Beyond a Divided Cyprus: A State and Society

Transkript

Note: The letter ‘n’ followed by the locators represents notes in the text.
accession of Cyprus to the EU, 11, 13,
39, 79, 92–4, 137, 139–40,
144–5, 148, 158, 185, 190–1,
198–9, 218, 222
Acheson Plan, 22, 89
Acquis, 9, 61
Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi [AKP]
(Justice and Development Party),
12, 39, 93, 144–9, 150n9,
150n10, 191, 193
Agamben, Giorgio, 61, 66n21
Agia Marina, 192
Akıncı, Mustafa, 181, 192
Ali, İhsan, 123–4, 133n5
Althusser, Louis, 41n5, 53, 57, 65n14,
65n19
ANAP Anavatan Partisi (Motherland
Party), 138, 142
Anastasiades, Nicos, 12, 187, 193,
199
Anderson, Perry, 5, 19, 32, 43, 94, 98
Ankara, 6–7, 10–13, 16, 18, 19n20,
21n45, 27–9, 33, 36–9, 57,
58n14, 90, 125–7, 131, 138,
169, 172, 174, 176, 182, 191,
193, 197, 220
Annan Plan, 6, 9–10, 12, 16–17, 39,
91–7, 145–7, 163, 182–5, 187,
189–90, 194–5, 201
and British bases, 28, 32, 34
EU accession, 91–2
imperialist critics of, 93–4
and NATO, 6, 39
necessary for imperialist interests,
94, 97
and partition, 9, 16, 91, 96–7, 163,
187, 195
reducible to imperialist interests,
94, 97
and reunification, 16, 163, 185,
189–90, 194, 201
and Russia, 91
and United States, 32, 34, 93–5
annexation of Cyprus by Turkey, 6,
19n20, 75, 100, 105, 107, 116
Anthias, Floya, 34–5, 51–4, 225, 227
anticolonial struggle, 8, 53
anti-communism, 106–65
anti-imperialism, 25, 36, 74–8, 81,
94, 96, 154–5, 163
See also İmperialism
Arabs, 12, 17, 27–8, 77, 87
Archbishop of Cyprus, 49, 52–3, 70,
76, 88, 100–1, 103–4, 106, 161,
185, 189
Archiepiscopate, 101
Armenians, 196
Asomatos, 192
Association of Turkish-Cypriot
Students, 172
Athens, 37, 43n19, 50, 53, 76, 105–6,
109–11
Atun, Hakkı, 178
austerity measures/package, 7, 15–18,
21n43, 36, 45, 220, 241, 245–6
10.1057/9781137100801 - Beyond a Divided Cyprus, Edited by Nicos Trimikliniotis and Umut Bozkurt
Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to npg - PalgraveConnect - 2016-10-12
Index
INDEX
Aνανεωτ ικó Δημoκρατ ικó
Σoσ ιαλισ τ ικó K ίνημα
[ADESOK] (Reformist
Democratic Socialist Movement),
156
Averof, Evangelos, 110, 112, 114–15
Aνoρθ ωτ ικó K óμμα
Eργ αζ oμένoυ Λαoύ [AKEL]
(Progressive Party of Working
People), 12, 15, 20n31, 29,
43n18, 45n41, 54–5, 64n7,
64n8, 71, 73–5, 78, 82n5, 87,
93, 101–5, 108, 110, 113, 125,
151–68, 170–1, 174–5, 179,
183, 187–91, 193, 195–6, 198–9
Avrupa Newspaper, 181
Ayres, Ron, 51–4, 224–5, 239
bailout, 15, 220
banking crisis, 16–17, 150n3, 236
Bayar, Celal, 126
Bayraktar, 171–2
BDH Barış ve Demokrasi Hareketi
(The Movement for Peace and
Democracy), 183
Berberoğlu, Ahmet Mithat, 124, 173,
175
BEY administration (Bayraktarlık
[Military Chief in
Command]—Türk Elçililiği
Turkish Embassy—Yerel Yönetim
(Local Government]), 171–2
bicommunality, 9, 11–12, 18, 33, 35,
37, 55, 61, 69, 78, 81n1, 89, 94,
96, 156, 163, 202, 204, 214, 241
See also Constitution of 1960
big bourgeoisie, 135, 137–8, 140,
149–50
Bil, Hikmet, 125–6, 133n6
bizonal bicommunal federation, 9, 12,
94, 96, 156, 163, 241
border, 28, 67, 195, 218, 222, 244
dialect, 67–82
borderline, 61, 80–1
Boyner, Ümit, 146
Britain/British, 1, 3, 6–8, 11, 20n24,
23–4, 31–5, 43n29, 44n31, 54,
64n9, 65n11, 68–70, 72–4,
