilinmektedir. Mimarlar
tarafından doğru bir deprem davranışa uygun olarak tasarlanmayan yapının taşıyıcı
sisteminin, mühendislik hesaplarıyla düzeltilmesi çoğu zaman mümkün değildir.
Toprakların neredeyse tamamı yüksek bir deprem tehlikesi altındaki bir ülke olarak;
deprem yönetmeliklerinin sürekli geliştirilmesi, depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımı ve
üretimi ile ilgili yasaların titizlikle uygulanması çabalarının yanı sıra, mimarlık ve
mühendislik eğitiminde de aynı duyarlılıkla hareket edilmelidir. Mimarlık öğrencilerine
“Depreme dayanıklılık” kavramı, sıradan kriterler ve örnekler yerine yapı tasarımında
deprem olgusunun Türkiye’nin bir gerçeği olduğu ve titizlikle göz önüne alınması
gerektiğini sürekli vurgulayarak, doğru mimari çözümler üretmek çabası içinde
öğretilmelidir. Türkiye ve Avrupa’da mimarlık eğitimi veren okulların çoğunda depreme
dayanıklı yapı tasarımı dersi zorunlu ders programları arasında yoktur. Türkiye’de Gazi
Üniversitesi’nin de arasında yer aldığı birkaç üniversite dışında, mimarlık eğitiminde
depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımı içerikli dersler ancak seçmeli dersler arasında yer
almaktadır. Mimar adaylarının mevcut eğitimi sorgulanarak, depreme dayanıklı yapı
tasarımı eğitimi konusunda daha bilgili ve donanımlı olmalarını sağlamaya yönelik nelerin
yapılması gerektiği tartışılmalıdır. Mimarlık okullarının öğretim programlarında depreme
dayanıklı yapı tasarımı dersi zorunlu dersler arasında yer almalı ve bu dersler
mühendislikten bölümlerinden farklı olarak; sadece teorik biçimde değil aynı zamanda
uygulama projeleri ile ve görsel malzemeler kullanılarak aktarılmalıdır. Mimarlık
öğrencilerinin büyük bir çoğunluğunun görsel malzeme ile öğrenmeye daha yatkın olduğu
göz önünde bulundurularak, görsel anlatımı içeren öğretim teknikleri mimarlık öğrencileri
için daha doğru bir seçimdir. Yapısal analiz bilgisayar programlarıyla üretilen grafikler,
simülasyonlar, kullanımı basit maketlerle yapı davranışının görülmesi bu öğretim yöntemi
için ideal olabilir. Depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımı ilkelerini benimseyen mimarlık
öğrencileri, sahip oldukları teorik bilgilerin yanı sıra bu bilgileri değerlendirme ve
yorumlama becerisi kazanacaklardır. Bu çalışmada mimarlık eğitiminde depreme
dayanıklı tasarımının önemi bir kez daha hatırlatılarak, Türkiye’deki mimarlık okullarının
öğretim programlarında bu konunun hangi ağırlıkta ele alındığı incelenmiştir. Mimarlık
öğrencilerinin depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımını daha iyi kavramalarını sağlayacak yeni
öğretim yöntemleri önerilmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
297
OPEN SPACES AND GREEN SPACES RISK ANYLSES
MANAGEMENT ISTANBUL KUCUKCEKMECE DISTRICT MODEL
AND
AÇIK ALANLAR VE YEŞİL ALANLAR RİSK ANALİZİ VE YÖNETİMİ
İSTANBUL İLİ KÜÇÜKÇEKMECE İLÇESİ MODELİ
AKSOY Y.-1, ATALAY H.-2, ÇELİK TURAN A.-1
1-Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Peyzaj Planlama ve Tasarım Atölyesi
2-BİMTAŞ A.Ş İSTANBUL
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In emergency conditions, urban open spaces and green spaces are needed
more than one reason. Areas which are conserved on housing such as active green areas
(children’s playground areas, park areas, sport areas), passive green areas, car parks,
squares, building gardens are supposed to be in sufficient size and proximity, especially
to be unoccupied. Open spaces and Green spaces which have vital importance urban
renewal and urban transformation projects and applications in case of emergency
conditions are supposed to be provided sufficient proximity and size to residential areas,
to be continuous and these areas must be planned as easy accessible and controllable.
Risk level of spatial distribution of open spaces and green spaces which will be used in
emergency cases is supposed to evaluate whether they are adequate from the point of
proximity and widthwise to regions which has high risk level and will be needed more in
emergency cases, and repairing inadequacies with planning is supposed to become
compulsory. Open spaces and green spaces are needed areas to improve special risk
evaluation and management methods because of having function of creating safe and
accessible evacuation areas when earthquake and other possible disaster are discussed,
open and green spaces safe and creating accessible evacuation areas besides physical
functions, physiological functions, economic and ecologic functions, For this reason,
available open and green areas at the level of Kucukcekmece district were elevated and
determined adequateness and needs, depending on this, some suggestion made oriented
providing needs and reducing the risks. Geographical information system is used to
reduce the faults to the minimum level. Maps were created using Arc GIS 7.0 program.
ÖZET Acil durum koşullarında kentsel açık alanlara ve yeşil alanlara birden fazla sebeple
ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Aktif yeşil alanlar, (çocuk oyun alanları, park alanları, spor
alanları), pasif yeşil alanlar, otoparklar, meydanlar, bina bahçeleri gibi yapılaşmada
korunmuş olan alanların yeterli yakınlık ve büyüklükte olmaları, özellikle boş tutulmaları
gerekmektedir. Kentsel yenileme ve kentsel dönüşüm proje ve uygulamalarında acil
durum koşullarında yaşamsal öneme sahip olan açık alan ve yeşil alanların ‘yerleşim’
alanlarına yeterli yakınlıkta ve genişlikte sağlanması, süreklilik içinde olmaları ve kolay
erişilen ve denetlenebilen alanlar şeklinde planlanmaları gerekmektedir. Acil durum
koşullarında kullanılacak açık alan ve yeşil alanların mekansal dağılımlarının, risk
düzeyleri yüksek görülen ve acil durum ortamında daha fazla ihtiyaç gösterecek bölgelere
yakınlık ve genişlik açılarından yeterli olup olmadıkları değerlendirmelerinin yapılması ve
yetersizliklerin planlama yoluyla giderilmesi zorunlu hale gelmelidir. Açık alan ve yeşil
alanlar fiziksel işlevleri, psikolojik işlevleri, ekonomik ve ekolojik işlevleri (fonksiyonları)
yanı sıra deprem ve değer olası afetler söz konusu olduğunda güvenli ve erişilebilir
tahliye alanları oluşturma fonksiyonlarına da sahip olmaları nedeniyle özel risk
değerlendirme ve yönetim yöntemleri geliştirilmesi ihtiyacı duyulan alanlardır. Bu nedenle
Küçükçekmece ilçesi düzeyinde mevcut olan açık alan ve yeşil alanlar değerlendirilip
yeterlilik ve ihtiyaçlar belirlenmiş, buna bağlı olarak da ihtiyacın karşılanmasına ve
risklerin azaltılmasına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Hataların en düşük düzeye
düşürülmesi için coğrafi bilgi sistemi kullanılmıştır. Haritalar Arc GIS 7.0 programı
kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
298
THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSES AND REINFORCEMENT STUDIES OF
BURSA İNEBEY (EGNE BEG) MADRASAH
BAĞBANCI M.B.-1, KÖPRÜLÜ B.Ö.-1
1-Uludag University Engineering and Architectural Faculty of Architectural Department
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The İnebey Madrasah is dated to the end of the 14th century in the first
capital Ottoman Empire. Bursa had many commercial, educational, public and religious
buildings between 14th and 16th centuries. Madrasah was built in the period of Sultan
Yıldırım Bayezid (1489-1402) by Subaşı Eyne Beg. But the exact construction date of the
Madrasah is not known. It is used as a library of hand painted and old printed Works.
Mechanical and physical tests of the Madrasa are done in-situ and in laboratory by using
Non Destructive Test Methods (NDT). The building was built with rubble stone, limestone,
mortar, brick and timber in the masonry system. Upper part of the pointed arches are
surrounded by 12 piers. The roof of the madrasah had several interventions by filling
materials between and above the vaults which reaches over than 1 meter high. The filling
materials are applied by seperate layers which consist of different materials such as
clinker, brick pieces, concrete and reinforced concrete. This load was calculated as 1.75
ton/m² obove the vaults.
In this study the finite element model of the Madrasah is prepared and the mechanical
and physical properties are given to the model. The current state of the Madrasah is
determined by statical and eartquake analyses. According to the results of the analysis
the reinforcement studies of the Madrasa are determined.
POSTER / POSTER
299
PROBLEMS CAUSED FROM THE CHANGES IN LANUSE PLANS OF
1999 MARMARA EARTHQUAKE NEW RESIDENTIAL AREAS
1999 MARMARA DEPREMİ SONRASI
ALANLARINDA
KARŞILAŞILAN
İMAR
SORUNLARI
AFETZEDE YERLEŞİM
PLANI
DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ
TERCAN B.-1
1-Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Marmara Earthquake Region new residential areas, were mostly planned
with the fiction of Mevzii Plan (localized, limited in extent). After the construction of
housing areas, most of the social activity areas were not developed and that places were
used with different purposes. Nearly all of the extension of residential areas were used as
high density mass housing areas.
Therefore, by the forceful changes in land use planning, the most stable areas of the plan
through the amendment is made even more unstable, new distorted cities.
Purpose of this study is, to evaluate the results of post earthquake residential areas of
Düzce and Bolu provinces with reference to the plan amendments.
ÖZET Marmara Bölgesi afetzede yerleşim alanlarında, çoğunlukla mevzii imar planı
kurgusuyla hazırlanmış olan imar planları, en zorunlu ihtiyaç olarak görülen konutlar
yapıldıktan sonra zaman içerisinde plan değişikliği yapılarak birçok sosyal donatı alanları
farklı kullanımlara dönüştürülmektedir. Boş kalan konut alanları ise yoğunluk artışı
yapılarak toplu konut alanlarına veya başka kullanımlara dönüştürülmektedir.
Dolayısıyla, mevzii imar planı mantığıyla alan kullanımı bakımından çoğunlukla dengeli
olarak planlanan alanlar plan tadilatları yoluyla daha da dengesizleştirilerek yeni çarpık
kentler oluşturulmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada amaç, Düzce ve Bolu Afetzede Yerleşim Alanları üzerinde durularak
Marmara Deprem Bölgesindeki plan tadilatlarını ve sonuçlarını değerlendirmektir.
POSTER / POSTER
300
AN
INVESTIGATION
OF
EARTHQUAKE
EDUCATION
ARCHITECTURE FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES
ON
DEPREME DAYANIKLI YAPI TASARIMI İÇİN MİMARLIKTA DEPREM
EĞİTİMİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME
ÇAĞATAY İ.H.-1
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The new earthquake regulation (DBYYHY-2007) is a contemporary
regulation for earthquake resistant design of structures. To obtain the best design for
earthquake-resistant design, civil engineers and architects must study together on the
projects. The selection of the best structural frame and adequate security against
earthquake is not only interest of civil engineers but also architects. Architects generally
deal with functional using and aesthetic of structures rather than strength and stresses
on the structure against loads on it as earthquake. Therefore, it is not fully expected a
required knowledge of structural framing system from an architect. However, it is
believed that an architect needs to learn the required standards, regulations, limits of the
materials. To obtain earthquake resistant design of structures, and an economical
solution, the architects should also know the earthquake code (DBYYHY-2007),
particularly building and structure irregularities and its effect on the structure. In this
study, the effect of shear wall, which were symmetric and non-symmetric in plan, on
structure with and without symmetric plan, were investigated, and some suggestions
were given.
ÖZET Yeni deprem yönetmeliği (TDY-2007) depreme karşı yapıların dayanıklı tasarımı
için çağdaş bir yönetmeliktir. Depreme dayanıklı tasarımı aslında mimarlar ve inşaat
mühendislerinin birlikte çalışmasını adeta zorunlu olmasını sağlamaktadır. Taşıyıcı
sistemin seçimi ve depreme karşı yeterli güvenlikte olup olmaması mimarlar kadar inşaat
mühendislerini
de
ilgilendirmektedir.
Mimarlık
eğitiminde
genellikle
inşaat
mühendisliğinde
olduğu
gibi
yapı
tasarımına,
hesaplamalara
yeterince
yer
verilemediğinden, mimarın yeterli bir taşıyıcı sistem davranışına sahip olması çok
beklenmemektedir. Mimari eğitim daha çok yapıların mimari tasarımı ile ilgili olduğundan
mimarlık öğrencileri genellikle taşıyıcı sistem seçimi, deprem hesapları ve yönetmelik gibi
konuları daha az çalışmaktadırlar. Yazar, mimarlık bölümüne de dersler verdiğinden bu
konuda bazı saptamalara varmıştır. İyi bir mimarın en az inşaat mühendisi kadar yeterli
hesap, yönetmelik ve malzeme bilgisine ihtiyacı vardır. Yapıların taşıyıcı sisteminin
seçimi, depreme karşı dayanıklı olabilmesi, daha ekonomik yapıların yapılabilmesi için
mimarların da yönetmeliği, özellikle yapı düzensizliklerini ve yapıya olan tesirlerini bilmesi
gerektiği kanaati oluşmuştur. Bu çalışmada, simetrik ve simetrik olmayan yapılarda
simetrik ve simetrik olmayan perde kullanımının yapı davranışına olan etkisi incelenmiş
ve davranış yorumlanmış ayrıca mimarlar için bazı öneriler verilmiştir.
SOCIAL SCIENCES
SOSYAL BİLİMLER
POSTER / POSTER
309
RISKS RELATED NON STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AT THE MUSEUMS
MÜZELERDE YAPISAL OLMAYAN MALZEME KAYNAKLI RİSKLER
KUZUCUOĞLU A.H.-1,2
1-İBB-Deprem Risk Yönetimi ve Kentsel İyileştirme Daire Başkanlığı
2-İstanbul Üniversitesi- Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Taşınabilir Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve
Onarım Bölümü
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Disasters which affect the development of countries are serious
problems. The earthquake is the primary disaster which causes much more life and
property loss and structural damage, if it is compared with other disasters. Potential
eartquake risk which threats the whole world is located in 98% of Turkey. NAFZ (North
Anatolian Fault Zone) and EAFZ (East Anatolian Fault Zone) have the activity of
producing earthquake.
