[I0[0fir

K
t
JAN. r
THE JOURNAL OF TURK rsH
P[lTT
)lH{T [I0[0fir
Published by the Turkish Phylopathological Society
1975
TURKISH PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Journal : Prol. 0r. lbrahlm Karrca
Executivc vicc - president : llluslala Copgu
Prcsidcnt
oI
Board of
Editors
:
0og. 0r. Tryyar Bora, 0r. 0lk[ Yorgancr
0r. Yrldrz Soflmen, Gogkun Saydam, Yrldrray lnng
The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology is published once every four
months. Three parts form a volume. The subscription price of a
volume (which includes postage) is $ 6.00.
CONTENTS
Effccs
of
Alfalfa and lts Rhizosphcrc
on Cotton Wilt
Fungur,
Vcrticillium dehlire Klcb.
T.BORA. .
.
I
Investigations onrhe Dctermination and Pathogcnicity of the Fungal
Flora of Fruit Nursery Soils in lznir.
A. SARIBAY ANd
An lavertigation oa Ricc
s.
Sced
I. KARACA.
Borac Fungi
rBsl.l
Studid on the Chcmical Control
foctldr " Wall', Liro) of Whcat
in
9
Ege Rcgion.
23
of
Common Bunt
C. SAYDAM, M. COPqU and
Tlllctir
M. 06Ut..
29
Compctition Bctwcen Anoual Wecds and Potatocr and Wccd Coutrol.
s. SoNMEZ rnd
VOLUME: 4
I
KAnACA
.
JAN.: t975
NUMBER: I
BIRLIK MATBAASI _
lniinii Caddcri No.i78,
Boraova -
35
1975
tzMtR
j.
iiuri<isrr phyropath. Vol.
:
4 Num.
:I-
lg/5
Ellecls ol Allalla and lls Rhizosphere 0n Cotton tlrilt
Fungus, Uerlicillium dahliae Kleb.
Tayyar BORA
Department
of
Phytopatholog/, Faculty
of
Agricul rure University
of Ege, Bornova, izmir,
TURKEY.
ABSIRACT
The root extract of alfalfa plant entirely prevented the microsclerotial
development of v. dahliae. The Leaf and stem extracts affected only
the
number and size of the microsclerotia. The rhizosphere soil of the plant
below 15 cm from surface reduced the percentage of conidial germination
of the fungus. on the other hand, a strong antagonistic fungus, Aspergilus
niger, was obtained from the alfalfa root cuttings.
INTRODUCTION
In 1951, Wilhelm reported that
some soil amendments such as blood
meal, fish meal and cottonseed
meal, reduced the inoculum poten-
f.
tial of Verticillium fungus in pot
soil (6). Soil amended by adding
oatmeal or alfalfa meal also affected the Verticillium wilt (5). GILBERT et al (2) experimentally showed that, when soil was exposed to
the volatile substances from alfalfa
hay for a period of 24 hrs, the pathogen was eliminated for 12 weeks.
Crop rotation also reduced the
cotton wilt. For instance, when alfalfa, maize, wheat, barley and oat
plants were used in rotation the
soil became less favourable for V.
dahliae (7,4).
Germination of microsclerotia
were redueed three or four times
rn'hen the soil amended by adding
sawdust, wheat straw and cotton
seed husks (1). YIINUSOV observed that cotton wilt could be entirely prevented when crop-rotation
was applied as 2-years alfalfa or
l-year alfalfa and l-year maize (?).
EFFECIS OF ALFALFA ON-VERTICILLII'M DAIILIAE
trial plots of Agricultural Faculty.
The plants were washed under
dahliae : The roots of alfalfa were
cut into parts in 2 mm thickness,
and surface disinfected bY 0,1 Vo
HgCIz for 1 min. then washed in sterilized water. At least B cuttings were placed into each Petri dish including 20 ml of PDA. To the centre
of each of these petri dishes a mycelial part of V. dahliae Planted and
incubated in 22C.
Roots, stems and leaves of alfalfa were ground and extracted in
sterile - distilled wat:r for 24 hrs,
and filtrated by ten-foid chesecloth.
This filtrate was used instead of water in preparing P.D.A. medium.
Then the medium was autoclaved at
120"C for 15 min. The Petri dishes
tap-water.
with normal PDA medium
In this paper, the results of investigations on the effects of different parts of the alfalfa plants
and its rhizosphere soil on the mycelial and microsclerotial development and on the germination of conidia of V. dahliae will be discussed.
MATERIALS and METHODS
Alfalfa Sarnples : The Peruvian
alfalfa (Medicago setiva L.) was
used in this work. The three year
old plants were uprooted from the
Soil Samples : From the rhizosphere of the plants, three soil
samples were taken. Samples were
from the forir different depths: 0-5
cffi, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm. and 15-20
cm. The three soil samples taken
from each depth were mixed, sieved by 2 mm sieve, and air-dried
for
12 hrs.
Culture of V. ilahliae : Isolate
of Salihli -1 of Verticillium dahliae
Kleb was used in all the tests. It
was highly virulent cotton wilt isolate. The pathogen was cultured on
PDA (200 g potatoes, 20 g dextrose,
17 g agar) for 10 days and u:ed for
the
tests.
Effect of Alfalfa on Microsclerotial and Mycelial Development of V,
2
were
used as check of the treatment. After incubating for a period in these
dishes, growth of the colonY and
production of microsclerotia of V.
dahliae were observed.
Effect of Alfalfa RhizosPhere
Soil on the Germination of Conitlia
of V. dahliae : The percentages of the
conidia were estimated by AgarDisc Technique (3) using the sieved
and air-dried soil of alfalfa rhizosphere. Cotton field soil was used as
check of the treatment. In this test,
for each Petri dish 40 g of the soil
was weighed and its humiditY was
adjusted to 60 % of the water holding capacity. Then the each of all
the agar-discs were inoculated bY
one drop of well homogenized conidial suspension using 1-ml of pippet.
T.
After inoculation, the dishes incubated at 22'C for 16 hrs. Germinated
and ungerminated conidia were recorded.
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
Effect of Alfalfa on Microsclerotial and Mycelial Development of
V. dahliae : When the root cuttings
of alfalfa incubated for a period of
one week, it was observed that there was no growth of V. dahliae
which had been previously planted
on the centre of each dish. Although
the all cuttings were surface-disinfected by 0,1 Vo HgCIz for one minute, Aspergillus niger developed from
BORA
the 50,4 %o of. planted root cuttings
(Figure 1).
Table 1 summarizes the results
obtained from 7-14 day old colonies
of V. dahliae which developed on
the media prepared by using the
extracts of root stem and leaf of alfalfa.
According to Table 1, there is no
difference betweerr- the colony diameters on PDA and on the extracts
of alfalfa. So it may be expressed.
that extra:t; of alfa fa have no effect on mycelial growth of V. dahliae
(Figure 2).Bfi, there was nr microsclerotial development on the rool
extract of alfalfa. In the extracts of
leaf and stem, the fungus produced
Table 1. Diameters of colonies and the Numbers of Microsclerotia
of
V. dahliae on alfalfa extracts
Diameter of colony*
7e day
(mm)
14tt, day
The average
number of
(mm)
microsclerotia
Media
on
Leaf Extract with PDA
26.8
2L.5
Stem Extract with PDA
Check (PDA)
Root Extract with PDA
*:t
14th dayn
*
5t.4
45.5
22.3
79.7
42.0
56.3
245
53.0
164.0
Average of 5 petri dishes
Average of the numbers of 5 petri dishes with B r:plicaliors for
each dish under microscope, magnification x 450.
EFTECTS OF AIJALFA ON SERTICIIIIUM DJIIILIAE
Table 2. Germination of conidia of V. dahliae on
the RhizosPhere soil of Alfalfa*
Germination of Conidia (Vo\
Depth of the soil (cm)
0-5
38,B
5-10
39,6
10-15
.{ 33,1
15-20
65,8
Check (PDA)
52,4
*
Average of 5 petri dishess with 3 replications for each disc and four
discs for each dish.
microsclerotia, in the ratio of I/8
and 1/3 of PDA, in respectivelY.
Alfaifa affects the microsclerotial development both quantitatively
and qualitatively. The microsclerotia developed on alfalfa extracts were smaller than that of developed on
P.D.A. (Figure 3).
Table 2 shows the data of conidia tests on the alfalfa rhizosphere
soil.
It is clear that
ciepth
soil of 0-15 cm
of the alfalfa rhizosphere re-
cluces the pencentage of conidial ger-
minat.on.
It
can be concluded that, A. niger from the root mycoflora of alfalfa entirely prevents the development of V. dahliae. But among the
parts of the alfalfa plant only chemical composition of root showed an
exact antagonism agai.nst the devel.opment of microsclerotia. On the
4
other hand, extracts of leaf and
stem of alfalfa were less effective
against the microsclerotial development of the pathogen in comPare
with the root extract. It aPPears
that this effect is due to a thermostable or a gaseous matter which
was found mostly in the root tissue
of alfalfa.
It is very meaningful that only
A. niger developed from the surface-disinfected root cuttings. Indeed,
KOSTENKO and NESTEROV re-
ported that when crop rotation
such as 3 years alfalfa and l-year
maize is applied the soil becomes
very favourable for the antagonistic
microorganisms of V. dahliae (4). It
should be clarified that A. niger is
the most important antagonistic organism of V. dahliae.
BENKEN et al. (1) observed
that cottonseed husks and sawdust
1.
prevented the development of microsclerotia. By this investigation, it
has been understood that alfalfa has
also an effect of this type.
BORA
It will
be very interesting to investigate all these effects of alfalfa
in pots and in field plots in respect
to control of Verticillium wilt of
cotton.
6zlIE
YoNcA sltristNiN gE$lTLi rrsnrLARrNrN ve RlzoSFnR
TOPRAGININ SOLGUNLUK ETMENi Vertic:Ilitrm dahliae
FUNGUSU UZTNIXN ETKILERI
Yonca bitkisinin k6k, sap ve yap-
rak ekstraktrnrn ve ayrlca yonca rizosferinden ahnan topraprn pamuk
solgunluk etmeni olan V. dahtiae
iizerine olan etkisi laboratuvar kogullarrnda aragtrrrldr.
