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6(/0ø1 DOöAN
05710017
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'Ro'U085$7'21'85$1
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2010
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TEKNOLOJøLERøNøN EKONOMøK BhYhMEYE
KATKILARI
6(/0ø1 DOöAN
05710017
7H]LQ(QVWLW\H9HULOGL÷L7DULK «««««
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Unvan Ad Soyad
7H]'DQÕúPDQÕ'Ro'UMurat DONDURAN
-ULh\HOHUL : Prof.Dr. Ercan EREN
-ULh\HOHUL : 'U<DVHPLQ$VXd,53,&,
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2010
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Ocak, 2010
7HNQRORMLGH \DúDQDQ \HQLOLN YH KÕ]OÕ GH÷LúLP Bilgi ve øOHWLúLP Teknolojileri %ø7
VHNW|UQQGR÷PDVÕQD\RODoPÕúWÕU%ø7VD÷ODGÕ÷ÕSUDWLNOLNYHNROD\OÕNODUQHGHQL\OH
WPVHNW|UOHUGH\R÷XQRODUDNNXOODQÕOPD\DEDúODQPÕúLoLQGHEXOXQGX÷XPX]WRSOXP
ELOJL WRSOXPX RODUDN DQÕOÕU ROPXúWXU 6HNW|UGH \DUDWÕODQ \HQLOLNOHU ELUELULQL L]OHPLú
her geoen gn WHNQRORMLNELOJLELULNLPLDUWPÕúWÕU%ø7¶QLQNXOODQÕPÕGL÷HUVHNW|UOHULQ
GH JHOLúPHVLQH NDWNÕGD EXOXQPXúWXU +Õ]OD geliúen YH \D\ÕODQ BøT, sekt|UQ
ekonomideki payÕQÕQ DUWPDVÕQÕ VD÷ODPÕúWÕU (NRQRPLGHNL SD\Õ artan ve geniú
oevrelere yayÕlan BøT sekt|U, sekt|re |]J yeni istihdam alanlaUÕ yarattÕ÷Õ gibi,
YHULPOLOL÷L de artÕUPÕú ve iú oevrelerine yeni bir bakÕú aoÕVÕ ND]DQGÕUPÕúWÕU Mikro
bazda firma pHUIRUPDQVÕnda olumlu etkiler yaratan BøT, makro bazda da hem retim
girdisi hem de retim oÕNWÕVÕ ROPD |zelli÷i ile ekonomik b\PH\H NDWNÕlar
sa÷lamÕúWÕU %øT sekt|U rnlerinin L]OHGL÷L aúD÷Õ \|QO fiyat seyri enflasyonu
frenlePLútir. Ekonomi literatUnde %øT sekt|UQQ ekonomik b\meye katkÕVÕ
IDUNOÕ y|ntemlerle |lolmeye oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU Bu oDlÕúPDGD Cobb-Douglas hretim
Fonksiyonu, kurulan modele uyarlanarak, BøT yatÕUÕPODUÕQÕQ 7UNL\H¶QLQ HNRQRPLN
E\PHVLQH NDWNÕODUÕ incelenPLúWLU $QDOL]GH 7UNL\H øVWDWLVWLN .XUXPX¶QGDQ
(ThøK) temin edilen 1990-2006 yÕllarÕ verileri NXOODQÕODUDN model NXUXOPXúWXU.
Anahtar Kelimeler
B\PH
: %LOJLYHøOHWLúLP7HNQRORMLOHULBilgi Ekonomisi, Ekonomik
iii
ABSTRACT
CONTRIBUTIONS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES TO GROWTH IN TURKEY
6HOPLQ'2ö$1
January, 2010
Innovations and fast changes experienced in technology led to birth of the sector of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). ICT is started to be used
intensively in all of the sectors due to the facilities and the efficiency it provides that
caused our current society to be referred as the information society. The innovations
created in the sector started to come one after the other which led to increase of
technological know-how deposit each day. Use of ICT has contributed in
development of other sectors also. ICT which has developed and spread rapidly, has
caused the share of the sector to rise in economy. The ICT sector whose share in
economy has increased and spread out in broad environments, created new
employment fields exclusive to sector as well as increased productivity and caused
business environments to acquire a new point of view. ICT which has created
positive effects on the firm performance at micro-basis, provided contributions in
economic growth with its characteristic of being both the production input and
production output at the same time at macro-basis. The downward price movement
traced by the products of ICT sector, restrained the inflation. In economy literature,
the contribution of ICT sector in economic growth is tried to be measured through
various methods. In this study, the function of Cobb-Douglas Production is adapted
to the established model and the contributions of ICT investments in the economic
growth of Turkey are reviewed. In this analysis, the model has been established by
using the data for the years 1990-2006 provided by Turkish Statistical Institute
7UNL\HøVWDWLVWLN.XUXPX±TUIK).
Keywords
: Information and Communication Technologies, Knowladge
Economy, Economic Growth.
iv
g16g=
19¶OL \ÕOODUGD transistorun EXOXQPDVÕ, DUGÕQGDQ ELOJLVD\DUODUÕQ LFDGÕ GQ\D
ekonomisinGH N|NO GH÷LúLPOHUH yol DoPÕúWÕU. Bu JHOLúPHOHU 'Q\D ekonomisinde
yeni bir VHNW|UQ GR÷PDVÕQD yol DoPÕúWÕU. Yeni ekonomi, bilgi ekonomisi ve dijital
ekonomi gibi oHúLWOL isimlerle DQÕODQ, BøT VHNW|UQQ en temel GD\DQD÷Õ bilgi
ROPXúWXU. Bilgi ve LOHWLúLP teknolojilerinin \R÷XQ NXOODQÕPÕ ve bu teknolojilerdeki
KÕ]OÕJHOLúLPHWNLVLni WP GQ\DHNRQRPLVLQGH J|VWHUGL÷L gibi, 7UNL\H ekonomisinde
de J|VWHUPHNWHGLU. Bu oDOÕúPDGD ekonomik ve toplumsal \DSÕ\Õ GH÷LúWLUHQ BøT
VHNW|U incelenerek, VHNW|UQ 7UNL\H ekonomisine \DSWÕ÷Õ NDWNÕODU ]HULQGH
GXUXODFDNWÕU.
%X oDOÕúPDGD benden desteklerini HVLUJHPH\HQ 'DQÕúPDQ Hocam 'Ro Dr. Murat
DONDURAN¶a GH÷HUOL\RUXPODUÕQGDQGROD\ÕWHúHNNUOHULPL sunuyorum.
øVWDQEXO2FDN10
Selmin DOöAN
v
ødø1'(.ø/(5
Sayfa No
gZ.................................................................................................................
iii
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................
iv
g16g=.........................................................................................................
v
ødø1'(.ø/(5............................................................................................
vi
TABLOLAR LøSTESø................................................................................
vii
ùEKøLLER LøSTESø..................................................................................
viii
KISALTMALAR.........................................................................................
ix
1. Gø5øù......................................................................................................
1
2. LøTERAThR TARAMASI...................................................................
3
3. BøT ENDhSTRøSøNøN ORTAYA dIKIùI VE GELøùøMø...............
7
3.1.6DQD\L7RSOXPXQGDQ%LOJL7RSOXPXQD*HoLú............................
7
3.2.Bilgi Toplumunun gzellikleri.....................................................
9
3.3.Bit Sekt|r ve gnemli Kavramlar..............................................
16
3.4.Bilgi Ekonomisinin Piyasa YDSÕVÕ..............................................
20
3.4.1. Tam Rekabet 3L\DVDVÕ .RúXOODUÕ ve Bilgi Ekonomisi......
20
3.4.2. Piyasa %DúDUÕVÕ]OÕNODUÕ......................................................
20
3.4.2.1.$÷ 'ÕúVDOOÕNODUÕ...................................................
21
3.4.2.2.%D÷OÕOÕN 3DIWDVÕ«««««««««««««
21
3.4.2.3.Artan Getiriler, gOoHN Ekonomileri«««««
21
3.5.Bø7 Da÷ÕOÕPÕ««««««««««««««««««« 22
3.6.%ø7¶LQEkonomiye KDWNÕODUÕ««««..««««««««« 23
3.6.1. 0DNUR.DWNÕODU««««««««««««««««
3.6.1.1.øVWLKGDP«««««««««««««««
vi
23
23
3.6.1.2.%\PH«««««««««««««««
26
3.6.1.3.'Õú Ticaret««««««««««««««
27
3.6.1.4.Para 3ROLWLNDODUÕ««««««««««««
29
3.6.2. MikUR.DWNÕODU««««««««««««««..«.«
3.7.BLOJLYHøOHWLúLPTeknolojileri G|stergeleri««««««..«
30
31
3.7.1. Temel %ø7 G|VWHUJHOHUL«««««««««««..«
35
3.7.2. 'Q\D hONHOHULve 7UNL\H¶de %ø7 *|VWHUJHOHUL««....
38
3.7.2.1.'Q\DhONHOHUL%ø7*|VWHUJHOHUL««««««
38
3.7.2.2.7UNL\H%ø7*|VWHUJHOHUL«««««««««
40
3.7.2.2.1. Bireylere øOLúNLQ %ø7 *|VWHUJHOHUL«««
40
3.7.2.2.2. *LULúLPOHUH øOLúNLQ %ø7 *|VWHUJHOHUL««
42
4. Dh1<$¶'$9(7hRKøYE¶DE Bø/*ø VE ø/(7øùø0 SEKTgRh 45
4.1.Global %ø7 6HNW|U«««««««««««««««««
45
4.2.7UNL\H Bilgi ve øOHWLúLP 6HNW|U««««««««««.««
50
4.2.1. 7UNL\H¶GH %ø7 3L\DVDVÕ %\NO÷««««««««
51
4.2.2. 7UNL\H¶GH %ø7 DÕú Ticareti«««««««««««
53
5. %ø7 SEKTg5h1h1(.2120øK Bh<h0(<(KATKISININ
ZAMAN SERøLERø Yg17(0ø øLE ANALø=ø««««««««
55
5.1.Veriler««««««««««««««««««««««.
55
5.2.Metodoloji««««««««««««««««««««
56
5.3.$PSLULNdDOÕúPD««««««««««««««««««
60
5.4.7DKPLQ6RQXoODUÕ««««««««««««««««««
62
6. SONUd«««««««««««««««««««««««««
66
.$<1$.d$««««««««««««««««««««««««
70
g=*(d0øù««««««««««««««««««««««««
76
vii
TABLOLAR LøSTESø
Sayfa No
Tablo 3.1:
Tablo 3.2:
Tablo 3.3:
Tablo 3.4:
Tablo 3.5:
Tablo 3.6:
Tablo 3.7:
Tablo 3.8:
Tablo 3.9:
Tablo 3.10:
Tablo 3.11:
Tablo 3.12:
Tablo 3.13:
Tablo 3.14:
Tablo 3.15:
Tablo 3.16:
Tablo 3.17:
Tablo 3.18:
Tablo 3.19:
Tablo 3.20:
Tablo 3.21:
Tablo 3.22:
Tablo 4.1:
Tablo 4.2:
Tablo 4.3:
Tablo 4.4:
Tablo 4.5:
Tablo 5.1:
Tablo 5.2:
Tablo 5.3:
*60+¶QÕQ<]GHVL2ODUDN%UW$5-*(+DUFDPDODUÕ«««« 14
(QoRN$5-*(+DUFDPDVÕ<DSDQ%ø7ùLUNHWOHUL«««««« 15
Bilgi ve øOHWLúLP7HNQRORMLVL3L\DVD%|OPOHQPHVL««««« 17
'Q\DYH2(&'%ø77LFDUHWL««««««««««««« 28
ITU ± %ø7)ÕUVDW(QGHNVL,&72SSRUWXQLW\,QGH[««««« 32
%ø7)ÕUVDW(QGHNVL««««««««««««««« 33
'Q\D%DQNDVÕ%LOJL(NRQRPLVL*|VWHUJHOHUL«««« 34
7HPHO$OW\DSÕYH(ULúLP*|VWHUJHOHUL«««««««««« 35
%ø7(ULúLPL+DQH+DONÕYH%LUH\OHU7DUDIÕQGDQ
.XOODQÕP *|VWHUJHOHUL««««««««««««««««« 36
ùLUNHWOHU7DUDIÕQGDQ.XOODQÕP *|VWHUJHOHUL«««««««« 37
%ø7hUHWHQ6HNW|U*|VWHUJHOHUL«««««««««««« 37
%ø7hUQOHUL7LFDUHWL*|VWHUJHOHUL««««««««««« 37
(÷LWLPGH%ø7*|stergeleri «««««««««««««« 38
7HPHO$OW\DSÕvH(ULúLP*|VWHUJHOHUL(1995, 2000 ve 2006)« 38
*OREDO%ø7*|VWHUJHOHUL««««««««««««««« 39
%LUH\OHULQ%ø7SDKLSOL÷LQHøOLúNLQ*|VWHUJHOHU«««
40
BireyleriQ%ø7.XOODQÕPODUÕQDøOLúNLQ *|VWHUJHOHU........««« 41
%\NON*UXEXQD*|UH%LOJLVD\DUYe Internet
(ULúLPLQH6DKLS Olan *LULúLPOHULQ2UDQÕ««««««««.
