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SOMA 2011
Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on
Mediterrean Archaeology, held at the University
of Catania 3–5 March 2011
VOLUME I
Edited by
Pietro Maria Militello
Hakan Öniz
Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Scienze
Umanistiche, Corso di laurea magistrale in
Archeologia, opzione internazionale
General Association of
Mediterranean Archaeology
Università di Catania
Scuola di Specializzazione in
Beni Archeologici
Turkish Foundation for
Underwater Archaeology
BAR International Series 2695 (I)
2015
Published by
Archaeopress
Publishers of British Archaeological Reports
Gordon House
276 Banbury Road
Oxford OX2 7ED
England
[email protected]
www.archaeopress.com
BAR S2695 (I)
SOMA 2011 Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Mediterrean Archaeology, held at the University of
Catania 3–5 March 2011
© Archaeopress and the individual authors 2015
ISBN 978 1 4073 1342 9 (Volume I)
ISBN 978 1 4073 1343 6 (Volume II)
ISBN 978 1 4073 1344 3 (Set of both volumes)
Printed in England by Information Press, Oxford
All BAR titles are available from:
Hadrian Books Ltd
122 Banbury Road
Oxford
OX2 7BP
England
www.hadrianbooks.co.uk
The current BAR catalogue with details of all titles in print, prices and means of payment is available free
from Hadrian Books or may be downloaded from www.archaeopress.com
Table of Contents
Volume I
Preface
v
Part I – Prehistory and Protohistory of Europe and Anatolia
1
General Topics
3
Exchanges Between Paleolithic Hunter-gatherer Groups
Neyir Kolankaya-Bostanci
3
Understanding Cross-cultural Communication in the European Bronze Age
Paulina Suchowska-Ducke
Anatolia
11
21
Early Bronze Age (ca. 3000-2000 BC) Mining Activities in Central Anatolia, Turkey
Derya Yilmaz
21
Observations on the Troy I Period in the Light of Recent Survey Finds from the Coastal Troad
Derya Yilmaz
27
From the Middle Danube to Anatolia: Contacts During the Second Millennium BC. a Case Study
Anca-Diana Popescu, Radu Băjenaru
35
Kitchen furniture in the second millennium BC: evidence from Salat Tepe
Tuba A. Ökse, Ahmet Görmüş, Gamze Kaynak
43
Remnants of Incantation Rituals from the Middle Bronze Age Settlement at Salat Tepe: an Ethnoarchaeological Approach 51
Tuba A. Ökse, Ahmet Görmüş, Tülin Bozkurt
Glass Trade in the Light of the Late Bronze Age Finds from Panaztepe
Nazli Çinardali-Karaaslan
59
A Group of Urartian Metal Finds from the Karaman Archaeological Museum
Makbule Ekici
65
Investigations in the Çaldiran Plain/Lake Van Basin: the Middle Iron Age
Aynur Özfirat
71
Europe
81
Antique Bone and Antler Anvils Discovered in Romania
Corneliu Beldiman, Diana-Maria Sztancs
81
A Joint Consideration of the Lithic Industries of Shell Middens in Muge, Portugal, and the Coastal
Mediterranean Mesolithic Sites
Anabela Joaquinito, Nuno Ribeiro
Daily Life and Social Reconstruction of an Argaric Settlement at Peñalosa (Baños de la Encina, Jaén)
Juan Miguel Rivera Groennou, Eva Alarcón García
Greece
89
93
101
Archaeological Models and the Archaeology of Mesara (Crete) between the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age
Rosario Maria Anzalone
101
Reconstructing the Landscape of the Dead. Some Observations on the Minoan Funerary Space in the Agiopharango Valley111
Sylviane Déderix
Some Eccentric Linear A Tablets from Ayia Triada
Pietro Militello
121