Istanbul which has had an important history for centruies and has a common heritage of
all humanity possesses a great number of cultural property (movable/immovable).
Reducing the potential risk in the museums which exhibit the artifacts in Istanbul must
not be ignored. The museum studies in developing countries have been conducted to
based on risk reducing technologies in recent years.
Museums are institutions which preserve, interpret and promote cultural heritage and
carry it from past to future. Taking the cultural heritage under protection in the museums
and minimizing the potential risks of disasters and mobilizing all the opportunities for
these purposes are priority issues which need to be handled with responsibility. The
museums should carry on operational activies even after a possible disaster.
Analysis focusing on disaster (earthquake, fire, flood,etc…) are required to be done
before the construction of new museum buildings and in renovation and and risk
practises which will be done in the current museums. At this study, non structural risks
which have existed at the museum buildings are examined and conservational measure
proposals are submitted.
ÖZET Afetler, ülkelerin kalkınmasını etkileyen ciddi bir sorun oluşturmaktadır. Afetler
içinde de yapısal hasar görebilirlik ile can ve mal kayıplarına en fazla neden olan birincil
afet depremdir. Tüm dünyayı tehdit eden potansiyel deprem riski, Türkiye’nin de %98
inde bulunmaktadır. KAFZ (Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu) ve DAFZ (Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonu)
büyük deprem üretme aktivitesine sahiptir.
Yüzyıllardır önemli bir tarihi geçmişe sahip ve tüm insanlığın ortak mirası olan İstanbul,
bünyesinde pek çok tarihi eseri (taşınır/ taşınmaz) barındırmaktadır.
Bu eserlerin
bulunduğu müzelerdeki olası risklerin azaltılması göz ardı edilmemesi gereken bir
konudur. Son yıllarda gelişmiş ülkelerdeki müze yapılarında risk azaltıcı modern
teknolojiler üzerinde yoğun çalışmalar yapılmaktadır.
Müzeler, tarihi eserleri geçmişten geleceğe taşıyan ve pek çok eseri bünyesinde
barındıran kurumlardır. Müzelerde yer alan kültür mirasının koruma altına alınması ve
olası afet risklerinin en aza indirilmesi, bu amaç için tüm imkanların seferber edilmesi
sorumlulukla ele alınması gereken öncelikli bir konudur. Müzelerin olası bir afetin
ardından da operasyonel faaliyetlerini kesintisiz devam ettirmesi sağlanmalıdır.
Yeni müzelerin inşasında ve halen faaliyetlerine devam eden mevcut müzelerde yapılacak
olan yenileme ve risk azaltma çalışmalarında afet odaklı (deprem, yangın, sel vb.)
analizlerinin yapılması gereklidir. Bu çalışmada müze binalarında taşıyıcı özellikte
bulunmayan “yapısal olmayan malzemeler” e yönelik riskler incelenerek ve koruyucu
tedbir önerileri sunulmuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
302
THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE ON LABOR CONTRACTS AS A
EXTERNAL CAUSE
ZORLAYICI BİR NEDEN OLARAK DEPREMİN İŞ SÖZLEŞMELERİNE
ETKİSİ
GÜLER B.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Umuttepe Yerleşkesi
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Earthquake which is a natural disaster is accepted as a external cause with
its unpredictable sudden, external effect. The external cause feature of earthquake gives
the employee and employer the right to be able to terminate the labor contract
immediately. When it is impossible to work in the work place because of the earthquake
or when the emploee is unable to come to the work place as a result of the earthquake
which accured araund his/her environment different termination conditions appear and
this brings about legal results.
ÖZET Bir doğa olayı olan deprem öngörülemeyen, ani, dıştan gelen etkisi ile genel olarak
zorlayıcı neden olarak kabul edilmektedir. Depremin zorlayıcı neden özelliği, iş
sözleşmesinin işçi ve işveren taraflarına, sözleşmeyi haklı nedenle derhal feshedebilme
yetkisi vermektedir. Deprem nedeniyle işyerinin çalışamaz hale gelmesi ya da depremin
işçinin çevresinde meydana gelmesi sonucu işçinin işyerine gelememesi, farklı fesih
koşulları oluşturmakta ve buna bağlı hukuki sonuçları da ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Ancak
deprem olayının her durumda zorlayıcı neden olarak kabul edilmesi birtakım sorunlara da
yol açabilmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
303
THE EFFECTS OF 17 AUGUST MARMARA EARTHQUAKE ON THE
TURKISH ECONOMIC CRISIS OF 2000 NOVEMBER/2001 FEBRUARY
17 AĞUSTOS 1999 MARMARA DEPREMİNİN 2000 KASIM-2001
ŞUBAT KRİZİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ
FIRAT E.-1
1-Aksaray Üniversitesi Meslek Yüksek Okulu, Otogar Karşısı, AKSARAY
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In the year of 1994, Turkey experienced a major economic crisis. Following
this, after the 17 August 1999 Marmara earthquake which is one of the disasters having
a lot of human and economical losses in the world, the economical structure of Turkey
which was affected by 1994 economic crisis was damaged in large quantities. This huge
natural disaster together with other economical and social problems of Turkey cause a
sequential crises of 2000 November and 2001 February. Thus, Turkey struggled to
remove of the effects of Marmara Earthquake in addition to decrease of effects of 2000
November and 2001 February crises for a long time.
In this study, it is analyzed that how the Marmara earthquake effect the country
economic structure and what type role this disaster undertake on the crises in that years
in which Turkey already have a great number of problems, and also some evaluations are
carried out. Finally, the research summarized that the economic effects of Marmara
earthquake on the Turkish economic crisis of 2000/2001 are staded as figures with the
help of different tables, considering macro-economic indicators, such as inflation, growth,
balance of payments and public spending. Besides, it is emphasized that crises creates
different chances for improve of the economic structures.
ÖZET Türkiye 1994 yılında büyük bir kriz yaşamıştır. Arkasından, dünyada mal ve can
kayıplarının en fazla olduğu doğal afetler arasında yer alan 17 Ağustos 1999 Marmara
depremi meydana gelmiş sonrasında 1994 krizinden etkilenmiş olan Türkiye’nin
ekonomik yapısında büyük hasarlar oluşmuştur. Bu büyük doğal afet, Türkiye’nin diğer
ekonomik ve sosyal problemleriyle birlikte 2000 Kasım ve 2001 Şubat krizlerinin
yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Türkiye 2000 ve 2001 krizlerinin etkilerini azaltmanın
yanında, Marmara Depremi’nin zararlarını gidermek için de uzun yıllar mücadele etmek
zorunda kalmıştır.
Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin ekonomik anlamda zor anlar yaşadığı o dönemlerde Marmara
depreminin, ülke ekonomisini ne ölçüde olumsuz yönde etkilediği, 2000 ve 2001
krizlerinin meydana gelmesinde nasıl bir rol üstlendiği analiz edilmiş ve bir takım
değerlendirmelerin sonucunda özet olarak 1999 Depreminin ekonomik etkileri, GSMH,
enflasyon, büyüme, ödemeler dengesi ve kamu harcamaları gibi makro ekonomik
göstergeler dikkate alınarak, tablolar yardımıyla rakamsal olarak ifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca,
krizlerin ekonomik yapıların gelişmesi için çeşitli fırsatlar yarattığı da bu çalışmada
vurgulanmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
304
HIGH SCHOOL
EARTHQUAKES
STUDENTS’
LİSE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN
DÜŞÜNCELERİ
KNOWLEDGE
DEPREM
AND
IDEAS
KONUSUNDAKİ
ABOUT
BİLGİ
VE
BULUŞ KIRIKKAYA E.-1, BALİ G.-1, BOZKURT-1
1-Kocaeli University Education Faculty, Umuttepe Campus KOCAELİ
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Earthquakes in various sizes exist very year in specific regions of Turkey,
because this country takes place in a very active area in terms of earthquakes in the
world. Life and property losses have been seen as a result of some of these earthquakes
which are drastic. In most researches, it is seen as a precondition to educate the public
about earthquakes for increase awareness about earthquake and minimize earthquake
damages. In our country earthquake education is discussed at primary school 8th grade in
"Natural Processes" unit. In this study high school 1st grade students’ knowledge and
ideas about earthquakes were examined in seven dimensions. Students’ knowledge and
ideas which contains these dimensions has been tested if they would change according to
experiencing earthquake, gender and the type of their school.
The universe of the study consists of all high schools’ 1st grade students in İzmit district
of Kocaeli. The sample of the study is 555 students who were selected by cluster
sampling method from Anatolian High Schools’, Public High Schools’ and Technical and
Vocational High Schools’ 1st classes in 2008-2009 education year, in İzmit district of
Kocaeli. In the study, it has been benefited from a previously developed measuring tool
of earthquake knowledge for data collection tool. For doing the validity and reliability
analysis again, while considering that implementing it with a different sampling and the
elapsed time, a pilot study was carried out with 390 students except from the sample
and some questions in the measuring tool has been removed according to the results of
analysis. With remaining questions of the measuring tool, reliability was calculated as
.83. SPSS 15 packet of data analysis program was used for data analysis in the study.
The findings revealed that the points which students got, varied according to
experiencing earthquakes, gender and type of school variables, but the earthquake
experience didn’t have an effect on the majority of knowledge. In the light of these
findings it was observed that girl students more informed about beliefs related to
earthquakes and about what they should do during and after earthquake than male
students and finally Anatolian High Schools students usually have more accurate
knowledge and ideas than Technical and Vocational High Schools students.
ÖZET Türkiye, dünyanın deprem açısından çok aktif bir bölgesinde yer aldığından
ülkenin belirli bölgelerinde her yıl çeşitli büyüklüklerde depremler yaşanmaktadır. Bu
depremlerden bazı şiddetli depremler sonucunda büyük can ve mal kayıplarının olduğu
görülmektedir. Birçok araştırmada, deprem konusunda halkın eğitilmesi, deprem
bilincinin arttırılmasında ve depremin zararlarını en aza indirmede bir ön koşul olarak
görülmektedir. Ülkemizde deprem eğitimi ilköğretim okullarında 8. sınıfta “Doğal
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
305
Süreçler” ünitesinde işlenmektedir. Bu araştırmada ortaöğretim 1. sınıf öğrencilerinin
deprem konusundaki bilgi ve düşünceleri yedi boyutta incelenmiştir. Öğrencilerin bu
boyutları kapsayan bilgi ve düşüncelerinin, depremi yaşama, cinsiyet ve okul türüne göre
değişip değişmediği araştırılmıştır.
Araştırmanın evrenini; Kocaeli ilinin İzmit ilçesinde bulunan tüm lise 1. sınıf öğrencileri
oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini ise; İzmit ilçesinde bulunan Anadolu Liseleri,
Genel Liseler ve Teknik ve Meslek Liselerinin 2008-2009 eğitim öğretim yılının 1. sınıfında
okuyan öğrencilerinden küme örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 555 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır.
Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak önceden geliştirilmiş bir deprem bilgisi ölçme
aracından faydalanılmıştır. Ölçme aracının farklı bir örnekleme uygulanması ve aradan
geçen zaman dikkate alınarak geçerlik ve güvenilirlik analizinin tekrar yapılabilmesi için
örneklemin dışında 390 öğrenciyle bir pilot çalışma gerçekleştirilmiş ve yapılan analiz
sonucunda bazı maddeler ölçme aracından çıkarılmıştır. Kalan maddelerle ölçme aracının
güvenirliği .83 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmada verilerin analizi için SPSS 15 paket veri
analiz programı kullanılmıştır.
Elde edilen bulgular, öğrencilerin deprem konusundaki bilgi ve düşüncelerinin, cinsiyet ve
okul türü değişkenlerine göre farklılık gösterdiğini ancak depremi yaşamış olmanın bu
bilgi ve düşünceleri çoğunlukla etkilemediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bulgular ışığında;
kız öğrencilerin erkek öğrencilere göre depreme ilişkin inançlar, deprem esnası ve
sonrasında yapılması gerekenler konusunda daha bilgili oldukları ve genellikle Anadolu
Liselerinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin Teknik ve Meslek Liselerindekilerden daha doğru
bilgi ve düşüncelere sahip oldukları görülmüştür.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
306
EARTHQUAKE AS A SOCIAL RISK IN TERMS OF SOCIAL SECURITY
RIGHT
SOSYAL GÜVENLİK
OLARAK DEPREM
HAKKI
BAĞLAMINDA
SOSYAL
BİR
RİSK
BALKIR G.-1, GÜLER B.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Social security means to guarantee the human life which comes up against
the risks throughout life. Does the social security right which supplies guarantee for an
honorable human future have to compensate the risk arising from earthquake? As a
social risk earthquake with its demolishing feature causes material and moral damages in
human life. Because of that reason earthquake is a complete social risk. Earthquake has
to be accepted as a social risk with respect to the social government principle which is
the basic principle of the Constitution of 1982 in effect. As a reflection of social
government principle social security right has to be broodaned to compensate the social
risks arising from earthquake.
ÖZET Sosyal güvenlik, yaşam boyunca karşılaşılan risklere karşı insan yaşamının
güvenceye alınmasıdır. İnsan onuruna yakışan bir gelecek için güvence sağlayan sosyal
güvenlik hakkı depremden doğan riskleri de karşılamalı mıdır? Sosyal bir risk olarak
deprem her şeyi yok eden yapısıyla kitlesel bir yıkımla insan yaşamında maddi ve manevi
yaralar açar. Bu biçimiyle deprem gerçekten sosyal bir risktir. Yürürlükteki 1982 tarihli
Anayasanın temel ilkelerinden biri olan sosyal devlet ilkesi gereğince, deprem sosyal bir
risk olarak kabul edilmek zorundadır. Sosyal devlet ilkesinin bir yansıması olarak sosyal
güvenlik hakkı, depremden doğan sosyal riskleri de karşılayacak biçimde genişletilmelidir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
307
UNEARNED INCOME UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCE; THE GREATEST
OPPORTUNITY IS EARTHQUAKE EARTHQUAKES IN TURKEY AND
AGAIN DISTRIBUTION OF THE URBAN LAND UNEARNED INCOME
HER KOŞULDA RANT; DEPREM EN BÜYÜK FIRSAT TÜRKİYE’DE
DEPREMLER VE KENTSEL RANTIN YENIDEN DAĞITIMI
ŞENGÜL M.-1
1-İnönü Üniversitesi İİBF Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In Turkey as a periphery country, capitalist institutions and relations have
performed but on the other hand relations of pre-capitalist production have subsisted.