42
%\NON*UXEXQD*|UH:HE6LWHVLya da
$QD6D\IDVÕ2ODQ *LULúLPOHULQ2UDQÕ««««««««««« 43
øQWHUQHW(ULúLPL2ODQ*LULúLPOHULQøQWHUQHW.XOODQÕP$PDoODUÕ.. 43
7UNL\H7HOHIRQYHøQWHUQHW$ERQH6D\ÕODUÕ«««««««« 44
7UNL\H%LOJLYHøOHWLúLP$OW\DSÕVÕ<]GH«««««««« 44
'Q\DdDSÕQGD%ø7$OW6HNW|UOHUL+DUFDPDODUÕ«««««« 45
*OREDO7HOHNRP3L\DVDVÕ*HOLUOHUL«««««««««««« 49
7UNL\H¶QLQ6HNW|UHO'D÷ÕOÕP7DEORVX«««««««««« 50
7UNL\H%ø73L\DVDVÕ%\NO÷«««««««««««« 51
%ø7+DUFDPDODUÕ0LO\RQ$%''RODUÕ««««««««« 52
5HJUHV\RQGD.XOODQÕODQ9HULOHUHøOLúNLQøVWDWLVWLNOHU«««« 61
Korelasyon Matrisi (R1 Regresyonu) «««««««««« 62
Regresyon 6RQXoODUÕ ««««««««««««««««« 65
viii
ù(.ø//(5/ø67(6ø
Sayfa No
ùHNLO 3.1:
ùHNLO 3.2:
ùHNLO 3.3:
ùHNLO 3.4:
ùHNLO 3.5:
ùHNLO 4.1:
ùHNLO 4.2:
ùHNLO 4.3:
ùHNLO 4.4:
ùHNLO 4.5:
ùHNLO 4.6:
ùHNLO 4.7:
ùHNLO 4.8:
YH<ÕOODUÕ$5-*(<R÷XQOX÷X«««««««««
%ø76HNW|UHO'D÷ÕOÕP7DEORVX«««««««««««««
%LW6HNW|ULOHøOJLOL$ODQGDdDOÕúDQODUÕQ
(NRQRPLQLQ7PQGHdDOÕúDQODUD2UDQÕ««««««««
7UNL\H¶GHøVWLKGDPÕQ6HNW|UHO'D÷ÕOÕPÕ«««««««««
<ÕOÕ%ø7hUQOHUL'Õú7LFDUHWL0LO\DUABD 'RODUÕ««
%ø76HNW|U<ÕOOÕN +DUFDPD%\PHVL2000-2005)«.«««
<ÕOÕ'Q\D%ø73D]DU'D÷ÕOÕPÕ««««««««««
<ÕOÕ'Q\D%ø7+DUFDPDODUÕ3L\DVD6HJPHQWDV\RQX««
*OREDO%ø7+DUFDPDODUÕ(Milyon $%''RODUÕ««««««
2(&'hONHOHULQGHNL7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ6HNW|U<DWÕUÕPODUÕYH
*HOLUOHUL0LO\DU$%''RODUÕ«««.««««««««««
7UNL\H%ø76HNW|U%|OPOHQPHVL«««««««««««
7UNL\H%ø7'Õú7LFDUHWL«««««««««««««««
7UNL\H%ø7'Õú7LFDUHW%\PHVL«««««««««««
ix
14
18
24
25
29
46
47
48
49
50
52
53
54
KISALTMALAR
AB
ABD
ADSL
AR-GE
BIT
BT
B2B
B2C
DPT
DYY
EFT
EITO
ENIAC
G2B
GSMH
*6<øH
ICT
ITU
K
.'ø*
KEI
KI
NACE
OECD
OO
OPEG
TUøK
TFV
Avrupa %LUOL÷L
Amerika %LUOHúLN Devletleri
6D\ÕVDO$ERQH+DWWÕ$V\QFKURQRXV'LJLWDO6XEVFULEHU/LQH
$UDúWÕUPD ve *HOLúWLUPH
Bilgi ve øOHWLúLP Teknolojileri
Bilgi Teknolojileri
øúyerinden øúyerine øliúki (Business to business)
øúyerinden 7NHWLFL\HDo÷ru øliúki (Business to Customer)
Devlet Planlama 7HúNLODWÕ
'R÷UXGDQ <DEDQFÕ YaWÕUÕPODU
Elektronik Fon Transferi
$YUXSD%LOJL7HNQRORMLVL*|]OHPHYL
(European Information Technology Observatory)
Elektronik 6D\ÕVDO%LUOHúWLULFL9H+HVDS0DNLQHVL
(OHFWURQLF1XPHULFDOøQWHJUDWRU and Calculator)
Devlet KuruluúODUÕQGDQ øú\HULQH Do÷ru øliúki
(Government to business)
Gayri Safi Milli +kVÕOD
Gayri Safi <XUWLoL +kVÕOD
Information and Communication Technology
Internatioanal Telecomunication Union
6HUPD\H<DWÕUÕPODUÕ
'L÷HU6HUPD\H<DWÕUÕPODUÕ%ø7+DULo
Bilgi Ekonomisi Endeksi (Knowladge Economy Index)
Bilgi Endeksi (Knowladge Index)
Ekonomik Faaliyetlerin øVWDWLVWLNv 6ÕQÕIODPD6LVWHPL
(1RPHQFODWXUH*pQpUDOHGHV$FWLYLWpVeFRQRPLTXHVGDQVOHV
&RPPXQDXWpV(XURSpHQQHV)
øNWLVDGLøúELUOL÷LYH.DONÕQPD7HúNLODWÕ
(Organisation of Economic and Development)
2NXOODúPD2UDQÕ
3HWUROøKUDo(GHQhONHOHUgUJW
(The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)
7UNL\H øVWDWLVWLN Kurumu
Toplam )DNW|U 9HULPOLOL÷L
x
1. GøRøù
Sanayi devrimini tamamlayan ONHOHUGH, ekonomiye y|Q YHUHQ \HQL ROXúXPODU YH
\DNODúÕPODU RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU 6DQD\L WRSOXPXQGD sahip olunan teknoloji daha ileri
G]H\OHUHWDúÕQPÕú, bilgi YHLOHWLúLPWHNQRORMLOHULRUWD\DoÕNPÕúWÕU Yeni teknolojinin
Lúletmeler ve bireyler WDUDIÕQGDQ \R÷XQ NXOODQÕPÕ UHWLPL YH JQON \DúDPÕ E\N
|OoGH NROD\ODúWÕUPÕúWÕU <HQL WHNQRORMLOHULQ VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ SUDWLNOLN ELOJL YH LOHWLúLP
teknolojilerine WDOHEL DUWÕUPÕú YH \DWÕUÕPFÕODUÕQ EX VHNW|UH \DSÕODQ \DWÕUÕPODUÕ
DUWÕUPDODUÕQGD WHúYLN HGLFL ELU XQVXU ROPXúWXU %ø7¶LQ DU] YH WDOHEL ELUELULQL
WHWLNOHPLúYHVHNW|UQHNRQRPLOHUGHki SD\Õ KÕ]OD DUWPD\DEDúODPÕúWÕU
Bilgi toplumunda teknolojLN GH÷LúLP oRN KÕ]OÕ JHUoHNOHúPHNWHGLU %ø7¶LQ JHUHN
\D]ÕOÕPJHUHNGRQDQÕPDODQODUÕQGD\DSÕODQ DUDúWÕUPD JHOLúWLUPH$5-GE) faaliyetleri
VHNW|UQ JHOLúPHVLQGH |QHPOL SD\D VDKLSWLU 6HNW|UQ LOHUOHPHVLQGH QLWHOLNOL LúJF
NLOLW URO R\QDPDNWDGÕU 6DQD\L WRSOXPXQGD LKWL\Do GX\XODQ QLWHOLNVL] LúJFQQ
tersine, bilgi toplumundD QLWHOLNOL LúJF LKWL\DFÕ RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU 6HNW|U NHQGLQH
|]JLú DODQODUÕ \DUDWPÕúWÕU%XDODQGDoDOÕúDELOHFHNLúJFQQ H÷LWLOPHVL LoLQJHUHN
QLYHUVLWHOHUGH E|OPOHU DoÕOPDNWD YH JHUHNVH VUHNOL H÷LWLP PHUNH]OHUL
NXUXOPDNWDGÕU 'L÷HU \DQGDQ LVH oDOÕúma ortamÕQGD |÷UHQPH VUHNOL RODUDN devam
HWPHNWHGLU 6HNW|UGH \DúDQDQ KÕ]OÕ GH÷LúLPH D\DN X\GXUPDN GXUXPXQGD RODQ
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6
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transistor, \DUÕ NRQGDNW|U, mikroelektronik ve takibinde bilgisayar teknolojileri ve bu
WHNQRORMLOHULQ LOHWLúLP WHNQRORMLVL\OH EWQOHúPHOHUL GH ELOJL WRSOXPXQX EDúODWDQ
\HQLOLNOHU ROPXúWXU %LOJL HNRQRPLVLQGH |QHPOL ELU \HUH VDKLS RODQ \HQLOLNoL YH
VLQHUMLN \DSÕVÕ\OD ELOJL YH LOHWLúLP VHNW|U, ekonomiye ELU GLQDPL]P NDWPDNWDGÕU
(Erkan, 1998,73).
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\D\ÕOPDVÕQÕ VD÷ODPÕú YH E|\OHFH ELOJL SD\ODúÕPÕ, yeni teknolojileri beraberinde
JHWLUPLúWLU *QP]GH LVH LQWHUQHW DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD ELOJLOHU oRN GDKD KÕ]OÕ ELU úHNLOGH
\D\ÕOPDNWDYHHOHNWURQik ortamda saklanabilmektedir (Drucker, 1994).
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ELULWDUÕPWRSOXPX, sanayi toplumu ve bilgi toplumudur. %XG|QHPOHULQNHQGLOHULQH
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7
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LVoLOHULQ YH KL]PHW LVoLOHULQLQ VD\ÕVÕQÕQ PDYL \DNDOÕ LVoLOHULn VD\ÕVÕQÕ JHoPHVLGLU
(Toffler, 2008, 22).
Jorgenson modern bilgi oD÷ÕQÕQ EDúODQJÕFÕ RODUDN WUDQVLVWRU YH \DUÕ NRQGDNW|Ulerin
LFDGÕQÕ PLODt alPÕúWÕU øON NH] \ÕOÕQGD \DUÕ NRQGDNW|UdeQ \DSÕODQ WUDQVLVWRU
bilgiyi VÕIÕU ve ELUNRGODPDGLOLQHoHYLULUJorgenson, 2001, 4-5).
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teknolojilerinde, DUWÕN ³\DSD\ ]HNk´ GHQLOHQ DGHWD GX\JXVDO LQVDQ zHNkVÕQÕ dahi
\HQHELOHFHNPDNLQHOHU\DSÕOPD\DEDúODQPÕúWÕU
Yeni ekonomi diye de DGODQGÕUÕODQ bilgi ekonomisinin \NVHOLúL ve kendine |]J
\DSÕVÕ nedeniyle eski ekonomik YDUVD\ÕPODU JHoHUOLOL÷LQL \LWLUPHNWHGLU gUQH÷LQ
klasik ekonominin belli bir maksimum UHWLP kapasitesi ROGX÷X YDUVD\ÕPÕ, bilgi
ekonomisinde VÕIÕUa \DNÕQ marjinal maliyet V|]NRQXVX ROPDVÕ neGHQL\OHJHoHUOLOL÷LQL
yitirir (Van Ark, 2002,1).
%LOJL WRSOXPXQGD ]HULQGH GXUXOPDVÕ JHUHNHQ |QHPOL ELU XQVXU LQVDQODUÕQ \HQL
teknolojiye uyum VD÷ODPD EHFHULVLGLU 6UHNOL |÷UHQPH YH \DSDUDN |÷UHQPH
NDYUDPODUÕQÕQ |QH oÕNWÕ÷Õ ELOJL WRSOXPXQGD LQVDQODU \HQL WHNQRORMLOHUH GDKD oDEXN
ayak uydurabilmektedirler (Forth ve Mason, 2004, 5-6). %ø7 UQOHULQLQ WHGDULN
]LQFLULQH ROXPOX HWNLOHUL YHULPOLOL÷L DUWÕUPDVÕ JLEL HNRQRPL\H |QHPOL NDWNÕODUÕ
ROGX÷XQXQ DQODúÕOPDVÕ oHúLWOL NXUXPODUÕ EX UQOHULQ NXOODQÕPÕQÕ \D\JÕQODúWÕUPDya
]RUODPDNWDGÕU%ø7¶LQVD÷ODGÕ÷ÕDYDQWDMYHNROD\OÕNODU%ø7UQOHULQH\DWÕUÕPÕYHEX
8
UQOHULQ NXOODQÕPÕQD LúOHWPHOHUL WHúYLN HWPHktedir. Ancak %ø7 adaptasyonunun
|QQGHED]ÕHQJHOOHUGHEXOXQPDNWDGÕU%X HQJHOOHUGHQED]ÕODUÕDúD÷ÕGDVÕUDODQPÕúWÕU
-
SDQDO RUWDPGD ELOJLOHULQ ND\EROPDVÕ \D GD oDOÕQPDVÕ HQGLúHOHUL JYHQL
zedelemektedir.
-
SHNW|UGH WHNQRORML\L NXOODQDFDN YHYH\D UHWHELOHFHN NDSDVLWHGH H÷LWLP YH
EHFHULVLRODQ\HWHUOLVD\ÕGDSHUVRQHOLQROPDPDVÕ V|]NRQXVXRODELOPHNWHGLU
-
Hali KD]ÕUGD VDKLS ROXQDQ WHNQRORMLQLQ KÕ]OD GH÷LúPHVL YH HVNLPHVL \HQL
WHNQRORMLOHULQ NXOODQÕPÕQÕ JHUHNWLUPHNWH; EX LVH \HQL WHNQRORMLQLQ VDWÕQ
DOÕQPDVÕ YH SHUVRQHOLQ EX WHNQRORML\L NXOODQDELOmHVL LoLQ HN H÷LWLP
PDOL\HWOHUL \NOHPHNWHGLU %X PDOL\HWOHUGHQ NDoÕQDQ NDUDU DOÕFÕODU eski
WHNQRORMLLOHoDOÕúPD\ÕWHUFLKHGHELOPHNWHGLUOHU
-
%ø7 SUDWLNOLN VD÷OD\DUDN YHULPOLOLN VD÷ODPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ LON \DWÕUÕP
PDOL\HWOHUL ROGXNoD \NVHNWLU g]HOOLNOH \HQL WHNQRORMLOHU SL\DVD\D \NVHN
IL\DWODVUOPHNWHGLU
-
%ø7 \DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕQ etkili ROPD\DFD÷ÕQD LQDQÕOPDVÕ\DGDEX\DWÕUÕPODUDLKWL\Do
\D GD LVWHN ROPD\ÕúÕ; tXWXFX GDYUDQÕú VHUJLOH\HQ NDUDU RUJDQODUÕ YDU RODQ
WHNQRORMLQLQ \HWHUOL ROGX÷X \D GD ELOPHGLNOHUL \HQL WHNQRORMLOHULQ JHUHNVL]
ROGX÷XNDQÕVÕQGDRODELOPHNWHGLUOHU
3.2.Bilgi Toplumunun g]ellikleri
%LOJL WRSOXPXQX GL÷HU WRSOXPODUGDQ D\ÕUDQ HQ WHPHO |]HOOL÷L, ELOJLQLQ KHP UHWLP
girdisi, heP GH UHWLP oÕNWÕVÕ ROPDVÕGÕU (Piatkowski, 2003, 4). 'L÷HU WRSOXPODUGD
PDGGL UQOHU |Q plandayken, bilgi toplumunda gayri maddi mal ve hizmetler
(intangible goods) |QSODQDoÕNPÕúWÕU
Bilgi toplumu, bilgisayar teknolojisi, bioteknoloji, elektronik teknolojileri ve dijital
ekonominin |QSODQGDROGX÷XELUWRSOXPGXU
Sanayi toplumunda fiziksel emek |n planda olmakla birlikte, kitlesel ve standart
UQOHUUHWLOLUNHQELOJL WRSOXPXQGD]LKLQVHOLúJF|QHPND]DQPÕúHQWHPHO UQ
bilgi ROPXúWXU(O'Mahony, Robinson ve Vecchi, 2008, 3-4).
9
6DQD\L WRSOXPXQGD NLWOHVHO UHWLP IRUGLVW UHWLP WDU]Õ KkNLPNHQ, bilgi toplumunda
LKWL\DFDJ|UHUHWLPWDU]ÕEHQLPVHQPHNWHGLU
6DQD\L WRSOXPXQGD NLWOHVHO UHWLP IDEULNDODUGD YH EHQ]HUL IL]LNL RUWDPODUGD
\DSÕOÕUNHQELOJLWRSOXPXQGD|]HOOLNle bilgi UHWHQ VHNW|UOHUGHELOJL\HHULúLOHELOHQKHU
yerde bilgiyi kullanabilen NLúLOHUUHWLP\DSDELOPHNWHGLU7RQWDYH.oN, 2005, 6).
Bilgi\H HULúLPGH VÕQÕUODUÕQ NDONPDVÕ GHYOHWLQ bilgi oD÷ÕQD ayak uydurarak e-devlet
LúOHYLQL artÕUPDVÕ EURNUDVLnin ELU |OoGH D]DOWÕOPDVÕQÕ YH LúOHP NROD\OÕ÷ÕQÕ
VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU $\UÕFD e-GHYOHW X\JXODPDODUÕ ile maliyetlerin KNPHW YH YDWDQGDú
OHKLQHGúUHELOPeVLQLVD÷ODPÕúWÕU
%LOJL YH LOHWLúLP WHNQRORMLOHULQGHNL JHOLúPHOHU YH LQWHUQHWLQ LFDGÕ oDOÕúPD úeklini
HWNLOHGL÷L JLEL oDOÕúDQODUÕQ oDOÕúPD PHNkQODUÕQÕ da etkilemektedir. %ø7 UQlerinin
|]HOOLNle
de
LOHWLúLP
ND]DQGÕUPDNWDGÕU. Ofis
DUDoODUÕQÕQ
\D\JÕQ
NXOODQÕPÕ,
ekonomiye
esneklik
HNLSPDQODUÕQÕn HYGH NROD\OÕNOD WHPLQ HGLOHELOPHVL,
oDOÕúDQODUD HVQHN oDOÕúPD RUWDPÕ \DUDWPDNWDGÕU 7P EX DYDQWDMODUOD ELUOLNWH
oDOÕúDQODU LQWHUQHWH HULúHELOGLNOHUL KHU PHNDQGD oDOÕúPD LPNkQÕ EXOXUODU øQWHUQHW
ilHWLúLPL YH PRELO WHOHIRQODU oDOÕúDQODUD LúOHULQL RILV GÕúÕQGDQ WDNLS HWPH IÕUVDWÕ
YHULUNHQ oDOÕúDQODUD WDQÕQDQ HVQHN YH |]JU oDOÕúPD WDU]Õ oDOÕúDQODUÕQ YHULPOLOL÷LQL
GH DUWÕUPDNWDGÕU %X GD LúJF YHULPOLOL÷LQL DUWÕUÕFÕ ELU XQVXU ROPXúWXU. dDOÕúDQODU
evOHULQGH LúOHULQL WDNLS HGHUHN \ROGD ]DPDQ ND\EHWPH]NHQ UHWLFL DoÕVÕQGDQ
EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD LVH LúYHUHQ oDOÕúDQODUÕQD PHNkQ VD÷ODPD NOIHWL YH GL÷HU PDVUDIODUGDQ
WDVDUUXIHWPLúROPDNWDGÕUlar.
Sanayi toplumunda oDOÕúDQODU LúH JLGLú JHOLú ]DPDQÕQGDQ WDVDUUXI HWPHN DPDFÕ\OD
úHKLUOHúPHYH WHNPHUNH]GHWRSODQPDH÷LOLPLQHJLUPLúOHUGLU%ilgi toplumunda ise ev
RILVOHUGH oDOÕúPD LPNkQODUÕ ile WHN PHUNH]GH WRSODQPD H÷LOLPL, yeULQL \D\ÕOPD
PHUNH]LOHúPHPH H÷LOLPLQH EÕUDNPÕúWÕU %LOJL WRSOXPXQGD bD]Õ VHNW|Ulerde veya
firma departmanlarÕQÕQ ED]ÕODUÕQGD oDOÕúDQODU KHU JQ Lú\HULQGH EXOXQPDN ]RUXQGD
de÷LOOHUGLUDPT, 2003, 29-30).
%LOJL YH LOHWLúLP WHNQRORMLOHULQGHNL \HQL DWÕOÕPODU YH JHOLúPHOHU KHU WUO GDWD VHV
YLGHR 79 YH UDG\R \D\ÕQÕQÕQ GLMLWDO RUWDPGD JHUoHNOHPHVLQH LPNkQ VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU
7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQVHNW|UQGHNL JHOLúPHOHUOHELUOLNWHEXKL]PHWOHULQ NDOLWHVL YHKÕ]Õ
her geoHQJQDUWmakWDGÕU(Pohjola, 2003, 2-5).
10
'LMLWDO RUWDPGD ELOJL DNÕúÕQÕ VD÷ODPDN LoLQ \DSÕODQ DOW\DSÕ \DWÕUÕPODUÕ sanal
ekonomiyi GHVWHNOHPHNWHYHWHúYLNHWPHNWHGLU'DKDKÕ]OÕYHGDKDJYHQLOLULQWHUQHW
DOW\DSÕVÕ KDQH KDONÕ YH LúOHWPHOHUL H-devlet, e-tLFDUHW JLEL X\JXODPDODUÕ NXllanmaya
WHúYLNHWPHNWHGLU6|\OHPH], 2001).
