Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum

Hakemli. Makale
$/0$1<$¶'$7h5.*gd0(1/(5ø1d2&8./$5,1,1
%g/h10hù.$'(5/(5ø9((öø7ø0'(.ø
%$ù$5,6,=/,./$5,1,1<$3,6$/1('(1/(5ø
(17(*5$6<21$ù$ö,0,<8.$5,0,"1
'LYLGHG)DWHVRIWKH&KLOGUHQRI7XUNLVK0LJUDQWVDQGWKH
6WUXFWXUDO5HDVRQVRI(GXFDWLRQDO)DLOXUHVRI7KHP,QWHJUDWLRQ
'RZQZDUGRU8SZDUG"
)XDW*OOSÕQDU*
Öz
%XoDO×üPDHVDVRODUDN$OPDQ\D·GDNL7UNJHQoOHULQLQHùLWLPDODQ×QGDQHGHQVUHNOLRODUDN
DüDù×\DGRùUXKDUHNHWOLOLNLoLQHKDSVROPD\DHùLOLPOLROGXNODU×Q×QYHEXQXQDUNDV×QGDNL\DS×VDO
IDNW|UOHULQ QHOHU ROGXùXQXQ FHYDE×Q× EXOPD\D oDO×üPDNWDG×U %X Do×GDQ HOLQL]GHNL oDO×üPD
WHPHO RODUDN LNL VRUX\X FHYDSODPD\D oDO×üPDNWDG×U $OPDQ\D HùLWLP VLVWHPL YH SROLWLNDODU×
NOWUHOoHüLWOLOLùLQWDQ×QPDV×QRNWDV×QGDHüLWI×UVDWODUVXQPDNWDP×G×U\RNVDGDKDoRN|]HOOLNOH
7UNOHU JLEL ED]× HWQLN D]×QO×N YH\D JUXSODU× G×üODPDNWD YH D\U×PF×O×N P× X\JXODPDNWDG×U"
(ùLWLP YH HPHN SL\DVDV×QD XODüPD PHVHOHVL $OPDQ\D·GD 7UN J|oPHQ oRFXNODU× LoLQ KDOD
E\N ELU HüLWVL]OLN YH G×üOD\×F×O×N XQVXUX PXGXU" %X VRUXODUD FHYDS EXOPDN DPDF×\OD
$OPDQ\D·GDNL HùLWLP UDSRUODU× 3ú6$ DUDüW×UPDODU×QD RGDNODQDUDN 7UN JHQoOHULQLQ HùLWLP
DODQ×QGDNLGHQH\LPOHULQLDQDOL]HGLOPHNWHGLUdDO×üPD7UNJ|oPHQOHULQLQoRFXNODU×Q×QHùLWLP
J|VWHUJHOHUL Do×V×QGDQ \XNDU× GRùUX KDUHNHWOLOLùLQLQ ROGXNoD V×Q×UO× NDOG×ù×Q× YH oRùXQOXNOD
DüDù×\DGRùUXKDUHNHWOLOLNGHQH\LPOHGLNOHULQLRUWD\DNR\PDNWDG×U7UNJHQoOHULQLQHùLWLPYH
HPHNSL\DVDV×QDHQWHJUDV\RQXQGDNLEDüDU×V×]O×ù×QGDRQODU×QVRV\DOYHNOWUHOVHUPD\HJLEL
JUXS|]HOOLNOHULQGHQ]L\DGH\DS×VDOYHNXUXPVDOIDNW|UOHULQHùLWLPSROLWLNDODU×HOH\LFLHùLWLP
VLVWHPLNOWUOHUDUDV×ELUPIUHGDW×QROPDPDV×NXUXPVDOD\U×PF×O×NJHQLüELUüHNLOGHHWNLOL
ROGXùX GüQOPHNWHGLU %X oDO×üPD Do×V×QGDQ 7UNL\HOL J|oPHQOHULQ oQF YH\D VRQUDNL
NXüDNODU× LoLQ VRUXQ HQWHJUDV\RQXQ JHUoHNOHüLS JHUoHNOHüPH\HFHùL GHùLO EX HQWHJUDV\RQXQ
$OPDQWRSOXPXQXQKDQJLNHVLPLQGH\DQLWRSOXPXQDüDù×WDEDNDV×QGDP×\XNDU×WDEDNDV×QGD
P× YH KDQJL |OoGH JHUoHNOHüHFHùLGLU 6RQXo RODUDN 7UN J|oPHQOHULQLQ oRFXNODU× LoLQ
VRUXQ DUW×N $OPDQ\DCGD NDOPDODU× \D GD 7UNL\H·\H G|QS G|QPH\HFHNOHUL GHùLO RQODU×Q
NOWUOHU DUDV× \HWHQHNOHUL YH NLPOLNOHULQLQ JYHQOL ELU üHNLOGH \DüD\DELOHFHùL DODQODU×Q QDV×O
ROXüWXUXODFDù×G×U
* $QDGROXhQLYHUVLWHVL(GHEL\DW)DNOWHVL6RV\RORML%|OP'U
IJXOOXSLQDU#JPDLOFRP
(ùLWLP%LOLP7RSOXP'HUJLVL&LOW8 6D\×31 Yaz: 2010 Sayfa:
(GXFDWLRQ6FLHQFH6RFLHW\-RXUQDO9ROXPH8 ,VVXH31 6XPPHU 2010 3DJH
65
$OPDQ\D·GD7UN*|oPHQOHULQdRFXNODU×Q×Q%|OQPü.DGHUOHULYH(ùLWLPGHNL%DüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×Q
Anahtar Sözcükler:(ùLWLPGHHüLWVL]OLNoRNNOWUOONNXUXPVDOD\U×PF×O×NWDYVL\H
VLVWHPL$OPDQHùLWLPVLVWHPL7UNJ|oPHQoRFXNODU×
66
Abstract
7KHVWXG\WULHVWRDQVZHUWKHVWUXFWXUDOUHDVRQVRIHGXFDWLRQDOIDLOXUHVRI7XUNLVK\RXWKZKR
DUHPRUHLQFOLQHGWRKDYHQHJDWLYHH[SHULHQFHVLQHGXFDWLRQZKHQFRPSDULQJZLWK*HUPDQV
DQGRWKHUPLJUDQWJURXSVLQ*HUPDQ\,QWKLVUHJDUGLWPDLQO\WULHVWRDQVZHUWKHVHWZREDVLF
TXHVWLRQV 'R HGXFDWLRQDO SROLFLHV FRQWULEXWH WR HTXDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR WKH UHFRJQLWLRQ RI
FXOWXUDO GLYHUVLW\ RU UDWKHU WR WKH H[FOXVLRQ RU VHSDUDWLRQ RI FHUWDLQ PLQRULW\ HWKQLF JURXSV
HVSHFLDOO\7XUNVLQ*HUPDQ\"$UHHGXFDWLRQDQGODERUPDUNHWDFFHVVVWLOOELJGLYLGHUVDPRQJ
WKHPLQRULW\HWKQLFJURXSVLQ*HUPDQ\OLNHWKHRWKHU(XURSHDQVWDWHV"7KHSDSHUH[DPLQHVWKH
HGXFDWLRQDOH[SHULHQFHVRI7XUNLVK\RXWKLQ*HUPDQ\ZLWKDVSHFLDOUHIHUHQFHVWRWKHVWDWLVWLFDO
GDWDRI(GXFDWLRQDO5HSRUWDQG3,6$VXUYH\V7KHSDSHUDUJXHVWKDWWKHFKLOGUHQRI7XUNLVK
LPPLJUDQWVKDYHH[SHULHQFHGGRZQZDUGPRELOLW\DQGWKHLUXSZDUGPRELOLW\LV\HWOLPLWHGLQ
*HUPDQ\UHJDUGLQJHGXFDWLRQ7KHUHVXOWVRIERWKHGXFDWLRQDOVWDWLVWLFVRI*HUPDQ\DQGWKH
ÀHOGVWXG\LQ*RVODUVKRZWKDWPRUHWKDQJURXSFKDUDFWHULVWLFVOLNHVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOFDSLWDO
VWUXFWXUDODQGLQVWLWXWLRQDOIDFWRUVPXOWLWUDFNV\VWHPZLWKLWVVHOHFWLYHPHFKDQLVPHGXFDWLRQ
SROLF\ FRQWH[W RI QHJDWLYH UHFHSWLRQ RI *HUPDQ\ LQVWLWXWLRQDO GLVFULPLQDWLRQWKH LQHTXDOLW\
RIUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV\VWHPDQGODFNRILQWHUFXOWXUDOFXUULFXOXPFRXOGKDYHDGHFLVLYHUROHLQ
SURPRWLQJRUKDPSHULQJWKHHGXFDWLRQDODQGODERUPDUNHWLQWHJUDWLRQDQGVRFLDOPRELOLW\RI
7XUNLVK\RXWK7KLVFDQEHH[SODLQHGE\DPL[RIIDFWRUV$QHGXFDWLRQV\VWHPZKLFKGRHVQRW
IRVWHUWKHHGXFDWLRQDOSURJUHVVRIFKLOGUHQIURPGLVDGYDQWDJHGIDPLOLHVWKHKLJKLPSRUWDQFHRI
VFKRROGHJUHHVIRUDFFHVVLQJWRWKHYRFDWLRQDOWUDLQLQJV\VWHPDQGWKHODERUPDUNHWDQGGLUHFW
DQGLQGLUHFWLQVWLWXWLRQDOGLVFULPLQDWLRQLQHGXFDWLRQDODUHDLQ*HUPDQ\)LQDOO\UHJDUGLQJWKLV
SDSHUWKHTXHVWLRQIRUWKLUGRUWKHQH[WJHQHUDWLRQ7XUNLVK\RXWKLVQRWZKHWKHULQWHJUDWLRQZLOO
WDNHSODFHEXWWRZKDWH[WHQWDQGWRZKDWVHJPHQWRI*HUPDQVRFLHW\ZLOOLQWHJUDWHWKHP,Q
RWKHUZRUGVIRUFKLOGUHQRI7XUNLVKLPPLJUDQWVWKHTXHVWLRQLVQRORQJHUZKHWKHUWRVWD\RU
UHWXUQEXWKRZWRVHFXUHSHUPDQHQWVSDFHVIRUWKHLULQWHUFXOWXUDOVNLOOVDQGLGHQWLWLHV
.H\ZRUGV ,QHTXDOLW\ LQ HGXFDWLRQ PXOWLFXOWXUDOLVP LQVWLWXWLRQDO GLVFULPLQDWLRQ
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV\VWHP*HUPDQHGXFDWLRQV\VWHP7XUNLVKPLJUDQW·VFKLOGUHQ
*ú5úû
'HPRNUDWLN ELU WRSOXPGD YDWDQGDüODU×Q HQ UDKDW üHNLOGH XODüPDV×QD LPNkQ
WDQ×QPDV× JHUHNHQ NDPXVDO KL]PHWOHULQLQ EDü×QGD HùLWLP JHOPHNWHGLU (Q
D]×QGDQWRSOXPXQJHQHOLQLNDSVD\DQNDPXVDO|UJQHùLWLPVLVWHPLQLQ|]QGH
EXHüLWOLNoLGüQFH\DWPDNWDG×U
*QP]GH HQ L\L üHNLOGH LüOH\HQ ELU RNXO VLVWHPL ELOH NLüLVHO |]HOOLNOHU \D
GDELUJUXEDYHV×Q×ID\HROPDNWDQND\QDNODQDQEDUL]IDUNO×O×NODU×WP\OH
RUWDGDQ NDOG×UDPDPDNWDG×U gUQHùLQ VRV\DO ELU V×Q×ID DLW ROPDN VRQ GHUHFH
VDELWELUXQVXUGXUYHKHPHQKHPHQKLoELURNXOVLVWHPLVRV\DOPHQVXEL\HWYH
HùLWLPGHNLEDüDU×üDQV×DUDV×QGDNLLOLüNL\LVUHNOLüHNLOGHGHùLüWLUHELOHFHNELU
LPNkQDVDKLSGHùLOGLU
)XDW*OOS×QDU
*|oPHQOHULQEDN×üDo×V×QGDQEDN×OG×ù×QGDHQWHJUDV\RQ\DGDX\XPJ|oPHQOHULQ
YH\DRQODU×QoRFXNODU×Q×QJHOGLNOHULWRSOXPGDNDPXVDOKL]PHWOHUGHQNLüLVHO
ELUWDN×P |]HOOLNOHU \D GD JHOGLùL ONH JLEL WHVDGIv GHùLüNHQOHU QHGHQL\OH
VLVWHPDWLN üHNLOGH PDKUXP NDOPDPDV× \D GD E×UDN×OPDPDV× GXUXPX RODUDN
WDULIHGLOHELOLU
%XQRNWDGDEXPDNDOHWHPHORODUDNLNLVRUX\XFHYDSODPD\DoDO×üPDNWDG×U
$OPDQ\D·GDNL HùLWLP SROLWLNDODU× NOWUHO oHüLWOLOLùLQ WDQ×QPDV× QRNWDV×QGD
HüLWI×UVDWODUVXQPDNWDP×G×U\RNVDGDKDoRN|]HOOLNOH7UNOHUJLELED]×HWQLN
D]×QO×NYH\DJUXSODU×G×üODPDNWDYHD\U×PF×O×NP×X\JXODPDNWDG×U"(ùLWLPYH
HPHNSL\DVDV×QDXODüPDGLùHU$YUXSDONHOHULQGHROGXùXJLEL$OPDQ\D·GDGD
HWQLNJUXSODULoLQKDODE\NELUHüLWVL]OLNYHG×üOD\×F×O×NXQVXUXPXGXU"
2NXO SHUIRUPDQVODU×Q× |OoHQ 3,6$ JLEL XOXVODUDUDV× HùLWLP DUDüW×UPDODU× GD
J|VWHUL\RUNLPHYFXWKDUHNHWDODQ×Q×QHQL\LüHNLOGHNXOODQ×OPDV×NRQXVXQGD
$OPDQRNXOVLVWHPLSHNGHX\JXQNRüXOODUVXQPX\RU%XUDGDDLWROXQDQVRV\DO
V×Q×ÁD \NVHN SHUIRUPDQV HOGH HWPH I×UVDW× DUDV×QGD V×N× ELU EDù PHYFXW
g]HOOLNOHJ|oPHQN|NHQLQHVDKLSDLOHOHULQoRFXNODU×QGDEXGDKDGDEDUL]ELU
üHNLOGH NHQGLQL J|VWHUL\RU %X |ùUHQFLOHULQ L\L ELU PHWLQ RNXPD G]H\L \D