Unearned incomes based on urban lands have grown an important tool of accumulation
in consequence of this relations have been transported to urban. Also the urban land
unearned income one of tools are used by governments and municipal managements for
come to power and stay in power. Consequently, even earthquakes in despite of their all
devastating effects have built up new opportunities for production and sharing of
unearned income.
ÖZET Bir perifer ülke olarak Türkiye’de bir yandan kapitalist kurumlar ve ilişkiler işlerken
öte yandan da pre-kapitalist üretim ilişkileri varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bu ilişkilerin kente
taşınmasının sonucu olarak kentsel topraklardan kaynaklanan rant önemli bir birikim
aracına dönüşmektedir. Ayrıca kentsel rant, hükümetlerin ve belediye yönetimlerinin
iktidara gelmek ve iktidarda kalmak için kullandığı araçlardan biridir. Bu nedenle, bütün
yıkıcı etkilerine karşın depremler bile, rant üretimi ve paylaşımı için yeni fırsatlar
yaratmaktadır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
308
SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS
EARTHQUAKE ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
OF
1999
DÜZCE
TUNA M.-1, TOPKARA C.-1
1-Muğla UniversityDepartment of Sociology, Muğla
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT This study is based upon a research that accomplished after 12, November
1999 Düzce Earthquake. The aim of research is an investigation of socio-psychological
impact of Düzce Earthquake on Düzce High School Students. 1999 Düzce Earthquake had
so many social, economical and psychological impacts on the area. Economically billions
of dollars were lost, socially thousands of people were killed, injured or lost their close
relatives. Many of them had lost their homes, workplaces and jobs. So many of them
were under the impact of social and psychological trauma. In short, social, economical
and psychological cost of Düzce Earthquake was enormous.
This study compares social and psychological impacts of Düzce Earthquake on the
different five high school students groups. Total sample is 340. According to research
results, different students group differently affected by the earthquake depending on
their social and economical backgrounds.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
309
REMEDIATING MISCONCEPTIONS CONCERNING MAGNITUDE AND
INTENSITY OF AN EARTHQUAKE THROUGH CONCEPTUAL CHANGE
MATERIAL
DEPREMİN
BÜYÜKLÜĞÜ
VE
ŞİDDETİ
KONUSUNDAKİ
YANILGILARIN
KAVRAMSAL
DEĞİŞİM
MATERYALİ
İLE
GİDERİLMESİ
CİN M.-1, KARA H.-1, DEMİR A.-1
1-Giresun Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi İlköğretim Bölümü 28000 GİRESUN
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Earthquake is described as tremors on the ground, which emerges from the
energy released by the raptures or slip of the Earth’s curst. Living beings and non-living
things are affected by these tremors. The response level depends on the power or
dimension of an earthquake. An earthquake's power can be measured in two ways: by
intensity and magnitude. Researches have shown that the concepts of intensity and
magnitude are often misunderstood or misused. The aim of this study is to develop and
test a teaching material for the purpose of increasing students’ understanding level and
removing their misconceptions about these concepts. In order to achieve this goal, a web
based teaching material, which includes photographs, graphs and animations was
developed. In this material, particular importance was given to differential features of
intensity and magnitude. The sample consisted of 48 students attending Giresun
University Education Faculty Social Studies Teaching Programme. The research was
designed as pretest- intervention- posttest. Students understanding level and their
misconceptions about the concepts of magnitude and intensity were determined via
structured interview in the pretest stage. In the intervention stage, a course related to
the concepts of magnitude and intensity in sismology was given to the students using the
teaching material. In the posttest stage, the same questions as used in the pretest were
asked to the students again. The results showed that students’ understanding level has
increased after the intervention and misconceptions the students previously possessed
have widely been remedied. Taking these results into consideration, suggestions have
been made to improve students’ understanding of an earthquake power.
ÖZET Yerkabuğundaki kırılmalar veya kaymalar sonucu ortaya çıkan enerjinin
yeryüzünde sarsıntılar meydana getirmesine deprem denir. Yeryüzündeki canlı ve cansız
varlıklar bu sarsıntılardan etkilenir. Etkilenme derecesi ise depremin gücüne veya
boyutuna bağlı olarak değişir. Depremin gücü iki yolla ölçülür. Bunlardan birincisi
depremin büyüklüğü, diğeri de depremin şiddetidir. Araştırmalar depremin şiddeti ve
depremin büyüklüğü kavramlarının sık sık karıştırıldığını veya birbirlerinin yerine
kullanıldığını göstermiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı da öğrencilerinin söz konusu kavramlar
hakkındaki anlama düzeylerini artırmak ve yanılgılarını gidermeye yönelik bir öğretim
materyali geliştirmek ve etkililiğini ölçmektir. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek için metin,
fotoğraf, grafik ve animasyon unsurlarını içeren web tabanlı bir öğretim materyali
geliştirilmiştir. Materyal “büyüklük” ve “şiddet” kavramlarının ayırt edici özelliklerini ön
planda tutularak tasarlanmıştır. Giresun Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Sosyal Bilgiler
Öğretmenliği Programına devam eden 48 öğrenci araştırmanın örneklemini
oluşturmuştur. Araştırma ön test – öğretim ve son test şeklinde dizayn edilmiştir. Ön test
aşamasında yapılandırılmış mülakat ile öğrencilerin depremin şiddeti ve depremin
büyüklüğü hakkındaki bilgi düzeyleri ve yanılgıları ölçülmüştür. Öğretim müdahalesi
aşamasında, oluşturulan materyal kullanılarak sismolojideki büyüklük ve şiddet
kavramları öğrencilere öğretilmeye çalışılmıştır. Son test aşamasında da ön test de
kullanılan mülakat soruları öğrencilere tekrar sorulmuştur. Araştırmanın sonuçları,
öğretimden sonra öğrencilerin anlam düzeylerinin arttığını ve daha önce sahip oldukları
yanılgıların büyük ölçüde giderildiğini göstermiştir. Araştırma sonuçları dikkate alınarak
öğrencilerin depremin gücü hakkındaki anlamalarını geliştirmeye yönelik tavsiyelerde
bulunulmuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
310
A STUDY ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS
EARTHQUAKES: AN EXAMPLE OF GIRESUN
ORTAÖĞRETİM ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN DEPREME KARŞI TUTUMLARI
KONUSUNDA BİR ARAŞTIRMA: GİRESUN İLİ ÖRNEĞİ
BAYRAM N.-1, TOMAR İ.H.-1, CİN M.-1
1-Giresun Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi İlköğretim BölümüSınıf Öğretmenliği Anabilim Dalı
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Attitudes are described as “an individual’s positive or negative reaction
towards a stimulus”. An individual at first gains knowledge about an attitude object;
afterwards, expresses it as emotional reaction, and finally transforms it into a behavior.
The aim of this study is to determine high school students’ attitudes towards
earthquakes. The sample of the research consists of totally 340 students in Giresun,
Bulancak and Keşap. At first, a Likert type scale with 60 items was developed by the
researchers to measure high school students’ attitudes towards earthquakes. Validity and
reliability of the scale was executed by the data obtained from the students. The
students’ general attitudes towards earthquakes and whether there are significant
differences in terms of gender variable were investigated. Explanatory factor analysis
was used for structure validity of the scale. After the factor analysis, 36 items were
extracted from the scale. As a result, an Attitude Scale towards Earthquakes (ASTE)
came out, which is composed of 24 items. Analysis showed that the scale consisted of
four factors. Factor I which comprises 7 items was named “like and enjoyment”. Factors
II and III, each of which is composed of 6 items, was named “fear and anxiety” and
“considering important” respectively. The last factor which consists of 5 items was
named “interest”. Finally, the scale with 24 items and 4 sub factors accounted for 50,102
% of the total variance. Internal consistency (Cronbach Alfa) coefficient was found to be .
87 (α = .87). These values showed that this scale was valid and reliable. Descriptive
statistics and t-test were used to analyze the data. According to the findings, the
students have positive attitudes towards earthquakes and there are significant
differences in favor of female students. Teachers, researchers and curriculum developers
were offered various suggestions
ÖZET Tutum, “bireyin bir uyarıcı karşısında olumlu ya da olumsuz tepki göstermesi”
olarak tanımlanır. Bireyler bir tutum objesi hakkında önce bir takım bilgiler edinirler, daha
sonra bunu duygusal bir tepki olarak ifade ederler ve son olarak da davranışa
dönüştürürler. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin depreme yönelik
tutumlarını belirlemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini Giresun ili Merkez, Bulancak ve Keşap
ilçelerinde öğrenim gören toplam 340 lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Öncelikle
öğrencilerin depreme karşı tutumlarını tespit etmede kullanılmak üzere araştırmacılar
tarafından 60 maddeden oluşan Likert tipi bir deneme ölçeği geliştirilmiştir. Elde edilen
verilerle, öncelikle ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirliği yapılmış, daha sonra öğrencilerin
depreme karşı genel tutumlarını ve cinsiyet değişkenine göre tutumlarının farklılık
gösterip göstermediğine bakılmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliği için açımlayıcı faktör analizi
yapılmıştır. Yapılan faktör analizi sonucunda, 36 madde ölçekten çıkarılmış ve sonuç
olarak 24 maddelik Depreme Karşı Tutum Ölçeği (DKTÖ) elde edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları,
ölçeğin dört faktörden oluştuğunu göstermiştir. Faktör I ’de yer alan 7 madde “sevme ve
hoşlanma”, faktör II ’de yer alan toplam 6 madde “korku ve kaygı”, faktör III’de yer alan
toplam 6 madde “önemseme” ve son faktörde yer alan toplam 5 madde “ilgi” olarak
belirlenmiştir. Sonuçta 24 madde ve 4 alt faktörden oluşan bu ölçek, toplam varyansın %
50.102’sini açıklamaktadır. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılık katsayısı (α = .87) olarak bulunmuştur.
Bulunan bu değerler ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir olduğunu göstermektedir. Verilerin
analizinde, tanımlayıcı istatistik ve bağımsız "t" testi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara
göre, öğrencilerin depreme karşı olumlu tutum sergiledikleri görülmektedir. Cinsiyet
değişkeni açısından, öğrencilerin depreme yönelik tutumlarında toplamda ve alt
boyutlarda kızlar lehine anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Öğretmenlere, araştırmacılara ve
program geliştirmecilere çeşitli tavsiyelerde bulunulmuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
311
NATURAL DISASTERS AND SOCIAL MEMORY
DOĞAL AFETLER VE TOPLUMSAL HAFIZA
UGURLU O.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi İİBF Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü
[email protected]
______________________________________________________________
ABSSTRACT Marmara Earthquake, which was occured in an area of concentration of
industry and population, did not remain only the devastation in urban areas, but also has
brought together with ecological destruction due to collapse of industrial regions and
infrastructural. This lived disaster had developed perception of society live with
earthquakes, questioned public services, highlighted the importance of society's civil
structure, has also strengthened interests in the legal changes and control requirements,
particularly urban development and master planning. These positive developments,
opened a new period within discussion about earthquake was augmented in the public
opinion and the various disciplines itself. Unfortunately all efforts of scientific research
and memory retention, these rising awareness and questioning tradition, has defeated
people reflexes to forget the pain and the gruesome events.
In this study, after draw a picture of urban life and environmental destruction in the
Marmara earthquake, will be given examples development in questioned perception and
interrogation, and by given the data from written and visual media headlines presented
how all legal regulations and control deviate from thier targets, how earthquake agenda
has unforgotten in a time for ten years period.
ÖZET Sanayinin ve nüfusun yoğun olduğu bir bölgede yaşanan Marmara Depremi,
kentsel alanlarda yarattığı yıkımla kalmamış, sanayi bölgelerinden ve alt yapının
çökmesinden kaynaklı olarak ekolojik yıkımı da beraberinde getirmiştir. Yaşanan bu afet,
toplumun depremle yaşama algısını geliştirmiş, kamu hizmetlerini sorgulatmış, toplumun
sivil yapısının önemini öne çıkartmış, başta kent imarı ve planlaması olmak üzere yasal
değişiklikleri ve denetimin artırılması gerekliliği görüşünü de pekiştirmiştir. Bu olumlu
gelişmeler, kamuoyunda ve çeşitli disiplinlerin kendi içinde deprem tartışmalarının arttığı
bir dönemi açmıştır. Ancak ne yazık ki tüm bilimsel araştırmalara ve hafızada tutma
çabalarına karşın, bu yükselen bilinç ve sorgulama geleneği, insanların acı ve ürkütücü
olayları unutma refleksine yenik düşmüştür.
Bu çalışmada, Marmara Depremi’ndeki yaşanan kentsel ve çevresel yıkımın bir resmi
çizildikten sonra yaşanan algı ve sorgu gelişmesine örnekler verilecek ve zaman içinde
çıkan tüm yasal düzenlemelerin ve denetlemelerin hedefinden sapmaları, bir dönem yazılı
ve görsel basının manşetlerinde yer alan deprem gündeminin on yıllı süreç içinde nasıl
unutulduğu veriler ile sunulacaktır
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
312
“NATURAL DISASTERS COURSE” PROPOSAL
EDUCATION UNDERGRADUTE PROGRAMS
FOR
HIGHER
YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM LİSANS ÖĞRETİM PROGRAMLARINDA “DOĞAL
AFETLER DERSİ” ÖNERİSİ
ÖZTÜRK G.-1, ULUSOY Y.-2
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Fak. Eğitim Bil. Böl. Umuttepe Yerleşkesi İZMİT
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT This study was fulfilled towards the configuration of the Natural Disasters
Course with the aim that the individuals in organizations aroused after the earthquake
will gain skills towards the earthquake besides the professional training education in
higher education programs and attain volunteerism spirit.
Disasters, with the broadest definition, are the technological or human structure based
events result in physiological, economical and social losses for people, and affect
communities by stopping or interrupting the normal life and human facilities.
(Ergünay,1996)
Natural disaster program`s objectives are;
To develop social skills to survive in extraordinary conditions through learning and
teaching activities foreseen in undergraduate program,
To evaluate volunteerism spirit of the higher education youth in updating and continuing
Turkey`s emergency administration,
To systematize the collaboration of volunteer organizations and educated administrators
that enforce the redevelopment process rapidly after the disaster,
To provide unity of idea and application in the society through the individuals resisting
the disaster and having the conscious of emergency by maintaining the security culture.