øON RODUDN 0HUNH] %DQNDVÕ YH GL÷HU EDQNDODU DUDVÕQGD NXOODQÕODQ HOHNWURQLN IRQ
transferi (EFT) uygulamasÕ JQP]GH KDQH KDONODUÕ YH Lúletmelerce de
NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU =DPDQ WDVDUUXIX VD÷OD\DQ YH LúOHP PDOL\HWOHULQL GúUHQ EX
X\JXODPDEDQNDODUÕQGDLú \NQKDILIOHWPHNWHGLU øQWHUDNWLIX\JXODPDODU|]HOOLNOH
EDQNDYHILQDQVVHNW|UQQJHOLúPHVLQHNDWNÕODUVD÷ODPÕúWÕU
+NPHWOHULQ ELOJL YH LOHWLúLP VHNW|UQH \|QHOLN RODUDN \DSWÕNODUÕ \DWÕUÕPODU YH
izledikleri politikalar ile e-GHYOHW NDYUDPÕ |QHP ND]DQPDNWDGÕU *QP]GH
YDWDQGDúODU YH LúYHUHQOHU ELUoRN UHVPL LúOHPOHULQL LQWHUQHW ]HULQGHQ NROD\OÕNOD
yapabilmektedir (OECD, 2006, 285-86).
+NPHWOHULQ HNRQRPLGH |QHPOL ELU DOÕFÕ ROGX÷X J|] |QQH DOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD
KNPHWOHULQ %ø7 UQOHULQL NXOODQPDODUÕQÕQ VHNW|UH NDWDFD÷Õ FDQOÕOÕN \DGVÕQDPD]
$\UÕFD KNPHWOHULQ L]OHGL÷L ED]Õ SROLWLNDODU LúOHWPHOHUL %ø7¶L NXOODQPD\D
]RUODPDNWDGÕU gUQH÷LQ LúOHWPHOHUH YHUJL EH\DQODUÕQÕ LQWHUQHW RUWDPÕQGD YHUPH
]RUXQOXOX÷X LúOHWPHOHUFH %ø7 NXOODQÕPÕQÕQ \D\JÕQODúWÕUÕOPDVÕQGD |QHPOL ELU SD\D
sahiptir. 'HYOHWL]OHGL÷LEXSROLWLNDODUDLOLúNLQRODUDNELOLúLPDOW\DSÕVÕ ROXúWXUPDNta
YH VHNW|UQ JHOLúPHVLQH NDWNÕGD EXOXQPDNWDGÕU Devlet WDUDIÕQGDQ NXUXODQ LQWHUQHW
RUWDPÕQGDNLVLVWHPOHUHJYHQ GDKDID]ODROPDNWDGÕU
Ekonomide devletten iúletmeye (G2B), iúletmeden iúletmeye (B2B) ve iúletmeden
WNHWLFL\H %& KHU WUO LOHWLúLPLQ LQWHUQHW YH GL÷HU LOHWLúLP DUDoODUÕ\OD UDKDWOÕNOD
VD÷ODQÕ\RUROPDVÕYHPDOODUÕQ|]HOOLNOHULKDNNÕQGDLQWHUQHW]HULQGHQELOJLHGLQPHQLQ
NROD\OÕ÷ÕDUDFÕODUÕGHYUHGHQoÕNDUPDNWDGÕU $UDFÕQÕQRUWDGDQNDONPDVÕYHLúOHWPHQLQ
VWRNODUD LQWHUQHW ]HULQGH HQ L\L IL\DW YH NDOLWH KDNNÕQGD ELOJL DODUDN XODúPDVÕ
LúOHWPH\HPDOL\HWDYDQWDMÕVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU 6|\OHPH]-98).
%LOJL HNRQRPLVL LOH WLFDUHWLQ NROD\ODúPDVÕ VWRN EXOXQGXUPD ]RUXQOXOX÷XQX GD
D]DOWPDNWDGÕU øúOHWPHOHU %ø7LOHGHVWHNOHQHQXODúWÕUPDYHORMLVWLNVHNW|UQQG]JQ
YHKÕ]OÕLúOHPHVLLOHLKWL\DoGX\GXNODUՁUQOHULNÕVDVUHGHWHGDULNHGHELOPHNWHGLUOHU
11
%X DYDQWDMODU UHWLFLOHUH VWRN EXOXQGXUPDGDQ, JIT denilen (Just in time) UQOHULQ
LKWL\Do GX\XOGX÷XQGD WHGDULN HGLOPHVL PDQWÕ÷ÕQD GD\DOÕ UHWLP WDU]ÕQÕ VHoPHOHULQH
RODQDN VD÷ODPÕúWÕU øúOHWPHOHU ED]Õ GXUXPODUGD VDWÕQ DOGÕNODUÕ PDOODUÕ ILLOL RODUDN
LúOHWPH EQ\HVLQH GkKLO etmeden KLoELU VWRN PDOL\HWLQH NDWODQPDGDQ UQOHUL
VDWÕFÕGDQDOÕFÕ\D J|QGHUHUHNWLFDUHW \DSDELOPHNWHGLUOHU6WRN PDOL\HWOHULQLQEXGHQOL
GúUOPHVLekonomide HWNLQOL÷HNDWNÕVD÷ODQPDNWDGÕU(DPT, 2003b, 10).
6DQD\L WRSOXPXQGD GHYDVD úLUNHWOHUin YH EURNUDVLnin ID]OD ROPDVÕ, LúOHUL
geciktirebilmektedir. Bilgi YH LOHWLúLP WHNQRORMLOHULQGH \DúDQDQ \HQLOLNOHU YH %ø7
UQOHULQLQ\D\JÕQNXOODQÕPÕEURNUDVLyi hafifletPLúWLU7PoDOÕúDQODUa bir ileti a\QÕ
anda e-posta yoluyla iletilebilmektedir. 'DKD |QFHNL VLVWHPGH WHSH \|QHWLFLQLQ
YHUGL÷L ELOJLnin DOW G]H\ oDOÕúDQODUD LOHWLOmesine NDGDU ELU VUHo JHoPHNWH YH EX
VUHoWHLúND\EÕ\DúDQPDNWD idi (7|UHQOL, 2005, 192-96).
%LOJL HNRQRPLVLQH JHoLúOH ELUOLNWH UHWLP \DSÕVÕ GH÷LúPHNWH ROXS ekonomide en
E\N SD\ KL]PHW VHNW|UQH DLWtir. hUHWLP GDKD oRN IL]LNVHO UQOHUGHQ ELOJL\H
GD\DOÕ UQOHUH ND\PD H÷ilimindedir. %X VUHoWH ED]Õ PHVOHNOHU RUWDGDQ NDONDUNHQ,
ED]Õ\HQLPHVOHNOHURUWD\DoÕNPDNWDGÕr.
%LOJL HNRQRPLVLQGH \HQLOLN oRN |QHPOLGLU 7HNQRORMLN GH÷LúLP KÕ]Õ oRN \NVHN
ROGX÷XQGDQ,
UQOHU oRN oDEXN HVNLPHNWHGLUOHU %X GD UQQ |PUQ
NÕVDOWPDNWDGÕU 3iyasaya yeni VUOHQ VRQ WHNQRORML ELU UQ KÕ]OÕ WHNQRORMLN
GH÷LúLPOH ELUOLNWH oRN NÕVD VXUHGH HVNLPHNWHGLU 7P WHNQRORML ILUPDODUÕ, yenilik
yaratma ve \HQL UQQ SL\DVD\D VUOPHVL NRQXVXQGD \DOQÕ]FD rakip firmalarla
GH÷LO, adeta kHQGLOHUL\OHGH\DUÕúPDNWDGÕU (Dura ve Atik, 2002, 126-28).
7HNQRORML\HQLOHQPHKÕ]ÕoRN\NVHNRODQELOJLHNRQRPLVLQGHUHNDEHWoRN\NVHNWLU
(Freeman, 1989, 1-9). Yeni bir UQ ELU \ÕO VRQUD Lúe yaramaz duruma
JHOHELOPHNWHGLU )LUPDODU SL\DVD\D oÕNDQ KHU \HQL UQH UDNLS ELU UQ piyasaya
VUPHN LKWL\DFÕQGDGÕUODU $NVL WDNGLUGH SL\DVDGD NDOPD úDQVODUÕ \RN GHQHFHN NDGDU
D]GÕU $\UÕFD UQOHULQ ELUELUL LOH X\XPOX ROPDODUÕ WP %ø7 UQOHULQGH WHNQRORMLN
yeniliklerin eú ]DPDQOÕ RODUDN JHUoHNOHúPHVLQL VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU gUQH÷LQ HVNL
bilgisD\DUODUGDYHULVDNODPDDUDFÕRODUaNGLVNHWNXOODQÕOPDNWDELOJLVD\DUODUGDGLVNHW
\XYDVÕ EXOXQPDNWD\GÕ *QP]GH LVH CD okuyucusu dahi olmayan bir santimetre
NDOÕQOÕ÷ÕQGDGL]VWELOJLVD\DUODUNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU9HULVDNODPDDUDFÕRODUDNGDCD,
12
DVD veya harLFL EHOOHNOHU NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU 5±10 \ÕO |QFHVLQH NDGDU NXOODQÕODQ
GLVNHWOHUoRNWDQWDULKROPXúODUGÕU
6UHNOL \HQLOLNOHUL WDNLS HWPHN YH \HQLOLN \DUDWPDN GXUXPXQGD RODQ %ø7 ILUPDODUÕ
\NVHN $5-*( KDUFDPDODUÕ \DSPDN ]RUXQGDGÕUlar <NVHN $5-*( \DWÕUÕPODUÕ %ø7
VHNW|UQoRN\NVHNEDWÕN PDOL\HWOHUOHNDUúÕNDUúÕ\DEÕUDNPDNWDGÕU hUQ retilene
kadar ciddi AR-*( KDUFDPDVÕ yapan firmalar, UQ bir kez retildikten sonra oRN
NoN bir oR÷Dltma maliyetine katlanÕUODU $QFDN LON \NVHN Paliyetleri finanse
HGHELOHQ JHOLúPLú ONH ekonomileri ROPDNWDGÕU. $\UÕFD yenilik yaratabilecek gerekli
H÷LWLPOL LúJF de bu ONHlerde yo÷XQODúmaktadÕr %DúDUDQ2005, 240-41).
<ÕOODULWLEDUL\OHONHOHULQ *60+¶GHn AR-GE KDUFDPDODUÕQDD\ÕUGÕNODUÕ paylar tablo
¶GH |]HWOHQPLúWLU. Tablodan da J|UOHFH÷L gibi Amerika 1996±2006 \ÕOODUÕ
DUDVÕQGD*60+¶Qin LOH¶VLQL-DSRQ\DLOH¶XQXdLQ %0,57 ile
¶VLQL $5-GE harcamalarÕna D\ÕUPÕúWÕU 7UNL\H LVH $5-GE KDUFDPDODUÕQD
*60+¶den YH\ÕOODUÕQGDVÕUDVÕ\OD%0,45 ile %0,76 gibi oRN GúN bir pay
D\ÕUPÕúWÕU. Ancak on \ÕOOÕN periyotta AR-GE KDUFDPDODUÕQD D\ÕUGÕ÷Õ pay %68 DUWPÕú
ROPDVÕ nispi bir L\LOHúPH\LLúDUHt etmektedir (OECD, 2008a, 20-31).
Tablo 3.1: *60+¶QLn <]GHVL2ODUDN%UW$5-*(+DUFDPDODUÕ
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Amerika
2,55
2,58
2,62
2,66
2,74
2,76
2,66
2,66
2,59
2,62
2,62
Japonya
2,81
2,87
3,00
3,02
3,04
3,12
3,17
3,20
3,17
3,32
3,39
OECD
2,10
2,12
2,15
2,19
2,23
2,27
2,24
2,24
2,21
2,25
2,26
AB27
1,66
1,66
1,67
1,72
1,74
1,76
1,77
1,76
1,73
1,74
1,76
dLQ
0,57
0,64
0,65
0,76
0,90
0,95
1,07
1,13
1,23
1,33
1,42
Hindistan 7UNL\H
0,65
0,45
0,70
0,49
0,72
0,5
0,74
0,63
0,78
0,64
0,76
0,72
0,75
0,67
0,74
0,61
0,71
0,67
n/a
0,79
n/a
0,76
Kaynak: OECD ve 7hø. YHULOHULQGHQGHUOHQPLúWLU
1DQRWDYDLODEOHøOJLOLYHULOHULQEXOXQPDGÕ÷ÕQÕEHOLUWPHNWHGLU
2006 yÕOÕ AR-GE \R÷XQOX÷X LQFHOHQGL÷LQGH HQ \NVHN $5-GE KDUFDPDVÕQÕQ øVUDLO
WDUDIÕQGDQ \DSÕOGÕ÷Õ,
DUGÕQGDQ øsveo, Finlandiya, Japonya, Kore, øsviore ve
Amerika¶QÕQ izleGL÷LJ|UOmektedir. AR-GE \R÷XQOX÷X\NVHNRODQONHOHUDUDVÕQGD
13
8]DNGR÷X ONHleri dikkat oekmektedir. %ø7 UQOHUL ticareti de artan bu ONHOHULQ,
E\PH RUDQODUÕ da ROGXNoD \NVHN seyretmektedir. %ø7¶LQ NXOODQÕPÕQÕQ YH
UHWLPLQLQDUWPDVÕ8]DNdR÷XONHOHULQLQHNRQRPLNE\PHVLQHLYPHND]DQGÕUPÕúWÕU
ùHNLO 3.1: YH<ÕOODUÕ$5-*(<R÷XQOX÷X
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
2006
øVUDLO
øVYHo
Finlandiya
Japonya
Kore
øVYLoUH
Amerika
Almanya
Singapur
Toplam OECD
Fransa
Kanada
øQJLOWHUH
AB-27
Hollanda
Slovenya
1RUYHo
dLQ
øUODQGD
øVSDQ\D
øWDO\D
Rusya
Brazilya
Portekiz
7UNL\H
Hindistan
Yunanistan
1996
Kaynak: OECD, 2008a)LJXUH*(5',QWHQFLW\E\FRXQWU\DQG¶GDQ
GHUOHQHUHNKD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU
'Q\D oDSÕQGD en oRN AR-GE KDUFDPDVÕ yapan %ø7 úLUNHWOHULQin, 2006 ve 2007
\ÕOODUÕQGD \DSWÕNODUÕ AR-*( KDUFDPDODUÕ YH EXOXQGXNODUÕ VHNW|U tablo ¶GH
YHULOPLúWLU øON RQGD \HU DODQ úLUNHWOHULQ yaUÕVÕQÕQ Amerika merkezli ROGXNODUÕ
J|UOPHNWHGLU. <NVHN $5-*( PDOL\HWOHUL GDKD oRN JHOLúPLú ONH HNRQRPLOHUL
WDUDIÕQGDQ JHUoHNOHúWLULOPHNWHGLU *HOLúPLú ONH HNRQRPLOHUL \NVHN $5-GE
PDOL\HWOHULQHNDWODQÕUNHQ\HQLOLNOHULJHUoHNOHúWLUHQLONONHROPDDYDQWDMÕLOHUQOHUL
piyasayD \NVHN IL\DWOD VUPHNWH \NVHN NDU PDUMÕ LOH oDOÕúDUDN NDWODQGÕNODUÕ $5*(PDOL\HWOHULQLDYDQWDMDoHYLUPHNWHGLUOHU
14
Tablo 3.2: En dok AR-*(+DUFDPDVÕ<DSDQ%ø7 ùLUNHWOHUL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AR-GE
AR-GE
ùLUNHW $GÕ
hONH
6HNW|U
2006
2007
Milyon $ Milyon $
Microsoft
ABD
<D]ÕOÕP
6.584
7.121
Siemens
Almanya Elektronik
6.312
n.a.
Samsung Electronics
Kore
Elektronik
6.004
6.451
IBM
ABD
BT (NLSPDQODUÕ
6.107
6.153
Intel
ABD
<DUÕ NRQGDNW|r
5.873
5.700
Nokia
Finlandiya øOHWLúLP (NLSPDQODUÕ
4.896
n.a.
Matsushita (Panasonic) Japonya
Elektronik
4.854
4.909
Sony
Japonya
Elektronik
4.675
4.619
Cisco Systems
ABD
øOHWLúLP (NLSPDQODUÕ
4.067
4.499
Motorola
ABD
øOHWLúLP (NLSPDQODUÕ
4.106
4.429
Kaynak: OECD, 2008E7DEOH¶GHQDNWDUÕOPÕúWÕU
1DQRWDYDLODEOHøOJLOLYHULOHULQEXOXQPDGÕ÷ÕQÕEHOLUWPHNWHGLU
%LOJL\H GD\DOÕ HNRQRPLGH ELUoRN UQ YH KL]PHWOHU ELUELUOHULQLQ D\UÕOPD] ELU
SDUoDVÕGÕUODU %X UQ YH KL]PHWOHUGH ED÷ÕPOÕOÕN WDPDPOD\ÕFÕ PDO |]HOOL÷LQLQ GH
|WHVLQGHGLU gUQH÷LQ oay ve úHNHU WDPDPOD\ÕFÕ PDO LNHQ EX UQOHU ELUELULQGHQ
ED÷ÕPVÕ] GD WNHWLOHELOLU $QFDN LúOHWLP VLVWHPL ROPDNVÕ]ÕQ ELOJLVD\DU NXOODQÕODPD]
%XQHGHQOHEXUQYH KL]PHWOHULQ UHWLFLOHULEXPDOODUÕ ELUELULQHX\XP VD÷OD\DFDN
úHNLOGH JHOLúPHOHUH SDUDOHO RODUDN UHWPHNWHGLUOHU %LU UQGHNL \HQLOLN GL÷HU
UQOHUGHGH \HQLOL÷L]RUXQOXNÕOPDNWDGÕU(%DúDUDQ, 2005, 38-40).