Kiik ekstraktr ile hazrrlanan ortamlarda V. dahliae'nrn mikrosikleroti olugumunun kesin olarak 6nlendi!'i anlagrlmrgtrr. Ayrrca yaprak
ve sap ekstraktlannrn da mikrosikleroti olugumunu azalluct etkisi bulundu!'u giiriilmtigtiir.
Yonca k6k kesitlerinin ekildigi
petrilerde V. dahliae kesin olarak
kolonize olamamrgtrr. Buna karqrhk
drgtan sterilize edilmiq olan bu kesitlerden gok sayrda Aspergillus niger geligmiqtir.
Yonca rizosferinin, 0-5,
10-15, 15.20 cm.
5-10,
derinliklerinden ah-
nan topraklarda V. dahliae conidiumlarrnrn gimlenmesi toprak yiiztine do$ru bir gerileme giistermigtir.
Qahgmalar yoncadan izole edilen A. niger'in V. dahliae'ye antagonismi i.izerinde ve aynr zamanda
yonea kiiklerinin uygulamada pamuk V. dahliae solgunlupunu iinlemede nasrl kullanrlacafr yiiniinde
geligtirilmelidir.
LITEMTT'RE CITED
BENKEN, A.A., A.S. DOTSENKO, G.N, MARSHU.
BEL,
196E.
The influence of volatile substan-
NOVA and E.K. KLEIMENOVA, 193. Agrobiolcg'cal basis for control measures against
ces from alfalfa on growth and survival of
wilt (Verttcllllum drhllae
Mikologiya i Fitopatologia, 6 (5) :
(RPP, s2 (5) : 324).
58
cotton
Kleb.).
Vertlcillhn dahllae in soil.
:
phytopatholoyg,
1051 (Abstr.)
420427
GII,BERT, R.c., J.D. MENZIES and G.E. GRIE-
JAKSON, R.M., 1958. Some Aspects
gistasis,
J.
Gen.
of soil
Microbiol, 19 :
Fun-
390401.
EFFECTS OF
LOSTENKO,
AtFAlrA ON vEBTICrutrrM DAnt.lAE
I.R. ahal Yu. B. NESTEROV, 193. WILHEIJII, S., 1951. Effect of varlous solt Amendpo:antial of th: Ver.
of cotton froE pest'anA diseases
.Dents cn the inoculum
Protectioa
in the Uibek
SSR. Zashchity ReDterii,
2&32. (RFP, 12
POWELSON,
3l (1) :
(5) : 32a).
. tlcllltum wilt ,tungus.
Phytopatholog,
ll
:
6E4J90.
R.L., 19C6. Avaibilty of diffusible
for genr:ination, and growth of V. YUNUSOV, M.A. aud V.G. BEREOVSKII, 193. Role
of crop Rotation and cotton rariety in wilt
i1 soils amended with oat aDd alfalfa residues. Phytoqathology, 5o : S9S ' ' control. Khlopkovodstvo, 6: 17-18 (RPP, 32
(9) : 5s/).
(Abstr.).
nutrients
drhtlae
t
e
.l
/l
6
Figure 1. Colonies of A. nlger developed from
alfalfa root cuttings and their antagonistic
effect on V. dahllae planted to the centre of
each dish.
Figure 2. Colonies
of V. dahllae on pDA (p), root
extract (K), Ieaf extract (y), stem extract (S) of
T.
BORA
Figure 3. Size of nicrosclerotia
A-Root extracts (There was no)
B-Leaf extracts, FStem €xtract, D.4hecl
(PDA).
J. Turkish
Phytopath,
Vol.
: 4 Nurn. : I -
1975
lnuestigations on the lleterminalion and Palhogenicily
0l lhe Fungal Flora ol Fruil Nursery $oils in lzmir.
Ayti.il SARIBAYT and lbrahttn KARAC/I2
AB!'IIACT
This study has been done in ord.er to determine, the mycoflora and
the pathogenicity of some of the important isolated fungi, in the fruit
nursery soils of the province izmir
studies weie carried-out between 1g?0-19?B and 84 genera of fungi
were isolated. The genera such as Alternaria, Fusarium, phoma, pythium,
Sclerotium and Verticillium were tested for the determination of their
pathogenicity on peach, apricot, almond, apple, olive and citrus seedlings.
Ail the genera tested, retarted the root growth of the test plants. It was
determined that, the te'sted pathogens were combined with some of the
saprophytic genera such as, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Gliocladium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys and Trichoderma and the rate of decline in root
growth was larger than the pathogens' effect alone.
INTRODUCTION
Fruit crops have a great importance in Turkish agriculture and
Aegean Region is a very important
fruit growing area in Turkey. According to 1969 statistics, total
number of fruit tees in this region
72.120.000 with olives taking the
first place and followed by figs,
rs
citrus and peaches. Aegean
Region
is also a very important export
center. The export value of the
fruits in
1970-1971
season (exclu-
:- -:
r) Regional Plant Protection Research Institute, Bornova, lzmir, TLJRKEY
l-l-i:
2) Department of Phytopathology ald Agricultural Botany, Universily of Ege, lzmir, TURKEY.
I
INVESTIG.q,TIONS
ON THE FUNGAL I.LORA OF FRUIT NURSERY SONS
ding raisins) was 23?.899.328 TL . and
it wac raised to 250.009.562 TL. in
7971-7972. The fruits were exported
as fresh pr-duct, dried fruit, pulp,
seeds and oil.
It is believed that for a sound
clevelopment in fruit growing, the
use of healty and high quality planting material is essential. Similar
to the developments in orchard
areas, fruit tree nurseries are also
ir, a rapid growth. In the last five
years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of fruit tree
nurseries in the region.
Although
Tu'rkey yet,
it is not noticeable in
in some other coun-
tries, through infested nursery
stock various fungal pathogens
have spread around the countr;r.
According tc Zentmver et.al. (1952)
and Mc Intosh (1969) respectively,
extensive presence of P. cinnomomi in citrus orchards and P. cactcrum in anp'e or-hards are due to
usage of inf:sted planting stock as
starting material.
Several re:earchers have concthat replanting old peach
orchards (Hine, 1961; Micretich and
luded
Keil, 1970) and citrus
orchards
(Martin, 1951; Carpenter and Furr,
1962) causes disease problems. Thess researchers all agree that this is
because of pathogenic fungal comp-
lexes formed
in the soil inhabiting
Pythium spp., Phytophytora
spp.
Fusarium spp. Rhizoctonia spp., and
l0
some other soil microorganisms. So
far, no research was performed on
mycoflora of soil inhabiting fungi
and pathogenicity of some important ones in Turkey. Present study
was carried out at Bornova Regional Plant Protection Research
Institute through 1971-1973. The
main purpose of our research was
to determine the soil mycoflora of
fruit nursery soils and pathogenicity of some of the isolated fungi.
The relation"hip between phvsical
properties of the soil and fungal
population inhabiting it, was also
studied.
MATERIAL and METHODS
Soil samples were collected
from the fruit nurseries of all counties in izmit province, accordinq to
Meredith's technigue of sampling
(Meredith, 1940). Physical analysis
of the soil samples were also performed. Soil plate technique was
applied in isolations from the rhizosphere (Warcup, 1950). Rose bengal and streptomycin added Czapec
and Carrot agar were the isolation
mediums.
Pathogenicity trials were performed in pots on 1,5-2 months old
peach, almond, apricot, apple, olive
and trifoliate orange seedlings. Genera of Alternaria, Fusarium, Phoma, Pythium, Sclerotium and Verticillium were tested for pathogenicity. These genera were both app-
A.
SARIBAY ANd
I.
KAMCA
lied singly and in mixture with sity of each genus, in the soil samPsapro-hytic fungi like M;rrothecirm'' les was calculated as a Percent raGliocladium, Trichoderma, Stachy- tio of number of its isolates over tobotrys, As'oergillus and Penicillium. tal number of isolates recovered.
Test plants were dipped into ino- Rates of presence in samPled fruit
culum as previously described by tree nurseries are also given.
Wiles (1952) and results were obWorking with a total of ll24
tained two months after inoculation isolates we recovered 34 genera of
by measuring the differences in the fungi (including mycelia sterilia)
root growth of the seedlings accor- in soil samples. Most commonlY
ding tc the following scale :
isolated fungi were Fusarium which
took the first place, followed by
0-Normal root development
Aspergillus, Mucor, Myrothecium
1-Mild decline in root growth
and Trichoderma. Our studies
2-Medium amount of decline in completely agree with the reports
bv several investigators including
root growth
(1951), Thrower (1955),
3-Serious decline in root growth Warcup
Durrell and Shield (1960). Podos4-Extreme decline in root pora platensis (Speg) Niessl., Clagrowth
Figure 1 illustrates various degrees of decline on apple seedlings
between 0-4 on the scale.
The decline rates were calculated from the scale readings by
utilizinq Towsend-Heuberger formula. Differences between the characters were established by analysis of variance and orthogonal comFarison.
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
A-
Isolated genera
and their
rates of presence.
Table 1 summarizes the results
of survey studies in izmir fruit
tree nursery soils. R-.lative inten-
dorrhinum foecondissimum Sacc.
and March., Dreschlera bromi
(Died.) Drechsl. rnd Stachybotrys
bisbyi (Srinivasan) Barron were
determined first time in Turkish
mycoflora. The genera
Podospora
and Cladorrhinum were not recorded in Turkey previously.
B-The relationship of isolated
fungi with the physical properties of the soil.
Physical analysis of nursery
soils ind'cated that pH ra-ged between 0,0-5,4, percent saturation
was 0-70, permeability ranges were
0,5-25 and salt content was between
0-8 degrees. No correlation detected between types of soil and genera of fungi inhabiting it. Certain
genera were isolated from diffe-
ll
Table 1. Isolated genera and their rates of presence in total number
of isolates and sampled fruit tree nurseries.