83–98, 99–100, 103–5, 109–10,
111–12, 116, 122–3, 127–9,
133, 134n8, 154, 167–8n3, 169,
186, 246n6
bombing of Lebanon and Iraq, 28,
91
colonialism/rule of, 1, 7–8, 20n24,
23, 31–3, 43n29, 49–51, 54,
59, 68–70, 72–4, 82n4, 82n6,
85–6, 100–1, 109, 116,
122–3, 127–9, 154, 167–8n3
decline of, 24
and establishment of the state of
Cyprus, 88, 99, 109, 114,
130–1, 176
global system of bases, 8, 24
intelligence and surveillance, 1–2,
33, 44n32, 83, 87, 89, 92,
96–7; See also Britain/British,
and role of military bases in
Cyprus
and NATO, 6, 32, 34, 54, 59, 76,
109
and role of military bases in
Cyprus, 8, 24, 28, 32–4, 38,
62, 102; See also
Britain/British, intelligence
and surveillance
and rule of Cyprus. See
Britain/British,
colonialism/rule of
and Russia, 68, 91
and the United States, 24, 32, 38,
83–98, 133n2
British imperialism, 1, 3, 23–4, 33,
83, 85–6, 94–7
changing priorities and interests, 33
and Cyprus, 1, 3, 23–4, 33, 83,
85–6, 94–7
Double union (Διπλή ένωσ ις),
33
Enosis, 86
282
in Greece, 3, 23, 33, 85–6
in Middle East, 24, 33, 85, 96
narrow and broader views of,
33
and Partition, 33, 86, 96–7
and Soviet Union, 86, 96
and Turkey, 3, 23, 33, 97
underwritten by the United States,
32
and the United States, 83–97
Campaign, ‘From the Turk to the
Turk,’ 129, 131
Castro in a cassock, 33
See also Cuba of the Mediterranean
center-right. See Left, Greek-Cypriot
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),
45n44
central powers, 100
China, Peoples Republic of, 26, 91
Christofias, Dimitris, 12–15, 20n28,
35, 43n18, 156, 159, 163, 166,
183, 188, 190, 193–7
Church, 8, 20n24, 37, 49–50, 52–3,
64n5, 69–70, 72, 82n6, 102–3,
125–6, 152, 155, 186, 205
and class revolts, 70, 72, 82n6,
126, 152, 155
elections, 70
civil society, 59–60, 190, 202, 215n5
atrophy of, 59
clientelist neocorporatism, 59
critique, 59
class:
analysis, 51–4
contradictory to nationalism, 53,
76, 227
ideological state apparatus, 53, 132,
140
intercrossing with ethnicity/
nationalism, 53–60
interests, 5, 8, 48, 52–3, 96, 243;
See also Althusser, Louis
mechanical and reductionist, 30–1,
52, 60
283
politics, 52, 69
revolts, 68, 71, 152
Clerides, Glafkos, 113, 159, 161, 165,
185–9
Coexistence, 8, 49, 54, 79, 102, 155,
171, 173, 201, 203–5, 207–10,
214
Cold War, 24, 32–3, 35, 38–9, 54–5,
75, 87, 91, 95–6, 137, 219
colonialism, 32–3, 54
decolonization, 75
post–, 24, 33, 35, 38–9, 95–6
Committee of Cypriot Trade Unions,
170
Communism, 1–2, 8, 34, 37, 45n44,
64n7, 70–6, 78, 81, 87, 89, 96,
101, 110, 126–7, 151–68,
169–70, 173, 175, 189
Communist Party of Cyprus
(KKK Koμμoυνισ τ ικ ó K óμμα
K ύπρoυ), 53, 101, 151–3, 155,
170
conflict resolution, 4–5, 48
critiques of, 5
liberal approaches, 5, 48
consociationalism, 8–9, 34, 197
Constitution of 1960, 8, 10, 34–5,
45n39, 112, 134n10, 159,
167n3, 172, 194
and accession of Cyprus to the EU,
11, 13, 39, 79, 92–4, 137,
139–40, 144–5, 148, 158,
185, 190–1, 198–9, 218,
222
amendment of thirteen articles
proposed in 1963, 35, 89
and the Cold War, 35
consociation, 8–9, 34, 197
Federal, 35
formal state power, 34
See also bicommunality
Coup of 1974, 7, 9–10, 16, 29, 33,
35–6, 55, 64n7, 76, 80, 115,
172, 174–7, 180, 202, 219, 221,
224–5
INDEX
284
Cuba of the Mediterranean, 2,