%ø7VHNW|UQGHV|]NRQXVXRODQ|QHPOLELUKXVXVGDEDWÕN PDOL\HWOHULQLQoRN \NVHN
ROPDVÕGÕU <NVHN EDWÕN PDOL\HWOHUOH \NOHQLOHQ ULVN oRN \NVHN RODFD÷ÕQGDQ
SL\DVD\D JLULú NDUDUÕ ROGXNoD ]RUGXU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD SL\DVD\D JLULú \DVD÷Õ ROPDPDVÕQD
UD÷PHQ SL\DVD\D JLUHQ R\XQFX VD\ÕVÕ NÕVÕWOÕGÕU %LU SL\DVDGD UHNDEHW DUWWÕNoD UQ
NDOLWHVLYHPLNWDUÕDUWDUIL\DWÕLVHGúúH÷LOLPLQGHROPDNWDGÕU.
%LOJL HNRQRPLVL UQOHUL ELOJL\H GD\DOÕ UQOHUGLU %LOJLQLQ GH÷HUL WNHWLOGLNoH
GúPHGL÷L JLEL GDKD GD DUWDU gUQH÷LQ 0LFURVRIW¶XQ UHWWL÷L Word \D]Õ \D]PD
SURJUDPÕNXOODQÕFÕODUÕQÕn oRNID]ODROPDVÕYHNXOODQÕFÕODUÕQEXSURJUDPÕL\LELOPHOHUL
GL÷HUNLúLYHNXUXPODUÕGDEXUQNXOODQPD\DWHúYLNHWPHNWHGLU (Pohloja, 2003).
Bilgi ekonomisinde dijital ortamda LQWHUQHW RUWDPÕQGD \DSÕODQ WDQÕWÕP PDOL\HWOHUL
ROGXNoDGúNWUg]HOOLNOH\D]ÕOÕPUQOHULQGHWNHWLFL\HUQ WDQÕWPDNYHVUHNOL
NXOODQPDODUÕQÕ VD÷ODPDN LoLQ NÕVD VUHOL FUHWVL] NXOODQÕP KDNNÕ YHUPHN \D\JÕQGÕU
15
6UHNOLNXOODQÕODQELUUQGHQEDúNDELUUQHJHoPHk bir mDOL\HW\DUDWPDNWDGÕU. Bu
PDOL\HWWHQNDoÕQDQWNHWLFLUQHED÷ÕPOÕKDOHJHOmektedLUdRNNXOODQÕODQUQOHULQ
GH÷HULLVH0HWFDOIHNXUDOÕQGDROGX÷XJLELJHRPHWULNDUWPDNWDGÕUgUQH÷LQKLo kimse
e-posta kullanmazsa e-SRVWD\DVDKLSROPDQÕQELUDQODPÕNDOPD\DFDNWÕU2\VDNODVLN
ekonomide kÕW RODQ ND\QDNODUÕQ GH÷HUL \NVHNWLU %X úHNLOGH UHWLFL OHKLQH, talep
\DQOÕ |OoHN HNRQRPLVL GR÷PDNWDGÕU gOoHN HNRQRPLVLQH VDKLS ILUPD LVH \HQL \D GD
NoN |loHNOL ILUPDODUOD IL\DW UHNDEHWLQH JLUHELOPHNWHGLU 7P EX úDUWODU sHNW|UGH
WHNHOOHúPHLoLQX\JXQ]HPLQ\DUDWPDNWDGÕU (6|\OHPH], 2001, 65-68).
Bilgi bir karar birimi taUDIÕQGDQ NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ ]DPDQ GL÷HU NDUDU ELULPOHULQLQ
NXOODQDFD÷Õ ELOJL PLNWDUÕ D]DOPD] $\UÕFD ELOJL HNRQRPLVLQGH ELUoRN DODQGD ELOJL\H
HULúLP HQJHOOHQHPH] gUQH÷LQ ELU NDPX PDOÕ olan savunma hizmetinde ilave bir
NLúL\HVD÷ODQDQVDYXQPDKL]PHWLQLQmaliyeti bir noktaya kadar VÕIÕUGÕU%ø7 UQOHUL,
EX |]HOOLNOHUL LOH kamu mallarÕna benzemekte, bir bDNÕPD NDPX PDOODUÕ QLWHOL÷L
WDúÕPDNWDGÕU
3.3. %ø7 6HNW|U ve gQHPOL Kavramlar
%LOJL YH LOHWLúLP WHNQRORMLOHUL %ø7 HQ JHQLú oHUoHYHGH ELOJL WHNQRORMLOHUL (BT) ve
WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQVHNW|UOHULQLLoHUPHNWHGLU$YUXSD%LOJL7HNQRORMLVL*|]OHPHYL¶QLQ
(EITO: European Information Technology Observatory) %ø7 SL\DVDVÕ E|OPOHPHVL
tablo ¶GH |]HWOHQPLúWLU1
Bilgi teknolojileri NHQGL LoLQGH %7 UQOHUL \D]ÕOÕP YH %7 KL]PHWL RODUDN o DOW
NDWHJRUL\H D\UÕOPÕúWÕU 7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ LVH Telekom VRQ NXOODQÕFÕ UQOHUL D÷
UQOHULYHWDúÕ\ÕFÕKL]PHWOHURODUDNNDWHJRUL]HHGLOPLúWLU
1
www.eito.org
16
Tablo 3.3: Bilgi ve øOHWLúLP7HNQRORMLVL3L\DVD%|OPOHQPHVL
Bø/*ø TEKNOLOJø6ø (BT) PøYASASI
BT h5h1/(5ø
Bilgisayarlar
0DVDVW
'L]VW
<D]ÕFÕODU
dRNIRQNVL\RQOX\D]ÕFÕODU
Fotokopi makineleri
0RQLW|UOHU
'L÷HU%7UQOHUL
YAZILIM
Sistem yDSÕODQGÕUPDyD]ÕOÕPÕ
$UDoODU
%DúYXUX\D]ÕOÕPODUÕ
BT HøZMETLERø
'RQDQÕPEDNÕPÕ
Proje hizmetleri
'DQÕúPDQOÕNhizmetleri
TELEKOMhNøKASYON
&HSWHOHIRQODUÕ
Sabit telefonlar
7NHWLFLGRQDQÕPUQOHUL
TELEKOM SON KULLANICI
h5h1/(5ø
$öh5h1/(5ø
Sabit sesli telefon
øúletme veri hizmetleri
øQWHUQHWHULúLPYHKL]PHWOHUL
7$ùIYICI HøZMETLER
Sesli cep telefonu
Cep telefonu veri hizmetleri
Kablolu TV
Kaynak : ZZZHLWRRUJ¶GDQ oHYULOHUHNDNWDUÕOPÕúWÕU
%ø7 VHNW|U DOW VHJPHQWOHULQLQ WRSODP %ø7 VHNW|U LoLQGHNL SD\ODUÕ IDUNOÕOÕN
J|VWHUPHNWHGLU Bir genelleme yapÕODFDN olursa, %ø7VHNW|UQQ \DNODúÕN¶VLQL
WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ YH ¶VLQL GH %7 SL\DVDVÕ ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU %7 SL\DVDVÕQÕQ LVH
\DNODúÕN ¶VLQL %7 UQOHUL ¶VLQL KL]PHWOHU YH ¶XQX \D]ÕOÕP UQOHUL
ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU OECD verileri derleQHUHN KD]ÕUODQDQ úHNLO ¶GH \ÕOODU LWLEDUL\OH
%ø7 VHNW|UHOGD÷ÕOÕPÕJ|VWHULOPLúWLU
17
ùHNLO 3.2:%ø7 SHNW|UHO'D÷ÕOÕPÕ
70%
60%
50%
'RQDQÕP
40%
<D]ÕOÕP
30%
Hizmetler
7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ
20%
10%
0%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Kaynak: OECD, 2006%ø7KDUFDPDODUÕYHULOHULQGHQGHUOHQHUHNKD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU
%LOJL WRSOXPXQX WDQÕPODPDN LoLQ IDUNOÕ \D]DUODU WDUDIÕQGDQ ELUoRN NDYUDP
NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU%XNDYUDPODUVDQD\LVRQUDVÕWRSOXPELOJLWRSOXPXELOJLHNRQRPLVL
GLMLWDO HNRQRPL ELOJL YH LOHWLúLP WHNQRORMLOHUL ELOJL RWR\ROODUÕ HOHNWURQLN WLFDUHW HGHYOHW \HQL HNRQRPL ELOJL G]H\L \NVHN WRSOXP ELOJL\H GD\DOÕ HNRQRPL
HQWHOHNWHO VHUPD\H \HQL HNRQRPL GLMLWDO HNRQRPL D÷ HNRQRPLVL H-ekonomi ve
D÷ÕUOÕNVÕ] HNRQRPL VDQDO NDSLWDOL]P YH WHNQRNUDWLN oD÷GÕU %X NDYUDPODUGDQ \ROD
oÕNDUDN ELOJL HNRQRPLVLQLQ ELOJL\H GD\DOÕ GLMLWDOOHúPLú YH D÷ WHPHOOL bir ekonomi
ROGX÷XV|\OHQHELOLUg]VD÷ÕU.
6DQD\LWRSOXPXQGDQELOJLWRSOXPXQDJHoLúOHELUOLNWH%ø7 VHNW|UHNRQRPLGH|QHPOL
yere sahip olmuúWXU *HQHO RODUDN GRQDQÕP \D]ÕOÕP YH WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ
VHNW|UOHULQL NDSVD\DQ %ø7 VHNW|UQGH HQ |QHPOL IDNW|U UHWLP JLUGLVL ³ELOJL´GLU
Bilginin AR-*( IDDOL\HWOHUL\OH VUHNOL JHOLúWLULOHUHN IDUNOÕ \D GD GDKD JHOLúPLú
UQOHULQ oRN KÕ]OÕ ELU GHYLQLPOH JHOLúWLULOPHVL \D GD LFDGÕ HNRQRPL\H GDKD |QFH
\DúDQPDPÕúELUGLQDPL]PNDWPDNWDGÕr.
7HNQRORMLN \HQLOLNOHU YHULPOLOLN DUWÕUÕFÕ HWNLVL\OH YH UHWLPH \DSWÕ÷Õ NDWNÕODUOD
HNRQRPLGH LWLFL Jo ROPXúWXU %ø7 VHNW|U oRN \R÷XQ úHNLOGH WHNQRORML\H GD\DQDQ
ELU VHNW|U ROGX÷XQGDQ, EX VHNW|UQ E\PH RUDQÕ GL÷HU VHNW|UOHULQ ]HULQGH
seyretmektedir. %ø7 VHNW|UQQ HNRQRPLGHNL SD\ÕQÕQ DUWPDVÕ YH \D\JÕQ NXOODQÕPÕ
18
VHNW|UQ HNRQRPLGH ORNRPRWLI J|UHYL VWOHQPHVLQH \RO DoPÕúWÕU %ø7¶LQ \R÷XQ
NXOODQÕPÕYHVHNW|UQ KÕ]ODE\PHVL%ø7¶LQ HNRQRPLQLQJHQHOLQGH|QHPOLELUHWNi
\DUDWPDVÕQÕVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU (Pohjola, 2003).
<HQLOLNOHU GDKD LOHUL WHNQRORMLOHULQ RUWD\D oÕNÕVÕQÕ NROD\ODúWÕUPDNWD YH
KÕ]ODQGÕUPDNWDGÕU %X JHOLúPHOHU \HQL WHNQRORML\H XODúPD Vresini hHU JHoHQ JQ
azaltPDNWDGÕU%XVUHoUQYHKL]PHWOHULQQLWHOL÷LQLNDOLWHVLQLDUWÕUPDNWDGÕU
Bilgi ve LOHWLúLPWHNQRORMLVLQGHND\GHGLOHQLOHUOHPHKÕ]Õ|QFHNLG|QHPOHUGH\DúDQÕODQ
LOHUOHPH KÕ]ÕQGDQ oRN GDKD ID]ODGÕU 'DQLHO %HOO EX GXUXPX ³KÕ]ODQÕP \DVDVÕ´ LOH
ifade etmektedLU øON ELOJLVD\DU RODQ (1,$& (OHFWURQLF 1XPHULFDO øQWHJUDWRU DQG
Calculator/Elektronik 6D\ÕVDO %LUOHúWLULFL YH Hesap MDNLQHVL \ÕOÕQGD
UHWLOPLúWLU %LU RGD E\NO÷QGH RODQ EX ELOJLVD\DUODU JQP]GH FHEH
VÕ÷DELOHFHN NDGDU NoOPú LúOHP NDSDVLWHlerL LVH PLO\RQODUFD NDW DUWPÕúWÕU
(Castells, 2005, 46-47).
Teknolojik GH÷LúLP KÕ]la artarken, yeni WHNQRORMLOHULQ IL\DWODUÕ KHU JHoHQ JQ
GúPHNWHGLU 'DKD NDOLWHOL UQOHUH GDKD XFX]D HULúPH LPNkQÕ EXODQ WNHWLFLler,
WHNQRORMLN UQOHU WDOHELQL DUWÕUPDNWDGÕUlar hUHWLFLOHU GH PDOL\HW GúúQGHQ
ND\QDNODQDQ NDU DUWÕúÕ VD÷ODPDNWDGÕUODU 7HNQRORMLN LOHUOHPHOHU YH LúJFQQ
teknolojiyi |]PVHPHVL YHULPOLOLN ]HULQGH ROXPOX HWNLOHU \DUDWPDNWDGÕU 7P EX
JHOLúPHOHrle birlikte, ELOJLHNRQRPLVLQGHHQIODV\RQ\DUDWPD\DQELUE\PHWUHQGLQH
girilmiúRUWD\DoÕNDQEXWDEORED]Õ\D]DUODUFD³\HQLHNRQRPL´RODUDNWDQÕPODQPÕúWÕU
%LOJLVD\DU WHNQRORMLVLQGH \DúDQDQ KÕ]OÕ GH÷LúLPL ³0RRUH YDVDVÕ´ DoÕNoD RUWD\D
NR\PDNWDGÕU øON NH] ,QWHO NXUXFXODUÕQGDQ *RUGRQ 0RRUH WDUDIÕQGDQ ifade edilen,
daha sonra da kendi DGÕ\ODDQÕODQEXNXUDOPLNUR LúOHPFLOHULQKÕ]ÕQÕQKHUD\GDELU
\DNODúÕNRODUDNLNL\HNDWODGÕ÷ÕQÕJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU6|\OHPH].
³*LOGHU .XUDOÕ´ GD \LQH ELOJLVD\DU WHNQRORMLVLQGHNL KÕ]OÕ GH÷LúLPL RUWD\D NR\DU %X
NXUDODJ|UHWRSODPEDQWJHQLúOL÷LLOHWLúLPVLVWHPOHULQLQELULPIL\DWODUÕsabit iken, her
12 ayda bir oHNDWODQPDNWDGÕU(DPT, 2001, 3).
7HNQRORMLGHNLKÕ]OÕGH÷LúLPLLIDGHHGHQELUGL÷HUILNLUGH5REHUW0HWFDOIHWDUDIÕQGDQ
RUWD\D NRQPXúWXU (WKHUQHWLQ EXOXúoXODUÕQGDQ RODQ 0HWFDOIH ELU D÷ÕQ GH÷HULQLQ
19
D÷GDNL ED÷ODQWÕODUÕQ NDUHVL NDGDU DUWDFD÷ÕQÕ EHOLUWPLú EX J|Uú 0HWFDOIH DGÕQD
KLWDEHQ ³0HWFDOIH .XUDOÕ´ RODUDN LVLPOHQGLULOPLúWLU .XOODQÕFÕ EDúÕQD IL\DW
GH÷LúPH]NHQELUD÷D ED÷OÕROPDQÕQGH÷HULVVHORODUDNDUWPDNWDGÕUCastells, 2005,
90).
3.4. Bilgi Ekonomisinin Piyasa YDSÕVÕ
3.4.1. 7DP5HNDEHW3L\DVDVÕ.RúXOODUÕve Bilgi Ekonomisi
%LOJLHNRQRPLVLWHRULNRODUDNWDPUHNDEHWúDUWODUÕWDúÕPDNWDGÕU7DPUHNDEHWúDUWODUÕ
OLWHUDWUGHEHú WHPHOIDNW|UDoÕVÕQGDQHOHDOÕQPDNWDGÕU%XQODU
-
1VD\ÕGDDOÕFÕ YHVDWÕFÕQÕQROPDVÕ
-
3L\DVDGDNLPDOODUÕQKRPRMHQROPDVÕ
-
3L\DVD\DJLULúoÕNÕVÕQVHUEHVWROPDVÕ
-
.DUDUELULPOHULQLQWDPELOJL\HVDKLSROPDVÕYH
-
)DNW|UDNÕúNDQOÕ÷ÕQÕQWDPROPDVÕGÕU
%ø7 UQ ve hizmetleri teknik RODUDN WP EX úDUWODUD VDKLS ROPDODUÕQD UD÷PHQ
VHNW|UQ \DSÕVÕ JHUH÷L GR÷DO WHNHOFL ROPD \|QHOLPLQGH ROGX÷XQD GDLU J|UúOHU GH
EXOXQPDNWDGÕU 5HNDEHW úDUWODUÕQÕ ER]XFX QLWHOLNWHNL ³SL\DVD EDúDUÕVÕ]OÕNODUÕ´ EX
J|UúOHULGHVWHNOHPektedir (6|\OHPH], 2001, 61).