Studying Grey Ceramics in the Adriatic Area. A Preliminary Report
Eleonora Ballan
127
Protogeometric and Geometric Pottery from the Kos Early Iron Age Necropolis Revisited. Some Features of the
Local Ceramic Production
Maria Grazia Palmieri
i
135
Italy
143
Settlement Strategies and Territorial Organization: a Methodological Approach to the Sardinian Bronze Age Context
Francesca Cadeddu
143
Ceramic Ethnoarchaeometry in Western Sardinia: the Case of Oristano
Evanthia Tsantini, Giuseppe Montana, Miguel Ángel Cau
155
Lyres in the Daunian Stelae: Towards a Better Understanding of Chordophones in the Mediterranean Iron Age
Raquel Jiménez Pasalodos, Placido Scardina
161
Sicily
175
An Analytical Study of Neolithic Combustion Structures in the Province of Messina
Francesca Cannizzaro, Maria Clara Martinelli
175
Material Culture and People. Some Methodological Remarks on the Study of Aeolian Middle Bronze Age
Settlement Contexts
Gianmarco Alberti
185
Oversea Lithic Exchanges Between the Aeolian Islands and Malta from an Inland Perspective: Preliminary Data
from a Late Neolithic Site in Licodia Eubea, Catania - Sicily
Damiano Bracchitta
197
Decorated Footed Bowls: Type, Distribution and Use
Valeria Grasso, Carla Maria Caterina Cirino
203
Creating Boundaries: Elaborate Tombs and Trade Goods in the Early Bronze Age Necropolis at Castelluccio (Sicily, Italy)
Anita Crispino, Massimo Cultraro
211
Dwelling in the Darkness: the Prehistoric Caves of the Hyblaean Mountains (Sicily)
Dalma Cultrera
217
An Early Bronze Age Settlement Near Ragusa
Francesco Cardinale, Giovanni Di Stefano, Milena Gusmano, Saverio Scerra
227
The Late Copper Age Phase in Rocchicella di Mineo: Preliminary Data
Ivana Vacirca
233
Innovation and Tradition in the Technology of Large Storage Jars from the Sicilian Middle Bronze Age
Carlo Veca
239
Piano dei Casazzi (Mineo, Catania). Data on the proto-historic inhabitation
Francescaromana Alberghina
249
Ceramic ethnoarchaeometry in Sicily: recent traditional productions as a tool for understanding past manufactures
Giuseppe Montana, Anna Maria Polito, Evanthia Tsantini
253
Use of Space in the Early Bronze Age on the Basis of Artefact Distribution: the Village of Coste Di Santa Febronia
Roberta Mentesana
259
Archaeology and Sciences
265
Gis, Geographical Models and Archaeology: a Case Study for Late Prehistory Populations (5500-550 Bc) on the
Ripoll River (Catalonia, Spain)
Maria Yubero Gómez
265
Technical and Typological Approaches to Bronze Age Worked Bone from Central Iberia. The Settlement of
Motilla del Azuer
Manuel Altamirano García
273
Birch Resin Not Only As Climate Marker. Integration Between Chemical And Paleobotanical Analysis In Sicilian Prehistory 285
Roberta Mentesana, Giuseppe De Benedetto, Girolamo Fiorentino
Part II – History and Archaeology of the Classical World I
291
Archaeology Greece and the Mediterranean
293
Seeing the Attic Vase: Mediterranean Shapes from 635 to 300 B.C. – The Beazley Data
Filippo Giudice, Rossano Scicolone, Sebastiano Luca Tata
293
The Walled Towns of Thesprotia: from the Hellenistic Foundation to the Roman Destruction
Marco Moderato
313
Ionian Sanctuaries and the Mediterranean World in the 7th Century B.C.
Kenan Eren
321
ii
Stoa–bouleuterion? Some Observations on the Agora of Mantinea
Oriana Silia Cannistraci
Archaeology The East
329
335
Two Fragmentary Sarcophagi from Aphrodisias in Caria: Imported Sculptors in the City of Sculpture?
