Technical Requirements for LCPs

Transkript

This project is co-financed by the European Union and
the Republic of Turkey
Bu Proje Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti
tarafından finanse edilmektedir
Technical Assistance for Better Air Quality by
Transposing the Large Combustion Plants
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
Technical Requirements for LCPs
By Pat Swords
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
• Content of the Presentation
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Desulphurisation Technologies
Compliance with Rate of Desulphurisation
DeNOx Technologies
Particulates
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
• For solid fuel plants compliance based on control of SO2,
NOx and Particulates.
• For gas turbines: NOx and Carbon Monoxide (CO).
• Note: Definition of desulphurisation in EU Legislation:
– ‘Rate of desulphurisation’ means the ratio over a given
period of time of the quantity of sulphur, which is not
emitted into air by a combustion plant, to the quantity
of sulphur contained in the solid fuel, which is
introduced into the combustion plant facilities and
which is used in the plant over the same period of time.
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
• Limestone wet scrubbing is most common desulphurisation
solution:
– SO2 removal rate of 85 to 99% possible
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
• Also common: Spray dry desulphurisation
• SO2 removal rate 85 – 98%
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
• Limitations on scrubbing efficiency – even if liquid to gas
ratio (L/G) is increased, efficiency falls off at ≈ 95%:
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
• With low calorific lignite of ≈ 2% sulphur, simply not
possible with conventional technology to reach 400
mg/Nm3, as inlet concentration too high.
• LCP Directive 2001/80/EC:
– For pre-2003 LCPs > 500 MWth, a desulphurisation
rate of 92 to 94%. No concentration limits.
– For post-2003 LCPs > 500 MWth, a desulphurisation
rate of > 95% together with a concentration below 400
mg/Nm3.
– Progress report by December 2004 in relation to
indigenous solid fuels.
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
• Industrial Emissions Directive:
– (31) Due to the characteristics of certain indigenous solid
fuels, it is appropriate to apply minimum
desulphurisation rates rather than emission limit values
for sulphur dioxide for combustion plants firing such
fuels.
• Article 31 and Annex V Part 5:
– Pre-2103 and > 300 MWth, then 96% desulphurisation
– Post-2013 and > 300 MWth, then 97% desulphurisation
– Based on monthly average
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
• Primary NOx control – Low NOx burner design to reduce
flame temperature.
– Thermal NOx formation particularly at > 1,100⁰C
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
• Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR):
– Injection of urea and ammonia into combustion
chamber at circa. 900⁰C
– General reduction rate 30 – 50%; NH3 slippage
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
• Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
– Injection of ammonia / urea at circa. 300⁰C over a
catalyst. General reduction rate 80 - 95%; catalysts can
block and are expensive
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
• Particulate Removal
– Simple cyclones are crude pre-filters only
– Principal technique is Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)Particles are charged and separated under the
influence of an electrical field.
– Fabric filters are less common
- Electrostatic precipitator overall (mass) collection efficiencies
can exceed 99.9%, and efficiencies in excess of 99.5% are
common.
- Excellent control of PM10 and PM2.5 will be achieved with welldesigned and operated electrostatic precipitators.
• Electrostatic Precipitators:
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
• Fabric Filter
– Fabric based bags or cartridges. 99% removal rates,
but filters can clog and need to be replaced
• Typical Modern Coal Plant:
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)
Questions?
Directive (TR2010/0327.04-01/001)

Technical Requirements for LCPs

Transkript

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