GDPDWHPDWLNYHIHQELOLPOHULQGH\NVHNELUVHYL\H\DNDODPDüDQVODU×GLùHU
ONHOHUGHNLEHQ]HUoRFXNODUDRUDQODoRNGDKDGüN(NRQRPLNúüELUOLùLYH
.DON×QPD7HüNLODW×2(&'WDUDI×QGDQKD]×UODW×ODQ:KHUH,PPLJUDQW6WXGHQWV
6XFFHHG*|oPHQgùUHQFLOHULQ%DüDU×O×2OGXNODU×<HUOHUEDüO×NO×XOXVODUDUDV×
PXND\HVHDUDüW×UPDV×Q×QVRQXoODU×EXNRQXGDoRNGDKDVRPXWYHULOHURUWD\D
NR\X\RU3,6$(ùLWLP$UDüW×UPDV×VRQXoODU×\VDKD\OLHQGLüHYHULFLER\XWODUGD
%XQD J|UH ´LNLQFL NXüDN´ RODUDN DGODQG×U×ODQ EXUDGD GRùXS E\\HQ YH
J|oPHQ N|NHQOL DLOHOHUH PHQVXS oRFXNODU×Q L\L ELU HùLWLP DOPD üDQVODU×
ELULQFL NXüDN J|oPHQOHUH QD]DUDQ oRN GDKD D] %X LVH PHYFXW GHQH\LP YH
EHNOHQWLOHUOH oHOLüL\RU =LUD QRUPDOGH ELU LQVDQ J|o HWWLùL ONHGH QH NDGDU
X]XQVUHGLU\Dü×\RUVDL\LELUHùLWLPJ|UPHüDQV× GD ELU R NDGDU \NVHNWLU
$OPDQ\D·GDLVHEXQXQWDPWHUVLELUGXUXPV|]NRQXVX*RJROLQ
*|UHFHùLPL] JLEL$OPDQ\D·GDNL 7UN J|oPHQOHULQ YH RQODU×Q oRFXNODU×Q×Q
G×üODQP×üO×ù×Q×Q YH PDUMLQDOOHüPHOHULQLQ VHPSWRPDWLN J|VWHUJHOHUL WHPHO
RODUDN\NVHNLüVL]OLNYHGüNHùLWLPG]H\LGLU7UNJHQoOHULQLQEXDüDù×\D
GRùUXVRV\DOKDUHNHWOLOLùLEDVLWoHRQODU×QLüSL\DVDV×QGDYHHùLWLPEDüDU×V×LoLQ
JHUHNOL RODQ VRV\RNOWUHO VHUPD\H\H VDKLS ROPDPDV×\OD Do×NODQDPD] %X
\D]× NDSVDP×QGD $OPDQ\D·GD7UN JHQoOHULQLQ HùLWLP HNRQRPL YH VRV\DO
DODQODUGDNLPDUMLQDONRQXPODU×Q×QQHGHQLRODUDNRQODU×QVDKLSROGXNODU×VRV\DO
YHNOWUHOVHUPD\HQLQ\HWHUVL]OLùLHQWHJUHROPDNRQXVXQGDNLLVWHNVL]OLNOHUL
67
$OPDQ\D·GD7UN*|oPHQOHULQdRFXNODU×Q×Q%|OQPü.DGHUOHULYH(ùLWLPGHNL%DüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×Q
YH\D\HWHQHNVL]OLNOHULGHùLO$OPDQHùLWLPVLVWHPLQLQ7UNYHGLùHUJ|oPHQOHUL
VUHNOL RODUDN G×üOD\DQ YH PDUMLQDOOHüWLUHQ \DS×VDO |]HOOLNOHULQGHQ HOH\LFL
YH VHoLFL ROPDV× WDYVL\H VLVWHPLQLQ EDüDU×V×]O×ù× NXUXPVDO G×üOD\×F×O×N
NOWUOHUDUDV×HùLWLPLQHNVLNOLùLYEND\QDNODQG×ùׁ]HULQGHGXUXOPXüWXU
7h5.ú<(/ú*gd0(1/(5ú1d2&8./$5,1,1(øú7ú0'(.ú
%$û$5,6,=/,ø,1$ú/úû.ú1)$5./,.85$06$/<$./$û,0/$5
68
$VO×QGD7UNOHULQEDüDU×V×]O×NODU×YHHQWHJUDV\RQVRUXQODU×KDNN×QGD$OPDQ
GHYOHWLQLQ VRUXPOXOXNODU× YH DOPDV× JHUHNHQ WHGELUOHU NRQXVXQGD OLWHUDWUGH
ROGXNoD NHVWLUPHFL EDN×ü Do×ODU× PHYFXWWXU %X DQODPGD oDO×üPDQ×Q WHPHO
DUJPDQ×7UNJ|oPHQOHULQYHRQODU×QoRFXNODU×Q×QHùLWLPGHNLEDüDU×V×]O×ù×Q
\DGDDüDù×\DGRùUXKDUHNHWOLOLNOHULQLQWHPHOQHGHQLQLQRQODU×QHQWHJUDV\RQX
UHGGHWPHOHULYH\DVRV\DOYHNOWUHOVHUPD\HJLELJUXS|]HOOLNOHULQGHQ]L\DGH
\DS×VDO YH NXUXPVDO IDNW|UOHULQ HùLWLP SROLWLNDODU× HOH\LFL HùLWLP VLVWHPL
NOWUOHUDUDV× ELU PIUHGDW×Q ROPDPDV× NXUXPVDO D\U×PF×O×N J|oPHQOHULQ
\DVDO KDNODU× YH QHJDWLI NDEXO JHQLü ELU üHNLOGH HWNLOL ROGXùX LGGLDV×G×U
$\U×FDEXoDO×üPD7UNJ|oPHQoRFXNODU×VDGHFHELUH\VHOYHDLOH|]HOOLNOHULQH
RGDNODQDQEDN×üDo×ODU×Q×QoRNN×V×UROGXùXQXYHEXEDN×üDo×ODU×Q×QRNXOVRNDN
YH NXUXPODUGD QHOHU ROGXùXQX YH EX JHQoOHULQ HùLWLPGHNL EDüDU×V×]O×ù×Q×Q
QHOHUROGXùXQXDQDOL]HWPHPHNWHGLU
*HQHO RODUDN HùLWLPGHNL DüDù×\D GRùUX KDUHNHWOLOLN YH HùLWLPGHNL
EDüDU×V×]O×NNRQXVXJ|oYHHùLWLP\D]×Q×QGDKDFLPOLELU\HUWXWPDNWDG×U7UN
J|oPHQ oRFXNODU×Q×Q HùLWLPGHNL EDüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×Q QHGHQOHULQL DUDüW×UDQ
DNDGHPLV\HQOHUDUDV×QGDLNLDQD\DNODü×PGLNNDWLoHNPHNWHGLU%LULQFLJUXS
WHRULV\HQOHU GDKD oRN 7UN J|oPHQOHULQ J|o HWWLNOHUL $OPDQ WRSOXPXQD
´NOWUHO\DEDQF×O×NODU×QDYH\DNOWUHOX]DNO×NO×NODU×QDµ'LHIHQEDFK
:RUEV GLNNDW oHNHUNHQ LNLQFL JUXS WHRULV\HQOHU LVH $OPDQ HùLWLP
VLVWHPLQGHNL HüLWVL] NRüXOODU YH NXUXPVDO G×üOD\×F×O×N X\JXODPDODU× ]HULQH
YXUJX\DSPDNWDG×U*RPROODYH5DGWNH
%LULQFLDUJPDQJHQHOOLNOHHEHYH\QOHULQGüNHùLWLPG]H\LELOJLHNVLNOLNOHUL
HQWHJUDV\RQ NRQXVXQGDNL LVWHNVL]OLN YH \HWHQHNVL]OLNOHUL oRFXNODU×Q RNXO
NDUL\HUOHULQGHoRN|QHPOLROGXùXGüQOHQHùLWLPHSDUDYH]DPDQDo×V×QGDQ
\HWHUOL \DW×U×P× \DSPDG×NODU× ]HULQGH GXUPDNWDG×U 'LHIHQEDFK :RUEV%XQXQ\DQ×V×UD7UNoRFXNODU×Q×QHùLWLPGHNLEDüDU×V×]O×NODU×
ROGXNoD JHOHQHNVHO YH 0VOPDQ JHoPLüOHUL\OH LOLüNLOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU %X
DQODPGDJ|oPHQOHULoLQGHNL´HQ]RUµHQWHJUHRODQJUXEXQE\N|OoGH7UN
J|oPHQOHUROGXùXLGGLDHGLOPHNWHGLU%X\]GHQEXDNDGHPLV\HQOHUGHYDPO×
)XDW*OOS×QDU
RODUDN \HQL JHOHQ J|oPHQOHULQ XOXVDO SROLWLNDODUD HQWHJUH ROXS RODPDG×ù×Q×
VRUJXODPDNWDG×UODU&UXOYH6FKQHLGHU
$QFDNLNLQFLJUXSDNDGHPLV\HQOHULQLoLQGHEXOXQDQ*RPROODYH5DGWNH
LVH$OPDQ\D·GD VRV\DO WDEDNDODüPD\D \RO DoDQ7UN J|oPHQOHULQH
YHoRFXNODU×QDNDUü×GRùUXGDQYHGROD\O×D\U×PF×O×NX\JXODPDODU×Q×QGHYDP
HWWLùLQL YH EX GXUXPXQGD VLVWHPDWLN RODUDN J|o JHoPLüL RODQ oRFXNODU×Q
GH]DYDQWDMO×NRQXPODU×Q×SHNLüWLUGLùLQLYH\HQLGHQUHWWLùLQLLGGLDHWPHNWHGLU
0HLHU·LQ GH YXUJXODG×ù× JLEL $OPDQ\D·GD 7UN J|oPHQ oRFXNODU×
LONRNXO 6×Q×IWDQ LWLEDUHQ VRV\DO WDEDNDODüPD\× GHULQOHüWLUHQ \DO×W×OP×ü
RNXO WLSOHULQH \|QOHQGLULOPHNWH YH \|QHOPHNWHGLU dQN EX oRoXNODUD EX
\|QOHQGLUPH \DS×OPDGDQ |QFH GLO \HWHQHNOHULQL JHOLüWLUPHOHUL LoLQ \HWHULQFH
]DPDQYHLPNkQWDQ×QPDPDNWDG×U
7UN oRFXNODU×Q×Q $OPDQ oRFXNODU YH GLùHU J|oPHQ oRFXNODU NDUü×V×QGD
HùLWLPDODQ×QGDGDKDEDüDU×V×]ELUNRQXPGDROPDODU×Q×QoHüLWOLYDUVD\×PODUOD
Do×NOD\DQ |QFHNL DUDüW×UPDODU EX IDUNODU× EXJQH NDGDU WHPHO RODUDN 7UN
J|oPHQOHULQNHQGL|]HOOLNOHULYH\DüDPüHNLOOHULQHGD\DQG×UP×üODUG×*RJROLQ
%LUoDO×üPDV×QGD+HLNH'LHIHQEDFKüXo×NDUVDPDGDEXOXQPDNWDG×U*|oPHQ
ELUDLOHGHQJHOHQGH]DYDQWDMO×oRFXNYHJHQoOHULQHùLWLPGHNLEDüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×Q
$OPDQ RNXOODU×Q×Q EHNOHQWLOHUL\OH X\XüPD\DQ NOWUHO ELU JHULOLNWHQ YH\D
DLOHOHULQLQ ]D\×I VRV\RHNRQRPLN NRüXOODU×QGDQ ND\QDNODQG×ù×Q× KLoELU
HPSLULNYHULGRùUXODPDPDNWDG×U'LHIHQEDFK*RJROLQ
$OPDQ\D·GDNLHWQLNJUXSODUYH|]HOOLNOH7UNOHUED]×üHKLUOHUGHE\NRUDQGD
HùLWLPLQ ELU GLVLSOLQ PHVHOHVL KDOLQH JHOGLùL \NVHN G]H\GH |ùUHWPHQ
URWDV\RQXQXQROGXùXYHGDKDD]ND\QDNODU×QROGXùXPDKUXPL\HWE|OJHOHULQGH
EXOXQDQRNXOODUDGHYDPHWPHNWHGLUOHU7KRPVRQYH&UXO
'LùHU \DQGDQ 7UN oRFXNODU×Q HùLWLPGHNL EDüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q× VDGHFH ELUH\VHO
YHDLOHYLIDNW|UOHUHRGDNODQDUDNDo×NOD\DQSHUVSHNWLÁHUoRNV×Q×UO×NDOPDNWD
YH RNXOGD VRNDNWD NXUXPODUGDNL X\JXODPDODU HùLWLPGHNL \DS×VDO VRUXQODU
VHoLFLYHHOH\LFLHùLWLPVLVWHPLYHNOWUOHUDUDV×PIUHGDWHNVLNOLùLYE\DS×VDO
IDNW|UOHULJ|UPH]GHQJHOPHNWHGLU
*RPROOD YH 5DGWNH |UQHùLQ NXUXPVDO D\U×PF×O×ù×Q YH RNXOODUGDNL
NXUXPVDO X\JXODPDODU×Q $OPDQODU YH J|oPHQOHULQ HüLWVL] HùLWLP
EDüDU×ODU×QGD SD\× ROGXùXQX RUWD\D NR\PDNWDG×U %X \D]DUODU RNXO WDYVL\H
69
$OPDQ\D·GD7UN*|oPHQOHULQdRFXNODU×Q×Q%|OQPü.DGHUOHULYH(ùLWLPGHNL%DüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×Q
VLVWHPLQLQNDUDUODU×Q×Q|QHPLQHYXUJX\DSDUDNEXVLVWHPLQJ|oPHQDLOHGHQ
JHOHQ|ùUHQFLOHULVHoHUHNYHHOH\HUHNRQODU×QoRùXQX|]HOHùLWLPJHUHNWLUHQ
YH |ùUHQPH JoOù oHNHQ |ùUHQFLOHULQ JLWWLùL 6RQGHUVFKXOH JLEL LNLQFL
G]H\ RNXOODUD \|QHOWPHNWHGLU %X GD ELOLQoOL \D GD ELOLQoVL] RODUDN HWQLN
D\U×PF×O×ùD \RO DoPDNWDG×U *RPROOD YH 5DGWNH·QLQ J|]OHPOHULQH J|UH EX