Name
No. of
recovered isolates
Fusarium
Aspergillus
Mucor
Myrothecium
Trichoderma
Rhizopus
Stachybotrys
Pythium
Penicillium
Gliocladium
Sclerotium
Humicola
Helminthosporium
Actinomucor
Botryotrichum
Cephalosporium
Papulospora
Relative
Intensity
(%)
Rates of presence
in the nurseries
(vo)
245
21,79
100
167
14,95
90,6
l4t
72,54
B3,7
79
7,02
71,4
75
6,67
76,7
65
5,78
83,7
61
5,42
53,4
53
4,71
55,8
4l
3,64
51,1
24
2,14
32,5
23
2,04
23,2
2T
1,86
25,5
20
1,77
25,5
t4
!,24
23,2
11
0,97
23,2
10
0,Bg
16,2
I
0,80
t6,2
Alternaria
8
0,71
9,3
Chaetomium
B
0,71
9,3
Steril
Verticillium
Thielavia
8
0,7r
9,3
7
0,62
18,6
7
0,62
11,6
6
0,53
9,3
5
0,44
9,3
Ulocladium
Paecilomyces
Cylindrocarpon
Trichothecium
Curvularia
Cladorrhinum
Drechslera
Scopulariopsis
Irhoma
3
0,26
6,9
3
0,26
6,9
2
0,17
2,3
2
0,t7
4,6
1
0,08
2,3
1
0,08
2,3
1
0,08
2,3
Podospora
1
0,08
2,3
1
0,08
2,3
1
0,08
2,4
Sordaria
Nigrospora
t2
A.
SARTBAY ANd
rent soil types. These results correspond with Al-Doory (1959),
Kaufman and Williams (1964) and
Eicker (1969) who report that there is no correlation between physical properties of the soil and its
fungal population.
C-Pathogenicity trials
In
pathogenicity trials, genera
of Alternaria, Fusarium,
Phoma,
Pythium, Sclerotium and Verticillium caused various degrees of root
decline, however no detectable effect was observed on above soil
parts of the plants. Results of previous studies by Hine (1962) and
Sonderhousen (1971) on peach and.
cherry seedlings also demonstrate
pathogenic fungi slow down the
growth rate and caused decline in
root growth. According to our experiments, when pathogens. were
mixed with saprophytes, decline
rate in root growth was larger than
their effect alone. Decline rates of
test seedlings upon inoculation with
various genera are given in Figures
2,3 and 4.
Figures 5 and 6 illustrate some
examples of the effect pathogenic
fungi alone and when they were
applied with the saprophytes.
Although various test plants
responded certain pathogenic fun-
gi similarly, their effect on trifoliate orange was less severe. This
may be due to the fact that trifoliate orange is more resistant tr
t.
KARACA
nematodes and soil fungi than the
other rootstocks (Baines et. al.
1962).
Various reports indicate that
the saprophytic fungi which were
applied with the pathogenic genera
in this study, have antagonistic effect on many plant pathogenie fungi (Wilson 1955; Catani and Peterson 1963). Hcwever, antaqonism in
the soil can only take place when
soil pH, temperature, humidity, organic matter content, inoculum potential of the antagonistic organism
and its ability to inhabit soil are
appropriate for this type of interaction (Waksman 1952; Sanford
1959; Hepting 1963). Previous reports indicate that it is not unusual
to obtain enhanced reaction rates
as it was observed in our studies,
when certain saprcphytes are added
with the pathogens. In such cases
saprophytic fungi may help penetration of pathogen by increasing
sensitivity of the host through certain biochemical activities, on the
contrary, pathogenic fungi may
form points on entrance for the
saprophytes, further weaking the
host by their combined effect.
Another explanation for the incre.ased root decline in the host
would be that some of the fungi
called saprophytes, may actually
be pathogenic under certain circumstances.
fn conclusion, we might
that there are many
aspects
say
soil
of
l3
INVBSTIGATIONS ON THB FT'NGAL
FLOM OF FRUIT NURSERY
SOILS
host-pathogen interactions and us yet and these subjects will contheir relationship with the soil tinue to be a challenging field of
microflora, which are not clear to research for a long time.
OzET
lzuin lr,i unyvu
FIDANLIKLART TopRAKLARTNDA FUNGAL
FLORANIN TESBiTI VE ONEMLi
Inniniw
PATOJENISIIUT.NNi
uznnlmon ARA$TTRMALAR
Bu gahgma tzmft ili meyve fidanhklan topraklarrnrn mikoflorasr-
nl ve izole edilen
funguslardan
dnemlilerinin patojenisitelerini saptamak amacryla yaprlmrgtrr. 19?11973 yrllarrnda Bornova Bd,lge Zirai
Miicadele Arag. Ens.de yi.iriitiilen
siirvey alamndan
34 fungus genusu izole edilmigtir.
Bunlardan Podospora ve Cladorrhinum genuslarr ile Drechslera bromi
(Died) Drechsl. ve Stachybotrys
bisbyi (Srinivasan) Barron ti.irleri
Tiirkiye igin yenidir. Qahgmalar srrasrnda izole edilen funguslarrn topra$m fiziksel iizelliklerine baph
olarak blr dafrhm gd,stermedikleri,
ayni genuslarrn, de!'igik fiziksel nigahgma sonunda,
telikteki topraklarda bulunabildif'i
saptanmrqtrr. Patojenisite testleri
Alter.
naria, Fusarium, Phoma, Pyhium,
Sclerotium ve Verticillium genuslasonunda, patojenisitesi aranar
rr arasrnda bir farkhhk bulunmamrgtrr. Tiim genuslar test bitkisi
olarak kullanrlan, geftali, badem,
kayrsr, elma, zeytin ve iig yaprakh
g6$iirlerinin toprak iistii krsrmlannda herhangibir simptom vermeyip,
k6k geligmesinin gerilemesine neden
olmuqlardrr. Aspergillus, Penicilli-
uffi, Gliocladium,
Myrothecium,
Slachybotrys ve Trichoderma gibi
gahgmalar srrasrnda izole edilen saprofit genuslarla birarada verildiklerinde ise, patojenlerin k6k geligimini geriletici etkilerinin arttr$r saptanmrgtrr.
LITERATURE CITED
ALDOCRY, Y,,
MK. IOLBA
AND H. AL-ANI,
On the f:ngal flora of Iraq soils.
Iraq. Mycologia 5l :
II.
1969.
Central
429439.
citru; soil pests. Repr. Colifornla
August
Citrograph.
1962.
CARPENTER,
J.8., J.R. FITRR, 1962. Evaluation
of toleralce to root-rot caused by Phytophtora
BAINES, R.C., L.J. KLOTZ, T.A. DE WOLFE AND
R.H, SMALL, 1962, Chemicals for control of
l4
pamsltlca
in
seedlings
of citrus and related
| l27E-12E5.
ge:era Phyiopatho'ogy. 52
A. sARlbAY aud
CATANI, S.C., J.L. PETERSON, 1963. Antagonistic
of some soil fungi on VerdClUum sp.
iso:ated from ElFle trees PhytopathologJr 53:
effects
872 (Abst.).
site. Myco:og:a,
A.,
n.
isotest
from surface
t969. Microtungi
:
Mycol. Soc., 53 (3)
soil
381-392.
HEPTING, G.H., 1963. cClimate aud Forest Diseaser Ann. Rev.
of. Phytopath. Vol. I,
3l-50,
Editor, J.G. Horsfall. Annual Rewiews Inr.
in the
The role of fungi
1961.
peach
replant problem, Plant Disease Reporter,
JOFFE,
fected
by other soil
organisms'. Plant pat'
hology problems and progress 1908-f958,
36G
all. University of Wis-
consin press, Medisou, XVIIIa588.
SONDERHOUSEN,
8.,
1971. Frequency
of T.
basl-
cola in soil and roots of cherry seedling5
(P. avluD) and other woody plants' Tidsskr.
Bl. Aul. 74 (2) |
:
logy, 5ll
214-2j13.
(Rev. Plant Patho,
139).
L.B.
1955.
The rhizosphere effect shown
by some Vicrotian heathland plants. Aust.
Bot. 2 : 246-267. (R.A.M. 34 . 179).
J.
WAKSMAN, S.A., 1952. Soil microbiology. John lrllli'
ley aud sons. Inc. Newyork
1965. Quantitative relations between
some species
of
Fusarlum and Trlchoderma
in a citrus grove rn lsrael. Soil
356.
!1iARCUP, J.H., 1950. The soil-plate method
for
isG.
lation of fungi from soil. Nature 42U, July.
Science, 1ll2
15.
24A'243.
KAUFMAN, D.D., L.E. WILLIAMS, 1964. Effect of
mineral fertilizatiou and soil reaction ou soil
fungi. Phytopatholog5r. 14
:
1951.
MARTIN, J.P., f951. Effect
ger-
mlnation of sweet orange seeds aud develoF
of the
young seedlings. Proc. Soil Sci.
lmer., 14 : l8,llEE (R.Alt
MC INTOSH, D.L.,
7969. Crov/o
to apple growers.
3O
rot
MEREDITH, C.H., 1940.
1{ (4) :
1055-1056.
fcr
A
E-9
of soil fungi.
Trans.
!!l '. 17G39.
seedling inoculation techni-
testing cotton varieties for resistance
to Verticillium wilt.
Phltopathology,
{2 :
388
Abst.).
WILSON, K.S., 1955. The fate
atrum R. and B.,
93).
A quick nethod of
lating certain phycomycetous
:
:
365).
disease threat
Canada Agric.,
(Rer. Plant Pathology. 4{ (2)
Phytopathology. 30
:
Soc.,
WILES, A.B., 1952.
13+139.
of soil fungi on
The ecology
Brit. Mycol.
que
ment
rot and stem canker of peacb
(9) : 137&1378.
trees, Phytopathology. 60
rN
46,2465.
4.2.,
Q) :
cinnamomi root
THROWER,
California, VII 4{69.
(6) :
MIRCETICH, S.M., H.L. KEIL, 1970. Phytophtora
367. Editors, Holton el.
636441.
of forest communities in Zuulaad. Trans. Rr.
