contents introduction 3 summary of the project 3 location 3 current

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CONTENTS
▪ INTRODUCTION
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▪ ▪ SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT
▪ ▪ LOCATION
▪ ▪ CURRENT TEAM
▪ ▪ CONTACT
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▪ HISTORY
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▪ ▪ HATICE TURHAN SULTAN AND HER PATRONAGE
▪ ▪ SEDDÜLBAHIR FORTRESS AND ITS SITE
▪ ▪ KUMKALE FORTRESS AND ITS SITE
▪ ▪ REGION
▪ ▪ OTTOMAN FORTIFICATIONS
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▪ PROJECT
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▪ ▪ HISTORY AND AIMS
▪ ▪ PROJECT SCHEDULE
▪ ▪ ▪ 2001 SEASON
▪ ▪ ▪ 2000 SEASON
▪ ▪ ▪ 1999 SEASON
▪ ▪ ▪ 1998 SEASON
▪ ▪ ▪ 1997 SEASON
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▪ SURVEY
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▪ ▪ AREA OF THE SURVEY AND AIMS
▪ ▪ SURVEYING METHODS
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▪ GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
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▪ ▪ WHAT IS GIS?
▪ ▪ GIS APPLICATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THIS PROJECT
▪ ▪ KUMKALE CEMETERY
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▪ ORAL HISTORY
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▪ ▪ AREA OF THE WORK AND AIMS
▪ ▪ METHODS
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▪ CEMETERY
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▪ ▪ METHODS
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▪ BIBLIOGRAPHY
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▪ ▪ PROJECT PUBLICATIONS, ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS
▪ ▪ ARCHIVES RESEARCHED IN THE PROJECT PROCESS
▪ ▪ GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
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▪ LINKS
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▪ SPONSORS
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▪ INTRODUCTION
▪ ▪ SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT
The subject of this project is the comprehensive documentation of Seddülbahir and
Kumkale Ottoman Fortresses. Seddülbahir and Kumkale Fortresses were built in the mid
17th century at the entrance to the Dardanelles, on either side of the straits, by Hatice
Turhan Sultan, the mother of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet IV. Initially the fortresses were
constructed as part of the Ottoman defense against Venetian naval incursions into the
Dardanelles during the long war over Crete; since that time they have served the Ottoman
and later Turkish defense against a variety of enemies who have coveted either the
strategic outlet to the Aegean or a convenient sea access to the Bosphorus and the
capital of Istanbul. Both fortresses were instrumental in the Gallipoli campaign of World
War I and severely damaged by artillery fire. After World War I and the withdrawal of
French and British troops from the Gallipoli region, Seddülbahir and Kumkale were
returned to the Ottoman government. Until the spring of 1997, Seddülbahir Fortress was
maintained as a Turkish naval outpost, it is now open to public access. Kumkale Fortress
is still operating as a naval base and is under the jurisdiction of the Turkish Ministry of
Defense.
The aim of the project is twofold: first to document the existing remains of the fortress by
generating the geodesic maps and architectural drawings of the structures on the site;
second to bring together a vast array of data such as repair records (tamirat defterleri)
from the Ottoman archives, European and Ottoman historical chronicles, drawings,
engravings and archival photographs from various libraries’ collections in order to assess
the development of the structure and propose a plan for the preservation and restoration
of the fortresses and adjoining structures. An additional part of the project that developed
in the 1999-2001 seasons at Seddülbahir and Kumkale was an oral history of the villages.
In addition to completing our preliminary precise geodetic and architectural survey of the
fortresses and their immediate environs, the GPS generated map of the Kumkale
cemetery as well as an entire epigraphic documentation of all remaining 287 tombstones.
We have initiated discussions with local government officials at both sites to determine
local opinions concerning preservation and reusage possibilities of the fortifications. The
whole documentation will be visualized in the GIS application of the project.
The research for the survey and documentation project was initiated by Lucienne ThysŞenocak from the Department of History in Koç University. At the preliminary stage of
research the survey was planned to be one to two years, and the aim was limited. An
official protocol to facilitate the cooperation between the History Department of Koç
University and Geodesy Division of Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department of Istanbul
Technical University was signed in 1997. As the project continued it became clear that
there was a need for a thorough geodetic and architectural survey at both sites. With the
completion of the geodetic maps, the architectural drawings and illustrations of the
fortresses, the documentation efforts and on site surveying work at Seddülbahir has
shifted to preparing a restoration proposal for Seddülbahir Fortress and its site. As a
result of this, the project that began as a research project in 1997 has continued and
developed in several new directions.
▪ ▪ LOCATION
The sites are on the edge of the opposite shores of the Dardanelles, the geodetic location
is 26°.199 EITRF and 41°.006 NITRF. Seddülbahir Fortress is in the Seddülbahir village, on
the site of the Gallipoli battlefields of Cape Hellas and Ertugrul Bay at the southern edge
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of Gallipoli peninsula. It stands at the entrance to the Dardanelles, 110 kilometers from
Gelibolu and 30 kilometers from Kilitbahir village. Kumkale Fortress is 3 kilometers from
the Kumkale village and 45 kilometers from Çanakkale, located at the mouth of ancient
Scamander River, 5 kilometers from the archaeological site of Troy.
▪ ▪ CURRENT TEAM
PROJECT DIRECTOR
LAND SURVEYING &
GIS DIRECTOR
LAND SURVEYING &
GIS TEAM
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
WORK
DRAWING TEAM
ORAL HISTORY TEAM
CEMETERY TEAM
ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK (ARCHITECTURAL
HISTORIAN, KU)
ASSOC. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND
PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU)
RES. ASST. CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY
ENGINEER, ITU)
RES. ASST. TEVFIK ÖZLÜDEMIR ( GEODESY AND
RES. ASST. BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY
ENGINEER, ITU)
RES. ASST. SERDAR EROL ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY
ENGINEER, ITU)
RES. ASST. ORHAN AKYILMAZ (GEODESY AND
PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER,ITU)
ASSOC. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER (GEODESY AND
GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, UPENN.)
BENSEN B. M. ÜNLÜOGLU ( ARCHAEOLOGIST, IU)
ARZU ÖZSAVAŞCI ( ARCHITECT, ITU)
RES. ASST. I. CEREN CENKER ( HISTORIAN, KU)
HASAN KARATAŞ ( HİSTORIAN,U.C. of BERKELEY)
▪ ▪ CONTACT
PROJECT DIRECTOR
SURVEY DIRECTOR
PROJECT WEB
ADDRESS
PROJECT E-MAIL
HISTORIAN, KU)
Address: Dept. of History, Koç University, Rumeli Fener Yolu, Sariyer,
Istanbul
Phone: +90.212.338 14 25
E-mail: [email protected]
Address: Dept. of Geodesy and Photogrammetry Engineering, Istanbul
Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul
Phone: +90.212.285 38 22
E-mail: [email protected]
http://www.seddulbahir-kumkale.cjb.net/
http://www.seddulbahir-kumkale.com/
[email protected]
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▪ HISTORY
▪ ▪ HATICE TURHAN SULTAN AND HER PATRONAGE
Hatice Turhan Sultan, the haseki (favourite wife) of Sultan Ibrahim (b.1616/1640-1648)
and the mother of Mehmet IV (b.1642/1648-1687), was born in 1627 in Russia. She was
captured at the age of 12 during a Tartar attack and presented to Kösem Sultan, the
mother of the reigning Ottoman Sultan, by Süleyman Paşa as a concubine. She was
brought up by Kösem Sultan to be the haseki (favourite wife) of Sultan Ibrahim and named
“Hatice Turhan”. In 1642 when Mehmet IV was born Hatice Turhan Sultan became the
mother of the probable heir of Sultan Ibrahim. After the death of Sultan Ibrahim in 1648
Mehmet IV was enthroned at the age of 7, and Hatice Turhan Sultan, at age 21, became
the valide sultan (the regent queen) of Mehmet IV. The ambitiousness of Kösem Sultan
and the authorization of Hatice Turhan Sultan caused administrative and personal
contention. In 1651, Hatice Turhan Sultan gained the loyalty of male authorities of the
harem, içagaları, and led a palace coup against Kösem Sultan. The latter was
assassinated and Hatice Turhan Sultan became the most powerful authority in the harem;
due to her status as valide sultan, she became a major political figure in the Ottoman
administration. In 1654 she appointed Köprülü Mehmet Paşa as vezir-i azam (grand
vizier) and left him the administration.As a valide sultan she had begun an ambitious
campaign of architectural patronage, with the repair of the existing and construction of the
new Dardanelles fortifications. She had repaired Kilitbahir and Çimenlik Fortresses and
decided to build up Seddülbahir and Kumkale Fortresses, in 1656 the construction of the
fortresses was initiated. She commissioned a vakfiyye (foundation) with her own money
for the construction. Later in 1661 she began constructing the large mosque complex in
Istanbul, the Yeni Valide mosque complex of Eminönü. The foundations of the Yeni Cami
complex in Eminönü were constructed by the order of Safiye Sultan, mother of Mehmet III,
but discontinued after his death. With the order of Hatice Turhan Sultan the construction
of the complex was completed in 1664. Hatice Turhan Sultan died in 1683 and was buried
in the türbe she had built for herself in the Eminönü Yeni Cami complex.
