İSTİHDAMIN ARTIRILMASINDA AKTİF İȘGÜCÜ POLİTİKALARININ

İSTİHDAMIN ARTIRILMASINDA AKTİF İȘGÜCÜ POLİTİKALARININ

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İSTİHDAMIN ARTIRILMASINDA
AKTİF İȘGÜCÜ POLİTİKALARININ
ROLÜ
(Uzmanlık Tezi)
Sinem ÇAPAR DİRİÖZ
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ÖZET
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iv
ABSTRACT
Planning Expertise Thesis
THE ROLE OF ACTIVE LABOUR MARKET POLICIES IN
INCREASING EMPLOYMENT
Sinem ÇAPAR
The problems with regard to unemployment and employment did not occupy a
significant place in world before 1970s. However, as a result of changes experienced after this
date, the unemployment and employment issues have gained gradually more importance. This
situation has increased the efforts of developing tools for combatting unemployment which
causes multiple economic, social and personal negativities, especially during 1990s. Within this
scope, as a solution Active Labour Market Policies (ALMP) has gained importance. ALMP can
be defined generally as matching labour demand and supply. The general aim of these policies is
to decrease unemployment and to increase employment oppurtunities and income. ALMP, which
has been used since 1960s in OECD countries, were given important roles in combatting
unemployment and increasing employment.
Since significant expenditures has been made for ALMP in OECD countries, the issue of
whether these policies display the expected impacts on unemployment and employment or not
has come up. In this context, the impact evaluation of ALMP has become important.
In this study on the effect of ALMP’s on the increasing employment, it has been aimed
to set the role of these policies on increasing the employment, which has been used as an
important tool in combating unemployment and content by taking ALMP’s impact evaluations
and make suggestions for Turkey.
In this study, literature review has been conducted while examining ALMP’s and their
effects, and it is benefited from national and international studies, that reveal the effect of
ALMP’s, has been used. Besides, an impact evaluation has been made in this scope of this study
aiming for evaluating the effect of four smal sized ALMP’s on the employment. The study done
through quasi-experimental technique, has been modelized by logistic regression method.
It was declared that ALMP’s had theoretically crucial effects on decreasing
unemployment and increasing employment in a macroeconomic level and although the limited
surveys conducted about impact evaluation also supported that result, these effects are not too
strong and there exists researches exhibiting the opposite results. Moreover, serious
methodological problems and not being decomposed in which proportions of the changes
resulted from the effect of ALMP’s in unemployment and employment make difficult to reach a
clear conclusion about the A,P’s macroeconomical effects. The macroeconomical impact
evaluation examining ALMP’s microeconomical effects on individuals exhibits the effects of
ALMP’s are changing depending on various variables. On the other hand, it has been concluded
the ALMP’s which are ectresponsing to the needs of the labour market, making appropriate
targeting, well-designed, taking the needs of the partcipants into consideration and having certain
goals are so effective and beneficial.
Today, decreasing unemployment and increasing employment have become such a
complex issue that it could not be possible to achieve it by ALMP or other policy tools alone.
This issue has to be evaluated within the framework of a policy set in which economic and social
policies are handled together. ALMP must be considered as a sub-component of this policy set
and an equipment that contributes to solution. In order to maximize this contribution, it is very
significant to introduce the required measures. Therefore, the integrated application of these
ALMP’s, requires to make more ALMP impact evaluations and to design ALMPs’ by way of
minimizing deadweight losses, substitution and displacement effects and tightly targeting. It is
significant to improve ALMPs’ and increase resources, to develop the capacity of ALMP
providers, to draw the attention of private sector and NGOs’ to ALMP.
Key Words
Active Labour Market Policies, Passive Labour Market Policies, Evaluation Techniques, ,mpact
Evaluation.
v
ÇNDEKLER
Sayfa No
TE9EKKÜR
............................................................................................................ iii
ÖZET
............................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT
............................................................................................................. v
,Ç,NDEK,LER ........................................................................................................... vi
TABLOLAR ............................................................................................................. x
9EK,LLER
............................................................................................................ xi
KUTULAR
........................................................................................................... xii
KISALTMALAR ...................................................................................................... xiii
G,R,9
............................................................................................................. 1
1. ,9S,ZL,K, ,ST,HDAM VE ,9GÜCÜ POL,T,KALARI ......................................... 6
1.1. Genel Olarak ,sizlik ve ,stihdam ..................................................................... 6
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viii
KAYNAKLAR ........................................................................................................ 208
EKLER
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ix
TABLOLAR
Sayfa No
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EKLLER
Sayfa No
9ekil 1.1.
Philips Erisi…………………………………………………………6
9ekil 2.1.
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9ekil 2.2.
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9ekil 2.3.
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9ekil 2.4.
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9ekil 3.5.
A,P’nin Ücretler ve Düzenli ,stihdam Üzerindeki Çeitli Etkileri….33
9ekil 3.1. Aktif , 8
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4
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5
1. SZLK, STHDAM VE GÜCÜ POLTKALARI
1.1. Genel Olarak sizlik ve stihdam
Dünya@“@ G7 *—C=;J7”@;@ 9—@67?67=; 7@ Q@7?’; –ACF@’3C63@ 4;C;–;@;
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6
I. Dünya Sava“ G7 –A@C3–“@63 J3anan 1929 =A@A?;= F:C3@“ =’3–;=
•7AC;@;@ –AC9F’3@?3–“@3 @767@ A’?F•FC F P7CP7G767˜ ”63 "7J@7–”;@ 7@7’
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–3’3@?3–“@“@ 3@53= :—=—?7• BA’;•;=3’3C“ ;’7 ?—?=—@ A’34;’757;@; ;’7C;
–—C?7=•76;C"7J@7––7@6;=3˜•AB’FB3K3C’“=˜P7=;@57—5C7•;9;4;7•=7@’7C;67;9—5—
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ekil 1.1: Philips Erisi
Enflasyon
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Philips Erisi
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2
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5
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10
süreçte iletmeler “daha az igücü ile daha çok üretim”i gerçekletirmeye
P3’“?3=•36“C6
Amerika Birle;=7G’7•’7C;”@67
J“’“@63B3•’3=G7C7@#7:?3@"C;K;G7
bu krizin ba•3 /F@3@;–•3@ A’?3= QK7’’;=’7 GCFB3 ;C’;; —’=7’7C;@7 –“PC3?3–“
–A@C3–“@63 ;sizlik radikal bir biçimde yükselmi•;C )QK =A@F–F =C;K;@ 7•=;’7C;@;@
hala devam ettii ve Yunanistan, Portekiz, –B3@J3G7talya gibi ülkelerdeki henüz
çözümlenememi 5;66; 7=A@A?;= –ACF@’3C 9QKQ@—@7 3’“@6““@63 #7:?3@ "C;K; ;’7
tarihi •“C?3@“a geçen isizliin önümüzdeki dönemde daha da yükselebileceini
9Q–•7C?7=•76;C
–;K’;= •—? 4F 47’;C•;’7@ –747B’7C’7 J—=–7’?;tir ve uzun bir süre daha
6—@J3@“@7@Q@7?’;9—@67??3667’7C;@67@4;C;A’3C3=J7C;@;=ACFJ353=•“Csizliin
ekonomi, •AB’F? G7 4;C7J —K7C;@67 4;C PA= A’F?–FK 7•=;’7C; G3C6“C sizlik, igücü
7=A@A?;= 3P“63@ 4;C —C7•;? 83=•QC— A’3C3= 6—ünüldü—@67 BA•3@–;J7’ —C7•;?
9—5—@—@3•“’=3’?3–“G7=“•=3J@3=’3C63@J3C3C’3@“’3?3?3–“67G’7•3P“–“@63@–A–J3’
:3C53?3’3C“@ J—=–7’?7–; •AB’F?–3’ 3P“63@ 43=“’6““@63 ;667•;@ 3C•?3–“˜ –A–J3’
:FKFC–FK’F= 9;4; –ACF@’3C 4;C7J G7 3;’7–; 3P“–“@63@ ;–7 97’;C =3J4“˜ B–;=A’A<;=
BCA4’7?’7C˜ 9—G7@–;K’;= 3@’3?“@3 97’?7=•76;C F 6FCF? ;sizlikle mücadele
edilmesi gereini net bir biçimde ortaya =AJ?3=•36“C
)—C6—C—’74;’;C ?3=CA7=A@A?;= ;–•;=C3C BA’;•;=3’3C“˜ ;9—5— B;J3–3–“@63
7–@7=’;=˜ –A–J3’ 9—G7@’;= C78AC?’3C“˜ 7itim sistemlerinin modernletirilmesi,
giriimciliin gelitirilmesi ve AP giderek yükselen isizlik sorununa çözüm olarak
getiC;’7@BA’;•;=3’3CA’?F•FC
)—C6—C—’74;’;C ?3=CA7=A@A?;= BA’;•;=3’3C“@ •7–;–; ;’7 )/”@“@ ;–•;=C3C’“
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deiimlere i9—5— B;J3–3–“@“@ :“K’“ 4;C 4;P;?67 FJF?F@F@ –3’3@?3–“ G7 @;•7’;=
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esnekletirilmesi di7C 4;C Q@7?’; PQK—? JA’F A’3C3= AC•3J3 P“=?“•“C gücü
6
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11
p;J3–3–“@“@?3’G7:;K?7•B;J3–3’3C“@6397CP7=’77@67i;?’7C73J3=FJ6FC3?3?3–“
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12
Tablo 1.1: OECD Ülkelerinde –;K’;=&C3@’3C“D Ya)
(Yüzde )
Avusturya
Belçika
Kanada
ili
Çek Cumhuriyeti
Danimarka
Estonya
Finlandiya
Fransa
Almanya
Yunanistan
Macaristan
zlanda
rlanda
srail
talya
Japonya
Kore
Lüksemburg
Meksika
Hollanda
Yeni Zellanda
Norveç
Polonya
Portekiz
Slovakya
Slovenya
spanya
sveç
sviçre
Türkiye
ngiltere
ABD
OECD Ortalama
1990
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
3,2
8,9
8,1
..
0,8
8,4
0,7
3,2
8,0
4,8
7,0
..
1,8
13,0
..
˜
2,1
2,4
1,1
2,7
7,7
8,0
˜
˜
4,6
..
..
16,3
1,8
˜
8,0
6,9
˜
3,6
7,0
6,8
9,2
8,9
4,6
13,6
9,8
˜
7,8
11,2
˜
2,3
˜
8,8
10,7
4,7
4,4
1,9
2,6
2,7
6,2
˜
16,1
4,0
18,8
6,9
13,9
˜
˜
˜
˜
4,0
˜
8,4
6,8
8,0
8,0
˜
8,0
8,4
8,8
11,2
9,6
7,3
2,6
4,7
9,0
7,8
4,4
3,7
3,1
˜
4,7
3,8
4,6
17,7
7,7
16,2
˜
9,2
7,8
4,2
10,6
4,7
˜
4,8
8,2
6,3
7,7
7,2
4,1
˜
7,7
8,7
10,3
8,8
˜
2,9
4,6
8,4
6,9
4,1
˜
3,1
3,2
3,9
3,8
˜
13,8
7,7
13,3
˜
˜
7,1
3,8
10,2
˜
4,6
4,4
˜
6,0
7,1
˜
4,0
4,7
6,9
7,9
8,7
8,1
7,4
2,3
4,7
7,3
6,2
3,9
3,2
3,0
3,4
3,2
3,7
˜
9,6
8,0
11,0
4,8
8,3
6,2
3,4
10,3
˜
4,6
3,8
7,0
6,1
7,8
4,4
3,4
˜
6,4
7,4
7,6
7,2
7,9
3,0
˜
6,1
6,8
4,0
3,2
3,1
˜
2,8
4,2
2,6
7,1
7,6
9,6
4,4
11,4
6,2
3,2
11,0
˜
˜
4,8
7,9
8,3
9,7
6,7
6,1
13,8
8,3
9,2
7,8
8,9
10,1
7,2
12,0
˜
7,9
˜
3,6
4,0
˜
3,4
6,2
3,2
8,2
˜
12,1
˜
18,1
8,3
4,1
14,0
7,7
9,3
4,4
8,3
8,0
8,1
7,3
7,6
17,0
8,4
..
7,1
11,8
11,2
7,6
13,7
6,6
˜
˜
3,7
..
˜
˜
˜
3,6
9,6
10,8
14,4
7,3
20,1
8,4
..
11,9
7,8
9,6
..
6,1
6,6
6,1
˜
˜
8,2
..
Kaynak: OECD Annual Labour Force Statistics.
http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=LMPEXP.
rekor bir seviyeye ula?“•“C J“’“@63 7@ Jüksek i–;K’;= AC3@“@3 –3:;B A’3@
spanya’da da benzer bir eilim görülmütür. Kriz öncesinde isizli; J3C“ J3C“J3
3K3’•?3J“433C3@;–B3@J3=C;K–A@C3–“@637@J—=–7=;–;K’;=AC3@“;’7C7=AC=“C?“•“C
Krizden en çok etkilenen ülke ise Estonya olmutur. –•A@J3”63
J“’“@63J—K67
4,7 olan i–;K’;= AC3@“ J“’“@63 J—K67 –7G;J7–;@7 63J3@?“•“C ’?3@J3 G7
13
–C3;’ ;–7 J“’“@63 J—K67 ˜ A’3@ ;–;K’;= AC3@“@“ J“’“@63 ˜”7 97C;’7•7C=
Q@7?’;4;C433C“–7C9;’7?;•;C
7P?; 67@7J;?’7C;@ G7 J7@; 97’;?7’7C;@ “““@63 ;–;K’;= G7 ;–•;:63?3
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1.2. Türkiye’de sizlik ve stihdam
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üzerindedir.
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politikalar gelitirilmitir. Bu politikalar genel anlamda P'G7P olarak iki ba’“=
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A’34;’757; 7’7•;C;–;@7 57G3B A’3C3= 9Q–•7C;’?7=•76;C15 @53= ' G7 '' 4;C4;C;@7
3’•7C@3•;8 A’3C3= 6——@—’?7?7’; G7 :7C ;=;–; 4;C 3C363 7’7 3’“@3C3= ;–;K’;;@
3K3’•“’?3–“@3 G7 ;–•;:63?“@ 3C•“C“’?3–“@3 =3•=“63 4F’F@?3’3C“@“ –3’3J353= 4;P;?67
FJ9F’3@?3’“6“C’3C
)A@ J“’’3C63 '”J7 G7C;’7@ Q@7?;@ 3C•?3–“ 4F BA’;•;=3’3C3 A’3@ ;’9;J; 67
3C•“C?“•“CF=3B–3?63'•3=;B767@4Q’—?’7C6767•3J’“A’3C3=;@57’7@757=•;C
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15
˜
#&˜
19
2. AKTF GÜCÜ POLTKALARI
2.1. Aktif 2#$##%!&",!,/-!8;',8!,8,<-!-<!-
2.1.1. Aktif 2#$##%!&",!,/-!imi
AP’nin temeli i ve iP; 4F’?3J3 3C35“’“= 3@’3?“@63 PA= 63:3 Q@57’7C7
63J3@?3=’3 4;C’;=•7˜ 3–“’ A’3C3= ”’7C67 –G7P”•7 AC•3J3 P“=•““ –QJ’7@74;’;C F
—’=767;9—5—3CK“;’7•3’74;@;•7G;=7•?7=G74F;=;–;3C3–“@63=;7le?7J;–3’3?3=
3?35“J’3 ; ve iP; 4F’?3 3C35“’“= :;K?7•’7C;˜ ;–•;:63? –—4G3@–;JA@’3C“ G7 ;gücü
eitimi gibi BCA9C3?’3CJ—C—•—’?—•—C
A'”67=; œ3=•;8 •7C;?; –G7P”•7 ”’7C67˜ —5C7• =“–“•’3?3’3C“ •7?7’;@67
A’F•FCF’3@ BA’;•;=3’3C3 =3C“• A’3C3= —C7•;’7@ BA’;•;=3’3C63@ 3’“@?“•“C ”’7C67@
Q@5767;9—5—B;J3–3–“=3B–3?“@634;CPA=?7–’7=;7itim ve i yar3•?3BCA9C3?“
yürütülmü A’–3 63 4F BA’;•;=3’3C 3=•;8 ;9—5— B;J3–3–“ BA’;•;=3’3C“ A’3C3=
;–;?’7@6;C;’?7?;’7C6;C'”67;=;–7@6;=37=A@A?;–•;˜Q–•3(7:@G7(F6A’8
$7;6@7C •3C38“@63@ •3? ;–•;:63? 3?35“@“ 97CP7=’7•;C;C=7@ 7@8’3–JA@F =A@•CA’
3’•“@63 •F•3@ –A–J3’ 67?A=C3• 4;C –•C3•7<; A’3C3= •3@“?’3@?“•“C &@’3C3 9QC7 P
6——= 7@8’3–JA@ G7 •3? ;–•;:63?“ 4;C 3C363 –3’3?3= ;P;@ •3–3C’3@3@ 4;C BA’;•;=3
=3C?3–“@63=; 97C7=’; 4;C 4;’77@6;C F ;=; 7=A@A?;–•˜ 3@•; 7@8’3–JA@;–• •3’7B
JQ@7•;?;BA’;•;=3–“@“@6——=G7C;?’;’;=’;–7=•QC’7C67;–;K’;7JA’3P353“@63@7@6;e
etmi’7CG74F@63@=3P“@?3=;P;@;9—5—B;J3–3–“@63J7@;67@7;•;?;G7:3C7=7•’;’;i
–3’3J3@ •764;C’7C; Q@7C?;’7C6;C QJ’757 6——= G7C;?’;’;=’; –7=•QC’7C67 ;–;K’;=
•7:6;6; 3’•“@63 A’3@ P3’“3@’3C J—=–7= G7C;?’;’;=’; –7=•QC’7C7 •C3@–87C A’34;’757=•;C
—@J3 )3G3“ –A@C3–“@63 –G7P”•7=; ' 4F @767@’7 3–“’ A’3C3= ;gücü
:3C7=7•’;’;;@; 3C•“C?3J3 A63=’3@?“•“C @53= -
6Q@7?;@67 GFC9F˜
=367?7’; A’3C3= •—? ;–;K’;= •—C’7C;@;@ Q@’7@?7–;@7 JQ@7’?;•;C JC“53˜ 97@7’’;=’7
3’’7–•7C˜
;P7C’;˜
;P7C’;˜
20
durgunluk dönemlerinde isizlii dü—= •F•?3= 3?35“ 63 Q@7? =3K3@?“•“C 7@7’
3@’3?63˜3P“=;sizlii dü—=•F•?33?35“;–7
”’3C63:3=;?A’?Ftur
A'”@;@ ;gücünün düük verimlilikteki sektörlerden yüksek verimlilikli
–7=•QC’7C7 J7@;67@ •3:–;–;@; –3layabilme i’7G;˜ ”’“ J“’’3C63 ”67 67 4F
BA’;•;=3’3C“@47@;?–7@?7–;@;@•7?7’@767@;6;C
& –G7P”•7=; 4F BA’;•;=3’3C3 ;’9; 9Q–•7C?; ve üye ülkelerini bu
BA’;•;=3’3C3 QK7@6;C?7= ;P;@ 67 9—5— G7 )A–J3’ )ACF@’3C "A?;•7–;”@;
kurmu•FC21
G7
”’7C67=;7=A@A?;=J3B“63=;G74F@343’“A’3C3=;9—5—B;J3–3–“
=AF’’3C“@63=; 67i;?’7C J7@; BA’;•;=3 97C7=’;’;=’7C;@; 9—@67?7 97•;C?;•;C F
6Q@7?67 A63= J3G3 büyüme ve i–;K’;=•7=; 3C•“ e;’;?; –ACF@’3C“@3 P7GC;’?;•;C
Sürekli artan i–;K’;= AC3@’3C“˜ ;9—5— 3CK G7 •3’74; 3C3–“@63=; FJF?–FK’F=’3C3 G7
gere;@67@83K’3A’3@;–;K’;=Q67?7’7C;@763J3@6“C“’?“•“C22 yaratma gibi tedbirler
JA’FJ’3 •3’7B •3C38“@3 G7 7C=7@ 7?7=’;’;= 9;4; •764;C’7C JA’FJ’a i9—5— 3CK“@“
3K3’•?3J3GFC9F’3CJ3B“’?“G74F@’3C97P;5;A’6Fu düünülen i–;K’;=BCA4’7?;;P;@
=“–3 6Q@7?’; •764;C’7C A’3C3= AC•3J3 =A@?F•FC @53= & 7=A@A?;’7C;@;@
”’7C67=; 97@;’7?7 6Q@7?’7C;@67 63:; ;9—5— B;J3–3–“ KAC’F=’3C“J’3 –—C7=’;
biçimde kar“’3?3’3C“ J—=–7= ;sizlik ve dier i9—5— B;J3–3–“ BCA4’7?’7C;@;@
3C=3–“@63J3B“–3’KAC’F=’3C“@J7C3’6““@“3P“3P“=3C?“•“C
sizli;@ =“–3 6Q@7?’; 4;C –ACF@ A’?36““@“@ 3@’3“’?3–“ —K7C;@7 &
•3C38“@63@63:3Q@5797’;tirilen igücü piya–3–“BA’;•;=3’3C“;P;@4;CP7CP7G7P;K;’?7–;
kararla•“C“’?“•“C F@F@ —K7C;@7 & —J7 —’=7’7C; P3’“?3 43=3@’3C“ &53=
”67=;•AB’3@•“’3C“@63'=3GC3?“@363J3’“4;C7J’7?B’3@“=34F’7•?;•;C23 F
7J’7? B’3@“@63J3B“–3’–ACF@’3C“@ Q@57’;=’7;gücü p;J3–3–“@“@3CK•3C38“@63A’6Fu
ve i9—5—B;J3–3–“@“@FJF?F@F=A’3J’3•“C?3J“3?3P’3J3@AC•3G7FKF@6Q@7?’;4;C
;P7C’;˜
F=F–:;?3˜
21
;P7C’;˜
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–•7G3A˜
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stratejinin gereklilii ortaya konmutur. Bu kapsamdaki öneri, i9—5— B;J3–3–“
:3C53?3’3C“@“@;9—5—3CK“@“@:3C7=7•’;’;ini salayan, igücünün niteliini gelitiren
ve i9—5— B;J3–3–“@63 ; arama sürecini güçlendiren aktif tedbirlere doru
=3J6“C“’?3–“6“C
J“’“@63 & •3C38“@63@ :3K“C’3@3@ ’7C L3’“?3–“ D!A4– )•F6JF˜ P
BCA9C3?’3C“@“ œ;9—5— B;J3–3–“@“@ :3C7=7•’;’;;@; G7 FJF?F@F 3C•“rarak igücü
B;J3–3–“@“@ ;leyiinin geli•;C;’?7–;@;˜ P3’“3@’3C“@ J7@;67@ ;e yerletirilmesini
kolayla•“C?3J“1£23?3P’3J3@G74F@37=A’3C3=œ6—ük nitelikli i3C3J3@’3C“@G7
uzun dönemli isizlerin beklentilerini iyile•;C?7= ;P;@ FJ9F’3@3@ 3C3P’3r olarak
3P“=’3?3=•36“C ’7C L3’“?3–“@“@ Q@7C;’7C;@67@ 4;C; œ'”J7 J3B“’3@ GFC9F@F@
güçlendirilmesi ve etkinliklerinin peki•;C;’?7–;6;C24
' QK7’’;=’7 ”’3C63 & G7 97P; ülkelerinde isizlikle mücadelede
•7?7’ 4;C 3C3P A’3C3= Q@7? =3K3@?“•“C ”67 67 ' GCFB3 stihdam
)•C3•7<;–;”@;@ D)F 3C=3–“@63=; 3@3:•3C =3GC3? A’?F•FC GCFB3 "A?;–JA@F
P’yi 1997’de olu•FCF’3@ )”@;@ Q@7?’; 4;C BA’;•;=3 3C35“ :3’;@7 97•;C?;tir.
$A67C@'4;P;?’7C;Au Bloku ülkelerinde mevcut deilken, piyasa ekonomisine
geçi –—C75;@67 4F BA’;•;=3’3C 5;66; 4;P;?67 =F’’3@“’?3J3 43’3@?“•“C LAu geçi
—’=7–;@67 P ve P' ”’3C 4AJF@53 •3@“•“’?“ ve igücünün uyumunun
sa’3@?3–“;P;@J3J9“@A’3C3==F’’3@“’?“•“C
Geli?7=•7 A’3@ —’=7’7C67 ;–7 P çok nadire@ =3’=“@?3 –•C3•7<;’7C;@;@ 4;C
B3CP3–“A’?F•FCF—’=7’7C677=A@A?;=C7<;?’7C;@67G’7•A63=’“4;CJ3B“63@B;J3–3
A63=’“ 4;C J3B“J3 97P; –—C75;@67 P uygulanmaya ba’3?“•“C 3=3• P bu
ülkelerin çoundas henüz i9—5— B;J3–3–“@“@ =3’“5“ 4;C B3CP3–“ A’3?3?“•“C F
—’=7’7C67 '”’7C =C;K’7C;@ G7 J3B“–3’ 67iimlerin i9—5— B;J3–3–“ —K7C;@67=;
A’F?–FK7•=;’7C;@;3K3’•?3=3?35“J’3FJ9F’3@?3=•36“C
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2.1.2. Aktif 2#$##%!&",!,',8!,8,
Politika ve program t7C;?’7C; 83C=’“ =3GC3?’3C“ •7?–;’ 7•?7=•76;C 'A’;•;=3
•7C;?;:—=—?7•;@–B7–;8;=7=A@A?;==A@F’3C:3==“@633’?3=;–•76;i geni yönelimi
•7?–;’ 767@ 97@7’ 4;C =3GC3?6“C MC@7in hükümet P'”; =F’’3@?3=•3@–3 P’yi
=F’’3@?3J“ •7C5;: 7674;’;C G7J3 ;9—5— B;J3–3–“@“@ 7–@7=’;;@; 3C•“C?3J3 =3C3C
G7C74;’;C 'CA9C3?’3C ;–7 —5C7• –—4G3@–;JA@’3C“ G7 –“@“8 7;•;?; 9;4; 4F BA’;•;=3’3C“@
J—C—•—’?7–; ;P;@ 3’“@3@ –B7–;8;= •764;C’7C6;C25 A’3J“–“J’3 ' =“–3’•?3–“ 43K“
6FCF?’3C633=•;8;9—5—BCA9C3?’3C“@“@J7C;@767=F’’3@“’?3=•36“C
'6—@J363=;:7?7@:7C—’=7674F’F@?3=’34;C’;=•7BCA9C3?’3C“@4AJF•’3C“˜
•3–3C’3@?3–“ G7 FJ9F’3@?3–“ 43=“?“@63@ 4—J—= 83C=’“’“=’3C 3CK 7•?7=•76;C F
@767@’7˜ '”@;@ 4;C PA= 83C=’“ •3@“?“ G3C6“C MC@7;@ š’F–’3C3C3–“ L3’“?3 MC9—•—
(ILO) ' J; œ•3?˜ —C7•=7@ G7 QK9—C57 –7P;’?; ;–•;:63?“ –3’3?3J3 P3’“an
BA’;•;=33’3@’3C“@63@–367574;C;–;A’3C3=•3@“?’3?3=•36“C26 &”@;@•3@“?“@39QC7
;–7 ' J3C3C’3@“5“’3C“@“@ ; 4F’?3–“@“ =A’3J’3•“C?3J“ G7J3 =3K3@P =3B3–;•7’7C;@;
3C•“C?3J“3?3P’3J3n temel e;•;?6““@63=;:3C53?3’3C“;P7C7@BA’;•;=3’3C6“C27
7@7’ A’3C3= P; i9—5— 3CK“ G7 •3’74;@; FJF?’3•“C?3 BA’;•;=3’3C“ A’3C3=
•3@“?’3@3@G7; arayanlar ile iG7C7@’7C;6ACF63@7le•;C?7J;˜;9—5—@—@@;•7’;ini
3C•“C3@ ;9—5— 7;•;?;@; D3CK JQ@—F˜ =3?F J3C3C“@3 P3’“?3˜ ; =FC?3 G7 ;–•;:63?