According to these objectives, education and teaching processes were determined by
specifying anticipated behaviors for students` gain, units and topics, and a Natural
Disaster Course Draft was devised.
Consequently, it is highly suggested that this study with the configuration of Natural
Disaster Course in Higher Education Undergraduate Programs should aim urgent cases
that requires individual intermeddling as well as the cases requires mass intermeddling
by broadening and developing the study for further research.
ÖZET Bu çalışma; deprem felaketi ile oluşan
organizasyonlar içinde yer alacak
bireylerin, yükseköğretim programları içinde mesleki formasyonları yanı sıra depreme
yönelik becerilerin de kazandırılması ve gönüllülük ruhunun oluşturulması amacıyla
Doğal Afetler Dersi’nin yapılandırılmasına yönelik olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
313
Afet, en genel tanımla insanlar için fiziksel, ekonomik ve sosyal kayıplar doğuran, normal
yaşamı ve insan faaliyetlerini durdurarak veya kesintiye uğratarak toplulukları etkileyen
doğal, teknolojik veya insan yapısı kökenli olaylara denilmektedir. (Ergünay,1996)
Doğal afet programının amaçları incelendiğinde;
Lisans öğretim programında öngörülen eğitim - öğretim etkinlikleri aracılığı ile olağan
dışı koşullarda hayatta kalmayı sağlayacak sosyal becerileri geliştirmek,
Türkiye'nin acil durum yönetiminin güncellenmesi ve sürdürülmesinde yükseköğretim
gençliğinin gönüllülük ruhunu değerlendirmek,
Afet sonrası iyileştirme sürecini hızlı bir şekilde yürürlüğe koyacak eğitimli yöneticilerin ve
gönüllü organizasyonların işbirliğini sistematize etmek,
Güvenlik kültürü oluşturarak; acil durum bilincine dayalı afete dirençli bireyler aracılığıyla
toplumda fikir ve uygulama birliği sağlamaktır.
Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda öğrencilerin kazanması beklenen
konular belirlenerek, eğitim ve öğretim süreçleri belirlenmiş ve
Doğal Afetler Ders Taslağı hazırlanmıştır.
davranışlar, ünite ve
buna bağlı olarak bir
Sonuç olarak, Yükseköğretim
Lisans Öğretim Programlarında Doğal Afetler Dersi
önerisinin yapılandırıldığı bu çalışmanın genişletilerek ve geliştirilerek toplu müdahaleyi
gerektiren acil durumların yanısıra bireysel müdahaleyi gerektiren acil durumları da
hedef alması önerilmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
314
AN
INVESTIGATION OF AWARENESS
AND
ATTITUDE LEVEL
FOLLOWING FORMAL
DISASTER EDUCATION OF
KOCAELİ
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
FORMAL AFET EĞİTİMLERİNİN FARKINDALIK ve TUTUM ÜZERİNE
ETKİLERİNİN KOCAELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖĞRENCİLERİ ÜZERİNDE
ARAŞTIRILMASI
GERDAN S.-1, ÇAKIN O.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Umuttepe Yerleşkesi Umuttepe / Kocaeli – Türkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Kocaeli University has made great strides in achieving to build a brand new
campus using advanced earthquake proof building techniques after being completely
destroyed in 1999 earthquake. It is therefore an example of a success story of founding a
modern campus with fantastic facilities as well as a well planned infrastructure.
Dealing with natural disasters is not possible solely with the development of structural
features. A united and integrated approach such as disaster management, capacity
evaluation and development and its most efficient use is of great importance. The only
way to do this is to carry out training and education of staff and students as well as
raising public awareness regularly, especially in a city like Kocaeli.
With this in mind, efforts have not only been limited with building earthquake proof
buildings and infrastructure but also in the form of a formal education for first and final
year Geophysics engineering students as a separate disaster management module to
train and raise awareness since 1999.
We have therefore carried out a research to find out what sort of attitude changes have
taken place and the impact of this training with the following main points in mind:
Awareness and attitude level about natural disasters (particularly earthquake) for
students,
The effect of study field on the level of awareness and attitude,
Comparison of the level of awareness and attitudes of 1st and 4th grade students,
The difference in awareness and attitude level between people who have experienced
severe disasters before and those who have not,
The level of awareness and attitude according to age groups,
The effect of gender on awareness and attitude.
To find answers to these questions, we have carried out a detailed survey among 1st and
4th year students at Umuttepe Campus of Kocaeli University.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
315
The survey has been carried out using a web site specifically designed for this purpose.
SPSS 10 statistical analysis software has been used to analyse the results. The analysis
has been carried out using two different techniques; f-test (one-way Anova) and t-testing
depending on the number of survey questions.
Survey results have been striking in terms positive impact on awareness and attitudes of
formal education to deal with natural disasters.
ÖZET 1999 depremleri sonrası büyük hasara uğrayan Kocaeli Üniversitesi, yeni
yerleşkesinde gelişmiş yapı teknikleri ile donatılmış yapılarıyla eğitim ve öğretimine daha
güçlü devam etme çabaları içerisine girmiştir.
Doğal afetlerle mücadele, sadece yapısal özelliklerin geliştirilmesi ile mümkün değildir.
Bütünleşik afet yönetimi anlayışı ve afetlerle mücadele kapasitelerinin geliştirilmesinde
formal eğitimlerin katkısı kaçınılmazdır. Konumu itibariyle teknolojik ve doğal afetlere
açık bir şehir olan Kocaeli için afetlerle mücadele konusunda farkındalık ve tutum büyük
önem taşımaktadır. Bu bilinçle, Kocaeli Üniversitesinde 1999 depremleri sonrası çabalar,
sadece yapısal özelliklerin geliştirilmesi ile sınırlı kalmamış, formal afet eğitimleri
Mühendislik Fakültesinde (Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü 4. sınıf) verilmeye başlanmıştır.
Formal eğitimlerin öğrenciler üzerinde farkındalık ve tutum açısından olumlu değişimlere
katkısının sağlanıp sağlanmadığının araştırılması başta olmak üzere;
Öğrencilerin doğal afetlerle (özellikle deprem) ilgili farkındalık ve tutum düzeyi,
Fakülte türünün farkındalık ve tutum üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığı,
1. ve 4. sınıf öğrencilerinin farkındalık ve tutum düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması,
Daha önce yıkıcı bir afet yaşamış öğrencilerle yaşamamışlar arasındaki farkındalık
düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması,
Yaş gruplarına göre farkındalık ve tutum düzeyi,
Cinsiyetin farkındalık ve tutum üzerindeki etkisi,
sorulara yanıt aramak amacı ile Kocaeli Üniversitesi Umuttepe Yerleşkesi 1. ve 4. sınıf
öğrencilerine yönelik bir anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Anket çalışması, anket geliştirme sürecine uygun olarak elektronik ortamda (web ara
yüzü ile) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket analizleri SPSS 10 programı kullanılarak ve anket
maddelerinin seçenekleri ile ilişkili olarak iki farklı uygulama ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu
uygulamalar, istatistik yöntemlerinde t-testi ve f-testi (tek yön Anova) olarak bilinen
uygulamalardır.
Anket sonuçları ülkemiz şartları ile afetle mücadeleye bakış açısını ortaya koyması ve
formal eğitimlerin farkındalık ve tutum üzerine olumlu etkileri vurgulanması açısından
dikkat çekicidir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
316
A DEVELOPMENTAL GUIDANCE APPLICATION SAMPLE TOWARDS
6-16 AGE GROUP İN 17 AUGUST 1999 KOCAELİ EARTHQUAKE
17 AĞUSTOS 1999 KOCAELİ DEPREMİNDE 6-16 YAŞ GRUBUNA
YÖNELİK GELİŞİMSEL REHBERLİK UYGULAMASI ÖRNEĞİ
ULUSOY Y.-1, ÖZTÜRK G.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Fak. Eğitim Bil. Böl. Umuttepe Yerleşkesi İZMİT
_______________________________________________________________
ASBTRACT In the following months of 17 August 1999 Marmara Eartquake,
international related psycho-social projects towards children and adolescents have been
carried out by the volunteer teaching staff of Kocaeli University Educational Sciences
Department at Kocaeli İzmit Merkez Cephanelik Çadırkent. In the scope of these
projects;
A data collection study on determination of 6-16 age group children, adolescents, and
developmental features aroused by trauma was done. With the help of these data
psycho-social support programs based on developmental guidance was improved and
applied. International support and collaboration were provided in applications. In these
studies, our target audiences’ skills of coping up with the sense of mourning and loss;
communication with parents and guardian, adaptation to new family, daily life, work and
school, keeping on academic success and skill of planning career were aimed to develop.
Even after the following years of the earthquake studies, especially on children with loss
of mother and/or father in the earthquake were carried out in accordance with Japan
Ashinaga protocol.
This study, considering that Turkey is in earthquake line, is crucial in terms of solution
based formations against earthquake and disaster environment caused by earthquake as
it provides a model and information source to more systematic and permanent
organizations.
ÖZET 17 Ağustos 1999 Marmara depremini izleyen aylarda Kocaeli İzmit merkez
Cephanelik Çadırkent’inde Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Bölümü gönüllü öğretim
üye ve elemanlarının çocuk ve ergenlere yönelik uluslararası bağlantılı olarak yürütülen
psiko- sosyal projeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu projeler kapsamında;
Çadırkente gelen 6-16 yaş grubu çocukların ve ergenlerin tespiti ile travmaya bağlı olarak
ortaya çıkan gelişimsel özellikleri hakkında veri toplama çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu verilerle
gelişimsel rehberlik anlayışına dayanarak psiko sosyal destek programları geliştirilmiş ve
uygulanmıştır. Uygulamalarda uluslararası destek ve işbirliği sağlanmıştır. Bu
çalışmalarda hedef kitlemiz olan çocuk ve ergenlerimizin yas ve kayıp duygularıyla baş
edebilme becerisi;ebeveyn ve vasi ile iletişimi, yeni ailesine ve günlük hayata uyumu, işe
ve okula uyumu, akademik başarılarının devamı ile kariyer planlarını yapabilme
becerilerinde gelişme sağlanması hedeflenmiştir.
Depremi izleyen yıllarda da özellikle depremde
anne ve/veya babasını kaybeden
çocuklara yönelik çalışmalar Japonya Ashınaga işbirliği protokolü ile yürütülmüştür.
Bu çalışma;Ülkemizin deprem kuşağında oluşu dikkate alınarak; depreme ve depremin
doğurduğu afet-kriz ortamına yönelik çözüm odaklı oluşumların giderek sistematik ve
kalıcı örgütlenmelere model ve bilgi kaynağı olması yönünden önemlidir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
317
ON THE DIFFERENTIAL
EARTHQUAKE
SOCIOLOGICAL
PERCEPTIONS
OF
DEPREM OLGUSUNUN SOSYOLOJİK ALGILANMA BİÇİMLERİNİN
FARKLILIĞI ÜZERİNE
OLGUN G.-1
1-İstiklal cd. No: 37/4 Merve Apt. Kaynarca Pendik / İstanbul
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The factor that separates each community experiencing natural disasters
such as earthquakes is not how is an earthquake zone but their attitude styles against
earthquake and ways to meet of the results created by the earthquake. It is not enough
to be accepted earthquake as a natural disaster and to analyze around the physical
factors it. It is also important the communities exposed to earthquake how to detect
earthquakes and explain what and what to take precautions in this direction. On the one
hand earthquake phenomenon in Turkey society is widely discussed around the
disciplines such as geology, architecture and city planning on the other hand sociological
structure of communities experiencing earthquake and awareness threshold against it
has not been discussed enough. To take sociological perspectives concerning earthquake
in Turkey important conclusions can be reached through certain variables such as
urbanization, migration, religion and traditional values.
Devastating results of
earthquake in Turkey is not only related with geological fault lines cracks but also related
with sociological fault lines cracks. The nature of fault lines cracks mentioned above is
understood in a wide range from geological descriptions to sociological analysis. In this
study earthquake in Turkey is discussed how to be a link to urbanization, belief system,
science and to reveal the relationship between earthquake and social perception and
social structure.
ÖZET Deprem gibi doğal afetleri yaşayan toplumları birbirinden ayıran unsur, nasıl bir
deprem kuşağında oldukları değil deprem karşısında konumlanma tarzları ve depremin
yarattığı sonuçları karşılama şekilleridir. Depremi sadece bir doğal afet kabul edip fiziksel
etkenler etrafında analiz etmek tek başına yeterli değildir. Depremin meydana geldiği
toplumun depremi nasıl algıladığı, ne ile açıkladığı, bu yönde ne gibi önlemler aldığı da bir
o kadar önemlidir. Deprem olgusu, Türkiye toplumunda jeoloji, mimari, şehir planlama
gibi disiplinler etrafında tartışılma zemini bulurken, depremin meydana geldiği toplumun
sosyolojik yapısı ve deprem karşısındaki farkındalık eşiği yeterince ele alınmamıştır.
Türkiye’de deprem olgusuna sosyolojik perspektifle yaklaşıldığında, kentleşme, göç, din,
geleneksel
değerler
gibi
değişkenler
devreye
sokularak
önemli
sonuçlara
ulaşılabilmektedir. Depremin Türkiye’de ortaya çıkardığı yıkıcı sonuçlar, jeolojik fay hattı
kırılmalarına olduğu kadar sosyolojik fay hattı kırılmalarına da bağlı olabilmektedir. Söz
konusu fay hattı kırıklarının mahiyeti, jeolojik açıklamalardan sosyolojik çözümlemelere
uzanan geniş bir yelpazede anlam zemini bulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada depremin Türkiye’de
kentleşme, inanç sistemi, bilim gibi olgularla nasıl bir bağ içinde olduğu ele alınacak
depremle toplumsal algı ve sosyal yapının sosyolojik ilişkisi ortaya konacaktır.
POSTER / POSTER
318
RECONSTRUCTION SYSTEM OF SUFFER’S RELOCATION AND
ENVIRONMENTAL TRASITION AFTER DISASTER FROM CASE
STUDIES OF RECOVERY PROJECTS WITH RELOCATIN AFTER THE
MARMARA EARTHQUAKE IN TURKEY -
ISHIKAWA-1, ISTEK, ONER, FUKUTOME, MINAI, YOSHIKAWA, NAKABAYASHI
1-Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution 1-5-2 Kaigan-dori, Wakinohama,
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyoko-ken, JAPAN 651-0078
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In Turkey, the policy of housing recovery is supply of permanent houses by
National Government for owner-occupier. Those houses are constructed in suburbs apart
from the damaged built-up area. Since twenty months after earthquake, many people
moved to the new permanent houses. However, a few houses were rebuilt in the
damaged areas because of height regulation for rebuilding an difficult negotiation of
condominium owners.