Hatice Turhan Sultan appears to be unique among Ottoman royal women in the extent to
which she allocated the resources she had to the architecture of defense and specifically
to the repair and construction of the fortifications on the Dardanelles. When considering
the issue of gender and its impact upon the Ottoman architectural enterprise there are
many questions. What, for example, were the various factors which enabled and
motivated Hatice Turhan Sultan to build these fortresses? How did this imperial Ottoman
woman’s attempts to legitimate her power and piety through the financing of military
architecture compare to other imperial women in the early modern era, beyond the
Ottoman frontiers. By placing Hatice Turhan Sultan’s early acts of architectural patronage
in a comparative framework, the unique aspects of her tenure and role as valide sultan
can be better understood. While other imperial Ottoman women did delve occasionally
into their privy purses to pay troops or finance occasional treasury deficits, By
commissioning this type of structure Hatice Turhan Sultan differs from many of her
European and Islamic counterparts in the way she chose to promote and advertise her
power and piety.
By undertaking this particular architectural project, Hatice Turhan Sultan engaged in a
highly visible and permanent act of state support and legitimized herself very early in her
tenure as valide in a role usually reserved for the sultan: the defender and the protector of
the empire.
(For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / Project
Publications; Thys-Şenocak,2002 (forthcoming) and Thys-Şenocak,2000a ; in the
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Bibliography / General Bibliography; Pierce,1993, Thys-Şenocak,2002,1999,1998,1994,
Uluçay,1992a,b)
▪ ▪ SEDDÜLBAHİR FORTRESS AND ITS SITE
The fortress of Seddülbahir, the “Dam of the Sea”, was built in the mid 17th century at the
entrance to the Dardanelles, on the European side, across from the Kumkale Fortress, by
Hatice Turhan Sultan, the mother of the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmet IV. The fortress was
endowed with a mosque, a double and single hammam, housing for soldiers serving in the
fortress and additional shops and markets. Initially the fortress was constructed as part of
the Ottoman defense against Venetian naval incursions into the Dardanelles during the
long war over Crete. Since that time it has served the Ottoman and later Turkish defense
against a variety of enemies who have coveted either the strategic outlet to the Aegean or
a convenient sea access to the Bosphorus and the capital of Istanbul. Seddülbahir
Fortress was instrumental in the Gallipoli campaign of World War I and severely damaged
by artillery fire. After World War I and the withdrawal of British troops from the Gallipoli
region, fortress was returned to the Ottoman government. Until the spring of 1997
Seddülbahir Fortress was maintained as a Turkish naval outpost.
The fortress of Seddülbahir, on the European side of the straits is located near the
mythical site of the tomb of Protosileus, the first of Agamemnon’s soldiers to have fallen in
the early days of the Trojan War. Indicated as Cape Hellas and Ertugrul Bay in the military
maps of World War I, Seddülbahir is the fortress where both the French and the British
staged major invasions during the Gallipoli Campaign and where today, the main
memorial to the British, Australian and New Zealand forces commemorates soldiers lost
during the campaign. There are war memorials in the site or close to it. The “Ilk Şehitler
Anıtı” and “Ilk Şehitler Şehitligi”, memorials built for Turkish soldies who died during the
first attacks in World War I, are next to the main northern wall of the fortress. “Yahya
Çavuş Anıtı” and “Yahya Çavuş Şehitliği” are built on the ridges of the hills facing Cape
Hellas, The Helles Memorial built for the British soldiers, is on the Gözcübaba hill again
facing Cape Hellas. A small British cemetery is also still existing near the beach of
Ertugrul Bay (Tekke Koyu).
The fortress of Seddülbahir is situated in the small village of Seddülbahir overlooking both
the Aegean Sea and the entrance to the Dardanelles. Because it was under the
jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense until 1997, the surrounding regions have been
protected as part of a national park. Relatively little development has occurred in the
village but summer home developers may pose a threat to the architectural integrity of the
fortress and its immediate environs if strict building codes are not enforced. Further, there
is no year-round protection of the site and buildings of the fortress often become sites for
waste disposal during the winter months. Original building materials such as stone, wood
and iron are also being taken from the walls of the fortress, further weakening the
structure. Finally, the damage caused by natural factors, such as earthquakes, severe
winds and winter storms in that region pose a continual threat to the condition of the
fortress and its structural stability.
From the engravings of the fortress, particularly those done by Tournefort in the
eighteenth century and a Venetian drawing dating to the late 17th century from the Correr
Museum in Venice, there appears to be a small tower which is located just behind the
area where the fortress wall would have stood. In the repair records from the eighteenth
century this section of fortress is referred to as the Bab-ı Kebir, or the main gate; we can
assume from this appellation that this gate was larger or perhaps more complex in plan
than other gates of the fortress. Indeed later photographs of this section of the fortress,
taken after the World War I campaign, show a much larger entrance complex. While it is
impossible to determine with certainty the plan of this section of the fortress without
excavation, it is important to consider that the entrance complex to Seddülbahir could
have had affinities with the entrances at the nearby fortifications of Kilitbahir and Çimenlik
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Kalesi. Both buildings have a larger tower at the fortress entrance along with a small
mosque. If we consider that Hatice Turhan Sultan had repairs made to the Kilitbahir and
Çimenlik fortresses while Seddülbahir was being built, an argument for a similarity in
design of entry towers is even more plausible.
In the 17th century Evliya Çelebi, along with a description of Seddülbahir reported that the
Grand Vizier Mehmed Köprülü had, after the initial construction of the fortress,
suggested an additional exterior wall be built to extend the boundaries of the lower
fortifications further into the sea. Along with the fortress of Kumkale, which Hatice Turhan
Sultan had erected directly across from Seddülbahir, this extended wall would have
allowed for a better defense of the straits, or alternatively it could have served as a sea
break. While Evliya Çelebi’s reporting is often problematic, we decided to look just off the
shore of the fortress for traces of an additional wall. We did find evidence for an additional
outer wall near the sea; it is possible that this is the additional wall that Mehmed Köprülü
requested for Seddülbahir.
Publications; Cenker,2000, Thys-Şenocak,2001,2000a,b,c,1999)
▪ ▪ KUMKALE FORTRESS AND ITS SITE
Kumkale Fortress was built in the mid 17th century at the entrance to the Dardanelles, on
the Anatolian side, across from the Seddülbahir Fortress, by Hatice Turhan Sultan, the
mother of the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmet IV. The fortress was endowed with a mosque, a
double and singe hammam, housing for soldiers serving in the fortress and additional
shops and markets. Initially the fortress was constructed as part of the Ottoman defense
against Venetian naval invations into the Dardanelles during the long war over Crete.
Since that time it has served the Ottoman and later Turkish defense against a variety of
enemies who have coveted either the strategic outlet to the Aegean or a convenient sea
access to the Bosphorus and the capital of Istanbul. Kumkale Fortress was instrumental in
the Gallipoli campaign of World War I and severely damaged by artillery fire. After World
War I and the withdrawal of French troops from the Gallipoli region, the fortress was
returned to the Ottoman government. Kumkale Fortress is still operating as a naval base
in “Deniz Kuvvetleri Methal ve Liman Grup Komutanlıgı” and is under the jurisdiction of the
Turkish Ministry of Defense.
Located five kilometers from the ancient site of Troy, Kumkale Fortress appears to have
been constructed with spolia from excavations of Heinrich Schliemann during his first
archaeological campaigns on the Troyan plan and from nearby sites such as Yeniköy
where cut stone was readily available. In the 18th century Kumkale was reinforced by
French military engineers who had been invited by the Ottoman Sultan to assist the
empire in its efforts to contain Russian expansion into the warm waters of the
Mediterranean. In the early 20th century Kumkale became a target of the French naval
forces during the Gallipoli campaign of World War I. There are war memorials near the
site. “Kumkale Şehitliği” was constructed for the Turkish soldiers who died in the naval
and land warfare in World War I. Also there is a battery named “Kumkale Çakaltepe
Bataryası” on the shore of Çakaltepe near Kumkale.
Detailed description of the building…
Publications; Thys-Şenocak,2001,2000a,b,c,1999)
▪ ▪ REGION
(For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / General
Bibliography; Bastiaan,2000, Boz,1998, Peace Park-Guidemap,2001, Moorehead,1956)
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▪ PROJECT
▪ ▪ HISTORY AND AIMS
The research for the survey and documentation project was initiated in 1997 by Lucienne
Thys-Şenocak from Department of History in Koç University, regarding her doctorate
thesis on Hatice Turhan Sultan. At the preliminary stage the survey was planned to last
one to two years, and the aim was limited. An official protocol to facilitate the cooperation
between the History Department of Koç University and Geodesy Division in Geodesy and
Photogrammetry Department of Istanbul Technical University was signed in 1997. As the
project continued it became clear that there was a need for a thorough geodetic and
architectural survey at the sites. With the completion of the geodetic maps, architectural
drawings and illustrations of the fortresses in 2001, the documentation efforts and on site
surveying work at Seddulbahir has moved into preparing a restoration proposal. The
survey at Kumkale will be completed in 2002 season. The project that had begun in 1997
as a research project has continued and developed in several new directions.