33
See also Castro in a cassock;
Makarios III, Archbishop and
President of the Republic of
Cyprus
Cumhuriyetçi Türk Partisi [CTP]
(Republican Turkish Party),
31n20, 78, 93, 145, 173–80,
182–3, 191–3
Customs Union, 139
Cypriot consciousness, 55, 75
Cypriot society, 49, 57, 59, 81–2n3,
119–20, 128, 132, 158, 161,
167, 169, 172, 183, 202,
226
border society, 218, 244
class analysis, 51–4
class conflict, 47, 51, 59, 81
Federal solution, 93, 176, 178–9
migrant labor, 3, 18, 19n10,
19n11, 219, 226–31, 241,
244, 247n12
racialized boundaries, 227
racism, 13, 227, 241
Turkish settlers, 38, 176, 189, 191,
195, 220
Urbanization, 226
Xenophobia, 18
Cypriot sociological thought,
60
Cyprocentrism, 72, 75, 78, 80,
81–2n3
Cyprus conflict. See Cyprus problem
Cyprus conspiracy theory, 5, 31–2,
90, 97, 181
critiques of, 5, 90
discovery of hydrocarbons, 2, 13,
23–40, 244, 245
Enosis, 8, 20n24, 20n27, 36, 72,
82n4, 82n6, 86–8, 100–9,
111, 113–16, 153, 155–6,
186
ethnic conflict, 3–4, 40, 47–63,
75
global geopolitical/regional model,
48
globalization, 41, 227, 237
Imperialism, 1, 3, 23–5, 33, 40, 48,
63, 83, 85–6, 94–7, 155–6,
172, 174
Left-wing nationalism, 10, 34n46
Left-wing and right-wing
proponents, 5, 7, 10, 12–13,
17, 76–7, 113, 159–61, 165,
173, 175–8, 180–4,
185–99
legalistic reading, 57, 65n16
Liberalism, 155, 157, 164
Marxist approaches, 57, 65n16
Middle East, 33, 96
Nationalism, 12–13, 36, 50–1,
53–4, 59, 63, 65n10, 69–72,
75, 79, 86–7, 113, 120, 155,
163, 165, 169–70, 171–4,
179, 184, 186, 188, 191, 193
NATO, 2, 6, 23, 28–9, 32–4,
36–7, 39, 54–5, 59, 64n9, 76,
87–91, 105, 107–11, 115,
176, 218
nature of, 31–2, 90, 97, 181
Partition, 9, 16, 91, 96–7, 163,
187, 195
political economy, 119–34, 135,
217–46
Proponents, 5, 7, 10, 12–13, 17,
76–7, 113, 159–61, 165,
173, 175–8, 180–4,
185–99
Right-wing nationalism, 5, 45n46,
76–7, 113, 159, 165, 177,
183, 191–2
Russia, 21n40, 26, 28, 35, 68, 81,
91, 228, 233, 245
Taiwanization, 195
Turkey’s plan B, 6
United Nations (UN), 6, 74, 95,
105, 125, 182, 218
United States, 31–2, 90, 97
Western interest, 34, 87, 163
INDEX
Cyprus problem, 2, 4, 9, 12, 14,
17–18, 23–46, 47–66, 79–80,
93, 95, 97, 104–5, 107, 109–11,
115, 137–8, 144, 149, 154–6,
162–4, 166–7, 193, 195, 211,
220, 222, 239
accession to EU, 11, 13, 39, 79,
92–4, 137, 139–40, 144–5,
148, 158, 185, 190–1, 198–9,
218, 222
Annan plan, 6, 9–10, 12, 16–17,
39, 91–7, 145–7, 163, 182–5,
187, 189–90, 194–5, 201
bizonal bicommunal federation,
9, 12, 94, 96, 156, 163,
241
and Britain, 1, 7–8, 20n24, 23,
31–3, 43n29, 49–51, 54, 59,
68–70, 72–4, 82n4, 82n6,
85–6, 88, 99–101, 109, 114,
116, 122–3, 127–31, 154,
167–8n3, 176
and China, 26, 91
class factors, 52
common sense approaches, 4
and conspiracy theory, 5, 31–2, 90,
97, 181
constitutional conflict, 11, 15, 35,
45n39, 54, 89, 114, 188, 192,
195
geopolitics versus ethnic conflict, 3,
40, 48, 74, 199
holistic reading, 4, 63
national question, 32–6, 48–56,
81, 119
postcolonial quasi-stateness, 47,
66n21
solution/resolution to, 2, 5, 9–10,
12–14, 18, 23, 27, 31, 33,
38–49, 55, 62, 76, 79, 88, 90,
92–3, 95, 97, 104, 106–22,
113–16, 126, 137–8, 142–6,
154, 163, 172–3, 175–80,
182–3, 196, 203, 207–13,
220, 224, 239–41
285
Democratic Union of Cyprus,