Esen Ogus
335
Hellenistic and Roman Pottery of Zengibar Kalesi (Isaura Nova?): from the South Necropolis Survey
Zafer Korkmaz, Osman Doğanay
349
Some Archaeological Material from Seydişehir
Asuman Baldiran
361
Archaeological Survey in Aksaray (Cappadocia): a Preliminary Report
Mehmet Tekocak
379
Ancient Monuments between Research and Development: the Theatre of Kyme (Turkey)
Stefania Mancuso
391
The Agora Basilica, Smyrna
Burak Yolaçan
399
Archaeological Excavations at Istanbul’s Lake Kucukcekmece–2010
Hakan Oniz, Sengul Aydingun, Emre Guldogan
407
Excavations in Ancient Smyrna
Akin Ersoy, Gülten Çelik
411
The Cult of Zeus in Lykaonia
Asuman Baldiran
417
‘Hierapolis of Phrygia’: a Roman imperial pottery deposit (US 274) found in the Northern Necropoli (Atlante di
Hierapolis, foglio 18)
Dario Sergio Corritore
421
Kyme of Aeolis. Excavations in the Necropolis (2007-2008): Preliminary Data
Fabrizio Sudano
431
A Grave Dated to the Late- and Sub-Geometric Period at Mengefe
Makbule Ekici
435
Archaeology The West and Africa
439
Beyond Aleria. Local Processes and Tyrrhenian Connections in the Early Corsican Iron Age (8Th–5Th Centuries Bc)
Marine Lechenault
Genesis and Development of the First Complex Societies in the Northeastern Iberian Peninsula During the
First Iron Age (7th-6th Centuries BC). The Sant Jaume Complex (Alcanar, Catalonia)
David Garcia i Rubert, Isabel Moreno Martínez, Francisco Gracia Alonso, Laia Font Valentín, Marta Mateu
Sagué
439
445
Phoenicians in the Azores, Myth or Reality?
Nuno Ribeiro, Anabela Joaquinito, Sérgio Pereira
453
The Roman uilla of Sa Mesquida: A rural settlement on the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain)
Catalina Mas Florit, Bartomeu Vallori Márquez, Patricia Murrieta Flore, María José Rivas Antequera,
Miguel Ángel Cau Ontivero
461
Lamps From the Anonymous Temple of the Main Decumanus at Leptis Magna
Veronica Riso
467
New Data on the Roman Wall Paintings of Leptis Magna. A Preliminary Report
Giuseppe Cinquemani
475
The Coin Hoard from Misurata: the Container
Francesca Trapani
483
Archaeology Sicily and Italy
495
Francavilla Marittima: a Contextual Analysis of Male Burials in the Necropolis of Macchiabate (9Th-6Th Century BC)
Claudia Speciale
495
The Fortified Settlement at Mura Pregne: an Indigenous Site Close to the Greek chora of Himera
Calogero Maria Bongiorno
507
Licodia Eubea-Style: Some Remark
Marco Camera
511
iii
Recent Discoveries at the Sanctuary of the Divine Palikoi
Laura Maniscalco, Brian E. McConnell
517
Rock Architecture and Some Colonial and Indigenous Centres: the Case of Leontinoi and Montagna Di Ramacca (Ct)
Maria Nicotra, Giuseppina Gisella Lidia Verde
523
The Necropoleis of Gela: Updated Researches and Topographical Observation
Marina Congiu
529
A Sanctuary of Apollo (Re)discovered in Sicily? Archaeological Evidence, Topography and Historical Source
Francesca Buscemi
535
Elite and Society in a Settlement in the Sicilian Hinterland: a New Interpretation of Some Funerary
Assemblages from the Monte Castellazzo Necropolis Near Marianopoli
Rosalba Panvini
A Female Clay Bust from the ‘Artemis Well’ in Syracuse
Mario Cottonaro
543
557
Material Culture as an Indicator of Adoption and Resistance in the Cross-Craft and Cultural Interactions Among
Greek and Indigenous Communities in Southern Italy: Loom Weights and Cooking Ware in Pre-Roman Lucania
Alessandro Quercia, Lin Foxhall
Archaeological Analysis of Roman Naval Warfare in Iberia During the Second Punic War
Eduard Ble Gimeno
Sailing Towards the West: Trade and Traders on the Routes Between the Iberian Peninsula and Campania
Between the 2nd Century BC and the 1st Century AD
Michele Stefanile
563
575
585
Roman Period Theatres in Sicily: a Structuralist Approach
Zeynep Aktüre
593
A Fish-Processing Plant in Milazzo (ME) During the 1st Imperial Age
Annunziata Ollà
603