–—4G3@–;JA@’3C“ =3B–3?“@63 ; J3C3•?3J“ D•3’7B JQ@—F ;P7C7@ BA’;•;=3’3C“@ •—?—@7
4;C67@G7C;’7@;–;?6;CF=3B–3?63'—P3@343’“=3’•“@637’73’“@34;’;C"3?F
;–•;:63?:;K?7•’7C;;3C3?367–•7;˜;9—5ü eitimi ve iJ3C3•?3
25
';7CC7˜
F7CG73C=˜
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&˜’3––ACJA8)•3•;–•;53’*7C?–
26
23
Kutu: 2.1. AP -8,
AP
Kamu stihdam
Hizmetleri/
Arama Destei
gücü Eitimi
Yaratma
Sübvansiyon
Kurma
TYÇP
2.1.2.1. Kamu stihdam Hizmetleri/ Arama Destei
stihdam hizmetleri, iler ile i 3C3J3@’3C“@ 7letirilmesi, bir baka deyile
3C35“’“= ;levinin yerine getirilmesidir. F :;K?7•’7C 4;C PA= 83C=’“ •;B•7=;
faaliyetlerden olu?3=•36“C
e yerletirme: çilerin niteliklerine ve beklentilerine uygun ii, iverenlerin
67 ;:•;J3P 6FJ6F=’3C“ QK7’’;=’7C7 –3:;B ;P;J; 4F’?3’3C“@“ –3’3J3@ 3C35“’“=
hizmetidir. Kamu istihdam kurF?’3C“@“@7@•7?7’9QC7G;67; yerletirmedir.
Mesleklerin gerektirdii nitelikler ve
ki;’7C;@ –3:;B A’6F=’3C“ QK7’’;=’7C;@ =3C“’3•“C“’?3–“ G7 4;C7J;@ J7•7@7= G7
;–•7=’7C;@7 9QC7 JQ@’7@6;C;’?7–;˜ 4F =3B–3?63 4;C7J;@ Jararlanabilecei
eitim ve di7CA’3@3=’3C=A@F–F@63JA’9Q–•7C;’?7–;6;C
bulmada zorluklarla kar“’3an kiiler için
younla•“C“’?“ 63@“?3@’“= 4;P;?;@; 3’3@ :;K?7•’7C6;C F@’3C63@ 7@
bilineni i bulmada en fazla zorlanan isizleC;@67@7J;?’7C;@;47’’;3C3’“=’3C’3
24
•AB’3@3C3= 4;C4;C’7C;@7 3=•3C6“=’3C“ G7 4;C 63@“?3@“@ 9QK7•;?;@67 ;
3C36“=’3C“; kulüpleridir.
9—5— B;J3–3–“ 4;’9; –;–•7?;@;@ ;J;
i’7?7–;@; –3’3J353= 4;’9;’7C; •7?;@ 7•?7= –FC7•;J’7 ;9—5— B;J3–3–“@“@
6—K7@’7@?7–;@7 =3•=“63 4F’F@?3=•“C ';J3–363=; ;’7C G7 97C7=’; @;•7’;=’7C
:3==“@63;3C3J3@’3C“4;’9;’7@6;C?7J;G797C7=’;Q@’7?’7C;3’?3J“;P7C;C
Co
9—5—•3’74;@;@A’6FF4;C4Q’97G7J3–7=•Qre
i–;K’7C;@JQ@’7@6;C;’?7–;G797C7=;C–7A4Q’97G7J3–7=•QC79;•?7’7C;;P;@4F
kiilere ta“@?39;67C’7C;˜:3CP’“=9;4;67–•7=’7C;@G7C;’?7–;6;C
2.1.2.2. gücü E&8#%2,8!,
9—5— 3CK G7 •3’74;@;@ @;•7’;= –ACF@F @767@;J’7 7leemedii durumlarda
i9—5—@—@ @;•7’;= G7 4757C; 6—K7J;@; J3@; ;–•;63? 76;’74;’;C’;;@; 3C•“C3C3= ;–;K’;in
3K3’•“’?3–“@“3?3P’3J3@BCA9C3?’3C6“CFBCA9C3?’3C7;•;??7C=7K’7C;@67G7G7J3
i’7•?7’7C67G7C;’7@G7;9—5—B;J3–3–“@6397P7C’;4;C?7–’7;A’?3J3@;–;K’7C;˜;–;K
=3’?3C;–=;A’3@P3’“3@’3C“D•AB’F;•7@P“=3C“’353==;;’7C9;4;F˜A=F’63@;J33?“@3
97P7?7J7@ G7J3 A=F’F 4;•;C?7J7@ 97@P’7C;˜ QK—C’—’7C; G7 6;7C 67K3G3@•3<’“ =;ileri
:7678’7J7@BCA9C3?’3C6“C
FBCA9C3?’3C=3B–3?“@63=3?F;–•;:63?A8;–’7C; i’7•?7’7C’7˜QK7’7itim
=FCF?’3C“ G7 –;G;’ •AB’F? QC9—•’7C;J’7 ;birli; J3B3C3= ;–;K’7C;@ 43K“’3C“@“@ ;ba“
e;•;?67@ 97P;C;’?7’7C;@; G7 7;•;? –A@C3–“@63 ;’7•?7’7C;@ ;:•;J3P 6FJ6Fu kiileri
;–•;:63?7•?7’7C;@;–3’3?3=•36“C
2.1.2.3. Yaratma Pr%2,8!,
9—5—3CK“@“@4F’F@6FFG7;J;4;C7le•;C?7@;@G3CA’6Fu durumlarda bile
i9—5— •3’74;@67=; J7•7C–;K’;= –ACF@ A’34;’?7=•76;C F BCA9C3?’3C˜ J7@; ;ler
J3C3•“’?3–“@“ G7J3 ?7G5F• ;’7C;@ =ACF@?3–“@“@ 67–•7=’7@?7–;@; 3?3P’3?3=•36“C
–•;:63? ;?=3@’3C“@“@ PA= –“@“C’“ A’6FF 6FCF?’3C63˜ QK7’’;=’7 67 97’;mekte olan
—’=7’7C67:7?–7C?3J74;C;=;?;@;:“K’3@6“C?3=:7?67;–•;:63?“3C•“C?3=3?35“J’3
25
i J3C3•?3 BCA9C3?’3C“ J—C—•—’?7=•76;C28 F =3•79AC; 3’•“@63 97@7’ A’3C3= —P •—C
BCA9C3?J7C3’?3=•36“C
2.1.2.3. '%>!?8 *,,, @,!8, #%2,8!,Q%?*, +,8?
&X*,8
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3?35“ 9—•?7J7@ =FCF’F’3C63 ;–;K’7C7 97P;5; ;–•;:63? ;?=3@“ G7 97’;C –3’3J3@ G7
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F ?A67’67 J3•3J 7=–7@ 3C•“= 3P“= ;–;K’;= AC3@“@“ G7 ;9—5— BCA9C3?’3C“@3
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9Q–•7C?7=•76;C F ?A67’;@ 97C;–;@67 ;=; G3C–3J“? J3•?3=•36“C ;C;@5;–; 6—K7@’;
3P“=;’7C:7?3P“=;–;K–•A=F@63@:7?67BCA9C3?=3•“’“?5“’3C“–•A=F@63@=;ilerle
6A’6FCF’34;’;C kincisi
ise,
A' P7CP7G7–;@67 7le?7 –—C75; 6—K7@’; ;
B;J3–3–“@63=;@67@ 63:3 =A’3J6“C ;9—5— B;J3–3–“ A•AC;•7’7C; 97@7’67 3P“= ;leri ilan
7•?7= KACF@63 67ildirler,
yerle•;C74;’;C’7C
ancak
isizleri
çe;•’; BCA9C3?’3C3 6Arudan
40
A'”J7 =3•“’“?“@ 3C•“C“’?3–“ 7=;’ ”•7 J7C 3’3@ (( 7C;–;@;@ –A’3 =3J?3–“
DBCA9C3?=3•“’“?“C=363C3C•3CF;’79Q–•7C;’;C;er herey sa4;•=7@D57•7C;–B3C;4F–F
A'”@;@ 7•=;–; ;sizliin C ?;=•3C63 3K3’?3–“ A’353=•“C /3@; ;sizlik u0’dan u“’e
97C;’7J757=•;CF7•=;˜BCA9C3?“@4F7=;’6797@;’7?7–;@;@93JC;–38;7•=;–;A’3C3=
36’3@6“C“’34;’;C@53=@7•7•=;@;@7’6776;’74;’?7–;;P;@43K“6A’3J’“7•=;’7C;@679QK
40
3’?8AC–˜
33
Q@—@73’“@?3–“97C7=?7=•76;CF@F@;P;@—5C7•47’;C’7?7˜6—K7@’;;9—5—•3’74;G7
;9—5—3CK“;P;@•7G;=’7C;@@3–“’7•=;’7@757;@;@3@3’;K76;’?7–;97C7=;C
E;•;? BCA9C3?’3C“@3˜ 6ACF63@ ; J3C3•?3 G7 –—4G3@–;JA@’F ;–•;:63?
BCA9C3?’3C“@3 =3•“’“?“@ 3C•“C“’?3–“@“@ 3P“=P3 9QC—’7@ 7•=;–; 3P“= ;–;K’;;@
3K3’•“’?3–“6“CF3@3’;K–A@F5F@636ACF63@7•=;˜J3@;4C—•7•=;4F’F@?F•FC&J–3
A'”@;@@7•7•=;–;@;@4F’F@?3–“97C7=?7=•76;C%7•7•=;@;@4F’F@34;’?7–;;P;@6“–3’
7•=;’7C;@ 4C—• 7•=;67@ P“=3C“’?3–“ 97C7=?7=•76;C “–3’ 7•=;’7C7 6A’3J’“ 7•=;’7C 67
67@;’74;’;C '”@;@ 83C=’“ •—C’7C; G3–“•3–“J’3 6—K7@’; ;–•;:63?“ 7•=;’7J74;’7@ 4;C PA=
JA’G3C6“C3’?8AC–”F@97’;•;C6;;?A67’P7CP7G7–;@673a“636A’3J’“7•=;’7C=“–353
;@57’7@757=•;C41
i. Eleme Süreci Üzerindeki Etkiler
A'”@;@ 97’7@7=–7’ 97C7=P7’7C;@67@ 4;C; ;9—5— B;J3–3–“@63=; 7le?7@;@
–3’3@?3–“6“C F P7;•’; ?7=3@;K?3’3C JA’FJ’3 A’34;’;C 83C=’“ 3’• B;J3–3’3C
3C3–“@63=; 7le7?7?7˜ ; 3C3J3@’3C“@ @;•7’;=’7C;@;@ •3’747 63:3 ;J; 4;P;?67
FJF?’3•“C“’?3–“ Q’P—–—@67 9;67C;’74;’;C˜ ; 3C3J3@’3C“@ 4;C =“–?“ ;P;@ 63:3 3=•;8 ;
3C3?3 63GC3@“’3C“ 97’;•;C;’74;’;C˜ ; 3C3J3@’3C :3==“@63 ;G7C7@’7C;@ 9—G7@–;K’;;@;@
3K3’•“’?3–“@63';’76—K7@’;;67@7J;?’7C;–3’3@34;’;C
A'”@;@ 7le?7 —K7C;@67=; 7•=;–; 67@9767 47’;C’; –3J“63 3P“= ; G3C=7@ ;
3C3J3@’3C“@ –3J“–“@“@ 3K3’?3–“ J3@; 7G7C;697 C;–;”@;@ –A’3 =3J?3–“ ;’7
9Q–•7C;’74;’;CF3J@“K3?3@63—5C7•47’;C’7?7G7;–•;:63?7C;’7C;@;677•=;’7J7C7=
97@7’ 67@97 6—K7J;@; 67;•;C74;’?7=•76;C P“= ;’7C ' –3J7–;@67 63:3 P34F=
6A’6FF ;P;@ 3P“= ;’7C;@ 8;C?3’3C3 ?3’;J7•; 3K3’?3=•3 G7 63:3 83K’3 3P“= ;
3P“’?3=•36“C F 6FCF? ;–•;:63? 7C;–;@;@ –33 6ACF =3J?3–“@3 J3@; ;–•;:63?
6—K7J;@;@3C•?3–“@3@767@A’FC
F@3;’3G7A’3C3=;’7C;6FJFC?3G79QC7’;J—=–7=—5C7•–F@?34;C4;C;J7C;@7
;=3?7 76;’74;’;C JQ@•7?’7C6;C P“= ;’7C; :“K’3 6A’6FC?3= ;P;@ ;G7C7@’7C ;P;’7C7
63:3 J—=–7= —5C7• Q@7C757= J3 63 4A ;’7C; 6FJFC353=•“C =; 6FCF?63 63 —5C7•
41
3’?8AC–˜- 34
belirleme erisi saa k3J353=•“C =; =3J?363 63 6—K7@’; ;–•;:63? AC3@“ 3C•353=•“C˜
3@53=C77’—5C7•7•=;–;47’;C–;K6;C
ekil 2.5: AP’nin Ücretler ve Düzenli stihdam Üzerindeki Çeitli Etkileri
Reel
Ücret
Ücret Belirleme Erisi
Düzenli stihdam Erisi
Normal &X*,8",
Youn i arama yöntemleri eleme üzerinde olumlu etkilerde bulunurken
di7C 43K“ 7•=;’7C 67 AC•3J3 P“=34;’?7=•76;C MC@7in sübvansiyonlu istihdam
BCA9C3?’3C“ JAun i arama faaliyetini frenleyebilece;@67@˜ BCA9C3?3 =3•“’“? 4F
faaliyetin etkinli;@; 3K3’•34;’?7=•76;C lemenin net etkisinin elde edilme–; ;P;@
BCA9C3?•3?3?’3@6“=•3@–A@C3=;BAK;•;87•=;67@BCA9C3?3=3•“’“?–—C7–;@574;C7J’7C
üzerindeki olumsuz i 3C3?3?3 7•=;–;@;@ P“=3C“’?3–“ 97C7=?7=•76;C F ; arama
etkinlii üzerindeki ters etkiyi mikroekonomik de7C’7@6;C?7’7C J3=3’3J3?3K’3C
7’’; 9CFB’3C“@ ; 3@–’3C“@“@ @3–“’ 7•=;’7@757ini ara•“C3@ ?;=CA P3’“malar da
ele•;C?7—K7C;@67=;•AB’3?7•=;:3==“@63PA=3K4;’9;G7C74;’;C’7C
ii. gücü Üzerindeki Etki
sizliin özelikle de uzun dönemli isizliin olumsuz etkilerinden biri de
igü5— 3CK“@“ 3K3’•?3–“6“C bulma ümidini kaybeden isizler i9—5— B;J3–3–“@63@
P7=;’?7 7ilimi ta“?3=•36“C’3C F 6FCF? B;J3–3J3 J7@; 9;C757= A’3@’3C“@ 63
—?;6;@;@=“C“’?3–“@3@767@A’34;’?7=•76;CP i9—5—@7=3•“’“?“=ACFJ34;’;Cgücü
3C••““@63 ;gü5—@—@ 63:3 3K 4;C =“–?“ ;–•;:63? 76;’?; A’353=˜ J3@; :7C —5C7•
6—K7J;@67 6—K7@’; ;–•;:63? AC3@“ 3K3’353=•“C L—@=— B3J63˜ J3@; ;9—5— 3C•?“•“C
35
F@63@6A’3J“P’nin pozitif bir i9—5—3CK“7•=;–;6;7C3C•’3CG7C;;=7@;–•;:63?
7C;–;@;@–A’3=3J?3–“3@’3?“@397’;C*3’7479QC7@;–B;A’3C3=63:3J—=–7=4;C3CK
?7G5F•;’7C;P;@63:383K’3C7=347•;97•;C;CG74F63—5C7•’7C;3a“P7=7CG767@97
aa“=3J3C›5C7•;@6—?7–;63:383K’3;–•;:63?“–3’3J34;’;C
iii. “çeridekiler” çin Rekabet Etkileri
P7C;67=;’7C •7C;?; 4FC363 ;–•;:63? 76;’7@’7C G7 =“–3 6Q@7?’; ;–;K’7C;˜
6“3C“63=;’7C•7C;?;;–7FKF@6Q@7?’;;–;K’7CG7J36;7C?3C<;@3’D97@P’7C˜=36“@’3C˜
9QP?7@’7C G–F 9CFB’3C“ ;8367 7•?7=•76;C “3C“63=;’7C ;9—5— B;J3–3–“@3
9;C6;=’7C;@67 ;gücü arz“ 3C•?“ A’353= G7 :7? —5C7•’7C —K7C;@67 6—ü 43–=“–“
J3C3•353= :7? 67 ?7G5F• ;’7C ;P;@ ;P7C;67=;’7C G7 6“3C“63=;’7C 3C3–“@63 C7=347•
ba’3J353=•“C “3C“63=;’7C;@ C7=347• 7674;’;C A’?3–“ ' ;’7 –3’3@34;’;C F
6FCF?63 —5C7• 47’;C’7?7 7C;–; –33 =3J353=•“C F 6FCF? 67@97@;@ 63:3 6——=
—5C7•’7C G7 63:3 J—=–7= ;–•;:63?“@ A’6FF @A=•363 A’?3–“ 3@’3?“@3 97’757=•;C
*7?7’67 •—? ' ;–•;:63? 8“C–3•’3C“@“@ J7@;67@ 63“’“?“@3 =3•=“63 4F’F@?3=•36“C
(7=347•7674;’;C’;;3C•“C?3–“7@?F:•7?7’A’3@BCA9C3?“@;3C3?367–•7i olduu
dü—@—’?7=•76;C
iv. w-&+,]>{-,*|-2X&}%~<-kame Etkileri
F ;=; 7•=; ; J3C3•?3 BCA9C3?’3C“@63 97@7’67 AC•3J3 P“=3C?3=•36“C 3K“
9CFB’3C ;P;@ •3–3C’3@3@ BCA9C3?’3C 6;7C =7–;?’7C;@ ;–•;:63?’3C“@“@ 3K3’?3–“ ;’7
–A@FP’3@34;’?7=•76;C %7• "3J“B •=;–;˜ ' 6—K7@’7@?7?; A’–3J6“ 63˜ BCA9C3?
=3•“’“?5“’3C“@“@ ;–•;:63? 76;’6;; 6FCF?63 AC•3J3 P“=3@ 7•=;6;C =3?7 7•=;–; ;–7 ;
3C3J3@’3C“@47’’;4;C4Q’—?—;P;@J3C3•“’3@;’7C;@˜4F@’3C“@—5C7•?3’;J7•’7C;67itii
;P;@ 6;7C =3•79AC;67=;’7C;@ J7C;@7 J7C’7•;C;’?7–; A’3C3= •3@“?’3@?3=•36“C F@’3C
;–•;:63? 7C;–;@;@ –A’3 =3J?3–“ ;’7 9Q–•7C;’74;’;C F 6FCF?63 6—K7@’; ;–•;:63?
3K3’?3 7;’;?;@7 9;C?7=•7 G7 3P“= ;–;K’;=•7=; 3K3’?3J“ 7•=;–;K’7•;C?7=•76;C F@F
?;@;?;K7 7•?7= ;P;@ 43K“ =;?–7’7C;@ ;–•;:63?“@“ 3C•“C353= ;’7C;@ 7= ; A’?3–“ 3C•“
97•;C;’74;’;C
36
v. lama (Crowding- Out) Etkisi
A'”@;@7•=;–;43K“6FCF?’3C636—K7@’;;–•;:63?“6“’3?3=4;P;?;@67A’34;’;C
F6FCF?/7C7i•;C?7•=;–;D;–B’357?7@•8875•F67@;’7@7•=;@;@97@7’’7@?7–;
A’3C3=;836776;’74;’;C›5C7•–—4G3@–;JA@F@63@J3C3C’3@3@8;C?3’3C—C—@B;J3–3–“@63
=3C“’3•“C?3’“ —–•—@’—= 7’67 7674;’;C G7 6;7C 8;C?3’3C“@ ;P;’7C;@; ;•7@ P“=3C?3=
KACF@63=3’?3–“B3:3–“@3B;J3–363=;B3J’3C“@“3C•“C34;’;C’7CF7•=;J7J7C67i•;C?7
7•=;–; 36“ G7C;’7?7=•76;C42 Ba=3 4;C 67J;’7˜ 4F 7•=;˜ QK7’’;=’7 QK7’ –7=•QC67=;
–—4G3@–;JA@’F ;’7C67 AC•3J3 P“=3@ G7 —C—@ B;J3–3’3C“@63=; C7=347• @767@;J’7
7=A@A?;@;@43=33’3@’3C“@63=;;’7C;@3K3’?3–“6“C'=3B–3?“@63=;;’7C–—4G3@–7
76;’?7J7@ ;’7C;@ J7C;@7 ;=3?7 A’6FF@63˜ 77C ;–•;:63? 7C;–; –—4G3@–;JA@’3
J3C3•“’3@ ;’7C;@ ?;=•3C“ G3–“•3–“J’3 –33 =3J3C–3 —5C7• 47’;C’7?7 7C;–; —5C7• 3C•““
=363C–A’3=3J353=•“CF6FCF?63;–•;:63?“@3K3’?3A’3–“’““G3C6“C
vi. Verimlilik Etkileri
–;K’;=˜ =;;@;@ @;•7’;=’7C;@;@ G7 3’“=3@’“=’3C“@“@ 3“@?3–“ @767@;J’7
G7C;?’;’;;@;A’F?–FK7•=;J74;’;C'˜;–;K;@G7C;?’;’;;@;=ACFJ3C3=G7J33C•“C3C3=
4F7•=;J;3K3’•34;’;C;•;?G7C;?’;’;;3C•“C353=•“C'˜=3•“’“?5“’3C“@“@G7C;?’;’;ini
3C•“C3C3=63:3J—=–7=;–•;:63?3=3•=“634F’F@?3=•36“C
,7C;?’;’;;@ 3C•“C“’?3–“@“@ ;=; =3C“• 7•=;–; A’34;’;C ;C?3’3C“@ 7= P3’“an
;–•;:63? 767C7= P“=•“’3C“@“ 97@;’7•?7–;@; •7G;= 767C @53=˜ 8;C?3’3C 3J@“ P“=•“J“
—C7•?7= ;P;@ 63:3 3K ;P;J7 ;:•;J3P 6FJ353=’3C“@63@ ;9—5— •3’7B’7C;@; 3K3’•34;’;C
F@3 7= A’3C3= ;–;K’;=•7=; 3C•““@ 4;C =“–?“@“@ G7C;?’;’;=•7=; J3G3’3?3J3 G7
—5C7•’7C;@ J3G3 FJF?F@F@ 7=–;=’;ine ba’“ A’6FF 6——@—’—C–7 ;–;K’;= 3K3’34;’;C
F BCA9C3?’3C 6——= G7C;?’;’;=’; –7=•QC’7C67@ D3CK 83K’3–“ A’3@F J—=–7= G7C;?’;’;=’;
A’3@’3C3 D•3’7B 83K’3–“F 97P?7’7C; ;P;@ 4;C JA’ A’3C3= 6——@—’74;’;C 3K“ P3’“?3’3C˜
ki;’7C G7C;?–;K –7=•QC’7C67@ G7C;?’; –7=•QC’7C7 97P•;=’7C;@67 ;–•;:63? AC3@“@“@
J—=–7’6;;@; 9Q–•7C?7=•76;C @53= 4F 3C9—?3@“@ 97@7’ ;9—5— 3CK 83K’3–“
6FCF?F@6397P7C’;A’34;’?7;:•;?3’;6——=•—C43
42
43
';7CC7˜-
';7CC7˜-
37
<@,!ma Testi Etkileri
–;K’;= –;9AC•3–“@63@ J3C3C’3@3@’3C“@ 97CP7=•7@ ; 3C3J“B 3C3?36“=’3C“@“
3@’3?3= KAC A’34;’;C sizli;@ J—=–7= A’6FF@63 ;–•;:63? =FCF?’3C“@“@ =;?;@
97CP7=•7@ P3’““B =;?;@ J3C6“?’3C63@ 83J63’3@?3= ;–•76;;@; •7–• 7•?7–; ?—?=—@
67;’6;C F 6FCF?63 ' =;?;@ P3’“?3J3 ;–•7=’; A’6FF@F˜ =;;@;@ BCA9C3?3
=3•“’?3G7J3=3•“’?3?3–“J’3•7–•7674;’;C@53=4F7•=;@;@A’9F@’3?3–“@3JQ@7’;=
B7=4;C7J4;’;@?7?7=•76;C
viii. Vergi Etkileri
'”@;@G7C9;—K7C;@67=;7•=;’7C;@;3@3’;K7•?7=;P;@C77’•—=7•;?—5C7•;DG7C9;
–A@C3–“C77’—5C7•FG7C77’—C—@—5C7•;D;–•;:63?G7C9;’7C;@;;P7C7@C77’—5C7•?3’;J7•;F
3C3–“@634;C3JC“?J3B?3=97C7=’;6;C,7C9;•343@“@“3C•“C?3J—=–7=6—K7@’;;–•;:63?
sa’3?3˜ ;–;K’;= Q67?7’7C; G7 BCA9C3?’3C“@ ?3’;J7•’7C;@;@ •AB’3?“@“ 3K3’•?3
7;’;?;@676;C7CC77’—5C7•’7C;@J7C;@76;J39C3?63C77’•—=7•;?—5C7•;@;=AJ3C–3=
63:36——=G7C9;AC3@’3C“;–•;:63?7C;–;@;–33=3J6“C353=•“CL—@=—C77’—C—@—5C7•;
:7C C77’ •—=7•;? —5C7•; 6———@7 7’;= 76757=•;C @53= BCA9C3?’3C ;sizlik
Q67?7’7C;@67@63:3B3:3’“A’34;’;CF6FCF?63G7C9;AC3@’3C“3C•34;’;CG74F63—C—@
—5C7•’7C;@; 3C•“C“C G7 6A’3J“–“J’3 6—K7@’; ;–•;:63? 3K3’“C F@3 47@K7C 4;C 6FCF?
BCA9C3?=3•“’“?5“’3C“@“@;–;K’;=Q67?7–;3’3@’3C63@83K’3A’?3–“6FCF?F@63AC•3J3
P“=34;’;C
' 3JC“53 G7C9; J3@–“?3’3C“@3 @767@ A’34;’;C ;–•;:63? 3C•“C“’3C3= G7C9;
•343@“ 97@;’7•;’;C G7 4QJ’757 BCA9C3?’3C“@ ;–;K’;= –;9AC•3–“ Q67?7’7C;@;@ •AB’3?
?3’;J7•’7C; 3K3’“C F 6FCF? G7C9; AC3@’3C“@63 4;C 3K3’?3J3 @767@ A’FC ;C?3’3C
—5C7•G7C9;’7C;@67@–A@C3:7C6—K7J6763:383K’3;P;P3’“•“C353=•“CL—@=—8;C?3’3C
63:3 6——= 4;C G7C9; Q@57–; —5C7• Q67J757=’7C6;C 7C 4F 7•=; ;–•;:63?“@ :7C
6—K7J;@67=; P3’“3@’3C •3C38“@63@ •3’7B 76;’7@ C77’ —5C7••7 4;C 3C•“’3 •3?3?7@ •7’38;
76;’?7K–7˜ •AB’3? ;–•;:63? 3C•353=•“C ' 43K7@ ;–;K’;= Q67?7’7C;@67@ 63:3
?3’;J7•’; A’34;’;C F 6FCF?63 G7C9; AC3@“ 3C•?3 7;’;?;@67 A’353= G7 ;–•;:63?
3K3’353=•“C44
44
';7CC7˜-
38
Tüm bunlar bize AP’nin hem igücü talebi hem de ücret belirleme
63GC3@“’3C“ JA’FJ’3 •AB’3? ;–•;:63?“ P7;•’; =3@3’’3C’3 7•=;’7?7 ;:•;?3’; A’6Funu
9Q–•7C?7=•76;C 7@7’’;=’7 7•=;’7C BCA9C3? •;B’7C;@7 G7 •3–3C’3@?3’3C“@3 9QC7
dei?7=•76;C%7•P 7•=;–;@;@4F’F@?3–“4C—•7•=;67@6A’3J’“7•=;’7C;@6——’?7–;
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kadar de7C’7@6;C?7’7C67@ P“=3@ –A@FP’3C“@ –;–•7?3•;= 4;P;?67 P3’““’?3?“
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2.3.1. Performans zleme
Bu de7C’7@6;C?7JQ@•7?;˜4;C–;–•7?G7J3BCA9C3?“@@3–“’;ledii ve belirli
BCA9C3?3?3P’3C“@“@:3@9;Q’P—6797CP7=’7tirilebildi;=A@F–F@634;’9;–3layan bir
yöntemdir. A' B7C8AC?3@– 9Q–•7C97’7C;@7 QC@7= A’3C3= BCA9C3? =3•“’“?5“’3C“@63@
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2.3.2. Maliyet ve Maliyet-Fayda Deerlendirmesi
Bu de7C’7@6;C?7 •—C— BCA9C3? ?3’;J7•’7C;˜ 3J@“ =3J@3=’3C“@ 3’•7C@3•;8
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=A@F–F@3;aret eder.