113
Demographic engineering of Cyprus,
174, 230–1
Demokratik Halk Partisi [DHP]
(Democratic People’s Party),
176
Demokratik Mücadele Partisi
[DMP](Party for Democratic
Struggle), 177
Denktaş, Rauf, 11, 13, 16, 20n23, 93,
124, 127, 129, 134n7, 134n8,
138, 144–5, 174, 178, 181–2,
186, 191, 200n3
Denktaş, Serdar, 20n23, 177,
191–2
dialectic of intolerance, 55, 59
Dış Ekonomik İlişkiler Konseyi [DEİK]
(Foreign Economic Relations
Board), 148
displacement of Cypriots, 107, 204–5,
225, 229
Δημoκρατ ικ óς Συναγ &ρμóς
[DISY] (Democratic Rally), 156,
160, 163, 165, 185–90, 192–9
Δημoκρατ ικ ó K oμμα [DİKO]
(Democratic Party)
Confederation, 176
division in Cyprus:
by ethnicity, 48, 54–5, 78, 154,
199
of the island, 2–3, 9, 63, 86,
89–90, 95, 97, 174–5, 178
doctrine of necessity, 9–10, 61–2,
66n26
apologist-types of studies, 61–2,
66n26
critiques, 61–2
Supreme Court, 9, 61–2
DP Demokrat Parti (Democrat Party),
178–9, 191–2
dual or double enosis or union
(Διπλή ένωσ ις), 107, 109,
111, 115
Durduran, Alpay, 175
INDEX
INDEX
Ecevit, Bülent, 45n46, 144
Economic crisis, 3–4, 12, 15, 17–18,
23–4, 29, 37, 71, 137–8, 152,
166, 217–21, 228, 231, 234,
238, 240, 241, 243, 245
Economy, 3, 16–18, 19n10, 19n11,
19n13, 21, 34, 40, 49, 69, 72,
79, 119–34, 140, 142–3, 150n3,
217–47
accumulation by dispossession, 225
banking crisis, 16–17, 150n3, 236;
See also Economy, risks of the
banking system
border economy, 218
cheap labor model, 228–31
competiveness, 140, 233–45, 237
consumption driven, 234–9
debt crisis, 16
demographic engineering in
northern Cyprus, 174, 230–1
development, 34, 40, 69, 72, 79,
217–47
economic miracle, 217–47
Euro-crisis and Cyprus, 18
export driven economy, 234–9
financialization, 234–9
of Greece, 3, 16–18, 69, 72, 119,
129, 219, 228, 230, 236, 238,
245
internal devaluation, 236–7, 246
mass tourism model, 226, 234, 242
migrant labor, 3, 18, 19n10,
19n11, 219, 226–31, 241,
244, 246n12
political division, 119–34
precarious labor, 3, 19n21, 219,
230, 234, 244
risks of the banking system,
234–47; See also Economy,
banking crisis
sustainable model of economic
development, 239, 241–4
tourism, 19n13, 49, 79, 142–3,
218, 220, 225–6, 228, 233–4,
242
Elections, 13–14, 17, 20n34, 103–5,
159, 162, 164, 166, 192, 194,
198–9
for Archbishop, 103–5
Engin, Oktay, 126
Enosis, 8, 20n24, 20n27, 36, 72,
82n4, 82n6, 86–8, 100–9, 111,
113–16, 153, 155–6, 186
EOKA B, 35, 38, 64n7, 185,
206
Eθ νικ ή Oργ άνωσ η K υπρίων
Aγ ωνισ τ ών [EOKA] (National
Organization of Cypriot
Fighters), 8, 20n24, 27, 35, 55,
88, 105–9, 111, 113, 125
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 182
Erel, Ali, 192
Erkurt, Ahmed Sadi, 171
Eroglu, Derviş, 13, 171, 177, 183,
191, 193
Ertuğruloğlu, Mehmet, 125
Ethnarchy, 52, 100–16
Council, 102
ethnicity, 48, 53–60, 78, 154, 199
ethnic/national conflict/struggles,
3–4, 40, 47–63, 74–5, 199
Europaiko Komma [EUROKO]
(European Party), 188–9, 195,
197
European Court of Human Rights
(ECtHR), 20n30
European Economic Community
(EEC), 138–9
European Union (EU), 4, 6, 9–18,
26–9, 36–9, 60, 80, 91–5,
135–49, 150n4, 158, 180–3,
218–20, 222, 228–33, 236,
245–6, 246n6
Presidency, 13–14, 27
Eνιαία Δημoκρατ ικ ή ´Eνωσ η
K έντρoυ [EDEK] (United
Democratic Union of the