WDYVL\HNDUDUODU×HPSIKHOXQJVDGHFH|ùUHQFLOHULQSHUIRUPDQV×QDGHùLOD\Q×
]DPDQGD |ùUHWPHQOHULQ PXKWHPHO |Q\DUJ×ODU×QD YH EXQXQ \DQ×QGD ELU GL]L
NDUPDü×NNXUXPVDOX\JXODPDODU×QVRQXFXRODUDNRUWD\Do×NPDNWDG×U
70
%LOGLùLPL] JLEL NXUXPVDO D\U×PF×O×N HWQLN YH GLQL D]×QO×N YH J|oPHQOHULQ
WRSOXPXQoRùXQOXùXLoLQPHYFXWRODQD\Q×KDNODUDYHI×UVDWODUDXODüPDODU×Q×
HQJHOOH\HQ NXUXPODUGDNL NXUDO UXWLQ \DNODü×P YH GDYUDQ×ü NDO×SODU×QD
LüDUHW HWPHNWHGLU %X NXUXPVDO D\U×PF×O×N Do×NWDQ YH\D ELOLQoVL] ELU üHNLOGH
JHUoHNOHüHELOLU.XUXPVDOD\U×PF×O×NKHP\DVDOG]HQOHPHOHUHKHPGHUHVPL
ROPD\DQ VRV\DO NDO×SODUD GD\DQPDNWDG×U g]HOOLNOH ED]× J|oPHQ JUXSODU×
GRùUXGDQ KHGHÁH\HQ NXUXPVDO SUDWLNOHU \DVDODU \|QHWPHOLNOHU WDUDIV×]
J|UQHELOLUDQFDNGROD\O×HWNLOHUHVDKLSWLU2NXOGDNLLGDULX\JXODPDODUGHUV
DUDODU×QGDNHVLQOLNOH7UNoHNRQXüPDQ×Q\DVDNODQPDV×VHoLFLYHHOH\LFLELU
RNXO VLVWHPLQLQ JHQHO GH J|oPHQOHUL DPD |]HOOLNOH7UN J|oPHQOHUL VUHNOL
RODUDN G×üDUGD E×UDNPDV× |ùUHQFLOHULQ KDQJL RNXOD GHYDP HGHFHNOHULQL
EHOLUOH\HQ YH |ùUHWPHQOHULQ HWNLQ ROGXùX WDYVL\H VLVWHPLQLQ (PSIHKOXQJ
7UN oRFXNODUD NDUü× DGDOHWOL YH HüLW LüOHPHPHVL JLEL GXUXPODU NXUXPVDO
D\U×PF×O×ù×Q|UQHNOHULVD\×ODELOLU
)XDW*OOS×QDU
$/0$1(øú7ú06ú67(0ú1ú1<$3,6$/62581/$5,9(7h5.
*(1d/(5ú1ú1%$û$5,6,=/,./$5,1,17(0(/1('(1/(5ú
$OPDQ(ùLWLP6LVWHPLQLQ'×üOD\×F×YH(OH\LFL<DS×V×
7DEOR$OPDQ(ùLWLP6LVWHPLQLQ*HQHO*|UQP
6,1,)
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Üniversite Sistemi
S
O
N
D
E
R
S
C
H
U
L
E
Yüksel Seviye
Gymnasium
/Abitur)
*<01$6ø80
(Üniversite Yolu)
Profesyonel
Üniversiteler
Devam eden
Mesleki
(÷LWLP
7DP]DPDQOÕ6WDM
(Fachabitur)
5($/6+8/(
6HUWL¿ND
GESAMPT
6&+8/(
5($/6&+8/(
Orta Seviye
25<$17$6<216,1,)/$5,
gö5(70(17$96ø<(6ø
ø/.2.8/
øNLOL6LVWHP
<DUÕP=DPDQOÕ
0HVOHNdÕUDNOÕNODU
+$8376&8/(
6HUWL¿ND
+$8376&+8/(
En Alt Seviye
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
<$ù
*HQHORODUDN7DEOR·HEDNW×ù×P×]GD$OPDQHùLWLPVLVWHPLWHPHOG]H\YH
\DüDUDV×QGDNLNUHüHùLWLPLLONRNXOG]H\LYHV×Q×ÁDU×NDSVDURUWDRNXO
YH oQF G]H\ RODUDN OLVH YH VW DüDPD\D D\U×OPDNWDG×U úONRNXOGDQ
RUWDRNXODJHoLüKHUELUIHGHUDOH\DOHWJ|UHGHùLüLNOLNJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU$QFDN
RUWDRNXOG]H\LWHPHORODUDNWLSRNXOGDQROXüPDNWDG×U$OPDQHùLWLPVLVWHPL
RUWDRNXOG]H\LQGHoWUHùLWLPVLVWHPLQHGD\DQ×U$OPDQ\DGDEXoWUGHQ
ELULQH \DS×ODQ ND\×W DO×QDFDN X]PDQO×N GDO×QD XODüPD\× ELoLPOHQGLUHFHNWLU
+DXSWVFKXOH GüN G]H\OL RUWDRNXO LNHQ RUWD G]H\ RUWDRNXO 5HDOVFKXOH
ROPDNWDG×U 6RQ RODUDN *\PQDVLXP LVH DNDGHPLN RUWDRNXO RODUDN Lü
J|UPHNWHGLU'DKDSUHVWLMOLPHVOHNLHùLWLPSR]LV\RQODU×YHJHOHFHNWHDUWDQLü
I×UVDWODU×DQFDNRUWDG]H\YHDNDGHPLNRUWDRNXOODUGDPPNQRODELOPHNWHGLU
$\U×FD |]HO HùLWLP RNXOODU× 6RQGHUVFKXOH VDKLS ROGXNODU× JHOLüLP JHULOLùL
QHGHQL\OH V×UDGDQ RNXOODUGD \HWHULQFH \DUG×P DODPD\DQ |ùUHQFLOHU LoLQ
NXUXOPXüWXU0LHUD
71
$OPDQ\D·GD7UN*|oPHQOHULQdRFXNODU×Q×Q%|OQPü.DGHUOHULYH(ùLWLPGHNL%DüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×Q
'DKD |QHPOLVL +DXSWVFKXOH JLGHUHN DUWDQ RUDQGD ´|WHNLOHULQ RNXOXµ
ROPDNWDG×U\DQLEXRNXODGH]DYDQWDMO×VRV\DOJUXSODUYHJ|oPHQDLOHGHQJHOHQ
oRFXNODUGHYDPHWPHNWHGLU5HDOVFKXOHLVH\LQHGüNG]H\GHELURNXOWLSL
ROPDNODELUOLNWH|ùUHQFLOHUHJHQHOHùLWLPNRQXVXQGDGDKDJHQLüELULPNkQYH
PHVOHNLYHGDKD\NVHNHùLWLPHJLULüQLWHOLNOHULND]DQG×UPDNYHGHYDPHWPH
NRQXVXQGD I×UVDWODU \DUDWPDNWDG×U +DXSWVFKXOH YH 5HDOVFKXOH·GHQ PH]XQ
RODQODUYH\D*\PQDVLXP·GDQV×Q×IWDQVRQUDLNLOLVLVWHPLoLQGHRNXOYHLüL
ELUOHüWLUHQPHVOHNLHùLWLPHYHVWDMDEDüOD\DELOLUYH\D|ùUHQFL\LQLYHUVLWHGH
X\JXODPDO×ELOLPOHUHKD]×UOD\DQ)DFKKRFKVFKXOHQYH6×Q×IWDoHüLWOL
WHNQLNOLVHOHUHGHYDPHGHELOLU)DFKREHUVFKXOHQ*\PQDVLXPGDKDGüNYH
\NVHNRUWDRNXOG]H\LQLNDSVDU6×Q×IWDQ6×Q×IDYHGHULQOHPHVLQHELU
JHQHOHùLWLPYHUHUHN\NVHNHùLWLPHJLULüLKHGHÁHPHNWHGLUûXDQGDH\DOHWOHU
RNXOWLSOHULQHEDùO×RODUDNIDUNO×PIUHGDWODUEHOLUOHPHNWHGLU
72
gùUHQFLOHU RNXO WLSOHUL LoLQGH GHùLüLNOLNOHU \DSDELOPHOHULQH UDùPHQ EX
GHùLüLNOLNOHUoRùXQOXNODJHUoHNWHDüDù×G]H\GHNLELURNXODGRùUXROPDNWDG×U
0LHUD 6RQXo RODUDN $OPDQ HùLWLP VLVWHPLQGH RUWDRNXO HùLWLPL
YHUGLùL IDUNO× VHUWLÀND oHüLWOHUL\OH Do×N ELU KL\HUDUüLN G]HQH \RO DoDQ o
WURNXOVLVWHPLQHGD\DQPDNWDG×U%XVLVWHPLoLQGHVDGHFH*\PQDVLXP·GDQ
DO×QDQ$ELWXUVHUWLÀNDVׁQLYHUVLWH\HJLULüLVDùODPDNWDG×U(QGüNVHUWLÀND
+DXSVFKXOHLVHYHV×Q×IWDQVRQUDND]DQ×OPDNWDYH|ùUHQFLOHULQLWHOLNOL
LüYHPHVOHNLHùLWLPNRQXVXQGDHQGH]DYDQWDMO×NRQXPDJHWLUPHNWHYHLWLEDU×
VRQRQ\×OODUGDL\LFHJ|]GHQGüPHNWHGLU2UWDG]H\RUWDRNXORODQ5HDOVFKXOH
LVH DUDGD ELU NRQXPGDG×U YH EX WLS VHUWLÀND GDKD L\L ELU PHVOHNL HùLWLP
YDGHWPHNWHGLU .DSVDPO× RNXOODU LVH *HVDPSWVFKXOH LVH ED]× H\DOHWOHUGH
WLS RNXOODU× ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U YH EX o WU RNXOX EWQOHüWLULS DUDODU×QGDNL
JHoLüOHULNROD\ODüW×UPD\×KHGHÁHPHNWHGLU
7UN*HQoOHULQLQ%DüDU×V×]O×NúVWDWLVWLNOHUL
2(&'·QLQ \DSW×ù× 3ú6$ DUDüW×UPDV× 7UN LNLQFL NXüDN J|oPHQ
oRFXNODU×Q×Q$OPDQoRFXNODUODN×\DVODQG×ù×QGDGXUXPXQXQYDKLPROGXùXQX
RUWD\D NR\PDNWDG×U gUQHùLQ *\PQDVLXP·D \DEDQF× |ùUHQFLOHULQ DQFDN
GHYDP HGHELOLUNHQ EX RUDQ 7UNOHUGH GDKD GD GüN VHYL\HOHUGH
NDOPDNWDG×U $OPDQ\D·GD J|oPHQ DLOHGHQ JHOHQ EX oRFXNODU×Q ROGXNoD
N|W GXUXPODU×$OPDQ RNXO VLVWHPLQLQ KDQJL RNXO WLSLQH GHYDP HGLOHFHùLQL
EHOLUOH\HQ J|UHFHOL RODUDN HUNHQ NDUDU PHNDQL]PDV×Q×Q VRQXoODU× J|oPHQ
DLOHOHU]HULQGHoRNNXYYHWOLQHJDWLIHWNLOHUHVDKLSROPDNWDG×U3ú6$
7DPDP×\OD PHVOHNL HùLWLPH KD]×UOD\DQ RNXO WLSL RODQ +DXSWVFKXOH·\H JLGHQ
7UN|ùUHQFLVD\×V×GUDPDWLNELUüHNLOGHoRN\NVHNWLU7UN|ùUHQFLOHU
LNHQ$OPDQ|ùUHQFLOHURUDQ×QGDEXRNXOODUDGHYDPHWPHNWHGLU%X7UN
)XDW*OOS×QDU
|ùUHQFLOHUGHQDQFDN\]GHQ·GDQD]×$ELWXU·D\NVHN|ùUHWLPHNDEXOLoLQ
JHUHNOLRODQVHUWLÀNDXODüDELOPHNWHGLU%XRUDQ$OPDQODU·GD\DNODü×N\]GH
ROPDNWDG×U6FKLHUXSYG
$\U×FDJ|oPHQDLOHGHQJHOHQoRFXNODU×QPHVOHNLHùLWLPHNDW×O×PG]H\OHULGH
D\Q×\DüWDNL$OPDQ|ùUHQFLOHUHRUDQODoRNGüNNDOPDNWDG×UGD
$OPDQJHQoPHVOHNLo×UDNO×NHùLWLPLJ|UUNHQEXRUDQJHQo\DEDQF×ODU
LoLQVHYL\HVLQGHNDOPDNWDG×U$\U×FDJHQo7UNOHUWDPLUFLOLNNXDI|UON
YH WH]JkKWDUO×N JLEL GDKD GüN QLWHOLNOL PHVOHNOHUH ND\×W \DSW×UG×ù×QGDQ
HùLWLPOHULQLQVRQXQGDLüI×UVDWODU×EXODPDPDNWDG×UODU
7DEOR$OPDQODU×Q<DEDQF×ODUOD(ùLWLPGHNL*HQHO'XUXP$o×V×QGDQ
.DUü×ODüW×UPDV×
0H]XQODU
$O×QDQ
0H
]XQL\HW
'HUHFHVL
7RWDO
$OPDQODU
(UNHN
7RS
lam
<DEDQF×ODU
.DG×Q
(UNHN
LoLQGH 7RS
lam
LoLQGH 7RS
lam
.DG×Q
7RS
lam
LoLQGH
0H]XQ
ROPD\DQ
ODU
6×Q×I
+DXS
WVFKX
ODEVFK
OXVV
6×Q×I
0LWWOHUHU $EVFK
OXVV
6×Q×I
)DF
KKRF
KVFKXO
UHLIH
$ELWXU
6×Q×I
QL
YHUVLWH
|Q
NRüXOX
.D\QDN(GXFDWLRQDO5HSRUW
LoLQGH 7RS
lam
LoLQGH
73
$OPDQ\D·GD7UN*|oPHQOHULQdRFXNODU×Q×Q%|OQPü.DGHUOHULYH(ùLWLPGHNL%DüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×Q
7DEOR$OPDQ\D·GDNL*|oPHQOHULQ2NXO7LSOHUL
*|oPHQOHULQ
2UDQ×
*|oPHQOHULQRNXORUDQODU×
7P|ùUHQFLOHU
LoLQGHNL\]GHVL
'HYDPHGHQ|ùUHQFLOHULoLQGHNL\]GHOLNRUDQODU×
+DXSWVFKXOH
5HDOVFKXOH
2NXOWLSL
D
E
F!