7NHWLFLQLQ ED]Õ VHEHSOHUOH WHUFLKLQGH RSWLPDO NDUDU DODPDPDVÕ SL\DVD EDúDUÕVÕ]OÕ÷Õ
\DUDWPDNWDGÕU'DKDNDOLWHOLYHGDKDXFX]ELUUQOHSL\DVD\DJLUPH\LSODQOD\DQELU
oyuncu, daha |QFH piyasada bulunan UQlere ED÷ÕPOÕOÕN ve GL÷HU ED]Õ sebeplerle
\HWHUL NDGDU WDOHS WRSOD\DPDPD ULVNL LOH NDUúÕ NDUúÕ\D NDODELOLU 7NHWLFLQLQ RSWLPDO
NDUDUDOPDPDVÕND\QDNODUÕQHWNLQNXOODQÕOPDPDVÕQD\RODoDFDNWÕU
3.4.2. Piyasa %DúDUÕVÕ]OÕNODUÕ
%D]Õ GXUXPODUGD SL\DVD PHNDQL]PDVÕ SDUHWR RSWLPXP GHQJH\L VD÷OD\DPD] %XQD
OLWHUDWUGH ³SL\DVD EDúDUÕVÕ]OÕNODUÕ´ GHQLU dR÷X %ø7 UQOHUL |]HOOLNOHULQGHQ
ND\QDNODQDQVHEHSOHUOHSL\DVDEDúDUÕVÕ]OÕNODUÕQDVHEHSROPDNWDGÕU.
20
%LOJL HNRQRPLVLQGH UHNDEHW úDUWODUÕQÕ HWNLOH\HQ SL\DVD EDúDUÕVÕ]OÕ÷ÕQD \RO DoDQ
IDNW|UOHUD÷GÕúVDOOÕNODUÕED÷OÕOÕNSDIWDVÕDUWDQJHWLULOHUYH|OoHNHNRQRPLOHULRODUDN
VÕUDODQDELOLU
3.4.2.1. $÷'ÕúVDOOÕNODUÕ
(NRQRPL OLWHUDWUQGH KHUKDQJL ELU HNRQRPLN ELULPLQ EHGHO |GH\HUHN VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ
ID\GDGDQ EDúND ELU ELULPLQ EHGHO |GHPHGHQ ID\GDODQPDVÕ ³GÕúVDOOÕN´ RODUDN
DGODQGÕUÕOÕU %LU UQn NXOODQÕFÕ VD\ÕVÕ DUWWÕNoD WNHWLFLQLQ UQden elde HWWL÷L
faydanÕn DUWPDVÕD÷GÕúVDOOÕ÷ÕRODUDNDGODQGÕUÕOÕU. Bu konuda e-posta, telefon ve faks
|UQHNOHULYHULOHELOLU%XUQOHULQNXOODQÕFÕVD\ÕVÕDUWWÕNoD UQ GDKDGDGH÷HUOLKDOH
gelir (Katz ve Shapiro, 1985, 424).
Bø7 VHNW|U ekonomide GÕúVDOOÕN \DUDWPDNWDGÕU. Ancak bu GÕúVDOOÕ÷Õ |lomek ROGXNoD
goWr ve %ø7 VHNW|UQQ HNRQRPLGH \DUDWWÕ÷Õ JHUoHN etki GÕúVDOOÕNlarÕ |loememe
NÕVÕWÕ nedeniyle tespit edilememektedir (Stiroh, 2001, 9).
3.4.2.2. %D÷OÕOÕN3DIWDVÕ
%D÷OÕOÕN SDIWDVÕ WNHWLFLOHULQ SL\DVDGD OLGHU RODQ ILUPDQÕQ UQQ NXOODQPDVÕ YH
]DPDQOD R UQH WDPDPHQ DúLQD ROXS IDUNOÕ ELU UQn daha uygun, kaliteli ya da
ucuz ROPDVÕQD EDNPDNVÕ]ÕQ WDOHELQLHVNL UQGHQ \DQDNXOODQPDVÕGÕU 7NHWLFL LON
NXOODQGÕ÷Õ UQHoHúLWOLVHEHSOHUOHED÷ÕPOÕNDOPDNLVWH\HELOLU(VNL UQn piyasada
oRN NXOODQÕOÕ\RU ROPDVÕ GH÷LúWLUPH PDOL\HWLQLQ \NVHN ROPDVÕ \D GD \HQL UQ
|÷UHQPHVUHFLQLQNOIHWOLROPDVÕEXQHGHQOHUDUDVÕQGD VD\ÕODELOLU (Liebowitz, 1995).
3.4.2.3. Artan Getiriler, gOoHN(NRQRPLleri
øNWLVDW OLWHUDWUQGH JHQHO NDQÕ HNRQRPLGH D]DODQ JHWLULOHULQ ROGX÷XGXU 0DUMLQDO
PDOL\HWLQPDUMLQDOJHOLUHHúLWROGX÷XRSWLPXPUHWLPVHYL\HVLQHNDGDU, maliyetlerin
GúHFH÷L, DQFDNPDUMLQDOPDOL\HWLQPDUMLQDO JHOLUGHQE\NROGX÷XQRNWDGDQVRQUD,
D]DODQJHWLULOHULQJHoHUOLRODFD÷ÕRUWD\DNRQPXúWXU
%LOJL HNRQRPLVL \DSÕVÕ JHUH÷L NODVLN \DNODúÕPODUGDQ IDUNOÕGÕU %LOJL HNRQRPLVLQLQ
WHPHOLQL ROXúWXUDQ GLMLWDO RUWDPGDNL UQOHU \D GD ELOJL IL]LNVHO UQOHUGHQ IDUNOÕ
|]HOOLNOHUHVDKLSWLU%DúODQJÕoRODUDNELOJLHNRQRPLVLQGH\NVHNEDWÕN mali\HWOHUV|]
21
NRQXVXGXU hUHWLP WDPDPODQGÕNWDQ VRQUD LVH LODYH PDOL\HWOHU VÕIÕU denecek kadar
D]GÕU (Pohjola, 2003%DúDUDQ). gUQH÷LQELU\D]ÕOÕPúLUNHWLELU\D]ÕOÕPÕ
UHWHQH NDGDU oRN ID]OD $5-*( YH \DWÕUÕP KDUFDPDODUÕ \DSDU hUQ JHOLúWLULOLS
SL\DVD\D VUOGNWHQ VRQUD LVH EX UQ oR÷DOWPD PDOL\HWL ELU &' NRS\DODPD
maliyetinden ibarettir. Bu nedenle marjinal PDOL\HW VÕIÕUD oRN \DNÕQ ELU UDNDPGÕU
'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD ELOJL HNRQRPLVLQGH DUWDQ JHWLULOHU V|] NRQXVXGXU 6UHNOL DUWDQ JHWLUL
ROPDVÕ GXUXPXQGD LVH GR÷DO WHNHO NDoÕQÕOPD] RODFDNWÕU %\N ILUPDODU VUHNOL
E\\HFHN YH UHNDEHW DYDQWDMÕ LOH SL\DVD\D JLULúOHUL JoOHúWLUHELOHFHN \D GD PHYcut
ILUPDODUÕIL\DWUHNDEHWLLOHSL\DVDGDQVLOHELOHFHNOHUGLU
3.5. %ø7 'D÷ÕOÕPÕ
7DUÕP WRSOXPXQGD \D]ÕQÕQ LFDGÕ VDQD\L WRSOXPXQGD PDWEDDQÕQ LFDGÕ YH VRQ RODUDN
ELOJL WRSOXPXQGD LQWHUQHWLQ LFDGÕ ELOJLQLQ \D\ÕOPDVÕQÕ KÕ]ODQGÕUDQ |QHPOL LFDWODU
ROPXúWXU øQWHUnetin \D\JÕQ NXOODQÕPÕ ELOJLQLQ SD\ODúÕPÕQÕ KÕ]ODQGÕUPDNWDGÕU.
'Q\DQÕQ KHUKDQJL ELU QRNWDVÕndan internete aktarÕlan bilgilere, internet ED÷ODQWÕVÕ
olan GQ\DQÕQ herhangi bir noktasÕndan DQÕQGD HULúLP sa÷ODnabilmektedir.
%ø7 GD÷ÕOÕPÕ UHWLP YH WNHWLP DoÕVÕQGDQ LQFHOHQGL÷LQGH KHU LNL DoÕGDQ GD %ø7
VHNW|UQQ JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGH GDKD \D\JÕQ ROGX÷X J|UOPHNWHGLU. Daha |QFHde
de÷indi÷imiz gibi %ø7 UQOHULni JHOLútirmeye \|QHOLN AR-GE \DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕQ E\N
bir NÕVPÕ DQFDN JHOLúPLú ONH ekonomileri WDUDIÕQGDQ JHUoHNleútirilmektedir.
Tketim cephesinden EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD LVH \LQH JHOLúPLú ONHOHULQ satÕn alma JoOHULQLQ
\NVHNROPDVÕ YH\HQLoÕNDQ%ø7 UQOHULQLQ ilk etapta SDKDOÕ ROPDVÕ, GL÷HU taraftan
VDWÕn alma JF \NVHN NHVLPOHULQ %ø7 UQOHULne daha fazla btoe ayÕrabilecek
olmalarÕ QHGHQL\OH JHOLúPLú ONHlerde %ø7 WNHWLPL GDKD \NVHNWLU .UHVHOOHúHQ
HNRQRPLGH JHOLULQ E\N NÕVPÕQÕQ %ø7 VHNW|UQGHQ HOGH HGLOGL÷L ELU RUWDPGD
JHOLúPLúOLNIDUNÕQÕQNDSDWÕOPDVÕ]RUODúDFDNWÕU (Pohjola, 2003, 6).
%ø7 VHNW|UQGH\NVHNEDWÕN PDOL\HWOHUYH\NVHN$5-GE \DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕQ NDoÕQÕOPD]
ROPDVÕD]JHOLúPLúONHOHULQEXVHNW|UGHV|]VDKLELROPDVÕQÕ]RUODúWÕUPDNWDGÕU'L÷HU
WDUDIWDQJHOLúPLúONHOHUFHoRNE\N\DWÕUÕPODUODHOGHHGLOHQELOJLOHULQD]JHOLúPLú
YH JHOLúPHNWH RODQ ONHOHUFH \DWÕUÕP NOIHWLQH JLULOPHNVL]LQ HOGH HGLOPHVL ise bir
DYDQWDMVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU (Erkan, 1998, 145-148).
22
%ø7 NXOODQDQ NLúL VD\ÕVÕQD EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD NXOODQÕFÕODUÕQ JHQHO RODUDN VW JHOLU
JUXSODUÕQGD \R÷XQODúWÕ÷Õ J|]OHQPHNWHGLU %ø7 UQOHULQLQ WDOHEL, GúN PDOODUÕQ
WHUVLQH JHOLU DUWÕNoD DUWPDNWDGÕU hONH G]H\LQGH VW JHOLU JUXSODUÕQGD \R÷XQODúDQ
%ø7 NXOODQÕPÕVHNW|UQKHWHURMHQRODUDNGD÷ÕOÕPÕQD\RODoPDNWDGÕU øúOHWPHOerde de
GXUXP EHQ]HUOLN J|VWHUmektedir. øúOHWPHOHU JHOLUOHULQL DUWÕUGÕNoD \HQL WHNQRORMLOHUH
\DWÕUÕP\DSPDLPNkQÕQD VDKLSROXUODU$QFDNLúOHWPHOHUGH%ø7 NXOODQÕPÕQÕHWNLOH\HQ
birincil fakW|U úLUNHWLQ IDDOL\HW NROXGXU <NVHN WHNQRORML VHNW|UQGH IDDOL\HW
J|VWHUHQELULúOHWPHQLQVWGzeyde %ø7 NXOODQPDVÕNDoÕQÕOPD]GÕU
3.6. %ø7¶LQEkonomi\H.DWNÕODUÕ
%LOJL oD÷ÕQÕQ ELULQFLO VHNW|U RODQ %ø7¶LQ JHOLúLPL YH NXOODQÕPÕQÕQ \D\JÕQODúPDVÕ
VRV\DO G|QúP \DUDWWÕ÷Õ JLEL HNRQRPL\L GH GHULQGHQ HWNLOHPHNWHGLU %ø7¶LQ
HNRQRPL\H NDWNÕODUÕ |]HOOLNOH -¶OL \ÕOODUGD $PHULND HOH DOÕQDUDN |OoOPH\H
oDOÕúÕOPÕú GDKD VRQUD oHúLWOL ONHOHULQ YHULOHUL WRSODQDUDN NDUVÕODúWÕUÕOPD\D
oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU
%ø7¶LQ HNRQRPL\H NDWNÕODUÕQÕ PDNUR YH PLNUR NDWNÕODUÕ RODUDN LNL EDúOÕN DOWÕnda ele
alabiliriz.
3.6.1. 0DNUR.DWNÕODU
3.6.2.1. øVWLKGDP
(NRQRPLGH\DúDQDQWHNQRORMLNHNRQRPLNYHWRSOXPVDOGH÷LúLPOHULúJFSL\DVDVÕQÕ
derinden etkilemektedir. %ø7 \DúDPÕPÕ]ÕQ E\N ELU DODQÕQD QIX] HWPHNWH \DúDP
WDU]ODUÕPÕ] GH÷LúPHNWHGLU øúOHWPHOHULQ RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DSÕODUÕ GD GH÷LúLPH D\DN
uydurmaktadÕU %X VUHoWH EHOOL PHVOHN JUXSODUÕ ND\EROXUNHQ ELU \DQGDQ GD \HQL
PHVOHNJUXSODUÕRUWD\DoÕNPDNWDGÕU%LOJLHNRQRPLVLQGH|]HOOLNOHELOLúLPYH\D]ÕOÕP
X]PDQODUÕ|QHPND]DQPDNWDGÕU (OECD, 2006, 216- 225).
7HNQRORMLN JHOLúPHOHUOH ELUOLNWH NLWOH UHWLPLQLQ KkNLP ROGX÷X VDQD\L WRSOXPXQGD
\HWHUVL]LQVDQJFQLNDPHHGHQRWRPDV\RQUQOHULJHOLúWLULOPLúWLU%\N|OoGH
makinHOHúHQ IDEULNDODUGD UHWLPLQ |QHPOL ELU NÕVPÕ URERWODUOD \DSÕOÕU KDOH JHOPLú
sekW|UGHNLLVWLKGDPHGLOHQNLúLVD\ÕVÕD]DOPÕúWÕU'DKD|QFHWDUÕPVHNW|UQGHQVDQD\L
VHNW|UQH ND\DQ LúJF HNRQRPLGH \DúDQDQ JHOLúPHOHUOH ELUOLNWH EX NH] KL]PHW
23
VHNW|UQHND\PDNWDGÕU +L]PHWVHNW|U|]HOOLNOHELOJL HNRQRPLVLQLQ|QHoÕNWÕ÷Õ VRQ
\ÕOODUGDJHOLúPLúONHOHUGHYHELUoRNJHOLúPHNWHRODQONHOHUGHKkNLP VHNW|UKDOLQH
gelmektedir (DPT, 2003, 32-37).
%ø7 NXOODQÕPÕQÕQ \D\JÕQODúPDVÕ YH VHNW|UQ JHQLúOHPHVL LOH ELUOLNWH EX VHNW|UGH
oDOÕúDQODUÕQWRSODPLVWLKGDPLoLQGHNLSD\ÕGDDUWÕúJ|VWHUPHNWHGLUùekil ¶GH%ø7
VHNW|U LOH LOJLOL DODQGD oDOÕúDQODUÕQ HNRQRPLQLQ WPQGH oDOÕúDQODUD RUDQÕ ONHOHU
ED]ÕQGD J|VWHULOPLúWLU %ø7 VHNW|UQGH oDOÕúDQODUÕQ LVWLKGDP LoLQGHNL SD\Õ JHOLúPLú
ONH HNRQRPLOHULQGH GDKD \NVHN VH\UHWPHNWH YH DUWÕú H÷LOLPinGH ROGX÷X
J|UOPHNWHGLU
ùHNLO 3.3: %LW6HNW|ULOHøOJLOL$ODQGDdDOÕúDQODUÕQ(NRQRPLQLQ7PQGH
dDOÕúDQODUD2UDQÕ
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
1995
2004
Kaynak OECD, 2006)LJXUH¶GDQGHUOHQHUHNDNWDUÕOPÕúWÕU
7UNL\H¶GH %ø7 VHNW|UQGH LVWLKGDP HGLOHQOHULQ VD\ÕVÕQa iliúNLQ bir veri
EXOXQPDPDNWDGÕr. Ancak, %ø7 VHNW|UQQ KL]PHW VHNW|U D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ olGX÷X YH
ONHGHNL KL]PHW VHNW|UQQ GL÷HU VHNW|Ulere nazaran artWÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU 6HNW|UHO
GD÷ÕOÕP WDUÕP YH VDQD\L VHNW|UOHULQGHQ KL]PHW VHNW|UQH GR÷UX \|QHOPLúWLU \ÕOÕQGD % RODQ KL]PHW VHNW|U SD\Õ \ÕOÕQGD ¶\D \NVHOPLú RODQ WDUÕP VHNW|U SD\Õ LVH ¶H JHULOHPLúWLU 6HNW|UGH LVWLKGDP HGLOHQOHULQ
RUDQODUÕGD\LQHD\QÕ \|QGHGH÷LúLPJ|VWHUPektedir.
24
ùHNLO 3.4: 7UNL\H¶GHøVWLKGDPÕQ6HNW|UHO'D÷ÕOÕPÕ
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
TARIM
30.0%
6$1$<ø
+ø=0(7/(5
20.0%
10.0%
1923
1930
1940
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
0.0%
Kaynak : TUIK,VWDWLVWLN*|VWHUJHOHU-2007.
%ø7 VHNW|UQQ JHOLúPHVL YH \NVHN $5-*( \DWÕUÕPODUÕ LúJFQQ YHULPOL÷LQL
DUWÕUPÕúWÕU <HQL JHOLúPHOHUL WDNLS HGHQ LúOHWPHOHU VRQ WHNQRORML UHWLP WHNQLNOHUL
PDNLQH YH WHoKL]DWÕ NXOODQDELOHFHN GDKD kalifiye, GDKD H÷LWLPOL LúJFQH LKWL\Do
GX\PDNWDGÕU(DPT , 2003b, 19).