HINE, R.8.,
KAitAcA
SANFORD, G.8., 1969. .Root disease fungi as af'
L.M. SHIELDS, 1960. Fugi
lated in cu-ture, from soil of the Nevada
DURRELL, L.W.,
EICKER,
i.
in
of Vertlcllllum albo.
much soils
as
affected
by various species of fungi. Diss. Abst. l{
1sr6 (R.A.M. !!4
:
:
320).
ZENTMYER, G.A., K.F. BAKER AND W.A. THORN,
iso
fungi from soil.
1952.
The role of nursery stock
mination
42
:
of soil
in the
disse'
pathogens, Phytopathology,
478 (Abst.).
r5
A,
Fig.
l.
SARIBAY
ald
t.
KARACA
Apple seedlings showing various degrees of
root decline classified between (l4 according to
tbe scale used.
l7
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE FUNGAL FLORA OF FRUIT NURSERY SOILS
No saprophytes
|-]
o 45o
o
E 40.
o 35.
c
o 30
'6
o
o
L
o
It,
!
25
20
E.
3 t5
o
(9
;e
10
5
0
50
o 15
o
L
c,
3
10
n
No saprophytes
t
Wth saprophytes
o 35
c
o
'6
30
o
o 25
L
o.
o 20
1J
s
3
o
L
l5
(9 10
s
5
0
Atternaria Fusarium
Phoma
Pythium
Sclerotium
Verticillium
Fig. 2. Decline rates of root growth in appts (above) and Peach (belqw) seedlings.
IB
A.
SARIBAY
Ad I.
KARAC"I
No sapropnytes
55
50
-15
o
9ao
q,
53s
o30
c
'ff zs
o
(l,
o-l\)
c,
1l
.ll
E'o
oL R
;:"
0
Alternaria
Pythium Scterotium
Fusarium
Verticrllrrm
60
55
Euo
tou
*40
o
c35
.9
E,o
o_
€2s
520
]
I'u
;3
'10
5
0
Alternaria
Fusariqm
Phoma
Fig. 3. Decline rates of root growlft iq almond
Pythium
Scletotium
Verticillium
(above) and apricot (below) seedlings.
l9
rr.r{ssrroA,uoNs oN TIIE FUNGAL Fr,oRA oF FRUrr NURSERY
so[s
No saprophytes
r00
o
o 90
o
With saprophytes
E 80
o 70
c
.9 60
o
o
o 50
o.
0,
! 40
s,
30
3
o
L
(9
20
::
10
0
Pythium
o
o
Sclerotium Verticiliium
No saprophytes
o
E
With saprophytes
tc
.9
o
o
o
L
o.
o
!,
E
]o
L
o
s
-
Allgrnaria
Fusarium
Phoma
Pythium
Sclerotium Verticillium
Fig. 4. Decline rates of root growtb in Olive (above) and trifoliate orange (below) seedlings.
20
sor.lTHsL
,.,,:,,:tri 'rl
Fig. 5' Effect
of the
PYTHIUM + SiPSOF
PYTHIUM
-
l,:+.ir
genera Pyttrlum aad Fusarlum on roots
:,: ., :,.: :r,,,-i'lr;;l;r,::r
of apple and peach seedlings respectively.
TN\E,SIIGATIONS ON
fHE
trUNGAL FLORA OF FRUIT NURSERY SOILS
Fig. 6. Effect of thc Sclerottm on roots of apricot seedlings.
22
J. Turkish
Phytopath.
Vol. : 4 ltlum. : I -
f973
An lnuesligation on Rice $eed - borne Fungi in Ege Begion
Sena FESLI
Regional Agricultural Research Inst:tute, Menemen,
lzmir, TURKEY.
BSTRACT
Seed-borne fungi of rice were investigated on 54 samples which were
collected from growers in the Ege Region in 1973 and 1974.
Pyricularia oryzae) one of the most important fungus of rice, and some other fungi such as Curcularia spp., Drechslera spp., Fusarium spp.,
Nigrospora otyzae etc. were detected.
INTRODUCTION
Seed-borne diseases are very
important in different point of view
iike as to grow healt5z plants, to use
or not fungicides or .other chemicals, healtf of human beings, storage, symbionizm, biological control
and agricultural quarantine (16).
In Turkey, first time seed-borne
cereal diseases were investigated in
C:entral Region (7). Later seed-borne diseases of vegetable were studied in Marmara Region (14).
There are also some investigatoins about rice diseases in Turkey.
There are 3 Helminthosporium
species cause brown spot on rice,
which are H. otyzae Breda de Haan
(isolated from Tarsus, Silifke and
Akgakoca), H. rostratum Drechsl.
(isolated , from Antalya) and H.
halodes Drechsl. (isolated from
Manyas) (9).
Pyricularia oryzae is common
on rice in Mediterranean, Black
Sea, Central and South-east Regions of Turkey. This fungus caused
8,33 Vo crop loss in Diyarbakrr in
1963 and 19-19. Also this fungus is
transmitted by infected seeds from
year to year, not by other host
plants and rice stubble rn this Re-
gion
(12).
23
Table 1. Fercent of diiferent fungi recorded in rice seed sampies in first
year
(Vo).
lzMlR
DENIZLI
Acromoniella sp,
Alternaria tenuis
Aspergillus spp.
Cephalosporium sp.
Chaetomium sp.
Cladosporium spp.
Curvularia geniculata
<
e
E F$ EsE$
26,n $,50 94,2s 23,t0 t7,0 4t,62 41,50
0J5 015 3,62 1,77 0,37 2,37 1,00
225 l,so
025
0,10 0,t2 o,a 0t0
':
':
'':
lunata
tetramera
Epicoccum sp.
"
r
d
<
r
I
<
.
u,z5
025
11,87
-
Hyaloflorae sp.
Nigrospora oryzae
Papularia sp.
Penicillium spp.
Phoma sp.
':
Stemphylium sp.
Trichothecium sp.
fil6slqdirrm sp.
Verticillium sp.
3J0
41,00
":
2,@
0,t2 3,87
:"::;
:
,;
,,;
025
'':
0,50 0,07 0,t2 t,yt
3,12 0,64
32s
26F0
o;
0,?5
2,50
t:15
4J0
t:
_'::
: :,;,,;:ff:
0,37
0,12 2?S t9,7s 0,10 38,87
t,So 0,62 0,39 0,37
8,87 9,s3 7,37 U,75
825
t,w
0,62 2p
0,62
or5zae
Stachybotrys sp.
:
225
semitectum
Gliocladium sp.
02s
02s
nivale
solani
0J0
0,u
moniliforme
salnbuciDuD
9J0
0J0
0,75 0,50
lateritium
orysporum
3"50
025
0,03
0,50
equiseti
0,50
'1
1,00
025 6;15
4,00 025 3,s0 1,96 0,50 1,75
3,75
12;15
concolar
Graphium sp.
Germination
:
84,40
0,03
cultmorum
Fusidium sp,
Pl,ricularia
''..' ':
0,u
Fusarium acuminatum
<
<
':
inaequalis
sorokiniana
E
I
5
Fr
7,37
Drechslera graminea
<
(
a
";
0,s0
13,50
1,00
4,0
0,50
0,37 1,10
0,12
0,12 0,21 0,12
0F
0,12 0.5 37,12 0,03 0,t2 t0J0 0,?5
1,7s 1,6 7,N n25
737
0,8
2,fl
1,0
3,00
21,00
750
025
E8;75 E925 fl,12 89,39 24,12 4825
74FO
93,35
,
$. restl
Tabte
2. (continued) Percent of different fungi record.ed in rice seed
in second year
AYDIN DENIZLI
samples
gEF
(t)
().
*;
r2s
>
&
t2F
Cephalosporium sp.
0,75
Chaetomium sp.
1,(n
Cladosporium spp,
ah
c9
!a
d
457
1,50
?i,se s3,7s
14,50 0,37
1,00 7,87
0J0
E
at
8s,os
2,fi
812
t,9t 76,25
3t:tz
o2s
050
dE
Etr
0,m
9,S0
1,60
t,t:
":
I,E3
0,6
lunata
0,u
hawainensis
0,05
42s
0,16 0,25
8,08 1,00
0,08
0,08 62s
025
0,0E 1,00
sorokiliaoa
5,00
025
spp,
Epicoccum sp.
equiseti
-
1,57
0,05
3,65
0,02
0,40
3,9s
3,5{r
0,75
0,05
0,52
2:ts
r:Is
0,25
,;
solani
sp.
Fusidium sp.
5,5E 2,?S
0,50
1,66 4,12
0,08
0,25
0,2s 0,12
Gonatobotrys sp.
Hyaloflorae sp.
Nigrospora sp.
Papularia sp.
4,00
020
4,Or
0,t7
8,15
0,os
0,05
n:
o,gl
0,57
0,t7
':
0,05
0,02
:,:
0,15
,;
Melanospora sp.
Myrothecium sp.
7A5
0,05
sambunicum
semitectum
0,07
0,05
lateritium
monilifome
,,:
0,02
Fusariurn acurninatum
.
<
<
r
<
<
<
1,65
.:
0p2
dematioides
tetramera
0,30
g2,m
0,05
0,05
Drechslera cynodontis
<
e
<
.
<
a
#6
db
0,02
Curvularia geniculata
inaequalis
i
o
t,87
Aspergillus spp.
;
tzMlR
:o
Acromoniella sp.
Alternaria tenuis
(Vo).
0,10
:
t2s
0,08
r,08 0,8?
t,2s
0,t2,
4:75
0,75
0,01
4,61
o,t0
25
SEED-B]RNE FUNGI OF RICE
Penicillium spp.
Phoma sp.
13,50
99,m
0,zt
7,91
0,37
0,08
2,72
0,60
0,r0
0,25
Fyricul,:ria sp.
Sclerotium sp.
0,12
0,22
0,02
Sepionema sp.
0,02
Stachybotrys sp,
0,25
Stemphylium sp.
0,5{l
Trichothecium sp.
1,00
rfi
,,;
2,8
2,w
13,00
,,:
-
0,32
2,00
0,05
0,40
37,n
1r,00
16,80
0,72
0,65
,,r:
or:
0,02
0,02
74,sO
6t2S
Recently, Seed-borne fungi of
vegetables in Ege Region were detected by using international method (bloter method) (16).