%WQOHüWLULOPLü
.DSVDPO×RNXO *HVDPSVFKXOH
*\PQDVLXP
7RSODP
12
DEF .D\QDN (GXFDWLRQDO 5HSRUW .RQVRUWLXP %LOGXQJVEHULFKWHUVWDWWXQJ 74
7DEOR<×O×QGD\Dü×QGDNLgùUHQFLOHULQ2UDQ×*HOGLNOHUL.|NHQ
YH\DhONHOHUH*|UH'HYDP(WWLNOHUL2NXO7LSOHUL*|oPHQ*HoPLüL2ODQ
YH2OPD\DQODU
*|oPHQ*HoPLüL*HO
GLNOHUL.|NHQYH\DhONH
+DXSWVFKXOH
5HDOVFKXOH
*HVDPWVFKXOH
*\PQDVLXP
*|oPHQ*HoPLüL2OPD
\DQODU
*|oPHQ*HoPLüL2ODQ7P
gùUHQFLOHULQ7RSODP×
7UNL\H
(VNL0LVDÀUúüoL
3URJUDP×\OD*HOHQ'LùHU
hONHOHU
(WKQLF$OPDQODUVSDW
$XVVLHGOHU(VNL6RY\HWOHU
%LUOLùL·QGHQ
'LùHU
.D\QDN (GXFDWLRQDO 5HSRUW .RQVRUWLXP %LOGXQJVEHULFKWHUVWDWWXQJ 7DEOR ·GH \×O×QGD GHYDP HGLOHQ RNXO WUOHUL Do×V×QGDQ 7UNOHU LOH +DXSWVFKXOH·\H $OPDQODU×Q RUDQ×QD NDUü×O×N RUDQ×QGD5HDOVFKXOH·\H$OPDQODU×QRUDQ×QDNDUü×O×NYHVDGHFH
)XDW*OOS×QDU
RUDQ×QGD *\PQDVLXP·D $OPDQODU×Q RUDQ×QD NDUü×O×N GHYDP
HGHELOHGLNOHUL J|UOPHNWHGLU 'DKDV× 7UN |ùUHQFLOHULQ RNXO GDù×O×PODU×
Do×V×QGDQ GLùHU J|oPHQ JUXSODUOD N×\DVODQG×ù×QGD HQ GH]DYDQWDMO× JUXS
ROGXNODU× J|]H oDUSPDNWDG×U 7DEOR 7DEOR YH 7DEOR ·GH J|UOHFHùL
]HUH 7UN JHQoOHULQLQ HùLWLP G]H\OHUL ROGXNoD V×Q×UO× NDOPDNWDG×U YH
EX HùLWLPGHNL QHJDWLI VRQXoODU RQODU×Q JHOHFHNWHNL PXKWHPHO NDUL\HUOHULQL
GRùUXGDQHWNLOH\HFHNWLU
%XGHPHNWLUNL7UNoRFXNODU×HUNHQ\DüWDPHVOHNLHùLWLPHGRùUXHOHQPHNWHYH
EXQXQVRQXFXQGDoRùXQOXNODJ|oPHQDLOHOHUGHQJHOHQoRFXNODU×QoRùXQOXNWD
ROGXùX RNXOODUD JLWPHNWHGLUOHU (ùLWLPLQ \DS×V×QGD RNXO VHUWLÀNDODU× |QHPOL
ROPDNODELUOLNWHLüSL\DVDV×Do×V×QGDPHVOHNLGLSORPDODUYHQLWHOLNOHUGH|QHPOL
\HU WXWPDNWDG×U %XQD UDùPHQ LOJLQo RODQ 7UNOHU JHQHOOLNOH$OPDQ\D·GD
PHVOHNLGLSORPDDOPDNWDGD\HWHUVL]NDOPDNWDG×U
g]HOOLNOH|ùUHQPH]RUOXùXoHNHQoRFXNODULoLQWDVDUODQDQ$OPDQ6RQGHUVFKXOH
RNXOX WHPHO RODUDN J|oPHQ oRFXNODUD KL]PHW HWPHNWHGLU (ùHU EX KLoELU
|]HOOLùL ROPD\DQ RNXOODUD GHYDP HWPL\RUVD 7UN |ùUHQFLOHULQ oRùX LNLQFL
GHUHFHYHGüNG]H\OLRNXOODUDGHYDPHWPHNWHGLUhQYHUS
$\U×FD3,6$PHWLQRNXPDWHVWOHULGHJ|VWHUPHNWHGLUNL$OPDQ\D·GDNLLNLQFL
NXüDNJ|oPHQN|NHQOL|ùUHQFLOHUYHJ|oPHQN|NHQLQHVDKLSROPD\DQ²\DQL
EXUDGD GRùXS E\\HQ DLOHOHULQ oRFXNODU× DUDV×QGDNL SHUIRUPDQV XoXUXPX
ELULQFLNXüDùDQD]DUDQGDKDGDGHULQOHüPLüGXUXPGDúQJLOWHUHYHúVYHoJLEL
J|oDODQGLùHUONHOHUGH\VHLNLQFLNXüDNODNHQGLOHULRONH\HJ|oHGHQELULQFL
NXüDN DUDV×QGDNL IDUN oRN GDKD D] %X VRQXFXQ SHN oRN QHGHQL ROPDNOD
ELUOLNWHEXQODU×QE\NELUE|OPQQDü×OPDV×WHNEDü×QDHùLWLPVLVWHPLQH
EDùO× GHùLOGLU$QFDN \LQH GH VRUXQXQ WHüKLV HGLOPHVL oDO×üPDODU×QD HùLWLP
VLVWHPLQLGHGDKLOHWPHN\HULQGHROXU+DUHNHWDODQODU×Q×QPPNQRODQHQL\L
üHNLOGHGHùHUOHQGLULOHELOPHVLYH$OPDQHùLWLPVLVWHPLQGHNL]D\×IQRNWDODU×Q
NHüIHGLOPHVL LoLQ V×Q×UODU×Q |WHVLQH ² X\XPXQ HùLWLP \ROX\OD WHVLV HGLOGLùL
ONHOHUHEDNPDN\DUDUO×RODELOLU*RJROLQ
*|oPHQOHULQ.DEXO(GLOPHPH6RUXQX\DGD<DEDQF×ODU3HGDJRMLVL
8\JXODPDV×
$OPDQ\DX]XQVUHPLVDÀULüoLOHULQYDUO×ù×Q×NDEXOHWPHNWHLVWHNVL]GDYUDQG×
YH EX GXUXP üX DQGD $YUXSDO×ODüW×U×OP×ü YDWDQGDüO×N NDYUDP×Q×Q LoLQGH
7UNYH0VOPDQD]×QO×ù×QNDEXOHGLOPHNLVWHQPHPHVL\OHGHEHQ]HüHQELU
WXWXPGX ·ODU YH ·OHU ER\XQFD J|oPHQ LüoLOHULQ oRFXNODU×Q×Q$OPDQ
HùLWLP VLVWHPLQH HQWHJUDV\RQX RQODU×Q JHOGLNOHUL ONH\H G|QHFHNOHULQL
75
$OPDQ\D·GD7UN*|oPHQOHULQdRFXNODU×Q×Q%|OQPü.DGHUOHULYH(ùLWLPGHNL%DüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×Q
YDUVD\DUDN KD]×UODQP×ü RODQ ´\DEDQF× SHGDJRMLVLµ $XVOlQGHUSHGDJRJLN
üHNOLQGHG]HQOHQPLüWL)DDV%XG|QHPGH\DEDQF×SHGDJRMLVLHùLWLPLQ
SUREOHPOHULQH RGDNODQP×ü YH RNXO EDüDU×V× PHVOHNL HùLWLPGHQ Lü \DüDP×QD
JHoLüLQVRUXQODU×|QHPOLNRQXODUROPXüWX:RUEV
gUQHùLQ·ODUDNDGDUEX\DEDQF×SHGDJRMLVLDQOD\×ü×\ODG]HQOHQHQHùLWLP
$OPDQROPD\DQYHDQDGLOL$OPDQFDROPD\DQODULoLQHNV×Q×ÁDUDoPDNYH\D
WHODÀ V×Q×ÁDU× DoPDN JLEL Do×NoD |ùUHQFLOHUL ELUELUOHULQGHQ D\×UDQ V×Q×ÁDUD
E|OHQ G×üOD\×F× WDVQLÁHU ED]× H\DOHWOHUGH \DVDO RODUDN LGDUL X\JXODPDODU
üHNOLQGHJHUoHNOHüPHNWH\GL%XV×Q×ÁDUGDQQRUPDOV×Q×ÁDUDJHoHELOPHNoRN
]RU YH\D LPNkQV×]G× %X \DNODü×P D\Q× ]DPDQGD PIUHGDW NLWDSODU×QD GD
\DQV×W×OP×üYHEXNLWDSODU$OPDQYH$OPDQROPD\DQODUD\U×P×Q×WHPHODO×QDUDN
KD]×UODQP×üODUG×
76
úON GHID DQFDN \×O×QGD \DS×ODQ (ùLWLP YH .OWUHO úüOHU
%DNDQO×ù×Q×Q0LQLVWULHV RI (GXFDWLRQ DQG &XOWXUDO $IIDLUV >7KH
.XOWXVPLQLVWHUNRQIHUHQ]@ \D\×QODG×ù× ´2NXOGD .OWUOHUDUDV× (ùLWLPµ
,QWHUNXOWXUHOOH %LOGXQJ XQG (U]LHKXQJ LQ GHU 6FKXOH DGO× EURüUGH
EDKVHGLOPLüWLU %X EURüU KHU IHGHUDO H\DOHWLQ KHU NRQXGDNL NHQGL |]HO
PIUHGDWODU× YH NODYX]ODU×QGD NOWUOHUDUDV× ER\XWX IRUPOH HWPHOHULQL YH
GDKD GD JHOLüWLUPHOHULQL HùLWLP YH RNXOXQ EWQOH\LFL ELU SDUoDV× RODUDN
NOWUOHUDUDV×EDN×üDo×V×Q×QWPGHUVPDWHU\DOOHULQGHJHOLüWLULOPHVLQLYHRNXO
NLWDSODU×QGD GLùHU NOWUOHUH NDUü× D\U×PF× YH RQODU× G×üOD\×F× WXWXPODUD L]LQ
YHULOPHPHVLJHUHNWLùLQLWDYVL\HHGL\RUGX)DDV
·ODUGDNLDü×U×VDùF×ODU×QÀ]LNVHOVDOG×U×ODU×Q×WDNLSHGHQJQOHUGH$OPDQ
(ùLWLPYH.OWUúüOHUL%DNDQO×ù×ELUoRNEDüNDWDYVL\HQLQ\DQ×QGDNOWUOHUDUDV×
HùLWLPH GH |]HO ELU YXUJX \DSPD JHUHùL GX\PXüWXU <D\×QODQDQ EURüUGH
RNXOODU×Q GD\DQ×üPD GHPRNUDVL YH WROHUDQV NDGDU |]JUON YH VRUXPOXOXN
YHLQVDQO×ù×QHWLNLONHOHULQLQGDYUDQ×üYHWXWXPODUODJHOLüWLULOPHVLNRQXODU×QGD
HWNLQURODOPDV×JHUHNWLùLQH\HUYHULOPLüWLU.0.0HLHU
$o×NoDV×LNLGLOOLYHLNLNOWUO|ùUHWPHQOHULNLGLOOLHùLWLPGH|QHPOLUROOHU
R\QD\DELOLUOHUYHRQODU×QV×Q×IWDNLNDWN×ODU×ROGXNoDE\NRODELOLU%LULQFLVLEX
|ùUHWPHQOHUD]×QO×NNOWU\OHRNXONOWUDUDV×QGDNLJHoLüLNROD\ODüW×UPDGD
WHPHOELUUROVWOHQHELOLULNLQFLVLRQODU|ùUHQFLOHULoLQROXPOXELUUROPRGHO
RODUDNNOWUOHULQIDUNO×NDO×SODU×YHLONHOHULDUDV×QGDELUDUDF×RODUDNRQODU×Q
oHüLWOLG]H\OHUGHLüOHPHVLQLVDùOD\DELOLU0ROGHQKDZHU
)XDW*OOS×QDU
dRNGLOOL(ùLWLPLQ(NVLNOLùL
dHüLWOL\×OODUGD\DS×ODQ3ú6$DUDüW×UPDODU×Q×QDNDGHPLNSHUIRUPDQVVRQXoODU×
7UN oRFXNODU×Q×Q Do×NoD RUWDODPDQ×Q DOW×QGD YH GUDPDWLN ELU GXUXPGD
ROGXùXQX J|VWHUPHNWHGLU %X GXUXP ELUoRN IDNW|UQ ELU DUD\D JHOPHVLQLQ
ELU VRQXFX RODUDN Do×NODQDELOLU (EHYH\Q NXüDù×Q×Q VRV\DO YH NOWUHO
VHUPD\HVLQLQ HNVLNOLùL HùLWLP VLVWHPLQLQ GH]DYDQWDMO× DLOHOHULQ oRFXNODU×Q×Q