%LOJL HNRQRPLVLQGH %ø7¶in SL\DVD SD\ÕQÕQ DUWPDVÕ EX VHNW|UGH X]PDQODúPÕú Lú
JFQH WDOHEL DUWÕUPDNWDGÕU 7UNL\H¶GH KL]PHW VHNW|UQQ HNRQRPLGHNL SD\Õ
¶ODUD \NVHOPLúWLU %LOJL HNRQRPLVLQGH RUWD\D oÕNDQ WHNQRORML\H GD\DOÕ daha
NDOLIL\H LúJF LKWL\DFÕ EX DODQGD H÷LWLP \DWÕUÕPÕQÕ NDoÕQÕOPD] NÕOPDNWDGÕU 3LODW¶D
J|UH H÷LWLP G]H\L %ø7¶OHULQ \D\JÕQODúPDVÕQÕ ROXPOX HWNLOHPHNWHGLU (NRQRPLGH
\DOQÕ]FD AR-*( \DWÕUÕPODUÕ \DSDUDN \HQL WHNQRORMLOHUL RUWD\D NR\PDN \HWHUOL
GH÷LOGLU %ø7¶LQ HNRQRPL\H NDWNÕGD EXOXQDELOPHVL ancak bu teknolojilerle birlikte,
teknolojileri NXOODQDELOHQLVWLKGDPÕQGD VD÷ODQPDVÕLOHPPNQGU*HOLúPHNWHRODQ
YH D] JHOLúPLú ONHOHUde milli KkVÕODQÕQ GúN ROPDVÕ KHP H÷LWLP KHP GH $5-GE
KDUFDPDODUÕQD D\UÕODQ SD\Õ GúUPHNWHGLU %X LVH %ø7 VHNW|UQQ \D\ÕOPDVÕQGD ELU
HQJHO ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU (÷LWLP \DWÕUÕPODUÕ %ø7 VHNW|UQGH LKWL\Do GX\XODQ NDOLIL\H
HOHPDQ DoÕ÷ÕQÕ X]XQ YDGHGH NDSDWDFDN YH VHNW|U EHVOH\HFHNWLU %ø7 VHNW|UQGH
NDOLIL\HHOHPDQLVWLKGDPÕLVHYHULPOLOL÷LGDKDGDDUWÕUPDNWDGÕU (Pilat, 2004, 51).
25
3.6.1.2. %\PH
Son zamanlarda ekonomilerde \DúDQDQ teknolojik JHOLúmeler, D÷ teknolojisi ve
JOREDOOHúPH gibi kavramlar ekonomiye y|n veren |QHPOL unsurlar ROPXúODUGÕU.
Klasik ekonomik \DNODúÕPODUGD UHWLP unsuru olarak ele DOÕQDQ emek ve sermaye,
ekonomide \DúDQDQ E\PH YH YHULPOLOL÷L DoÕNODPDGD \HWHUVL] NDOÕQFD, iktisat
dúQUOHUL UHWLP fonksiyonuna YHULPOLOL÷L DUWÕUDQ GÕúVDO IDNW|U olarak, teknik
ilerlemeyi (T) de eklePLúWLU (Freeman ve Soete, 2003).
%ø7 VHNW|UQQ HNRQRPLN E\PH\H NDWNÕODUÕ G|UW \|QGHQ HOH DOÕQDELOLU (Javala ve
Pohjola, 2007, 466 ; Schreyer, 2000, 6-7).
x
gQFHOLNOH%ø7 VHNW|UQQE\PHVL\OHHNRQRPLGHNDWPDGH÷HU\DUDWÕOmakta
YHGLUHNWRODUDN*60+¶GH DUWÕúPH\GDQDJHOmektedir.
x
%ø7 VHNW|UQGH\DúDQDQYHULPOLOLNDUWÕúODUÕWRSODPIDNW|UYHULPOLOL÷LQGHDUWÕúD
\RODoPDNWDGÕr.
x
hUHWLPGH KHP JLUGL KHP GH oÕNWÕ RODUDN NXOODQÕODELOHQ %ø7 UQOHUL GL÷HU
VHNW|UOHULQJLUGLVLRODUDNHNRQRPL\HNDWNÕVD÷ODPDNWDGÕr.
x
%LOJL YH LOHWLúLP WHNQRORMLVL NXOODQPD\DQ ILUPDODU %ø7 VHNW|UQQ \DUDWWÕ÷Õ
GÕúVDOOÕNODUGDQID\GDODQDUDNYHULPOLOLNDUWÕúÕVD÷ODPDNWDGÕUODU%ø7VHNW|UEX
úHNLOGH WRSODPIDNW|UYHULPOLOL÷LQHNDWNÕGDEXOXQPXúROPDNWDGÕr
%ø7 VHNW|UQQE\PH\HNDWNÕVÕQÕLQFHOHPHN]HUHELUoRNoDOÕúPD\DSÕOPÕúWÕU%ø7
sHNW|UQQ HNRQRPLGH \DUDWWÕ÷Õ HWNL |]HOOLNOH JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGH GDKD EHOLUJLn
J|UOHELOGL÷LQGHQ oDOÕúPDODU EX ONHOHUGH \R÷XQODúPÕúWÕU $\UÕFD D] JHOLúPLú
ONHOHUGH JHUHNOL \D GD \HWHUOL YHUL WRSODQDPDPDVÕ oDOÕúPDODUÕ JHOLúPLú ONH
HNRQRPLOHULQH\R÷XQODúWÕUPDNWDGÕU
26
3.6.1.3. 'Õú Ticaret
DÕúWLFDUHWYHULOHULONHQLQ%ø7 VHNW|UYHEXVHNW|UGHNLUHNDEHWJFQDQODPDPÕ]D
\DUGÕPFÕROPDNWDGÕU%XYHULOHUGHQ \RODoÕNDUDNKDQJLONHOHULQUHWLFL hangilerinin
NXOODQÕFÕROGX÷XJ|UOPHNWHGLU. 2
%ø7 UQOHULQLQ ekonomilerde \D\JÕQ NXOODQÕPÕ YH JOREDOOHúPH H÷LOLPOHUL %ø7
UQOHULQLQ WLFDUHWLQL DUWÕUPDNWDGÕU $\UÕFD %ø7 NXOODQÕPÕ GD GÕú WLFDUHWL
NROD\ODúWÕUPDNWDGÕUøQWHUQHWED÷ODQWÕVÕLOHGQ\DQÕQELUQRNWDVÕQGDNLDOÕFÕEDúNDELU
ONHGHQ KHUKDQJL ELU UQ NROD\OÕNOD WHGDULN HGHELOPHNWH |GHPHGH \LQH EDQND
NDQDOÕ\OD X]DNWDQ \DSÕODELOPHNWHGLU <LQH WHNQRORMLQLQ ORMLVWLN VHNW|UQGH \D\JÕQ
NXOODQÕPÕ QDNOL\H PDOL\HWOHULQL GúUG÷QGHQ GÕú WLFDUHW FD]LS KDOH JHOPHNWHGLU
\ÕOÕQGD PLO\RQ ABD dolarÕ olan global %ø7 WLFDUHWL \ÕOÕQGD
3.708.225 milyon ABD dolarÕQa \NVHOPLúWLU.
'Q\D%ø7 WLFDUHWL\ÕOÕQGDQ\ÕOÕQD kadar \DNODúÕNo kat artarken, OECD
ONHOHULQGHNL %ø7 WLFDUHWL \DNODúÕN LNL NDWÕQD oÕNPÕúWÕU. Bunda ise din, Kore ve
Tayland gibi Uzak 'R÷X ONHOHULQin %ø7 UHWLPindeki DUWÕú ve +LQGLVWDQ¶ÕQ %ø7
Hizmet 6HNW|UQGH NDW HWWL÷L \RO 2(&' ONHOHULQLQ %ø7 GÕú WLFDUHW SD\ÕQÕ GúUHQ
ELU XQVXU ROPXúWXU $PHULND¶GDNL ELU ILQDQV \D GD WXUL]P LúOHWPHVL PúWHUL
KL]PHWOHULQL +LQGLVWDQ¶GDNL ELU PHUNH]GHQ \UWHELOPHNWHGLU øQWHUQHW DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ LOH
$PHULND¶GDNL ELU WNHWLFLQLQ LVWHNOHULQH +LQGLVWDQ¶GDNL ELU PHUNH]GHQ FHYDS
verilebilmektedir. Hindistan ya GD 8]DN 'R÷XGD LúJFQQ GDKD XFX] ROPDVÕ
JHOLúPLúONHHNRQRPLOHULQGHIDDOL\HWJ|VWHUHQLúOHWPHOHULoLQFD]LEHPHUNH]LKDOLQH
JHOPLúWLU 0DOL\HWOHULQL GúUHUHN ND\QDNODUÕQÕ GDKD HWNLQ NXOODQDQ LúOHWPHOHU NDU
PDUMÕQÕ DUWÕUDFD÷Õ JLEL PDOL\HW GúúQ PúWHULOHULQH \DQVÕWPDVÕ KDOLQGH UHNDEHW
DYDQWDMÕ GD HOGH HGHELOHFHNWLU 8]DN 'R÷X ONHOHUL DoÕVÕQGDQ EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD LVH EX
ONHOHUGH HN LVWLKGDP \DUDWÕODFDN %ø7 NXOODQÕPÕ GDKD GD \D\JÕQODúDFDN YH PLOOL
KkVÕODODUÕ GDDUWÕúJ|VWHUHFHNWLUOECD ONHsi olmayan bu ONHOHULQ %ø7 VHNW|UQGHki
yerinin DUWPDVÕ OECD ONHleri RUWDODPDODUÕQÕ geri oHNPHNWHGLU.
2
World Telecommunication/Ict Development Report (2006)
27
Tablo 3.4: 'Q\DYH2(&'%ø7 Ticareti
<ÕOODU
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2007
Toplam %ø7
(Global)
1.161.862
1.497.516
2.239.666
2.015.861
2.790.459
3.525.497
3.708.225
%ø7 'Q\D
Ticaretindeki
PD\Õ
13,3
15,0
17,9
15,9
15,5
15,1
13,3
Toplam
%ø7 OECD
OECD %ø7 Ticaretindeki PD\Õ
1.018.769
11,6
1.136.339
11,4
1.525.312
12,2
1.282.148
10,1
1.670.869
9,3
1.979.575
8,5
1.911.107
6,9
Kaynak: OECD YHULOHULQGHQGHUOHQHUHNKD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU
%ø7 UHWHPH\HQONHOHUEXUQOHULLthal yoluyla elde etmektedirler. %ø7 NXOODQÕPYH
UHWLPLQLQHNRQRPLNJHOLúPH\LKÕ]ODQGÕUGÕ÷ÕJHQHONDQÕVՁONHOHULEXDODQGD\DWÕUÕPD
oHNPHNWHGLU g]HO VHNW|U NDPX VHNW|U YH VRV\DO WRSOXP NXUXOXúODUÕ NRRUGLQHOL
oDOÕúDUDN %ø7 NXOODQÕPÕQÕ DUWÕUPD\D JD\UHW J|VWHUPHNWH YH JHUHNOL SROLWLNDODU
JWPHNWHGLUOHU %X oDOÕúPDODUD SDUDOHO RODUDN GQ\D %ø7 WLFDUHWL GH FLGGL DUWÕúODU
kaydetmektedir.
$] JHOLúPLú YH JHOLúPHNWH RODQ ONHOHULQ $5-*( \DWÕUÕPODUÕQD \HWHUL NDGDU ND\QDN
DNWDUDPDPDODUÕ EX ONHOHUL %ø7 VHNW|UQGHQ GÕúODPDPDNWDGÕU YH GÕúODPDPDOÕGÕU
'DKD |QFH EHOLUWLOGL÷L JLEL %ø7 VHNW|U |]HOOLNOH LOHWLúLPL NROD\ODúWÕUPÕú DGHWD
VÕQÕUODUÕ NDOGÕUPÕúWÕU %ø7 VHNW|UQQ NDWNÕODUÕ\OD GQ\DQÕQ KHU \HULQH HULúLP
NROD\OÕNOD VD÷ODQPDNWDGÕU GL\HELOPHN LoLQ |]HOOLNOH WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ DOW \DSÕ
\DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕQ KHU \HUGH \DSÕOPDVÕ |QNRúXOGXU gUQH÷LQ dLQ¶GH WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ
\DWÕUÕPODUÕ \DSÕOPDPÕú ROVD\GÕ GL÷HU ONHOHUGH WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ VHNW|UQGH VRQ
WHNQRORMLQLQEXOXQPDVÕdLQLOHLUWLEDWNXUXOPDVÕDoÕVÕQGDQELUDQODPLIDGHHWPH]GL
2007 \ÕOÕ %ø7 UQOHUL ithalat ve ihracat verilerine J|UH din, Amerika, Japonya,
Singapur, Almanya ve Kore %ø7 GÕú ticaretinde |QHPOL ONHlerdir. %ø7 VHNW|UQQ
ekonomiye NDWWÕ÷Õ dinamizm ile \NVHOHQ Uzak GR÷X ONHleri %ø7 UHWLPinde V|]
sahibi ONHler haline gelmektedirler. 350 milyar dolar ile en oRN LKUDFDWÕ
JHUoHNOHúWLUHQ dLQ¶L$PHULND+RQJ.RQJYH-DSRQ\DWDNLSHWPHNWHGLUøWKDODWWDLVH
Amerika birinci VÕUDGD yer DOÕUNHQ, Hong KongdLQ ikinci ve Singapur oQF VÕUDGD
yer DOPDNWDGÕU 7UNL\H iVH KHP LWKDODW KHP GH LKUDFDWWD GQ\D RUWDODPDODUÕQÕQ
DOWÕQGDNDOPÕúWÕU
28
ùHNLO 3.5: <ÕOÕ%ø7 hUQOHUL DÕú7LFDUHWL0LO\DU$%''RODUÕ)
400
350
300
250
200
150
ø7+$/$7
100
ø+5$&$7
50
7h5.ø<(
RUSYA
*h1(<$)5ø.$
+ø1'ø67$1
ø65$ø/
AVUSTRALYA
ø63$1<$
%5(=ø/<$
)ø1/$1'ø<$
ø69(d
ø7$/<$
FRANSA
KANADA
TAYLAND
0(.6ø.$
ø1*ø/7(5(
HOLLANDA
KORE
MALEZYA
ALMANYA
JAPONYA
6ø1*$385
$0(5ø.$
+21*.21*dø1
dø1
0
Kaynak: OECD, 2008E)LJXUHDYHE¶GHQGHUOHQHUHNKD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU
%ø7 UQOHUL LKUDooÕVÕ RODQ |]HOOLNOH $V\D ONHOHUL LoLQ %ø7 UHWLPL HNRQRPLN
E\PHOHULQLDUWÕUDQ|QHPOLELUXQVXUROPXúWXU'DKD|QFHGHEHOLUWWL÷LPL]JLEL%ø7
VHNW|UQGHNLE\PHKÕ]ÕGL÷HUHQGVWULOHUGHQ\NVHNWLU6RQ\ÕOODUGDdLQGQ\DQÕQ
HQE\N%ø7 UQOHULUHWLFLVLNRQXPXQDJHOPLúWLU(NRQRPLGHE\NELUGLQDPL]P
yaratan %ø7 UQOHULUHWLPLdLQ¶LQUHIDKG]H\LQLQDUWPDVÕQDGD\DUGÕPFÕROPXúWXU
(OECD, 2006, 139-182).
3.6.1.4. Para 3ROLWLNDODUÕ
%ø7 VHNW|U KHPHQ KHPHQ WP VHNW|UOHULQ JHOLúPHVLQGH LWLFL ELU JoWU )LQDQV YH
EDQNDFÕOÕN VHNW|UOHULQLQ JHOLúLPLQGH LVH SD\Õ ROGXNoD ID]ODGÕU Teknolojik
GH÷LúLPOHULQ ILQDQV VHNW|UQGH \DUDWWÕ÷Õ HWNLOHU GR÷UXGDQ para SL\DVDVÕQÕ da
etkilemektedir. ølk olarak finansal enstUPDQODUÕQ oHúLWOLOL÷L DUWPDNWDGÕU. Finans
NXUXPODUÕ \HQL WHNQRORMLOHU \ROX\OD LQWHUQHW ]HULQGHQ LúOHP \DSDELOPH |n talep
toplama gibi hizmetlerle finans SL\DVDODUÕQD hacim NDWPDNWDGÕUODU øNLQFL RODUDN
online LúOHPOHU nakit para talebini D]DOWPDNWDGÕU. Para SROLWLNDVÕ otoriteleri bu veriyi
J|] |QQH alarak politika belirlemektedirler. hoQFRODUDN%ø7UQOHUL GÕúWLFDUHW
\ROX\OD G|YL] NXUXQX HWNLOH\HUHN ILQDQV SL\DVDODUÕQGD
GROD\OÕ ELU HWNL
\DUDWPDNWDGÕUODU '|UGQF olarak dijital ortamdaki LúOHP maliyetlerinin GúPHVL
29
XOXVODUDUDVÕ finansal LúOHPOHUL DUWÕUPDNWD, finans SL\DVDODUÕQÕ JOREDOOHúWLUPHNWHGLU.