Some Observations On The Road Network Through The Peloritani Region, North-Eastern Sicily
Anna Lisa Palazzo
609
Volume II
Part III – History and Archaeology of the Classical World II
615
Iconography and Artistic Production
617
The ‘Mosaic of the Sages’ from Lyrbe / Seleukeia
Nazlı Yildirim
617
Some Remarks on the Iconography of Hermes Kriophoros in Magna Graecia and Sicily in the 5th Century BC
Ambra Pace
627
The Origins of the lorica segmentata
Marco Conti
633
Handmade Terracotta Figurines: Subjects Of Daily Life Vanessa Chillemi
639
Hellenistic Plastic Vases in Sicily: Some Reflection
Alessandra Granata
651
Between Myth and History: Mediterranean Funerary Monuments in the 4th Century BC
Alessandro Poggio
657
Archaeology of Gesture and Relics: Early Signs of the Sacred In Veii
Laura Maria Russo
661
History
677
The Dionysus Cult in Antioch
İnanç Yamaç
677
Economy and Institutions in Ancient Greek Proverbs. A Contribution on Trade and Taxation
Carmela Raccuia
685
Attic Weights and the Economy of Athen
Mario Trabucco
691
iv
Sitodosia, euerghesia and emporia: Some Examples from Sicily
Elena Santagati
695
Greeks and Sikels in the Hyblaean Area: an Historical Interpretation of the Epigraphic Evidence in the
Chalcidian Hinterland
Nella Sudano
699
Reconstructing Aspects of pre-Roman History, Political Organization, Religion and Trading Contacts of Greek
Colonies of ‘Thracia Pontica’: the Case of Histria and Kallati
Maria Girtzi
709
The Role of Professional Associations in the Romanization Process of the Western Provinces. A Study Proposal
Ilenia Gradante
717
The Eastern Mediterranean in the Greek Anthroponymy of Roman Hispania: the Case of Aegyptu
Pedro Marques
723
In the Land West of the Euphrates: the Parthians in the Roman Empire
Leonardo Gregoratti
731
The Ecclesia Dei in Early Christian Inscriptions: Bishops, Presbyters and Deacons in Sicily
Giuseppe Falzone
737
The Two Agorai of the Piraeus: Literary, Epigraphic and Archaeological Source
Valentina Consoli
749
From Earthquake to Archaeological Rediscovery: Two Unpublished Epigraphs from the Aquila Province
Carla Ciccozzi, Alessandra Granata, Walter Grossi
757
Numismatic
763
Water Fauna and Sicilian Coins from the Greek Period
Mariangela Puglisi
763
Coinage and Indigenous Populations in Central Sicily
Lavinia Sole
779
Greek and Hellenistic Coins in the Central Adriatic Apennines Between the 5th and 2nd Centuries BC
Maria Cristina Mancini
789
Coins in Messapia: Research and New Perspective
Valeria G. Camilleri, Paola d’Angela, Valeria R. Maci, Stefania Montanaro, Lorenzo Rinaudo,
Giuseppe Sarcinelli, Aldo Siciliano, Adriana Travaglini
793
The ‘Six Emperors’ Coin Hoard’ from the Bay of Camarina
Giovanni Di Stefano, Giuseppe Guzzetta, Viviana Lo Monaco, Maria Agata Vicari Sottosanti
805
Archaeology and Sciences
809
Trapeza: A Computer Approach to the Study of Domestic Pottery in Greek Sicily
Alessandra Cilio
809
Punic Amphorae from Entella (Sicily): Archaeometric Characterisation of This Possible Consumption Centre
Giuseppe Montana, Anna Maria Polito, Mariella Quartararo
815
Physical And Chemical Causes of Deterioration in Excavated Gla
Ceren Baykan
825
Some Archaeological and Archeometric Observations on Two Amphorae from the Venice Lagoon
Iwona Modrzewska, Giancarlo Taroni, Franco Pianetti
837
Part IV – Byzantine and Medieval Archaeology and History, Museography, Historiography
847
Byzantine and Medieval Anatolia
849
Byzantine Bronze Coins Found in Anatolia and Their Circulation
Zeliha Demirel Gökalp
849
An Early Byzantine Graveyard Area in Ankara
Ayse Fatma Erol
857
Stoneworks with Animal Motifs Along the Mediterranean Coast of Anatolia During the Byzantine Period
Ferda Önengüt, Pinar Serdar
865
The Usage of the Golden Ratio in East Mediterranean Early Byzantine Churche
Sener Yildirim
871
The Contribution of Women in the Construction and Decoration of Churches in the Holy Land
Lihi Habas