HùLWLPGHLOHUOHPHOHULQLGHVWHNOHPHPHVLHPHNSL\DVDV×YHPHVOHNLHùLWLPLoLQ
RNXOGHUHFHVLQLQDü×U×|QHPOLROXüXGüNVRV\RHNRQRPLNELUVWDW\HVDKLS
ROXQPDV× RUWDODPD 7UN |ùUHQFLVLQLQ $OPDQ GLOLQGHNL \HWHUVL] NDSDVLWHVL
YHHùLWLPDODQ×QGDGRùUXGDQYHGROD\O×D\U×PF×O×ù×QROPDV×'DKD|QHPOLVL
$OPDQHùLWLPVLVWHPLDQDGLOL$OPDQFDROPD\DQoRFXNODULoLQ\HWHUOLELUGLO
HùLWLPL VDùODPDNWD EDüDU×O× RODPDPDNWDG×U YH EX GXUXP JoO ELU üHNLOGH
WRSOXPVDO HüLWVL]OLN UHWPH SRWDQVL\HOL WDü×PDNWDG×U 6RQXo RODUDN $OPDQ
HùLWLP VLVWHPL \HWHUOL ELU üHNLOGH HüLW I×UVDW X\JXODPDODU× \DUDWDPDG×ù× LoLQ
*RPROOD YH 5DGWNH YH NOWUOHUDUDV× |ùUHQPH\H \HU YHUPHGLùL YH
WHNGLOOLELUHùLWLPX\JXODPDHùLOLPLQGHROGXùXLoLQFLGGLHOHüWLULOHUHPDUX]
NDOPDNWDG×U
8OXVODUDUDV× 3ú6$ DUDüW×UPDODU× $OPDQ\D·GD LoLQGH EXOXQXODQ WRSOXPVDO
NDWPDQODHùLWLPEDüDU×V×DUDV×QGDJoOELULOLüNLEXOXQGXùXQXQYHJ|oPHQ
oRFXNODU×Q×Q $OPDQ GLOLQH KkNLP ROPDV×Q×Q |QHPLQLQ DOW×Q× oL]PHNWHGLU
'LO NRQXVXQGDNL \HWHUVL]OLN KHUKDQJL |]HO ELU DODQGD X]PDQO×N \HWHQHùL
ND]DQPD EDüDU×V×Q× QHJDWLI RODUDN HWNLOHPHNWHGLU %X IDNW|UOHULQ WPQQ
ELUOLNWH 7UN J|oPHQ oRFXNODU×Q EDüDU×V×]O×ù×QGD SD\× ROGXùX GRùUXGXU
$QFDNEWQDNDGHPLV\HQOHUDLOHQLQVRV\RHNRQRPLNGXUXPXQXD\Q×üHNLOGH
GHùHUOHQGLUPHPHNWHGLU9HDo×NoDV×$OPDQFDNRQXVXQGDNL\HWHUVL]OLùLQLNLQFL
YHoQFNXüDNODULoLQJHUoHNELUHQJHOROXSROPDG×ù×GDWDUW×üPDNRQXVXGXU
:RUEVdQNLNLQFLYHoQFNXüDNODUDo×NoDGDKDID]ODHWQLN
JUXSODUODLOLüNLOHUNXUPDNWDYHNHQGLNLPOLNOHULQLYHDOJ×ODU×Q×GDKDJHQLüELU
oHUoHYHGHQGHùHUOHQGLUPHHùLOLPLQGHGLU
$OPDQ\D·GDRNXOODU×QoRùX*RJROLQ·LQ´oRNGLOOLRNXOODUGDWHNGLOOLDO×üNDQO×Nµ
GL\H WDULI HWWLùL WHN GLOOLOLN YDUVD\×P×QD J|UH |ùUHWLP \DSPD\D GHYDP
HWPHNWHGLU%XRNXOODU×QoRNGLOOLüHKLUPHUNH]OHULQGHYHRNXOoDù×QGDoHüLWOL
GLOOHU NRQXüDQ YH$OPDQ GLOL JHoPLüL ROPD\DQ oRN VD\×GD |ùUHQFL\L E\N
|OoGHSUREOHPRODUDNJ|UGùQYH\DJ|UPH]GHQJHOGLùLQLNDQ×WODPDNWDG×U
0HLHU
%XQXQOD ELUOLNWH JHQHO RODUDN RNXOODUGD NOWUOHUDUDV× \DNODü×P ROGXNoD
HNVLNJ|UQPHNWHGLU'LOVHODo×GDQEDNDFDNROXUVDNoRùX$OPDQFDNRQXüDQ
77
$OPDQ\D·GD7UN*|oPHQOHULQdRFXNODU×Q×Q%|OQPü.DGHUOHULYH(ùLWLPGHNL%DüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×Q
|ùUHWPHQ oRFXNODU×Q $OPDQFD |ùUHQPHVLQL NROD\ODüW×UDQ YH K×]ODQG×UDQ
\DUG×PF×GLOOHULQG×ü×QGDJ|oPHQGLOOHULQLQQRUPDORNXOODUGD\HULROPDG×ù×Q×
GüQPHNWHGLU 6RQXo RODUDN YH EHQLP *RVODU NDVDEDV×QGDNL RNXOODUGDNL
J|]OHPOHULQGHQ o×NDUG×ù×P NDGDU×\OD $OPDQ HùLWLP VLVWHPL HWQRVHQWULN
GüQFH NDO×SODU× YH X\JXODPDODU×\OD üHNLOOHQHQ YH XOXVGHYOHWH RGDNO× ELU
DQOD\×üD GD\DQPDNWDG×U +DWWD $OPDQ\D·Q×Q HùLWLP VLVWHPLQLQ X\JXODPDGD
DFLOHQ UDGLNDO GHùLüLNOLNOHU JHUHNWLUHQ YH GROD\O× RODUDN DVLPLODV\RQLVW
SROLWLNDODUD\RODoDQDo×NELUWHNGLOOLLGHRORML\LL]OHGLùLV|\OHQHELOLU
%LUNDo H\DOHW J|oPHQ oRFXNODU×Q DQDGLOOHULQLQ |QHPLQL NDEXO HGLS
GHVWHNOHPHVLQH UDùPHQ EXUDODUGD ELOH VDGHFH LONRNXOODUGD SLORW oDO×üPDODU
YHSURMHOHUG]H\LQGHX\JXODPDLPNkQ×EXODELOPLüWLU%XQXQ\HULQH$OPDQ
GLOLQLQND]DQ×OPDV×JLWWLNoHDUWDQRUDQGDPHYFXWHùLWLPVRUXQODU×Q×QWHNoDUHVL
RODUDNGüQOPHNWHGLU
78
<XNDU×GDNLWDUW×üPDODU×Q×ü×ù×QGD$OPDQ HùLWLP VLVWHPLQLQ DQDGLOL$OPDQFD
ROPD\DQ J|oPHQ oRFXNODU×Q×Q $OPDQFD |ùUHQPHOHULQGH \HWHUOL DUDoODU×
VDùODPDNWDEDüDU×V×]ROGXùXV|\OHQHELOLUYHEXGXUXPWRSOXPVDOHüLWVL]OLNOHUL
\HQLGHQUHWPHHùLOLPLQLJoOELUüHNLOGHJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU'ROD\×V×\ODLNLQFL
GLOSURJUDP×Q×Q|QHPOL|]HOOLNOHUL]HULQGHGXUPDNDQODPO×RODFDNW×UúNLQFL
GLO HùLWLPLQGH VHoHQHNOHU YH X\JXODPDODU oRN YH oHüLWOLGLU $o×NoDV× UHPL
XOXVDOGLOOHUGH\HWNLQOLNND]DQPD\×JHOLüWLUPHNLoLQHQL\L\|QWHPQHROPDO×G×U
NRQXVXKDODWDUW×üPDO×G×U%XGXUXP\DU×G]H\GHLNLGLOOLSURJUDPGDQVDGHFH
LNLQFLGLOGH\RùXQ|ùUHWLPHGHùLüHQELUoRNSURJUDPYHPHWRGD\RODoP×üW×U
$o×NoDV×KLoELUONHLNLQFLGLOLQ|ùUHWLPLNRQXVXQGDDo×NYHQHWELUSURJUDPD
VDKLSJ|UQPHPHNWHGLU&UXOYH9HUPHXOHQ
*HUoHNWH$OPDQ\D·GDNLHùLWLPVLVWHPLLNLQFLGLOL|ùUHQHQQRUPDO|ùUHQFLOHU
LoLQN|WKD]×UODQP×üELUVLVWHPGLUYHLNLQFLGLO|ùUHWLPLQLQ$OPDQFD\DS×OPDV×
Do×NoD\HWHUVL]GLU*|oPHQoRFXNODU×QDQDGLOOHULQLQGHVWHNOHQPHVLQGHHùLWLP
SROLWLNDODU× H\DOHWOHUH YH E|OJHOHU J|UH GHùLüLNOLN J|VWHUPHNWHGLU gUQHùLQ
WLSLN ELU DQDGLO HùLWLPL |UQHùLQ 7UNoH KDIWDGD VDDW LOH VDDW DUDV×QGD
GHùLüPHNWHGLU YH JHQHOOLNOH |ùOHGHQ VRQUD YHULOPHNWHGLU +HVVHQ H\DOHWL
G×ü×QGDEXGHUVOHUHNDW×O×PJ|QOOGUYHHùHU\HWHUOLVD\×GD|ùUHQFL\RNVD
KHU ]DPDQ JHUoHNOHüPH üDQV× \RNWXU %D]× H\DOHWOHUGH DQDGLOOHU |ùUHWLPL
|UQHùLQ 7UNoH JLEL NRQVRORVOXNODU×Q ÀQDQVH YH RUJDQL]H HGLOPHNWHGLU
'LùHUOHULQGH LVH EX LüWHQ $OPDQ GHYOHW RWRULWHOHUL VRUXPOXGXU *HQHOOLNOH
$OPDQGHYOHWL7UNoHGLOLQLHQWHJUDV\RQDELUHQJHORODUDNJ|UPHNWHGLUdRùX
RNXOGD|ùUHQFLOHULQRNXOGD7UNoHNRQXüPDODU×\DVDNODQPDNWDG×U
)XDW*OOS×QDU
$OPDQ (ùLWLP 6LVWHPLQGH gQ\DUJ×ODU .OLüHOHU YH .OWUHO
)DUNO×O×NODU×Q*|UPH]GHQ*HOLQPHVL
$OPDQ HùLWLP VLVWHPLQLQ VRUXQXQXQ RUWDN SD\GDV× 7UN J|oPHQOHUH YH
oRFXNODU×QD PH]XQL\HW VRQUDV× NOWUHO VHUPD\HOHULQL HNRQRPLN VHUPD\H\H
G|QüWUHELOHFHNOHUL ELU SODWIRUP VDùOD\DPDPDV×G×U 7ULEDODW 0VOPDQODU×QNDPXVDO\DüDPGDNHQGLOHULQLVRV\DORODUDNPRELOL]HHGHPHPH
GXUXPX ONHGH VRV\DO HNRQRPLN YH HùLWLPVHO VRUXQODU× ¶JHUL NOWU· LOH
WDQ×POD\DQ JoO ]LKLQVHO \DS×ODU×Q RUWD\D o×NPDV×QD \RO DoPDNWDG×U
*|oPHQOHUL JHUL RODUDN WDQ×POD\DQ J|UHQ EX WU ]LKLQVHO \DS×ODU GDKD
GHPRNUDWLNHüLWELUHùLWLPLQJHUoHNOHüWLULOPHVLQLQ|QQGHNLHQFLGGLHQJHOL
ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U
2NXOODUGDNL LOLüNLOHU ELU EWQ RODUDN WRSOXPGDNL LOLüNLOHU JLEL JLGHUHN
×UNVDOODüPDNWDG×U%LUH\OHU¶HWQLN·NLPOLNVDKLELNLüLOHURODUDNDOJ×ODQPDNWD
YHGDPJDODQPDNWDG×U'DKDEDVLWoHV|\OHPHNJHUHNLUVHRNXOODU|ùUHQFLOHUL
JHoPLüWH LüoL V×Q×I× oRFXNODU× RODUDN WDQ×PODUNHQ üLPGLOHUGH J|oPHQ
oRFXNODU× RODUDN WDQ×PODPDNWDG×U 'DKD |QFHOHUL oRFXNODUD EDEDODU×
\RNVXO ROGXùX LoLQ VRUXQOX ROGXNODU× WHüKLVL NRQXUNHQ üLPGLOHUGH oRFXN