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7•=;@A’34;’;C=7@˜7er maliyetler yararlardan 83K’3J–34FBCA9C3?7•=;@A’3?3K;C
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bir AP deerlendirmesinin ba’“53 ?3’;J7• 4;’;7@’7C;˜ BCA9C3?“@ ;63C; ?3–C38’3C“˜
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2.3.3. Süreç Deerlendirmesi
;C BCA9C3?“@ @3–“’ ;ledi;˜ :;K?7• 63“•“?“@63 J—C—•—’7@ BCA–76—C’7C;@ G7
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de7C’7@6;C?7:;K?7•G7C;’?7–;–—C75;@67=3C“’3“’3@–ACF@’3C“@•3@“?’3@?3–“@3G7
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47
7•5:7C?3@G73C=˜
40
2.3.4. Makroekonomik Deerlendirme
Bu tip bir analiz eer ara•“C?35“’3C7=A@A?;@;@97@7’;—K7C;@67BCA9C3?’3C“@
7•=;’7C;@; 67 ;P7C?7= ;–•7C’7C–7 =F’’3@“’34;’757= 3’•7C@3•;8 4;C JA’6FC C3•“C?35“’3C
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@7• 7•=;’7C;@; G7C?7–;6;C 7@7’’;=’7 J7C 67i•;C?7 G7 ;=3?7 7•=;’7C;@;@ 4AJF•’3C“@3
ili=;@ 67•3J’“ 4;’9; G7C?7–7 67 :7678’7@7@ 9CFB —K7C;@67=; 7•=;’7C;
•3@“?’3J34;’?7=•76;C48
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677C’7@6;C;’?7–;@7?3=CA7=A@A?;=677C’7@6;C?736“G7C;’?7=•76;C
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A’6FF@63@ ;–;K’;= AC3@“˜ C77’ —5C7•’7C 9;4; 3@3:•3C ?3=CA7=A@A?;= •AB’3?’3C
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677C’7@6;C;’?7–; J3=’3“?“ 47@;?–7@?7=•76;C G7 4F =A@F63 63 PA= –“@“C’“ 3@53=
9;67C7=3C•3@4;C3?B;C;=’;•7C3•—CG3C6“C 49
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2.3.5. Etki Deerlendirmesi
F 677C’7@6;C?7 @767@–7’’;= –ACF’3C“ —K7C;@67 A63=’3@“C 'CA9C3?
=7@6;@67@ 47=’7@7@ –A@FP’3C“ ?“ G7C?;•;C •=;’7C;@ A’9F@’FF @7 A’?Ftur?
'CA9C3? @;J7• 76;’?7J7@ –A@FP’3C ?“ G7C?;•;C 9;4; –ACF’3C“ J3@“•’3J3@
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Kutu 2.2: AP De-!-*8-}&-,&##*-+?!!,!,',8!,
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43
2.3.5.1. Mikroekonomik Etki Deerlendirme Teknikleri
Etki de7C’7@6;C?7 •7=@;=’7C;@; 3P“=’3?3= ;P;@ 3C G7 *K3@@3•A–”F@ J“’“@63 J3B•“=’3C“ P3’“madan52 J3C3C’3@“’353=•“C F P3’“?3 –QK =A@F–F •eknikleri
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davranmayabilirler. Örnein program için özellikle uygun kiiler seçilebilir bu
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*,-Deneysel Teknikler
Bu teknikte gruplar programdan sonra seçilir ve etkiler programdan sonra
de7C’7@6;C;’;C;C=A@•CA’9CF4F?7G5F•A’?36““@63@67iik kaynaklardan veriler
=F’’3@“’3C3= 4;C 9CFB J3C3•“’?3–“ 97C7=?7=•76;C "3C“’3•“C?3 9CF4F 9QK’7@7@
63GC3@“ QK7’’;=’7C;@7 ?—?=—@ A’6FF@53 J3=“@ =;ilerin tespit edilmesiyle
47’;C’7@;C F •—C 67erlendirmelerin temel problemi gözlenemeyen özelliklerdeki
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tekni;@67=; –3=“@53˜ ;–•3•;–•;=–7’ A’3C3= =3C?3“= –A@FP’3C G7C?7–;6;C ki grubun
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deneyi olumsuz yönde etkileyecek biçimde deitirmemelerini sa’3?3@“@ PA= KAC
A’?3–“6“C =;@5; K3J“8 J3@ ;–7 3•3?3@“@ 6ACF J3B“’?3–“@“@ KAC A’34;’?7–;6;C
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83K’3K3?3@97C7=•;C?7=•7G7?3’;J7•’7C;9QC757J—=–7=A’?3=•36“C
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i’7G–7’ 4;P;?;@;@ 63:3 3K Q@7?’; A’?3–“6“C ;C 6;er sebep program
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P“=?3–“;P;@J3B“’3@BA’;•;=43–=“4F@3JA’3P34;’;C—=—?7•’7C4F43–=“J“3K3’•?3=
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de7C’7@6;C?7’7C;@ :—=—?7• 6““@63=; 4;C;?’7C57 J3B“’?3–“˜ 67erlendirmelerin
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3.
AKTF
GÜCÜ
POLTKALARININ
ETKLERNN
NCELENMES VE BU POLTKALARA AYRILAN KAYNAKLAR
L3’“?3@“@4F@63@Q@57=;4Q’—?’7C;@67'”@;@•3@“?“˜3?35“˜97’;;?;˜P
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—’=7’7C;@67':3C53?3’3C“@“@6—K7J’7C;;@57’7@757=•;C
3.1. Aktif gücü Politikala&"!-$-!-8-
' ”’“ J“’3C63@ 4F J3@3 FJ9F’3@?3=•3 G7 4F BA’;•;=3’3C“@ Q@7?;
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AP’nin makroekonomik etkilerinin analiz edilmesi için OECD’nin
oluturduu bir model, 1980-J“’’3C“3C3–“@63P“=•“4—J—?7–;@;@;–•;:63?—K7C;@67
pozitif bir etkisi olduunu ortaya koymutur. A'”J7J3B“’3@:3C53?3’3C“@;–•;:63?“
3C•“C“B 3C•“C?36““@“@ 63 ;@57’7@6;; 4F ?A67’67 ;–•;:63? 4—J—?7–; ;’7 :3C53?3’3C
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6Q@7?’7C;@67BCA9C3?:3C53?3’3C“@“3C•“C?3G797@;leme dönemlerinde de azaltma
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bulunmutur.
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–A@F5F@3 9QC7 —’=7’7C;@ PAunluunda A' :3C53?3’3C“ —5C7• “’“?’“’““@“
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—’=7’7C67 ' J3B“–3’ ;sizlii azaltmada etkin iken, dierlerinde A' 7•=;–; 63:3
47’;C–;K6;C 'CA9C3?3 =3•“’3@ =;i ba“@3 :3C53?3 ?;=•3C“ 3@3:•3C BA’;•;=3
deikenidir. Bu dei=7@ =3•“’“?5“ 43“@3 AC•3’3?3 G7 =3•“’“?5“ 43“@3 JQ@7•;?
:3C53?3’3C“@“;P7C?7=•76;CF@39QC7J—=–7=4;CAC•3’3?3:3C53?3–7G;J7–;;sizlik
Q67?7’7C;@;@6—K7J;@;@J—=–7=A’6Fu durumlarda olumsuz makroekonomik etkilere
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kalite ve etkinliinin 97’;•;C;’?7–;@7J3C6“?5“A’34;’;C61
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3.1.1. Kamu stihdam Hizmetleri/ Arama Destek Pro2,8!, <- ?
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Bu hizmetler iverenle i 3C3J3@’3C“@ 7le•;C;’?7–;@; 3?3P’3?3=•36“C
stihdam hizmetleri ülkeden ülkeye dei?7=•76;CMC@7in Avustralya’da özgeçmi
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mülakat
teknikleri
hizmetleri
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edilmitir. Net istihdam etkisi tahmin edilememekle birlikte büyük ihtimalle ihmal
edilebilirdir.
GF–•C3’J3”63=; !&)*(* BCA9C3?“ ;sizleri ie alan iverenlere ücret
sübvansiyonu sunmu•FC 'CA9C3?“ •3?3?’3J3@ 4;C7J’7C 3J 4AJF@53 =A@•CA’
9CF4F@3 9QC7 ;–•;:63?63=; =3K3@P’3C“@“ Q’P?7= ;P;@ ;K’7@?;’7C6;C F BCA9C3?“@
sonucuna göre sübvanse edilen i arayanlar kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksek
;–•;:63? AC3@’3C“@3 sahip olmutur. ngiltere’deki bir ücret sübvansiyonu
BCA9C3?“@63 D*C3;@;@9 3@6 ?B’AJ?7@• C3@• )5:7?7 $3C=
F ;verenin
salayaca“ ;’7C;@ •3? K3?3@’“ A’?3–“ G7 7@ 3K 4;C J“’ –—C?7–; KACF@’F’Fu
getirilmitir. Bu program deerlendirmesinin sonucuna göre eitilenlerin yüzde 43’ü
kendini eiten i yerinde ve yüzde 37’si baka iG7C7@’7C;@ J3@“@63 =3’?“•“C F
BCA9C3?“@@7•;–•;:63?7•=;–;J—K67A’3C3=•3:?;@76;’?;tir.
ngiltere’deki ba=3 4;C —5C7• –—4G3@–;JA@F BCA9C3?“@63 –—4G3@–;JA@
iverene deil içilere verilmitir. Bu program ile özellikle uzun dönemli isizlerin
tekrar i79;C?7’7C;3?3P’3@?“•“CF@39QC7=3•“’“?5“’3C3:38•363–33•P3’“arak
90 Pound kazanmak, iin üç ay sürmesi ve isizlik ödemesi için bavurmadan önce
ii kabul etmek 3C•“J’3 –—4G3@–;JA@ –3’3@?“•“C 7’;C;@ J—K67 ”–;@67@ 83K’3
olmayan bir sübvansiyonun bu koF’’3C“@ J7C;@7 97•;C;’?7–;@67@ –A@C3 =3•“’“?5“J3
verilmesi taahhüt edilmi•;C›P3J–A@C3=;?—’3=3•’3C=3•“’“?5“’3C“@J—K67”F@F@
–—4G3@–;JA@A’?3–3J6“63;e girebileceini göstermitir.
3J˜-19.
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›5C7•–—4G3@–;JA@FBCA9C3?’3C“@“@;’9;@P4;CP7idi 1980’lerde ABD’de denenmitir. Belli bir zaman
6;’;?; ;P7C;–;@67 ; bulan isizlere “yeniden istihdam ikramiyesi” sa’3@?“•“C MC@7in Illinois’te
eer bir i–;K :38•3 ;P;@67 4;C ; bulur ve bu i•7 7@ 3K 6QC• 3J P3’““C–3˜ 4F ;size o dönemdeki
alaca“ AC•3’3?3 :38•3’“= ;sizlik ödeneinden dört kez daha fazla olan 500$ verilmesi taahhüt
edilmitir.
FBCA9C3?“@67erlendirmesi kiilerin i–;K’;=–—C7’7C;@;@=“–3’6““@“G7J7@;67@;–•;:63?63@–A@C3
gelirlerde de bir dü?7 A’?36““@“ 9Q–•7C?7=•76;C F 67@7J;? BAK;•;8 –A@FP’3C —C7•?; olmakla
4;C’;=•7˜67erlendirmeler bu programlar“@?3’;J7•7•=;@A’?36““=A@F–F@63FJ3C?3=•36“C’3C@53=
–A@ J3B“’3@ 67erlendirmeler profillemenin maliyet etkinliinin gelitirebileceini ortaya
koymutur.123
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Betcherman ve arkada’3C“ J“’“@63 J3B•“=’3C“ P3’“mada 16 yeni ücret
–—4G3@–;JA@F BCA9C3?“ 67erlendirmesini incelemilerdir. Bu deerlendirmelerden
gelimi —’=7’7C67=; –A@FP’3C :7? @793•;8 D7’P;=3˜ –G7PF :7? 67 BAK;•;8 7•=;’7C
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@7 67 =36“@’3C üzerinde olumlu bir etki görülmemitir. Gelimekte olan ülke
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AC•3’3?3J—K677’sinden 63:33K“:3C53@?3=•36“C
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3.1.3.2. Kurma ve Geli&8-#%2,8!,
Bu programlar e;•;?˜ 63@“?3@’“=˜ ; B’3@“ 97’;tirme ve uygulama gibi
•7=@;= :;K?7•’7C’7 67–•7=’7@7@ =C76;˜ :;47˜ Q67@7= 7=’;@67=; 8;@3@–3’ J3C6“?’3C’3
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PA=J—=–7’6;inde verilmi=7@˜J;@7
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1. Kamu istihdam hizmetleri ve yönetimi
1.1. e yerletirme ve dier hizmetler (Placement and related services): )QK
=A@F–F:3C53?3=3’7?’7C;;7J7C’7•;C?7673C35“’“=˜4;’9;’7@6;C?7˜?7–’7=;C7:47C’;=
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3C3?3 G7J3 ; 4F’?3 =A@F–F@63=; ?A4;’;•7 ?3–C38’3C“ =A@F–F@63 i 3C3J3@’3C3
B3C3–3’ 67–•7= :;K?7•’7C;@; ;P7C?7=•76;C 7–3B’3?3 –36757 =3?F ;–•;:63?
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G7C;’7@:;K?7•’7C;=3B–3?3=•36“C
1.2. Ödenek yönetimi (Benefit administration): F=3’7?;–7;–;K’;=G77C=7@
7?7=’;’;=Q6@7@7=:;K?7•’7C;@;–F@3@=FCF?’3C“@4—•P7’7C;@;;P7C?7=•76;C
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2. gücü eitimi
9—5— B;J3–3–“ BA’;•;=3’3C“ @767@;J’7 —–•’7@;’7@ G7 3a“63 67;@;’757= A’3@
QK7’ BCA9C3?’3C 6““@63 =3’3@ 7;•;? BCA9C3?’3C“@“ =3B–3C 3C53?3’3C :7? =FC–
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2.1 Kurumsal igücü eitimi (Institutional training): 9—5—7;•;?–—C7–;@;@
J—K67 G7J3 63:3 83K’3–“@“@ 4;C 7;•;? =FCF?F@63 DA=F’˜ —@;G7C–;•7˜ 7;•;?
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itimi (Workplace training): 9—5— 7;•;? –—C7–;@;@ J—K67 G7J3 63:3 83K’3–“@“@ 4;C ;J7C;@67 :3C53@?3–“ 6FCF?F@63=; 7;•;?7 J3B“’3@
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2.3 Bütünleik eitim (Alternate training): 9—5— 7;•;? –—C7–;@;@ •7AC;= G7
iJ7C; 7;•;?; 3C3–“@63 7;• A’3C3= 4Q’—@?7–; 6FCF?F@63 J3B“’3@ 7;•;?
:3C53?3’3C“@“@=3B–3C
2.4 !
itimi destei (Special support for apprenticeship):
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3. stihdam Tevikleri
3.1 e alma tevikleri (Recruitment incentives): –;K’7C;@ G7J3 6;7C
:7678’7@?; =;;’7C;@ i9—5— ?3’;J7•’7C; 4;C ;G7C7@ •3C38“@63@ =3C“’3@3@ 4;C i7
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9;C?7–; G7 4F 4;C7J;@ :7678’7@?; 9CFB•3 A’?3–“ =AF’FJ’3 J;@7 A 4;C7J7
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5. Dorudan Yaratma
Arudan i J3C3•?3 BCA9C3?’3C“ FKF@ –—C7’; ;sizler veya i7 9;C;te
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6. Kurma Tevikleri
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vermektedir.
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A. Faaliyet Türüne Göre
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151
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100
Aktif Tedbirler
gücü Eitimi: gücü eitimi yoluyla isizlerin ve dier hedeflenen
9CFB’3C“@ ;–•;:63? 76;’74;’;C’;ini geli•;C?7J; 3?3P’3J3@ G7 =3?F =FCF?’3C“
•3C38“@63@8;@3@–e edilen tüm e;•;?•764;C’7C;@;=3B–3?3=•36“CF•—C•764;C’7C43K“
teorik e;•;?’7C;@ 4F’9F’3C“@“ G7J3 7er i yerindeyse e;•;?;@ QK7’ 3?35“@“@
9QK’7@?7–;@;;P7C?7’;6;C
e Yöneltme ve Payla“?“siz veya hedeflenen di7C4;C9CFB•3@A’3@4;C
ki;J; ?7G5F• 4;C P3’“3@“@ ;•7 =3’6““ –33•’7C; ;=3?7 767C7= ;e yerletirilmesini
kolayla•“C3@•764;C’7C;;P7C;C
stihdam Tevikleri: sizlerin ve di7C :7678 9CFB’3C“@ ;–•;:63? 76;’?7–;@;
kolayla•“C3@G7J3;;@;=3J47•?7C;–=;A’3@P3’“3@’3C“@;–•;:63?“@“@67G3?7•?7–;@;
sa’3J3@•764;C’7C;;P7C;CG7;veren maliyetlerinin çoF@F=3B–3C
Özürlülerin Entegrasyonu: Özürlüleri i9—5— B;J3–3–“ ;’7 4—•—@’7tirmeyi
3?3P’3J3@•764;C’7C;;P7C;C
Dorudan Yaratma: Uzun süreli i–;K’7C7G7J343ka türlü i4F’?3A’3@3“
olmayan
kiilere
i 4F’?3= ;P;@˜ –A–J3’ A’3C3= J3C3C’“ G7J3 •AB’F?F@
83J63’3@34;’757i alanlarda ek i J3C3•3@ •764;C’7C; =3B–3C $3’;J7•’7C;@ PAu doal
A’3C3==3?F–7=•QC—•3C38“@63@=3C“’3@?3=•36“C
Kurma Tevikleri: sizleri ve h7678 9CFB’3C“ =7@6; ;lerini kurmak veya
=7@6;:7–34“@3P3’“mak için destekleyerek giriimcilii geli•;C7@•764;C’7C;;P7C;C
B. Harcama Türüne Göre
;C7J’7C7 /3B“’3@ *C3@–87C’7C ;C7J’7C7 6ACF63@ •C3@–87C 76;’7@˜ @3=;•
A’3C3= G7J3 KACF@’F G7C9;’7C67 4;C 3K3’?3 JA’FJ’3 J3B“’3@ Q67?7’7C; ;P7C7@ =3?F
:3C53?3’3C6“C
G7C7@’7C7 /3B“’3@ *C3@–87C’7C verenlere doCF63@ •C3@–87C 76;’7@˜ @3=;•
A’3C3= G7J3 KACF@’F G7C9;’7C67 4;C 3K3’?3 JA’FJ’3 J3B“’3@ Q67?7’7C; ;P7C7@ =3?F
:3C53?3’3C6“C
101
Hizmet Sa’3J“5“’3C3 /3B“’3@ *C3@–87C’7C ;C7J’7C7 G7 ;G7C7@’7C7 P7itli
Q67?7’7C 7=’;@67 –3’3@3@˜ ?3’ G7 :;K?7• —C7•;5;’7C;@7 6ACF63@ J3B“’3@ =3?F
:3C53?3’3C“6“C
& G7 –“@“8’3@6“C?3’3C“@“@ 7@ Q@7?’; 83C=’“’““ FCA–•3•”“@ özellikle
P“C3=’“= ;P;@ 97@7’ •764;C’7Ci
;P7C?7?7 =A@F–F@63 “–C3C’“ 63GC3@?3–“6“C
š(&)**”3 9QC7 4F •764;C’7C˜ 4;C •764;C;@ ;9—5— BA’;•;=3–“ A’3C3=
–“@“8’3@6“C“’?363@Q@5797C7=’;A’3@:7678’7?797@7’=FC3’“@3FJ?3?3=•36“C
' :3C53?3’3C“@“@ J“’’3C ;•;43C“J’3 97’;;?;@7 43=“’?3–“@63 83J63
9QC—’?7=•76;C ' :3C53?3’3C“@“@ -
J“’’3C“ 3C3–“@63=; G7C;’7C; 7–=;
–“@“8’3@6“C?3J3 G7 2002-
6Q@7?; G7C;’7C; ;–7 J7@; –“@“8’3@6“C?3J3 9QC7 7’7
3’“@353=•“CF–“@“8’3@6“C?3’3C63:7?'':7?67':3C53?3’3C“J7C3’?3=•36“C
;’9;’7C:7C4;C—J7 —’=7@;@;’9;’;;9—5—B;J3–3–“BCA9C3?’3C“@“6;==3•73’3C3= J“’’“=
A’3C3= –3’3@3@ G7C;’7C7 63J3@?3=•36“C ›’=7’7C67@ 97’7@ G7C;’7C &”@;@
:3K“C’36““C7:47C’7C79QC7–“@“8’3@“CG7&–7=C7•7CJ3–“;4;C’;;J’7—J7—’=7’7C;@
' G7 '' :3C53?3’3C“ :3==“@63 G7C6;=’7C; 4;’9;’7C7 63J3@“C @53= 4—•—@ —’=7’7C
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J3J“@’3@3?3?3=•36“C
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J3B“’?3?3=•36“C 7@7’ ;–•;:63? G7 ?3=CA7=A@A?;= BA’;•;=3’3C63@ K;J367˜ –36757
özel i9—5— B;J3–3–“ BCA9C3?’3C“@3 A63=’3@“’?3=•36“C F @767@’7 67 :3C53?3
G7C;•343@“ –36757 QK7’ ;9—5— B;J3–3–“ BCA9C3?’3C“@“ :7678’7J7@ :3C53?3’3C“
;P7C?7=•76;CMC@7;@G7C9;G7–A–J3’9—G7@’;==3•=“’3C“@63=;;@6;C;?’7C–36757QK7’
i9—5— B;J3–3–“ 9CFB’3C“@3 JQ@7’;= J3B“’6““@63 :3C53?3’3C3 63:;’ 76;’?7=•76;C
——= —5C7•’; ;P;’7C7 J3B“’3@ ;–•;:63? G7C9; ;@6;C;?’7C; 97@7’ ;–•;:63? BA’;•;=3’3C“
A’3C3=677C’7@6;C;’7C7=:3C53?3’3C63;P7C;’?7?7=•76;C
102
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AP ve P'”J7 J3B“’3@ :3C53?3’3C3 ;’;=;@ G7C;’7C 67C’7@?7=’7 4;C’;=•7˜ 4F
G7C;’7C7 ;’;=;@ 4;C PA= –“@“C’3?3 ?7G5F••FC F @767@’7 –QK =A@F–F :3C53?3’3C
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(yüzde 2,09), Hollanda (yüzde 1,26) ve Belçika”6“C (yüzde 1,17) @ 3K :3C53?3
J3B3@—’=7’7C;–7/F@3@;–•3@Dyüzde 0,16) ve –G;PC7”6;CDJ—K67
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(yüzde 2,35F˜3@;?3C=3DJ—K67˜72) ve Finlandiya”6“CDJ—K67˜F@3K:3C53?3
J3B3@ —’=7’7C ;–7 *—C=;J7 DJ—K67 ˜
F˜ "AC7 DJ—K67 ˜
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0,08). 2005 J“’“@63 ;–7 A'”J7 7@ 83K’3 :3C53?3 J3B3@ —’=7’7C 3@;?3C=3 DJ—K67
1,58), Hollanda (yüzde 1,28) ve –G;PC7DJ—K67˜8FG77@3K:3C53?3J3B3@—’=7’7C
$7=–;=3 DJ—K67 ˜
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$7=–;=3DJ—K67
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çok çe;•’; @767@’7C; A’34;’;C ›’=7’7C;@ ;–;K’;= –7G;J7’7C;, i–;K’;=’7 ?—5367’767
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•3C38“@63@ & )7=C7•7CJ3–“@3 ;’7•;’?; A’3@ C3=3?’3C“ ;8367 7•?7=•76;C 6Q@7?;@67=; G7C;’7C;@ 9—G7@;’;C’;= –ACF@F G3C6“C *34’A ”67 *—C=;J7”67
A'”J7 J3B“’3@ =3?F :3C53?3’3C“@“@ )/”J3 AC3@“@“@ J“’’3C ;•;43C“J’3 PA= 5;66;
;@; P“=“’3C ;K’7?7–; 4F –A@F5F 67–•7=’7?7=•76;C *34’A ”67@ 67 9QC—’6—— 9;4;
*—C=;J7˜ '”J7 J3B•““ =3?F :3C53?3’3C“ 3P“–“@63@ –A@ –“C3larda yer alan
—’=7’7C67@ 4;C;–;6;C @53= –QK =A@F–F J“’’3C ;P;@ =F’’3@“’3@ :3C53?3’3C KUR’un
G7C;’7C;@7 63J3@?3=•36“C F @767@’7 6;7C =FCF? G7 =FCF’F’3C“@ J3B•“=’3C“
:3C53?3’3C“@637=’7@?7–;6FCF?F@634F:3C53?3’3C633C•“A’353=•“C@53=6;er
=FCF?G7=FCF’F’3C“@':3C53?3’3C“7=’7@–763:;:3C53?3–7G;J7–;@;@PA=6——=
olduF–QJ’7@74;’;C*—C=;J7”67':3C53?3’3C“@“@:7–3B’3@?3–“@3;’;=;@:7C:3@9;
4;C P3’“?3 63 ?7G5F• 67;’6;C F 6FCF? P :3C53?3’3C“@“@ :7–3B’3@?3–“
=A@F–F@6397P?;J“’’3C“63=3B–3J353=4;CP3’“?3J3B“’?3–“@“@97C7=’;’;;@;AC•3J3
=AJ?3=•36“C
105
Tablo 3.1: Aktif 7ˆ3ˆ'A?7A1=<1A‰>1/1@‰<1>"1=D1A31=1<1A‰>‰>
Š/‹F1&A1>‰
/ˆG45
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
EDBCA1<F1
0,35
0,21
0,30
0,61
0,62
0,61
0,72
0,54
0,42
0,35
0,37
0,36
0,35
0,34
0,35
0,38
0,37
0,33
0,30
0,31
0,32
EDBCDAF1
0,28
0,32
0,36
0,30
0,34
0,37
0,38
0,41
0,45
0,46
0,55
0,52
0,58
0,56
0,62
0,61
0,63
0,71
0,67
0,67
0,85
Œ5<L9;1
1,17
1,09
1,06
1,06
1,08
1,18
1,21
1,31
1,1
1,18
1,15
1,13
1,13
1,02
1,05
1,02
1,07
1,11
1,18
1,28
1,41
"1>141
0,61
0,49
0,59
0,61
0,64
0,60
0,55
0,46
0,45
0,49
0,45
0,40
0,42
0,39
0,38
0,36
0,32
0,31
0,29
0,29
0,35
ili
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,21
0,21
0,19
0,18
0,20
0,28
5;
D=8DA9F5C9
..
..
0,17
0,27
0,16
0,15
0,13
0,12
0,11
0,12
0,17
0,20
0,20
0,18
0,19
0,25
0,25
0,26
0,25
0,23
0,22
1>9=1A;1
..
1,06
1,23
1,40
1,75
1,61
1,72
1,65
1,58
1,68
1,86
1,89
1,86
1,88
1,77
1,70
1,58
1,51
1,30
1,34
1,62
9><1>49F1
0,73
0,85
1,20
1,63
1,54
1,50
1,41
1,56
1,42
1,15
1,06
0,89
0,83
0,82
0,91
0,97
0,91
0,91
0,87
0,82
0,92
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,08
0,06
0,07
0,07
0,05
0,07
0,24
A1>B1
0,60
0,72
0,83
0,96
1,16
1,17
1,19
1,23
1,22
1,15
1,22
1,19
1,15
1,11
1,05
0,95
0,89
0,92
0,93
0,84
0,98
<=1>F1
0,58
0,79
1,15
1,49
1,39
1,18
1,19
1,30
1,1
1,18
1,3
1,23
1,23
1,25
1,17
1,08
0,9
0,87
0,73
0,80
1,00
/D>1>B9C1>
0,16
0,19
0,21
0,24
0,21
0,22
0,4
0,37
0,30
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
$131A9BC1>
..