The project process began at Seddülbahir in 1997. Since 1997 in Seddülbahir, the survey
and documentation on site, archival researches in various libraries and topographical and
architectural drawing and modelling process in the office have continued. The completed
architectural drawings, geodesic maps and researchs have been presented in many
conferences and publications since 1998. Stone, mortar, metal and wood samples were
taken from various parts of the fortress for laboratory analysis, the results will help us to
determine the repair chronology of the fortresses. Since 1999 the focus of the project at
Seddülbahir has moved from documentation of the extant remains to the preparation of a
preservation and restoration proposal for the fortress and adjoining buildings. Seddülbahir
was the “center piece” of an architectural project that won an international competition in
1999, sponsored by the Turkish government, for the reorganization of the Gallipoli
peninsula as a national park. Located at the tip of Cape Hellas, the fortress, and the
beach where it is situated, is also one of the most important sites of the Gallipoli
campaign. We hope that its historical significance, both for the Ottoman past and the
Turkish Republic, will become increasingly recognized by both Turkish and international
community in the future.
In addition to the work we were doing at Seddülbahir for the restoration proposal and the
oral history project, we also received permission from both the Ministry of Culture and the
Ministry of Defense to begin a similar type of survey at Kumkale, the other fortress built by
Hatice Turhan Sultan just across the Dardanelles from Seddülbahir and currently an
operating naval base. As it was constructed in the same years as Seddülbahir (1656-59),
Kumkale provides important comparative data concerning architectural styles of Ottoman
fortresses, building materials used and repair chronologies, hence it is fortunate that we
have been able to work at both fortresses during the same seasons. In October 1999 our
team was granted permission to gain access to Kumkale; we signed a three year protocol
with the Ministry of Defense through 2003, we have been conducting the survey and
documentation process on site since 2000.
We are particularly interested in obtaining additional marble and stone samples from
Kumkale as well as we would like to determine whether the Ottomans were using spolia
from earlier sites in the environs of Troy to build Kumkale or whether they continued to
use nearby quarries, such as Kestanbol, that had been sources of building material in
much earlier Classical and Roman periods. At this point we would suggest that they were
doing both but it will be very helpful to procure and test the stone, mortar, metal and wood
samples of Kumkale that we have collected past two seasons. The results of these
analyses will also allow us to determine more accurately the various phases of building
repairs made at Kumkale since the 17th century and coordinate these results with the
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archival information we have from the Ottoman repair records and the published data on
stone and marble quarries from nearby excavations such as Troy.
Since 1997 numerous Ottoman and European travellers’ descriptions and engravings of
Seddülbahir and Kumkale have been collected from the archives of Istanbul, Venice,
Paris, and libraries in the United States. There are many of these types of sources,
particularly because of the interest that this region held for travellers to both the sites of
World War I and ancient Troy. While often more imagined than accurate, these sources
have facilitated our efforts to document the Ottoman sites on the Dardanelles. Finally we
have accumulated a large collection of late 19th century and World War I era photographs
of Seddülbahir and Kumkale which have given us a good idea of the condition of the
fortresses both before they were bombarded in the war and after. The archival photos
from the Imperial War Museum and the Public Records Office in London were found by
Yeşim Anadol who did her independent study project at Koç University on the fortress of
Seddülbahir. Lucienne Thys-Şenocak has made several research trips in 2000 and 2001
to investigate various libraries in Italy, and the military and naval archives at Chateau de
Vincennes in Paris. In this latter libraries there are large collections of photographs, maps
and plans of fortifications built in Turkey by French engineers since the 18th century.
Finally the photographic holdings of the Islamic Research Center at Yıldız Palace in
Istanbul have also been an excellent resource. One particularly valuable pre-war
photograph from IRCICA’s (Research Center for Islamic History Art and Culture) collection
shows the northwestern tower and western wall of Seddülbahir entirely intact and was
instrumental in shaping our decision to select that section of the fortress to begin more
detailed drawings, material sampling and photogrammetric measuring, all requisites for a
restoration proposal.
A sound restoration proposal is imperative for the proper preservation of Seddülbahir. To
that end Mahir Aydın, Hasan Karataş, Yavuz Alkın and project director Lucienne ThysŞenocak have been conducting, for the past four years, research of various Ottoman
records; among these are repair records (tamirat defterleri) that were compiled, often after
damage by war or earthquakes in the region, so that the central government in Istanbul
could keep track of costs of repairs made to various Ottoman structures throughout the
empire. These records help to determine the different periods of Ottoman repair to the
fortresses, the sources and nature of building supplies used by the Ottomans in this
region, and provide us with information about several other aspects of structural repairs to
the fortress. The archival records have also been useful as they often give the names and
functions of different parts of the fortress. In summation, the repair records, along with
other types of documentation, help us understand which sections of the fortress were
repaired or expanded at a particular time. Along with the laboratory analyses of stone,
mortar, metals and wood samples we have taken from Seddülbahir, we hope to be able to
produce in the final restoration proposal a sound chronology of the various phases of
construction and repair of Seddülbahir’s 350 year past.
During the architectural survey and documentation process of the Ottoman fortifications at
Kumkale in the summer of 2000 we realized that there was an additional wall on the
eastern side of the fortress which appears to date to the 19th century and have enclosed
a large residential quarter. We measured this area with GPS equipment and it will be
indicated on the final plan of the Kumkale fortress. Within this region, and in the fields
immediately surrounding the Ottoman buildings, we also observed that there was a great
deal of late Ottoman and possibly late Byzantine ceramic and glass remains. We
conducted a preliminary systematic surface survey of this section of the fortress environs
as we believe it will help us to understand the nature of late Byzantine and Ottoman
settlement patterns in the areas adjacent to the fortress and in the region surrounding
Troy. There has been remarkably little attention paid to the late Byzantine and Ottoman
past of the Troyan plain and it is our hope that we will be able to bring some expertise on
Ottoman architectural and art history into our understanding of the developments that
occurred in the later periods of this important region of Turkey. As plans for a national
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park develop in this region of Turkey it is essential that both the Byzantine and the
Ottoman past of the areas surrounding Troy are recognized and valued along with their
Bronze Age, Classical and early Republican pasts.
In 1998 the fortress of Seddülbahir was designated as the central architectural site in a
state sponsored international architectural competition for the restructuring of the historical
and natural resource management plan for the Gallipoli Peninsula. It is expected that
Kumkale will also fall within a future government project to reorganize the park areas
surrounding Troy, hence our surveying, documentation and pilot GIS project could have
an impact on the future planning of this region as well.
We are hopeful that with the extensive amount of the archival and on site research we
have done towards the completion of the documentation for the restoration proposal, that
it will be approved and we can begin to conduct a process for the preservation and
restoration of the site over the next five years.
Publications; Çelik,2001, Cenker,2000, Güney,2001a,b, Duran,2002, Özöner,2001,1999,
1998, Thys-Şenocak,2001,2000a,b,c,1999)
▪ ▪ PROJECT SCHEDULE
▪ ▪ ▪ 2001 SEASON
WORK DONE IN 2001 SEASON
The architectural survey of Kumkale continued with GPS and total station equipment in
order to make a complete check for accuracy of the present topographical map, plans
and elevations of the existing structures by the survey team between 7-20 July 2001. A
surface survey was conducted for ceramics at the site of Kumkale and in the adjacent
fields which are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense (for the documentation of
the ceramics please see Artifacts/Samples). Additional mortar, wood, stone, plaster, and
iron samples from Kumkale buildings were taken and sent for analysis. Additional wood
samples from Kumkale for comparative dendrochronology analysis, were taken few from
both Seddülbahir and Kumkale.
The overgrowth at the Kumkale cemetery was cleared and debris from selected
tombstones was removed so that the entire epigraphic texts could be read and recorded.
This cleaning activity also helped us in discovering new tombstones that were hidden by
the overgrowth. The cemetery work was conducted by Hasan Karataş.The drawings of
specific tombstones selected for publication were prepared by Bensen B. M. Ünlüoglu.
Also an oral history project similar to the one at Seddülbahir was conducted as a part of
the process of architectural and historical documentation of the site by Ceren Cenker. Part
of the oral history project was also combined with the cemetery project. In this direction,
the thoughts of the people in the village adjacent to cemetery were very helpful, especially
when discovering the former borders of the cemetery, which were much larger than that is
thought and now being used as agricultural lands.
During the architectural survey and documentation process of the Ottoman fortifications at
Kumkale in the summer of 2000 we realized that there was an additional wall on the
eastern side of the fortress which appears to date to the nineteenth century and have
enclosed a large residential quarter. In 2001 season we measured this area with GPS
equipment and it will be indicated on the final plan of the Kumkale fortress. Within this
region, and in the fields immediately surrounding the Ottoman buildings, we also observed
that there was a great deal of late Ottoman and possibly late Byzantine ceramic and
glass remains. We conducted a preliminary systematic surface survey of this section of
the fortress environs as we believe it would help us to understand the nature of late
11
Byzantine and Ottoman settlement patterns in the areas adjacent to the fortress and in the
region surrounding Troy.