oQFNXüDNROVDELOHEDEDV×J|oPHQROGXùXLoLQVRUXQOXROGXùXWHüKLVL
NRQPDNWDG×U(UNHNoRFXNODU×Q×QGDYUDQ×üODU×Q×JHoPLüWH¶VDOG×UJDQ·RODUDN
WDQ×PODUODUNHQ DUW×N GDYUDQ×ü×Q NHQGLVL ¶HWQLN· RODUDN WDQ×PODQPDNWDG×U
6WDUNH\
$OPDQ\D·GD´EDüNDELUGQ\D\DDLWµ$YUXSDG×ü×ELUNOWUHVDKLS´\DEDQF×µ
ELUJUXSRODUDNGDPJDODQDQ$OPDQ\DO×7UNOHUEXWRSOXPVDONDEXOHNVLNOLùLQLQ
V×N×QW×V×Q× KHU ]DPDQ oHNPLüOHUGLU %DüND ELU GH\LüOH$OPDQ\D·GD GRùPXü
HùLWLPDOP×üYHVRV\DOOHüPLüROPDV×QDUDùPHQoQFNXüDN7UNJHQoOHUL
IDUNO× D\U×PF×O×N NDWHJRULOHUL\OH WDQ×PODQPDNWD YH EX NXüDN ELOH HQWHJUH
ROPDPDNJLELLURQLNELUVXoODPD\ODNDUü×ODüDELOPHNWHGLU+kOEXNLEXJHQoOHU
HQWHJUDV\RQSDUDGLJPDV×\ODDQODü×ODPD]ODUoQNJ|oPHQGHùLOOHU
gUQHùLQ 7UN JHQoOHULQLQ YH |]HOOLNOH HUNHNOHULQ VDOG×UJDQ YH RWRULWHU
GDYUDQ×üODU LoLQGH ROGXNODU×Q× |]HOOLNOH úVODP GLQLQH SDWULDUNL YH HWQLN
|]HOOLNOHUHUHIHUDQVODDQODPD\DoDO×ü×OPDNWDG×U%XQRNWDGD$OPDQRNXOODU×Q×Q
EXJHQoOHU]HULQGHNLHùLWLPOHLOJLOLVRUXPOXOXNODU×Q×YHHWNLOHULQLWDPDPHQ
J|UPH]GHQJHOPHNWHGLUOHU
&UXO YH 'RRPHUQLN ED]× DNDGHPLV\HQOHU 7UN |ùUHQFLOHULQ HùLWLPGHNL
EDüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q× RQODU×Q DLOH JHOHQHùL YH úVODP DQOD\×üODU×\OD LOLüNLOHQGLUPH
HùLOLPLQGHGLU
79
$OPDQ\D·GD7UN*|oPHQOHULQdRFXNODU×Q×Q%|OQPü.DGHUOHULYH(ùLWLPGHNL%DüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×Q
7UNJ|oPHQOHULQLQLNLQFLNXüDù×Q×QHQ|QHPOLD\×UWHGLFL|]HOOLùLRQODU×Q
NHQGLHWQLNWRSOXOXNODU×Q×QQRUPYHGHùHUOHULQHROGXNoDPH\LOOLROGXNODU×G×U
GLQLSUDWLNOHUHYOLOLNFLQVL\HWUROOHULYHJHOHQHNVHODO×üNDQO×NODUDo×V×QGDQ
6RV\DO oHYUH\OH V×N× LOLüNLOHU 7UN WRSOXOXùXQ \DüDP×QGD oRN |QHPOL ELU
URO R\QDPDNWDG×U *oO VRV\DO NRQWURO V|] NRQXVXGXU YH NDG×Q YH JHQo
N×]ODU×QGDYUDQ×üODU×\DN×QGDQL]OHQLU+HPJHOHQHNVHOFLQVL\HWGüQFHVL
YHKHPGHHUNHQHYOLOLNLNLQFLNXüDN7UNN×]ODU×Q×QHùLWLPOHULQLQ|QQGH
FLGGL ELU HQJHOGLU %XQODU×Q oWH ELUL RNXOX RUWDRNXO GLSORPDV× DOPDGDQ
E×UDN×UODUYHoRùXWDP]DPDQO×HYNDG×QODU×ROXUODU&UXOYH'RRPHUQLN
<XNDU×GDNL EDN×ü Do×V×QD J|UH 7UN JHQoOHULQLQ EX FLQVL\HWoL YH RWRULWHU
GDYUDQ×üODU×$OPDQWRSOXPXQXQLoLQGHEDùODPVDOODüW×U×ODFDù×\HUGHHWQLNYH
GLQL|]HOOLNOHUHDW×ÁDúVODPYH7UNONOHDo×NODQPD\DoDO×ü×OP×üW×U
80
$OPDQYH7UNJHQoOHULDUDV×QGDNLIDUNODUODLOJLOHQGLùLQGH$OPDQ|ùUHWPHQOHU
\D 7UN |ùUHQFLOHUL NOWUHO |Q\DUJ×ODUOD WDQ×POD\×S DQODPD\D oDO×üPDNWD
\D GD RQODU×Q NOWUHO DUND SODQODU×Q× WDPDPHQ J|UPH]GHQ JHOHUHN |ùUHWLP
\DSPDNWDG×U%XNOWUHONDO×SODU|]HOOLNOHúVODP·×QLoLQGHNLNXUDOODUVHWL\OH
YHFLQVL\HWUROOHUL\OHLOLüNLOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU%X\DUJ×ODUDo×NoDDüDù×OD\×F×YH
UDGLNDORODUDNPDQW×NG×ü×G×U'DKDGDLURQLNRODQ×EX|ùUHWPHQOHUSUHQVLSWH
NOWUHOIDUNO×O×NODUDNDUü×KRüJ|UOGUDQFDN|UQHùLQKDODLQDWo×ELUüHNLOGH
7UN HEHYH\QOHULQ N×] oRFXNODU×Q× RNXO JH]LOHULQH J|QGHUPHN ]RUXQGD
ROGXNODU×Q×GüQPHNWHGLUOHU
%X GHPHNWLU NL |ùUHWPHQOHU J|oPHQOHULQ LWLUD]ODU×QD VD\J× GX\PDNWD
]RUODQPDNWDG×UODU|UQHùLQ´PHUDNHWPH\LQEL]VL]LQN×]×Q×]DVDKLSo×NDU×]YH
RQXNROODU×]µGHPHNRQODULoLQ]RUGXU'DKDV×NOWUHODUNDSODQGHGLùLQL]GH
|ùUHWPHQOHULONYH|QFHOLNOH0VOPDQWDU]×\DüDP×QELOJLVL7UNOHULQNHQGL
DUDODU×QGDNLLOLüNLOHUYHHYGHNL\DüDPüHNLOOHUL\OHLOJLOHQPHNWHGLUoQNRQODUD
J|UH E|\OH ELOJLOHU |ùUHQFLQLQ GDYUDQ×ü×Q× GDKD L\L DQODPDN LoLQ \DUG×PF×
RODELOLU +kOEXNL NL |ùUHWPHQOHU7UN |ùUHQFLOHULQ \DEDQF×O×NODU×Q× J|UQü
YH\D GDYUDQ×üODU× Do×V×QGDQ oRN EHOLUJLQ ROPDG×ù× GXUXPODUGD NOWUHO DUND
SODQ×J|UPH]GHQJHOPHHùLOLPLQGHGLU
$\U×FD7UNJ|oPHQOHULQ$OPDQ\D·GDGRùDQoQFNXüDNoRFXNODU×EXUDGD
VRV\DOOHüPHVLQHYHHùLWLPDOPDODU×QDUDùPHQ$OPDQ|ùUHWPHQOHULQWXWXPX
RQODU×Q SUREOHPOHULQL $OPDQ WRSOXPXQXQ VRV\DO YH HNRQRPLN NRüXOODU×Q×Q
LoLQGH SVLNRORMLN YH VRV\RORMLN Do×ODUGDQ GHùHUOHQGLUHUHN NOWUOHU DUDV× ELU
EDùODPD RWXUWPDN \HULQH NOWUHO LQGLUJHPHFL ELU DQOD\×üOD HWQLN YH GLQL
GHùHUOHUHUHIHUDQVODDQODPD\DoDO×üPDNWDG×U
)XDW*OOS×QDU
7DYVL\H6LVWHPLQLQ(PSIHKOXQJ%DüDU×V×]O×ù×
dRN(UNHQdRN$\U×PF×
*HQHORODUDN$OPDQHùLWLPVLVWHPLLNL|QHPOLGXUXPODNDUDNWHUL]HROPXüWXU
%LULQFLVL HùLWLP )HGHUDO GHYOHWH GHùLO H\DOHW VLVWHPOHULQLQ \DVDODU× DOW×QD
DO×QP×üW×U 'ROD\×V×\OD D\U× H\DOHWWH IDUNO× IDUNO× RNXO YH HùLWLP \DS×V×
V|] NRQXVX ROPDNWDG×U úNLQFLVL $OPDQ RNXO VLVWHPL |ùUHQFLOHUL RNXOGDNL
SHUIRUPDQVODU×QDJ|UHYHJ|UHFHHUNHQELURNXOG|QHPLQGH|ùUHQFLVHoLPLQL
GHVWHNOHPHNWHGLU
$OPDQ(ùLWLP6LVWHPLQGHELUoRFXùXQKDQJLWLSRNXODGHYDPHWPHVLJHUHNWLùL
QRUPDORODUDNYH\DüODUGDLONRNXO|ùUHWPHQOHULQLQYHUGLùLWDYVL\HOHUH
HPSIKHOXQJ YH HEHYH\QOHULQ LVWHNOHUL GRùUXOWXVXQGD NDUDU YHULOPHNWHGLU
0LHUD·Q×Q GLNNDW oHNWLùL JLEL |ùUHQFLOHUL V×Q×ÁDQG×UDQ EX
VLVWHP LONRNXOXQ VRQ \×O×QGD EX WDYVL\H HPSIKHOXQJ \|QWHPL NRQXVXQGD
HùLWLP DOPDP×ü |ùUHWPHQOHULQ WDYVL\HOHUL\OH |ùUHQFLOHULQ ELUH\VHO RODUDN
GHùHUOHQGLULOHUHN KDQJL RNXOD JLGHFHùLQL EHOLUOHPHNWHGLU 6×NO×NOD HWQLN
|Q\DUJ×ODU YH\D JL]LO GX\JXODU \DüD\DQ |ùUHWPHQOHU NHQGLOHULQL J|oPHQ
oRFXNODU×QDNDUü×GDKDD]VRUXPOXKLVVHWPHNWHGLU(EHYH\QOHULQEXWDYVL\HOHUL
L]OHPHVL]RUXQOXROPDVDGDoRFXùXQJHOHFHNNDUL\HULE\N|OoGHEXWDYVL\H
NDUDUODU×QDEDùO×ROPDNWDG×U6RQGHUVFKXOH·\H\DS×ODQDGDOHWVL]RNXOWDYVL\HOHUL
GROD\O× G×üOD\×F×O×N YH\D D\U×PF×O×ù×Q ELU LüDUHWL RODUDN GüQOHELOLU oQN
EX RNXOODUGDQ o×N×S \NVHNRNXOODU LoLQ VHUWLÀND DOPD üDQVODU× \RN GHQHFHN
NDGDUD]G×U8OXVDOUDSRUDJ|UHLONRNXOODUGDRUWDRNXOODULoLQ\DS×ODQWDYVL\H
YHGHùHUOHQGLUPHOHUDo×V×QGDQJ|oPHQoRFXNODUDNDUü×D\U×PF×O×N\DS×OG×ù×Q×
LGGLDHWPHNWHGLU0LHUD
6|KQ YH g]FDQ·D J|UH GLùHU ONHOHUOH N×\DVODQG×ù×QGD $OPDQ RNXO
VLVWHPLQGH|ùUHQFLOHULQIDUNO×RUWDRNXOODU×oRNHUNHQ\DüODUGD\DSPDN]RUXQGD
NDOG×NODU×V|\OHQHELOLU%XNDUDU|ùUHQFLQLQWP\DüDPüDQVODU×Q×YHJHOHFHùLQL
NXYYHWOL ELU üHNLOGH HWNLOHPHNWHGLU YH GDKD JHo \DüODUGD JHUL G|QOPH] ELU
üHNLOGH\HWLüNLQOLùLQGHNLRNXONDUL\HULQLHWNLOHPHNWHGLU
úONRNXO HùLWLPL ER\XQFD |ùUHQFLOHULQ RNXO VHoLPLQLQ NHVLQ ELU NDUü×O×ù×
RUWD\D o×NPDNWDG×U gUQHùLQ RUWDODPD RNXOODU×Q NRüXOODU×Q× YH NULWHUOHULQL