In this study, we questioned sufferers who live in built-up area in degirmendere, and
permanent apartments in Yuvacik. And we clarify the sufferer’s behavior for individual
recovery effect on housing relocation, and their adaptation of the changed environment,
based on the concept of the environmental psychology of ‘environmental
transactionalism’. And we studied too, how residents had moved by the recovery project
and considered how the city which it kept urbanizing had grown up.
The main results are shown as follows. 1) The residents are very various generation in
the permanent houses, because many owners want to lend for families who has young
child. And most of residents are satisfied now. 2) But there are a lot of problems in
developed area. After the earthquake, the buildings in the built-up area which had
completely destroyed were hardly rebuilt by people who had lived in the building before,
because of both height regulation for rebuilding. Ten years pass after the earthquake,
many buildings has constructed by real estate development companies, and in the
buildings people who newly move in the region and who reside near the building mix and
live. Near fault area, in some buildings are seen the restoration insufficient, only senior
citizen's who own unit in apartment have lived and other family has moved.
POSTER / POSTER
319
LAW
HUKUK
THE EFFECTS OF
PERSPECTIVE
EARTHQUAKES ON INCOME TAXES: A LEGAL
HUKUKSAL AÇIDAN DEPREMLERİN GELİR VERGİLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ
ETKİLERİ
TAŞDELEN A.-1
1-Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT An earthquake is a phenomenon which shows that Earth maintains its
vitality. At the same time, this natural phenomenon is an event with social consequences
under certain circumstances. Law regulates some social events according to their
importances. One of the branches of law which contains arrangements related to
earthquake is tax law.
There are general rules which regulate earthquake events as well as there are specific
laws depending on the size and nature of the earthquakes. There are both general and
specific rules established in distinction of formal tax law and material tax law. These rules
aim to remove negative financial effects of earthquake on taxpayers. Taxes are collected
to finance fiscal expenditures and imposed according to individuals’ financial resources.
Indications of financial resources are individual’s income, wealth and consumption
expenditures. Earthquakes damage taxpayer’s financial resources. In other words, they
reduce these resources. In such situations, it is necessary to remove or reduce
taxpayers’ obligations to tax administration due to economic and social reasons. On the
other hand, taxpayers who are not affected by earthquakes could face higher tax burden
due to the increase in fiscal expenditures. In this study, normative effects of earthquakes
on income taxes are aimed to be examined in Turkey.
ÖZET Deprem, Dünya’nın fiziki olarak canlılığını sürdürdüğünü gösteren bir doğa
olayıdır. Bu doğa olayı aynı zamanda, belli durumlarda, toplumsal sonuçları olan bir
olaydır. Hukuk, bazı sosyal olayları önemine dayalı olarak düzenlemektedir. Depremle
ilgili düzenlemeleri içeren hukuk dallarından biri de vergi hukukudur.
Deprem olayını genel nitelikte düzenleyen vergi hukuku kuralları olduğu gibi, depremin
ağırlığına bağlı olarak, bu durumu özel kanunlarla da düzenleyebilmektedir. Şeklî vergi
hukuku ve maddî vergi hukuku ayrımı içerisinde depremler ilgili hem genel hem de özel
kurallar konulduğu gözlenmektedir ki, bu kurallarla depremlerin yükümlüler üzerindeki
olumsuz malî etkilerinin kaldırılmasının amaçlandığı açıktır. Vergiler, kamu harcamalarını
karşılamak üzere kişilerin mali güçlerine göre alınmaktadır. Mali gücün göstergeleri,
kişinin geliri, serveti ve tüketim harcamalarıdır. Depremler yükümlülerin mali güçlerine
zarar vermekte, diğer bir ifadeyle bu güçleri azaltmaktadır. Depremin zarar verdiği
durumlarda, yükümlünün vergi idaresine olan ödevlerinin kaldırılması veya azaltılması,
ekonomik veya sosyal nedenlerle zorunlu olmaktadır. Diğer yandan, depremden
etkilenmeyen yükümlülerin kamu harcamalarının artması nedeniyle vergi yükü
artırılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada depremlerin Türkiye’de gelir vergileri bakımından
normatif etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
320
IN THE WORKING LIFE AUGUST 17 EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS OF
GENDER DISCRIMINATION
17 AĞUSTOS DEPREMİNİN
AYRIMCILIĞINA ETKİLERİ
ÇALIŞMA
HAYATINDA
CİNSİYET
ALBAYRAK C.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Hukuk Fakültesi, İş ve Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku Anabilim Dalı,
KOCAELİ
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT August 17 earthquake was the most damaged women who are no doubt.
Active role in working life are not enough women in the earthquake affected the labor
market participation rate has fallen further and this has lead to the widespread poverty.
Many employers, make to gender discrimination in the selection to work and male
workers are preferred. One of the major reasons that women play an active role in the
life of the home will be considered, such as the pregnancy is the assumption can not be
of sufficient yield. Forms of discrimination against women in working life on the basis of
socio-cultural factors into lies. Decisions regarding gender discrimination and the ILO for
the principle of equality in our Constitution, despite equality before the law, in practice,
inequalities between genders unfortunately unable to resolve. Gender-based division of
labor also leads to the victimization of women. Therefore, the women gathered in the
field of social security in danger of falling, and that the fundamental rights of women to
say that a reduction in quality of life will be over.
In this study, women are affected the most from the August 17 earthquake in the state
of working life, projects to increase women's employment and gender discrimination has
not been applied for reasons of legal regulations were examined.
ÖZET 17 Ağustos depreminden en çok zarar görenler hiç kuşkusuz kadınlar olmuştur.
Çalışma yaşamında zaten yeterince aktif rolü olmayan kadınların depremin de etkisiyle
işgücü piyasasına katılma oranları daha da düşmüş ve bu durum yoksulluğun
yaygınlaşmasına sebep olmuştur. Birçok işveren, işçi seçiminde cinsiyet ayrımcılığı
yapmakta ve erkek işçileri tercih etmektedir. Bunun başlıca nedenlerinden biri, kadının ev
hayatında aktif rol oynayacağının düşünülmesi, hamilelik gibi nedenlerle de yeterli
verimin alınamayacağı varsayımıdır. Çalışma yaşamında kadına karşı ayrımcılık oluşturan
hallerin temelinde sosyo-kültürel nedenler yatmaktadır. ILO’nun cinsiyet ayrımcılığına
ilişkin kararlarına ve Anayasamızdaki eşitlik ilkesine rağmen kanun önünde eşitlik,
uygulamada cinsiyetler arasındaki eşitsizlikleri ne yazık ki çözememektedir. Cinsiyete
dayalı işbölümü de kadınların mağduriyetine yol açmaktadır. Bu nedenle, kadınların
sosyal güvenliği alanında elde edilen temel hakların tehlikeye düştüğünü ve kadınların
yaşam kalitesinin azaldığını söylemek yerinde olacaktır.
Çalışmamızda 17 Ağustos depreminden en çok etkilenen kadınların çalışma yaşamındaki
durumu, kadın istihdamını artıracak projeler ve cinsiyet ayrımcılığına ilişkin yasal
düzenlemelerin neden uygulanmadığı konuları incelenmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
321
THE ISSUE OF THE PERIOD OF LIMITATIONS REGARDING THE
CRIMINAL
OFFENCES
WHICH
ARE
CONNECTED
WITH
EARTHQUAKES
TÜRK HUKUKUNDA DEPREM SONUCU OLUŞAN
ZAMANAŞIMI SÜRESİNİN BAŞLAMASIYLA İLGİLİ
KARARLARININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
SUÇLARDA
YARGITAY
KARAASLAN E.-1
1-Körfez Adalet Sarayı Körfez/Kocaeli
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT After the great earthquakes on 17th August and 12th November in 1999,
the project planners and architects were sued because the collapsed buildings had not
been constructed earthquake-proof.
During these proceedings, the question was raised when the period of limitation
regarding the criminal law is supposed to start. The courts of first instance were of the
opinion that the period of limitation should begin when the construction of the buildings
is finished. The court of cassation, however, took the view that the period of limitation
should start at the time of the earthquake or of death.
In this paper, both the decisions of the courts and the opinions in the literature will be
discussed.
ÖZET 17 Ağustos ve 12 kasım 1999 tarihinde, Marmara bölgesinde meydana gelen
yıkıcı depremler sonucunda; mağdur ve müştekilerinin haklı olarak hak arama istemleri
olmuştur.
Deprem sonucunda yıkılan binalarda ölüm, yaralanma ve diğer şekillerdeki
mağduriyetlere neden olan binaların yüklenicileri (müteahhit) ve fenni sorumluları
hakkında binaların inşasında gerekli dikkat ve özenin gösterilmemesi nedeniyle kamu
davaları açılmıştır.
Türk Deprem hukukunda açılan bu davalarla ilgili olarak uygulama da birçoğunda
zamanaşımı sorunuyla karşılaşılmış ve zamanaşımı konusunun; özellikle dava
zamanaşımı ve zamanaşımı süresinin başlamasıyla ilgili olarak hukuk uygulamalarında ve
yargı sürecinde büyük tartışmalar ortaya çıkmıştır.
Depremden doğan yıkıcı hasarlarda hangi sürenin dava zamanaşımının başlangıçı olacağı
konusunda yerel mahkemelerle Yargıtay arasında ve doktrinde görüş ayrılıkları ortaya
çıkmış; yerel mahkemeler zamanaşımı başlangıçını binaların yapımının tamamlanma anı
veya binaların kullanıma açılma anından itibaren başlattıkları görülmüşse de yüksek
mahkeme olarak Yargıtay; zamanaşımı süresinin,
deprem
anından veya ölümün
meydana gelme anından itibaren başlanması gerektiğine karar vermiştir.
Halen, deprem sonucu oluşan suçlarda zamanaşımı süresinin başlamasıyla ilgili Türk
Pozitif hukuku açısından yapılan düzenlemeler ve Yargıtay kararlarıyla sonuca ulaşılmaya
çalışılsa da; bu konuda tüm taraflar için, hukuka uygun ve adil sonuçlar yaratabilecek
yasal düzenlemeler ve ilkeler
ortaya konuluncaya kadar
yıkılan binalarla ilgili
zamanaşımı süresinin başlangıçı sorunları ve hukuki tartışmalar devam edecek gibi
görünmektedir.
Çalışmamızda yerel mahkemeler ve Yargıtay kararları, öğretiyle birlikte incelenerek,
uygulamada dava zamanaşımı ile ilgili görülmekte olan problemler ve uygulamalar
tartışılacaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
322
THE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON ACTIVITIES OF COMMERCIAL
COMPANIES AND BUILDING COOPERATIVES
DEPREMİN TİCARET ŞİRKETLERİ VE YAPI KOOPERATİFLERİNİN
FAALİYETLERİNE ETKİSİ
ÖZCAN F.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi, Umuttepe Kampusü Kocaeli
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes effects of earthquake on commercial companies and in
particular building cooperatives. The earthquake does not only affect real person’s
health, life and activities, but it also affects legal entities in particular commercial
companies and building cooperatives’ existence and activities. Law provides various
consequences for impossibility.
Impossibility can be categorized as follows: legal
impossibility, material impossibility, objective and subjective impossibility. The effect of
earthquake can be seen individually on every legal relation and also legal entities whole
existence and activities.
The effect of earthquake on commercial companies and building cooperatives’ contracts
can be seen in the following issues: the existence of contract, the effectiveness of
contract, performance, termination and compensation. Furthermore, with respect to
legal entities existence and activities, the effect on earthquake can be seen on the
termination of legal entities and reason for liquidation.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada depremin hukuk düzeninin varlığına hukuki etki bağladığı bir olay
olarak ticaret şirketleri ve özellikle yapı kooperatiflerine etkisi incelenecektir.
Deprem gerçek kişilerin sağlık, hayat ve faaliyetlerini etkilediği kadar tüzel kişilerin
özellikle ticaret şirketlerinin ve kooperatiflerin de varlık ve faaliyetlerini etkilemektedir.
Hukuk düzeni imkansızlığa çeşitli sonuçlar bağlamaktadır. İmkansızlık; hukuki, maddi,
objektif ve subjektif imkansızlık olarak nitelendirilip sınıflandırılabilir. İmkansızlık doğuran
olay olarak depremin etkisi, taraf olunan hukuki ilişkiler üzerinde tek tek görülebildiği gibi
tüzel kişilerin bütün varlığı ve faaliyetleri üzerinde de olabilir.
Depremin ticaret şirketlerinin ve özellikle yapı kooperatiflerinin sözleşmelerine etkisi,
sözleşmenin varlığı, işleyişi, ifa edilmesi ve sona ermesi ile tazmin edilmesi aşamalarında
kendini gösterir. Bunun yanında tüzel kişilerin varlığı ve faaliyetleri söz konusu olduğunda
tüzel kişiliğin amacına göre bir sona erme ve tasfiye sebebi olarak da önem taşır.
Sözleşmelere depremin etkisi imkansızlık sebebi olarak sözleşmenin akdedilmesinden
önce objektif bir imkansızlık sebebi olarak varolması halinde butlana sebep olurken,
sözleşmenin akdedilmesinden sonra fakat ifadan önce gerçekleşmesi halinde, kusursuz
olarak ifanın imkansızlaşmasının varlığı aranır. İfanın imkansızlaşmasında kusurun varlığı
halinde tazmin yükümlülüğü ortaya çıkar. Depremin etkisi ile edanın güçleşmesi
imkansızlık anlamına gelmez ve hukuki sonuçları imkansızlıkla aynı değildir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
323
İmkansızlığın ticaret şirketlerinin varlığına etkisi incelendiğinde ise Adi ortaklıkta bir
infisah sebebi olarak düzenlendiğini ve Kollektif ve Komandit ortaklıklarda açık şekilde atıf
nedeni ile bir infisah sebebi olduğu, imkansızlığın ortaya çıkması anda gerçekleştiği ve
tespit davası ile ileri sürülebildiği; Limited şirketlerde ise imkansızlığın doğrudan sona
erme sebebi olarak düzenlenmese de objektif ve subjektif haklı sebebin varlığı halinde
mahkemenin kararı ile LTD sona erdirilebileceği depreminde bir haklı sebep olarak
değerlendirilebileceği, burada açılan dava diğer ortaklıklardan farklı olarak bir kurucu
karar ile sona ereceği düzenlenmiştir. Mahkemenin kararı ileriye etkili bir karardır.