In 2001 we had hoped to measure and draw the interior of the Northwest tower at
Seddülbahir. This required limited excavation to reach the original foundations of the
tower interior. As we were not given permission by the Ministry of Culture to excavate in
the 2001 season, we had to postpone our work on Seddülbahir to a future season.
TEAM OF 2001 SEASON
PROJECT DIRECTOR
LAND SURVEYING &
GIS DIRECTOR
LAND SURVEYING &
GIS TEAM
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
WORK
DRAWING TEAM
ORAL HISTORY TEAM
CEMETERY TEAM
MINISTRY OF CULTURE
REPRESENTATIVE
ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK ( ARCHITECTURAL
HISTORIAN, KU)
ENGINEER, ITU)
ENGINEER, ITU)
ENGINEER, ITU)
RES. ASST. ORHAN AKYILMAZ ( GEODESY AND
PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, I.T.U.)
SAADET KIMYON ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU)
MEHMET DUMAN (GEODESY STUDENT, ITU)
KUBILAY UYLU (GEODESY STUDENT, ITU)
ASSOC. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER ( GEODESY AND
ARZU ÖZSAVAŞCI ( ARCHITECT, ITU)
RES. ASST. I. CEREN CENKER ( HISTORIAN, KU)
HASAN KARATAŞ ( HISTORIAN, U.C. of BERKELEY)
CELAL ÖZDEMIR (AMASYA MUSEUM)
SPONSOR OF 2001 SEASON
•
•
•
Max van Berchem Foundation in Switzerland,
Dr. M. Aylwin Cotton Foundation in UK,
Leica Sistem Bilgisayar ve Teknik Hizmetler Sanayi AŞ. in Ankara
▪ ▪ ▪ 2000 SEASON
At Seddulbahir we continued the work we have been doing since the 1999 season:
measuring and preparing the detailed drawings on 1:20 scale that are required for a
restoration proposal, between 19 June-4 July 2000. After clearing debris and erecting
scaffolding around the northwestern tower of Seddulbahir fortress, we checked our
coordinates from the measurements and plans we had made for the northwestern wall
during the previous season and established a measuring system that was coordinated
with the system we used the previous season. By June 30 we were able to complete all
the measurements and sketches of the exterior façade of the northwestern tower so that
12
we could generate the drawings for the tower during the academic year and prepare to
integrate these new plans with the ones we have of the northwestern wall. A team of
archaeology students and illustrators directed by archaeologist Bensen Ünlüoglu and
architect Arzu Özsavaşcı completed the detailed measuring and drawing of the
northwestern tower of Seddülbahir.
In addition to the measuring and drawings of the northwestern tower we also took stone ,
mortar, metal and wood samples from various sections of the northwestern tower. These
samples were all inspected and released by the director of the archaeology museum in
Çanakkale. Two larger wooded samples were left at the Çanakkale museum for the
dendrochronologist Peter Kuniholm of Cornell University to identify, he determined that
these were oak. All other samples are to be analysed and will help us determine the
repair chronology of this section of the fortress. We completed the final interviews for the
oral history project that has been conducted at Seddulbahir by Ceren Cenker.
Our team completed the fourth season of the architectural survey at the Seddülbahir
Fortress in the summer of 2000, and we conducted a new architectural survey at the site
of Kumkale on July 2000. According to the three year protocol we have signed with the
Ministry of Defense, we were given access to the site between 3-20 July. We were able to
complete much more than we had hoped largely because our state of the equipment, the
Leica Global Positioning System (GPS 300) and Leica Total Station (TCRA 1105), greatly
facilitated the initial surveying and topographical work. We tied the coordinate system that
we had been using at Seddulbahir to the one we used at Kumkale. Our data organization
system GIS (Geographic Information System) is also established with this coordinate
system so we have a faster and higher data quality transfer to our GIS. As with
Seddulbahir GPS measurements, were taken of the entire site of Kumkale, including the
cemetary adjacent to the fortress so that we could generate both a topographical map,
site plan and architectural drawings based upon highly accurate geodesic measurements.
As at Seddulbahir conventional measuring techniques were also used for the interiors of
some structures and as a cross reference check on the GPS and total station
measurements. Preliminary sketches of the entire fortress complex were made. All
structures were photographed using conventional photgraphic equipments as well as
digital cameras. Mortar, metal , stone plaster and limited wood samples were taken from
various structures. Minimal surface pottery sherds were collected. All samples were
inspected, recorded and released for analysis by the director of the Archaeology Museum
in Çanakkale. The cemetary adjacent to Kumkale was documented as well as this is an
integral part of the fortress complex. Topographic measurements were taken and all
tombstones were marked, numbered and placed on a GPS generated map. All
headstones and some of the footstones were photographed and the epigraphic content
read and documented. All this data is currently being scanned into our GIS based
program at Istanbul Technical University and is referred to the Kumkale Cemetery Pilot
GIS Application. This GIS program uses AutoCAD Map software and is based in the
project computer at Istanbul Technical University’s Geodesy Division.
TEAM OF 2000 SEASON
PROJECT DIRECTOR
LAND SURVEYING &
GIS DIRECTOR
LAND SURVEYING &
GIS TEAM
HISTORIAN, KU)
ENGINEER, ITU)
ENGINEER, ITU)
13
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
WORK
DRAWING TEAM
ORAL HISTORY TEAM
CEMETERY TEAM
ARCHIVAL WORK
ADDITIONAL
PHOTOGRAPHER
MINISTRY OF CULTURE
REPRESENTATIVE
ENGINEER, ITU)
ASSOC. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER ( GEODESY AND
ARZU OZSAVAŞCI ( ARCHITECT, ITU)
GUNŞIL KILIÇ (ARCHAEOLOGY STUDENT, IU)
SEMIHA OKAN ( ARCHAEOLOGY STUDENT, IU)
I. CEREN CENKER ( HISTORIAN, KU)
HASAN KARATAŞ ( HISTORIAN, BU)
YESIM ANADOL (HISTORIAN, YTU)
MURAT ÇAVDAR
YAVUZ ÖZDEMIR
•
•
•
•
•
National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) in U.S.A
Max van Berchem Foundation in Switzerland
Koç-Fiat Reseach Fund from Koç University in Istanbul
American Research Center (ARIT) in Istanbul
Leica Sistem Bilgisayar ve Teknik Hizmetler Sanayi AŞ in Ankara
▪ ▪ ▪ 1999 SEASON
In June and July of 1999 our team continued the architectural and topographical survey
and archival work in Seddülbahir. We also took the initial steps for the preparation of a
restoration proposal; preparation of more detailed drawings of a particular section of the
fortress. In Seddülbahir we selected the section of the fortress wall which stretches
between the Village Tower and area referred to in the 18th century as the Bab-I-Kebir, the
area is where we believe the original entrance complex to the fortress was located but is
now largely destroyed. The photographic documentation we have for this section of the
fortress, particularly its interior, dates to 1915, and was taken during the conquest of
Seddulbahir in the Gallipoli campaign, hence we have a fairly good idea of what the late
19th century early 20th century phase of this wall of the fortress must have looked like,
complete with its crenellations. A survey and scaled drawings of buildings or components,
on a scale of 1:20, was made with a traditional measuring system of the eastern and
western facades of this sections of the north defense wall. Also the measurements of the
previous year were checked, in order to make the revisions in the drawings of the
previous year.
The survey team began by checking the surveying coordinates from the 1998 season.
The surveying work that has been done in the project to date has been conducted with
state of the art surveying instruments, such as Leica GPS ( Global Positioning System)
receivers, and total stations capable of measuring without reflectors. By employing the
most recent GPS technology and conventional measuring techniques, the degree of
accuracy in our measurements for the fortress has been significantly increased.
Architectural drawings of all structures at Seddulbahir were made according to the
precise geodesic measurements procured; this data, along with the positional, graphic
and historical documentation related to the project are all being integrated into the GIS we
have established for the project.
14
An additional aspect of our survey in 1999 was an oral history project we started in
Seddulbahir, undertaken by Ceren Cenker. Since we began this architectural survey, our
team has come to know many of the residents of the village and we have become
increasingly aware of how significant a role Seddulbahir has played in the lives and the
memories of the community that lives there. As we continue with this aspect of the survey,
recording the many legends and memories of those who have passed their lives in and
around the fortress, we tap into yet another type of historical source—which along with the
material remains, the archival and the photographic – all assist us in our efforts to better
understand the evolution of Seddülbahir and what steps we can and should take for its
preservation.
TEAM OF 1999 SEASON
PROJECT DIRECTOR
LAND SURVEYING &
GIS DIRECTOR
LAND SURVEYING &
GIS TEAM
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
WORK
DRAWING TEAM
ORAL HISTORY TEAM
ARCHIVAL WORK
MINISTRY OF CULTURE
REPRESENTATIVE
HISTORIAN, KU)
ASST. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY
ENGINEER, ITU)
ENGINEER, ITU)
ENGINEER, ITU)
ENGINEER, ITU)
PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, I.T.U.)