Centre), 15, 20n35, 43n18,
62–3, 64n7, 193, 195–7,
199
286
Eνιαίo ημoκρατ ικóó M έτ ωπo
Aναδημιoυργ ίας [EDMA]
(The United Democratic Front
for Re-creation), 113
Evkaf, 121–2, 124, 129–30, 132
Eνιαία Δημoκρατ ικ ή Oργ άνωσ η
N εoλαίας [EDON] (United
Democratic Youth Organization),
162
Eνωμένoι Δημoκρ άτ ες [EDY]
(United Democrats), 15
Famagusta, 85, 129, 142, 147, 202,
211
Foot, Hugh, 110
Foot Plan, 111
Geopolitical, 1–2, 4–6, 12, 18,
23–40, 48, 56, 67–9, 73, 75–6,
80–1, 86–7, 91, 136, 152, 244
conflict, 4–6, 48, 73, 76
İmperialism, 23–40, 86–7
global factors, 40
globalization, 41n3, 226, 237
Governor of Cyprus. See Harding, Sir
John
Gramscian approaches, 41n2, 41n3,
60, 136, 154
Gramsci, Antonio, 49, 60, 62, 65n19,
65n20, 136, 154
Greece, 3, 6, 8, 10, 15–18, 20n24,
20n25, 23, 27, 30, 33, 36–8,
43n20, 45n43, 45n44, 53–6,
64n7, 64n9, 69, 72, 76–7, 80,
85–90, 92, 99, 101–5, 107–8,
110–15, 119, 129, 146, 155,
162, 169, 186, 219, 228, 230,
236, 238, 245
Greek- Cypriot, 6, 7–15, 17, 19n20,
20n24, 26–7, 29–30, 32–8,
45n40, 45n41, 46n49, 52–5, 57,
59–60, 62, 65, 69–81, 86–9,
93–7, 99–106, 108–9, 120–1,
126–8, 131–2, 134n8, 149–67,
169–84, 189–90
bourgeoisie, 9, 50, 52, 64n7
287
control by, 6, 8–11, 15, 19n20,
20n24, 26–7, 29–30, 33–8,
45n40, 45n41, 46n49, 52, 55,
59, 88–9, 94–7, 100, 106,
108–15, 131–2, 134n8,
169–84
intelligentsia, 53, 59
Left, 7–8, 10–13, 15, 17, 29–30,
32, 52–3, 55, 60, 70–5,
77–81, 93–4, 102–4, 108–9,
154–5, 161–4, 167, 183,
189–90
working class, 69–70, 101–2,
120–1, 149–67, 169–84
Grivas, Georgios, 64n7, 105–6,
109–13, 210
guarantor nations, 8, 55, 76, 80,
112
Halil, Ibrahim Akça, 148
Halk Der Halkla Dayanışma ve Kültür
Derneği (Association for Culture
and Solidarity with the People),
173
Halkın Sesi Newspaper, 123
Hannay, Sir David, 11
Harding Plan, 106–9
Harding, Sir John, 106–9, 126
Hegemonic, 6, 12, 28, 31, 37, 41,
53, 70, 72, 77–9, 85, 91,
135–6, 138, 140, 144, 150,
174, 179, 214, 241
fraction, 37, 41, 53, 136, 140,
144
Project, 6, 78–9, 136, 138,
140
Hellenic nationalism, 50, 169
Helsinki Summit of 1999, 139,
144–9, 180
High Level agreements of 1977 and
1979, 9
Hisarcıklıoğlu, Rifat, 146
Holbrooke, Richard, 91–3, 95–6
hydrocarbons, 2, 13, 23–40, 244,
245
INDEX
INDEX
immigration issue, 39, 222, 228
Imperialism, 1, 3, 23–5, 33, 40, 48,
63, 83, 85–6, 94–7, 155–6, 172,
174
articulation of interests, 18, 32n8,
48–9, 52–3, 136, 155
China, 26, 91
of Cyprus, 1, 3, 23–4, 33, 83,
85–6, 94–7
de facto partition, 9, 16, 31, 34, 55,
89, 90–1, 222, 239–40, 242
dependency theory, 41n3
discovery of hydrocarbons, 2, 13,
25, 27, 29–30, 40, 244
Disraeli, Benjamin, 85, 96
global capitalism, 41, 140
Western political system, 70,
92–3
See also British imperialism
Import Substitution Industrialization
(ISI) Model, 137
Independence, 5–9, 18, 23, 32–4,
36–7, 45n41, 52–6, 59, 64–5n9,
72, 75–8, 80, 88, 91, 99–117,
133n2, 142, 150n6, 155,
167–8n3, 172, 243
guaranteed, 23, 36, 55
limited, 34
post-colonial, 23, 133n2
İnönü, İsmet, 122
International Monetary Fund (IMF),
15, 21n42, 137, 148
Ioannides, Polykarpos, 108
Iran, 14, 17, 28–9, 32
Iraq, 29, 44, 91
Israel, 6, 17, 25, 28–31, 40, 42n9,
42n16, 43n18, 43n19, 46n49,
190
Istanbul Kıbrıs Türk Talebe Cemiyeti