881
v
The Beçin–Yelli Madrasah
Kadir Pektaş
895
Taş (Stone) Madrasah – The Akşehir Archaeological Museum
Melda Arca Yalçın
901
Some Medieval Glazed Wares Uncovered from the Archaeological Excavations at Alanya Castle, Southern Turkey
Sema Bilici
911
The 18th-Century Saliha Sultan Tomb
Bilge Karaöz
915
Mediterranean Ships in the Russian Medieval Written and Graphic Tradition
Petr Sorokin
919
Some Seljukid Tiles Uncovered from the Archaeologıcal Excavatıons at Alâıyye Castle, Southern Turkey
Leyla Yılmaz
925
Italy, Sicily and the Mediterranean
929
Urban Topography in the Adriatic Italic Area: the Cult of S. Lorenzo in the Middle Age
Carmen Soria
929
Late Medieval Pilgrim Ampullae from Southern Apulia. An Indicator of Long-Distance Pilgrimage or Local Shrines?
Marco Leo Imperiale
937
Typological Analysis of a Cooking Ware Vessel for the Dating of Medieval and Post-Medieval Archaeological
Contexts in Salento
Patricia Caprino
941
The Serapieion and the Church of St. Pancratius in Taormina. The Building from Antiquity to the Middle Age
Leonardo Fuduli
945
Importation and Trade of African Pottery in the Ancient Ecclesia Carinensis During the Late Roman Age
Emma Vitale
959
Production and Circulation of Palermitan Amphorae in the Medieval Mediterranean
Fabiola Ardizzone
963
Agrigento between Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Dynamics of Transformation in the Area of the Early
Christian Cemetery from the 3rd to the 11th Centuries A.D.
Giuseppina Cipriano
975
Vandals in the Mediterranean: a Problematical Presence
Vincenzo Aiello
987
Vandals in the Mediterranean: Sicily and its Role
Elena Caliri
991
Vandals in the Mediterranean: the Monetary System
Daniele Castrizio
997
The Settlement in the District of Grammena-Valcorrente Near Belpasso (Ct) between Late Antiquity and the
Early Middle Ages
Elisa Bonacini, Maria Turco, Lucia Arcifa
1001
Qui eadem aqua utuntur. A Late Antique and Early Byzantine Village in Rural Calamonaci (Agrigento, Sicily)
Maria Concetta Parello, Annalisa Amico
1011
The Dump of Burgio: the Kiln Wastes of the First Pottery Workshops (16th-17th Centuries A.D.) in the Garella District
Maria Concetta Parello
1019
Interdisciplinary Study of a Rupestrian Site Differently Utilized from 5Th-6th to 14th Centuries (South-East Sicily)
Noemi Billeci, Lorella Pellegrino, Giacomo Caruso, Francesco Paolo Mancuso, Franco Palla
1025
Marble Production and Marble Trade Along the Mediterranean Coast in the Early Byzantine Period
(5th-6th centuries AD): the Data from Quarries, Shipwrecks and Monument
Elena Flavia Castagnino Berlinghieri, Andrea Paribeni
Medieval Byzantine Shipwrecks in the Eastern Adriatic
Vesna Zmaić
1033
1043
Museums, Historiography, Enhancement
1051
The Archaeological Museum of Thassos: the New Permanent Exhibition
Dimitria Malamidou, Zisis Bonias, Konstantinos Galanaki
1051
Ancient Sardinia on the Move
Barbara Costa
1063
vi
From the Universal Museum to the Public Museum: the Role of Archaeological Finds in Palermo Between the
18th and 19th Century
Rosanna Equizzi
1075
The Legend of Mount Nemrud: Commagene Kingdom 3D Reconstruction of the Archaeological Remains of the
Holy Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud
Ahmet Denker, Hakan Oni ̇z
1081
Some Examples of Traditional Housing from the Village of Eskikizilelma and the Aktopraklik Höyük Excavations, Bursa
Abdullah Deveci
vii
1089
Anatolia
Early Bronze Age (ca. 3000-2000 BC) Mining Activities
in Central Anatolia, Turkey
Derya Yılmaz
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Department of Archaeology, Çanakkale-Turkey
(Figs. 10-11), weaving tools, and ingots.8 Besides these, there
are some metal pieces of unknown function. Religious artifacts
consist of idols, figurines, and cult items.9 Musical instruments,
i.e. metal sistra and castanets, suggest that music was extremely
important in religious ceremonies.10 Weapon types and tools