ASST. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER ( GEODESY AND
ARZU ÖZTURK ( ARCHITECT, ITU)
I. CEREN CENKER ( HISTORIAN, KU)
YESIM ANADOL (HISTORIAN, YTU)
FUNDA KÖRPE (ÇANAKKALE ARCHAEOLOGY MUSEUM)
•
•
•
•
•
National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) in U.S.A
Max van Berchem Foundation in Switzerland
American Research Center (ARIT) in Istanbul
▪ ▪ ▪ 1998 SEASON
The survey that began in 1997 summer in Seddülbahir was completed in the summer
season of 1998. Using a Total Station, GPS, and photogrammetric camera, the team
successfully completed a survey of the remains of Seddülbahir on the European side of
the Dardanelles. All sections of the fortress were photographed. Preliminary
topographical maps and axonometric view of the fortress, plans and elevations of the
fortress walls, towers, and the two baths immediately outside the fortress were prepared
by the project architect Günder Varinlioglu. As Seddülbahir had been under the jurisdiction
15
of the Turkish military since World War I , the topographical and architectural plans we
have completed were the first plans of this fortress to be made. Thus the first aim of the
project has been met successfully.
TEAM OF 1998 SEASON
PROJECT DIRECTOR
LAND SURVEYING
DIRECTOR
LAND SURVEYING
TEAM
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
WORK
DRAWING TEAM
OTTOMAN ARCHIVAL
WORK
PHOTOGRAPHIC
ARCHIVAL WORK
MINISTRY OF CULTURE
REPRESENTATIVE
HISTORIAN, KU)
ENGINEER, ITU)
ENGINEER, ITU)
ENGINEER, ITU)
CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU)
ORHAN AKYILMAZ ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU)
GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, BILKENT U.)
MAHIR AYDIN ( HISTORIAN, IU)
YESIM ANADOL ( HISTORIAN, KU)
ASUMAN GÜNGÖR (BURSA MUSEUM)
•
•
▪ ▪ ▪ 1997 SEASON
On site surveying of the project began in the summer of 1997, in Seddülbahir shortly after
the fortress was demilitarized. Using a Total Station, GPS, and photogrammetric camera,
the team organized and began a survey of the remains of Sedulbahir on the European
side of the Dardanelles. Photogrammetric work was also conducted on several sections of
the fortress. All sections of the fortress were photographed. Measuring and documentation
work was concentrated in the lower southern section of the fortress and along the
northern wall of the upper section of the fortress. Little remains of the south western wall
of the fortress which faced the sea as this was heavily bombarded in April 1915 during
the Gallipoli campaign of World War I. Sections of the north wall, including the two towers
at either ends of this wall were still standing but taking measurements along the central
section of this proved particularly challenging because the incline separating the upper
and lower sections of the fortress was more acute in this area and because a more recent
war memorial had been erected in this area.
During the on-site survey, the archival data that had been collected previously was
examined and we began to determine how we could use these historical resources to
determine both the original plan of Seddülbahir and the various changes that had been
made to the structure since the 17th century. Information related to the founding of
16
Seddülbahir, the types of buildings that were erected in the fortress and the source of
income for the building and upkeep of the structure can be found in the foundation
document, or vakfiyye, now in the Süleymaniye Library of Istanbul. Other archival
sources which provide information related to the original expenses and construction of
the fortress are in the Başbakanlık Arşivi Maliye Defterleri. For repairs of Seddülbahir, the
numerous repair records, or tamirat defterleri, are useful for understanding the types and
origins of building materials used to repair or expand the fortress, the cost of materials
and often the function of towers or rooms located in the structure. Ottoman chroniclers
such as Evliya Çelebi, and Naima Efendi left important accounts of the building or repairs
made to the fortress; European travelers frequently made several drawings or engravings
of the fortress as they passed through the Dardanelles on the journey to the Ottoman
capital. Finally several photographs from the archives at IRCICA (Research Center for
Islamic History, Art and Culture) in Yildiz Palace in Istanbul and the Public Records Office
and the Imperial War Museum in London were collected and provide valuable visual
documentation of the state of Seddülbahir both before and after the 1915 bombardment.
After the summer work season in Seddülbahir; the team decided to apply for a survey to
create an accurate set of drawings for the fortress of Kumkale, the Ottoman fortification
that was built just across from Seddülbahir on the Asian coast of the Dardanelles in the
17th century, again by Hatice Turhan Sultan. This project would be a continuation of the
survey of Sedulbahir, the 17th century Ottoman fortress constructed by the same patron,
on the European side of the Dardanelles.
TEAM OF 1997 SEASON
PROJECT DIRECTOR
LAND SURVEYING
DIRECTOR
LAND SURVEYING
TEAM
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
WORK
DRAWING TEAM
OTTOMAN ARCHIVAL
WORK
PHOTOGRAPHIC
ARCHIVAL WORK
MINISTRY OF CULTURE
REPRESENTATIVE
HISTORIAN, KU)
ENGINEER, ITU)
ENGINEER, ITU)
BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU)
CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU)
ORHAN AKYILMAZ ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU)
GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, BILKENT U.)
MAHIR AYDIN ( HISTORIAN, IU)
YESIM ANADOL ( HISTORIAN, KU)
ASUMAN GÜNGÖR (BURSA MUSEUM)
•
•
17
▪ SURVEY
▪ ▪ AREA OF THE SURVEY AND AIMS
The aim of the survey is to obtain accurate topographical and architectural measurements
of the fortresses of Seddülbahir and Kumkale built in the mid 17th century at the entrance
to the Dardanelles. The location of the fortresses is approximately 26°.199 EITRF and
41°.006 NITRF. The survey is a joint project between Koç University’s Department of
History and Istanbul Technical University’s Geodesy Division in Geodesy and
Photogrammetry Department. The surveying work was conducted by Assoc. Prof. Rahmi
N. Çelik (land surveying and GIS director), Res. Asst. Tevfik Özlüdemir, Res. Asst. Serdar
Erol, Res. Asst. Bihter Özöner, Res. Asst. Caner Güney and Res. Asst. Orhan Akyılmaz.
Assoc. Prof. Dursun Zafer Şeker from the Photogrammetry Division of the same
department of Istanbul Technical University was responsible for the photogrammetric
work. Preliminary goal of the project is the production of the topographical maps and
architectural drawings and models through the collected data which will be used as to
formulate a base for a Geographic Information System (GIS) database.
▪ ▪ SURVEYING METHODS
As first step of the surveying surveyed area was visited to determine what would be
measured and which survey techniques would be used, depending on the topography and
the structures of the fortresses before beginning geodetic measurements of both
fortresses. Many photographs were taken and digital images recorded during these
surveying trips. Based on these investigations we determined out surveying plans,
methods and the equipment to be used.
6 main control points in Seddülbahir and 4 main control points in Kumkale were positioned
with the GPS (Global Positioning System) technique. The positions of the main control
points were determined using GPS static survey and were applied at two hour interval.
After processing these sets of data WGS84 coordinates of the main control points were
obtained. The networks for both fortresses connected Turkish National Fundamental
Network (TUTGA) by means of a TUTGA point which is around of the fortress of Kumkale
with GPS survey with a 2-hour period. The datum of TUTGA is International Terrestrial
Reference Frame-Epoch1996 (ITRF96). Henceforth the coordinates of approximately
15,000 points obtained from the result of processing all kind of geodetic survey computed
as the Gauss-Kruger coordinates with central meridian 27° and zone with 3° in the datum
of ITRF96. The topographical maps, digital terrain models, architectural drawings and
models, etc. were produced based on these grid coordinates.
3D (three-dimensional) positions of traverse points in the control nets were determined
using Real Time GPS surveys, particularly Stop and Go method. Some traverse points
within the towers, rooms and other structures were measured with TPS system, with Total
Station (Tacheometrical Object Oriented Partly Automated Laser Surveying). 60 control
points, main control points and traverse points together, in Kumkale and 40 control points
in Seddülbahir were positioned in this way. The borders of surveying areas were
measured and DTMs (Digital Terrain Model) were generated using Real Time Kinematic
GPS survey to display the topography of fortresses' areas. The 3D information on
landscape of surveying zones was finally realized.
The object or detail points on the structures of fortresses were measured from the
traverse points using the Total Station. More than two thousands points in each fortress
were measured with the Total Station to produce a geodesic map of the site and the
architectural drawings of the present situation of the fortresses. In each fortress
18
approximately 8000 building detail points with TPS and 18000 points with GPS were
measured.
During the survey itself it is common to take multiple sightings of various kinds of details of
the structure or monument, such as details of the defense walls, towers and other
components of the structure. This makes the later reconstruction of the wall on the
computer screen more straightforward. At the same time, one of the field surveyors makes
a sketch of the surveyed area including required details to percieve and draw, noting the
surveyed point number given by the chief surveyor on the drawing, along with the feature
codes and other relevant information. Hand-written and organized notes, detailed
sketches and photographs are absolutely necessary to provide details of each building,
grave, or monument. At the end of the day's work data is transferred to the notebook, then
the collected data is checked and edited using AutoCAD Land Development Desktop.