)LQDQV SL\DVDODUÕQGD \DWÕUÕPFÕODU VDDW LúOHP \DSDELOPHNWHGLU =DPDQ
IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQGDQ GROD\Õ VDDW ER\XQFD GQ\DQÕQ IDUNOÕ QRNWDODUÕQGD ILQDQVDO
SL\DVDODUDoÕNEXOXQGX÷XQGDQXOXVODUDUDVÕR\XQFXODUIDUNOÕSL\DVDODUGD\DWÕUÕPODUÕQD
devam edebilmektedir. RHHOVHUPD\H\DWÕUÕPFÕODUÕDoÕVÕQGDQEDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDGDELUGL]L
avantaj \DUDWÕOPDNWDGÕU gQFHOLNOH \DWÕUÕP NDUDUÕ DúDPDVÕQGD ELOJL\H KÕ]OÕ HULúLP
PDOL\HWOHUL GúUPHNWHGLU <DWÕUÕP \DSÕOGÕNWDQ VRQUD LVH NLORPHWUHOHUFH X]DNWDNL
ILUPDODUÕQÕVDQDORUWDPGDVUHNOLL]OH\HELOPHLPNkQÕ HOGHHWPHNWHGLUOHU7PEXQODU
\DEDQFÕ GR÷UXGDQ \DWÕUÕPODUÕDUWÕUPDNWDGÕU)LQDQVSL\DVDVÕQD giren VÕFDN para ve reel
\DWÕUÕPFÕQÕQ ekonomiye NDWWÕ÷Õ VHUPD\HOHU0HUNH]%DQNDVÕELODQoRODUÕQGD |QHPOL bir
yere sahiptir ve otoritelerin NDUDUODUÕQGD |QHPOL yere sahiptirler (-DSRQ\D %DQNDVÕ,
2001).
%DQNDODUÕQ ZHE VLWHOHUL YH oHúLWOL NDPX NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ ZHE VLWHOHULQGHQ ELUoRN
HNRQRPLNJ|VWHUJHOHULWDNLSHGHELOHQ\DWÕUÕPFÕDVLPHWULNELOJLSUREOHPLQLPLQLPL]H
HGHELOPHNWHGLU )LQDQV VHNW|UQGH \DúDQDQ JHOLúPHOHU SL\DVDODUÕ GDKD úHIIDI KDOH
JHWLUPHNWHGLU øQWHUQHWH HULúLPLQ DUWPDVÕ YH NDPX NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ KDONÕ LQWHUQHW
]HULQGHQELOJLOHQGLUPHOHUL WPHNRQRPLNELULPOHULQ DOÕQDQNDUDUODUÕYHHNRQRPLN
J|VWHUJHOHUL \DNÕQdan izlemelerine olanak VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU. Bu geliúPHOHU Merkez
BDQNDODUÕQÕ GDKD GLNNDWOL GDKD NXUDOD X\JXQ hareket etmeye ]RUODPDNWDGÕU
(<XPXúDN, Gran ve Eraslan, 2004, 329).
%ø7¶LQ \D\JÕQ NXOODQÕPÕ LQWHUQHW DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD LOHWLúLPLQ DQÕQGD \DSÕOPDVÕ finansal
SL\DVDODUÕQGÕúúRNOara maruz kalma RODVÕOÕ÷ÕQÕE\N |OoGHDUWÕUPDNWDGÕU%LUONH
\DGDNÕWDGDPH\GDQDJHOHQPDOLNUL], KÕ]ODWPONHOHUH\D\ÕOPDNWDGÕU8OXVODUDUDVÕ
piyasalarda dolaúÕPGDEXOXQDQ VÕFDNSDUDNUL]DQÕQGDXOXVODUDUDVÕpiyasalardan geri
oHNLOPHNWH YH oÕNWÕNODUÕ SL\DVDODUÕQ GLS VHYL\HOHUH LQPHVLQH \RO DoPDNWDGÕU 6RQ
RODUDN \ÕOÕQGD $%'¶GH ILQDQV SL\DVDVÕQGD \DúDQDQ kriz, WP GQ\D
ekonomilerine VÕoUDPÕú ve ekonomilerde ciddi NoOPH ve iúsizlik \DUDWPÕúWÕU.
3.6.2. Mikro .DWNÕODU
%ø7\DWÕUÕPÕYHNXOODQÕPÕLúJFYHULPOLOL÷LQLDUWÕUÕFÕELUXQVXUGXUgzellikle internet
NXOODQÕPÕ KHP YHULPOLOL÷L DUWÕUmakta KHP PDOL\HWL GúUmektedir. Milyonlarca
ELOJL\L VDNOD\DQ YH VÕQÕIOD\DQ YHUL WDEDQODUÕ YH GL÷HU \D]ÕOÕPODU LúOHPOHUL
30
KÕ]ODQGÕUGÕ÷Õ JLEL KDWD XQVXUXQX GD VÕIÕUD \DNODúWÕUPDNWDGÕU øúOHPOHULQ YH UHWLPLQ
LOJLOL \D]ÕOÕP YH NXOODQÕODQ \NVHN WHNQRORMLOL PDNLQHOHUOH \DSÕOPDVÕ LúOHWPHQLQ YH
oDOÕúDQODUÕQ SHUIRUPDQVÕQÕ DUWÕUPDNWDGÕU .DOLWH DUWÕúÕ YH PDOL\HW Gúú \DUDWDQ
verimlilik, fLUPD\DDYDQWDMVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU (Oliner ve Sichel, 2000).
%ø7¶L GL÷HU ILUPDODUOD RUJDQL]H ROPXú úHNLOGH NXOODQDQ ILUPDODU, oRN ID]OD \|QHWLFL
kadrosu bulundurmayacak hDWWDED]ÕGXUXPODUGDDUDFÕNXUXPODUODGDoDOÕúPDJHUH÷L
NDOPD\DFDNWÕU%XGD \LQHILUPDQÕQPDOL\HWLQL GúUFELUXQVXUGXU (DPT, 2003a,
31-32).
%D]Õ%ø7ILUPDODUÕ\DGDHWNLQúHNLOGH%ø7NXOODQDQILUPDODU\DUDWWÕNODUÕGÕúVDOOÕNODUOD
GL÷HUILUPDODUDDYDQWDMODUVD÷ODPDNWDGÕUODU (Stiroh, 2001, 9). %ø7NXOODQPD\DQ\DGD
D] NXOODQDQ ILUPDODU GL÷HU ILUPDODUÕQ \DUDWWÕ÷Õ WDúma etkileriyle PDOL\HW Gúú YH
rekDEHWDYDQWDMODUÕHOGHHGHUOHU.
%ø7 GD÷ÕOÕPÕ JHOLúPLú YH JHOLúPHNWH RODQ ONHOHUGH ELUELULQGHQ IDUNOÕGÕU *HOLúPLú
ONHOHU GDKD ID]OD $5-*( \DWÕUÕPODUÕ \DSDELOPHNWH GROD\ÕVÕ\OD \HQL WHNQRORML\L
UHWHQ YH GROD\ÕVÕ\OD \HQL WHNQRORMLOHULn LON VDWÕFÕVÕ ROPDNWDGÕUODU. Bu avantaj
JHOLúPLú ONHOHUL GDKD GD ]HQJLQOHúWLUPHNWHGLU %ø7 VHNW|U HQ KÕ]OÕ JHOLúHQ VHNW|U
ROGX÷XQGDQ VHNW|UGH IDDOL\HW J|VWHUHQ ILUPDODU E\PHGHQ SD\ODUÕQÕ DODFDNODUGÕU
%ø7 VHNW|UQQ \D\JÕQ ROGX÷X JHOLúPLú ONHOHU GDKD ]HQJLQOHúLUNHQ JHOLU GD÷ÕOÕPÕ
JHOLúPLúONHOHUOHKLQHER]XODELOHFHNWLU'L÷HU yandan teknolojiyi \DWÕUÕP yapmadan
transfer eden ONHler bu durumu IÕUVDWa oHYLUHELOLUOHU.
3.7.
Bilgi ve øOHWLúLP Teknolojileri *|VWHUJHOHUL
%LOJL WRSOXPXQX oHúLWOL ER\XWODUÕ\OD incelemek WRSOXPD HNRQRPL\H NDWNÕODUÕQÕ
|OoPHN YH ONHOHUL NDUVÕODúWÕUPDN DPDFÕ\OD oHúLWOL SDUDPHWUHOHU JHOLúWLULOPLúWLU %ø7
J|VWHUJHOHULWHPHORODUDNHULúLPNXOODQÕPYHHWNL\L|OoPHNWHGLU(ULúLPELUH\OHULQYH
LúOHWPHlerin %ø7 UQOHULQHQHNDGDUVDKLSROGXNODUÕQÕ%ø7 NXOODQÕPÕLVHELUH\OHULQ
LúOHWPHlerin ve devletin %ø7 UQOHULQL QH VÕNOÕNWD YH QH LoLQ NXOODQGÕNODUÕQÕ |OoHU
Son olarak %ø7 etkisi ise %ø7 HULúLPL YH NXOODQÕPÕQ HNRQRPLN E\PH\H LúJF
\DUDWÕOPDVÕ JLEL PDNUR G]H\ YH LúOHWPH SHUIRUPDQVÕ JLEL PLNUR G]H\GHNL HWNLOHUL
J|VWHULU %ø7 J|VWHUJHOHULQL DU] YH WDOHS \DQOÕ RODUDN HOGH HGLOLú ELoLPLQH J|UH
31
VÕQÕIODPDk mPNQGU 7DOHS \DQOÕ J|VWHUJHOHU %ø7 NXOODQÕFÕODUÕQGDQ HOGH HGLOHQ
J|VWHUJHOHU DU] \DQOÕ J|VWHUJHOHU ise %ø7 KL]PHWL VD÷OD\ÕFÕODUGan elde edilen
J|VWHUJHOHUGLU(Stork, 2007).
8OXVODUDUDVÕ 7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ %LUOL÷L International Telecommunications Union,
,78 XOXVODUDUDVÕ NDUúÕODúWÕUPDODUGD temel olan %ø7 fÕUVDW HQGHNVL EHOLUOHPLúWLU tane %ø7 J|VWHUJHVLQGHQ ROXúDQ EX HQGHNVOH ONH\L NDUVÕODúWÕUPD LPNkQÕ
\DUDWÕOPÕúWÕU ITU, %ø7 IÕUVDW HQGHNVLQGH ELOJL \R÷XQOX÷X YH ELOJL NXOODQÕPÕ D\UÕPÕ
yapPÕúWÕU%ø7 )ÕUVDWHQGHNVLQGH\HUDODQ%ø7 J|VWHUJHOHULWDEOR ¶GH YHULOPLúWLU
Tablo 3.5: ITU ± %ø7 )ÕUVDW(QGHNVL,&72SSRUWXQLW\,QGH[
Bilgi
YR÷XQOX÷X
$÷
Yetenek
Bilgi
.XOODQÕPÕ
Sahiplik
<R÷XQOXN
+HUNLúL\Hsabit telefon abonesi
+HUNLúL\HFHSWHOHIRQXDERQHVL
8OXVODUDUDVÕLQWHUQHWEDQWJHQLúOL÷L
<HWLúNLQ2NXU-\D]DURUDQODUÕ
%UWRNXOODúPDLON|÷UHWLPRUWD|÷UHWLPOLVH
+HUNLúL\HLQWHUQHWNXOODQÕPÕ
79VDKLELKDQHKDONODUÕRUDQÕ
+HUNLúL\HELOJLVD\DUVD\ÕVÕ
7RSODPJHQLú bant internet aboneleri
8OXVODUDUDVÕWHOHIRQJ|UúPHOHULWUDIL÷L
Kaynak: International Telecommunications Union (ITU)¶GDQDNWDUÕOPÕúWÕU
<DSÕODQ oDOÕúPD\D J|UH \ÕOÕ LoLQ LOH SXDQ DUDVÕQGD VÕUDODQDQ
ONHOHUDUDVÕQGD7UNL\HSXDQODVÕUDGD\HUDOPDNWDGÕU
32
Tablo 3.6: %ø7 )ÕUVDW Endeksi (2007 )
Aö
(.2120ø
1
2
3
12
13
14
16
18
27
30
36
39
40
46
47
48
60
63
64
67
70
71
79
122
123
136
167
172
182
d2.
Yh.6(.
øVYHo
LNVHPEXUg
Hong Kong
BeloLND
Amerika
Avustralya
Almanya
øsrail
Japonya
<h.6(.
Slovenya
Portekiz
Katar
Macaristan
Polonya
Jamaika
Yunanistan
ORTA
Arjantin
Rusya
Brezilya
7UNL\H
Meksika
Bulgaristan
dLQ
'hùh.
Endonezya
Libya
Sudan
Nepal
Mali
Nijerya
YETENEK 6$+ø3/ø. YOöUNLUK
%ø7
2001±2005
ORT.
(1'(.6ø (1'(.6ø (1'(.6ø (1'(.6ø (1'(.6ø YILLIK
%h<h0(
432,10
605,10
675,50
553,70
498,00
346,70
426,00
496,00
335,40
243,30
229,60
261,80
253,40
215,60
232,60
190,70
363,90
252,20
103,60
149,40
161,90
124,20
158,60
113,70
185,50
113,30
26,20
57,50
48,50
25,10
13,30
19,90
8,30
137,50
153,80
112,00
117,00
153,30
143,30
155,90
131,20
133,70
132,70
122,10
146,00
134,80
113,90
133,70
137,50
94,10
139,20
110,10
137,10
139,20
121,00
116,00
108,80
127,80
106,10
67,30
102,60
126,30
58,60
66,80
24,00
33,60
371,50
464,50
412,60
366,70
304,50
443,60
447,50
355,90
358,20
386,50
200,70
332,20
184,30
199,40
192,40
211,60
154,50
140,20
98,50
135,30
144,70
168,60
109,60
150,90
128,70
81,60
21,80
48,80
42,00
58,60
9,60
8,00
2,40
451,80
470,59
607,37
751,74
475,09
499,37
365,16
366,09
482,61
348,96
229,66
289,02
306,29
306,99
229,06
137,94
140,65
141,11
100,65
140,23
108,89
136,78
135,32
129,47
76,15
146,17
72,62
72,84
77,07
71,54
70,97
71,74
70,81
312,17
377,69
371,10
365,54
324,21
323,85
322,73
303,42
296,71
256,90
185,43
246,13
209,57
196,92
192,41
166,36
165,16
162,34
101,22
140,40
137,27
136,44
128,53
124,68
123,46
109,41
38,16
67,68
66,71
49,83
27,91
22,92
14,75
54,65
43,52
77,20
57,09
41,77
44,17
75,59
43,38
86,71
42,71
56,17
59,12
42,19
79,39
59,16
58,20
99,43
32,75
49,19
37,86
71,29
56,43
48,84
41,62
30,11
67,22
67,66
44,87
46,47
99,76
47,14
44,28
86,75
Kaynak: International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
%ø7 J|VWHUJHOHUL ONHOHULQ ]D\ÕI YH JoO QRNWDODUÕQÕ J|UPHVL YH GQ\D ONHOHUL
NDUúÕVÕQGDNL GXUXPXQX |÷UHQPHVL DoÕVÕQGDQ |QHPOLGLU 0HYFXW GXUXPXQX ELOHQ
ekonomik birimler, strateji belirlemede daha objektif kararlar alabilirler (World
Bank, 2008, 1).
33
'Q\D %DQNDVÕ ELOJL HNRQRPLVLQL |OoPHN ve NDUVÕODúWÕUPDN ]HUH .(ø (Bilgi
Ekonomisi øQGHNVL.ø (Bilgi øQGHNVL), Ekonomik <R÷XQOXN Rejimi, Yenilik, (÷LWLP
ve %ø7 endeksleri EHOLUOHPLúWLU. Bu sisteme J|UH, ONHlere belirli kriterlere J|UH 1 ile
DUDVÕQGD SXDQODU YHULOHUHN LQGHNVOHU KHVDSODQPDNWDGÕU. Bu VÕUDODPD\D J|UH
7UNL\H\ÕOÕLWLEDUL\OH 53. VÕUDGD yer DOPDNWDGÕU.