include flat axes, crescentic axeheads, shaft-hole axes, halberds,
spearheads, daggers, long daggers, swords, maceheads, razors/
knives, chisels, perforators, tweezers, sewing needles, hooks,
fishing hooks, harpoons, and spindles.11 The local weapons
were used together with Mesopotamian, Syrian and Palestinian
weapon types. Ornaments are varied and the most characteristic
types are hammer-headed pins, double spiral-headed pins, rollheaded pins double ball-headed pins, bird-headed pins, pyramidheaded pins, global-headed toggle pins, flange-headed pin,
vase-headed pins, shell-lunate earrings, ring-shaped earrings,
basket-shaped earrings, crescent-shaped earrings, bracelets,
finger rings, anklets, dress and belt ornaments, global, ovaid,
cone, disc-shaped necklace beads, long thin beads with end
nodose, earplugs, combs, buckles and hair ornaments, torques,
diadems, quadruple spiral beads and plates12. The most common
form of metal vessels are ring based beakers, basket handled
spouted teapots, omphalos pans, omphalos bowls, pan/mirror,
ladle, footed goblets, Syrian bottles, cups, vases and beak-spouted
pitchers.13 There are small numbers of furniture fragments of cast
sheet metal.14
Introduction
In this study, Early Bronze Age mining activities in central
Anatolia are pres212121ented based on data concerning main
types of metal works, find places, mineral deposits and local
workshops. Types of artifacts, quantity and diversity of minerals,
point out that central Anatolian people had an advanced mining
technology during the Early Bronze Age.
Discussion
There are rich mineral deposits which were used by prehistoric
miners in northern central Anatolia.1 Metal artifacts dating to
EBA I are very few. In central Anatolia there are some metal
finds of native copper, dated to the beginning of the EBA I.2
However, the presence of tin bronze examples are noteworthy in
terms of metal processing. Most of the first type of metal artifact
began to appear in EBA II and metal production increased in the
region over the period. In the whole region, metal artifacts are
large in number by EBA III. Crucibles and moulds, discovered in
the region, prove the existence of local workshops.3 From south
to north findspots of metals are gradually increasing in number
(Fig. 1). This is probably linked to the spread of mineral deposits
and the gradual presence of workshops towards the north. It is
considered that the presence of regional metal schools began to
emerge at the beginning of the EBA II in the region.4
Conclusion
According to the results of the analysis it can be assumed
that natural arsenical copper was used in the whole region. In
addition, tin-bronze was used in the northern part of the region
at the beginning of EBA.5 The varieties of metals in EBA II and
III illustrate the development of regional mining.6 Most of the
metal finds discussed in this study are either from hoards or from
graves. The majority of metal works were produced for the royal
families. The distribution of varied metal objects made of gold,
silver, lead, unalloyed copper, arsenical-copper, tin-bronze, and
meteoric iron demonstrate that in central Anatolia craftmen were
expert in metal working.7 It is known that varied techniques such
as forging, casting, soldering, inlaying, riveting, and plating were
used by miners.
Advanced metal technology was introduced into central Anatolia
towards the end of EBA III. In the area between Anatolia and
Mesopotamia most of the finds were spread as a result of cultural
relations. The metal types indicate some similarities of western
Anatolian and Mesopotamian origin. However, central Anatolian
miners also created regional original works. Mining played an
important role in the Early Bronze Age economy of the region
judging by the number of artifacts. In particular, many metal
8
Esin 1969: 43.