Some walls, at Kumkale , such as the mosque wall and hamam (Turkish bath) wall, were
also measured with terrestrial photogrammetric technique. Properly distributed many
control points on the walls were pointed out using conventional methods and
photographed by the Mamia camera. Using high accuracy control points positioned with
TCRA 1105 total station the photogrammetric models and plans of the walls were
produced.
The surveying work that has been done in the project to date has been conducted with
state of the art surveying instruments, such as GPS ( Global Positioning System)
receivers, and total stations capable of measuring without reflectors. Data collection in the
field was done using several different GPS techniques, including Static, Kinematic, RealTime Kinematic GPS as well as conventional techniques. By employing the most recent
GPS technology and conventional measuring techniques, the degree of accuracy in our
measurements for the fortress has been significantly increased. Further, terrestrial
photogrammetric work has been conducted at Seddulbahir to collect additional information
about the stuctures comprising the fortifications and to examine the various degrees of
accuracy between
measurements of buildings generated using photgrammetric
techniques and those generated by conventional methods.
The 3D coordinate system
used in this surveying project is based upon the GPS coordinate system which is founded
upon the WGS84( World Geodesic System 1984). (This is not the same coordinate
system that is used in Turkey which is the Turkish 2D Coordinate system based upon
ED20 with the height system based on mean at sea level. Using a transformation
parameter these coordinates are easily converted.)
All data in the field was therefore collected directly in WSGS84; as our GIS setup is
established on this coordinate system we can expect a faster and higher quality data
transfer to our GIS. Architectural drawings of all structures at Seddulbahir were made
according to the precise geodesic measurements procured ; this data, along with the
positional, graphic and historical documentation related to the Seddulbahir- Kumkale
project are all being integrated into the GIS.
At the beginning of the measurement, a main triangulation frame was established and the
points were positioned with GPS. The topographic details, which were going to be used to
prepare the digital terrain model, were used with GPS in Kinematic mode. The first step is
to determine the accuracy required for the project and then choose the suitable
equipment. In the project, we preferred Leica GPS System 300 equipment whose baseline
accuracy up to 3mm + 0.5ppm in the static survey mode with post processing and up 10
to 20mm + 1ppm in kinematic survey. The terrestrial measurement instrument used in the
project is Leica TCRA 1105 total station. The factory specifications of the TCRA 1105
include an accuracy in angle measurements of 5 seconds of one degree.
We discovered that Leica TCRA 1105 is a very versatile, user friendly and efficient total
station for high precision surveying. With the capacity to do reflectorless measurement
19
across obstacles, the Leica TCRA can do the job quickly, conveniently and precisely. The
reflectorless measuring technique with a visible laser dot offers obvious advantages and
increases productivity. The reflectorless measurement of distance with the laser of the
TCRA is a real advantage, particularly for measuring the objects that are accessible only
with difficulty or not at all. Considering that the surfaces of historical walls are often not
even surfaces the performance of TCRA reflectorless mode was extremely good.
Reflectorless measuring was not affected much where the target point, was relatively high
or low. It was clear to us that the measurements we had taken of tall structures were
perfect. After seeing the measured point distribution and generating the figures in
AutoCAD Land Development Desktop. The laser plummet of TCRA 1105 is very versatile
for easy centring of the instrument over the ground point. Particularly the 3D-laser scanner
specification of TCRA made the work of the surveying team easier.
In the survey process; in GPS surveying Leica GPS System 300, in TPS surveying Leica
TCRA 1105, TCR 1800, TCR 307 TOTAL Stations, CCD Camera for Photogrammetry, as
surveying software SKI 2.3 GPS and AutoCAD Land Development Desktop programs
were used.
Publications; Çelik,2001, Güney,2001c,2000, Özöner,2001,1999,1998, ThysŞenocak,2000b ; in the Bibliography / General Bibliography; Duran,2001)
▪ GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
▪ ▪ WHAT IS GIS?
GIS can be thought as a modern archiving method but the difference from the old
archiving method is that “information” will not stay at the dusty shelves of the archives and
anyone, who wants to learn about his heritage, will be able to reach the information. The
scientists, researchers and the personal users will be able to study in more comfortable
and convenient information environment. GIS is necessary for bringing all kinds of historic
data to serve constantly in the future.
The three-dimensional position is one of the most important components of a
geographical information system. Even more, it can be said that, “GIS can not exist
without spatial data”. This fact can be understood easily because of the “Geography” word
in GIS. The precision of position is determined by the aims of GIS. However, the position
is the work of a Geodesist. The relation between the researcher and the geodesist can be
handled in this manner. The information brought by the researcher and the geodesist
appears to gather in an organized, practical and interactive GIS platform.
Development of the GIS application of the fortresses is basically a three-step process.
The first step is to create 3D digital map coverages of the site and the architectural plans
of the historical structures. The second step is to gather all known information about each
resource (historical attributes related to spatial information and current information about
the existing circumstances) and store it in one place for quick and easy retrieval. The third
step is to integrate graphical data with these attributes. The project team has been using a
vector GIS running AutoCAD Land Development Desktop and AutoCAD Map software to
generate the data needed to create a GIS of these Ottoman fortresses with a plan to
expand the system to incorporate data from other fortresses in the region.
The engineering-oriented GIS application combines layers of information involving
topography (contours, DEM, DTM), planimetric data (monuments, roads, trees, seacoast), architectural data (the 2D and 3D architectural drawings of existing structures),
land use (residential, agricultural, plants), utilities (water and sewer installations, heat
system), cadastral data (ownership), historical data, (art history, written history, oral
20
history), archaeological data and past illustrations (historic maps, drawings), residential,
natural reserves and defensive considerations. Interpreting the interplay of these multiple
thematic layers of information related to these and their various permutations may reveal
identifiable patterns that reflect actual human behavioural patterns and choices.
▪ ▪ GIS APPLICATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THIS PROJECT
In this project GIS technology has also been chosen as a pilot application for the
documentation of the historical site. The GIS project has been generated wıth a cross
disciplinary approach which integrates information and research from a variety of other
fields including, geodesy, land surveying, photogrammetry, architecture, archaeology, art
history and oral history. Now that all topographic maps, architectural plans have been
generated for the two sites and a substantial amount of historical information about the
fortresses has been collected a base for GIS (Geographic Information System) is in the
process of being developed at ITU’s geodesy dept. With this type of GIS database further
research and comparative analyses can be performed more effectively, accurately and
visually. As one of the essential requirements of GIS is accurate spatial data a primary
goal of the project was to create a complete and accurate set of maps of both fortresses
and their environs. Photographs have been taken and then converted into orthogonal
images with the help of ARC/INFO GIS software. Photographs were converted into
orthogonal images with the help of ARC/INFO. These orthogonal images are used in the
CAD software and details are drawn. The same photographs have been evaluated and
two different outputs were compared. The aim of this study is testing this method for
documenting smooth surfaces such as walls.
The goal of the project is explore the documentation of two Ottoman Fortresses using
multimedia supported Geographic Information System (GIS). Primary purpose of
developing GIS of the fortresses is to make the researchers in the project team much
more effective, visualize, fast, and easy. With this type of information and data
management system both the present situation of the fortresses and the condition of the
fortresses in the past can be recorded and the architectural changes from 17th century to
present day can be determined more efficiently. Natural, economical, social, and political
events, which have caused structural changes to the fortresses and surrounding buildings
and environs, can be researched. Additionally it is expected that in the future GIS will
facilitate development of continuous site management process at Seddülbahir.
One of the essential requirements of GIS is accurate spatial data; hence, the geodetic
network was designed and established covering the entire area of the fortresses and their
environs to produce a complete and accurate set of maps and architectural drawings and
models of both fortresses. From the beginning two different types of geodetic
measurement methods, which consist of satellite and conventional measurements, have
been used together to increase accuracy. These two techniques have supported each
other, thus measurements can be accomplished in a shorter time and with fewer staff.
Working in one common coordinate system (TUTGA) even using different techniques is
decreasing the computation for transformation between different coordinate systems.
Comparison of the historical sites is thus relatively easy and all calculations can be done
without any datum transformation. Photographs related to the study areas have been
taken with Mamiya RB67 camera.
Among the goals of the documentation project is to serve the documentation of the
fortresses using GIS with the support of multimedia techniques for the both visitors who
are interested in the historical background of the fortresses and future organizations who
will preserve the sites. With this type of data system both the present situation of the
fortresses and the condition of the fortresses in the past can be recorded and the
architectural changes from the 17th century to the present day can be determined more
efficiently. Using the GIS technology the ability to access historical information about the
21
fortresses will be greatly faciliated. The multidisciplinar project integrates knowledge and
research from a variety of other disciplines such as; geodesy, land surveying,
photogrammetry, architecture, archaeology, art history, and oral history. This type of data
management and the manipulation system for historical sites is relatively new in Turkey
and could have a wider application for the management of the future cultural sites in
Gallipoli Park region.