..
..
0,59
0,64
0,60
0,41
0,37
0,43
0,38
0,40
0,38
0,46
0,05
..
0,30
0,30
0,28
0,27
0,27
0,45
‘BC?>F1
1,06
1,06
0,94
1,08
1,17
1,28
1,34
1,26
1,26
1,08
1,00
0,81
0,88
0,81
0,71
0,67
0,64
0,62
0,64
0,72
0,87
BA19<
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,19
0,18
0,17
0,15
0,14
C1<F1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,63
0,57
0,50
0,45
0,46
0,44
!1@?>F1
..
0,33
0,32
0,29
0,31
0,32
0,32
0,33
0,32
0,27
0,29
0,28
0,29
0,25
0,25
0,23
0,22
0,16
0,18
0,29
0,47
A<1>41
"?A5
#ˆ;B5=2DA7
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,38
0,22
0,19
0,12
0,11
0,12
0,12
0,13
0,19
0,40
0,41
0,20
0,15
0,14
0,12
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,20
..
..
..
..
0,28
0,41
0,45
0,50
0,48
0,47
0,42
0,49
$5;B9;1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,02
0,02
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,02
0,02
0,02
0,01
0,02
0,02
0,02
?<<1>41
1,26
1,21
1,23
1,35
1,43
1,36
1,30
1,27
1,34
1,55
1,52
1,45
1,45
1,55
1,48
1,37
1,28
1,20
1,10
1,06
1,21
/5>905<1>41
0,86
0,87
0,81
1,01
0,74
0,69
0,67
0,66
0,64
0,55
0,54
0,49
0,43
0,41
0,43
0,41
0,38
0,37
0,35
..
..
%?AE5L
0,59
0,89
0,91
1,01
1,12
1,31
1,25
1,06
0,85
0,77
0,68
0,61
0,63
0,69
0,79
0,78
0,74
0,58
0,56
..
..
'?<?>F1
..
0,12
0,20
0,26
0,54
0,45
0,38
0,46
0,49
0,46
0,38
0,25
0,25
0,22
0,40
0,35
0,42
0,45
0,5
0,56
1,26
'?AC5;9G
0,20
0,47
0,50
0,58
0,59
0,48
0,48
0,51
0,49
0,55
0,59
0,62
0,66
0,62
0,64
0,66
0,67
0,59
0,51
0,55
0,77
Š<?E1;F1
..
..
0,23
1,11
0,35
0,50
0,75
0,74
0,61
0,39
0,21
0,31
0,36
0,41
0,29
0,24
0,34
0,32
0,22
0,26
0,22
Š<?E5>F1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,24
0,29
0,27
0,20
0,18
0,33
B@1>F1
0,33
0,78
0,68
0,66
0,46
0,41
0,43
0,38
0,40
0,56
0,85
0,79
0,74
0,72
0,71
0,75
0,78
0,79
0,79
0,81
0,86
BE5L
2,09
1,68
2,43
3,04
2,95
2,97
2,35
2,26
2,12
2,44
2,21
1,74
1,64
1,56
1,23
1,20
1,28
1,34
1,10
0,97
1,13
BE9LA5
0,19
0,21
0,22
0,28
0,37
0,43
0,47
0,57
0,77
0,83
0,73
0,56
0,52
0,58
0,70
0,76
0,73
0,65
0,57
..
..
*ˆA;9F5
..
0,02
0,02
0,02
0,02
0,01
0,01
0,10
0,10
0,14
0,12
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
>79<C5A5
0,48
0,42
0,36
0,41
0,40
0,37
0,31
0,27
0,25
0,22
0,24
0,24
0,32
0,28
0,43
0,45
0,43
0,32
0,32
0,27
0,33
ABD
0,26
0,23
0,22
0,21
0,21
0,20
0,19
0,16
0,19
0,19
0,17
0,17
0,17
0,16
0,15
0,14
0,13
0,13
0,13
0,18
0,16
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,75
0,75
0,68
0,67
0,65
0,63
0,59
0,56
0,53
0,50
0,50
0,62
&‘
Kaynak: http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=LMPEXP. Türkiye için 1986- M§@@5F§ 5F5G§B85?=
J9F=@9F,C7=5@LD9B8=HIF95H565G9,)1KKKC978CF;9@GGC7=5@9LD9B8=HIF9¨89B 5@§BA§H§F
)CFH5@5A5G§B85P*¨M9M5D§@5B<5F75A5@5F !,2"¨B§B6=FCF5B§C@5F5?
yüzde 1,04 seviyesinde iken, A*¨M9M5D§@5B<5F75A5@5FMVN89G9J=M9G=B898=F
106
Çou OECD ülkesinde P* <5F75A5@5F§ * <5F75A5@5F§B§B B9F989MG9 =?= ?5H§8§F
P* <5F75A5@5F§B85 ¨H9B 6I M5B5 7=88= 5N5@A5@5F ;©FV@A9?H98=F u durum,
P*¨B=B R5@§ma iste=B= 5N5@H5F5? =G=N@== 5FH§F8§§ ;©FVVB9 6=F 79J5D B=H9@=inde
C@56=@=F M§@§B85 **¨M9 9B :5N@5 <5F75A5 M5D5B V@?9@9F rlanda (yVN89 9@R=?5 MVN89 J9 Hollanda¨8§F MVN89 MB§ M§@ **¨M9 9B 5N ?5MBak
5M§F5B V@?9@9F =G9 2IB5B=GH5B MVN89 J9 $5DCBM5¨8§F M§@§B85 =G9
P*¨M99B:5N@5<5F75A5M5D5BV@?9@9FGD5BM5MN89rlanda MVN89 J9
9@R=?5¨8§FMVN89B5N?5MB5?<5F75M5BV@?9@9F=G9B;=@H9F9 MVN89 J9
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<5F75A5@5F85?=5FH§ ile isiN@==B©B9A@=©@RV895N5@A5G§5F5G§B858Cru ili?=5R§?
6=F6=R=A89;©FV@A9?H98=F
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edildii P* <5F75A5@5F§ M§@§ ©B79G=B89 =G=N@=? G=;CFH5G§B§B C@A5A5G§B5
raA9B RC? 8VV? ;©FVBA9A9?H98=F B75? 85<5 ©B7989B 89 89inildi= ;=6=
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107
Tablo 3.2: Pasif 7ˆ3ˆ'A?7A1=<1A‰>1/1@‰<1>"1=D1A31=1<1A‰>‰>
Š/‹F1&A1>‰
/ˆG45
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
EDBCA1<F1
1,18
1,08
1,57
1,66
1,62
1,48
1,23
1,25
1,13
1,06
0,93
0,86
0,88
0,77
0,70
0,62
0,54
0,48
0,41
0,45
2009
0,55
EDBCDAF1
1,04
1,00
1,10
1,22
1,57
1,66
1,60
1,60
1,42
1,40
1,3
1,17
1,18
1,25
1,39
1,42
1,52
1,40
1,24
1,16
1,49
Œ5<L9;1
3,27
2,56
2,65
2,80
2,98
2,84
2,73
2,77
2,69
2,49
2,36
2,11
2,14
2,32
2,45
2,4
2,35
2,19
2,01
2,00
2,38
"1>141
5;
D=8DA9F5C9
1,84
1,88
2,25
2,23
1,94
1,50
1,28
1,15
1,00
0,95
0,78
0,70
0,80
0,77
0,78
0,69
0,62
0,59
0,56
0,66
0,98
..
..
0,21
0,16
0,13
0,15
0,12
0,13
0,21
0,23
0,30
0,29
0,25
0,28
0,31
0,25
0,24
0,23
0,20
0,20
0,44
1>9=1A;1
..
4,38
4,64
4,92
5,45
4,99
4,30
3,91
3,47
2,94
2,57
2,38
2,27
2,31
2,66
2,66
2,34
1,86
1,50
1,21
1,73
9><1>49F1
1,31
1,11
2,17
3,77
4,82
4,56
3,86
3,59
3,13
2,58
2,34
2,08
1,97
2,03
2,06
2,04
1,90
1,70
1,43
1,35
1,89
A1>B1
1,49
1,37
1,51
1,63
1,74
1,64
1,51
1,53
1,58
1,54
1,51
1,38
1,41
1,58
1,73
1,71
1,58
1,38
1,24
1,17
1,42
<=1>F1
1,28
1,00
1,74
1,91
2,50
2,45
2,31
2,46
2,50
2,27
2,11
1,89
1,92
2,14
2,28
2,32
2,01
1,72
1,29
1,10
1,52
/D>1>B9C1>
0,31
0,40
0,44
0,38
0,36
0,38
0,38
0,39
0,40
..
0,40
0,39
0,36
0,33
0,37
0,40
0,41
0,38
0,33
0,47
0,69
..
..
..
2,16
2,08
1,19
0,88
0,72
0,60
0,59
0,55
0,46
0,37
0,36
0,36
0,37
0,39
0,36
0,36
0,37
0,53
3,35
2,55
2,72
2,82
2,86
2,85
2,61
2,31
1,84
1,49
1,12
0,80
0,71
0,83
0,88
0,89
0,83
0,85
0,92
1,34
2,62
..
0,82
0,89
1,05
1,19
1,17
0,95
0,95
0,84
0,74
0,67
0,65
0,62
0,62
0,64
0,71
0,78
0,76
0,69
0,81
1,39
0,32
0,31
0,29
0,31
0,35
0,37
0,39
0,40
0,41
0,48
0,52
0,56
0,47
0,49
0,42
0,39
0,38
0,35
0,28
0,25
0,42
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,08
0,13
0,12
0,13
0,18
0,20
0,23
0,25
0,29
0,42
#ˆ;B5=2DA7
0,81
0,52
0,52
0,50
0,59
0,67
0,68
0,72
0,70
0,62
0,50
0,43
0,47
0,50
0,59
0,64
0,65
0,59
0,52
0,52
0,87
?<<1>41
/5>9
05<1>41
3,28
2,48
2,41
2,53
2,81
3,00
2,84
3,29
2,95
2,37
2,04
1,76
1,69
1,73
1,97
2,12
2,02
1,7
1,41
1,29
1,70
0,61
1,88
1,81
1,89
1,60
1,28
1,13
1,15
1,41
1,48
1,47
1,31
1,08
1,01
0,81
0,53
0,43
0,34
0,23
0,27
0,47
%?AE5L
$131A9BC1>
A<1>41
C1<F1
!1@?>F1
"?A5
0,48
1,13
1,17
1,41
1,46
1,3
1,09
0,91
0,71
0,54
0,52
0,50
0,54
0,66
0,86
0,84
0,72
0,50
0,42
0,32
0,50
'?<?>F1
..
..
1,32
2,36
1,79
1,68
1,72
1,64
1,08
0,54
0,63
0,81
0,98
1,16
1,07
1,02
0,86
0,71
0,51
0,35
0,34
'?AC5;9G
0,39
0,32
0,40
0,54
0,82
0,97
0,83
0,81
0,76
0,75
0,78
0,79
0,94
0,91
1,15
1,2
1,28
1,19
1,05
0,99
1,31
..
..
0,87
0,69
0,63
0,53
0,43
0,61
0,70
0,85
1,04
0,84
0,54
0,36
0,31
0,34
0,27
0,34
0,36
0,43
0,67
B@1>F1
2,87
2,61
2,91
3,21
3,53
3,14
2,43
2,11
1,88
1,62
1,44
1,35
1,37
1,47
1,45
1,49
1,45
1,43
1,44
1,87
2,96
BE5L
0,87
0,88
1,65
2,71
2,76
2,53
2,27
2,14
1,98
1,78
1,63
1,33
1,04
1,01
1,17
1,27
1,16
0,94
0,65
0,45
0,72
BE9LA5
0,26
0,13
0,34
0,91
1,56
1,35
1,12
1,23
1,34
1,06
0,86
0,54
0,47
0,76
1,07
1,03
0,92
0,75
0,57
0,53
1,00
*ˆA;9F5
0,38
0,59
0,73
0,67
0,65
0,71
0,68
1,06
0,83
0,64
0,89
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
>79<C5A5
1,53
0,67
0,98
1,16
1,14
0,94
0,82
0,66
0,47
0,40
0,35
0,30
0,26
0,25
0,23
0,18
0,18
0,18
0,16
0,20
0,33
ABD
0,54
0,47
0,65
0,58
0,43
0,34
0,33
0,26
0,23
0,24
0,21
0,28
0,48
0,50
0,37
0,27
0,24
0,24
0,30
0,82
1,00
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1,19
1,07
0,93
0,91
0,95
0,96
0,92
0,87
0,77
0,67
0,69
1,04
Š<?E1;F1
&‘
Kaynak: http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=LMPEXP. Türkiye için 1986- M§@@5F§ 5F5G§B85?=
J9F=@9F
So7=5@LD9B8=HIF95H565G9,)1KKKC978CF;9@GGC7=5@9LD9B8=HIF9¨89B 5@§BA§H§F
108
4. TÜRKYE’DE
AKTF
GÜCÜ
POLTKALARI
POLTKALARIN ETKLERNN DEERLENDRLMES
VE
BU
4.1. Türkiye’de 7ˆ3ˆ'9F1B1B‰>‰>/1@‰B‰
5=?7A169;/1@‰
=F V@?9B=B 89AC;F5:=? M5D§G§ =;V7V D=M5G5G§B§ ekillendiren en önemli
IBGIF@5F85B 6=F=G=8=F -VF?=M9¨89 R5@§ma ça§ BV:IGIBIB M5?@5§? 8©FHH9 6=F= -24
ya gFI6I BV:IGH5B C@IA5?H58§F Bu durum MV?G9? 6=F ;9BR =;V7V DCH5BG=M9@=B9
G5<=DV@?9A=N89#&)¨BIB8VN;VB=C@5F5?H5B§A@58§§=BG5BCBIFIB5M5?§§FB=79@J9
B=H9@C@5F5?M9H9F@=i@9F=BM5F5H§@A5G§B§;9F9?H=FA9?H98=F
25D§G5@ C@5F5? ;9BR 6=F BV:IG5 G5<=D C@5B -VF?=M9¨B=B =@9F=?= M§@@5F85 BV:IG
5FH§ <§N§B§B 5N5@A5G§ 69?@9BA9?H98=F -Q%¨=B BV:IG DFC>9?G=MCB@5F§B5 ;©F9 1990
M§@§B85 MVN89 C@5B M§@@§? 8C5@ BV:IG 5FH§ <§N§B§B M§@§B5 ;9@=B8=inde
6=B89¨M5M§@§B85=G96=B89¨98Vecei H5<A=B98=@A9?H98=F(V:IG5FH§
<§N§B85?=5N5@A5M5?5F§BM§@§B85MVN89G9J=M9G=B89C@5BR5@§ma ça§B85?=
BV:IGIB HCD@5A BV:IG5 CF5B§B§B M§@§B85 MVN89 7=J5F§B85 C@A5G§
69?@9BA9?H98=F M§@§B85B =H=65F9B =G9 HCD@5A BV:IGH5 5N5@A5G§B§B 65layaca§
69?@9BA9?H98=F!9@=mi ülkelerde =G9HCD@5ABV:IG=R=B89?=M5@§BV:IGCF5B§<§N@5
5FHA5?H58§F !9BR BV:IGIB HCD@5A BV:IG =R=B89?= D5M§ ;9@=mi ülkelerle
?§M5G@5B8§§B85 -VF?=M9¨89 RC? 85<5 MV?G9? G9J=M9@9F898=F Bu olgu doru
DC@=H=?5@5F@a yönlendirildi=B89 V@?9A=N=B ?5@?§BA5G§ =R=B e= 6I@IBA5N 6=F :§FG5H
GIB575? 5?G= 8IFIA85 =G9 ;9BR 6=F =G=N@9F CF8IGI J9 6IBIB GCBI7IB85 CFH5M5
R§?575?7=88=DFC6@9A@9F=@9655R§?A5?NCFIB@IC@575?H§F
1<‰ma Ça
‰%ˆ6DBD
-VF?=M9¨89 BV:IG 5FH§§B5 65@§ C@5F5? R5@§ma ça§ BV:IGI 85 5FHA5?H58§F
"5B9<5@?§ ;V7V B?9H= J9F=@9F=B9 ;©F9 -VF?=M9¨89 -2010 8©B9A=B89 R5@§ma
ça§ BV:IGI M§@@§? CFH5@5A5 MVN89 2, i;V7VB9 85<=@ C@A5M5B@5F MVN89 2,8, igücü
MVN892=GH=<85AMVN89 J9=G=NG5M§G§MVN89 CF5B§B855FHA§H§FBu durum
GCB M§@85ki -VF?=M9¨B=B =;V7V J9 =GH=<85A D9F:CFA5BG§B§B RC? 85 655F§@§
109
C@A58§§B§ ;©GH9FA9?H98=F B75? R9=H@= M§@@5F85 -Q% H5F5:§B85B M5D§@5B
A9HC8C@C>=?89==?@=?@9F=B898=??5H95@§BA5G§;9F9?A9?H98=F
Ç5@§A5R5§BV:IGIBIBM§@§B85MVN89¨G=@=G95@H§MVN89¨I@=G9
J9MVN89¨V=G9@=G9VGHV9=H=AG9J=M9G=B89=?9B10 M§@§B85MVN89¨= @=G95@H§
MVN89¨V@=G9J9MVN89¨G§ @=G9VGHV9=H=AG9J=M9G=B898=FI8IFIAR5@§ma
R5§BV:IGIBIB9=H=A8VN9M=B=BM§@@5F=H=65F§M@5MV?G9@A9?@96=F@=?H9<5@5RC? 8VV?
C@8IIBI ;©GH9FA9?H98=F =H=A G9J=M9G=B=B 8VV?@VV -VF?=M9 =;V7V D=M5G5G§B§B
9B©B9A@=DFC6@9A@9F=B89B6=F=G=8=F
4.1.3. gücüne Dahil Olmayanlar
;V7VB9 85<=@ C@A5M5B@5F§B M§@§B85 MVN89 ¨G= J9 10 M§@§B85
MVN89 ¨G§ <5B9<5@?§ F9=G=8=F M§@§B85 =;V7VB9 85<=@ C@A5M5B@5F§B MVN89
¨=9F?9?J9MVN89¨G=?58§B=?9B10 M§@§B856ICF5B@5FG§F5G§M@5MVN89
J9MVN89¨8=F
-10 M§@@5F§ 5F5G§B85 =;V7VB9 85<=@ C@A5M5B@5F =R9F=G=B89 9B 6VMV?
;FID 9J =@9F= =@9 A9;I@ ?58§B@5F8§F I ;FI6IB D5M§ G©N ?CBIGI 8©B9A =R9F=G=B89
5N5@A5?@5 6=F@=?H9 <5@5 MV?G9?H=F G=N@=? 5R§G§B85B RC? ©B9A@= 6=F ;FID C@5B =
6I@A5 VA=8= C@A5M5B@5F J9 = 5F5A5M§D R5@§A5M5 <5N§F C@5B@5F§B =;V7VB9 85<=@
C@A5M5B@5F =R=B89?= D5M§ =G9 ©N9@@=?@9 J9 M§@@5F§B85B =H=65F9B 5FH§
;©GH9FA=H=FI;FI6IBD5M§B85?=5FH§5R§?=G=N@==B85<585MV?G9@A9G=5B@5A§B5
;9@A9?H98=F
110
Tablo 4.1: Nedenlerine Göre gücüne Dahil Olmayanlar
(Yüzde)
1990
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
bulma
ümidi
yok
1,1
0,6
0,5
0,3
0,3
1,2
1,9
2,4
2,3
2,3
2,8
2,7
1A1=1F‰@
L1<‰maya
Ev
Ö
renci
81G‰A
Mevsimlik ileri ile (e
itimrad
olan/Di
er
L1<‰an
megul ö
retim) Emekli sahibi
0,6
0,7
60,9
11,4
8,6
2,6
1,4
2,6
53,3
12,5
9,8
2,1
1,1
3,2
52,2
12,8
10,4
2,1
1,2
3,4
50,4
13,2
11,2
1,6
1,1
3,5
49,8
13,7
11,8
1,4
3,1
1,5
51,1
13,4
12,2
4,2
1,5
49,0
13,3
12,0
4,9
1,3
47,0
13,6
12,3
4,2
1,1
45,1
13,7
13,1
4,6
1,2
45,2
13,9
12,9
4,8
0,3
44,9
14,7
13,4
4,8
0,2
44,3
15,3
13,3
-
Özürlü
ya<‰
Ailevi ve
veya
kiisel
hasta
nedenler Di
er *?@<1=
12,1
1,9
100
9,4
5,0
3,2
100
9,5
5,1
3,0
100
10,1
5,9
2,8
100
9,8
6,2
2,5
100
11,3
4,2
2,0
100
12,0
3,7
2,4
100
12,5
3,8
2,4
100
12,0
5,2
3,4
100
12,7
4,7
2,6
100
12,6
5,4
0,9
100
12,6
5,5
1,2
100
Kaynak: TÜK, HA.
4.1.4. 7ˆ3ˆ>5"1C‰<=1E5BC9841=&A1><1A‰
Türkiye’de i;V7VB9 ?5H§@A5 CF5B§ 8VV? C@ID GCB 3 M§@ 8§§B85 ?5@5B M§@@5F
=H=65F§M@5855N5@A59=@=A=B898=F
,©N ?CBIGI CF5B§B 8VV? C@A5G§ ?58§B@5F85B ©N9@@=?@9 89 8Vük e=H=A@=
?58§B@5F85B?5MB5?@5BA5?H58§F;V7VB9?5H§@A5CF5B§B§B8VV?@VVBVBB989B@9F=
;9B9@C@5F5?MV?G9?BV:IG5FH§<§N§H5F§AG5@=GH=<85A§B5N5@A5G§GCBI7I5Ftan kente
;©RVB©N9@@=?@9?58§B@5F§BGCGMC-9?CBCA=?J9GCGMC-?V@HVF9@G969D@9F@9igücünden
R9?=@A9G=B9 B989B C@A5G§ M55B5B 9?CBCA=? ?F=N@9F yeni igücüne yeterince i
M5F5H§@5A5A5G§ CFH5@5A5 9=H=A GVF9G=B=B IN5A5G§ MV?G9? =G=N@=? CFH5A§B85
ki=@9F=B ©N9@@=?@9 ?58§B@5F§B = 6I@A5?H5B VA=H@9F=B= ?9G=D = 5F5A5A5@5F§ 9F?9B
9A9?@=@=? J9 =gücünün e=H=A G9J=M9G=B=B 8VV?@VV8VF )?I@@5A5 CF5B@5F§B§B
5FHA5G§ 9=H=A GVF9G=B=B IN5A5G§ J9 ?§FG5@ 5@5B85B ?9BH9 ;©R ?§G5 8©B9A89
i;V7VB9 ?5H§@A5 CF5B§B§ düVFA9?@9 6=F@=?H9 6I :5?H©F@9F=B CFH5 J9 INIB 8©B9A89
i;V7VB9?5H§@A5CF5B§B§5FH§FA5G§69?@9BA9?H98=F
B75?GCBVRM§@85M55B5B?VF9G9@9?CBCA=??F=N9F5A9B?5H§@A5CF5B§<9A
?58§B <9A 89 9F?9?@9F89 5FH§ ;©GH9FA=H=F I 5FH§§B ©B9A@= 6©@VAVBVB ?58§B
?5H§@§A§B85B ?5MB5?@5BA5G§ 85 C@IA@I 6=F ;9@=A98=F ,©N ?CBIGI 5FH§§B ;9F=G=B89
111
M5H5B9B©B9A@=B989B@9FGCBVRM§@85IM;I@5A5M5;=F9B=?==GH=<85AD5?9H=J9
M§@§B85M5D§@5B=;V7VD=M5G5G§B5M©B9@=?8VN9B@9A9@9FC@5F5?G§F5@5B56=@=F
Tablo 4.2: Kent-"‰AE59>B9F5CFA‰=‰>417ˆ3ˆ>5"1C‰<=1&A1>‰
/ˆG45
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
*ˆA;9F5
56,6
54,1
49,9
49,8
49,6
- F?9?
79,9
77,8
73,7
72,9
71,6
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
48,3
46,3
46,4
46,3
46,2
46,9
47,9
48,8
69,9
69,8
27,6
- %58§B
26,6
27,1
27,9
26,6
23,3
23,3
23,6
23,6
26
Kent
47,9
45,2
44,1
44,0
44,4
43,8
43,0
44,1
44,2
44,3
45,0
45,8
46,8
- F?9?
76,8
69,8
68,9
69,1
69,3
69,3
69,9
- %58§B
17,1
16,8
17,2
19,1
17,7
18,7
19,8
22,3
23,7
"‰A
66,9
65,8
58,7
58,7
57,6
55,5
54,4
52,1
51,2
50,8
51,4
52,7
53,5
- F?9?
82,6
77,9
72,9
73,3
72
71,3
71
71,6
72
71,6
- %58§B
39
36,7
33,9
33,1
32,9
36,3
%5MB5?-QK, H
GH=<85A CF5B§B5 65?§@8§§B85 85 ?58§B@5F§B 9F?9?@9F=B 6=F <5M@= ;9F=G=B89
?5@8§§ ;©FV@A9?H98=F %58§B@5F ?§FG5@ M9F@9F89 ?9BHG9@ M9F@9F9 CF5B@5 85<5 :5N@5
=GH=<85A 98=@A9?H98=F IBIB B989B= =G9 ?§F85 ?58§B@5F§B 6VMV? RCIB@IIBIB
V7F9HG=N5=@9=R=G=?CBIAIB85=GH=<85A85;©FVBVF?9B?9BH9;©R9HH=?@9F=B89yeterli
i=A?5B@5F§B§BC@A5A5G§, düV?B=H9@=?J99=H=A8VN9M=;9@9B9?G9@M5D§J99J=leri
=@9 RC7I? 65?§A <=NA9H@9F=B=B A5@=M9H=B=B MV?G9? C@A5G§ ;=6= nedenlerle =GH=<85A
8§§B85?5@A5@5F§8§FO5@§ma ça§B85?=<9FMVN?58§B85BG58979¨VBVB=GH=<85A85
C@8II 8Vünülürse i;V7VB9 ?5H§@A5 CF5B§B§B M5B§B85 ©N9@@=?@9 ?9BHH9?= ?58§B@5F§B
=GH=<85ACF5B§B§B5FH§F§@A5G§6VMV?©B9AJ957=@=M9HH5§A5?H58§F
Tablo 4.3: Kent-"‰AE59>B9F5CFA‰=‰>41BC9841=&A1>‰
(15+Ya/ˆG45
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
*ˆA;9F5
52,1
50,0
46,7
45,6
44,4
43,2
41,3
41,5
41,5
41,5
41,7
41,2
2010
43,0
- F?9?
71,7
68,9
63,9
62,9
62,7
63,2
62,9
62,7
62,6
62,7
- %58§B
31,2
28,7
23,9
21,6
22,3
Kent
41,5
40,3
40,2
38,9
38,1
37,7
37,1
38,5
38,9
39,0
39,2
38,2
40,1
- F?9?
63,3
61,9
61,7
61,8
- %58§B
13,1
13,7
16,3
16,6
17,3
17,7
19,3
"‰A
63,6
62,6
56,4
55,9
54,3
51,9
51,4
48,8
48,0
47,4
47,7
48,0
49,6
- F?9?