Özgüç and Akok 1958: 17-19; Arık 1937: CXC-CCV; Bilgi 2004:
52-55.
10
Koşay 1951: pl. CXXVI; Özgüç and Akok 1958: pl. VII, 3 5; pl. XII.
11
Przeworski 1939: 50; Stronach 1957: 93, 95, 107, 110, 113, 118, 121,
122; Bilgi 1984: figs. 8 15; Anlağan and Bilgi 1989: 17, 18, 33, 34, 46,
48, 49, 75, 76, 77, 83, 98; Özgüç and Akok 1958: 16-17; Koşay 1951:pl.
CXCVII.1; Arık 1937: CCLXXV; Esin 1969: 43; Bilgi 2001: 93; Bilgi
2004: 48-51; Yıldırım 2006: figs. 14 15.
12
Arık 1937: CLXVII, CLXXVII, CLXXXI, CCXLI, CCXLVII,
CCXLIX, CCLI; von der Osten 1937: 193 198; Bilgi 1984: figs. 1618; Özgüç and Temizer 1993: 614; Özgüç 1986: 42 43; Esin 1998: 112;
Muscarella 2003: 280 281; Maxwell-Hyslop 1971: 42 47; Yıldırım 2006:
fig. 17.
13
Özgüç and Akok 1958: 8-13; Arık 1937: CLXIX, CLXXI, CCXXXI,
Al. 1083, CCXXXV; Koşay 1951: Pl. CXXXI-CXXXIII; CLXXV
CLXXIX; Özgüç and Temizer 1993: 618, 620; Esin 1969: 90-91;
Yıldırım 2006: fig. 13.
14
Özgüç and Akok 1958: 8 9, 20 21; Esin 1960: 91.
9
The main metal groups include cult objects (Figs. 2-9), weapons
and tools (Figs. 12-18), vessels (Figs. 30-39), ornaments (Figs.
19-29), seals, furniture fragments (Fig. 40), musical instruments
1
Jesus 1980: maps 13-15; Müller-Karpe 1994: Abb. 1; Wagner and
Öztunalı 2000: 50-52.
2
Jesus 1980: 127; Yakar 1984: 65.
3
Alkım et al. 2003: 25, pl. XVI,13; Müller-Karpe 1994: 43, taf. 11. 8,
33. 1, 37. 4.
4
Yakar 1984: 77 78.
5
Jesus 1980: 127; Yakar 1984, 65; Belli 2004: 15.
6
Yakar 1985: 29-34.
7
Yalçın 2008: 15 25; Yılmaz 2010:142 146.
21
SOMA 2011
Mediteranean to the Indus, Yale University Press New Haven,
277 88.
Müller-Karpe, A. (1994). Altanatolisches Metallhandwerk,
Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster.
von der Osten, H.H. (1937) The Alishar Hüyük Seasons of 193032 Researches in Anatolia, Part I, OIP 28, University of
Chicago press, Chicago.
Özgüç, T. (1986) New Observations on the Relationship of
Kültepe with Southeast Anatolia and North Syria during
the Third Millennium B.C. IN: J. V. Canby, E. Porada, B. S.
Ridgway, T. Stech eds., Ancient Anatolia Aspects of Change
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works demonstrate the presence of local workshops in northern
central Anatolia. Recent studies in mineral deposits have yielded
important results about prehistoric mining such as Göltepe,
Kestel, and Derekütüğün.15 In addition, production places of
metal finds should be linked to studies on regional source
analyses. In recent years analysis of some metal works indicate
the existence of new alloys that are uknown to us and this will
mean reassessing our knowledge of central Anatolian mining in
the light of new archaeometric methods.16
Acknowledgment
This study was prepared with the support of project (2010/178
COMU-BAP) funded by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University.
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22
Derya Yılmaz: Early Bronze age (ca. 3000-2000 BC) Mining Activities
Fig.1: Anatolia map showing EBA findspots of metal objects
23
SOMA 2011
24
Derya Yılmaz: Early Bronze age (ca. 3000-2000 BC) Mining Activities
25