[IKTTC] (The İstanbul
Association of Turkish-Cypriot
Students), 172
İstanbul Ticaret Odası [İTO] (Istanbul
Chamber of Commerce),
145
Karamanlis, Konstantinos, 186
Karpasia, 192
Kasoulides, Ioannis, 187, 194–6
Kavazoğlu, Derviş Ali, 171
Kaymak, Faiz, 123–4, 126–7, 130
Kemal, Mustafa Atatürk (Kemalist),
39, 50, 65, 78, 169
Kıbrıs Adası Türk Azınlığı Kurumu
[KATAK] (Turkish Minority
Institution of the Island of
Cyprus), 123, 133n3, 133n4
Kıbrıslılar Öğrenim ve Gençlik
Federasyonu [KÖGEF] (Cypriots
Federation of Education and
Youth), 173
Kıbrıs Türk Birliği (Istiklâl) Partisi
(Turkish Cypriot Union
[Independence] Party), 123, 129
Kıbrıs Türk İşadamları Derneği [İŞAD]
(Cyprus Turkish Businessmen
Association), 145
Kıbrıs Türk İsçi Birlikleri Kurumu
[KTIBK] (Organization of
Turkish Cypriot Workers’
Unions), 171
Kıbrıs Türk Kurumları Federasyonu
(Turkish Cypriot Institutions
Federation), 123
Kıbrıs Türk Ticaret Odası [KTTO]
(Turkish-Cypriot Chamber of
Commerce), 140, 145–6
Kıbrıs Türktür Derneği (Cyprus Is
Turkish Association), 125–6
Kıbrıs Türktür Partisi (Cyprus Is
Turkish Party), 125, 128
Kissinger, Henry, 34, 44n36
Kormakitis, 192
Kosmas, General Georgios, 105
K oμμoυνισ τ ικ ó K óμμα K ύπρoυ
[KKK]. See Communist Party of
Cyprus
Küçük, Fazıl, 122–4, 126, 129, 131,
133n3
Kurdish question, 39
288
Kuzey Kıbrıs Genç İşadamları Derneği
[GİAD] (North Cyprus Young
Businessmen’s Association), 145,
176
Kyrenia, 103–4, 108, 110, 113, 202,
209, 211–12
Labor, 7, 43–4n29, 51, 65n20, 73,
94, 120–1, 132, 138, 158, 218,
220, 225–7, 237–8, 240–2, 244
aristocracy, 7
cheap labor model, 228–31
migrant, 3, 18, 19n10, 19n11, 219,
226–31, 241, 244, 246n12
precarious, 3, 19n21, 219, 230,
234, 244
Larnaca, 21n46, 202, 208, 211
Latins, 8
Lausanne Treaty, 36, 169
Left, Greek-Cypriot, 7–8, 10–13, 15,
17, 29–30, 32, 52–3, 55, 60,
70–5, 77–81, 93–4, 102–4,
108–9, 154–5, 161–4, 167, 183,
189–90
Lilliputian states, 2–3, 47
Limassol, 79, 101, 202
Luxembourg Summit, 139, 143
Macmillan, Harold, 126
Macmillan Plan, 111, 115, 126
Makarios II, Archbishop, 104
Makarios III, Archbishop and
President of the Republic of
Cyprus, 19n7, 20n27, 33, 37, 53,
64n7, 76–77, 88, 90, 104–11,
113–14, 159, 161, 165, 189
Manyera, Niyazi, 129
Mari explosion, 14, 166, 199
Maronites, 8, 186, 192, 196
Mason–Dixon Line in Nicosia, 128,
134n8
mass movement/mass mobilization,
7–8, 13, 74, 76, 78–80, 105,
125, 127, 153, 221, 225
Menderes, Adnan, 125–6
289
middle class, 7, 19n22, 50, 71, 154,
192, 203
Middle East, 6, 17, 24–49, 33, 40,
44n32, 69, 76, 85, 87–9, 91–2,
96, 218, 245
migrants/migration, 3, 18, 19n10,
19n11, 219, 226–31, 241, 244,
246n12
Milliyetçi and Halkçı Birlik
(Nationalist and Populist Unity),
123
Müezzinoğlu, Ziya, 141–2
Münir, Sir Mehmet, 121
Mustafa Ibrahim Case, 20n26, 64,
66n23
Müstakil Sanayici ve İşadamları
Derneği [MÜSİAD]
(Independent Industrialists and
Businessmen’s Association), 139
Nalbantoğlu, Burhan, 124, 127
Nationalism, 12–13, 36, 50–1, 53–4,
59, 63, 65n10, 69–72, 75, 79,
86–7, 113, 120, 155, 163, 165,
169–70, 171–4, 179, 184, 186,
188, 191, 193
NATO, 2, 6, 23, 28–9, 32–4, 36–7,
39, 54–5, 59, 64n9, 76, 87–91,
105, 107–11, 115, 176, 218
See also Imperialism, British
imperialism