MATERIALS and METHODS
of rice were col-
lected from the village growers in
Ege Region in 1973 and 1974. Thesc villages belong to different cities like as Aydrn, Denizli, lzmir
and Manisa. First year 22 samples
and second year 32 samples were
co-llected. The names of the rice varieties are B3rsani, ribe, maratelli,
carolin, TNT and acem.
Blotter method was used to de-
tect seed-borne fungi. Four hundred seeds of each sample were placed on thre'e layers of blotter moistened in water, at the rate of 2b
seeds per petri dishes and incuba:
ted in 20-23 C' under alternating
26
,,;
51,37
sp,
Seed samples
02s
2,50
Verticillium lateritium
Germination
0,10
0,02
Sepedonium sp.
Ulocladium sp.
I,m
89,91
58,t2
61,55
,r,*
85,65
cycles of 12 hours light and L2
hours darkness. After 8 days every
seed was axamined under a stereomicrosope at 50x magnification
for the presence of seed-borne fungi (8), and certain keys were used
for identification (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
10,13).
RESIJLTS and DISCUSSION
Seed-borne fungi of rice are
presented in Tables 1 and 2. As there. are shown tables, Pyricularia
otyzae which causes one of the most
important rice diseases was found
a small amount in some localities.
S.ome other fungi are not as much
important as Pyricularia otyzae,
can cause qualitative damage of
rice kern"els and glumes such as
Alternaria tenuis, Curvularia
Epicoccum spp., etc.
sp.,
S.
ruslt
6ZET
EGE BOLGESI gEr,Tirr.nnimpg
Tor{uM oni.liNr,i FUNGUSLAR
Uznnixon ein anegrrRMA
Ege brilgesinde yetigtirilen geltiklerde tohumla gegen fungal etmenlerin tesbiti igin, tohum 6rnekleri, Aydrn, Denizli, Izmir ve Manisaya ba$r kiiylerden 1973 ve 19?4
yrllarrnda toplanmrgtrr. Bu iirneklere I.S.T.A. nrn (International Seed
Testing Association) iinerdi!,i nemli
hi.icre metodu (blotter method) uy-
gulanmrgtrr. Teghis edilen funguslar
cetvel 1 ve 2 de gririilmektedir.
Qeltiklerde iinemli hastahk yapan 3 etmenden biri olan Pyricularia oryzae bazr lokasyonlarda az
miktarda bulunmugtur.
Di$er parazit, zayrf parazit veya saprofit olan bazr funguslar da
danede kalitatif zarar yaparlar.
LITEMTURE CITED
BARNETT, H.L., 1969. Illustrated genera of Im_
perfect fungi. Burgess publishing Company,
426
S. Sixth str. Mineapolis 15 Miu.
BENOIT, M.A. and S.B. MATHIIR,
cation
of
cpecies Curvularla
tfl0. Identifion rice seed..
Contribut'on from the Danish Government Iustitute of Seed pathology for Developing Coun_
tries. Copenhagen, Denmark.
BOOTH,
C.,
The geuus Fusarlum. Camrnon
wealth Mycological Institute Kew, Surrey.
1971.
'England.
GORDON,
W.L.,
1954.
The occurrence of Fusarlum
III Taxonomy of Fusarlum
species'in the seed of vegetable, forage and
miscelleaneous crops, J. Bot, 32 : 526.590.
species
GOBELEZ,
yeugt
in
Canada.
M. 195r. Orta Anadolu.un bazr illerinde
rilen kiiltiir b-tkilerinde tchumla
celerinin tesbiti iizerinde araitlrmalar. A,O.
Zft. Fak. Yayrnlarr : 107, Qahgmalar 162, A.O.
Basrmevi
VII,
1313.
GUERRERO, F.C., S.B. MATHUR
CHIDANBARAM, P., S.B. MATHUR, and
GARD,
p.
NEER-
1973. Identification of seed
borne
from the Danish
Go. Inst. on seed path. for Dev. Count, CoDrechslera' species. Cont,
penhagen, Denmark.
Engtaud.
and P. NEERof rice. V.
GAARD, 1972. Se:d Health testing
Seed-borne
fungi associated with
abnormal
of rice. Cont. From the Danish 60.
Inst. of seed Pa:h. for Dev, Count. CopenhaSeediings
gen, Dermark,
ELLIS, M.B., 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes.
Commonwealth Mycological
geg:n
bakteri ve mantarr hastahklarrn ti.irleri, yayrhg alanlarr ve bunlarrn takribi zarar dere-
Inst. Kew, Survey
IREN, S.,
1968. Tiirkiyede geltiklerde kahverengi
yaprak Iekesi hastahglna sebep
olan.
Hel.
mlnthosporl.n ttirleri, yayrhglarr, taksonomik
27
SEED.BORNE FUNGI OF RICB
rc biolojik iizellikleri ii:erinde
amttrrmalar,
T.C. Tartm Bakanhlr Zirai Miicadele Karanti-
na Genel Miidiirliilii Yayrnlau, Teknik btilten, Ankara.
MALONS, S.P. and A.U. MUSKETT, 1964. Hand-
Danish Cov.
Seed Path.
for
Dev.
K. K.
AKAR VC M. 'fI'REKTURK, 1968.
Ma:mara biilgesi sebze tohunluklannda has-
TEMIZ,
tahk
patojenlerinin izole edilerek teghisleri
iizerine araqtrrmalar. Yalova Bahge Kiiltiir-
book on seed health testing. The fnternational Seed Testing Association. Wageningen
leri Aragtrma ve Efitim Merkezi, Yrll*
(Holland),
ligma Raporlan,
NEERGAARD,
P., 19;0. Seed pathology of
Contr. from the Danish Gorr. Inst.
of
TEMIZ, K., K. AKAR ve M. YITREKTT}
rlce.
Seed
Path. for Dev. Count. Copenhageu, Denrnark.
ORAN,
Y.K.,
1970..
Giineydofu Anadolu geltiklerin-
de giiriilen Yamkhk (Brusone) hastahgrnrn
amili, birlojisi, ekolojisi, zarar derecesi, miicadele usulleri ve hastahla mukavin fegitler
iizeriude aragtrrmalar (Unpublished).
Identifi:atlon
1910.
of ftrsarl:rln species on seeds
i! blotter test. Contr. from
as they occur
T,
9a-
Tsog.
Marmara Btilgesi sebze tohumlannda hastahk
patcjenlerinin izole edllerek teghisleri iizerine
Kiiltrleri Aragtrrma ve Elitim Merkezi, Yrlhk Qahgma Raaragtrrmalar. Yalova Bahge
porlan.
TEMIZ, K. ve S. FESLI, 193. Ege Biilgesinde Ye-
tigtirilen sebze tiirlerine ait Ce$itlerde tG
humla gegen fungal hastahk etmenlerinla tes-
biti
RAM, N., S.B. MATHITR and P. NEERGMRD,
28
Inst. of
Court. CoFenhagen, Denmark.
iizerine arag:rrmalar, Ttirkiye Bilimsel ve
Teknik Aragtrrma Kurunu IV. Bilim Kongresi TebliEleri (Tanm ve Ormancrhk Seksiyonu). Tanm Ormancrhk Araitrrma Grubu.
J, Turkish
Phytopath.
Vol.
: 4 Num. : I -
195
Studies on the Chemical Control ol Common Bunt
ITilletia loetida "wall" Lirof ol wheal
Cogkun SAYDIM, Murtata COPQU and Mustafa OGUT
Regiond Plant Protection Research Ins:itute, Bornova, lzmir, TURKEY'
ABSTRA T
According to the results obtained in previous studies, some chemicals
such as Ceresan UT 68?, Hekmazin, Dithane M-45 W.P., and Trimangol 80
are widely used as a seed treatment at 0.15 Vo Ievel instead of 0.2 Vo
against the common bunt of wheat.
In this study effectiveness of the chemicals at various dosages were
examined in order to determine th6 effect at 0.1 7o tevel.
The results showed that the all chemicals except Hekmazin were effective at0.l Vo level as well as at 0.15 %.But it is necessary to improve
the equipment of seed treatment or establish new formulations of the
chemicals before recommendation at this dosage.
INTRODUCTION
The bunt disease of Wheat is one
cf the important disease of wheat in
Turkey and it is prevalent throughout the country (2). The large part
of wheat seeds are treated by using
some of organic mercurial and nonmercurial products were found effective previously in Turkey (3). As
a rule the seed treatment is known
as a cheap method,
but a seed treat-
ment should be effective enough,
economical, chemically stable and
easy to apply. The reduction of the
cost of seed treatment depend on the
dosages of the chemicals from the
point of economical application.
The investigations on the dosages have shown that the mercurial
2e
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF COMMON BUNT
and non-mercurial chemicals such
as Ceresan UT 687, Dithane M-4b
W.P., Tr'mangol 80, and Hekmazin
were effective at the do:ages of 0.15
Vo, as well as at 0.2 % level (3).
In this study effectiveness of the
chemicals were investigated against
the wheat common bunt.
hand in 20X5 cm intervals. The counts were done on the diseased and
healthy heads at the ripening stage
of wheat. The effectiveness of the
dosages of the chemicals were found
by using Abbott formula and the stalistical analyses were applied.
RESLTLTS
MATERIALS and METHODS
The variety of Mentana rfi/as
used in these studies found as a susceptible variety previously (1,4).
The bunt chlamydospores for artificial inoculatiors w:re obtained from
diseased hea'ls from different parts
of the Ege Region.
The microscobic examination of
{he chlamydospores were identified
as T,lletia foetida (Wall) Liro and
their germina+ion ability were gS Vo
in 2 Vo gluco:e solution after Tz
hours.
Ninety groups from Mentana
variety were weighted that each
group was 101 grams. These groups
were artificially inoculated at 0,3 Vo
ratio inoculum in small containers
separately. The seeds for control
groups were s?parated and the others were mixed the chemicals their
names and levels given on table 1.