67,1
68,3
- %58§B
32,6
31,8
31,2
32,8
%5MB5?-QK, H
112
4.1.5. sizlik ve stihdam
"9F M§@ =;V7VB9 ?5H§@5B M9B= BV:IG5 M9H9F@= = =A?5B@5F§B§B M5F5H§@A5A5G§
e?CBCA=? =GH=?F5F§B G5@5BA5G§ =R=B IM;I@5B5B DFC;F5A@5F ©N9@@=?@9 M§@§
GCBF5G§B85 C@A5? VN9F9 H5F§A G9?H©FV =GH=<85A§B85?= 7=88= 5N5@§ M§@§B85
ya5B5B89F=B9?CBCA=??F=NJ9GCBF5G§B855FH5B=;V7VJ9F=A@=@==M=B9M§@§B§B
GCB@5F§B85 ?9B8=B= ;©GH9F9B 6VMV? ?VF9G9@ F9G9GMCB J9 MV?G9@A9?@9 6=F@=?H9 e=H=A
G9J=M9G=B=B <5@5 8VV? C@A5G§ -VF?=M9¨89 =GH=<85A 5FH§§B§ G§B§F@5M5B J9 =G=N@==
5FH§F5BH9A9@:5?H©F@9FC@AIHIF
Q@?9A=N=B 9B H9A9@ GCFIB@5F§B85B 6=F=G= C@5B =G=N@=? ©N9@@=?@9 ?VF9G9@
9?CBCA=? ?F=N=B 89 9H?=G=M@9 M§@§B85 F9?CF 8VN9M9 I@5A§H§F -VF?=M9¨89
=G=N@=? CF5B§ M§@§B85 MVN89 =?9B ?F=N=B=B 9H?=G=M@9 MV?G9@9F9? 4
M§@§B85MVN89G9J=M9G=B9H§FA5BA§H§F200J9 M§@@5F§B855N5@A59=@=A9
;©GH9F9B=G=N@=?CF5B§?VF9G9@?F=N=B9H?=G=M@989 MVN8914¨9MV?G9@9F9?F9?CF8VN9M=
;©FAVtür10 M§@§B85=G9;9FR9?@9en MVN898VN9M=B89?=MV?G9?6VMVA9CF5B§
J9 GCB VR M§@8§F IM;I@5A5M5 ?CMI@5B =GH=<85A 8VN9B@9A9@9F=B=B 89 9H?=G=M@9 ?F=N
CFH5A§B855FHA5G§69?@9B=F?9B=G=N@=?CF5B§B85©B9A@=6=F8Vü;©N@9BA=H=F
*12<?*1A‰=‰‰B9G<9;&A1>‰E5B9G<9;&A1>‰
(15+
Yüzde)
B9G<9;&A1>‰
*1A‰=‰‰
B9G<9;&A1>‰
2006 2007
2008
Ya,
1990
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2009
2010
4
2
Kaynak: TÜ%"
%§FG5@ M9F@9F89 H5F§AG5@ :55@=M9H@9F89 V7F9HG=N 5=@9 =R=@==B=B M5M;§B C@A5G§
?==@9F=B =G=N ;©FVBA9A9G=B9 B989B C@A5?H58§F I 8IFIA <9G565 ?5H§@8§§B85
=G=N@=?85<585MV?G9@A9?H98=F5<5G5@§?@§=G=N@=?CF5B@5F§B5I@5A5?=R=BH5F§A
8§§ =G=N@=? CF5B§B5 65?A5? ;9F9?A9?H98=F -5F§A 8§§ =G=N@=? CF5B§ -56@C ¨H9B
;©FV@96=@979=;=6=5MB§G9MF==N@9A9?@96=F@=?H9=G=N@=?CF5B§B85BC@8I?R5MV?G9?H=F
I 8IFIA -VF?=M9¨89 A9J7IH 8IFIA85 MV?G9? C@5B =G=N@=? CF5B§B§B RC? 85<5
©B9A@=6=FDFC6@9AC@5F5?5@;§@5BA5G§;9FR9=B=CFH5M5R§?5FA5?H58§F
-VF?=M9¨89;9BR=G=N@=?MV?G9?C@5B=G=N@=?CF5B§B§B M5?@5§?=?=?5H§8§F10
113
M§@§B85 ;9B9@ =G=N@=? CF5B§ MVN89 11,9 =?9B ;9BR =G=N@=? CF5B§ MVN89 ¨8=F.
-VF?=M9¨89-M5;FI6IBIB M§@§B85=;V7VB9?5H§@A5CF5B§MVN898,’HVF
!9BR@9F=B =;V7VB9 ?5H§@A5 CF5B§ -VF?=M9 CFH5@5A5G§ C@5B MVN89 ,8¨=B 5@H§B858§F
VV? ?5H§@§A5 F5A9B 6I M5 ;FI6IBIB =G=N@==B=B C@8I?R5 MV?G9? C@A5G§ ;9BR
=G=N@==B ©B9A=B= 6=F ?5H 85<5 5FH§FA5?H58§F !9BR ?58§B@5F§B =G=N@=? J9 =;V7VB9
?5H§@A5 ?CBIGIB85 9F?9?@9F9 ;©F9 85<5 C@IAGIN ;©GH9F;9@9F9 G5<=D C@8II 85 ;©N
©BVB896I@IB8IFI@A5@§8§F
Y5;FI6IBIB?9B8=G=B9©N;VJ9=;V7VD=M5G5G§B§BM5D§G§B565@§C@5F5?;9BR
=G=N@==B=B R9=H@= B989B@9F= A9J7IHHIF. I B989B@9F89B =@?= - M5 ;FI6IBIB
=;V7VD=M5G5G§B5=@??9N;=F=M5§C@A5G§8§FIM5;FI6I=;V7VD=M5G5G§B8585<5
©B79 6=F = H97FV69G=B9 G5<=D C@A5A5@5F§ B989B=M@9 =J9F9B H5F5:§B85B H9F7=<
98=@A9A9?H98=F MF§75 ;9BR@9F =;V7V D=M5G5G§B§ M9H9F=B79 H5B§A58§?@5F§B85B =
5F5A5 GHF5H9>=@9F= =@9 ?9B8= 6979F= J9 M9H9B9?@9F=B9 IM;IB =@9F= 6=@9A9A9?H9
8C@5M§G§M@5 85 =@? =@9F=B= 6I@A5@5F§ N5A5B 5@A5?H58§F =H=A G=GH9A= =@9 =;V7V
D=M5G5G§ 5F5G§B85?= 65§B 9H?=B 6=F 6=R=A89 ?IFI@5A58§§ 9?CBCA=@9F89 ;9BR@9F=B
=;V7V D=M5G5G§B§B =<H=M5R@5F§B§ ?5F§@5M575? 6=R=A89 9=H=A 5@A5A5@5F§ 85 ;9BR
=G=N@==B 8=9F 6=F B989B=8=F -VF?=M9¨89 *¨@9F=B ©N9@@=?@9 89 9B 9H?=B * ?56I@
98=@9B==GH=<85A<=NA9H@9F=B=B<9A?5AI<9A89©N9@G9?H©F89G§B§F@§C@A5G§856=F
8=9FB989BC@5F5?G§F5@5B56=@=F
-VF?=M9¨89 =GH=<85A§B M5D§G§ ;9B9@ C@5F5? G9?H©F9@ 85§@§A H5F5:§B85B
9?=@@9B8=F=@A9?H98=F!9@=A=V@?9@9F89H5F§AG9?H©FVBVB=GH=<85A=R9F=G=B89?=D5M§
MVN89 -¨@9F G9J=M9G=B89 =?9B -VF?=M9¨89 M§@@5F =H=65F§M@5 5N5@A5?@5 6=F@=?H9 <5@5
MVN89 ,2 8VN9M=B898=F -5F§A G9?H©FVBVB =GH=<85A =R9F=G=B89?= D5M§B§B MV?G9?
C@A5G§ =;V7VB9 ?5H§@A5 J9 =GH=<85A CF5B@5F§B§B =;V7V J9F=A@=@==B=B 8VV?
C@A5G§B5J9?5M§H8§§=GH=<85A§B6CMIH@5F§B§B6VMVA9G=B9B989BC@A5?H58§F
-VF?=M9¨89 -
M§@@5F§ 5F5G§B85 =GH=<85A§B G9?H©F9@ 85§@§A§
=B79@9B8==B89 H5F§A G9?H©FVB89B G5B5M= J9 <=NA9H@9F G9?H©F@9F= @9<=B9 6=F 89==A
;©FV@A9?H98=FM§@§B85MVN89C@5BH5F§AG9?H©FVBVB=GH=<85A=R9F=G=B89?=
D5M§ M§@§B5;9@=B8==B89MVN89¨9;9F=@9A=H=FI5N5@§§BR9=H@=B989B@9F=
6I@IBA5?H58§F -VF?=M9 ;9@=H=?R9 G9?H©F9@ HF5BG:CFA5GMCBIB <§N@5BA5G§ J9
114
ehirleme bu durumun gerisinde yatan en önemli faktördür.
Tablo 4.5: BC9841=‰>Š5;CMA5<1
‰<‰=‰
/ˆG45
1988
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
*1A‰=
46,5
36,0
37,6
34,9
33,9
29,1
25,7
24,0
23,5
23,6
24,7
25,2
Š1>1F9
15,8
17,7
17,5
18,5
18,2
23,2
20,8
20,9
20,8
20,9
20,5
19,9
9G=5C<5A
Toplam
37,7 46,3
100,0 100,0
44,9
100,0
46,6
100,0
47,9
100,0
47,7
100,0
53,5
100,0
55,1
100,0
55,6
55,5
54,8
54,9
100,0
100,0
100,0
100,0
Kaynak: TÜK, HA.
Türkiye’de H5F§A85 M9B=89B M5D§@5BA5 GVF97=B89 F9?569H=B H9G=G 98=@A9G=
R565@5F§?5DG5A§B856IG9?H©F9G5@5B5BGV6J5BG=MCB@5F§B5N5@A5G§GCBI7I;9@=FJ9
ya5A GH5B85F8§B§B 8VA9G= H5F§A G9?H©FVB89?= =;V7V :5N@5@§§B§ 5R§5 R§?5FA§H§F
IBIB M5B§B85 9=H=A =A?5B@5F§B5 9F==A=B ?§FG5@ 6©@;9@9F89 G§B§F@§ C@A5G§ 5FH5B
genç nüfusun e=H=A =<H=M5R@5F§ H5F§A =;V7VBVB ?9BH@9F9 ;©RVBV 5FH§F5B 6=F B989B
olmutur.152
M§@§B85G5B5M=G9?H©FV!,2"6VMVA9<§N§MVN89=?9B6IG9?H©F89?=
=GH=<85A 5FH§ <§N§ MVN89 C@5F5? ;9FR9?@9erek istihdam esneklii 1’e
yaklaA§H§F n55H G9?H©FV !,2" 6VMVA9 CF5B§ MVN89 =?9B 6I G9?H©F89?=
=GH=<85A5FH§<§N§MVN89C@AIHIF"=NA9H@9FG9?H©FVB89=G9G§F5G§M@5!,2"J9
istihdam büyüme oraB@5F§ MVN89 J9 C@5F5? ;9FR9?@9miH=F -5F§A G9?H©FV
=GH=<85A§B85 =G9 =B79@9BA9M9 899F 6=F H56@C CFH5M5 R§?A§H§F ,©N ?CBIGI G9?H©F89
6VMVA9CF5B§MVN89C@IF?9B=GH=<85A5FH§<§N§MVN89C@5F5??5M898=@A=tir.
-5F§AG9?H©FVBVB=GH=<85A=R9F=G=B89?=D5M§855FH§ göstermektedir.
4.1.6. 7ˆ3ˆ>ˆ>‘
9C9=ˆG5F9
Türkiye’de istihdam ve e=H=A 5F5G§B85 9tkin bir ili?=B=B ?IFI@5A5A5G§
i;V7V D=M5G5G§B85 H5@9D 98=@9B J9 5FN 98=@9B 6979F=@9F 5F5G§B85 89B;9G=N@=?@9F9 MC@
5RA5?H58§F ?CBCA=B=B =<tiyaç duyduI 5@5B@5F85 5F5 9@9A5B H9A=B=B89 NCF@I?@5F
ya5BA5?H58§F IBIB@5 6=F@=?H9 A9G@9?= 9=H=A A9NIB@5F§B§B =G=N@=? CF5B@5F§ 85
yüksektir. Bunun nedenleri, mesleki eitimin i;V7V D=M5G5G§B§B =<H=M5R@5F§
152
?=B
115
dorultusunda verilememesi ve iverenlerin talep ettikleri nitelikte igücü
6I@5A5A5G§8§FMF§75=verenler talep ettikleri igücü niteliklerini i;V7VD=M5G5G§B5
H5AC@5F5?M5BG§H5A5A5?H58§F
Tablo 4.7: gücünün E
itim Düzeyi, 2010
(Yüzde)
Toplam
Okur-M5N5FC@A5M5B@5F
&=G95@H§9itimliler
Lise
Mesleki ve teknik lise
Yükseköretim
gücü
stihdam
siz
KO
100,0
4,5
59,3
10,6
9,8
15,8
100,0
4,8
59,4
10,2
9,6
16,0
100,0
2,3
58,0
14,2
10,9
14,6
48,8
19,8
46,8
51,4
65,8
78,8
stihdam
&A1>‰
43,0
18,6
44,3
43,3
57,1
70,1
sizlik
&A1>‰
11,9
6,0
11,6
15,9
13,2
11,0
%5MB5?-.K, H
-VF?=M9¨89 10 M§@§B85 =;V7VBVB MVN89 ¨= =GH=<85A§B MVN89 ¨si ve
iG=N@9F=BMVN89¨V @=G95@H§9=H=AG9J=M9G=B89?=@9FJ9C?IF-M5N5FC@A5M5B@5F85B
oluA5?H58§F
E=H=AG9J=M9@9F==H=65F§M@565?§@8§§B85MV?G9?©retim A9NIB@5F§8§§B85?5@5B
gruplarda
e=H=A G9J=M9G= MV?G9@8=?R9 =G=N@=? CF5B§ 85 MV?G9@A9?H98=F B75?
e=H=AG9J=M9G=MV?G9@8=?R9©N9@@=?@9MV?G9?©retim A9NIB@5F§=R=B=;V7VB9?5H§@A5
J9=GH=<85ACF5B@5F§855FHA5?H58§F
4.2. Türkiye’de 7ˆ3ˆ'?<9C9;1<1A‰
-VF?=M9¨89?=5?H=:J9D5G=:=;V7VDC@=H=?5@5F§B=H9@=?J9B=79@=?C@5F5?)
V@?9@9F=B9 ;©F9 RC? N5M§:H§F **¨B=B J5F@§§ 85<5 9G?=@9F9 85M5BA5?@5 6=F@=?H9 *
son 15-20 M§@=R9F=G=B89;9@=miH=F
-VF?=M9¨89 ** 89B=B79 5?@5 85<5 RC? ?§89A J9 =<65F H5NA=B5H@5F§
;9@A9?H98=F G=N@=? G=;CFH5G§B§B C@A58§§ 8©B9A89 R5@§an5F§B iG=N ?5@A5@5F§
GCBI7IB85CFH5M5R§?575?C@IAGIN9H?=@9F=B;=89F=@A9G=5A57§M@5=H9BR§?5F§@5B@5F5
iJ9F9B@9F H5F5:§B85B ©89B9B 6I H5NA=B5H@5F -VF?=M9¨89 9B 9G?= ;9RA=9 G5<=D D5G=:
DC@=H=?5@5F8§F IBIB M5B§ G§F5 9F?9B 9A9?@=@=? IM;I@5A5@5F§ 85 -VF?=M9¨89?= 6=F
dier
**¨H=F M§@§B85 =G=N@=? G=;CFH5G§ G=GH9A=B=B ?IFI@A5G§M@5 6=F@=?H9
gelimiV@?9@9F895G§@**C@5B6IG=GH9A-VF?=M9=R=B89©B9A@=6=FDC@=H=?5<5@=B=
116
5@A§H§F Ye=@ %5FH sistemi ve MF§75 PN9@@9H=FA9 ,CGM5@ 9GH9? *FC>9G= P,*
?5DG5A§B85?= IM;I@5A5@5F 85D5G=:DC@=H=?5@5F8§F
-VF?=M9¨89?IFIAG5@5B@5A85A* =@?C@5F5? ve R=I@A5%IFIAI¨BIB
% M§@§B85 = ve iR= 6I@A5 ?CBIGIB85 5F57§@§? <=NA9H= J9FA9M9
ba@5A5G§M@5 6=F@=?H9 IM;I@5A5 5@5B§ 6I@AIHIF M§@§B85 C@IHIFI@5B GH=<85A§
GeliH=FA9 2V?G9? %CCF8=B5GMCB %IFI@I * ?5DG5A§B85 ©B9A@= R5@§A5@5F
MVFVHAVHVF * IM;I@5A5@5F§ 65?§A§B85B ©B9A@= 6=F H5F=< 89 M§@§ C@AIHIF
I H5F=<H9 =G=N@=?@9 AV7589@9 9HA9? =R=B ;V7V 29H=H=FA9 2©B9HA9@== R§?5F§@A§
ve %¨B§B =;V7V 9itimi sa@5A5 ;©F9J= M5G5@ N9A=B9 ?5JImuHIF VBM5
5B?5G§¨B§B85-VF?=M9¨89?==;V7VDC@=H=?5@5F§B589GH9?J9FA9G=J9GCBF5G§B85?F98=
89GH9?@9F= =@9 * IM;I@5A5@5F§B§B ©B9A= ;=89F9? 5FHFA§H§F %¨B§B M§@§B85
AC89FB6=F=GH=<85A?IFIAIC@5F5?M9B=89BM5D§@5B8§F§@A5G§=@9*=R=B6=F8©BVA
BC?H5G§C@AIHIF IBIBM5B§G§F5GCBM§@@5F85M55B5B?F=N@9F=B899H?=G=M@9©B9A@=
©@RV89 MV?G9@9B =G=N@=?@9 AV7589@989 5H§@5B ©B9A@= 58§A@5F85B 6=F=G= 89 *¨M9
J9F=@9B ©B9A=B J9 6I DFC;F5A@5F5 5MF§@5B ?5MB5?@5F§B ©N9@@=?@9 GCB VR M§@85
5FH§F§@A5G§8§F Aa§85 -VF?=M9¨89?= =;V7V DC@=H=?5@5F§ 5MF§BH§@§ C@5F5? 9@9
5@§B575?H§F
4.2.1. Türkiye’de Pasif 7ˆ3ˆ'?<9C9;1<1A‰
"‰45=*1G=9>1C‰
%§89A H5NA=B5H§ IM;I@5A5G§B§B -VF?=M9¨89?= 9B 9G?= ** C@8Iu
G©M@9B96=@=F H5F=<@= J9 G5M§@§ %5BIBI =@9 8VN9B@9B9B 6I ** HVFV
;VBVAVN8989J5F@§§B§GVF8VFA9?H98=F%§89A H5NA=B5H§=M9F=B896=F=;VJ9B79G=
5F57§ C@5F5? 8VVBV@A9?H98=F %§89A H5NA=B5H§B§B M5G5@ 85M5B5§ G5M§@§ %5BIBI¨BIB A5889G=8=F IB5 ;©F9 %5BIBI¨B5 H56= =R=@9F=B <=NA9H
5?=H@9F=B=B
iJ9F9B H5F5:§B85B 6I %5BIBIB ¨B7= A5889G=B=B ## BIA5F5@§ 69B8=B89 ;©GH9F=@9B
G969D@9F 8§§B85 =R= H5F5:§B85B 6I %5BIBIB ¨B7§ A5889G= IM5F§B75 AIJ5NN5:
5G?9F@=? <=NA9H= 8C@5M§G§M@5 65@§ 6I@IB8I?@5F§ ?5BIB@5 ?IFI@I ?IFIA J9M5
G5B8§?@5F85B M5@§@§? 9A9?@=@=? J9M5 A5@I@@V? 5M@§§ M5<IH HCDH5B ©89A9 5@A5?
117
5A57§M@5 :9G<98=@A9G= J9M5 ?58§B§B 9J@9B8== H5F=<H9B =H=65F9B 6=F M§@ =R9F=G=B89
?9B8=5FNIGI=@9GCB59F8=FA9G=J9M5=R=B=B©@VAVG9696=M@9GCB6I@A5G§<5@@9F=B89
=R=B=B=965@58§§H5F=<H9B=H=65F9B<=NA9H5?H=B=B89J5A§GVF9G=B79;9R9B<9FH5m
M§@ =R=B =J9F9B79 =R=M9 ;VB@V? V7F9H= HIH5F§B85 ?§89A H5NA=B5H§ ©89B=F %§89A
H5NA=B5H§=G=N@=?G=;CFH5G§G=GH9A=B=B?IFI@8IIM§@§B5?585F=G=N@==BC@IAGIN
9H?=@9F=B= H9@5:= 9HA989 65JIFI@5B H9A9@ DC@=H=?5 5F57§ C@AIHIF B75? =G=N@=?
G=;CFH5G§ G=GH9A=B=B ?IFI@A5G§B85B GCBF5 =?= G=GH9A=B 6=F89B =;V7V A5@=M9H@9F=B=
5FH§F§8§§M©BVB89;©FV@9FCFH5M55H§@A§C@ID6I?CBI85?=H5FH§A5@5F<5@9B89J5A
9HA9?H98=F O5@§A5 J9 ,CGM5@ !VJ9B@=? 5?5B@§§ O,! H5F5:§B85B G©N ?CBIGI
H5FH§A5@5F§B859H?=G=M@9?§89AH5NA=B5H§B5=@=?=B6=F8VN9B@9A9<5N§F@§?R5@§A5@5F§
89J5A9HA9?H98=FO5@§A5B§B)FH5/589@=*FC;F5A¨85=:58998=@8==;=6=6=F?§89A
H5NA=B5H§ :CBI ;9H=F=@A9G= R9FR9J9G=B89 MVFVHV@8VV ;©FV@A9?H98=F M§@§B85
¨@I M§@@5F85B 6I M5B5 GVF9;9@9B ?§89A H5NA=B5H§B5 =@=?=B 8VN9B@9A9@9F=B
H5A5A@5BA5G§69?@9BA9?H98=F
4.2.1.2. 821A*1G=9>1C‰
=9F6=F**89=<65FH5NA=B5H§8§FG5M§@§%5BIBIBIBA5889G=B9
;©F9 69@=FG=N GVF9@= = 5?=H@9F=B89 =J9F9B=B =R=M= R§?5F575§B§ =R=M9 ©B7989B <569F
J9FA9G= M5G5@ 6=F NCFIB@I@I?HIF <65F GVF9G= =R=B=B R5@§A5 GVF9G=B9 ;©F9
89=A9?H98=F I GVF9@9F =R9F=G=B89 =J9F9B =R=M9 = 5F5A5 =NB= J9FA9?
8IFIAIB858§F I 5FH@5F§ M9F=B9 ;9H=FA9M9B =J9F9B =G9 6I GVF9@9F@9 CF5BH§@§ C@5F5?
<9G5D@5B575? 6=F =<65F H5NA=B5H§ ©89A9? NCFIB858§F <65F H5NA=B5H§ 85 =G=N@==B
C@IAGIN9H?=@9F=B=69@@=6=FGVF989C@G5<5:=:@9HA9?H=F
4.2.1.3. Erken Emeklilik
1969- M§@@5F§ 5F5G§B85 M5@§@§? 5M@§§ 65@5BA5G§ =R=B M5 5FH§
5F5BA5?G§N§B ?58§B@5F =R=B 9F?9?@9F =R=B G=;CFH5@§@§? M§@§ M9H9F@= ;©FV@AVHVF
M§@§B85 M5D§@5B M5G5 89==?@== =@9 A9J7IH G=;CFH5@§@5F =R=B 9A9?@=@=? M5§B85
?589A9@=6=F;9R=8VN9B@9A9G=M5D§@A§H§FIR9FR9J9899A9?@=@=9<5??5N5B8§F5B
9F?9?@9F=R=BJ9?58§B@5F=R=BM5G@5F§B§B=G9G=;CFH5@§@§§=@??9NM§@§B85B
=H=65F9B65@5M5B@5F=R=BIM;I@5BA5G§©B;©FV@AVHVF
118
B75? M§@§B85 G5M§@§ %5BIB =@9 M§@§B85 GCGM5@ ;VJ9B@=?
G=GH9A=B9 ;9H=F=@9B A=B=AIA 9A9?@=@=? M5§B5 =@=?=B 8VN9B@9A9@9F ?5@8§F§@5F5?
9A9?@=@=? =R=B ?58§B@5F85 9F?9?@9F89 G=;CFH5@§@§? M§@§B§B M9H9F@= ;©FV@A9G=
G5@5BA§H§F I 8IFIA M5@B§N GCGM5@ G=;CFH5 ?IFI@I@5F§B§B A5@= 8IFIAI 5R§G§B85B
89=@ I@IG5@ 9?CBCA= 5R§G§B85B 85 6VMV? GCFIB J9 G5?§B75@5F 8CIFAIHIF F?9B
9A9?@=@=?IM;I@5A5G§M§@§B85G5M§@§%5BIB=@9GCB59F8=F=@A=H=F
4.2.1.4. B9G<9;Š97?AC1B‰
-VF?=M9¨89=G=N@=?G=;CFH5G§G=GH9A=M@V@H5F=<=B89G5M§@§G=N@=?
,=;CFH5G§%5BIB¨I=@9?IFI@AIHIFIG=;CFH5NCFIB@I8IFJ9:=B5BGA5B§ =R==J9F9B
J989J@9HH9B5@§B5BDF=A@9F@9G5@5B§F
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65?5B§ ?5AI ?IFIA J9 ?IFI@I@5F§ GCGM5@ H5F5:@5F§B H9AG=@7=@9F= J9
VB=J9FG=H9H9AG=@7=@9F=B89BC@IIF -VA=@@9F89?IFI@5B6I?IF@5F =@8VN9M=B89
136
istihdam ve mesleki e=H=ADC@=H=?5@5F§B§BC@IHIFI@A5G§=GH=<85A§?CFIMI7I
geliH=F=7= J9 =sizli= ©B@9M=7= H986=F@9F =@9 IM;I@5B575? 5?H=: =;V7V
DFC;F5A@5F§B§B 69@=F@9BA9G= =GH=<85A 9H?=B@=?@9F=B=B J9 A9G@9?= 9itim
IM;I@5A5@5F§B§B=N@9BA9G=J9899F@9B8=F=@A9G=?CBI@5F§B85R5@§§F
ii. KUR’un Görevleri
G5M§@§ M5G5 =@9 ©B79?= 8©B9A89 9G5G :55@=M9H 5@5B§ = ve iR= 6I@A5
hizmetleri ve e=H=A C@5B ?IFIAIB ;©F9J 5@5B§ ;9B=@9H=@9F9? 5?H=: J9 D5G=: =;V7V
pol=H=?5@5F§B§ 85 IM;I@5A5 :CB?G=MCBI %IFIA¨5 ?5N5B8§F§@A§H§F I ?5DG5A85
%.+¨IB;©F9J@9F=IB@5F8§F
5 .@IG5@ =GH=<85A DC@=H=?5G§B§B C@IHIFI@A5G§B5 J9 =GH=<85A§B ?CFIBA5G§B5
geliH=F=@A9G=B9 J9 =sizli=B ©B@9BA9G= :55@=M9H@9F=B9 M5F8§A7§ C@A5? =sizlik
G=;CFH5G§=@9A@9F=B=MVFVHA9?
6 ;V7V D=M5G5G§ J9F=@9F=B= M9F9@ J9 I@IG5@ 65N85 89F@9A9? 5B5@=N 9HA9?
MCFIA@5A5?J9M5M§B@5A5?;V7V*=M5G5G§=@;=5B§A5%IFI@IBIC@IHIFA5?J9
%IFI@ R5@§A5@5F§B§ ?CCF8=B9 9HA9? =;V7V 5FN J9 H5@96=B=B 69@=F@9BA9G=B9 M©B9@=?
i;V7V=<H=M5R5B5@=N@9F=B=M5DA5?M5DH§FA5?
7 J9 A9G@9? 5B5@=N@9F= M5DA5? M5DH§FA5? = J9 A9G@9? 85B§A5B@§§
<=NA9H@9F= J9FA9? J9F8=FA9? =;V7VBVB =GH=<85A 98=@96=@=F@==B= 5FH§FA5M5 M©B9@=?
i;V7V M9H=H=FA9 A9G@9?= 9itim ve i;V7V IMIA DFC;F5A@5F§ ;9@=tirmek ve
IM;I@5A5?=GH=<85A85?==;V7VB99=H=AG9A=B9F@9F=8VN9B@9A9?
d) R= =GH9A9 J9 = 5F5A5B§B 8VN9B9 65@5BA5G§B5 =@=?=B R5@§A5@5F M5DA5?
i;V7VBVB MIFH =R=B89 J9 MIFH 8§§B85 IM;IB C@8I?@5F§ =@9F9 M9F@9tirilm9@9F=B9 J9
R9itli i@9F=R=BIM;IB=;V7V6I@IBA5G§B5J9MIFH8§§<=NA9H5?=H@9F=B=BM5D§@A5G§B5
5F57§@§? 9HA9? =GH=<85A§B85 ;VR@V? R9?=@9B =;V7V =@9 =M9F@9F=B=B M5G5@ C@5F5?