Anonim ortaklıkta ise esas sözleşme ile öngörülen iştigal konusunun elde edilmesinin
imkansızlaşması da AO yu infisah ettiren bir sebeptir. Sözkonusu infisah sebebinin varlığı
halinde açılacak dava fesih davası olmayıp infisahın tespiti davasıdır.
Kooperatifler için ise kooperatiflerin dağılması başlığı altında m. 81/7 de kooperatiflerin
amacına ulaşma imkanının bulunmadığının ilgili bakanlıkça tespiti halinde mahkemenin
alacağı kararla dağılacağı düzenlenmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
324
GRANTING A DELAY FOR PAYMENT AND DISCONTINUANCE OF
EXECUTION PROCEEDINGS IN EXTRAORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCES
SUCH
AS
EARTHQUAKE
(ARTICLE
317-330
OF
TURKISH
ENFORCEMENT AND BANKRUPTCY LAW)
DEPREM ÖZELİNDE FEVKALADE HALLERDE BORÇLULARA
VERİLMESİ VE TAKİPLERİN DURMASI (İİK m.317-330)
SÜRE
AŞIK İ.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Umuttepe/KOCAELİ
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes article 317-330 of Turkish Enforcement and Bankruptcy
Law. Debtors should fulfill their obligations on time and according to contractual terms.
However, debtors may not pay their debt in extraordinary circumstances. Therefore, in
extraordinary circumstances such as earthquake time, debtors need legal protection. In
fact, the Turkish Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law provides granting a delay for payment
and discontinuance of execution proceedings in extraordinary circumstances.
ÖZET Borçluların borçlarını vadesinde ve kararlaştırılan şartlar çerçeve-sinde ödemesi
asıldır. Ancak çeşitli sebeplerle borçlu borcunu ödemeyebilir veya ödeyemeyebilir.
Borçlunun borcunu ödeyememesi kendisine bağlı olmayan sebeplerden ortaya çıkmış,
özellikle de fevkalade haller sebebiyle borçlu bu duruma düşmüş ise, borçluya ödeme için
süre verilmesi veya kendisine karşı yapılan takiplerin belirli bir süre durdurulması,
borçlunun tekrar ekonomik hayata kazandırılmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Bu ise, ülke
ekonomisine de olumlu yansıyacaktır.
İcra ve İflas Kanunu’nun 15. Babında “Fevkalade Hallerde Mühlet ve Tatil”
düzenlenmiştir. Bu kurumun amacı, fevkalade haller sebebiyle borçlarını ödeyemeyen
borçlulara süre verilmesi veya takiplerin belirli bir süre durdurulmasıdır. Kanunumuzda iki
kurum düzenlenmiştir:
1.Fevkalade hallerde mühlette, Bakanlar Kurulu kararı ile fevkalade halden etkilenen
bölgenin borçlularından isteyene altı ayı geçmemek üzere bir süre verilmesi
düzenlenmiştir.
2.Fevkalade hallerde tatilde ise, Bakanlar Kurulu kararı ile belirli bir bölgede veya belirli
ekonomik zümre(ler) lehine, salgın hastalık, genel bir felaket veya savaş hali sebebiyle
belirli bir süre için takiplerin durdurulabileceği düzenlenmiştir.
Belirtilen kurumlar özellikle borçlunun menfaatlerinin korunmasını amaçlamaktadır. Ancak
makro ölçekte düşünüldüğünde fevkalade hal-den etkilenen borçlulara bir fırsat verilerek
kendilerini toparlamalarına şans tanınması ülke ekonomisine de katkı sağlayacaktır.
Belirtilen iki kurum arasında iki farklılık vardır: Fevkalade mühlette, borçluya süre
verilebilmesi için borçlunun taahhütlerini yerine getirememesinde kusurunun olmaması
gerekir. Fevkalade hallerde takiplerin durdurulması için ise, borçlunun kusurlu olup
olmamasının önemi yoktur. İkinci farklılık, fevkalade mühlet kurumundan yararlanmak
isteyen borçluların bakanlar kurulu kararından sonra tek tek icra mahkemesine
başvurması gerekir. Fevkalade hallerde tatilde ise, bakanlar kurulu kararıyla belirlenen
bölgedeki veya belirlenen ekonomik zümreye dâhil olan borçlulara karşı yapılan takipler
kendiliğinden durmaktadır.
1932 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren kanunumuzdaki bu hükümler yaşanan birçok doğal afete
rağmen hiç uygulanmamıştır. Bu hükümler adeta terkedilmiş hükümler haline gelmiştir.
1939 tarihindeki Erzincan depreminde (32968 can kaybı, 116720 hasarlı bina),
17.08.1999 Gölcük (Kocaeli) depreminde (17480 can kaybı, 73342 hasarlı bina),
12.11.1999 Düzce depreminde (763 can kaybı, 35519 hasarlı bina)
bu hükümler
işletilmemiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
325
EARTHQUAKE CASES AND STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS PROBLEMS
DEPREMDEN DOĞAN DAVALAR VE ZAMANAŞIMI SORUNLARI
DONER İ.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Umuttepe yerleşkesi/İzmit
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In the first clause of the 184th article of Turkish Criminal Code starting
with the heading “causing zoning pollution”, it is stated that a person who “builds”
and make somebody build without buying building licence will be sentenced for 5
years. Arranging such an action as a crime is for the first time in Turkish Criminal
Code.
According to the first article, it was described as a crime to build in contrary with the
procedures and provisions which are determined in “zoning” legislation.
The crime in the first clause emerges when building without buying building licence or
when building in contrary with the licence. So, not only the contractor, the subcontractor
and the craftsman or foreman but also the owner of the building will actively be charged
with the crime. Moreover, technical staff will be also charged with the crime who serve in
terms of controlling and auditing in such building activities.
In the second clause; it is described as a separate crime to make electricity, water and
phone connections or to get benefit from these services in the construction sites which
are established for the buildings that are started to build without building licence.
In the third clause, it is described as a separate crime to make electricity, water and
phone connections or allow people to get benefit from these services in the buildings
which don’t have certificate of occupancy whether or not it is built according to building
licence.
According to the fourth article, it is a separate crime to allow any industrial or
commercial activity in the buildings which don’t have certificate of occupancy.
In the fifth article, there is a restriction to the field of application of these clauses.
These clauses will be able to be applied only within the boundaries of municipality or in
places subject to zoning system. For example; industrial zones have the quality of places
subject to special zoning system. But, this restiriction aren’t accepted by the
establishments in which industrial products are produced. In this regard, these clauses
will be applied to the establishments which are built within the village boundaries and in
which industrial products are produced.
ÖZET 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanununun “İmar" kirliliğine neden olma” başlığını
taşıyan 184. maddesinin birinci fıkrasında, “yapı” ruhsatı almadan “bina" yapan ve
yaptıran kişiye bir yıldan beş yıla kadar hapis cezası verileceği hükme bağlanmıştır.
Türk Ceza Kanununda bu nitelikteki fiilin, suç olarak düzenlenmesi, Türk hukukunda
yenidir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
326
Madde metnine göre, imar “İmar" mevzuatında belirlenen usul ve koşullara aykırı olarak
inşa faaliyetinde bulunmak suç olarak tanımlanmıştır.
Birinci fıkradaki suç, yapı “Yapı" ruhsatiyesi alınmadan veya ruhsata aykırı olarak bina
“Bina" yapmak veya yaptırmakla oluşur. Böylece, sadece binayı inşa eden yüklenici,
taşeron, usta veya kalfa değil; inşaatın sahibi de bu suçtan dolayı fail olarak sorumlu
tutulacaktır. Ayrıca, bu tür inşa faaliyetlerine kontrol ve denetim hizmeti veren teknik
kişiler de bu suçtan dolayı fail sıfatıyla cezalandırılacaktır.
İkinci fıkrada; yapı “Yapı" ruhsatiyesi olmadan başlatılan inşaatlar dolayısıyla kurulan
şantiyelere elektrik, su veya telefon bağlantısı yapılması ya da bu hizmetlerden
yararlanılmasına müsaade edilmesi, ayrı bir suç olarak tanımlanmıştır.
Üçüncü fıkrada ise, yapı “Yapı" ruhsatiyesine dayalı olarak yapılmış olsun veya olmasın,
yapı kullanma izni “Yapı Kullanma İzni" alınmamış binalara elektrik, su, telefon veya gaz
bağlantısı yapılması veya bu hizmetlerden yararlanılmasına müsaade edilmesi, ayrı bir
suç olarak tanımlanmıştır.
Dördüncü fıkraya göre, yapı “Yapı" kullanma izni “Yapı Kullanma İzni" alınmamış
binalarda herhangi bir sınai veya ticari faaliyetin icrasına müsaade edilmesi, ayrı bir suç
oluşturmaktadır.
Beşinci fıkrada bu madde hükümlerinin uygulanma alanı ile ilgili sınırlama getirilmiştir. Bu
madde hükümleri ancak belediye sınırları içinde veya özel imar “İmar" rejimine tabi
yerlerde uygulanabilecektir. Örneğin organize sanayi bölgeleri, özel imar rejimine tabi
bölge niteliği taşımaktadır. Ancak, sınai ürünlerin üretiminin yapıldığı tesisler açısından bu
sınırlama kabul edilmemiştir. Bu bakımdan, köy sınırları içinde inşa edilen, sınai ürünlerin
üretiminin yapıldığı tesisler açısından da bu madde hükümleri uygulanabilecektir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
327
WHO ARE REQUIRED TO ARRANGE A COMPULSORY EARTHQUAKE
INSURANCE IN TURKEY?
TÜRKİYE’ DE KİMLER ZORUNLU DEPREM SİGORTASI YAPTIRMAK
ZORUNDADIR?
BARLAS N.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Umuttepe/Kocaeli
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT According to the Turkish Law owner and beneficial owner must take out an
insurance contract.
In this sense, pursuant to the Turkish Law regarding to earthquake, tenant and the
apartment superintendent may arrange the compulsory earthquake insurance.
However, whether the time-share owners may take out a compulsory earthquake
insurance policy or not is open to discussion.
ÖZET Türk mevzuatına göre mâlik, intifa hakkı sahibi sigorta sözleşmesi yaptırmakla
yükümlüdür.
Bu bağlamda depreme ilişkin Türk Mevzuatı gereğince kiracı ve yöneticinin de zorunlu
deprem sigortasını yaptırabileceği kabul edilmektedir.
Ancak devre mülk sahiplerinin zorunlu deprem sigortasını yaptırabilmesi tartışmaya
açıktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
328
THE EARTHQUAKE SAFETY IN THE SWISS LAW SYSTEM
İSVİÇRE HUKUKUNDA DEPREM GÜVENLİĞİ
KARAASLAN V.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Umuttepe Kampüsü Kocaeli
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The earthquake safety is not directly regulated by the Swiss law. Only No.
260-267 of the Supporting Framework Standards of the SIA (Swiss Engineer and
Architect’s Union) and No. 2018 of the Leaflet of the same union, which is called
“Inspection of Existing Buildings with Regard to Earthquakes”, regulate this issue. The
Federal Court of Switzerland has declared in some of its decisions the SIA-Standards as
binding. Some of the canton laws also declare the rules of SIA explicitly as binding.
Therefore, the rules of the SIA concerning earthquake safety must be followed when
building. The responsibility of planners and building contractors in case of damages which
occur due to earthquakes will be discussed in the presentation.
ÖZET İsviçre hukukunda deprem güvenliği konusu aslında yasalarda açıkça düzenlenmiş
bir konu değildir. Sadece SIA (İsviçre Mühendis ve Mimarlar Birliği) Tüzüğünün 260 vd.
maddeleri ile SIA’nın 2018 sayılı “ Mevcut Binaların Deprem Konusunda Denetlenmesi”
konulu Yönergesinde bu konuya ilişkin düzenlemeler vardır. Öte yandan imar hukukuna
ilişkin kanton yasaları binaların inşaat alanında genel kabul görmüş kurallara göre inşa
edilmesi gerektiğini düzenlemekle beraber bu kuralların hangileri olduğu noktasını açık
bırakmaktadır. İşte İsviçre’de bu konuda en çok tartışılan husus budur. İsviçre Federal
Mahkemesi bazı kararlarında SIA tarafından kabul gören ve yayımlanan teknik normların
imar alanında genel kabul görmüş normlar olarak görülmesi gerektiğine hükmetmiştir.
Bazı kantonal düzenlemeler de açıkça SIA kurallarının bağlayıcılığına işaret etmektedir.
Bu şekilde dolaylı olarak SIA’nın koyduğu kurallar imar esnasında uyulması gerekli
kurallar haline gelmektedir. Belirtmek gerekir ki, mühendislik ve mimarlık alanında
bilimsel olarak ortaya atılan teknik kurallar teorik olarak kabul görmüş, benimsenmiş ve
pratikte de uygulayıcıların çoğu tarafından doğru olarak kabul ediliyor ise bu kurallar artık
imar ve inşa alanında bağlayıcı kurallardır. Bu sunumda hedeflenen bir diğer nokta da
yine İsviçre hukukunda bina yapanın deprem sonucu ortaya çıkacak zararlardan hangi
şartlar altında sorumlu olacağı konusudur.
The earthquake safety is not directly regulated by the Swiss law. Only Art. 260 f. of the
General Regulation of the SIA (Swiss Engineer and Architect’s Union) and No. 2018 of the
Leaflet of the same union, which is called “Inspection of Existing Buildings with Regard to
Earthquakes”, regulate this issue. The Federal Court of Switzerland has declared in some
of its decisions the SIA-Regulations as binding. Some of the canton laws also declare the
rules of SIA explicitly as binding. Therefore, the rules of the SIA concerning earthquake
safety must be followed when building. The responsibility of planners and building
contractors in case of damages which occur due to earthquakes will be discussed in the
presentation.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
329
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGES
RESPONSIBILITIES
TO
REAL
PROPERTY
AND
LEGAL
TAŞINMAZLARDA DEPREMDEN DOĞAN ZARARLAR VE HUKUKI
SORUMLULUKLAR
BALKIR G.–1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi
[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The biggest destruction and damages arising from earthquake can take
place to real properties. Archiects, civil engineers and builder and other contractors are
held accountable from these damages in construction process. However, contractors who
deemed responsible for demolished and damaged buildings resulted from earthquakes
can be liable from unkown changes in usage process after the settlement. This situation
brings about unfair result and main legal debates.