NDUü×OD\DPD\DQ|ùUHQFLOHUKHPHQNDWHJRULNRODUDN´|]HOHùLWLPHLKWL\DF×RODQµ
JUXEXQLoLQHGDKLOHGLOPHNWHYHSonderschuleJLELRNXOODUDJ|QGHULOPHNWHGLU
*|oPHQoRFXNODU×EXWLSRNXOODUDJ|QGHULOLUNHQoRùXQOXNODGLOSUREOHPOHUL
|ùUHWPHQOHU WDUDI×QGDQ ELOLüVHO JHULOLNOHU ELUELUOHULQH NDU×üW×U×OPDNWD YH D\Q×
üHNLOGHGHùHUOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU
81
$OPDQ\D·GD7UN*|oPHQOHULQdRFXNODU×Q×Q%|OQPü.DGHUOHULYH(ùLWLPGHNL%DüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×Q
6RQRODUDNEXWDYVL\HYHNDUDUODU×QQDV×ODO×QG×ù×QDGDLUVUHoDo×NYHüHIIDI
ROPDPDNWD YH DNVLQH ROGXNoD WDUW×üPDO× YH EHOLUVL] LüOHPHNWHGLU 'DKD GD
|QHPOLVL$OPDQHùLWLPVLVWHPLEXWDYVL\HOHULWDPDPHQPHüUXJ|UPHNWHGLU
6218d)$.7g5/(5ú1.20%ú1$6<218
6RQ 3ú6$ oDO×üPDODU× 7UN oRFXNODU×Q×Q PDUMLQDO NRQXPODU×Q×Q GHYDP
HWWLùLQLYHJ|oPHQJHoPLüLQYHN|NHQLQHùLWLPYHHPHNSL\DVDV×QDXODüPDGD
KDOD|QHPOLELUHQJHORODUDNNDUü×P×]GDGXUPDNWDROGXùXQXJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
$o×NoDV×HùLWLPGHNLEDüDU×V×]O×NG]H\LYHQRUPDOGHQVDSDQHùLWLPVRQXoODU×
7UNJHQoOHULQLQ$OPDQWRSOXPXQXQHQDOW×QGDNLNRQXPODU×Q×VDùODPODüW×UPD
YH$OPDQODULoLQGHNLHWQLN|Q\DUJ×YHEDVPDNDO×SODU×NXYYHWOHQGLUPHNWHGLU
%X EDVPDNDO×S |Q\DUJ×ODU PLVDÀU J|oPHQOHULQ YH oRFXNODU×Q×Q EDüDU×O×
ELU HQWHJUDV\RQ üDQVODU×Q× D]DOWDQ GüPDQO×N GX\JXODU×Q× YH oDW×üPDODU×
EHVOHPHNWHGLU
82
úWLUDIHWPHNJHUHNLUNLJ|oPHQDLOHYHLüoLOHULQoRFXNODU×WDPDPHQJHWWR\D
GD DOW V×Q×I ROXüWXUPDPDNWDG×U dQN$OPDQ\D·GD PHVOHNL HùLWLPGHNL LNLOL
VLVWHPHPHNSL\DVDV×LoLQJ|UHOLRODUDNGDKDL\LVRQXoODU\DUDW×UNHQGDKDoRN
VWDMPHUNH]OLEXHùLWLPLüGHQH\LPLQLGLNNDWHDODQVRQUDNLLüEDüYXUXODU×LoLQ
X\JXQELUGXUXP\DUDWPDNWDG×U&UXOYH6FKQHLGHUYH\DüODU×QGDNL
JHQoOHUDUDV×QGDLüVL]OLNDUW×\RUROPDV×QDUDùPHQEXPHVOHNLVWDMYHHùLWLPL
ELUOHüWLUHQLNLOLVLVWHPoRùXRNXOGDQD\U×ODQ DQFDN PHVOHN \DSDQ |ùUHQFLOHU
LoLQELUVLJRUWDROXüWXUPDNWDG×U%XQXQODELUOLNWH)DLVW·LQYXUJXODG×ù×
JLEL$OPDQ\D·GD7UNJHQoOHULQLQHQWHJUDV\RQVUHoOHULQGHNLJHOHFHNOHULKDOD
EHOLUVL]OLNOHULoHUPHNWHGLU'DKDV×\HWLüNLQ7UNLüoLOHUL\HWLüNLQ$OPDQODUOD
N×\DVODQG×ù×QGD GDKD X]XQ VUHOL LüVL]OLùH PDUX] NDOPDNWDG×U $o×N NL EX
Do×ODUGDQEDN×OG×ù×QGDGHùLüHQHPHNSL\DVDV×LoLQGH7UNJ|oPHQOHUVUHNOL
RODUDNPDUMLQDONDOPD\DDGD\G×U
%XGXUXPELUoRNIDNW|UQELUDUD\DJHOPHVLQLQELUVRQXFXRODUDNDo×NODQDELOLU
(ùLWLPVLVWHPLQLQGH]DYDQWDMO×DLOHOHULQoRFXNODU×Q×QHùLWLPGH LOHUOHPHOHULQL
GHVWHNOHPHPHVLHPHNSL\DVDV×YHPHVOHNLHùLWLPLoLQRNXOGHUHFHVLQLQDü×U×
|QHPOLROXüXYHHùLWLPDODQ×QGDGRùUXGDQYHGROD\O×D\U×PF×O×ù×QROPDV×YE
*HQHO RODUDN 6|KQ YH g]FDQ·×Q V|\OHGLùL JLEL o G]H\OL RUWDRNXO
VLVWHPLQLQNHQGLVLRNXOODUGDNLHWQLNYHVRV\DO\DO×W×OP×üO×ù×Q|QHPOLELUQHGHQL
RODUDNJ|UQPHNWHGLU%XKL\HUDUüLNVLVWHPLQUHIRUPHHGLOPHVLKHU|ùUHQFLQLQ
LONRNXOGDNL \×OGDQ GDKD X]XQ \×OODU ER\XQFD NDSVDPO× RNXOODUGD HùLWLP
)XDW*OOS×QDU
J|UPHVLDQODP×QDJHOHFHNWLU$\U×FD|ùUHWPHQOHUGHNOWUHOGLOVHOYHVRV\DO
RODUDNJHoPLüWHQGDKDKHWHURMHQRODFDNV×Q×ÁDU×LGDUHHGHELOHFHN\HWHUOLOLNWH
GDKDL\LüHNLOGH\HWLüWLULOPHOLGLU%XQXQ\DQ×V×UD$OPDQ\D·GDoRFXNODURNXOD
JHo JLUPHNWH DQFDN HUNHQ ELU üHNLOGH VHoLOLS \|QOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU dRFXNODU
RNXOD HUNHQ EDüODPDO× NUHü HùLWLPLQH ELUH ELU \] \]H GHUVOHULQ VDDWOHUL
DUWW×U×OPDO×YHWHPHO\DUG×PYHGHVWHNRNXOLoLQGHYHG×ü×QGDVUGUOPHOLGLU
$QFDNoRFXNODU×QHùLWLPGHNL\|QOHQGLULOPHYHWHUFLK\DSPD\DüODU×ELUD]GD
JHoWDULKOHUGHROPDO×G×U
%LU JHFHGH LQVDQODU×Q VRV\RHNRQRPLN GXUXPX GHùLüWLULOHPH\HFHùLQH J|UH
HùLWLPOHLOJLOL|QOHPOHULQ\DQ×QGDNDPXNXUXPODU×\ODHEHYH\QOHUDUDV×QGDLOLüNL
GHJHOLüWLUPHOLGLU%XQDHNRODUDNNXUXPVDOD\U×PF×O×ù×QVWHVLQGHQJHOPHN
LoLQ |ùUHWPHQOHU J|oPHQ DLOHGHQ JHOHQ |ùUHQFLOHUH RGDNODQD NOWUOHUDUDV×
ELUIRUPDV\RQGDQGDJHoPHOLGLU$\Q×]DPDQGD$OPDQNXUXPODUHùLWLPGHNL
HQWHJUDV\RQXQ YH EDüDU×Q×Q GHVWHNOHQPHVL NRQXVXQGD 7UN PHG\DV×\OD GD
LüELUOLùL\DSDELOLU6RQRODUDN7UNHEHYH\QOHU$OPDQRNXOVLVWHPLKDNN×QGD
GDKDID]ODELOJLOHQGLULOPHOLYHKDQJLWURUWDRNXODJLWPHQLQGDKDGRùUXNDUDU
RODFDù×NRQXVXQGDGDQ×üPDQO×NKL]PHWLDOPDO×G×UODU
$\Q× ]DPDQGD |UQHùLQ J|oPHQ YH HQWHJUDV\RQ SROLWLNDODU×QGDNL \DS×VDO
SUREOHPOHU |UQHùLQ KDOD PDNXO G]H\GH ELU D\U×PF×O×N NDUü×W× \DVDQ×Q
ROPDPDV×WRSOXPGDNLVRV\DOG×üODPDYHNOWUOHUDUDV×Do×NO×No|]POHQPHVL
JHUHNHQDFLONRQXODUDUDV×QGDG×U
6RQXoRODUDN$OPDQ\D·GDRQ\×OODUER\XQFDJ|oONHVLROXQGXùXJHUoHùLQLQ
NDEXO HGLOPHPHVL QHGHQL\OH VRUXQVX] YH VLVWHPDWLN ELU J|o VWUDWHMLVL
ROXüWXUXOPDV×\|QQGHNLSHNoRNI×UVDWNDo×U×OP×üROGX'ROD\×V×\OD|]HOOLNOH
HùLWLPDODQ×Q×EDüWDROPDN]HUHWPDODQODU×NDSVD\DQ´JHFLNPLüELUX\XP
VWUDWHMLVL´ ROXüWXUXOPDV× HQ |QFHOLNOL J|UHYOHULQ EDü×QGD JHOPHNWHGLU %X
VWUDWHMLVDGHFH$OPDQ\D·\D\HQLJ|oHGHQOHULNDSVDPD\×SD\Q×]DPDQGDX]XQ
VUHGLUEXUDGD\DüDPDV×QDUDùPHQVRV\DOKD\DWDHWNLQELUNDW×O×PGDQPDKUXP
NDOP×üJ|oPHQOHULGHNDSVDPDO×G×U
%X VRQXoODUD GD\DQDUDN GL\HELOLUL] NL 7UN oRFXNODUOD $OPDQ oRFXNODU
DUDV×QGDNL HùLWLP EDüDU×V× NRQXVXQGD PHYFXW HüLWVL]OLN ELU GL]L IDNW|UQ
ELU DUD\D JHOPHVLQLQ VRQXFX RODUDN RUWD\D o×NPDNWDG×U 6DGHFH ELU IDNW|UH
Dù×UO×N YHUPHN FLGGL ELU KDWD\D \RO DoDELOLU 7UN oRFXNODU×Q HùLWLPGHNL
EDüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q× VDGHFH ELUH\VHO YH DLOHYL IDNW|UOHUH RGDNODQDUDN Do×NOD\DQ
SHUVSHNWLÁHU oRN V×Q×UO× NDOPDNWD YH RNXOGD VRNDNWD NXUXPODUGDNL
X\JXODPDODUHùLWLPGHNL\DS×VDOVRUXQODUVHoLFLYHHOH\LFLHùLWLPVLVWHPLYH
83
$OPDQ\D·GD7UN*|oPHQOHULQdRFXNODU×Q×Q%|OQPü.DGHUOHULYH(ùLWLPGHNL%DüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×Q
NOWUOHUDUDV×PIUHGDWHNVLNOLùLYE\DS×VDOIDNW|UOHULJ|UPH]GHQJHOPHNWHGLU
'ROD\×V×\OD7UN oRFXNODU×Q×Q HùLWLPGHNL EDüDU×V×]O×ù×Q×Q J|oPHQ DLOHVLQLQ
NHQGLQH|]J|]HOOLNOHULQLQYH$OPDQHùLWLPVLVWHPLQGHNLNXUXPVDOD\U×PF×O×N
X\JXODPDODU×Q×Q ELU NRPELQDV\RQX ROGXùX V|\OHQHELOLU 7DELL ELUH\VHO
|UQHùLQ|ùUHWPHQGHQND\QDNODQDQYHGROD\O×D\U×PF×O×ù×NDQ×WODPDNKHUQH
NDGDU]RUROVDGDELUH\VHOYHNXUXPVDOD\U×PF×O×NG×üOD\×F×O×NPHNDQL]PDODU×
|ùUHQFLOHULQEDüDU×V×]O×NODU×QGDNHVLQOLNOHUROR\QDPDNWDG×U