Randomized blocks in factorial
design was applied and three replication were done. Each plot was
2,5 m2 and the seeds were sown by
30
and DISCUSSION
The studies have shown that the
with the exception of
Hekmazin were found effective at
0,70 Vo level as well as 0,15 % level
of these products were advised by
previous experiments (Table 2,3).
On the other hand statistical
analyses have shown that the linear
effect were significant for all products. The max:mum effects (I00 %\
based on quadratic effects were
found at 0,10 Vo for Ceresan UT 687
and 0,125 Vo for Dithane M 45 W.P.
and Trimangol 80. The level for maximum effect of Hekmazin was 0,15
chemicals
Vo-
According to these results Ceresan UT 687, Dithane M 45 W.P., and
Trimangol 80 may be advised at 0,1
Vo \evels; against common bunt of
rvheat. However, a homogen treatment is neces"ary for high succesfulness by seed treatment. Therefore
these levels (01 %) of chemicals
should be recommended after improving the equipment of the seed
treatment or the studies should be
expnaded on the new formulations
for the chemicals,
c.
SAYDAM,
M. Cor91t and M. 0G0T
Table 1. The chemicals and levels.
CHEMICALS
Formulation
Active Ingredient
Name
Dithane
M45
Vo ethylene bisdithiocarbamate ion, 12 Vo
46,5
Dosage
(9,/100 kg. seed)
Product
50 (*)
w.P.
75
manganese ion, 1,5 Vo zinc
100
t25
ion.
150
Trimangol
80
B0 Vo Maneb
Dust
50
75
100
t25
150
llekmazin
5,5 Vo Zineb
E5 Va Maneb
Dust
50
75
100
t25
150
Ceresan UT
68T
Phenylmercuryacetate
(i,5 Vo mercury)
Dust
50
75
100
t25
150
Derosal
(Hoe
17411)
2-Carbomethoxy-aminobenzimidazoLe 60 7o.
w.P.
50
75
100
t25
150
(*) : Lr :
50, La
:
'15,
L8
:
1.00,
La
:
t25, Lo
:
150 9./100
kg.
seed.
3r
CIIEMICAL CON1ROL OF COMMON BUNT
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SAYDAM,
M.
COPCU
and M. ttcttT
Table 3. The table of variance.
d.f
s.v.
Total
74
Replication
2
Combination 24
Chemical
4
. 4
Dosage
Intereaction
16
CERESAN-Linear 1
Quadratic 1
DEROSAL-Linear 1
Quadratic I
DITHANE-Linear 1
Quadratic 1
HEKMAZIN-Linear 1
Quadratic 1
s.s
ms
(r)
4521.80
2.90
4059.80
863.80
2395.00
801.00
692.16
356.13
5.99
4.28
734.09
89.76
932.98
0.53
169.16
215.95**
598.75**
50.06**
692.16**
356.13**
22.58
62.63
5.24
72.40
37.25
5.99
4.28
?34.09*{'
89.76**
932.98*{,
76.78
9.39
97.59
0.53
TRIMANGOL-Li-
near
|
Quadratic I
221.41 22L.4L+*
67.64 67.64*r,
48
ERROR
** : Significant at I
Vo
459.10
23.10
?.08
9.56
Level.
(F) Table
,
';
5%
7%
d.f.
4.04
2.56
1.86
7.I9
3.74
2.40
4_48
1_48
16_48
The effectiveness of Derosal
(Hoe 17411) tc the bunt disease of
wheat was also investigated in the
same time and the all tested levels
of Derosal (O,05 Vo, 0,075 Vo and
0,I0 Vo) were effective. The same
problem for the homogen treatment
may be thougt for the level of Derosal (0,10 Vo).Bat the 0,05 Vo levelot
Derosal was also found as effective
as at 0,10 Vo level.
In addition to these results, the
linear effect of Derosal was not significant in the range of tested dosages. This showed that there was nocorrelation between the dosages and
the percent of effects of Derosal.
Therefore the studies may be prog33
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF COMMON BUNT
ressed below the 0,05 % level of Derosal.
The high effectiveness of Derosal at low dosages, may eliminate
the problem of seed treatment for
lower dosages than 0,15 % level. Although, is it necessary to carry-out
large experiments under field conditions before recommendation at
0,1 Vo level of Derosal.
OZET
BUGTAY ADi SURMEST (Ti[etia foetida
Onceki gahgmalarda Bu['day
adi siirmesine kargr Eo 0,75 dozunda
etkili bulunan ve uygulamaya verilen bazr i'aglarrn (Ceresan UT
687, Dithane M 45 W.P., Hekmazin,
Trimangol 80), Vo 0,1 lik dozlarrnrn
etkinlikleri ve Derosal (Hoe 17411)
isimli preparatin, sahk verildif'i dozIardaki biyolojik aktivitesi bu ga-
Liro) NE KAR$I
qALTSMALAR
<<Wall>
ireglr sAvA$ uznnlnn
giide Derosal igin azaltrcr olmaktarItr.
F): nedenle denenen ilaglarn Vo
0,1 di.izeyinde biyolojik aktiviteleri
saptarm g olmakra birlikte, giini.imriz
rrygulama koqullarrnda ancak Eo O,ls
doz diizeyinde sahk verilebilece['i
kanrsrna varrlmrghr.
LITERATURE CITED
lrqmada incelenmiqtir.
Do!'a koqullarrnda yiiriitiilen
gah".malardan elde edilen hastahk
oranlarrnrn istatistiki analizi, Hekmazin drqrndaki ilaglarrn % O,l llk
dozlannrn etkili olduSunu g6stermigtir.
ilaglarrn etkinli!'i kaCar, homojen bir ilaglamanrn da zorunlu oldu!'u tohum ilaglamasrnda bu amag,
an:ak yeterli bir doz diizeyinde ger<;ekleqebilir. Bu ise ilaglama cihazlarrnrn % 0,1 lik dozda, homogen
llaglama yapabilecek gekilde gelirtirilmelerini veya ilag formulasyonlannda bu amaca diiniik yeni diizenlemeleri zorunh krlmaktadrr. Ancak,
denendiEi tiim dozlarda Derosal'in
etkili bulunmasr % 0,1 Iik dozlar
igin, s:zi edilen sakrncalan bir iil34
nORA,
T. ve l.
KARACA, 1968. Meksika kaynakh
bazr bulday gegitlerinde tane esmerlegmesi
(Alternarla spp.) ve Siirme (Tllletla foetlde
'
(W' Liro) hastahklan iizerinde bir aragtlrma. Ziraat Fak. Dergisi, 5 (l) : 59-63.
erZKAN,
M.,
1964. Ttirkiye'de
bulday siirme
has-
tnbErnrn mricadelesi hakkrnda tetkik ve gii-
riigler. Bitki Koruma Biilteni 4
SAYDAM, C.,
M. 0GUT ve M.
(l) :
3843.
COpQU, 1973. BuS-
Cay'da Siirme (Ttlletta foetida cWalb Liro)
has a'h!rn: kargr ilag denemesi. Bornova
[61. Zir. Miic. Ar. Enst. E. 110.365 no.lu
proje III. yrl raporu (Unpublished).
SAYf;AM, C., M. oGUT ve M. COPQU, 1974. Ege
BSlgesin:le yetigtirilen Meksika
bu$daylarrn hastahklarla ilgisi
kaynaklr
ve kuru
to-
hum ilaglamasrmn siirme giiciine etkisi iizerinde gahgmalar. Bitki Koruma Biilteni 14
(3) : 151-180'
r. Turkish Phytopath. Vol. I 4 Nun. : I
-
1975
Competition Between Annual Weeds and Polatoes and
weed Gontrol
Suna SONMEZ1 and
lbrahln
KARAC,A2
ABSTRACT
To determine the critical period of competition between weeds and
potato (Variety Cosima) experiments were set up on a clay-loam soil
during the years 1972-1973 in Bolu. Main weeds were Sinanpsis arvensis
L., Chenopodium album L. and Avena fatua L. and the total numbers of
the weeds were 238-423 per square meter. Countings were made after 15,
30,45,60,75,90 and 110 days from the emergence of potato. Weeding during
that period resulted in yield 93-216 Vo rrrorE than the plot kept weedy through the growth period.
The effects of applying different pre-emergence herbicides on weed
control and yield in potato were compared on clay-loam, sandy-loam and
sanCy-clay soils.
According to statistical analyses Patoran (5 kg/ha), Afalon (3 kg/ha),
Aresin (3 kglha), Aresin Kombi (5 kg/ha) and Simazine (2,5 kg/ha)
were found excellent herbicides in controlling annual and some grass
weeds. These herbicides, except Simazine, did not show any phytotoxicitv
on potatoes grown on each type of soils. They increased yield on clay-loam
and sandy-clay soil while they had no advantage against the hand-weeding control on sandy-loam soil.
r)
Regional Plant Protection Research Ins0tute, Erenkdy-lstanbul/ f URKEY.
2)
Department
of Fhytop:,thology and Agricultural Rotany, University of
Ege
lzmir/ TURKEy.
35
COMPETITION BET1TTBEN WEEDS AND POTATOES
INTRODUCNON
Although the potato has been
grown in all provinces of Marmara
Region, Bolu has been the leading
province for certified potato seed
production for last years.
like other horticultural
crops, suffer from the effects of
weed competition which use up soil
nutritions and mo'sture. Under these conditions crop yields can be
greatly restricted and digging can
be difficult particularly in early
Potatoes,
crops.
In this srudy, 14 families consisting of 15 species were found in Bolu. Among them : Amaranthus retrof'exus L, Chenopodium album L.,
Heliotropium europeum L., Sinapis
arvensis L., Equisetum atvense L.,
Circium arvense (L.) Scop., Convolvulus arvensis L., Veron:ca pets:ca
L, Anagallis arvensis L., Solanum
dulcamara L., Cynodon ilactylon
Pers., Mentha arvensis L., Polygonum convolvulus L., are the main
weeds existed on average 11.95:L5.09
in per square meter.