R5@§H§FA5? NCFIB85 C@8I?@5F§ =;V7VBVB =GH=<85A@5F§B5 ?5H?§85 6I@IBA5? ©N9l
=GH=<85A 6VFC@5F§B5 =@=?=B %IFIA5 J9F=@9B ;©F9J@9F= M9F=B9 ;9H=FA9? =J9F9B@9F=B
MIFH 8§§B85 ?9B8= = J9 :55@=M9H@9F=B89 R5@§H§F575§ =R=@9F= H9A=B 9HA9G= =@9 H5F§A
i@9F=B89 V7F9H@= = ve iR= 6I@A5 5F57§@§§B5 =N=B J9F=@A9G= J9 ?5@8§F§@A5G§B5 =@=?=B
i@9A@9F=M5DA5?
137
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=R=B89J9M5I@IG@5F5F5G§8VN9M89?IFIAJ9?IFI@Ilara e=H=AJ985B§A5B@§?<=NA9H=
J9FA9?
f) Avrupa Birli= J9 I@IG@5F5F5G§ ?IFI@I@5F§B =;V7V =GH=<85A J9 R5@§ma
<5M5H§B5=@=?=BC@5F5?5@8§?@5F§?5F5F@5F§=N@9A9?-VF?=M9IA<IF=M9H="V?VA9H=B=B
taraf olduI%IFIAIB;©F9J5@5B§B5;=F9B=?=@=J9RC?H5F5:@§5B@5A5G©N@9me ve
H5JG=M9?5F5F@5F§B§IM;I@5A5?H§F
; (Ek: 11/10/2011-KHK-665/16 md.) 5?5B@§§B A9JNI5HH5B ?5MB5?@5B5B J9
taF585MVFVHV@A9G=;9F9?9B;©F9J@9F=B=M5DA5?
iii. Özel BC9841=ŒˆA?<1A‰
G5M§@§ M5G5B§B ;9H=FA= olduI ©B9A@= M9B=@=?@9F89B 6=F= 89 =;V7V
D=M5G5@5F§B85 :55@=M9HH9 6I@IBA5 ?CBIGIB85 ?IFIAIB H9?9@ M9H?=G=B=B ?5@8§F§@5F5?
©N9@ =GH=<85A 6VFC@5F§B5 85 69@=F@= 5FH@5F§ H5§A5@5F§ <5@=B89 J9 %.+¨85B =N=B
almak koI@IM@5 :55@=M9HH9 6I@IBA5 =A?5B§ H5B§BA5G§8§F .M;I@5A5B§B 65@58§§
M§@§B85B10 M§@§ GCBI=H=65F§M@5 toplam 445 6VFCM5©N9@=GH=<85A6VFCGI5RA5
iNB= J9F=@A=H=F B75? M§@§ GCBI =H=65F§M@5 :55@ C@5B ©N9@ =GH=<85A 6VFC G5M§G§
¨H=F177
%IFIA H5F5:§B85B =N=B J9F=@9B ©N9@ =GH=<85A 6VFC@5F§ ?5AI ?IFIA J9
kurulu@5F§ <5F=R MIFH =R=B89 J9 8§§B85 = ve iR= 6I@A5M5 5F57§@§? :55@=M9H=B89
6I@IB56=@A9?H98=F@9F 2IFH8§§B85 6I@8I?@5F§ =ler için i G©N@9A9G=B= %IFIA5
CB5M@5HA5? NCFIB@I8IF VFC@5F = ve iR= 6I@A5M5 5F57§@§? :55@=M9H= M5B§G§F5
i;V7VBVB =GH=<85A 98=@96=@=F@=ini ve verimlili=B= 5FH§7§ :55@=M9H@9F =@9 =BG5B
?5MB5?@5F§M©B9H=A=5@5B§B8585B§A5B@§?:55@=M9H=B89896I@IB56=@=F@9F
VFC@5F65JIFI5R§?= ve ie yerletirmelere ili?=B=GH5H=GH=?=6=@;=@9F=VR9F
5M@§? 8©B9A@9F <5@=B89 %IFIA5 ;©B89FA9? NCFIB858§F@5F "5N=F5B - M@V@
177
<HHDKKK=G?IF;CJHF&C58LH9FB5@*5;95GDLI=7C89GH5HCN9@=GH=<85A6IFC:55@
138
H5F=<@9F=5F5G§B85öz9@=GH=<85A6VFC@5F§H5F5:§B85B=e yerleH=F=@9B?==G5M§G§
[email protected] ?=i8=F178
PN9@ =GH=<85A 6VFC@5F§ ©B9A@= 6=F * IM;I@5M§7§G§ C@5F5? ©B D@5B5
R§?A5?H58§F B 655F§@§ * C@5B =GH=<85A <N=A9H@9F=B=B %.+¨85B GCBF5 ;9@9B
5?H©F@9F=C@5F5?G©N?CBIGI6VFC@5F6VMV?©B9AH5§A5?H58§FI65?§A85B;9@979?
M§@@5F85=G=N@=?@9AV7589@989?9B8=G=B98V9B=@9J@9F=M9F=B9;9H=F96=@A9G==R=B©N9@
=GH=<85A 6VFC@5F§B§B 9H?=B@==B= 5FH§F575? DC@=H=?5@5F§B =J98= 6=F 6=R=A89
C@I@HIFI@5F5?IM;I@5A5M5?CBA5G§:5M85@§C@575?H§F
PN9@=GH=<85A6VFC@5F§B§B;9R=7==R=R5@§H§FA5G§B5=N=BJ9F=@A9G=?CBIGI=G9
GCB ;VB@9F89 MCIB H5FH§A5@5F5 MC@5 R5B 6=F ?CBI C@AItur. I R9FR9J989 ©B9A@=
8VN9B@9A9@9F=R9F9BR5@§A5@5F89J5A9HA?9H98=F
iv. BC9841=E5$5B<5;+G=1><‰
‰
%IFIA <=NA9H@9F=B=B ?5@=H9G=B=B 5FH§F§@A5G§ J9 M9B= ;©F9J@9F=B M9F=B9
;9H=F=@A9G= ?5DG5A§B85 M9B= M5D§@5BA5 =@9 GH=<85A J9 '9G@9? .NA5B@§§ ?5F=M9F=
geliH=F=@A=tir. GH=<85A J9 A9G@9? INA5B@§§ <9A %.+¨IB D9FGCB9@ ?5@=H9G=B=B
5FH§F§@A5G§ <9A 89 * ?CBIGIB85 %.+¨IB DC@=H=?5 C@IHIFA5 ?5D5G=H9G=B=B
geliH=F@A9G=5R§G§B85B6VMV?©B9AH5§A5?H58§F
G5M§@§%5BIB¨IB A5889G=B89?=AH5F=<@=G5M§@§%"%
ile M5D§@5B89i=?@=?@9=GH=<85AJ9A9G@9?INA5B@§§B§B=@@9F8989M5D§@56=@A9G=B=B
MC@I 5R§@A§H§F I 8VN9B@9A9M9 ;©F9 %.+¨IB A9F?9N te?=@5H§B85 =GH=<85A
INA5B§ J9 =GH=<85A INA5B M5F8§A7§G§ H5ra te?=@5H§B85 =@ =GH=<85A INA5B§ J9 =@
=GH=<85AINA5BM5F8§A7§G§R5@§H§F§@56=@=F
4.2.2.3.3.2. KUR’un A'"1@B1=‰>41;911<9F5C<5A9
M§@§B85BGCBF5?=8©B9A89%.+¨IB*?5DG5A§B85?=:55@=M9H@9F=B=B
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178
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139
i. stihdam Hizmetleri
ve içi arayanlara sunulan 5F57§@§? hizmetlerden oluA5?H58§F e
yerletirme uygun ie uygun iR= 6I@IBA5G§8§F KUR igücü arz ve talebin
eleH=F=@A9G= ;©F9J=B= MVFVHA9?H98=F I ;©F9J = 5F5M5B@5F§B B=H9@=?@9F=B9 J9 =
tercihlerine uygun i@9F= 6I@A5? =J9F9B@9F=B ?5F§@5BA5G§B§ H5@9D 9HH=?@9F= ?=ileri
seçmelerini sa@5A5?5B@5A§B858§F
Tablo 4.8: KUR’un e Yerletirme Hizmetleri
Erkek
759.316
866.567
155.534
1.149.625
999.569
BAVURU (Toplam Arayanlar)
AÇIK *
Kamu
Özel
VERENE TAKDIM
Kamu
Özel
E YERLETIRME
Kamu
Özel
KAYITLI GÜCÜ
KAYITLI SZ
2010
"14‰>
458.620
225.553
49.697
454.730
414.972
Toplam
1.217.936
368.636
1.092.120
205.231
1.604.355
1.414.541
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M§@§B85B=H=65F9B7=BG=M9H5MF§A§?5@8§F§@8§§B85BHCD@5AF5?5A@5FJ9F=@A9?H98=F
-56@C M5?@5§? milyon i;V7VBVB A=@MCB =GH=<85A§B J9 milyon85B:5N@5 isizin bulunduI-VF?=M9¨89%.+¨IB<=NA9HJ9F8==?9G=A=BRC?
G§B§F@§ C@8IIBI ;©GH9FA9?H98=F I <=NA9H@9F=B B=H9@ J9 B=79@ C@5F5? 5FH§F§@A5G§
aA57§M@5 GCB VR M§@85 ©B9A@= 58§A@5F 5H§@A§ C@A5?@5 6=F@=?H9 <5@9B 6I 5@5B85
M5D§@A5G§;9F9?9BRC?ey olduIBICFH5M5?CMA5?H58§F
ii. gücü Yetitirme Faaliyetleri
G=N@=?H9B 9B :5N@5 9H?=@9B9B J9 6I B989B@9 =;V7V D=M5G5G§B85 89N5J5BH5>@§
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9G?=<V?VA@V@9F=@9=;V7VD=M5G5G§B85;9R9F@=6=FA9G@9=C@A5M5BJ5G§:G§N=sizlere
M©B9@=?C@5F5?8VN9B@9B9n igücü yetiH=FA9?IFG@5F§M@5 isizin i=J9F9B=B89J5G§:@§
igü7V H5@96=B=B ?5F§@5BA5G§B5 R5@§§@A5?H58§F I ?5DG5A85 %.+ H5F5:§B85B
yürütülen igücü yetitirme :55@=M9H türleri aa§85M9F5@A5?H58§F
140
a. Kurslar
-
gücü Yeti( &') Milli E=H=A5?5B@§§B565@§9=H=AJ9©F9H=A
?IFIA@5F§VB=J9FG=H9@9F©F9H=A?IFIA@5F§PN9@G9?H©F=M9F@9F=9=H=AJ9M5
F9<56=@=H5GMCB 5A57§M@5 ?IFI@AI :=FA5@5F 9=H=A =R=B ;9F9?@= A9?5B J9
8CB5B§A5 G5<=D 89FB9? J5?§: =R= =J9F9B 9GB5: J9 A9G@9? ?IFI@I@5F§
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8©B9F G9FA5M9@= ?IFI@I@5F ©N9@ ?5BIB@5 ?IFI@5B 65B?5 J9 ?IFI@I@5F =@9
6IB@5F5 65@§ =M9F@9F= =@9 =6=F@== M5D5F5? J9 <=NA9H G5H§B 5@5F5? =;V7V
M9H=H=FA9 ?IFG@5F§ 8VN9B@9BA9?H98=F ;V7V M9H=H=FA9 ?IFG@5F§ =GH=<85A
;5F5BH=@=C@5F5?858VN9B@9BA9?H98=F;V7VM9H=H=FA9?IFG@5F§B5?5H§@5B@5F5
9=H=A@9F9 ?5H§@8§?@5F§ <9F 6=F :==@= ;VB =R=B ?IFG=M9F 79D <5FR@§§ J9F=@9F9?
9=H=A GVF9G=B79 = ?5N5G§ J9 A9G@9? <5GH5@§§ G=;CFH5 DF=A@9F=
©89BA9?H98=F179
-
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DFC;F5A@5F§ ©NVF@V@9F=B =@;= J9 M9H9B9?@9F= 8CFI@HIGIB85 ©NVF@V@9F M5F5F§B5
kurulmu 6I@IB5B 89FB9? J5?§: J9 A9G@9?= F9<56=@=H5GMCB A9F?9N@9F=M@9
GVF9?@=H9A5G?IFI@5F5?©NVF@V@9F=BA9G@9?@9F9;©F9B=H9@=?@9F=H9GD=H98=@9F9?
J9 l GH=<85A J9 '9G@9?= =H=A %IFI@@5F§B§B ;©FV J9 H5@9D@9F= 89 8=??5H9
5@§B5F5? ©NVF@V ;FID@5F§B5 M©B9@=? DFC>9@9F IM;I@5BA5?H58§F %IFG@5F5
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b. Giriimcilik E
itimleri
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J5F§@A5G§=@969@=F@9B9B;=F==A7=@=?9=H=A@9F=?IFIA5?5M§H@§=G=N@9F9M©B9@=?C@5F5?
?9B8= =@9F=B= ?IFA5@5F§B5 M5F8§A7§ C@A5? 5A57§M@5 8VN9B@9BA9M9 65@5BA§H§F
179
180
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141
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?IFG=M9F79D<5FR@§§J9F=@9F9?9=H=AGVF9G=B79=?5N5G§J9A9G@9?<5GH5@§§G=;CFH5
DF=A@9F=©89BA9?H98=F181
c. ŠC1:'A?7A1=<1A‰
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M9H9F@=?@9F=B= ;9@=H=F96=@979?@9F= GH5> DFC;F5A@5F§ 8VN9B@9BA9?H98=F *FC;F5A@5F 9B
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145
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APP’nin Hedefleri
*FC>9 =@9 %.+¨IB ?IFIAG5@ ?5D5G=H9G=B=B MV?G9@H=@A9G= G=J=@ HCD@IA
?IFI@I@5F§ J9 =@;=@= HVA GCGM5@ H5F5:@5F§B V@?989?= =GH=<85A J9 =G=N@=? GCFIBIBIB
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98=@A=H=F I 6=@99B=B 5A57§ =G=N@9F=B =GH=<85A 98=@96=@=F@=?@9F=B=B J9 =;V7VBVB
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iii. APP-2
M§@§B85 65@5H§@5B **¨B=B 89J5A§ B=H9@==B89 C@5B 6I ?H=: GH=<85A
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4.2.2.4. Aktif 7ˆ3ˆ'?<9C9;1<1A‰ ve KOSGEB
Türkiye’de AP’nin en önemli aktörlerinden bir dieri de KOSGEB’dir.
KOSGEB AP’nin i yaratma alt ba@§§ 5@H§B85 M9F 5@5B = kurma destekleri
çerçevesinde temel aktördür. %),! M§@§B85 G5M§@§ %5BIB =@9 =A5@5H
sanayi iletmelerinin ekonomideki yerlerinin geliH=F=@A9G= 5A57§M@5 ?IFI@AItur.
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KOSGEB, A* ?5DG5A§B85 = kurmak isteyen isizlere yönelik eitim ve
85B§A5B@§? ;=6= <=NA9H@9F= J9FA9?H98=F ?VRV? =letme kurma ve gelitirme
destekleri
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KOB¨@9F89 DFC>9 ?V@HVFV J9 6=@=B7=B=B C@IHIFI@A5G§ =@9HA9@9F=B DFC>9 M5D56=@A9
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kar§@5BA5G§8§F*FC;F5A?5DG5A§B85?=DFC>9@9F=R=B%),!B desteinin üst limiti
-& C@ID DFC>9 <5F75A5@5F§ 6=F=B7= J9 =?=B7= H9vik bölgelerinde yüzde 50,
üçüncü ve dördüncü teJ=? 6©@;9@9F=B89 MVN89 CF5B§B85 ;9F= ©89A9G=N C@5F5?
desteklenmektedir.193
ii. *5=1C9;'A?:55BC5;'A?7A1=‰
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Program’da, KOSGEB’in belirledii tematik alanlarda bölgesel ve sektörel
191
KOS!
KOSGEB, www. kosgeb.gov.tr
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KOSGEB, 2010: 12.
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%.+ H5F5:§B85B MVFVHV@9B =gücü e=H=A DFC;F5A@5F§ R9FR9J9G=B89 ?VRV? 6CMIH@I
6=F9H?=5F5H§FA5G§M5D§@A§H§F
4.3.1. stihdam ve E
9C9= 'A?:5B9 "1@B1=‰>41 /ˆAˆCˆ<5> 'A?7A1=<1A‰>
De
5A<5>49A=5B9
M§@§B85 65@5M5B GH=<85A J9 =H=A *FC>9G= ?5DG5A§B85 8VN9B@9B9B
istihdam garantili i;V7VM9H=H=FA9?IFG@5F§=@9?9B8===B=?IF575?@5F5M©B9@=?=gücü
M9HiH=FA9DFC;F5A@5F§B§B899F@9B8=F=@A9G=5A57§M@56=F9H?=5F5H§FA5G§M5D§@A§H§F
I899F@9B8=FA9R5@§A5G§)V@?9@9F=B89?=*9H?=@9F==B79@9B=F?9BMI?5F§85
de=B=@9B J9 I@IG@5F5F5G§ @=H9F5HVF89 -VF?=M9¨89?= P de9F@9B8=FA9G=B= =R9F9B H9?
R5@§ma8§F
VBM5 5B?5G§ =?H=G5HR§G§ 5J=8
F9HK9@@¨=B 9;V8VAVB89 *C@CBM5
'575F=GH5B O9? IA<IF=M9H= J9 -VF?=M9¨89 MVFVHV@AV P¨B=B etki araH§FA5G§
M5D§@A§H§F I R5@§A5B§B 58§ ?H=: ;V7V *FC;F5A@5F§ Q@?9@9F5F5G§ O5@§A5G§¨8§F
166
(Cross Country Study of Active Labour Program). Bu kapsamda her ülkeden bir
koordinatör belirlenmiH=F-VF?=M9¨896IR5@§A5@5F§Prof.Dr. +979D/5FR§B?CCF8=B9
etmiJ9R5@§A5B§BH9?B=?85B§A5B@§§B§=G9F$57C69BIGVGH@9BA=tir.
AraH§FA5 M5F§ 89B9MG9@ 9H?= 5F5H§FA5G§ M©BH9A=M@9 M5D§@A§H§F O5@§ma
?5DG5A§B85 M§@§B85 KUR’un yürüttüü istihdam garantili kurslar
deerlendirilmitir. Bu çerçevede Ankara, stanbul, zmir, Bursa ve Adana illerinde
M5D§@5B R5@§malar seçilmitir. AraH§FA5 M§@§B85 M5D§@A§H§F AraH§FA5
?5DG5A§B8589B9M;FI6IB85B?=i ile görüV@A9M9R5@§§@A§5B75??=i
ile görüülebilmiH=F%CBHFC@;FI6IB85B?=i ile görüV@A9M9R5@§§@A§ ancak
?=i ile görüülebilmiH=F B?9H M5B§H@5A5 CF5B@5F§ 89B9M J9 ?CBHFC@ ;FID@5F§
=R=B G§F5G§M@5 MVN89 J9 MVN89 C@AIHIF O5@§ma sonucundaki genel bulgular
öyle özetlenebilir;
*FC;F5A@5F§BCFH5@5A5GVF9@9F=5M8§F
Programda verilen e=H=A <5??§B85 ?5H§@§A7§@5F§B 89erlendirmesi genelde
olumludur.
*FC;F5A ?5H§@§A7§@5F§B§B MVN89 ¨I 9=H=A DFC;F5A@5F§B85 ?5N5B8§?@5F§
J5G§:@5F§B=6I@A585M5F8§A7§C@8Iunu belirtmitir.
%IFGGCBF5G§B85=GH=<85A98=@A9CF5B§MVN89¨8=F
E=H=A H5A5A@5B8§?H5B =?= M§@ GCBF5 6=@9 ?5H§@§A7§@5F§B MVN89 ¨= <5@5
istihdam edilmektedir.
Kendi
iini
kurmaya
yönelik
eitim
verilmemi
olmakla
birlikte,
?5H§@§A7§@5F§BMVN89¨§?9B8==lerini kurmu@5F8§F
I R5@§A5 ?5DG5A§B85 P’nin
net
etkilerine
ula§@56=@A9G= =R=B
ekonometrik bir model oluturulmutur. Bu modelde i;V7V D=M5G5G§B85?= H9A9@
;©GH9F;9?5DG5A§B85DFC;F5A@5F§B9H?=@9F=CFH5M5?CBI@A5M5R5@§§@A§H§FIAC89@
GCBIR@5F§B5;©F9DFC;F5A9H?=@9F=-56@C¨89J9F=@A=tir.
Tablo 4.11: AP Etkileri
167
Düzenli @9F=BC@5G§@§§
Serbest leF=B)@5G§@§§
1996’dan Beri stihdam Edilenler
1996’daki @9F=B)F5B§
M@§?VN9B@=!9@=F'=@MCB-&
AraC‰A=1
63
6
85
1,1
31
Kontrol
64
6
79
1
31
Fark
-1
0
6***
0,1***
0
Etki
-6***
3**
2
0,2***
3,4***
%5HG5M§@5F§BG9J=M9G=B89G§:§F85BRC?:5F?@§C@8II;©GH9F=@=MCF
%5HG5M§@5F§BG9J=M9G=B89G§:§F85BRC?:5F?@§C@8II;©GH9F=@=MCF
%5HG5M§@5F§BG9J=M9G=B89G§:§F85BRC?:5F?@§C@8II;©GH9F=@=MCF
-56@C 5F5H§FA5B§B M5D§@8§§ 8©B9A89 =GH=<85A 5R§G§B85B DFC;F5A
9H?=G=B=B C@IAGIN 8=er dei?9B@9F 5R§G§B85B C@IA@I C@8IIBI ;©GH9FA9?H98=F
*FC;F5A§B<9A9BGCBF5G§B85DFC;F5A?5H§@§A7§@5F§B§B=GH=<85A98=@A9CF5B§MV?G9?
=?9BN5A5B;9RH=?R96I9H?=B9;5H=:98©BVmüHVF!9@=F5R§G§B85BDFC;F5A§B9H?=G=
=G9C@IA@I8IF25B=?5H§@§A7§@5F§B;9@=F@9F=B89?CBHFC@;FI6IVM9@9F=B9;©F96=F5FH§
H9GD=H98=@A=H=F
*FC;F5A§B5@H;FID@5F=H=65F§M@58=9FGCBIR@5F§=G9©M@9G§F5@5B56=@=F
I DFC;F5A@5F ?58§B@5F§B =GH=<85A 98=@A9G= J9 ;9@=F 9@89 9HA9@9F= 5R§G§B85B
85<5C@IA@IGCBIR@5FCFH5M5?CMA5?H58§F
*FC;F5A85<5RC?-24 ya ;FI6I5R§G§B85BDCN=H=:GCBIR@5FJ9FA=H=F
E=H=A8VN9M=RC?:5N@56=F:5F?M5F5HA5A§H§F
*FC;F5AINIB8©B9A=G=N@9F5R§G§B85B85<5C@IA@IGCBIR@5F5MC@5RA§H§F
“–Š'"1@B1=‰>41/ˆAˆCˆ<5>'A?7A1=<1A‰>5
5A<5>49A=5B9
P,*¨B=B
8©FH
6=@9eninden
6=F=G=
DFC>9B=B
GCGM5@
9H?=@9F=B=B
de9F@9B8=F=@A9G=8=F I R9FR9J989 29B=89B 9 29F@9tirme bile9B= ?5DG5A§B85
MVFVHV@9BDFC;F5A@5F§B9H?=G=B=899F@9B8=FA9?VN9F96=FR5@§A5M5D§@A§H§F213
O5@§A5 29B=89B 9 29F@9tirme hizmetlerinin net etkisinin ortaya
?CBI@A5G§B§ 5A5R@5A§H§F I ?5DG5A85 M5F§ 89B9MG9@ 6=F 9H?= 5F5H§FA5G§
H5G5F@5BA§H§F PB79@=?@9DFC;F5A?5H§@§A7§@5F§B85BC@I5B6=F©FB9?@9AG9R=@A=J9
?5H§@§A7§ C@A5M5B 8=9F 6=F ©FB9?@9A ;FI6I =@9 9leH=F=@9F9? GCBIR@5F
kar§@5H§F§@A§H§F%5H§@§A7§;FI6IDFC;F5A@5F§B9B:5N@5MCIB@5H§§G9?=N=@=B<9F
213
,CBIR@5F%.+¨85B;9R=7=B=H9@=?H9G5@5BA§H§F
168
birinden bir örneklem seçilmesiyle oluturulmutur. Kontrol grubu ise her sekiz ilden
5MB§ 8©B9A89 %.+¨5 ?5M§H@§ 5B75? DFC;F5A5 ?5H§@A5M5B ?=ilerin seçimi ile
belirlenmitir.
Bu araH§FA5B§BGCBIR@5F§B5;©F9 KUR ve KOSGEB’in yürüttüü AP’nin
i bulma ve gelir üzerindeki etkisi olumlu ve =GH5H=GH=?G9@ C5@F5? 85 5B@5A@§8§F
Özellikle de KOSGEB’in yürüttüü AP’nin etkileri daha büyük olmutur.
4.4. Aktif 7ˆ3ˆ'?<9C9;1<1A‰>1 /5>9/1;<a‰=<1AE5*ˆA;9F5
¨@= M§@@5F85 M55B5B D9HFC@ ?F=N= ?VF9G9@@9A9 H9?BC@C>=? 89i=A@9F
IM;I@5B5B A5?FC9?CBCA=? DC@=H=?5@5F JFID5¨85 =G=N@=? CF5B@5F§B§ MV?G9@HA=tir.