natural gas, 23, 25–6, 41n6, 43n19,
245
Necati, Özkan, 122–4, 133n3, 133n5
Neofytou, Averoff, 187
Neoliberal, 7, 17, 36, 218, 241–2, 243
Nicosia, 37, 42n9, 76, 79, 89, 102,
106, 109–10, 113, 121–3, 128,
133n3, 133n4, 134n8, 170, 172,
181, 202, 209–10
Non-governmental Organization
(NGO), 208
occupation of Cyprus, 10, 29, 37, 50,
86, 88, 91, 95, 121, 158, 214, 225
October Revolution, 101
INDEX
290
Octovriana, 8
Önal, Kamil, 125–6
Oργ άνωσ η Eργ oδoτ ών και
Bιoμηχ άνων [OEB] (Cyprus
Employers and Industrialists
Federation), 146
Örek, Osman, 124, 129
Orthodox Church/Christians, 49, 69,
72, 86, 125, 196, 245
Orthodox Synod, 101
Ottoman Empire, 31, 36, 49, 54,
64n4, 67–9, 85, 99–100, 116,
169
Özal, Turgut, 38
Özersay, Kudret, 193
Özgür, Özker, 178–80
Palestine, 87
Papadopoulos, Tassos, 11–12, 20n28,
45n44, 159, 162–3, 165, 190,
194–9
Papagos, Alexandros, 104, 125
Papandreou, Georgios, 37
parliamentary elections, 18, 113, 156,
177–8, 182–3, 192
partial approach, 172
Partition, 5, 8–9, 16, 31, 33–4, 38,
45n41, 55, 59, 82n6, 84, 86,
89–91, 96–7, 98n5, 107, 109,
111, 114–16, 126, 163, 169,
171–2, 174, 187–8, 195, 218,
222, 239–40, 242
See also Taksim
passive resistance, 110
passive revolution, 6, 39
Πανγ κ ύπρια Eργ ατ ικ ή
Oμoσ πoνδία [PEO] (Worker’s
Federation of Cyprus), 51, 64n6,
162, 170–1, 237
peasant(s), 49–50, 67–8, 71, 121,
152–3, 182, 203
revolts, 67–8, 71
pipeline geopolitics, 26
population, 3–4, 8, 37, 39, 45n40,
49–50, 53, 68, 75–7, 86, 89,
100–1, 103–4, 107, 109, 112,
114, 163, 173–4, 177, 181, 189,
219–21
post-Cold War, 24, 33, 35, 38–9,
95–6
See also Cold War
post-colonialism, 1, 33, 35, 38–9,
82n6, 95–6
Poulantzas, Nicos, 61, 65n17, 65n19,
136, 140, 149n1
power bloc, 31, 135–49, 149–50n1
race/racism, 86, 209, 227
Radcliffe Plan, 108
reconciliation, 2–3, 11, 18, 59, 201,
224
regional factors, 2, 18
reunification of Cyprus, 2, 11, 13, 16,
18, 19n20, 20n35, 80, 93–5,
154, 163–4, 185, 189–90,
192–4, 197, 199, 201, 207, 209,
217–47
Right, 7, 12–13, 20n23, 20n24, 32,
45n46, 52, 64n6, 74–7, 79,
82n6, 102–4, 108, 113, 156,
159–65, 168n7, 176–8, 181,
183, 185–6, 188–96, 198–9,
200n1
Rızkı, Ziya, 176
Roma, 8, 20n25
Russia, 21n40, 26, 28, 35, 68, 81, 91,
228, 233, 245
Sabancı, Sakıp, 142
Sanayi Odaları Birliği (Union of
Chambers of Industrialists),
142
Security, 11, 14, 24–6, 31, 35, 38, 40,
42n8, 88, 91–2, 94, 97, 107,
110, 112, 143, 181, 222, 239
self-determination, 10, 20n24, 55,
88–9, 103–11, 114–15, 125–6,
133n2
settlers, 3, 38, 176, 189, 191, 195,
220
INDEX
Συνoμoσ πoνδία Eλλήνων
Bιoμηχ άνων [SEV] (Hellenic
Federation of Entreprises), 146
Social:
Banditry, 69
Formation, 1, 6, 25, 35–6, 40,
41n3, 48
Movement(s), 68, 79, 101, 135
Transformation, 58, 60, 187, 192,
201, 226
Soviet Union [USSR], 38, 73, 86–7,
90, 92, 96, 133n12, 152, 167,
173, 175, 177–9
See also Russia
Spaak, Paul-Henri, 111
Special War Department (Özel Harp
Dairesi)169
State:
authoritarian statism, 61
Gramscian approaches, 41n2,
41n3, 60, 136, 154
Gramsci, Antonio, 49, 60, 62,
65n19, 65n20, 136, 154
Marxist or class-analytic
approaches, 41n3, 59, 98n1
organization-analytic approaches,
57
postcoloniality, 59
rational-legal paradigm, 60
state-centered approach, 135–6,
150n2
state of exception, 10, 37, 61–2,
66n26