Weed competition studies with
other crocs showed that weeds emerging with crops are more competitive than those emerging later. Weeds
reduced ih: yields of maize and bean
if allowed t: compete for 3C days
(Nieto et al., 1978). Kasasian and
Seeyave (1969) found that field
36
beans and tomatoes need to be kePt
weed free for 4 weeks after planting
to prevent a yield reduction. Yield
of sugarbeet roots was reduced when
Kochia scoparia comPeted for more
than 5 or 6 weeks (Weatherspoon
and Scheweizer, 1969). Hill and Santelman (1969) noted that annual
weeds emerging 4-6 weeks after
planting caused no further reduction in peanut yields. Cotton requires approximately B week weedfree period from emergence (Buchanon and Burns, 1959). In another
study
this
period
was
found
weeks (Schewerzel and
6-8
Thomas,
1e71).
The
problem of weed control
has been important to potato growers for many years. In early years
there has been an abundance of relatively cheap labor in Marmara Region and growers have been able to
have their fields hoed whenever neceisary. Since this typ-" of labcr is
no longer available, some other method of weed control must be developed.
During the last years, many
herbicides were tested for weed
control in potato fields. Simazine at
0.5 kg/ha effectively controlled
weed growth and gave a tuber yield
of 189.21 quintals/ha which was significaatly higher than the yield from
the unweeded control plot and
S. sdNivtsz ana
from hand weeding (Divekar et al.,
196). Siviridov (1968) found that
Simazine 1-3 kglha pre-emergence
gave 58 and 74 Vo weed control respectively in potatoes and did not adversely affect the crop in a dernoalluvial medium loam soil. Particularly good results were obtained
rvith Patoran at the recommended
dosage of., 4 kg/}ira, applied shortly
before emergence (Brade, 1960).
Cox (1967) found that Afalon, Aresin and Patoran at l, 2 kg/ha showed no herbicidal damage except
Aresin at 2 kg/ha when sprayed just
prior to emergence. Afalon at 1.5
kg/ha applied pre-emergence gave
excellent control of weeds and significantly increased potato quality
and total yield compared with the
uncultivated control whereas Treflan 1 (l/ha) similarly applied, did
not increase yield (Smith, 196?).
Bramley (1967) reported that AfaIon applied at 2 kg/ha pre-emergence gave excellent safe control of
broad-leaved weeds but only fair
control of gra:ses and gave increases in total yields.
Sagolovich and Shersneva (1970)
reported that Treflan at 2.5 litres/
ha applied 20 days before planting
thinned the stand but increased yields by 16 Vo. Sencor at 1 and 2 kg
a.i/ha and Afalon at 1, 1.5 and 2 kg
a.i/ha gave 90-100 lo control against
Commelina sp., Capsella bursa pastoris L., Lepidium sp., and Senecio
caryophillacea (Castillo et al., 1971).
l.
x.anncA
Federov (1968) found that 2,4-D
amin at 0.8 kglha pre-emergence
gave good results against some
broad-leaved weeds. Zimdahl (1971)
noted that Afalon and Patoran at
1.5-2 kglha gave good control of
annual broad-Ieaved weeds and grasses and were also non-injurious to
potatoes. Aresin 1.25 kg/ha Afalon
2 kgy};,a, Patoran 4 kg/ha were selective to potatoes and gave good
control of Chenopodium album L.,
Solanum nigrum and Amaranthus
retroflexus (Rapparini, 1971). Bayer
(1971) noted that Afalon 7-L.5 Lb/
acre controlled both grasses and
broad-leaved weeds on agravelly silt
loam soil. Aamisepp (1971) found
that Afalon L.25 kg/ha gave good
control of broad-leaved weeds in potatoes. Aretit and Patoran each at
3 kgyha proved to be the most effective herbicides against the broadleaved weeds in alluvial meadow
soil.
The objectives of this study
were to determine (1) the lenght of
time after potato emergence that
weeds may be allowed to compete
before reducing potato yields; (2)
The period of weed-free maintenance after potato emergence required
to produce maximum potato yield;
(3) the influence of weed competition on height, branching and
yield of potato; (4) and taking this
point into consideration, to find out
the adequate chemical control method in potato fields.
37
coMperrrloi{ sefwEEl.i nEEDs lNn porarosS
MATERIALS and METHODS
1. Competition Between Weds - Bolu. The trials established in ranand Potatoes
domised block desing with four
Determinaiion of the critical pe- replications. The treatments themriod of competition between weeds selves consisted of cultural practices
and potatoes was studied on clay- carried out at different times after
loam soil during 19?2 and 19?3 in sowing date, as below;
Treatment
for the first
Free of weeds for the first
-15 days and free upto time
-15 days and weed-infested
Weed-infested
of harvest
-30<
-45<
-60<
-75
until time of harvest
<
<
<(
c
<(
(
c
-30
q
-45
<<
-90<
-100 (Control : Weed-infested
up to time of harvest)
In the two years, potato was
sown in early April. Individual plots
were 3 rows and 25 seed of <<Cosima
variety> were sown in each rows
with 50 cm apart and 70 cm long.
Potatoes were adequately fertilized
and were furrow irrigated twice during the growth period.
The weeds were seperated into
four groups (a) Avena fatua L.,
(b) Chenopodium album L., (c)
Amaranthus retroflexus L. and (d)
other broad-leaved weeds. Weed re3B
-60 <(
-75<<(
-90<<((
<
-110 (Control : Free from weeds
up to time of harvest)
moval was performed by two means,
hand-pulling and shallow hoeing.
Weeds were counted in a square meter in three different points of each
plot before each removal.
Potatoes were harvested for
yield from each plot and the yield
of 33 plants, individualy,
Besides,
weighed.
at the ripening time, height
and branching of 33 plants were
measured and counted.
The critical periods between
weeds and potatoes were explained
S.
SONMEZ
to
cumulative graph in
every year. Correlation coefficients
were computed between the potato
yield, height, branching and weed
removal periods.
according
2. Chemical Weed Control in
Potato
Experiments were carried out
Bolu on clay-loam, sandy-loam
and sandy-clay soil during 7972-t973.
in
The variety Cosima was used
A randomized block
throughout.
design with three replications was
used in each soil type. Each plot
was 10 m long and contained three
rows spaced 70 cm apart. Potatoes
rvere adequately fertilized and were
furrow irrigated twice in growth
period.
In the two year-test, Afalon (3
kg/ha), Aresin (3 kglha), Patoran
(5 kglha), Aresin-Kombi (5 kglha),
Bladex (3 kglha), Simazin (2.5 kg/
ha), Treflan (2.5 I/ha) and 2.4-D
amin (2 1/ha) were applied one day
after sowing.
The predominant weed species
were Sinapis arvensis L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Heliotropium europeurt L.,
Euphorbia pinea L., Circium arvense (L.) Scop, Corvolvulus arvensis
L., Veronica persica L., Anagallis
arvensis L., Medicago falcata L.,
Lathyrus hirsitus L., Mentha arvense L., Ranunculus arvensis L., Verbana officinalis L., Lepidium draba
L., Lactuca scariola L., Adonis flam-
ana
L
reru,cA
meus L., Fumaria officinalis L.,
Xanthium spinosum L., Allium paniculatum L., Polygonum convolvulus L. and Equisetum arvense L.
Plots were checked 15 days, 30
days and 45 days after applications.
The effectiveneses of the herbicides
were compared with untreated
checks.
Yield, height and branching
were recorded from 33 plants in each
plot and were compared with untreated and hand weeding
checks.
All plots were harvested in the first
week of September.
Significant differences
among
treatments were tested with Duncan's multiple range test at the B Vo
level of significance. Analyses could
not be combined over years since
treatments were changed somewhat
each year.
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
Critical period of weed competition with potato : The experiments
showed that during the first 15 days
lveeds did not vigorously affect potato yieids. It was found that weed
control was necessary between the
15th and 45th or 49th days after
emergence (Figure 1). Weeding during this period results in yield gB216 % more than the plot kept
weedy throughout the growth pe-
riod. Weed competition after the
45th or 49th days had no effect on
39
CoMpstrrroN setTreBr.I wEEDs ,lNo pomtogS
yields. So, it is not important to,
control weeds during the first 15
days and/or after 54th or 49th days.
Correlation between
correlated to weed-free periods. But
ib was found that there was no correlation between weedfree periods
and height of potato.
potato
yield, height, branching and weed
removal periods : Yield, height and
branching of potato were negatively
correlated to increasing weedy periods while they wgrs possitively
Chemical Weed Control
treatments gave excellent weed
control in a rate of 76-100 Vo A. rctroflexus L., Ch. album L., S. arvensis
L.,
P. convolvulus
L., If. euro-
a
,,
!
I
I
I
I
I
*
r9?2(rcrdv)
I
o
l.
!
E<
o
E
I
h
o
3
I
\
;t
I
F
I
I
Ir
\
I
t
I
(rrcc of rccda)
I
r973(nray)
(frrc of rccdr)
++
\..
t:
tlt,'
,
,
r5
,
lo
1,
D tB
40
60
rrlt8 trl8oDcr
for various
Figure 1. Potato-yteld
: .All
7,
90
tr€atmeats'
uo
(r illsr)
S. S0NMEZ and t.
peum L., V. persica L., E. pinea L.,
M. falcata L., L. hirsitus L., R. arwensis L., V. officinalis L., L. draba
L., L. scariola L., A. flammeus L.
Such weeds as C. arvense (L.) Scop.,
C. arvensis L, E. arvense L., M. arvense L., F. officinalis L., X. spinosum L., A. paniculatum L. were not
controlled by all herbicies while S.
arvensis L. only by Treflan. Accor-
,F4!1{ri
KARACA
ding to statistical analyses, Patoran,
Afalon, Aresin-Kombi and Simazine
w:re excellent herbicides controlling
weeds comparing with other herbicides (Table 1, 2, 3).
Effect of Herbicides on height,
branching and yield of potato : Aecording to the statistical analyses;
Afalon, Patoran, Aresin and AresinKombi did not show any Phytoto-
iIn.g;'ri4i!r-.{6. poatr6t'i , H66{E"J,h'plirto'orr raeC,r.*sif,y ecrl
gl'y'r
tl
{)
6
ts
"l
16
L1
sa
6
o
h
0
I
*
L'!
ilG;i;r,;
1.