%X GD GHPHN ROX\RU NL HùLWLP YH Lü NRüXOODU×QD XODüPDGD ELUH\OHULQ VDKLS
ROGXNODU× YDWDQGDüO×N NDUW×Q×Q \D GD LoLQGHQ JHOGLNOHUL WRSOXPXQ |]HOOLNOHUL
KDOD$OPDQ\D·GD YH GROD\×V×\OD$YUXSD %LUOLùL·QGH ELU EDUL\HU RODUDN LüOHY
J|UPHNWHGLU6RQ3ú6$FDO×üPDODU×7UNoRFXNODU×Q×QPDUMLQDONRQXPODU×Q×Q
GHYDP HWWLùLQL YH J|oPHQ JHoPLüLQ YH N|NHQLQ HùLWLP YH HPHN SL\DVDV×QD
XODüPDGD KDOD |QHPOL ELU HQJHO RODUDN NDUü×P×]GD GXUPDNWD ROGXùXQX
J|VWHUPHNWHGLU
84
'ú3127
%XPDNDOH7h5.626<$/%ú/ú0/(5'(51(øú·QLQ$UDO×N
WDULKOHUL DUDV×QGD 2'7h·GH G]HQOHPLü ROGXùX 8/86$/ 626<$/
%ú/ú0/(5.21*5(6ú·QGHELOGLULRODUDNVXQXOPXüWXU
KAYNAKÇA
&UXO 0 DQG 'RRPHUQLN - ´7KH 7XUNLVK DQG 0RURFFDQ 6HFRQG
*HQHUDWLRQLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV'LYHUJHQW7UHQGVEHWZHHQDQG3RODUL]DWLRQ
ZLWKLQ WKH 7ZR *URXSVµ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0LJUDWLRQ 5HYLHZ 9RO 1R
7KH)XWXUHRIWKH6HFRQG*HQHUDWLRQ7KH,QWHJUDWLRQRI0LJUDQW<RXWK
LQ6L[(XURSHDQ&RXQWULHV:LQWHUSS
&UXO 0 DQG 9HUPHXOHQ + ´7KH VHFRQG JHQHUDWLRQ LQ (XURSH
,QWURGXFWLRQµ,QWHUQDWLRQDO0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ²
&UXO 0 DQG 6FKQHLGHU - ´&KLOGUHQ RI 7XUNLVK ,PPLJUDQWV LQ
*HUPDQ\ DQG WKH 1HWKHUODQGV 7KH ,PSDFW RI 'LIIHUHQFHV LQ 9RFDWLRQDO
DQG$FDGHPLF7UDFNLQJ6\VWHPVµ7HDFKHUV&ROOHJH5HFRUG9ROXPH
1XPEHU-XQHSS²
'LHIHQEDFK + *HQGHU ,GHRORJLHV 5HODWLYH 5HVRXUFHV DQG WKH
'LYLVLRQ RI +RXVHZRUN LQ ,QWLPDWH 5HODWLRQVKLSV $ 7HVW RI +\PDQ
5RGPDQ·V7KHRU\RI5HVRXUFHVLQ&XOWXUDO&RQWH[W,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO
RI&RPSDUDWLYH6RFLRORJ\)HEUXDU\SS
)XDW*OOS×QDU
(GXFDWLRQDO 5HSRUW .RQVRUWLXP %LOGXQJVEHULFKWHUVWDWWXQJ LP
$XIWUDJ GHU 6WlQGLJHQ .RQIHUHQ] GHU .XOWXVPLQLVWHU GHU /lQGHU LQ GHU
%XQGHVUHSXEOLN'HXWVFKODQGXQGGHV%XQGHVPLQLVWHULXPVIU%LOGXQJXQG
)RUVFKXQJHG%LOGXQJLQ'HXWVFKODQG(LQLQGLNDWRUHQJHVWW]WHU%HULFKW
PLWHLQHU$QDO\VH]X%LOGXQJXQG0LJUDWLRQ%LHOHIHOG%HUWHOVPDQQ
(GXFDWLRQDO 5HSRUW $XWRUHQJUXSSH %LOGXQJVEHULFKWHUVWDWWXQJ LP
$XIWUDJ GHU 6WlQGLJHQ .RQIHUHQ] GHU .XOWXVPLQLVWHU GHU /lQGHU LQ GHU
%XQGHVUHSXEOLN'HXWVFKODQGXQGGHV%XQGHVPLQLVWHULXPVIU%LOGXQJXQG
)RUVFKXQJHG%LOGXQJLQ'HXWVFKODQG(LQLQGLNDWRUHQJHVWW]WHU%HULFKW
PLWHLQHU$QDO\VH]XhEHUJlQJHQLP$QVFKOXVVDQGHQ6HNXQGDUEHUHLFK
, %LHOHIHOG %HUWHOVPDQQ KWWSZZZELOGXQJVEHULFKWGHGDWHQ
EEBSGI
)DDV ' ´<RXWK (XURSH DQG WKH 1DWLRQ7KH 3ROLWLFDO .QRZOHGJH
,QWHUHVWVDQG,GHQWLWLHVRIWKH1HZ*HQHUDWLRQRI(XURSHDQ<RXWKµ-RXUQDO
RI<RXWK6WXGLHV9ROXPH,VVXH0D\SS
)DLVW 7 ´6WDWHV 0DUNHWV DQG ,PPLJUDQW 0LQRULWLHV 6HFRQG
*HQHUDWLRQ 7XUNV LQ *HUPDQ\ DQG 0H[LFDQ$PHULFDQV LQ WKH 8QLWHG
6WDWHVLQWKHVµ&RPSDUDWLYH3ROLWLFV1R-XOSS
*RJROLQ,´(ùLWLP<ROX\OD8\XPµKWWSZZZJRHWKHGHLQVWUOS
JHVPLJGHEWUKWPHULüLPWDULKL
*RJROLQ,´¶%LOGXQJVSUDFKH·7KH,PSRUWDQFHRI7HDFKLQJ/DQJXDJH
LQ (YHU\ 6FKRRO 6XEMHFWµ LQ 6FLHQFH (GXFDWLRQ 8QOLPLWHG $SSURDFKHV
WR(TXDO2SSRUWXQLWLHVLQ/HDUQLQJ6FLHQFH7DMPHO7DQG6WDUO.HGV
:D[PDQQ9HUODJ*PE+0XQVWHUSS
*RPROOD0DQG5DGWNH)2,QVWLXWLRQHOOH'LVNULPLQLHUXQJ'LH
+HUVWHOOXQJHWKQLVFKHU'LIIHUHQ]LQGHU6FKXOH>,QVWLWXWLRQDOGLVFULPLQDWLRQ
7KH SURGXFWLRQ RI HWKQLF GLIIHUHQFH LQ VFKRROV@ QG HG :LHVEDGHQ
*HUPDQ\969HUODJIXU6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ
0LHUD ) ´&RXQWU\ 5HSRUW RQ (GXFDWLRQ *HUPDQ\µ KWWSHPLOLH
HOLDPHSJUZSFRQWHQWXSORDGVHGXPLJURPBEDFNJURXQGSDSHUB
JHUPDQ\BHGXFSGI
85
$OPDQ\D·GD7UN*|oPHQOHULQdRFXNODU×Q×Q%|OQPü.DGHUOHULYH(ùLWLPGHNL%DüDU×V×]O×NODU×Q×Q
0LHUD)´&RPSDULQJWKHGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQZLWKLQHGXFDWLRQDOV\VWHPV
DFFRUGLQJ WR HWKQLFLW\ DQG WKH ¶VHOHFWHG PLQRULW\ HWKQLF JURXSVµ LQ
0ROGHQKDZHU%HWDO('80,*520SSKWWSHGXPLJURPIVV
PXQLF]GRF('80,*520B'B&RPSDUDWLYH5HSRUWRQ
(GXFDWLRQSGIDFFHVVHG
0ROGHQKDZHU%´'LVFRXUVHVRQ&XOWXUDO'LIIHUHQFHV7KH&DVHRI
6FKRROLQJµ LQ cOXQG $ DQG 5 *UDQTYLVW HGV 1HJRWLDWLQJ ,GHQWLWLHV
(VVD\VRQ,PPLJUDWLRQDQG&XOWXUHLQSUHVHQWGD\(XURSH$PVWHUGDP
$WODQWD5RGRSLSS
0HLHU*6´7ZRZD\LPPHUVLRQHGXFDWLRQLQ*HUPDQ\EULGJLQJ
WKH OLQJXLVWLF JDSµ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI %LOLQJXDO (GXFDWLRQ DQG
%LOLQJXDOLVP
86
5DGWNH ) 2 ´'LH ,OOXVLRQ GHU PHULWRNUDWLVFKHQ 6FKXOH /RNDOH
.RQVWHOODWLRQHQ GHU 3URGXNWLR YRQ 8QJOHLFKKHLW LP (U]LHKXQJVV\VWHPµ
>7KH ,OOXVLRQ RI 0HULWRFUDWLF 6FKRROV /RFDO &RQVWHOODWLRQV 3URGXFLQJ
,QHTXDOLW\ ZLWKLQ WKH (GXFDWLRQ 6\VWHP@ LQ .ODXV - %DGH DQG 0LFKDHO
%RPPHV HGV 0LJUDWLRQ³,QWHJUDWLRQ³%LOGXQJ *UXQGIUDJHQ XQG
3UREOHPEHUHLFKH >0LJUDWLRQ³,QWHJUDWLRQ³(GXFDWLRQ )XQGDPHQWDO
4XHVWLRQVDQG3UREOHP$DUHDV@,0,6%HLWUlJH8QLYHUVLWlW2VQDEUFN
,QVWLWXWIU0LJUDWLRQVIRUVFKXQJXQG,QWHUNXOWXUHOOH6WXGLHQSS²
6FKLHUXS&8HWDO0LJUDWLRQ&LWL]HQVKLSDQGWKH(XURSHDQ:HOIDUH
6WDWH²$(XURSHDQ'LOHPPD1HZ<RUN283
6|KQ-YHg]FDQ9¶7KH(GXFDWLRQDO$WWDLQPHQWRI7XUNLVK0LJUDQWV
LQ*HUPDQ\·7XUNLVK6WXGLHV
6WDUNH\ + ´(GXFDWLRQ IRU &LWL]HQVKLS 5HLQYHQWLQJ WKH )UHQFK
5HSXEOLFµ LQ 6 0LOQHU DQG 13DUVRQV HGV 5HLQYHQWLQJ )UDQFH 6WDWH
DQG6RFLHW\LQWKH7ZHQW\)LUVW&HQWXU\+DPSVKLUH3DOJUDYHSS
7KRPVRQ 0 YH &UXO 0 ´7KH 6HFRQG *HQHUDWLRQ LQ (XURSH DQG
WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV +RZ LV WKH7UDQVDWODQWLF 'HEDWH 5HOHYDQW IRU )XUWKHU
5HVHDUFK RQ WKH (XURSHDQ 6HFRQG *HQHUDWLRQ"µ -RXUQDO RI (WKQLF DQG
0LJUDWLRQ6WXGLHV9RO1R6HSWHPEHUSS
)XDW*OOS×QDU
7ULEDODW 0 ´&XOWXUDO$VVLPLODWLRQ RI WKH ,PPLJUDQWV DQG 6RFLHWDO
,QWHJUDWLRQ LQ )UDQFHµ 7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6FRSH 5HYLHZ 9RO 1R 6XPPHU
hQYHU2&´&XUUHQW'LVFXVVLRQVLQWKH*HUPDQ,QWHJUDWLRQ'HEDWH
7KH&XOWXUDOLVW9LVLRQYV6RFLDO(TXLW\"5HYXHHXURSpHQQHGHVPLJUDWLRQV
internationalesYROSS
:RUEV 6 ´7KH 6HFRQG *HQHUDWLRQ LQ *HUPDQ\ %HWZHHQ 6FKRRO
DQG/DERU0DUNHWµ,QWHUQDWLRQDO0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ9RO1R7KH
)XWXUHRIWKH6HFRQG*HQHUDWLRQ7KH,QWHJUDWLRQRI0LJUDQW<RXWKLQ6L[
(XURSHDQ&RXQWULHV:LQWHUSS
87