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ri lqwhuhvw udwh ghulydwlyhv vhfxulwlhv%/ M1
Idoo/ 56805871
Ilqdqfldo dqg Txdqwlwdwlyh Dqdo|vlv
/ 5;/
Kxoo M1 dqg D1 Zklwh +4<<7d, _Qxphulfdo surfhgxuhv iru lpsohphqwlqj whup vwuxf0
wxuh prghov L = Vlqjoh idfwru prghov%/ M1 Ghulydwlyhv/ 5/ Idoo/ :0491
Kxoo M1 dqg D1 Zklwh +4<<7e, _Qxphulfdo surfhgxuhv iru lpsohphqwlqj whup vwuxf0
wxuh prghov LL = Wzr idfwru prghov%/ M1 Ghulydwlyhv/ 5/ Zlqwhu/ 6:07;1
45
Kxoo M1 dqg D1 Zklwh +4<<9d, _Xvlqj Kxoo0Zklwh lqwhuhvw udwh wuhhv%/ M1 Ghulydwlyhv/
6/ Vsulqj/ 590691
Kxoo M1 dqg D1 Zklwh +4<<9e, Kxoo0Zklwh rq ghulydwlyhv/ Orqgrq = Ulvn Sxeolfdwlrqv1
Mdfrg M1 dqg D1 Q1 Vklu|dhy +4<;:, Olplw wkhruhpv iru vwrfkdvwlf surfhvvhv1 Ehuolq =
Vsulqjhu0Yhuodj1
Mdnxerzvnl D1/ M1 Phplq dqg J1 Sdjhv +4<;<, _Frqyhujhqfh hq orl ghv vxlwhv
g*lqwhjudohv vwrfkdvwltxhv vxu o*hvsdfh
Uho1 Ilhogv/ ;4/ 444046:1
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Suredelolw| Wkhru| dqg
Nxvkqhu K1 +4<<:, _Qxphulfdo phwkrgv iru vwrfkdvwlf frqwuro sureohpv lq qdqfh%/
lq Pdwkhpdwlfv ri ghulydwlyh vhfxulwlhv hgv1 P1 D1 K1 Ghpsvwhu dqg V1 U1 Solvnd/
Sxeolfdwlrqv ri wkh Qhzwrq Lqvwlwxwh/ 48/ Fdpeulgjh Xqly1 Suhvv/ 837085:1
Nxvkqhu K1 dqg S1 J1 Gxsxlv +4<<5, Qxphulfdo phwkrgv iru vwrfkdvwlf frqwuro sure0
1 Qhz \run = Vsulqjhu0Yhuodj1
ohpv lq frqwlqxrxv wlph
Phplq M1 dqg O1 Vorplqvn| +4<<4, _Frqglwlrq XW hw vwdelolwh hq orl ghv vroxwlrqv
g*htxdwlrqv glhuhqwlhoohv vwrfkdvwltxhv%/ Ohfwxuh qrwhv lq pdwk1 Vhp1 Sure1 [[Y1/
47;8/ Ehuolq = Vsulqjhu0Yhuodj1
Phuwrq U1 +4<:6, _Wkhru| ri udwlrqdo rswlrq sulflqj%/ Ehoo M1 Hfrqrp1 Pdqdj1 Vfl1/
7/ 47404;61
Suljhqw M1O1 +4<<8, _Lqfrpsohwh pdunhwv = Frqyhujhqfh ri rswlrqv ydoxhv xqghu
wkh plqlpdo pduwlqjdoh phdvxuh%/ Xqlyhuvlw| ri Fhuj|0Srqwrlvh/ Iudqfh/ WKHPD/
suhsulqw Qr1 <859 dqg Surfhhglqjv ri wkh 46wk Lqwhuqdwlrqdo frqihuhqfh DIIL +Jhqhyd/
Mxqh 57059 4<<9,1
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lqfrpsohwhqhvv% lq Vhplqdu rq vwrfkdvwlf dqdo|vlv/ udqgrp hogv dqg dssolfdwlrqv/
hgv1 H1 Erowkdxvhq/ P1 Gr}}l dqg I1 Uxvvr/ Elunk‚dxvhu/ 69806;71
Vfkzhl}hu P1 +4<<4, _Rswlrq khgjlqj iru vhplpduwlqjdohv/% Vwrfkdvwlf Surfhvvhv dqg
wkhlu Dssolfdwlrqv
/ 6:/ 66<06961
Vfkzhl}hu P1 +4<<5, %Phdq0yduldqfh khgjlqj iru jhqhudo fodlpv/% Dqqdov ri Dssolhg
/ 5/ 4:404:<1
Suredelolw|
Vfkzhl}hu P1 +4<<6, _Yduldqfh0rswlpdo khgjlqj lq glvfuhwh wlph/% Pdwkhpdwlfv
Rshudwlrqv Uhvhdufk
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ri
Vwulfnhu F1 +4<;8, _Orlv gh vhplpduwlqjdohv hw fulwhuhv gh frpsdflwh/% Ohfwxuh qrwhv
lq pdwk1 Vhp1 Sure1 [L[
/ 4456/ Ehuolq = Vsulqjhu0Yhuodj1
46