3,5'
f4*EtHlil
alf,i '
X.i$+rdi
ftf.
C.afll€!5tt" !i l:'
{lsa:
.r.r,tif.ll#
4l
COMPETITION BETI.IIBBN
xicity on p:tatoes on each type of
soils. They increased yields on clayloam and sandyclay soil while they
had no advantage against the handweeding control on sandy-loam soil
(Table 4).
i;i{riifltrliii
l1r
jjjr;.ii
9,y.4
r
"r:i;
l:; ri
{D
&!
al
o
o:
,)
l.r,
t,
;;t
.l
t'
$t$aitttt'
E'l
Ei-i; Elri*is
al,tt+ld
*i fiIiIi
"il:o1@tn
C.sJivdn-l
ga
IAFeIsln
94:? I E? 14
trg.xlti? {;:
ErriBEE
lE.fslore
i
la:
1
l.*r{IellF
. slg
Slaifv$rir
aa{,
L.hire*,tua
.,
ciel!rl't:
X..e
l{iar*,ren
ItrE rll .: ,;i:.
nrdrtisn-
':
[.di5bE:
ilt
ffifi;
S.ldt1f.lr;
tar*.6
iii::.f-rs?.-.
42
AI{D
POTATOES
Simazine, Bladex, Treflan and
2,4-D reduced yields compared with
hand weeding control plot on clayloam and sandy-loam soil, but gave
nearly as much yields as the handweeding control on sandy-clay-soil.
st*[:iraj.sh@,o;i,!'.'it',gi1;ri$r#r.ir.:liirgtiii
r::
lhtait6qxg
llrr,:- ::r :' ,, i
T,\TEEDS
ffi
s.
SoNMEZ and
l.
KAntCA
f,.9,$,iil.
ffii j'
,fl.fl..fln.|
;.
0!ri*rtoEfE
r:i i'r::lr'..
.ri
ril
"
$l, t ij-i Li
t'i:ir, rr,:r'lil r,ri.!
'f lt I
t::i n,,r.,,1'l
s',d€ds,:,' ' ':
C.arv6r.-
E
Bla
Lxrrenai,!
r
arfian*
ata,
lit.
V. DBFBi-
ca'
Sl6fl€nsi*
5] ' ] llqo
.!; !i5.0
E'Fines
C.
atrren-
61.:i5t.!
Elg
Chrrlbw
3,'l
:9
1.14
I,l
?
l'.
iL
9.4t )r $'tQ
toble 4. lfr'sct of the Lerbicides on helght' brsnchlng
hund-weedlng snct $eealy control.
Iieight
llrenchind
Y!e1d
anit
14,4
i
ylel,il af Potatoe9 cool)atlns wlth
Height Eranchj.ng Yield
43
COMPETITION BBTWEBN TIiEEDS AND POTATOES
OzBT
PATATES TARLALARINDAKI TEK SENELiK YABANCI
OTLAR VE KONTROL OLANAKLARI UZONINON
ARASTIRMALAR
Patateslerde yabancrotlarrn re-
kab:tt-" o'd klau kritik diinemin
saptanmasr amacryla denemeler,
Kozima geqidi patateste, killi-trnh
bir t-prakta S. arvensis L. (Yabani
Hardal), C. album L. (Kazaya['r) ve
A. fatua L. (Yabani Yulaf)'nrn hakim oldu$'u bir yabancrot iirtiisiinde
agrlmrqtrr. Bu denemede Patatesler
qrkrqtan itibaren geligme periyodu
iginde 15, 3J, 45, 60, 75, 9), 110 giin
(hasad) otlu ve otsuz tutulmuglardrr.
Buna gdre, Patateslerin ve yabancrotlarrn grkrgrndan itibaren 15.
giin rekabetin baglangrcr, bundan
sonra 45-49; giine deSin gegen 30-34
giinliik siirenin ise rekabet ddnemi
ve yine 45. veya 49. giinterin rekabetin bitim noktasr oldufu saptanmrghr. Patateslerin ilk 15 giin otlu
tutulmasr ve 45-49. giinlerden sonra
of ahmr yaprlmasr ise tiriinde dnemli seviyede artrg meydana getirmemektedir. Rekabet ddnemi .iginde
yaprlacak of alrmr, biitiin mevsim
otlu tutulan parsellere giire, iiriinde
% 93-216 oran:nda artrg meydana getirmektedir.
Aynca, otlu brrakma siirelerinin
artmasr boy uzunlu$u, kol adedi ve
iiriinde azalma yapmakta, otsuz kalma siirelerinin artmasr ise kol ade44
dj ve iiriinde artrg saflarken,
boy
yapmamaktadrr.
iizerinde farkhhk
Yaprlan ilAgh savaq denemelerinde ise, rekabet ddnemi siiresince
.yabancrotlarr kontrol etme imkAnr
olan pre-emergens (grkrg iincesi)
ilAqlarla gahgrlmrgtrr. Kum1u-killi,
ki.lli-trnir ve kumlu-trnh olmak iizere iig ayn toprak yaprsrnda agrlan
denemelerde ilAglann yabancrotlara
kargr etkileri yatnda, patates bitki
boylarr, kol adedi ve yumru verimi
iizerindeki etkileri de araqtrrrlmrgtrr.
Buna g6re;
Kumlu-killi topraklarda : Pato- ran
5 kg/ha, Afalon ve Aresin 3
kg/ha dozlarda
ve kumlu-trnh toprak- Killi-trnh
larda : Patoran ve Aresin-Kombi
5 kg/ha, Afalon ve Aresin 3 kg/
ha dozlarda
dikimden 1 giin sonra kullanridrklarrnda tiim yabancrotlara kargr % 76100 etkili olmakta ve iirtinde gapah
kontrola nazaran artrg meydana getirmektedirler. Yalnrz kumlu-trnh
topraklarda ilAglarrn iiriine yansryan etkileri of ahmr yaprlan parsellere gcire farkh olmamakla beraber
yabancrot grk glarrnr en:ellemeleri ve
gapalama adedini azaltmalarr bakrmrndan d$iitlenebilir,
s.
S0NMEZ aod
,
AAMISEPP,
A.,
1971. Weed
beets, 1971.
In
control in potatoes and
Swedish Weed Conft., Uppsala,
12
-E
TARACA
LITEMTT'R3 CITED
weeds and weed control, 13th
Lantbrukshogskolan
l.
Sweden,
(191 part l; part 2, B
and its build up
in the tuber. ?roc. 2nd Weed
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tt :
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14, 1, 41-46 (En) Lantbrukshogskolan,
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l{l),
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BAYER, G-H.,
1971..
A four years summarlf of
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P.,
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BRAMLEY,
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tt :
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94).
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'
Weed
Pest Control Conf., 9+100 (Bibl. 7; Raukura
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:
(weed Abstr., 1969, 17
J.c.
of
herbicides
(Solanum tuberosum)
(Weed Abstr., 1972,2l
T.I.,
1967. Weeds
in
:
in
in
po-
Guatemala.
198).
SEEYAVE, 1969. Critical
B :
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NIETO, J.M., M.A. BRONDO and r.J. GONZALES,
of the crop growth cycle
competition from weeds. Instituto Na-
cional de fnvestigaciones Agricolas, Chapingo,
Mexico. (Pans (C), 1%8, 14
(Bibl. 5;
Dep.
Agric., Levin, New Zeland) (Weed Abstr.,
t7 :
174).
:
159-166).
CESART,
191. Trials for
th:
control of mono and d'rco'ylodonous weeds
in
potatoes. Notiziario sulle Malatlie delle
Piante
Nr:
(lt, en, fr, es, 4
n : Il).
85, 5161
SAGOLOVICH, E.N. and
1966.
in potato cultivation
ref.)
L.V. SHERSNEVA, 1970.
in the multiplication
The use of herbicid:s
of
seed potatoes. Doklody TsKhA, 1970,
25-9. (Ru; Musk, sel. khoz. Akad.
DIVEKAR, C.8., V.S. MANI and M.L. MALIJI,
$'glazine as an herbicide
A.
(weed Abstr., 7973,
potatoes. Proc. 20th N.Z.
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1968,
L. and J.
periods for weed competition. (Pans,
RAPPARINI, G. and
GARCIA and C.F. RODRI-
GUE'Z, 7971. Evaluation
COX,
KASASIAN,
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lt:149-154).
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tato
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fiILL, L.V. and
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21
:
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rm, K.A.
A. 8, USSR.
(Weed
198).
45
COIIPETTUON DET|IUB'N WEEDS TT{D POTATOEII
SCHWBRZEL,
PJ. and P.EI.
conpetltion
ir
tfl. Wced
197f, fl : 3&31), .
THOMAS,
cotton. ,(Pans.
of broadtcaf tpec&
pola:oes. proc. West. Weed Crltrol Conf.
SMITH, D., 196?. Conttlot
tu
Zl,
39 (Colorado Agric. Exp. Stn. Fort Colltns),
(weed Abstr', 1969, lt : 95)'
SVIRIDOV, I.S., f96S, The residual effcct
of Sima-
zine aud Atrazlne on weeds aud potatoes
46
on
P/O Dedino'a,
USSR,)
(t&Ed Abrtr.,
1969,
ft : D).
IVSATHBRSPOON, D.lU. aDd
1969.
Sugarbeets. (Weed
ZTMDAHL,
E.E. SChmrzER,
Conpetltion on between for.db- sD.
Sci.,
-ane
lt '. 46+7).
:
R.L., r9zl. weed control researcb in
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tato tourad,
fql,
A
4E
revlew. American Po-
(U),
4217.
alluvial aoils, Khlmlya sel, I(hoz., 6, (3),.
f97-9. (Bibl. 16; R; Dedinovskaya opyt. Stants.
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Bibt. 13; En;
Starc
*
Ualv.,
Fort C.ollins, USA. (Weed Abstr., 1972,.21
:
:
All
Correspondance Shoukl Be Made To
TUBKTYE FITOPATOLOJI DEn,NDGI
Ege Universitesi Ziraat Fakiiltesi
Bitki Koruma Biiltimii
Bornova : Izmir.
TURKEY