Publications; Güney,2001a,b, Duran,2002 ; in the Bibliography / General Bibliography;
Oswald,1996)
▪ ▪ KUMKALE CEMETERY
The first step of the GIS for the fortresses was a pilot project using the materials of the
Kumkale cemetery. The cemetery is located approximately 750 meters from the fortress
and the adjacent fields that were once the site of the village of Kumkale. After determining
the border of the cemetery with real-time kinematic GPS technique, all remaining 276
tombstones were measured with GPS using real-time stop and go method. All spatial
information first has been drawn in AutoCAD Land Development Desktop and then
attribute information such as the epigraphic data of the tombstones has been assigned the
positions of the stones using AutoCAD Map.
▪ ORAL HISTORY
An additional part of the project that developed in the 1999 and 2000 seasons at
Seddülbahir was an oral history of the village. The oral history project was initiated by
project director Lucienne Thys-Şenocak and her student I. Ceren Cenker of Central
European University. The preliminary results were presented this past summer in the
International Oral History Conference held in Istanbul in June 2000. Cenker received, in
November 2000, an honorable mention for the paper she wrote on this project in a
competition for young historians that was sponsored by the History Foundation of Turkey.
A more complete version of the conference paper is currently being prepared for
publication by Lucienne Thys-Şenocak and I. Ceren Cenker. It has been a most
informative and very rewarding part of the whole project.
Since we began the architectural survey, our team has come to know many of the
residents of Seddülbahir village and we became increasing aware of how significant role
the fortress has played in the lives and in the memories of the community that lives there.
From many of the older members of the community we learned of great grandparents who
had resided within the walls of the fortress itself and how its lively market quarter and
cosmopolitan nature gave it the nickname of Little Istanbul. Some of the village elders had
completed military service in the fortress after World War I; from them we learned of the
function and location of structures such as the hospital and fountain just outside the
fortress walls, both bombed beyond recognition during the Gallipoli campaign. As we
continue with this aspect of the project, recording the many memories of those who have
lived their lives in and around the fortress, we tap into yet another type of historical source
which, along with the material remains, the archival and the photographic, assist us in our
efforts to better understand the evolution of Seddülbahir and the steps we can and should
take for its preservation.
Our oral history project at Seddulbahir has documented the narratives of diverse voices,
from a elderly woman who lived through the Allied attack upon the fortress during the
Gallipoli campaign of World War I , to retired soldiers who grew up in the village and
served in the fortress during the Republican period. In addition to providing us with
information about the use and reuse of space within the fortress, the current residents of
22
Seddulbahir have voiced several ideas about the restoration of the fortress and concerns
related to the impact of the Gallipoli Peace Park Project and a proposed bridge across the
Dardanelles. It is our hope that the oral history project at Seddulbahir will, in addition to
providing us with information directly related to the physical remains of the fortress, also
facilitate the participation of the residents in the plans for the restoration and reuse of this
important site.
▪ ▪ METHODS
Publications; Cenker,2001; in the Bibliography / General Bibliography; Portelli,1995,
Yow,1994)
▪ CEMETERY
The Kumkale cemetery located approximately 750 meters from the fortress and the
adjacent fields which were once the site of the village of Kumkale. Because Kumkale is
still a Turkish naval base operating under the auspices of the Ministry of Defense, it does
not fall under the same protective laws. Therefore, in addition to completing our
preliminary architectural and topographic survey of the fortress and its immediate
environs, the GPS generated plan of the cemetery as well as an entire epigraphic
documentation of all remaining 287 tombstones, we initiated discussions with local
government officials in the city of Kumkale to assess the kind of protective measures that
can be taken to halt the theft of tombstones in the Kumkale cemetery. The fortress itself is
protected, at least from vandalism and theft, as it is an operating naval base and there is
no public access to this site, bu the cemetery is not adequately protected.
▪ ▪ METHODS
After determining the border of the cemetery with real-time kinematic GPS technique, all
remaining 276 tombstones were measured with GPS using real-time stop and go method.
All spatial information first has been drawn in AutoCAD Land Development Desktop and
then attribute information such as the epigraphic data of the tombstones has been
assigned the positions of the stones using AutoCAD Map. The first step of the GIS for the
fortresses was a pilot project using the materials of the Kumkale cemetery.
Then all the headstones and certain footstones that have particular engravings and
meanings were numbered as 1 to 287. However, due to the overgrowth in the site some
tombstones remained concealed. These tombstones were discovered in the second, third
and finally in the last re-scanning period in the summer 2001, and numbered according to
their scanning periods as 500’s, 600’s, 700’s, 800’s and 900’s. After this numbering
activity, the epigraphic content of the tombstones was being deciphered and recorded.
And lastly, the photographs of every each tombstone were taken by Assoc. Prof. Dursun
Zafer Seker and Ceren Cenker, in colored and white-black forms. The typical tombstones
were selected and drawn by Bensen Ünlüoglu on site. Currently, various indexes are
being prepared in order to make the data more comprehensible.
23
▪ BIBLIOGRAPHY
▪ ▪ PROJECT PUBLICATIONS, ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS
•
CELIK, R. N., Güney, C., Özöner, B., Erol, S., Akyilmaz, O., 2001; “Precise Geodetic
Measurements of Historical Sites in Çanakkale”, Proceedings of the Fourth
International Symposium “Turkish-German Joint Geodetic Days”, Berlin, April 3-6, Vol.
2, pp. 607-614.
•
CENKER, I. Ceren- L. Thys-Şenocak, 2000; “If these walls could talk… Different
Voices: The Fortress of Seddulbahir”, Proceedings of the XI. İnternational Oral
Historians Congress, Istanbul, June 2000, pp. 708-714.
•
GUNEY, Caner, 2001; “Çoğul Ortam Destekli Bilgi Sistemi Uygulaması: Osmanlı
Kaleleri Bilgi Sistemi”, Sanal Gazete Monthly Magazine, Istanbul, December, Vol. 6,
No. 4, pp. 13, ISSN 1301-0190.
•
GUNEY, C., Özöner, B., Duman, M., Uylu, K., Celik, R. N., 2001; “MM-CBS’nin Tarihi
Dokümantasyon Çalışmasına Uygulanması”, Proceedings of “Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri
Bilişim Günleri”, Istanbul, November 13-14.
•
GUNEY, C., 2001; Internal Report of Division of Geodesy at Istanbul Technical
University, September.
•
GUNEY, C., 2000; Internal Report of Division of Geodesy at Istanbul Technical
University, September.
•
DURAN, Z., Güney, C., Seker, D. Z., Toz, G., 2002, “Using GIS Technology for the
Documentation of Historical Monuments”, Proceedings of the XXII Congress of
International Federation of Surveyors “Turkish-German Joint Geodetic Days”,
Washington, April 19-26.
•
OZONER, B., Celik, R. N., Güney, C., Erol, S., Akyilmaz, O., 2001; “Geodetic
Measurements in Historical Sites”, Proceedings of International Symposium and
Exhibition “Geodetic, Photogrammetric and Satellite Technologies – Development and
Integrated Application”, Sofia, November 8-9, pp. 414-418.
•
OZONER, B., Celik, R. N., 1999; “High Technology Saves History, An Example:
Seddülbahir Fortress”, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium “TurkishGerman Joint Geodetic Days”, Istanbul, June 1-4, Vol. 2, pp. 615-623.
•
OZONER, B., 1998; Anıtların Dökümantasyon Ölçmelerinde GPS ve Elektronik
Takeometrenin Entegrasyonu, Undergraduate Diploma Project, Istanbul Technical
University, Turkey, Istanbul, June 8, pp. 83.
•
SAGIROGLU, L. T., Yamaç, M., 2001; Kumkale’nin Jeodezik Ölçme Yöntemleri ile
Dokümantasyonu, Undergraduate Diploma Project, Istanbul Technical University,
Turkey, Istanbul, June 8, pp.55.
•
SAHIN, C., Reşitoğlu, B., 2001; Kumkale Mezarlığı Mezarlık Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi,
Undergraduate Diploma Project, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey, Istanbul, June
8, pp.103.
•
THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 2002; Turhan Sultan: The Architectural Patronage of a
Valide Sultan, forthcoming for Ashgate Press..
24
•
THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 2001; “Kumkale ve Seddülbahir Osmanlı Kaleleri”,
Cogito, No.28, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Istanbul, pp.274-282.
•
THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 2000; “Bir Valide Sultan’ın Himayesinde Seddülbahir ve
Kumkale”, Osmanlı Mimarlığı’nın 7 Yüzyılı:Uluslarüstü bir Miras, Mimarlar Odası/Yapı
Kredi Yayınları, Istanbul, pp.112-117. (In English edition the article is named as
“Seddülbahir and Kumkale: The Architectural Patronage of a Valide Sultan”)
•
THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 2000; “The Architectural Survey of the Ottoman Fortress
of Seddülbahir”, 17. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 1. Cilt, T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı
Anıtlar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, pp.155-162.
•
THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 2000; “Ottoman Architecture and the Politics of Display”,
Renaissance Society of America Annual Conference, Florence, March 11-15, 2000.