ÖZET Depremden doğan en büyük yıkım ve zararlar, taşınmazlarda meydana
gelmektedir. Yapı üretim sürecinde mimar, inşaat mühendisleri ve müteahhit gibi
yükleniciler bu zararlardan sorumlu tutulmaktadır. Deprem nedeniyle yıkılan ve hasar
gören binalarda yapı üretim sürecinde yer alan yüklenicilerin, özellikle haberdar
olmadıkları iskan sonrası kullanım süreçlerindeki değişikliklerden de sorumlu tutulmaları,
adaletsiz sonuçlara yol açmaktadır ve büyük hukuki tartışmalar yaratmaktadır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ
330
INVITED SPEAKER
DAVETLİ KONUŞMACILAR
TURKISH-GERMAN
LESSONS LEARNED
PROJECT
ON
EARTHQUAKE
RESEARCH:
ZSCHAU J.-1, WOITH H.-1, MILKEREIT C.-1, LÜHR B.-1, WESTERHAUS M.-2, YILMAZ R.3+, ERGÜNAY O.-3*, PEKDEGER A.-4
2-University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
3-General Directorate of Disaster Affairs, Eskisehir Yolu 10 km, Lodumlu, Ankara, Turkey
(+ now at METU, Ankara; * now at Turk Kizilay, Ankara)
4 FU Berlin, Hydrogeology, Berlin, Germany
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Turkish-German Project on Earthquake Research started in 1985. The
area of investigation covered a 60 km long segment of the North-Anatolian Fault in NW
Turkey. This region was prone by several disastrous earthquakes from which the beforelast occurred in 1967. A recurrence period of 15 to 21 years had been suggested. The
aim of the project was to achieve a better understanding of crustal processes prior to and
after earthquakes. The activities were organized in a number of experiments including
(1) neotectonic and paleo-seismological studies, (2) monitoring of seismicity, (3) an
active seismic airgun experiment, (4) high precision tilt measurements, (5) ground water
level and temperature recordings, (6) repeated measurements of the gravity field, (7)
monitoring of the total magnetic field and broadband magnetotelluric signals, (8) radon
emissions and hydrochemical parameters, and finally (9) recording of meteorological
parameters. Furthermore, sociological studies were carried out. Many of the listed
experiments were combined in 6 Multi-Parameter Observatories lined up along the fault
to provide a high accuracy in time (in the pre-gps era), and to allow for a direct
comparison of different parameters measured in the same area. The final project report
had been submitted in 1997. On 17 August 1999 the “overdue” M=7.6 earthquake
occurred with its epicentre near Izmit – about 50 km west of our monitoring area. The
location of the expected event had been successfully predicted from spatio-temporal bvalue variations. Time series of more than 11 years revealed (i) seasonal variations, (ii)
secular drift changes, and (iii) transient events. They correlate with changes in microseismic activity. The key result is quickly summarised: practically all monitored
parameters were significantly influenced by precipitation-induced pore-pressure
variations in the crust. This apparently even holds for the micro-seismic activity at a
depth of 10 km. This observation implies a deep penetration of pore-pressure
disturbances through the crust, and a time-shifted triggering of micro-seismicity by
pressure changes in the order of some mbar. We concluded that these rain-induced
signals may mask potential earthquake precursor signals. On the other hand they offer a
chance to calibrate stress-related changes of crustal properties.
INVITED SPEAKER / DAVETLİ KONUŞMACI
331
RISK MANAGEMENT AND P25 – RAPID SCORING TECHNIQUE
TEZCAN S.S.-1, KÖKSAL H., KAPTAN K.
1-Civil Engineering, Boğaziçi University
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is emphasized that Türkiye experiences frequent earthquakes, on the
order of one damaging earthquake of magnitude 6.0 to 7.0 at almost every two years,
causing extensive losses to economy, life and limb. Every strong earthquake leaves
behind poverty and tens of thousands of homeless people. In order to mitigate the losses
due to earthquakes, a number of issues are identified to be studied and managed
properly on a national scale. Firstly, the importance of education and research about
earthquakes and earthquake preparedness, from cradle to grave, is stressed. Secondly,
for a successful solution of the risk mitigation problems, the legislative and financial
structures as well as the social and technical organizations are presented.
Recommendations are given, concerning the disaster management, dealing with
emergency matters during and after the earthquake, and also the risk management,
dealing with preparations before the earthquake. Finally, the problems related to
inventory of buildings, repair and retrofitting issues, earthquake insurance, supervision of
design and construction of buildings are discussed. A reference is made to the project of
‘zero’ loss of life during future strong earthquakes which eliminates the necessity for
large scale retrofitting of the existing building stock and saves lives. A rapid scoring
technique called ‘P25- Assessment Method’ is also introduced for determining the
collapse vulnerability of R/C buildings.
332
JOINT
HYPOCENTER
DETERMINATION
UNDERSTANDING OF EARTHQUAKES
FOR
BETTER
HURUKAWA N.-1
1-International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (IISEE), Building
Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Location of an earthquake is one of most fundamental information on the
earthquake. In general, a hypocenter of an earthquake is obtained by comparing the
observed travel time with calculated (theoretical) travel time assuming the initial
hypocenter. The difference between these two travel times (travel-time residual, O-C)
should be minimum by solving a differential equation on location and an origin time. This
method is called the Geiger's method. However, since we assume 1-D velocity model for
hypocenter determination in general, an accuracy of a hypocenter contains a large error
caused by a horizontal heterogeneity of the earth.
Joint hypocenter determination (JHD) is a generalization of the Geiger's method to
include station corrections for travel times as additional parameters to be determined
from a group of earthquakes. Hypocenters of many earthquakes and station corrections
are calculated simultaneously. Since station corrections can extract travel-time anomalies
caused by a lateral heterogeneity of the earth, hypocenter locations are improved
dramatically by using the JHD method.
However, when media is very heterogeneous and station coverage is not good, solutions
by the conventional JHD method are unstable and unreliable because of the trade-off
between station corrections and focal depths of earthquakes. Therefore, modifying the
JHD method, Hurukawa and Imoto (1990, 1992) and Hurukawa (1995) developed a
modified joint hypocenter determination (MJHD) method by using the following
constraints: A station correction is independent of both the distance and the azimuth
from the center of the studied region to the station. Although this sacrifices absolute
hypocenters, this makes the JHD method stable.
Good location contributes to many fields of seismology. Such as, 1) identification of a
fault plane of an earthquake from aftershock distribution, 2) relationship between
hypocenter location and crust and upper-mantle structure, 3) relationship between
hypocenter location and tectonic structure (active faults, plate boundaries, etc), temporal
and spatial change of seismicity (migration, concentration, etc), etc.
Results by the MJHD method will be introduced in the presentation which includes
determination
of
fault
planes
of
large
earthquakes
in
the
world
(http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/eqcat/Top_page_en.htm).
333
PUTTING THE BIG PICTURE TOGETHER: A REVIEW OF THE KOCAELI
EARTHQUAKE OF 1999, COMPARISON WITH THE L'AQUILA
EARTHQUAKE OF 2009, AND AN EXCITING OPPORTUNITY TO
INTEGRATE AND DISSEMINATE THE LESSONS WE HAVE LEARNED SO
FAR
EVANS R.-1, ADAMS B.-2, ROSSETTO T.-3, SARGEANT S.-1, ÜÇER S.B.-4
1-British Geological Survey, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, UK
2-Image Cat Inc.
3-University College London
4-Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI)
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The British Geological Survey and Kandilli Observatory have co-operated in
geophysical studies of the Marmara Sea and the Kocaeli region since 1975. In 1978, the
segment of the North Anatolian Fault east of the city of Izmit was identified as the
potential site of a major earthquake and a series of detailed experiments were conducted
there in 1979, 1980 and 1984. These studies demonstrated, for the first time, the
presence of shear-wave splitting in the Earth's crust. Since then, the techniques
developed at Izmit have been used internationally not only in earthquake prediction
studies but in oil and gas exploration. We will briefly review these three projects, their
results, and the potential for deriving additional information from the substantial digital
datasets generated.
Following the 1999 earthquake, EEFIT (the UK-based Earthquake Engineering Field
Investigation Team) mounted a mission to examine its effects and determine the lessons
that might be learned by the earthquake engineering community at large, as it does after
many major earthquakes, including the recent l'Aquila (Italy) event. Although the Kocaeli
event was of larger magnitude, many of the circumstances are comparable, with similar
levels of ground shaking being observed in each of these regional urban centres. We will
compare the effects of the two earthquakes and examine the extent to which the lessons
from Kocaeli were disseminated and appreciated.
VDV, the Virtual Disaster Viewer (http://www.virtualdisasterviewer.com/) was developed
using MS Virtual Earth for the devastating Sichuan Earthquake that struck China on May
12, 2008. It offers new ways to support response efforts in the aftermath of catastrophic
events, as the first-of-its-kind 'social networking style' disaster monitoring tool. VDV
proved invaluable in the aftermath of the l'Aquila earthquake, enabling the rapid
communication of information and results amongst the various teams examining its
consequences in terms of earthquake engineering, disaster response, and human impact.
VDV is supported by an international consortium of influential organisations including
EERI and MCEER (USA) as well as EEFIT and EPSRC (UK) and, of course, Microsoft, and
is destined to become a primary international repository of information on earthquake
effects, engineering, and disaster response.
The benefits of working with VDV are not restricted to current earthquakes. The platform
can as easily be used to integrate and disseminate information and results from past
events. The Kocaeli earthquake was amongst the first for which, with the wide availability
of GPS, digital cameras, and digital mapping and survey tools, a huge volume of
georeferenced data was acquired. This can be readily uploaded to VDV, along with the
results of international and Turkish studies across a wide range of disciplines. A new page
within the Viewer has already been established for the Kocaeli earthquake and we will
demonstrate some of the capabilities of this system. The tenth anniversary of this
disaster presents a very appropriate opportunity to gather together and share the results
and conclusions of all relevant communities. VDV offers an excellent vehicle within which
to undertake this integration.
334
CULTURE AND DİSASTER: A PERSONAL EXPERİENCE FROM 1999
EAST-MARMARA EARTHQUAKE
DURAN N.-1
1-Villanova University, Core Humanities Program, USA
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Disaster relief aid faces many of the same problems that any international
aid must face-issues of cultural difference and economic disparity that make aid a difficult
thing to do successfully. But in a disaster, aid organizations are without the time or local
organizational structure to deal with those problems. My experience working with
international aid organizations in and around Izmit after the earthquake in 1999 revealed
to me some striking cultural and economic differences between the aid givers and the aid
receivers. These differences became a serious barrier to the distribution of goods and the
provision of real help in the midst of disaster. Western aid givers like myself often
operated without real understanding of Turkish bureaucracy or hierarchy, and generally
failed to understand or even to perceive the degree to which most people, whether or not
they were affected by the earthquake, felt entitled to the goods being distributed.
335
REPAIR
AND
OVERLAYS
STRENGTHENING
THROUGH
CARBON
FIBER
TRIANTAFILLOU T.C.-1
1-Structural Materials Laboratory, University of Patras, Greece
_______________________________________________________________
336
HIDDEN EARTHQUAKES IN THE GÖLCÜK-KAVAKLI, YENICE-GONEN
AND
TROY
FAULTS,
PALAEOSEISMOLOGICAL
AND
ARCHAEOSEISMOLOGICAL APPROACH
PAVLIDES S.-1, TUTKUN S.Z.-2
1-Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
2-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT This is a review paper concerning the results of the above mentioned
Turkish-Greek teems cooperation of the last 10 years after the great Kocaeli earthquake,
based mainly on neotectonic, palaeoseismological, archaeoseismological and
morphotectonic research.
The first example of archaeoseismological investigation comes from the Greek-Turkish
border close to Edirne, where a well preserved seismic fault under a tomb of a post
Roman age studied. Taking into account the behavior of normal faults in the broader
Aegean region during historical earthquakes, as well as in paleoseismological research, it
is estimated that the earthquake that formed this fault is associated with a strong M6.57.0. The only known strong historical earthquake of this low seismicity region is the 1752
Edirne event.
In the epicentral area of 1999 Izmit (Kocaeli) strong earthquake the seismic ruptures
(N80o-100o) did not follow any known or mapped fault traces, but the morphology and
tectonostratigraphic evidence from trenches show typical and recognizable earthquakerelated pre-existing features, such as elongated valleys, shutter ridges, high angle
slopes, scarplets, stream and palaeosoil offset. In the Gölcuk Peninsula a characteristic
extensional NW-SE trending oblige normal fault segment emerged on surface with a 1.5 2 m maximum vertical displacement and a 0.30 m right-lateral component. The coseismic fault scarp was mapped in detail, while two trenches were excavated at Dëniz
Evler site. The 1999 displacement, at the site is 1.50 m, while the penultimate event had
displaced the same sediments is 0.70 m and a previous event is 0.20 m. Displacement is
not characteristic, as the fault associated soft recent deltaic deposits and the fault itself
are not typical co-seismic, but rather
a secondary accommodation structure in
geometrical consistency with the right-lateral main displacement zone. The data were
combined and correlated with similar data and results from Aşāgi Yuvacik, Kular Yaylacik
and Acisu sites between Izmit and Sapanca lake. The same fault segment seems to have
been activated and produced surface ruptures during recent historical events such as the
earthquakes of AD 1509, AD 989 and AD 554, plus two prehistoric events. That is,
palaeseismological results clearly give evidence for repeat reactivation of the same fault
during historical seismic events.