5N§ M§@@5F85 5N5@A5 ;©GH9FA9?@9 6=F@=?H9 V@?9@9F=B89 =G=N@=? CF5B@5F§ MV?Gek
seviyelerde seyretmiH=F M§@§B85 -15 ülkelerinde ortalama iG=N@=? CF5B§
MVN89 ¨M9 ?585F MV?G9@A=tir. Bu yüksek isizli=B 6=F9MG9@ J9 HCD@IAG5@
A5@=M9H@9F=B= 89 ;©N ©BVB9 5@5B JFID5 %CBG9M= H5F=<@= GG9B 3=FJ9G=B89
Delors’un Büyüm9 +9?569H 29H9B9i ve GH=<85A =G=A@= 9M5N %=H56§B85B
9H?=@9B9F9? =GH=<85A ?CBIGIB85 VM9 V@?9@9F=B IM;I@5M575?@5F§ ©B79@=?@9F=
belirlemiH=F B75? VM9 V@?9@9F =R=B 6I ©B79@=?@9F=B IM;I@5BA5G§ NCFIB@I
HIHI@A5A§H§F
Haziran
1997’de
ise
Amsterdam
AntlaA5G§¨M@5 =GH=<85A %IFI7I
AntlaA5M5D5F5G5@J99?CBCA=??CBI@5F§B85<=@98=@A9G=B969BN9F9?=@89M9B=6=F
ba@§? C@5F5? ;=FA=tir. AntlaA5 9?CBCA=? 6VMVA9 J9 =GH=?F5F ;=6= A5?FC
9?CBCA=? ©B79@=?@9F@9 =GH=<85A5 5MB§ GH5HVMV J9FA= MV?G9? 8VN9M89 =GH=<85A§B
M5?5@5BA5G§B§H9A9@6=F©B79@=?C@5F5?©BG§F5@5F55@A§H§F
%5G§A¨89&V?G9A6CIF;¨85M5D§@5B©N9@JFID5%CBG9M=3=FJ9G=¨B89S
oluturulmuHIF I H5F=<H9B GCBF5 VM9 V@?9@9F= =GH=<85A DC@=H=?5@5F§B§ 6I
GHF5H9>=M9 IM8IFA5?@5 MV?VA@V HIHI@AIHIF JFID5 %CA=GMCBI H5F5:§B85B <9F M§@
üye ülkeler için GH=<85A+9<69F@9F=<5N§F@5BA5?H5J9%CBG9M79?56I@98=@A9?H98=F
"9F VM9 V@?9 6I M§@@§? F9<69F@9F@9 IMIA@I C@5F5? .@IG5@ M@9A *@5B§ <5N§F@5M§D
IM;I@5A5?8IFIAIB858§F
%9B5F
169
AS’nin dört temel bileeni
i) igücünün istihdam edilebilirli=5FH§FA5?,
ii) giriimcilii geliH=FA9?,
iii) iM9F@9F= J9 R5@§5B@5F§B 89i9B D=M5G5 ?CI@@5F§B5 ?5F§ uyum yeteneini
;VR@9B8=FA9?
iv) i;V7V D=M5G5G§B85 65H5 ?58§B@5F C@A5? VN9F9 5MF§A7§@§5 ?5F§ :§FG5H
eitlii sa@5A5?H§F
'5FH ¨89 &=N6CB 3=FJ9G=¨B89 =F@==B <989:= ;9@979? M§@ =R=B89
8VBM5B§B 9B F9?569HR= J9 8=B5A=? 6=@;=M9 85M5@§ 9?CBCA=G= <5@=B9 ;9@A9? H5A
istihdama ulaA5? GVF8VFV@96=@=F 6=F 9?CBCA=? 6VMVA9M= J9 GCGM5@ 6VHVB@9meyi
sa@5A5? C@5F5? 69@=F@9BA=H=F IBIB@5 6=F@=?H9 GCAIH =GH=<85A <989:= C@5F5? M§@§ =R=B ;9B9@ =GH=<85A CF5B§B§B MVN89 ?58§B =GH=<85A CF5B§B§B MVN89 C@A5G§?CBAIHIF
M§@§B85JFID5%CBG9M=H5F5:§B85B-2005 dönemi için yeni stihdam
+9<69F@9F= CluturulmuHIF %CBG9M ,¨B=B H9A9@ ;©F9J=B= 85<5 RC? J9 85<5 =M=
ileri teJ=? 9HA9? C@5F5? H5B§A@5A§ ve istihdam rehberlerinde üç temel amaç
belirlenmitir;
=H5A=GH=<85A§BG5@5BA5G§
ii) iH9?5@=H9J9J9F=A@=@==B5FH§F§@A5G§
===GCGM5@6VHVnleA9B=B;VR@9B8=F=@A9G=
I VR H9A9@ 5A575 I@5A5? =R=B CB GCAIH ©B9F= ;9H=F=@A=H=F I ©B9F=@9F=B
RCu A*?5DG5A§B85?=©B9F=@9F89BC@IA5?H58§F
©M@979 P’yi i;V7V D=M5G5@5F§B§B H9A9@ H5@5F§ 5F5G§B5 ?CMAI ve
JIF;I D5G=: DC@=H=?5@5F85B 5?H=: DC@=H=?5@5F5 ?5M8§F§@A§H§F )¨B=B ¨H9
GH=<85AO5@§A5G§=G=A@=M5M§B§B85P’ye verdi=©B9A=;©GH9FA9G=B89BGCBF5
de, A,=@96IDC@=H=?5@5F5=G=N@=?@9AV7589@989J9=GH=<85A§B5FH§F§@A5G§B85©B9A@=
FC@@9FJ9FA=H=F
M§@§ =R=B ?CMI@5B hedeflere ula§@5A5M575§ ?CBIGIB85 7=88= GCFIB@5F
CFH5M5R§?§B75&=N6CB,HF5H9>=G=;©N89B;9R=F=@A=H=F
170
Avrupa Komisyonunun “Büyüme ve R=B=F@=?H9O5@§ma-Lizbon Stratejisi
çin Yeni Bir Ba@5B;§Rª 65@§?@§ H9?@=:=B89 ©B79@=in büyüme ve i yaratmaya
J9F=@9F9? &=N6CB ,HF5H9>=G=B9 J5?=H ;9R=FA9?G=N=B M9B=89B C85?@5B§@A5G§
kararlaH§F§@A§H§F.215 Bu karar üzerine Nisan 2005’te Avrupa Komisyonu büyüme ve
=GH=<85A§ 75B@5B8§FA5? =R=B - 8©B9A=B= ?5DG5M5B M§@@§? M9B= 6=F
“Bütünlemi Rehberler PakeH=ª69B=AG9A=H=FI?5DG5A85VM9V@?9@9FF9<69F@9F=
9G5G5@5F5?VRM§@@§?I@IG5@F9:CFADFC;F5A@5F§<5N§F@5M575?@5FJ9;9@=A9@9F=<9FM§@
AIGHCG5M§B85.@IG5@&=N6CB+5DCFIC@5F5?%CA=GMCB5GIB575?@5F8§F%CA=GMCB
6IF5DCF@5F§=B79@9M=D©N9H@9M9F9?<9FM§@§B)75?5M§B85M§@@§?=@9F@9A9F5DCFIBI
M5M§B@5M575?H§F!©N89B!9R=F=@A= Lizbon Stratejisi üç ana alana younlaA§H§F
VMVA9=R=B6=@;=J9=BCJ5GMCB
JFID5¨M§M5H§F§AJ9=5R§G§B85B85<5R9?=7=<5@9;9H=FA9
5<5:5N@5J985<5=M==M5F5H§@A5G§
IF585 * 5R§G§B85B ©B9A@= C@5B VRVB7V 5@5B8§F I ?5DG5A85?= F9<69F
=@?9@9F=B ;©N89B ;9R=F=@A9G=B89 M5F5F ;©FV@A9?H98=F QRVB7V 6©@VA =GH=<85A
DC@=H=?5G§F9<69F=B89BC@IA5?H58§F216
A. Daha fazla kiiyi istihdama dahil etmek ve istihdamda tutmak, igücü
1AG‰>‰1AC‰A=1;E5B?BF1<;?AD=1B9BC5=9>9=?45A>9G55C=5;
1. -5A =GH=<85A§ =te kalite ve verimlili= 5FH§FA5M§ GCGM5@ J9 6©@;9G9@
bütünleA9M=5A5R@5M5B=GH=<85ADC@=H=?5@5F§B§BIM;I@5BA5G§
2. te ya5A8©B;VGVM5?@5§A§B§BH9J=?98=@A9G=
%5DG5M§7§bir i;V7VD=M5G5G§C@IHIFA5?R5@§A5B§B75N=69G=B=B5FH§F§@A5G§
ve i 5F5M5B@5F5 89N5J5BH5>@§ ;FID@5F5 J9 =;V7VBVB 8§§B85 ?5@5B@5F5
V7F9H@==@9FM5F5H§@A5G§
4. ;V7VD=M5G5G§B§B=<H=M5R@5F§8CFI@HIGIB859letirmenin iyiletirilmesi ve
215
CAAIB=75H=CB HC H<9 ,DF=B; IFCD95B CIB7=@ 0CF?=B; HC;9H<9F :CF ;FCKH< 5B8 >C6G B9K
GH5FH:CFH<9&=G6CB,HF5H9;M)'
216
CIB7=@97=G=CBC:$I@MCB!I=89@=B9G:CFH<99AD@CMA9BHDC@=7=9GC:H<9'9A69F
States.
171
bu
amaçla
i;V7V
D=M5G5G§
?IFIA@5F§B§B
AC89FB=N5GMCBI
J9
;VR@9B8=F=@A9G=
B. çilerin ve iletmelerin uyum yetene
ini gelitirmek.
GB9?@==B = ;VJ9B79G= =@9 6=F@=?H9 89GH9?@9BA9G= GCGM5@ H5F5:@5F§B 85
89GH9= =@9 =;V7V D=M5G5@5F§B85?= D5FR5@§ M5D§@5BA5B§B 5N5@H§@A5G§
©N9@@=?@9?5M§H8§§@§§BJ9?IF5@G§N@§§B5N5@H§@A5G§
Q7F9H 69@=F@9A9 A9?5B=NA5G§ J9 V7F9H 8§§ MV?@9F=B =GH=<85A 8CGHI
C@A5G§B§BG5@5BA5G§
Daha iyi e
itim (temel ve beceri e
itimi) ile beeri sermaye
F1C‰A‰=<1A‰>‰1AC‰A=1;
99F=G9FA5M9M5H§F§A@5F§B§B;9@=H=FA9G=J9=M=@9H=F=@A9G=
E=H=AJ9A9G@9?=9=H=AG=GH9A@9F=B=BM9B=6979F==<H=M5R@5F§8CFI@HIGIB85
uyumlaH§F§@A5G§
!©N89B !9R=F=@A= &=N6CB ,HF5H9>=G= 89 =;V7V D=M5G5@5F§B85 9GB9?@== J9
A*¨M=©BD@5B5R§?5FA5?H58§FGB9?@==BR5@§aB@5FVN9F=B89?=C@IAGIN9H?=@9F=B=B
;=89F=@A9G= ?5DG5A§B85 85 699F= G9FA5M9M9 M5H§F§A§ J9 9=H=A= 9@9H=FA9
<=NA9H@9F=B=B 9H?=B@9H=F=@A9G= 89N5J5BH5>@§ 6=F9M J9 ;FID@5F§B =;V7V D=M5G5G§B5
9BH9;F9 98=@A9G= H986=F@9F=B= ©B D@5B5 R§?5FA5?H58§F !©N89B !9R=F=@A= &=N6CB
,HF5H9>=G= 89 =;V7V D=M5G5G§ DC@=H=?5@5F§B§B 5?H=:@9H=F=@A9G= B=M9H=B= 6=F ?9N 85<5
JIF;I@5M5B6=FGHF5H9>=C@AIHIFJFID5"989:@9F=65@§§=@9?9B8=B9M9B=
<989:@9F?CMAIHIFI<989:@9F89B6=F=G=89=GH=<85A=@9=@;=@=8=F,©N?CBIGI989:
M§@§B85 C@5B - =R=B -64 ya ;FI6IB85?= BV:IGIB MVN89 ¨=B=B
=GH=<85A 98=@A9G=8=F 6I <989:9 I@5§@A5G§ =R=B M5D§@A5G§ ;9F9?9B@9F= 89 u
9?=@8969@=F@9A=H=F217
i;V7VD=M5G5G§B859GB9?@=?J9;VJ9B79B=B;9@=H=F@A9G==R=BF9:CFA@5F§B5FH5B
6=F<§N@5<5M5H5;9R=F=@A9G=
217
<HHD979IFCD59IGC7=5@A5=B>GD@5B;#89B75H#8
172
i;V7VBV 6V;VBVB J9 M5F§B§B =leri için gerekli olan doru becerilerle
donatmak,
d5<5=M=R5@§ma koI@@5F§G5lamak ve i@9F=B?5@=H9G=B=B5FH§FA5?
iM5F5H§@A5G§=R=B;9F9?@=?CI@@5F§B;9FR9?@9tirilm9G=
2I?5F§85 ,¨B=B VM9 V@?9@9F 5R§G§B85B B5G§@ =ledi= 5B@5H§@A§H§F -VF?=M9
=G9 ¨M9 H5A VM9@=? MC@IB85 585M V@?9 ?CBIAIB858§F S’nin aday ülkeler
5R§G§B85B6VMV?©B9A=J5F8§F-5AVM9@=?H9BGCBF56=FVM9V@?9C@5F5?-VF?=M989
=GH=<85AJ9=gü7VDC@=H=?5@5F§B§,¨M9IMIA@I<5@9;9H=FA9?@9MV?VA@VC@575?H§F
85MV@?9@9F=B=GH=<85AJ9=;V7VDC@=H=?5@5F§B§S ile uyumlu hale getirmeleri için
üç a5A5@§ 6=F GVF9RH9B ;9RA9@9F= ;9F9?A9?H98=F I ?5DG5A85 -VF?=M9 ©B79@=?@9
ülkelerin i;V7V D=M5G5@5F§B§B 6=F :CHCF5:§ B=H9@=inde olan GH=<85A IFIA
+5DCFIBIM§@§B85<5N§F@5A§H§Fkinci a5A5C@5F5?=G9=GH=<85ADC@=H=?5G§=R=B
?F=H=? GCFIB@5F§B 5B5@=N 98=@8== 6=F DC@=H=?5 8C?VA5B§ C@5B )FH5? 9erlendirme
9@;9G= $C=BH GG9GGA9BH *5D9F $* H5G@5§ <5N§F@5BA§H§F I 69@;989 M9F 5@5B
politikalar taahhüt nitelii ta§A5?H58§F $*¨§B =AN5@5BA5G§B85B GCBF5 =G9 <9F M§@
.@IG5@+9:CFA*FC;F5A§<5N§F@5B575?H§F
-5G@5? $*¨H5 CFH5M5 ?CB5B DC@=H=?5@5F J9 ©B79@=?@9F ;9B9@ C@5F5? !©N89B
!9R=F=@A=&=N6CB,HF5H9>=G=+9<69F=@?9@9F==@96VMV?©@RV89©FHVA9?H98=F
IBIB M5B§ G§F5 - 8©B9A=B89 ¨89B -VF?=M9¨M9 G5lanacak
:CB@5F5 =@=?=B H5G@5? 8VN9B@9A9@9F 89 *¨B=B ©B9A=B9 =5F9H 9HA9?H98=F %5H§@§A
PB79G= '5@= 25F8§A F57§¨B§B #* 69 bile9B=B89B 6=F=G= C@5B BG5B
%5MB5?@5F§B§B!9@=H=F=@A9G=9?G9B=5@H§B85=GH=<85AGCGM5@=R9FA9J9A9G@9?=9itim
ana ba@§?@5F§ M9F 5@A5?H58§F I 9?G9B 5@H§B85 9B :5N@5 ?5MB5§B *¨@9F9 H5<G=G
98=@A9G=©B;©FV@AVHVF
VHVB 6I ;9@=A9@9F -VF?=M9¨89 *¨B§B ;9@979?H9 RC? 85<5 ©B9A@=
olaca§B§B ;©GH9F;9G=8=F I 65?§A85B * ;9@=tirme, uygulama ve deerlendirme
?CBI@5F§B85 -VF?=M9¨89?= 5@H M5D§ J9 ?5D5G=H9B=B ;9@=H=F=@A9G= 6VMV? ©B9A 5FN
9HA9?H98=F
173
5. TÜRKYE’DE AP’NN ETKLERNN DEERLENDRMESNE
LKN BR MODEL DENEMES
Türkiye’de sistematik anlamda A* IM;I@5A5@5F§ ¨@§ M§@@5F85B =H=65F9B
65@5A5?H58§F Q@?9A=N89 15- M§@@§? 6=F GVF98=F IM;I@5A5 5@5B§ 6I@5B 6I
DC@=H=?5@5F§B9H?=@9F=RC?:5N@589erlendirilmemiH=F.M;I@5B5BP’lerin 5FNI@5B5B
5A5R@5F§CFH5M5?CMID?CMA58§§ ©N9@@=?@9D@5B@5A5J9DC@=H=?5C@IHIFA55R§G§B85B
6VMV? ©B9A H5§A5?H58§F I B989B@9 6I R5@§A585 6=F 9H?= 5F5H§FA5G§B§B B5G§@
M5D§@575§B5©FB9?C@A5G§85<5:5N@5899F@9B8=FA9R5@§A5G§B§BM5D§@A5G§%.+
H5F5:§B85B MVFVHV@9B DFC;F5A@5F85B 6=F=G=B=B 9H?=G=B=B 89erlendirilerek ne tür
GCBIR@5F 5@§B8§§B§B CFH5M5 ?CBI@A5G§ J9 6I ?5DG5A85 ;9@979?H9 MVFVHV@979?
DFC;F5A@5F§BH5G5F@5BA5G§B85J9IM;I@5BA5G§B856=F5N85C@G5MC@;©GH9F=7=C@A5G§
5A57§M@5 6=F P etki araH§FA5G§ M5D§@A5G§B§B M5F5F@§ C@575§ 8VünülmüHVF ,©N
konusu etki araH§FA5G§5a§85M9F5@A5?H58§F
5.1. Etki AraC‰A=1B‰>‰>=13‰
I5F5H§FA5B§B5A57§*¨M9?5H§@5B?==@9F=@96IDFC;F5A@5F5?5H§@A5M5B
ki=@9F 5F5G§B85 = 6I@A5 65?§A§B85B 6=F :5F? C@ID C@A58§§B§ CFH5M5 R§?5FA5? J9
AP etki de9F@9B8=FA9 @=H9F5HVFVB9 ?5H?§ G5@5M56=@A9?H=F 5@5B;§RH5 P’nin
=GH=<85A§B M5B§ G§F5 ;9@=F9 89 9H?=G= ©@RA9? 5A5R@5BA§G5 85 89B9?@9F=B M5F§G§B85B
:5N@5G§B§BV7F9H@9F=<5H§F@5M5A58§§B85BG5@§?@§J9F=@9F9I@5§@5A5A§J96I89iken
araH§FA58589erlendirilmemiH=F
A*¨B=B9B©B9A@=6=@9eninin i;V7V9itimi olduIJ99B:5N@5?5MB5§B6I
DFC;F5A@5F5 <5F75B8§§ ;©N ©BVB9 5@§B5F5? %.+¨IB 8VN9B@9A= olduu i;V7V
e=H=A DFC;F5A@5F§B§B 8e9F@9B8=F=@A9G=B=B 85<5 IM;IB C@8Iu düünülmüHVF I
?5DG5A85 - M§@@5F§B85 =;V7V 9itimlerinin sa@5B8§§ ?VRV? ©@R9?@= 8©FH
DFC;F5A H9G58V:= C@5F5? G9R=@A=H=F I DFC;F5A@5F85B 6=F=G= ?58§B@5F5 6=F=G=
9F?9?@9F9J98=9F=?=G=89©NVF@V?58§B J99F?9?@9F9M©B9@=?C@5F5?8VN9B@9BA=H=F
Programlardan ikisi %5MB5?R§@§? =H=A *FC;F5A§ J9 ):=G 2©B9H=7=@== itim
*FC;F5A§ =GH=<85A ;5F5BH=@= =?9B 8=er ikisi (Gümü @9A9 =H=A *FC;F5A§ J9
)FH9N-*FCH9N =H=A *FC;F5A§ =GH=<85A ;5F5BH=@= 89ild=F I DFC;F5A@5F5
?5H§@§A7§@5F %.+¨5 ?5M§H@§ =G=N@9F89B =;V7V 9itimi alma 5FH@5F§B§ H5§M5B 174
ya§B85B;VB5@A§C@A5?9B5N=@?©F9H=AA9NIBIC@A5?M9H=H=F=@979?@9F=A9G@99
IM;IB©N9@@=?@9F9G5<=DC@A5?5R§?=G=N8IFIAIB85C@A5??==@9F5F5G§B85BKUR
H5F5:§B85BG9R=@A=H=F
AraH§FA5B§B <=DCH9N= *¨M9 ?5H§@5B@5F§B = 6I@A5 8IFIA@5F§B§B DFC;F5A5
?5H§@A5M5B@5F5CF5B@585<5=M=C@8II8IF
5.2. AraC‰A=1>‰>/M>C5=9
H?= 5F5H§FA5G§ M©BH9A= 899F@9B8=FA9 GCBIR@5F§B§ 9H?=@9M96=@A9?H98=F I
65?§A85B M©BH9A=B G9R=A= ©B9A@=8=F O5@§A5B§B ©B79?= 6©@VA@9F=B89 =B79@9B9B
9H?= 899F@9B8=FA9 M©BH9A@9F= ;©N89B ;9R=F=@A= J9 M5D§@56=@=F@== 9B IM;IB C@5B
araH§FA5M©BH9A=G9R=@A=H=F
=@=AG9@H9?B=?@9F89B6=F=G=C@5B89B9MG9@9H?=5F5H§FA5M©BH9A= DFC;F5A§B
ba@5A5G§B85B ©B79 89B9M J9 ?CBHFC@ ;FID@5F§B§B G9R=@A9G=B= ;9F9?H=FA9?H98=F J9
C@8I?R5A5@=M9H@=8=F=9F6=F6=@=AG9@899F@9B8=FA9H9?B===G9M5F§89B9MG9@9H?=
araH§FA5G§8§F I M©BH9A89 899F@9B8=FA9 DFC;F5A H5A5A@5B8§?H5B GCBF5
M5D§@56=@A9?H98=F J9 A5@=M9H ;©F979 85<5 8VV? C@A5?H58§F I 65?§A85B
899F@9B8=FA9M5F§89B9MG9@9H?=5F5H§FA5G§M©BH9A=?I@@5B§@5F5?M5D§@A§H§F
”‘EA5>E5–A>5;<5=
25F§89B9MG9@9H?=5F5H§FA5M©BH9A=B=B;9F9?@9F=8CFI@HIGIB856=F89B9MJ9
6=F ?CBHFC@ ;FI6I C@IHIFI@A5G§ ;9F9?A==F I ?5DG5A85 89B9M ;FI6I C@5F5? 85<5
©B79 69@=F@9B9B KUR¨IB =;V7V 9=H=A= DFC;F5A§B5 ?5H§@5B ?==@9F=B HVAV
G9R=@A=H=F ,©N ?CBIGI DFC;F5A5 HCD@5A ?== ?5H§@A§H§F B75? 9=H=A9
?5H§@5B6I?==89B?==M9 I@5§@A5G§AVA?VBC@AI8C@5M§G§M@589B9M;FI6I
C@5F5?9=H=A9?5H§@5BJ9?9B8=@9F=B9I@5§@56=@9B?==5@§BA§H§F
%CBHFC@ ;FI6IBIB G9R=@A9G= NCF 6=F =@9A8=F %CBHFC@ ;FI6IBIB G9R=A=B=B
8CFI M5D§@A5A§ C@A5G§ 5F5H§FA5B§B GCBIR@5F§B§ 7=88= 6=R=A89 89=H=F979=B89B
6I ?CBIM5 6VMV? ©B9A J9F=@A=H=F I H9?B=?H9 ?CBHFC@ ;FI6I C@5F5? 89B9M
;FI6IB85?= ?==@9F=B ;©N@9B96=@9B ©N9@@=?@9F= =@9 5MB§ ©N9@@=?@9F9 G5<=D ?==@9F=B
G9R=@A9G= ;9F9?A9?H98=F I ?5DG5A85 ©B79@=?@9 89B9M ;FI6IBIB ;©N@9B96=@=F
175
özellikleri belirlenmitir. Cinsiyet, ya, eitim durumu, özürlülük, oturulan semt ve
iG=N@=?GVF9@9F=H9GD=H98=@9B89B9M;FI6I=@95MB§©N9@@=?@9F=H5§M5B89B9M;FI6I=@9
5MB§ H5F=<H9 =siz olarak %.+¨5 ?5M§H M5DH§FA§ ve A*¨M9 ?5H§@A5A§ isizler
belirlenmitir. Deney grubundaki 76 ki=B=BZ=?=N@9F=ª6I;FID5F5G§B85BG9R=@A=tir.
!©N@9B9A9M9B©N9@@=?@9F=B=G9=?=;FID5F5G§B859it da§@8§§J5FG5M§@A§H§FI=?=
;FID5F5G§B85<9A9B<9A9B<=R:5F?C@A5A5G§5B@5A§B5;9@A9?H98=F
Deney ve kontrol ;FID@5F§HCD@5A?=iden olumuHIF%5H§@§A7§G5M§G§B§B
5N C@A5G§ B989B=M@9 DFC;F5A@5F5 ?5H§@5B@5F§B HVAV ©FB9?@9A ;FI6I C@5F5? ?56I@
edilmitir.
”,5A9<5A9>*?@<1>=1B‰
9B9MJ9?CBHFC@;FID@5F§69@=F@9B8=?H9BGCBF55A575I@5abilmek ve gerekli
v9F=@9F= 9@89 9896=@A9? =R=B 89B9M J9 ?CBHFC@ ;FID@5F§ =R=B 5MF§ GCFI ?5§8§
<5N§F@5BA§H§F ,CFI ?5§8§ 6I =?= ;FI6IB ©N9@@=?@9F=B= CFH5M5 ?CM56=@979? J9 8Cru
GCBIR@5F5 I@5abilmeyi sa@5M575? 9?=@89 H5G5F@5BA§H§F PFB9=B DFC;F5A5 ?5H§@5B
kii i bulmu C@56=@=F 5B75? 6I = e=H=A 5@8§§ A9G@9?@9 =@=kili olmayabilir ya da
ki= ©B7989B J9M5 GCBF585B 5@8§§ 65ka bir eitim ile ilgili bir i bulmu olabilir.
B?9H6I;=6=GCFIB@5F§69FH5F5:98979?H5FN85<5N§F@5BA§H§F
Deney grubundan toplam 114 kii ile görüV@A9M9R5@§§@A§5B75?H5§BA5
görümek istememe, ula§@5A5A5 ;=6= B989B@9F@9 HCD@5A ?=iye ula§@56=@A=tir.
MB§ ©N9@@=?@9F9 G5<=D ?=i ile kontrol grubu olarak görüülmüHVF C@5M§G§M@5
5B?9H=BM5B§H@5BA5CF5B§MVN89C@AItur.
Tespit edilen kiilerle görüA9 M©BH9A= C@5F5? MVN MVN9 5B?9H M5D§@A5G§
D@5B@5BA§H§F B75? ?5H§@§A7§@5F§B M5F§G§B85B :5N@5G§B§B ;979 R5@§A5G§ J9 =lerinin
yoIB C@A5G§ J9M5 MVN MVN9 ;©FVA9M= F9889HA9G= ;=6= B989B@9F@9 H9@9:CB@5 85
görüA9M5D§@A§H§F
5.2.3. AraC‰A=1$?45<9
O5@§mada AP’nin i6I@A5C@5G§@§§VN9F=B89?=9H?=@9F=B=©@RA9?=R=B@C>=GH=?
F9;F9GMCB AC89@= ?I@@5B§@A§H§F 5§A@§ 89i?9B=B =?= IR@I C@8Iu durumda (i
176
6I@A5C@5G§@§§65§A@§89i?9B=, ki=99F= bulmuG5899F=B=J9 i6I@A5A§sa
899F=B= 5@8§§ =R=B =?= IR@I8IF F9;F9GMCB 5B5@=N=B89 ?I@@5B§@56=@979? 9B 65G=H
M©BH9A 8CFIG5@ C@5G§@§? AC89@=8=F CFIG5@ C@5G§@§? AC89@=B89 65§AG§N
89i?9B@9F=B 8CFI85B 65§A@§ C@5M§B ;9FR9?@9A9 C@5G§@§§ VN9F=B89?= 9H?=G=
©@RV@A9?H98=FB75?6I8IFIA8565§A@§89i?9B@9F=BH5<A=B98=@9B899F@9F=B=B
B9;5H=: J9M5 ¨=B VN9F=B89 899F@9F 5@A5G§ AVA?VB8VF !9FR9?H9 =G9 6=F C@5G§@§§B
B9;5H=: C@A5G§ J9M5 ¨89B 6VMV? C@A5G§ AVA?VB 89=@8=F I B989B@9 6I HVF
H5<A=B@9F89 8CFIG5@ C@5G§@§? AC89@=B=B ?I@@5B§@A5G§ ©B9A@= 6=F H9CF=? N5M§:@§?