•
THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 1999; “The Ottoman Fortresses of Seddülbahir and
Kumkale”, Essays in Honour of Abdullah Kuran-Abdullah Kuran için Yazılar içinde,
haz. Ç. Kafesçioğlu ve L. Thys-Şenocak, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Istanbul, pp.311-323.
▪ ▪ ARCHIVES RESEARCHED IN THE PROJECT PROCESS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hatice Turhan Sultan Vakıfnamesi, Süleymaniye Library of Istanbul, Türkiye
Başbakanlık Arşivleri Maliye Defterleri, Ankara, Türkiye
IRCICA (The Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture), Istanbul, Türkiye
Public Records Office, London, UK
Imperial War Museum, London, UK
Military and Naval Archives at the Chateau Vincennes in Paris, France
Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA
Correr Museum, Venice, Italy
▪ ▪ GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
•
Architectural Heritage: Inventory and Documentation Methods in Europe, proceedings
of European colloquy organised by the Council of Europe and the French Ministry for
Education and Culture , Nantes, 28-31 October,1992.
•
AHUNBAY, Zeynep, 1996; Tarihi Çevre Koruma ve Restorasyon, YEM Yayınları,
Istanbul.
•
AHUNBAY, Zeynep, 1995; “Surlar Nasıl Korunmalı?”, Istanbul , No.13, Istanbul,
pp.73-77.
•
AKIN, Gunkut., B. Tanju, U. Tanyeli, 2000; “How to choose Scarpa? –The Concept of
Reevaluation and Comparing Old with New”, Domus M, No.8, December-January,
pp.60-67.
•
ASHURST, John, F.G. Dimes, 1998; Conservation of Building & Decorative Stone,
Butterworth-Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology, paperback edition
(original edition in 1990, two volumes).
•
9000 Years of the Anatolian Women, Turkish Republic Ministry of Culture Prints,
Topkapı Palace Museum Collection, Istanbul 1993-94.
•
BASTIAAN, Ross J., 2000; Gallipoli Plaques, A Guide to the Anzac Battlefield,
published on behalf of the Gallipoli Plaques Project by Conross Pty. Ltd. İn Australia,
Ankara.
25
•
BAŞGELEN, Nezih, 1993; Çağlar Boyunca Anadoluda Duvar, Türk Ytong Sanayi ve
Arkeoloji Sanat Yayınları Ortak Yayını, Istanbul.
•
BECKMANN, Paul, 1995; Structural Aspects of Building Conservation, Mc Graw-Hill
Publications, New York.
•
Structural Conservation of Stone Masonry, ICCROM Rome, 1990.
•
BOZ, Ekrem, 1998; Adım Adım Çanakkale Savaş Alanları, Çanakkale.
•
DURAN, Z. and Toz, G., 2001; Obtaining 3D Information of Historical Monuments by
Means of Photogrammetry, Proceedings of Fourth International Symposium ”TurkishGerman Joint Geodetic Days”, Berlin, Vol.1, pp. 277-285.
•
Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi, 1995; Topkapı Sarayı Bağdat 304 Yazmasının
Transkripsiyonu, Haz: Orhan Şaik Gökyay, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Istanbul.
•
FEILDEN, Bernard M., 1994; Conservation of Histroric Buildings, ButterworthHeinemann Publications, New York.
•
FITCH, James M., 1990; Historic Preservation, Curatorial Management of the Built
World, University Press of Virginia.
•
Peace Park - Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park Guidemap, Ministry of
Forestry, General Directorate of National Parks sponsored Middle East Technical
University Publication, 1st edition April 2001, Ankara.
•
GOODWIN, Godfrey, 1971; A History of Ottoman Architecture,Thomas and Hudson
Prints, London.
•
MOORE, Arthur C., 1998; The Powers of Preservation - New Life for Urban Historic
Places, Mc Graw-Hill Publications, New York.
•
MOOREHEAD, Alan, 1956; Gallipoli, Harper&Brothers Publications, New York.
•
ORSNER, Charles E., B. Fagan, 1995; Historical Archaeology, Harper Collins, New
York.
•
OSWALD, A.,1996; Restoring a Thirteen Century Castle Wall Using GIS, Arc News,
Vol.18, No.3, pp.26.
•
PIERCE, L., 1993; The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman
Empire, Oxford Press.
•
PORTELLI, Alessandro, 1995; The Death of Luigi Trastulli: Form and Meaning in Oral
History, Albany NY: SUNY Press, NY 1995:45-58.
•
STRIKE, James, 1994; Architecture in Conservation, Routledge Publications, N.Y.
•
Surveying and Documentation of Historic Buildings – Monuments – Sites Traditional
and Modern Methods, Abstract Book of CIPA 2001 International Symposium,
Potsdam-Germany, September 18-21, 2001.
•
THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 2000; “Gender and Vision in Ottoman Architecture: The
Yeni Valide Complex of Eminönü”, Women, Patronage and Self-presentation in
İslamic Societies içinde, ed. D. Fairchild Ruggles, SUNY Binghamton.
26
•
THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 1999; “Location and Expropriaton: The Case of the Yeni
Valide Mosque”, Conference Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of
Turkish Art içinde, Istanbul.
•
THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne,1998; “The Yeni Valide Mosque Complex of Eminönü”,
Muqarnas, 15, Harvard Journal, 1998:58-70.
•
THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 1994; The Yeni Valide Mosque Complex of Eminönü,
Doctorate Thesis, University of Pennsylvania.
•
TOZ, G. and Wiedeman, A. ,1999 ; Geodetic and Photogrammetric Work of an
International Student Team for the Fatih Project, Proceedings of Third TurkishGerman Joint Geodetic Days, Vol.1, pp. 231-239, Istanbul.
•
ULUÇAY, Çagatay, 1992; Harem II, Turk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, VII. Dizi-Sa.56b,
Ankara.
•
ULUÇAY, Çagatay, 1992; Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları, Turk Tarih Kurumu
Yayınları, VII. Dizi-Sa.63b, Ankara.
•
UZUNÇARŞILI, I. Hakkı, 1998; Osmanlı Devletinin Saray Teşkilatı, Turk Tarih Kurumu
Yayınları, VIII. Dizi-Sa.15b, Ankara.
•
WEAVER, Martin E., 1993; Conserving Buildings, Guide to Techniques and Materials,
John Wiley&Sons Publications.
•
YETKIN, S. Kemal, 1965; Islam Mimarisi, Ankara Universitesi Basımevi, Ankara.
•
YOW, Valerie Raleigh, 1994; Recording Oral History, Sage Publications, London.
▪ LINKS
The selected links of the related diciplines, organizations and similar projects ;
http://www.metu.edu.tr/home/wwwkerk (official site of Kerkenez Project-ODTU)
http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/troia (official site of Troy Excavation)
http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal (official site of Çatalhöyük Excavation)
http://www.selcukephesus.gen.tr/ (official site of Ephesus Excavation)
http://tayproject.org/ (official site of “Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşimleri” Project)
http://www.sah.org/ (official site of Society of Architectural Historians)
http://www.tarihvakfi.org.tr/ (official site of Tarih Vakfı)
http://cipa.uibk.ac.at/wg6.html (official site of “CIPA-Working Group 6”)
http://www.kultur.gov.tr/ (offical site of Turkish Ministry of Culture)
http://www.yem.net/ (official site of Yapı Endüstri Merkezi)
http://www.maxvanberchem.org/ (official site of Max Van Berchem Foundation)
http://web.turnet.net.tr/ (official site of Çanakkale Governorship)
http://www.open.gov.uk/pro/prohome.htm (official site of Public Record Office-London)
▪ SPONSORS
It is due to generosity of the Dr. M. Aylwin Cotton Foundation in England, Foundation Max
van Berchem in Switzerland (a foundation which supports archaeological and epigraphic
researh of İslamic Architecture), the National Endowment of the Humanities (NEH) in
USA, the American Research Institute in Turkey, Leica Computer Systems and Technical
Services and the Vehbi Koç Foundation that we were able to accomplish as much as we
27
did over the past five years. All members of the Seddülbahir-Kumkale team give our
sincere thanks to our sponsors. We would also like to thank the Turkish Ministry of
Culture, the Director of Museums and Monuments and the Ministry of Defense for granting
our team permission to research the sites of Seddülbahir and Kumkale. Particular thanks
goes to the Archaeology Museum of Çanakkale and its Director, and our representatives
from the Ministry of Culture who have all assisted us greatly.
Thanks To;
•
Dr. M. Aylwin Cotton Foundation in England
•
American Research Institute in Turkey
•
Foundation Max van Berchem from Switzerland
•
National Endowment for the Humanities from USA
•
Vehbi Koç Foundation in Turkey
•
Leica - Sistem Bilgisayar for providing the high technology geodetic surveying
equipments
Special thanks to;
•
The Turkish Ministry of Culture
•
The Turkish Ministry of Defense
•
The officers and soldiers at Kumkale
•
Yuksel and Nazmi Fındık from the Kale Pension at Seddulbahir

contents introduction 3 summary of the project 3 location 3 current

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