The Yenice–Gönen Fault (YGF) is one of the most important active tectonic structures in
the Biga peninsula, which is considered to be a part of the southern branch of the North
Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). On March 18, 1953, a destructive earthquake (Mw=7.2)
occurred on the YGF. In this study, structural and palaeoseismological features have
been investigated. Three trenches were excavated at Muratlar, Karaköy and Seyvan
sites. According to the palaeoseismic interpretation and the results of 14C AMS dating,
Seyvan trench shows that an earthquake of palaeoseismic age ca. 620 AD ruptured a
different strand of the 1953 fault, producing rather significant surface rupture
displacement, while there are indications that at least two older events occurred during
337
the past millennia. Another set of trenches excavated near Muratlar village revealed
extensive liquefaction not only during the 1953 event, but also during a previous
earthquake, dated at 1440 AD. Based on the trenching results, we estimate a recurrence
interval of 660±160 years for large morphogenic earthquakes, creating linear surface
ruptures. The maximum reported displacement during the 1953 earthquake was 4.2 m.
Taking into account the palaeoseismologically determined earthquake recurrence interval
and maximum displacement, slip-rate of the YGF has been calculated to be 6.3 mm/a,
which is consistent with present-day velocities determined by GPS measurements.
According to the geological investigations, cumulative displacement of the YGF is 2.3 km.
This palaeoseismological study contributes to model the behaviour of large seismogenic
faults in the Biga Peninsula.
The Troy fault is an E-W oriented normal – oblique slip fault located at the eastern part of
Biga peninsula in northwestern Turkey. It extends for about 8 to 10 km with clear
topographic expression affecting the Neogene-Quaternary sediments and extends
possibly for 2-4 km westwards of the Hisarlik hill under the recent late Holocene deposits
of the Troy plain. It is part of a large NE-SW trending zone that includes several other
active faults. Although it is not associated with known historical or instrumental strong
earthquake activity, taking into account known empirical relationships of fault length
versus M and the length of segments, the seismic potential is of Mw = 5.5-6.1. However,
taking the total length 9 km and the possible westward extension (~11Km) an
earthquake of magnitude 6.2 - 6.5 is possible in case of reactivation of the entire length
of Troy Fault. Open issues for Troy fault are remaining, such as when was Troy fault
reactivated last? Are the archaeologically documented earthquake damages of Troy
settlements (Troy III and VI) associated with Troy fault, or a distant one? How did Troy
fault, as well as other active faults of the broader area (e.g. Edremit) affect the
geomorphologic evolution of Skamander (Karamendere) and Simois (Dumrek) valleys? Is
the observed rising of the area (documented in boreholes as well as geomorphologically)
a widespread event or a local one caused by the activity of local active faults
(Dardanelles? Offshore Aegean?).
338
EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION: LESSONS FROM THE AUGUST 17, 1999
IZMIT EARTHQUAKE
ÇEMEN İ.-1
1-Dept. of Geol. Sciences, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Turkey is located in a tectonically active region and contains two of the
world’s most well-known active strike-slip fault zones, namely the North Anatolian
(NAFZ) and East Anatolian Fault (EAFZ) zones. The NAFZ has a 24±4 mm/yr slip rate
(Stein et al., 1997) and controls the northern margin of the westward escape (Şengör et
al., 1985) or lateral extrusion (Çemen et al., 1999) of the Anatolian platelet due to the
collision between the Arabian and Eurasian plates in the southeastern Turkey. Between
1939-1999, there has been nine earthquakes of Ms>7.0 or more along the NAFZ. They
are 1912 Şarköy-Mürefte, 1916 Tokat-Samsun, 1942 Erbaa-Niksar, 1943 Ladik-Tosya,
1944 Bolu-Gerede, 1953 Yenice-Gönen, 1957 Abant, 1967 Mudurnu, 1999 Gölcük-Arifiye
and 1999 Düzce earthquakes. These earthquakes suggest that there is a westward
migration of the earthquakes along the fault zone (Toksöz et al., 1979; Stein et al.,
1997).
The last big earthquake along the NAFZ is the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake
(Mw=7.4) which lasted 45 seconds, a relatively long time for an earthquake with a
Mw=7.4. The earthquake claimed close to 20,000 human lives and about 100,000 people
were left homeless. Ever since then the biggest question in Turkey is: where and when
will the next big Turkish earthquake occur. Ten years later, this question can be
rephrased as what did we learn from the August 17, 1999 İzmit earthquake to predict the
future earthquakes? Geological and geophysical studies following the August 17 İzmit
Earthquake produced large amount of important data and taught us many valuable
lessons.
It is impossible to know the exact timing of the next big Turkish earthquake. The science
of earthquake prediction and forecast is in its infancy. Geological and geophysical
processes that lead to a big earthquake along large active fault zones such as the North
Anatolian fault zone in Turkey are poorly understood. However, geoscientists will
probably predict and forecast major earthquakes along the major active fault zones such
as the San Andreas Fault zone in the USA with good precision before the start of the
second half of the 21st Century.
The August 17 İzmit earthquake caused about 5 m displacements at two geographic
locations that are about 80 km apart. The field observations together with a detailed
inversion analysis of seismic data suggest that there were two earthquakes with 7seconds apart; the first earthquake occurred in a hypocenter below the town of Arifiye
and the second one occurred in a hypocenter below the town of Gölcũk (Çemen et al.,
2000). The fracture zone that formed during the İzmit earthquake has released the
stored elastic strain energy along the segment of NAFZ from Dũzce to Karamũrsel. It was
very likely that stress accumulated along the eastern termination of this segment would
be released as a matter of time (Varol et al., 2000). This stress was released by the 12
November 1999 Kaynaşlı (Mw= 7.1) earthquake. Ever since then, the question most
frequently asked is: when, if ever, will the stress accumulated along the segment of the
fault to the west of Yalova in the Sea of Marmara be released. It has been postulated by
many geoscientists that, if this stress release happens, the next big earthquake is likely
to occur in an area directly to the south of Istanbul.
339
Within the last ten years, there has been many state-of-the-art marine geophysical
studies conducted and large amount of very important data have been accumulated to
better understand the crustal structure under the Sea of Marmara. However, it is still
very difficult, with the available data to precisely locate a large the active fault zone
under the Sea of Marmara that will be a major threat to Istanbul, although it may exist.
All geoscientists agree that there are other major fault zones in Turkey that are also
capable of producing large earthquake. The east and southeast Anatolia contain many
active faults. Western Turkey has experienced many devastating earthquakes within the
last 2000 years. Many of the Ionian city states, including Ephesus and Troy, were
destroyed by large historical earthquakes. Western Turkey has experienced several large
earthquakes during the 20th century giving normal fault focal mechanism solutions. These
earthquakes had caused substantial damage and loss of life in the region.
The next big earthquake Ms> 7.0 will probably happen along the North Anatolian fault
zone. It is also important to note that there has not been a large earthquake along the
East Anatolian fault zone during the 20th Century. Therefore, a big earthquake is also
likely to occur along the East Anatolian fault zone. Earthquakes with magnitudes less
than 7.0 are likely to occur along the major normal faults in western Anatolia.
In the USA, a recent major NSF supported project called EarthScope is designed to
provide a better understanding of nature of crustal discontinuities especially in the
western USA where large earthquakes are likely to happen along the San Andreas Fault
zone.
In Turkey, there is an urgent need to design a similar project to provide a better
understanding of nature of crustal discontinuities and physical mechanisms that are
producing large earthquakes along the North and East Anatolian fault zones. With the
present technological advances, it is possible to determine the geometry of large
geological crustal discontinuities and active fault zones down to the upper mantle.
This project will provide us data:
1) To better determinate the depths and locations of all earthquakes along all the North
and East Anatolian fault zones.
2) To determine the seismic zones along the active fault zones where stress is
accumulating to produce large future earthquakes.
3) New insights and knowledge to better determine the seismic wave velocities and the
physical factors that effect seismic wave propagation.
The data obtained from this and other similar projects will provide geoscientists to
someday precisely predict and forecast major earthquakes in Turkey.
340
DESIGN
WORKSHOP
CONSTRUCTION STOCK
“MEVCUT YAPI
ÇALIŞMASI
FOR
STOĞUNDA
EARTHQUAKE
DEPREM İÇİN
IN
EXISTING
TASARIM” ATÖLYE
ULUĞ M.-1, İLTER T.-2, ERTEN BİLGİÇ D.-3, KÖMÜRLÜ R.-1, KUTLUCA A.K.-1, ÖZTEKİN
E.-3
1-KOU, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture, Izmit/Kocaeli,
2-UCTEA, The Chamber of Architects of Kocaeli, Izmit/Kocaeli,
3-KOU, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Interior Arch., Izmit/Kocaeli
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT On August 17 and November 12, 1999 two major earthquakes took place in
Eastern Marmara Region effecting Kocaeli, Duzce and Istanbul and caused a great loss
life and possessions.
This was the first time a that big earthquake effecting a that wide area happened in our
country and losses were mainly caused by buildings partially or totally damaged. This
fact resulted in various researches and legal arrangements about the phases of building
construction i.e. enterprise/planning, design, construction and usage.
However, the process of building construction involves various disciplines and policy
makers and that rises the need for assessing the studies and precautions as a whole.
In this paper, revisions in laws and legislations effecting the process of building
construction after the earthquake, reflections of the subject on architectural education,
studies of professional chambers and various researchers will be assessed and their
effect on construction process as a whole will be stated.
ÖZET 17-19 Ağustos 2009 tarihleri arasında düzenlenen “Uluslararası Deprem
Sempozyumu Kocaeli 2009” kapsamında, 7-16 Ağustos 2009 tarihleri arasında “Kocaeli
Üniversitesi Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi” yürütücülüğünde, “NURUS Ofis Mobilyaları
San. ve Tic. A.Ş.” ve “TMMOB Mimarlar Odası Kocaeli Şubesi” ana sponsorluğunda
“Mevcut Yapı Stoğunda Deprem (öncesi) İçin Tasarım” konulu bir yaz atölyesi çalışması
yapılacaktır. Bu çalışma sonucu; Konut ve ofis- çalışma mekanlarında elde edilen verilerin
irdelenmesi ile ortaya çıkan sonuçların açıklanacağı görsel ve eğitsel bir sunum
yapılacaktır.
Atölye çalışmasının sonuçları “Uluslararası Deprem Sempozyumu Kocaeli 2009”da
gerçekleştirilecek
bir
panelde
tartışmaya
açılacak
ve
farklı
disiplinlerin
değerlendirilmesine sunulacaktır. Ayrıca atölye çalışması sonucunda hazırlanan poster
sunumlar sempozyum süresinde sergilenecektir.
341
PANEL
PANEL
IS TURKEY READY TO A FORTHCOMING DISASTER?
TÜRKİYE YARIN OLACAK BİR AFETE HAZIR MISIN?
Chairperson/Başkan: Prof. Dr. Sezer ŞENER KOMSUOĞLU, Rector of Kocaeli
University/ Kocaeli Üniversitesi Rektörü
Panelists/Panelistler:
Hasan İPEK, Director of Disaster and Emergency Management Directorate of Turkey/
Türkiye Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanı
Mustafa TAYMAZ, Director of General Directorate of Disaster Affairs/ Afet İşleri Genel
Müdürü
Tekin KÜÇÜKALİ, Chairman of Turkish Red Crescent / Türk Kızılayı Genel Başkanı
Mustafa KUMLU, Chairman of Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions/ TÜRK-İŞ Yönetim
Kurulu Başkanı
Rifat HİSARCIKLIOĞLU, Chairman of The Union of Chambers and Commodity
Exchanges of Turkey/ TOBB Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı
Oğuz GÜNDOĞDU, Chairman of Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects/
TMMOB Başkanı
Dr. Feride Bilgehan AKSU, Vice Chairman of Turkish Medical Association/ TTB İkinci
Başkanı
PANEL / PANEL
342
DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE IN EXISTING CONSTRUCTION STORAGE
MEVCUT YAPI STOĞUNDA DEPREM İÇİN TASARIM
Chairperson/Başkan: Tevfik İLTER, The Chamber of Architects of Kocaeli, Vice
Chairman of Administrative Committee
Murat ULUĞ, Kocaeli University, Fac. of Arch. and Design, Dep. of Arch.
Erbil ÖZTEKİN, Civil Engineer/Technical Advisor
Günkut BARKA, Civil Engineer/Turkish Precast Concrete Association, Chairman of
Technical Committee
Şevket ÖZDEN, Kocaeli University, Fac. Of Eng., Dep. of Civil Eng.
Renan GÖKYAY, NURUS Company, Vice Chairman of Administrative Committee
PANEL / PANEL
343
SOCIO-POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
NATURAL DISASTERS
DOĞAL AFETLERİN
BOYUTU
TOPLUMSAL,
EKONOMİK
ve
PSİKOLOJİK
Chairperson/Başkan: Z. Gönül BALKIR, Dean of Faculty of Law, Kocaeli University
İnci USER, Marmara University
Melek GÜNDOĞAN, Değirmendere Support Center for Women
Gürhan ERTÜR, Açık Radio
Veli DUYAN, Ankara University
Beril TUFAN, Hacettepe Üniversity
PANEL / PANEL
344
10 YEARS OF DISASTER MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH IN TURKEY
TÜRKİYE’DE AFET RUH SAĞLIĞI ARAŞTIRMALARININ 10 YILI
Chairperson/Başkan: Tamer AKER, Kocaeli University, Centre for Psychological
Trauma and Disaster Studies
Banu YILMAZ, Ankara University, Department of Psychology
Ilgın GÖKLER-DANIŞMAN, Maltepe University, Department of Psychology
PANEL / PANEL
345
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PROGRAM OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES
OF iZMİR CITY
İZMİR İL SAĞLIK HİZMETLERİ AFETLERE HAZIRLIK PROGRAMI
Chairperson/Başkan: Hasan ODABAŞIOĞLU, Chairman of Disaster Committee,
Emergency Medicine Association of Turkey
Aslıhan YÜRÜKTÜMEN, Emergency Medicine Association of Turkey
Özge DUMAN ATİLLA, HAP
Emine BARIŞ, Disaster Medicine
PANEL / PANEL
346
WHAT DO WE EXPECT FROM HOSPITALS AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE?
DEPREMDE HASTANELERDEN NE BEKLİYORUZ?
Chairperson/Başkan: Rıdvan ATİLLA, Chairman, Emergency Medicine Association of
Turkey
Murat ERSEL, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine
Turhan SOFUOĞLU, Chairman, Association of Emergency Ambulance Physicians
Süheyla SEZAN, Kandilli Observatoty and Earthquake Research Institute
Tuğrul PAŞAOĞLU, Chairmen of Associaton of Civil Coordination Against Disasters,
Executive Board Member of MAG
PANEL / PANEL
347

ab>l E<b - International Eartquake Symposium Kocaeli 2009

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