=R9FA9?H98=F IBIB M9F=B9 65§A@§ 89i?9B=B =@9 5F5G§B85 899F@9F 5@A5G§B§
;5F5BH=989B@C>=GH=?F9;F9GMCBAC89@=B=B?I@@5B§@A5G§©B9F=@A9?H98=F
I AC89@89 65§A@§ 89i?9B=B ;9FR9?@9A9 C@5G§@§§ 6I C@5G§@§§B =@9 5F5G§B85899F@9F5@A5G§B§;5F5BH=98979?9?=@89M9B=89BH5B§A@5BA§H§FIB5;©F9
ba§A@§ C@5M§B ;9FR9?@9A9 C@5G§@§§B§B ;9FR9?@9A9A9 C@5G§@§§B5 CF5B§B5 65<=G
899F= )88G 89B=@A9?H9 J9 (P/(1-* 9?@=B89 G5M§G5@ C@5F5? =:589 98=@A9?H98=F
5<=G899F=B=B 8C5@@C;5F=HA5G§C@5B3@C;=HC@5F5?=G=A@9B8=F=@A9?H9J95a§85?=
;=6=;©GH9F=@A9?H98=F
3@B*-*
I 8IFIA85 65§A@§ C@5M§B ;9FR9?@9A9 C@5G§@§§ @C;=H9 65@§ C@5F5?
aa§85?=9?=@89M5N§@56=@A9?H98=F
*93 93
2I?5F§85?= :CB?G=MCB 3 9?G= GCBGIN5 8CFI ;=89F?9B 899F=B= 3 GCBGIN5
8CFI;=89F?9B=G9899F=B=5@A5?H58C@5M§G§M@5*¨B=B899F=B=B=@95F5@§§B85
C@A5G§B§?9G=BC@5F5?;5F5BH=9HA9?H98=F
I B989B@9 @C>=GH=? F9;F9GMCB AC89@=B89 65§A@§ 89i?9B C@5F5? 3
?I@@5B§@A5?H5 65§AG§N 89i?9B@9F=B 3 VN9F=B89?= 9H?=G= H5<A=B 98=@A9?H98=F I
R9FR9J989R5@§A5855a§85?=@C>=GH=?F9;F9GMCBH5<A=B98=@A=H=F
3i W0 W1!+.*i + k WkXki +9 W9X9=
IF585
177
Zi, i’inci kiinin i bulma bahis deerinin do5@@C;5F=HA5G§B§
GRUPi, i’nci kii deney grubundaysa 1 deerini, aksi halde 0 deerini
alan kukla deikenini (dummy variable),
Xki i’nci ki=M95=H?5F5?H9F=GH=?©N9@@=?@9F=BR5@§mada k = ya, eitim,
özürlülük durumundan oluA5?H58§FCFH5@5A5899F@9F89BG5DA5G§B§
gösteren deikeni (örnein örneklemdekilerin yüzde 30’u özürlü ise
bu durumda özürlülük kukla deikenin ortalama de9F=C@575?H§F
Bu durumda Xözürlüi, özürlü olan biri için 0,7 (1-0,3=0,7), özürlü
olmayan biri için ise -0,3 (0-0,3=-0,3) de9F=B=5@575?H§F
Xei, , i’nci kii, söz konusu karakteristik özelli9G5<=DR5@§mada e =
ya, eitim, özürlülükten oluA5?H58§F J9 5MB§ N5A5B85 89B9M
grubundaysa 1 deerini, aksi halde 0 deerini alan etkileim kukla
deikenini (örnein kii hem deney grubunda hem de özürlüyse
özürlülük etkileim kukla deikeni 1 deerini aksi halde 0 deerini
5@575?H§F ;©GH9FA9?H98=F
Kukla dei?9B@9F H5B§A@5B§F?9B G©N ?CBIGI 8IFIA G58979 =?= :5F?@§
karakteristik özellie sahipse tek dei?9B?I@@5B§@A5G§M9H9F@=8=FPFB9in, özürlülük
için, ki=B=B ©NVF@V C@A5G§ 8IFIAIB5 ;©F9 =?= :5F?@§ 89er alabilen tek bir deiken
?I@@5B§@§FB75?8IFIA=?=89BRC??5F5?H9F=GH=?©N9@@=e sahip ise, birden çok kukla
dei?9B ?I@@5B§@A5G§ ;9F9?=F ©M@9 8IFIA@5F85 ?5F5?H9F=GH=? ©N9@@=? G5M§G§B§B 6=F
eksii kadar kukla dei?9B ?I@@5B§@A5G§ ;9F9?=F PFB9=B R5@§mada ya için üç
;FIDH5B§A@5B8§§=R=BM5=R=B=?=:5F?@§?I?@589i?9B?I@@5B§@A§H§F
2I?5F§85?= AC89@=B ?5HG5M§@5F§Bdan, her bir grubun i 6I@A5 C@5G§@§§
?C@5M@§?@5<9G5D@5B56=@=F&C;=H=BH5B§A§;9F9i, herhangi bir grup için tahmin edilen
logit deeri ise, bu grubun i6I@A5C@5G§@§§*9/(1+eC@5F5?<9G5D@5BA5?H58§F
PFB9in, ß0 deerinden ortalama olarak kontrol grubunun (kontrol grubu için GRUPi
, Xki (bu deiken ortalama de9F@9F89B G5DA5M§ ;©GH9F8=i ve (4) nolu denklemde
ortalama olarak
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dei?9B=B=B ?5HG5M§G§ WM5G= 899F= =?9B kontrol ;FI6IBIB -35 ya ;FI6IB85?=
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demografik g©N@9B96=@=F©N9@@=?@9F=B=BH5A5A9B5MB§C@A5G§;9F9?H=inden Tablo 5.1
5MB§N5A5B85?CBHFC@;FI6IBIB85©N9@@=?@9F=B=;©GH9FA9?H98=F
Tablo 5.1: Deney Grubunun Demografik Özellikleri
(Yüzde)
Cinsiyet
%58§B
Erkek
Ya
15-24
25-34
35 +
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5>5<&AC1<1=1
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6I9=H=A@9F=©NVAG9A9?5D5G=H9G=5NC@56=@=F
=F 8=9F B989B =G9 MV?G9? =G=N@=? C@56=@=F *¨B=B IM;I@5B8§§ H5F=<@9F
2003- 8©B9A=B= ?5DG5A5?H58§F ,©N ?CBIGI 8©B9A89 =G=N@=? CF5B§B§B 7=88=
6=R=A89MV?G9?C@8II;©N©BVB95@§B8§§B856IDFC;F5A@5FM9H9F@=6979F=J9B=H9@=?
?5N5B8§FA§C@G56=@9D=M5G585?===A?5B@5F§B§BM9H9FG=NC@A5G§B989B=M@9DFC;F5A
9H?=G=B=B G§B§F@§ ?5@A§ C@A5 =<H=A5@= MV?G9?H=F 3=F5 VRVB7V 6©@VA89 =B79@9BA=
C@5B 65N§ * 9H?= 899F@9B8=FA9G= GCBIR@5F§ =G=N@==B MV?G9? C@8II 8©B9A@9F89
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182
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Cinsiyet
%58§B
Erkek
Ya
15-24
25-34
35+
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&=G9@H§
Lise
QB=J9FG=H9
Özürlülük
Özürlü
Deil
(Yüzde)
Net Etki
10,6
Deney Grubu
63,2
Kontrol Grubu
52,6
62,5
63,6
53,1
52,3
9,4
11,4
54,8
73,7
42,9
37,8
69,7
50,0
17,0
4,0
-7,1
51,7
71,8
62,5
50,0
61,3
36,4
1,7
10,5
26,1
33,3
76,9
30,4
62,3
2,9
14,6
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M5@§@5F5;©F9;9BR@9F=R=BRC?85<5C@IA@IC@8IIG©M@9B96=@=F
B?9H GCBIR@5F§B5 ;©F9 9=H=A G9J=M9G= MV?G9@8=?R9 *¨B=B 9H?=G= 89
5FHA5?H58§F *¨B=B 9B :5N@5 VB=J9FG=H9 A9NIB@5F§ VN9F=B89 C@IA@I 9H?=@9F= C@8II
;©FV@A9?H98=F IGCBIR9=H=A8VN9M=B=B*9H?=B@==B=5FH§FA585B9?585F©B9A@=
C@8IIBIB6=F;©GH9F;9G=C@5F5?MCFIA@5B56=@=F
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5.4. Sonuç
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9H?=G= C@8II CFH5M5 ?CBAIHIF 'C89@ GCBI7IBIB =GH5H=GH=?G9@ C@5F5? 5B@5AG§N
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5F5H§FA5G§ 89B9A9G= C@5F5? ?56I@ 98=@A9G= ;9F9?A9?H98=F * 899F@9B8=FA9@9F=
7=88= N5A5B R565 J9 :=B5BGA5B ;9F9?H=F9B :55@=M9H@9F8=F I R9FR9J989 6I
5F5H§FA5B§B A9J7IH G§B§F@§ C@5B5?@5F@5 M5D§@A§ 6=F ©FB9? C@5F5? ;©FV@A9G= J9
;9B9@@9H=F=@A9A9G=;9F9?H==8VVBV@A9?H98=F*9H?=@9F=B=B899F@9B8=F=@A9G==R=B
RC?85<5:5N@59H?=5F5H§FA5G§B§BM5D§@A5G§;9F9?A9?H98=F-VF?=M9¨B=B¨M9H5A
VM9@=?GVF97=B89C@8IIJ9=G=N@==B9B©B9A@=GCFIB@5F85B6=F=C@5F5?HVAV@?9@9F=B
;VB89A=B89C@575§8VVBV@8VVB89*RC?85<5:5N@5©B9A9G5<=DC@575?H§FI
5F5H§FA5B§B GCBI7IB5 65?5F5? -VF?=M9¨89 IM;I@5B5B *¨B=B ©B9A@= 6=F 9H?=G=B=B
C@A58§§B§G©M@9A9?M5B§@H§7§C@575?H§F
185
6.
AKTF
GÜCÜ
POLTKALARININ
STHDAMIN
ARTIRILMASINDAK ROLÜNÜN ETKNLETRLMESNE LKN
ÖNERLER
6.1. Genel Öneriler
Günümüzde iG=N@=?@9 AV7589@9 J9 =GH=<85A§B 5FH§F§@A5G§ GCFIBI H9? 6=F
DC@=H=?5M@5 R©NV@96=@979? ?CBI@5F 89=@8=F G=N@=? J9 =GH=<85A 6=F RC? :5?H©F
H5F5:§B85B9H?=@9BA9?H98=FI:5?H©F@9F=N@9B9BA5?FC9?CBCA=?DC@=H=?5@5FM5H§F§A
H9F7=<@9F= VF9H=A GVF9R@9F=B89?= :5F?@§@5A5 9=H=A G=GH9A@9F= =;V7V D=M5G5G§
DC@=H=?5@5F§J98VN9B@9A9@9F=C@5F5?G5M§@56=@=F
siN@=? J9 =GH=<85A A5?FC9?CBCA=? DC@=H=?5@5F§B B=H9@== =@9 M5?§B85B
ili?=@=8=F '5?FC9?CBCA=? =GH=?F5F§B J9 GVF8VFV@96=@=F 9?CBCA=? 6VMVA9B=B
sa@5BA5G§=GH=<85AM5F5H§7§:55@=M9H@9F=B;9@==A=5R§G§B85BRC?©B9A@=8=FGH=?F5F@§
6VMVA9VF9H=A=B8C@5M§G§M@585=GH=<85A§B5FHA5G§5B@5A§B5;9@A9?H98=FQ@?9@9F=B
9?CBCA=? 6VMVA9 AC89@@9F=B= 69@=F@9F?9B =GH=<85A 8CGHI 6VMVA9 M5?@5§A§B§
69B=AG9A9@9F=B=B ©BVAVN89?= INIB M§@@5F 6CMIB75 ©B9A@= 6=F GCFIB 5@5B§ C@575?
olan iG=N@=?@9AV7589@95R§G§B85B?=@=H©B9A9G5<=DC@8II8VVBV@A9?H98=F
G=N@=?@9 AV7589@9 J9 =GH=<85A§B ;9@=H=F=@A9G= =R=B M5H§F§A§B ©N9@@=?@9 89
VF9H?9B G9?H©F@9F9 M5H§F§A§B 5FH§F§@A5G§B§ G5@5M575? H986=F@9F=B 5@§BA5G§ ;9F9?@=@=?
5FN 9HA9?H98=F PBVAVN89?= 8©B9A89 =;V7V 5FN§B§B 5FHA5G§B§B 69klendii göz
©BVB9 5@§B§FG5 -VF?=M9 5R§G§B85B =GH=<85A M5F5H575? 5@5B@5F85 M5H§F§A@5F§B
5FH§F§@A5G§ J9 M5H§F§A CFH5A§B§B =M=@9H=F=@A9G= 6VMV? ©B9A H5§A5?H58§F VMVA9
©N9@ G9?H©F 9@=M@9 ;9FR9?@9tikçe de i ©N9@ G9?H©F89 M5F5H§@A§ C@A5?H58§F I
65?§A85B M5H§F§A CFH5A§B§B =GH=<85A§ 5FH§F575? 6=R=A89 8VN9B@9BA9G= 89 6VMV?
önem ta§A5?H58§F I ?5DG5A85 =GH=<85A M5F5HA585 ©B9A@= 6=F 5F5R C@5B
%)¨@9F=B89GH9?@9BA9G=89©B9AH5§A5?H58§F
sizli=B 5N5@H§@A5G§ J9 =GH=<85A§B 5FH§F§@A5G§ 65?§A§B85B ©B9A@= 6=F 8=9F
:5?H©F =G9 9=H=A8=F =H=A =GH=<85A5 ;=F= 5R§G§B85B ?=@=H ©B9A9 G5<=DH=F itim
düzeyi yükseldikçe i;V7VB9 ?5H§@A5 J9 =GH=<85A CF5B@5F§ 85 MV?G9@A9?H98=F
PN9@@=?@9 ?58§B@5F 5R§G§B85B 6I 8IFIA 85<5 69@=F;=B C@5F5? CFH5M5 R§?A5?H58§F I
65?§mdan eitim sisteminin i;V7V D=M5G5G§ =<H=M5R@5F§B5 85<5 8IM5F@§ <5@9
186
getirilmesi iG=N@=?@9 AV7589@9 J9 =GH=<85A§B ;9@=H=F=@A9G= 65?§A§B85B ©B9A@=8=F
Nitekim AP de9F@9B8=FA9@9F= =B79@9B=F?9B ©N9@@=?@9 ;9BR@9F 5R§G§B85B GCBF585B
J9F=@9B 9=H=A@9F=B H9mel e=H=A ?585F 9H?=B C@A58§§ 69@=FH=@A=H=F I 65?§A85B
eitime eriebilme ve e=H=A ?5@=H9G=B=B MV?G9@H=@A9G=B9 ;9F9?@= ©B9A=B J9F=@A9G=
NCFIB@I@I? 5FN 9HA9?H98=F =H=A G=GH9A= 6=F 6VHVB@V? =R9F=G=B89 M55A 6CMI
©F9B=A GHF5H9>=@9F= ;9@=tirilerek e@9 5@§BA5@§ J9 89i9B =<H=M5R@5F5 79J5D
J9F96=@979?9GB9?6=FM5D§M5?5JIHIFI@A5@§8§F
=H=A9 7=88= M5H§F§A M5D§@A5G§ =G=N@=? GCFIBIBIB 5§@A5G§B5 ?5H?§85
6I@IB575?H§F %VF9G9@ 9?CBCA=? ?F=N89B ©B79 F@5B85 MV?G9? 6VMVA9 CF5B@5F§
M5?5@5A§H§F J9 !,2H¨B§B 85 MVN89 ¨=B= 9=H=A <5F75A5@5F§B5 5M§FA§H§F Kriz
©B79G=B89MV?G9?9?CBCA=?6VMVA9M=5FH5B9=H=AM5H§F§A@5F§J9*IM;I@5A5@5F§
=@9 H5A5A@5M5B 6I V@?9 =sizli=B= 7=88= 5B@5A85 8VürmüHVF -VF?=M9¨89?=
i;V7VBVB RCIB@IIBI ;9BR@9F=B C@IHIF8II J9 89AC;F5:=? :§FG5H D9B79F9G=B9
G5<=DC@IB8II6I8©B9A899=H=AM5H§F§A@5F§6VMV?©B9AH5§A5?H58§F
;V7V D=M5G5G§ 8VN9B@9A9@9F= J9 DC@=H=?5@5F§ =G=N@=? J9 =GH=<85A§ 9H?=@9M9B
H9A9@ 9HA9B@9F89B 6=F 8=9F=8=F 2I?5F§85 65<G98=@8=i üzere i;V7V D=M5G5G§B85
ciddi dei=A@9F C@A5?H5 J9 6I 89iimler i;V7V D=M5G5G§ 8VN9B@9A9@9F=B=B J9
DC@=H=?5@5F§B§B ;©N89B ;9R=F=@A9G=B= 89 69F569F=B89 ;9H=FA9?H98=F %VF9G9@@9me ve
H9?BC@C>=?89iimlere i;V7VD=M5G5G§B§BIMIA?5D5G=H9G=B=B;9@=H=F=@A9G=B=NCFIB@I
?§@A5?H58§F I ?5DG5A85 P ile de dei9B =<H=M5R@5F 8CFI@HIGIB85 =;V7VBVB
geliH=F=@A9G= 5A5R@5BA5?H58§F G=N@9F=B 85<5 F5<5H J9 <§N@§ 6=F ekilde ie
;=F96=@A9@9F=B=H9A=B5A57§M@59leH=FA9<=NA9H@9F=B=BB=H9@=?5FH§F§7§<=NA9H@9F=B=
?IFA5 89GH9?@9F=B=B GV6J5BG=MCB J9 ?5AI M5F5F§B5 R5@§A5 DFC;F5A@5F§B§B
GIBI@A5G§ <989:@9BA9?H98=F 9N5J5BH5>@§ ?9G=A9 9=H :§FG5H@5F§B G5@5BA5G§
65?§A§B85B85*¨M9©B9AJ9F=@A9?H98=F
,CFIB@5F§B R©NVAVBVB ;=HH=?R9 ?5FA5§? 6=F <5@ 5@8§§ ;VBVAVN89 =sizlikle
AV7589@9 J9 =GH=<85A§B 5FH§F§@A5G§ 9?CBCA=? J9 GCGM5@ 6=@99B@9F=B 6=F 5F585
düVBV@8VV 6=F DC@=H=?5@5F G9H=B=B IM;I@5BA5G§B§ ;9F9?H=FA9?H98=F * J9M5 8=er
6=F DC@=H=?5 =G=N@=? J9 =GH=<85A ?CBIGIB85 H9? 65§B5 M9H9F@= C@5A5A5?H58§F I
187
balamda düünülerek, AP isizli=B5N5@H§@A5G§J9=GH=<85A§B5FH§F§@A5G§B59B:5N@5
?5H?§856I@IB56=@979?J98=9FDC@=H=?5@5F§H5A5A@5M§7§6=R=A899@95@§BA@§8§F
A*¨B=B ;9FR9? 5B@5A85 isizli=B 5N5@H§@A5G§ J9 =GH=<85A§B 5FH§F§@A5G§B5 9B
:5N@5 ?5H?§M§ G5@5M56=lmesi,
?9B8=G=B89B 69?@9B9B GCBIR@5F§ J9FA9G= J9
9H?=B@=?@9F=B=B5FH§F§@A5G§=R=B©B79?=6©@VA@9F899@8998=@9B6I@;I@5F§§§B85;9F9?@=
©B9F=@9F5a§85G§F5@5BA5?H58§F
Genel Öneriler
"9AA5?FC9?CBCA=?<9A89A=?FC9?CBCA=?R5@§malar program tasarlama
J9 <989:@9A9 ©N9@@=?@9F=B=B ©B9A=B= JIF;I@5A5?H58§F !9B9@@=?@9 DCN=H=:
DFC;F5A GCBIR@5F§ <989:@9A9 B=GD9H9B ?IGIFGIN C@8II J9 DFC;F5A
:55@=M9H@9F=B=B ;9B9@ C@5F5? ?=H@9@9F89B RC? 6=F9M@9F=B =<H=M5R@5F§B§
kar§@5M575? 6=R=A89 H5G5F@5B8§§ 8IFIA85 85<5 AI<H9A9@ ;©FVBA9?H98=F
!9B=<989:@9A9M5D5BDFC;F5A@5F<5M5@?§F§?@§§B5IF5H§7§GCBIR@5F5B989B
C@56=@A9?H98=FM=<989:@9A969@@=6=F;FI6IB=<H=M5R@5F§B§RC?=M=6=F6=R=A89
H9GD=H 989F9? 69@@= 6=F 5A57§B ;9FR9?@9H=F=@A9G= =R=B <989: G9RA9?H=F
Örne=B?58§B@5F§B=;V7VD=M5G5G§B5M9B=89B;=FA9@9F=B=B©BVB89?=9B;9@@9F=
?5@8§FA5?=R=BH5G5F@5BA§ e=H=ADFC;F5A@5F§©N9@@=?@9etkin ;©FVBA9?H98=F
GH=<85AJ9?5N5BR9H?=@9F=G58979?§GA=9H?=@9F8=FP’nin dier etkilerinin,
©N9@@=?@9 HCD@IAIB F9:5<§B5 =@=?=B C@5B@5F§B 85 899F@9B8=F=@A9G= M5F5F@§
C@575?H§FI?5DG5A85RC?85<5:5N@5899F@9B8=FA9R5@§A5G§B§BM5D§@A5G§
;9F9?A9?H98=F
A* MC@IM@5 ;9B= iG=N ?=H@9@9F=B=B DFC6@9A@9F=B= R©NA9? NCF8IF 9@@= 6=F
8©B9A89;9B= isiz kitlesine M©B9@=?P’nin etkileri G§B§F@§?5@56=@A9?H98=F
35M§:6=R=A89H5G5F@5BA§J9M5B@§<989:@9A9M5D§@A§ A*¨B=B9H?=G=MC?HIF
J9M5B9;5H=:6=F9H?=G©N?CBIGI8IF
#;91;+7+
]+O<H.+
[H/;37/;
arama destei A*¨@9F =R=B89 9B 9H?=B J9 9B A5@=M9H= 8Vük olan
progr5A@5F8§F I 89GH9? ;9B9@@=?@9 iG=N@9F=B 6=F RC? ;FI6I =R=B 9H?=B8=F
188
Profilleme teknikleri, bu destein düük maliyetle daha fazla iG=N9 M5F8§A
edilmesini salayabilir. Bir çok ülkede isizliin erken a5A5G§B85 = arama
desteinin verilmesi daha fazla olumlu sonuçlara neden olA5?H58§F. Bu
65?§A85B
=sizlerin
kendi
niteliklerine
uygun
i
6I@A5@5F§B§B
kolaylaH§F§@A5G§ =R=B ©N9@@=?@9 6=F9MG9@ 9M@9A D@5B@5F§B§B M5D§@A5G§ M5F5F@§
olabilecektir.
gücü eitim dier AP ile H5A5A@5B8§§B85 daha etkin olabilmektedir.
E=H=A DFC;F5A@5F§ H9CF=? J9 DF5H=? 9itimin birlikte verildi= J9 6IB@5F§
H5A5A@5M§7§ C@5F5? = arama desteinin sa@5B8§§ 6=R=A89 H5G5F@5BA5@§8§F
gücü eitiminin 9H?=G=B=B CFH5M5 R§?A5G§ N5A5B 5@56=@=F J9 <=R6=F 9H?=G=
C@A5A5G§?IFG@5FJ9M5<989:@9A9=@9=@;=@=DFC6@9A@9F=BC@8II5B@5A§B585
gelebilir.
GH=<85A GV6J5BG=MCB@5F§ ©N9@@=?@9 INIB 8©B9A@= =G=N@9F J9 D=M5G5M5 M9B=
;=F9B ?58§B@5F =R=B IM;I@5B56=@=F B75? 6I DFC;F5A@5F =gücü eitimi ve i
arama deste==@9H5A5A@5BA5@§8§F
stih85A GV6J5BG=MCB@5F§ GI=GH=A5@@9F9 5R§? C@8Iundan, beklenen etkilerin
sa@5BA5G§ =R=B 6I DFC;F5A@5F G§?§ 6=R=A89 ?CBHFC@ 98=@A9@=8=F I
DFC;F5A@5F =M= <989:@9A9 M5DH§§B85 B9H =GH=<85A§ 5FH§FA585 655F§@§
;©FVBA9G=B9 F5men geni B9H ?5M§D J9 =?5A9 9H?=@9F=B9 B989B C@A5?H58§F
Bu negatif etki, e9F 5A5R 9B 5N§B85B ?§G5 8©B9A89 :§FG5H@5F§ <989:@9B9B
;FID@5F 5F5G§B85 M9B=89B 85§HA5?G5 ©B9AG=N C@5F5? 8Vünülebilir. Ancak
M=B9 89 DFC;F5A ?5H§@§A7§ C@A5M5B@5F VN9F=B89 C@IAGIN 9H?=@9F= 9B 5N5
indirecek biçimde H5G5F@5BA5@§8§F
Bir iletme kurmak için isizlere verilen destekler sadece orta ya grubuna
85<=@ ?5F5F@§ 6=F ;FID =R=B 655F§@§ ;©FV@A9?H98=F MF§75 6I 89GH9?@9F=B B9H
?5M§D J9 M9F 89iH=FA9 9H?=@9F= 89 MV?G9? C@56=@A9?H98=F %5H§@§A7§@5F§B
motivasyCBI J9 DFC;F5A§B =N@9A9 J9 899F@9B8=FA9G=B=B =M= M5D§@A5G§ 6I
desteklerin ba5F§G§B§B ©B9A@= 69@=F@9M=7=@9F=8=F I ?5DG5A85 = kurma
destekleri sa@5BA585B©B79?5H§@§A7§@5F65N§H9GH@9F9H56=HIHI@A5@§J95B75?
189
bu testlerden geçen kiilere destek verilmelidir. letme kurulduktan sonra da
destekler belli bir süre devam etmelidir.
letme kurma ve geliH=FA9 DFC;F5A@5F§B85 :=B5BGA5B 85B§A5B@§?
pazarlama ve iD@5B§;=6=<=NA9H@9F=BHVAV6=F5F585G5@5BA5@§8§F
-CD@IA M5F5F§B5 R5@§ma DFC;F5A@5F§ igü7V D=M5G5G§B5 ;=FA989 ©B9A@=
engellerle kar§@5an bireyler için son çare C@5F5? ;©FV@A9@=8=F OVB?V 6I
programlar A*¨@9F=R=B899H?=G=9B5NC@5BDFC;F5A@5F8§F Bu nedenle toplum
M5F5F§B5 R5@§A5 DFC;F5A@5F§ = bulma olana§ 7=88= 6=R=A89 G§B§F@§ C@5B
ki=@9F= <989:@9A9@=8=F I 65?§A85B DFC;F5A GVF9G=B79 G5lanacak gelir,
<989: ?=H@9B=B 8§§B85?= ?==@9F=B M5F5F@5BA5@5F§B§ 9B;9@@9A9? 65?§A§B85B
G§B§F@§ HIHI@A5@§8§F I ?5DG5A85?= =@9F=B 89 A9J7IH R5@§5B@5F§ J9 ©N9@
G9?H©FV8§@5A5A5G§G5@5BA5@§8§F
Hedef Gruba Göre Öneriler
!9BR@9F 9B NCF ;FIDHIF J9 ;9BR@9F9 M©B9@=? DFC;F5A@5F§B 655F§@§ C@8Iuna
85=F5NG5M§85R5@§A5J5F8§F25@B§N75=;V7VD=M5G5G§DC@=H=?5@5F§;9BR@9F=B
DFC6@9A@9F=B= R©NA9N I DC@=H=?5@5F§B 9=H=A DC@=H=?5@5F§ =@9 6=F@=?H9
düünülmesi gerekmektedir. Gençler için düzenlenecek programlar genellikle
A* ?5DG5A§B85 G5@5B5B <=NA9H@9F=B 6=F ?5F§§A§B§ =R9F979? ekilde
düzenlenmelidir.
"5B;= DFC;F5A§B 9B =M= =ledi= 69@=FG=N C@A5?@5 6=F@=?H9 ?58§Blar için
DFC;F5A;9F=8©BVleri en yüksektir.
.NIB 8©B9A@= =sizlere di9F <=NA9H@9F@9 6=F@9tirilmi ücret sübvansiyonu
J5G§H5G§M@5M5F8§A98=@96=@=F
Özürlüler için AP’nin çok etkin olduIG©M@9B9A9N
Etki Deerlendirme ]+O<H.+ Öneriler
AP’nin etkilerinin deerlendirilmesinde tek bir teknik, çeitli etkilerin ortaya
?CBI@A5G§B5 =A?5B J9FA9A9?H98=F I B989B@9 *¨B=B 9H?=@9F=B= :5F?@§
8VN9M@9F89©@R9B899F@9B8=FA9M©BH9A@9F=6=F5F585?I@@5B§@A5@§8§F
190
Daha fazla AP de9F@9B8=FA9G= M5D§@A5G§B5 =<H=M5R 6I@IBA5?H58§F I
R9FR9J989 89erl9B8=FA9 R5@§A5@5F§B§B M5D§@A5G§ H9J=? 98=@A9@=8=F J9
DFC;F5A C@IHIFA5 55A5G§B5 899F@9B8=FA9 89 9?@9A@9BA9@=8=F ©M@979
de9F@9B8=FA9 M©BH9A J9 H9?B=?@9F= 89 ;9@=979? J9 85<5 ?9G=B GCBIR@5F5
I@5§@56=@979?H=F
A*9H?=@9F=B=B85<5INIBGVF9H5?=D98=@96=@A9G=J969?@9B9BGCBIR@5F§BB9
?585F GVF9 GCBF5 ;9FR9?@9H=inin anla§@56=@A9G= ©B9A H5§A5?H58§F I
B989B@9 ©N9@@=?@9 9=H=A DFC;F5A@5F§ C@A5? VN9F9 899F@9B8=FA9 R5@§A5@5F§
RC? 85<5 INIB GVF9@9F= ?5DG5M575? 6=R=A89 H5G5F@5BA5@§8§F OVB?V 65N§
soBIR@5F N5A5B =R=B89 CFH5M5 R§?56=@A9?H98=F .NIB 8©B9A@= 6=F
de9F@9B8=FA9 ;9@979?H9 IM;I@5B575? DC@=H=?5@5F§B 655F§G§B85 RC? M5F5F@§
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