See also doctrine of necessity
Stylianides, Christos, 199
subaltern classes, 6, 60, 97
Suez Canal, 69, 81
Tahsin, Arif Hasan, 133n3, 172
Taksim, 8, 126, 128, 131, 134n7,
134n8, 169–70, 173
See also Partition
Talat, Mehmet Ali, 12, 20n35, 145,
178–80, 182–3, 191–2, 196,
246n5
291
Talat, Naci, 173, 179
Tanrısevdi, Kemal, 127
Tanzimat reforms, 68
Tara, Sarık, 142
Toplumcu Kurtuluş Partisi [TKP]
(Communal Liberation Party),
175–8, 181, 183
trade unions, 7, 17, 20n24, 54, 64n6,
71, 73–4, 78, 80, 101–2, 108,
125–6, 128, 135, 139, 145,
152–3, 167n2, 170–1, 219, 225,
241
traditional coexistence, 54
Treaty of Alliance, 8
Treaty of Establishment, 8, 32, 89
Treaty of Guarantee, 8
TRNC (Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus), 3, 6–7, 9–10,
12, 16, 20n23, 27–8, 35, 57–8,
62, 91, 93, 95, 142–3, 146, 148,
150n9, 176, 178–80, 183, 187,
194, 209–10, 218, 224, 230–1
troika, 15
Turkey, 3–12, 16–18, 19n20, 23,
26–31, 33, 36, 40, 43n19,
43n23, 50, 53–5, 57–8, 62, 63,
65n20, 69, 76–80, 87–93, 97,
98n5, 100, 103–4, 107–9,
111–12, 114–16, 119–20,
124–7, 129–32, 134n8, 135–50,
169–84, 185–99, 218, 220,
230–1
Cyprus policy, 135–50
independence, 6–9, 18, 36–7, 55,
59, 75, 88, 110–11, 150n6,
172, 176, 191
intervention/invasion in Cyprus, 7,
16, 76–7, 80, 105, 141,
175–6, 178, 191, 193
partition, 5, 8–9, 16, 31, 33–4, 38,
45n41, 55, 59, 82n6, 84, 86,
89–91, 96–7, 98n5, 107, 109,
111, 114–16, 126, 163, 169,
171–2, 174, 187–8, 195, 218,
222, 239–40, 242
INDEX
INDEX
Turkish-Cypriot, 6, 13–18, 19n20,
20n30, 20n31, 20n35, 21n45,
21n46, 27, 29, 35, 37–8, 42n14,
45n40, 45–6, 46n49, 50, 52–5,
57, 59–60, 62, 65n11, 65n20,
70, 75, 77–80, 87–90, 94–7,
100–1, 105–6, 109, 111–12,
114–16, 119–34, 138, 140–1,
147–9, 153, 155, 159, 169–84,
185–200, 201–3, 207–12, 214,
215n6, 221–4, 230,
240–1, 243–4, 245, 246n5,
246n6
Left, 7, 12–13, 17, 30, 32, 52,
77–80, 82n6, 169–84,
191
Türkiye İşçi Partisi [TİP]
(Workers’ Party of Turkey),
172
Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği
[TOBB] (The Union of
Chambers and Commodity
Exchanges of Turkey),
139–41, 144–6,
148
Türkmen, Ilter, 176
Türk Mukavemet Teşkilati [TMT]
(Turkish Resistance
Organization), 88, 106, 124–5,
127–8, 132, 134n7, 141, 169,
175, 206, 210
Türk Sanayicileri ve İşadamları Derneği
[TÜSİAD] (Turkish
Industrialists’ and Businessmen
Association), 140
Ulusu, Bülent, 142
United Nations (UN), 6, 9, 11–14,
33–4, 39, 42n16, 74, 93, 99,
104–5, 108–10, 125, 144–5,
163, 182, 187, 190–1, 194, 197,
215n6, 218–19
United States (USA), 3, 24, 26, 28,
30–6, 38–9, 64n9, 83–97, 133n2
conflicting foreign policy goals on
Cyprus, 34, 83–97
Cyprus problem, 24, 26
hydrocarbons, 24, 26, 28, 30, 36,
38–9
Imperialism), 3, 24, 33, 86, 94–7
USSR. See Soviet Union [USSR];
Russia
Varosia (Maraş), 147
Vasiliou, George, 159, 162
Volkan, 106
Vuruşkan, Rıza, 127
working class, 50, 54, 70–1, 74, 78,
137, 152, 154, 160, 170–1, 203,
226–7, 243
World Bank, 137
Yahya, Ahmet, 171
Yavuz, Faik, 146
Yugoslavia, 198, 213
Ziartides, Andreas, 170
Zorlu, Fatin Rüştü, 126–7
Zurich–London Agreements, 8, 34–5,
45n41, 64–5n9, 99, 109, 112,
116, 126–7, 129, 131
292

Beyond a Divided Cyprus: A State and Society

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