.(ø indeksinde 1000 NLúL\H GVHQ WHOHIRQ ELOJLVD\DU YH øQWHUQHW VDKLSOL÷LQLQ
RUWDODPDVÕ .ø indeksinde \HWLúNin okur-\D]DUOÕN RUDQÕ, ikinci ve oQF seviyede
RNXOODúPD RUDQODUÕ, ekonomik \R÷XQOXN rejimi indeksinde NRWDOÕ ve NRWDVÕ] engeller,
G]HQOHPH kalitesi ve kanunlar, yenilik indeksinde Amerika Patent ve Ticaret
Ofisince RQD\ODQPÕú patentler, bilim ve teknoloji makaleleri baz DOÕQPDNWDGÕU. %ø7
indeksinde ekonomik \R÷XQOXN ve kurumsal rejim, H÷LWLP, yenilik indeksleri J|]
|QQGH EXOXQGXUXOPDNWDGÕU.3
Tablo 3.7: 'Q\D%DQNDVÕ%LOJL(NRQRPLVL*|VWHUJHOHUL (2008)
6ÕUDlama
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
53
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
hONH
Danimarka
øVYHo
Finlandiya
Hollanda
1RUYHo
Kanada
øVYLoUH
øQJLOWHUH
Amerika
Avustralya
7UNL\H
G7
%DWÕ$YUXSD
Asya-Pasifik
Avr-Orta Asya
'Q\D
2UWD'R÷XYH
Kuzey Afrika
Latin Amerika
Afrika
*QH\$IULND
KEI
KI
9,58
9,52
9,37
9,32
9,27
9,21
9,15
9,09
9.08
9,05
5,61
8,76
8,72
6,59
6,35
5,92
9,55
9,63
9,33
9,36
9,27
9,14
9,03
9,03
9,05
9,17
5,14
8,93
8,73
6,88
6,65
6,17
Ekonomik
\R÷XQOXN
rejimi
9,66
9,18
9,47
9,18
9,25
9,42
9,50
9.28
9,16
8,66
7,02
8,24
8,69
5,71
5,44
5,18
5,38
5,07
2,80
2,53
5,63
5,19
2,81
2,47
4,63
4,70
2,80
2,72
Yenilik
(÷LWLP
%ø7
9,57
9,79
9,66
9,48
9,06
9,43
9,89
9.18
9,45
8,72
5,67
9,19
9,23
8,44
6,88
8,01
9,80
9,40
9,78
9,26
9,60
9,26
7,69
8.54
8,77
9,64
4,38
8,73
8,16
5,26
6,74
4,16
9,28
9,69
8,56
9,36
9,16
8,74
9,52
9.38
8,93
9,16
5,38
8,89
8,80
6,94
6,33
6,34
7,22
5,94
4,31
3,34
3,69
4,39
1,46
1,89
5,97
5,23
2,65
2,17
.D\QDN'Q\D%DQNDVÕhttp://info.worldbank.org/etools/kam2/KAM_page5.asp
3
http://info.worldbank.org/etools/kam2/KAM_page5.asp
34
3.7.1. Temel %ø7 G|VWHUJHOHUL
3DUWQHUVKLSRQ0HDVXULQJ,&7IRU'HYHORSPHQW¶LQulusal istatistik ofisleri ile birlikte
KD]ÕUODGÕ÷Õ YH \ÕOÕQGD UHYL]H HGLOHQ %ø7 tHPHO J|VWHUJHOHUL NRGODUÕ\OD ELUOLNWH
tablolar halinde VÕUDODQPÕúWÕU4
Tablo 3.8: %ø7 7HPHO$OW\DSÕYH(ULúLPG|VWHUJHOHUL
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
+HU.LúL\H'úHn Sabit Telefon Abonesi
+HU.LúL\H'úen Cep Telefonu Abonesi
+HU.LúL\H'úHQøQWHUQHW$ERQHVL
+HU<].LúL\H6DELW%URDGEDQG$ERQHVL
+HU<].LúL\H&HS7HOHIRQX%URDGEDQG$ERQHVL
.LúL%LW6DQL\H%DúÕQD'úHQ8OXVODUDUDVÕ%DQW*HQLúOL÷L
0RELO7HOHIRQ$÷Õ\OD.DSODQPÕú1IXV2UDQÕ
6DELW%URDGEDQGøQWHUQHW(ULúLP7DULIHVL'RODU%D]ÕQGDve Sermaye Geliri
%DúÕQD$\OÕN<]GH2ODUDN
&HS7HOHIRQX%URDGEDQGøQWHUQHW(ULúLP7DULIHVL'RODU%D]ÕQGDve Sermaye
*HOLUL%DúÕQD$\OÕN<]GH2ODUDN
.DPXøQWHUQHW(ULúLPOL0HUNH]OHULQ<]GHVL.LúL6D\ÕVÕ\OD%LUOLNWH
4
Bu E|OPBirleúmiú 0LOOHWOHU3DUWQHUVKLSRQ0HDVXULQJ,&7IRU'HYHORSPHQWWDUDIÕQGDQRUWDN
oDOÕúPDRODUDNKD]ÕUODQDQµ&RUH,&7,QGLFDWRUV¶DGOÕoDOÕúPDGDQoHYULOPLúWLU
35
Tablo 3.9: %ø7(ULúLPL+DQH+DONÕYH%LUH\OHU7DUDIÕQGDQ
.XOODQÕP *|VWHUJHOHUL
HH1
HH2
HH3
HH4
HH5
HH6
HH7
HH8
HH9
HH10
HH11
HH12
HHR1
5DG\RVX2ODQ+DQH+DONODUÕQÕQ2UDQÕ
7HOHYL]\RQX2ODQ+DQH+DONODUÕQÕQ2UDQÕ
7HOHIRQX2ODQ+DQH+DONODUÕQÕQ2UDQÕ
%LOJLVD\DUÕ2ODQ+DQH+DONODUÕQÕQ2UDQÕ
6RQ$\GD%LOJLVD\DU.XOODQDQ.LúL2UDQÕ
øQWHUQHW (ULúLPL2ODQ+DQH+DONODUÕQÕQ2UDQÕ
6RQ$\GDøQWHUQHW.XOODQDQÕQ.LúL2UDQÕ
%LUH\OHULQ6RQ$\GDøQWHUQHW.XOODQÕPÕ<HUL
Ev
(÷LWLP<HUL
%DúNDVÕQÕQ(YL
øQWHUQHW(ULúLPL2ODQ%LU.DPX<HUL
øQWHUQHW.DIH
&HS7HOHIRQXøOH8ODúÕODQ+HUKDQJL%LU<HU
'L÷HU0RELO$UDoODUODøOH8ODúÕODQ+HUKDQJL%LU<HU
%LUH\OHULQ6RQ$\GDøQWHUQHW.XOODQÕP$PDFÕ
Mal vH+L]PHW+DNNÕQGD%LOJL(GLQPH
6D÷OÕNLOHøOJLOL%LOJL(GLQPH
'HYOHW.XUXPODUÕQGDQ%LOJL(GLQPH
'HYOHW.XUXPODUÕ\ODøúOHP<DSPD
E-3RVWD$OPD*|QGHUPH
Mal vH+L]PHW6DWÕQ$OPD
øQWHUQHW%DQNDFÕOÕ÷Õ
(÷LWLPya dDg÷UHQPH$NWLYLWHOHUL
Video ya dD%LOJLVD\DU2\XQX2\QDPDøQGLUPH
)LOP5HVLP0]LNøQGLUPH799LGHR6H\UHWPH0]LN5DG\R'LQOHPH
2QOLQH*D]HWH\DGD0DJD]LQ(OHNWURQLN.LWDS2NXPD\DGDøQGLUPH
0RELO7HOHIRQ.XOODQDQ.LúLOHULQ2UDQÕ
øQWHUQHW(ULúLPOL+DQH+DONODUÕQÕQ(ULúLP7UOHUL
Narrowband
Fixed Broadband
Mobile Broadband
6RQ$\GDøQWHUQHW.XOODQÕP6ÕNOÕ÷Õ
(Q$]*QGH%LU
En Az Haftada Bir
Haftada Birden Az
(OHNWUL÷L2ODQ+DQH+DONÕ2UDQÕ
36
Tablo 3.10: ùLUNHWOHU7DUDIÕQGDQ%ø7.XOODQÕP *|VWHUJHOHUL
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
B12
%LOJLVD\DU.XOODQDQøúOHWPH2UDQÕ
5XWLQ2ODUDN%LOJLVD\DU.XOODQDQøVWLKGDP2UDQÕ
øQWHUQHW.XOODQDQøúOHWPH2UDQÕ
5XWLQ2ODUDNøQWHUQHW.XOODQDQøVWLKGDP2UDQÕ
:HE6D\IDVÕ2ODQøúOHWPH2UDQÕ
øQWUDQHW.XOODQDQøúOHWPH2UDQÕ
øQWHUQHWWHQ6LSDULú$ODQøúOHWPH6D\ÕVÕ
øQWHUQHWWHQ$OLP<DSDQøúOHWPH6D\ÕVÕ
øQWHUQHW(ULúLPOLøúOHWPHOHULQ(ULúLP7UOHUL
Narrowband
Fixed Broadband
Mobile Broadband
<HUHO$ODQ$÷OÕøOHWPH6D\ÕVÕ
(NVWUDQHW.XOODQDQøúOHWPH2UDQÕ
øQWHUQHW.XOODQÕP$PDoODUÕ
E-3RVWD$OPD*|QGHUPH
øQWHUQHW7HOHIRQX9RÕS
%LOJL*|QGHUPH<D'D6UHNOL0HVDMODúPD
Mal vH+L]PHWOHU+DNNÕQD%LOJL$OPD
'HYOHW.XUXPODUÕQGDQ%LOJL(GLQPH
'HYOHW.XUXPODUÕ\ODøúOHP<DSPD
øQWHUQHW%DQNDFÕOÕ÷Õ
'L÷HU)LQDQVDO.XUXPODUD(ULúLP
0úWHUL+L]PHWOHUL6D÷ODPD
hUQOHUL2QOLQH'D÷ÕWPD
dDOÕúDQÕ(÷LWPH
Tablo 3.11: %ø7hUHWHQ6HNW|U*|VWHUJHOHUL
ICT1
ICT2
%ø76HNW|UQH'kKLO (GLOPLúøúJFQQ 7P6HNW|UGHNLøVWLKGDPD2UDQÕ
(%)
%UW.DWPD'H÷HULQ%ø76HNW|U3D\Õ2ODUDN
Tablo 3.12%ø7hUQOHUL7LFDUHWL*|VWHUJHOHUL
ICT3
ICT4
7RSODPøWKDODWWDNL%ø70DOODUÕøWKDODWÕ2UDQÕ
7RSODPøKUDFDWWDNL%ø7øKUDFÕ2UDQÕ
37
Tablo 3.13: (÷LWLPGH%ø7*|VWHUJHOHUL
(÷LWLP$PDoOÕ5DG\R.XOODQÕODQ2NXO2UDQÕ
(÷LWLP$PDoOÕ79.XOODQÕODQ2NXO2UDQÕ
7HOHIRQøOHWLúLPL2ODQ2NXO2UDQÕ
%LOJLVD\DU%DúÕQDg÷UHQFL2UDQÕ
øQWHUQHW(ULúLPL2ODQ2NXO2UDQÕ
Okulda øQWHUQHWH(ULúHELOHQg÷UHQFL2UDQÕ
%ø7$ODQODUÕQGD']H\GH(÷LWLPH.DWÕODQODUÕQ&LQVL\HWH*|UH.DWÕOÕP
ED7 2UDQODUÕ
ED8 øON9H2UWDRNXOODUGDNL%ø7.XOODQDELOHQg÷UHWPHQ2UDQÕ
EDR1 (OHNWUL÷L2ODQ2NXO2UDQÕ
ED1
ED2
ED3
ED4
ED5
ED6
3.7.2. 'Q\DhONHOHULYH7UNL\H¶GH%ø7 *|VWHUJHOHUL
3.7.2.1.'Q\DhONHOHUL%ø7*|VWHUJHOHUL
%ø7¶LQ NXOODQÕPÕ ONHOHULQ JHOLúPLúOLN G]H\OHULQH J|UH IDUNOÕOÕN J|VWHUPHNWHGLU
hONHOHULQ JHOLúPLúOLN G]H\OHULQH J|UH YH \ÕOODUÕQGD %ø7
VHNW|UQQQHGHUHFH\D\JÕQ ROGX÷XQXJ|VWHUHQWHPHO%ø7 J|VWHUJHOHULWDEOR ¶GH
J|VWHULOPLúWLU.
Tablo 3.14: Temel $OW\DSÕ ve (ULúLP *|VWHUJHOHUL (1995, 2000 ve 2006)
*HOLúme
']H\L
<ÕO
A7. Mobil
$.LúL
A4.
A5.
øQWHUQHW *HQLúEDQW %DúÕQD'úHQ Telefon
$÷Õ\OD
8OXVODUDUDVÕ
.XOODQÕ
øQWHUQHW
FÕVÕ
.XOODQÕFÕVÕ %DQW*HQLúOL÷L .DSODQPÕú
1IXV
(%ø7)
2UDQÕ
Her 100 KLúL\H Dúen SD\Õ
A1.
Sabit
Telefon
+DWWÕ
A2. Cep
Telefonu
+DWWÕ
A3.
Bilgisayar
1995
*HOLúPLú
Ekonomiler 2000
2006
50
8
19
na
57
50
37
14
1
606
98
51
92
62
24
19
4755
99
1995
*HoLú
Ekonomileri 2000
2006
15
0,1
5
na
Na
na
na
19
3
5
0.3
Na
12
76
23
77
10
3
2
233
88
*HOLúmekte 1995
Olan
2000
Ekonomiler
2006
5
0.4
3
na
Na
na
na
9
6
3
0.9
Na
5
71
15
33
5
4
2
177
74
1995
0,3
0
0,3
na
Na
na
na
Na
0.2
34
0
7
59
$]*HOLúPLú
0,5
0,3
0,3
0
Ekonomiler 2000
2006
0,9
10
0,7
0.2
Kaynak: ITU World Telecomunication/ICT Indicators
Na (not avDLODEOHøOJLOLYHULOHULQEXOXQPDGÕ÷ÕQÕEHOLUWPHNWHGLU
38
Na
na
na
*HOLúPLú YH D] JHOLúPLú ONHOHULQ %ø7 temel DOW\DSÕ ve HULúLP J|VWHUJHOHUL DUDVÕQGD
bir XoXUXP ROGX÷X DoÕNoD J|UOPHNWHGLU. Sabit ve cep telefonu KDWWÕ VD\ÕVÕJHOLúPLú
ONHOHUGH \ÕOÕQGD VÕUDVÕ\OD yz kiúi EDVÕQD 51 ve 92 iken, bu VD\Õ D] JHOLúPLú
ONHlerde 0, YH ¶GXU %X J|VWHUJH DoÕVÕQGDQ 7UNL\H YHULOHUL gHoLú ekonomileri
YHULOHULLOHEHQ]HUOLNJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
Bilgisayar, internet ve JHQLú bant internet VD\ÕVÕ DoÕVÕQGDQ EHQ]HU ELU GXUXP V|]
NRQXVXGXU*HOLúPLúHNRQRPLOHULoLQ 2006 verileri VÕUDVÕ\OD YHD]JHOLúPLú
ONHOHULQ verileri ise 0,7 - 0,2 YH¶GÕr.
<ÕOODU LWLEDUL\OH JOREDO Bø7 VHNW|UQQ WHPHO J|VWHUJHOHUL HOH DOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD %ø7¶LQ
NXOODQÕP YH \D\ÕOPDVÕ DoÕVÕQGDQ 0 \ÕOOÕN ]DPDQ GLOLPLQGH FLGGL DUWÕú J|VWHUGL÷L
J|]OHQPLúWLU. %ø7VHNW|UQGH|zellikle WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQVHNW|UQQKÕ]ODE\PHVL
YH\DSÕODQDOW\DSÕ\DWÕUÕPODUÕGL÷HUVHNW|UOHULQGHJHOLúPHVLQHNDWNÕODUVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU
7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ KL]PHWLQL ELUoRN VHNW|UQ NXOODQPDVÕ LVH VHNW|UQ JHOLUOHULQLQ
DUWPDVÕQD \RO DoPDNWDGÕU $\QÕ DOW \DSÕ \DWÕUÕPODUÕ LOH oRN VD\ÕGD NXOODQÕFÕ\D
XODúÕOPDVÕPDOL\HWOHULGúUPHNWHYH VHNW|UH WDOHELDUWÕUPDNWDGÕU&ep telefonu KDWWÕ
VD\ÕVÕ ve internet NXOODQÕFÕ VD\ÕODUÕnda izlHQHQDUWÕúEXQXDoÕNúHNLOGHJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU.
Tablo 3.15: Global %ø7 *|VWHUJHOHUL
2000
Sabit Telefon
+DWWÕPLO\RQ
Cep Telefonu
+DWWÕPLO\RQ
8OXVODUDUDVÕ
Telefon
7UDIL÷L
'DNLNDVÕ
(milyar)
.LúLVHO
Bilgisayarlar
(milyon)
øQWHUQHW
.XOODQÕFÕODUÕ
(milyon)
975
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1.034 1.083 1.135 1.204 1.262 1.263 1.278 1.267
738
961
1.157 1.417 1.763 2.219 2.757 3.305 4.100
114
120
127
141
166
179
183
na
na
500
555
615
650
775
808
Na
na
na
390
489
616
721
867
989
1.168 1.344
Kaynak: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/at_glance/KeyTelecom99.html
1DQRWDYDLODEOHøOJLOLYHULOHULQEXOXQPDGÕ÷ÕQÕEHOLUWPHNWHGLU
39
1.42
3.7.2.2. 7UNL\H%ø7*|VWHUJHOHUL
7UNL\H¶GH %ø7 J|VWHUJHOHUL 7hø. WDUDIÕQGDQ \DSÕODQ DUDúWÕUPDODUOD WHVSLW
edilmektedir. 7hø. LOJLOL YHULOHUL XOXVODUDUDVÕ VWDQGDUWODUD J|UH JLULúLP YH ELUH\OHU
ED]ÕQGD QIXV SURMHNVL\RQODUÕQÕ GD J|] |QQH DODUDN D\UÕ D\UÕ L]OHPHNWHGLU
dDOÕúPDPÕ]ÕQ EX E|OPQGH |QFH ELUH\OHULQ %ø7 NXOODQÕPÕQD LOLúNLQ J|VWHUJHOHU,
DUGÕQGDGDJLULúLPOHUED]ÕQGDJ|VWHUJHOHULQFHOHQHFHNWLU
3.7.2.2.1. %LUH\OHUHøOLúNLQ%ø7*|VWHUJHOHUL
7hø. WDUDIÕQGDQ \DSÕODQ KDQH KDONÕ ELOJL WHNQRORMLOHUL NXOODQÕPÕ DUDúWÕUPD
VRQXoODUÕQD J|UH KDQH KDONODUÕQÕQ %ø7¶H VDKLSOLN RUDQÕ ELUH\OHULQ LQWHUQHWH HULúLP
ELOJLVD\DUYHLQWHUQHWNXOODQÕPODUÕDUWÕúJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
Tablo ¶da 7hø. resmi web sitesinden elde edilen, ELUH\OHULQ %ø7 VDKLSOL÷LQH
LOLúNLQ J|VWHUJHOHU \HU DOPDNWDGÕU .LúLVHO ELOJLVD\DU WDúÕQDELOLU ELOJLVD\DU YH HO
ELOJLVD\DUODUÕVDKLSOL÷L\ÕOÕQGDQ\ÕOÕQDNDGDUVÕUDVÕ\ODNDWNDWYHNDW
DUWÕúJ|VWHUPLúWLU
Tablo 3.16: %LUH\OHULQ%ø7SDKLSOL÷LQHøOLúNLQ*|VWHUJHOHU
.LúLVHOELOJLVD\DU3&
7DúÕQDELOLUELOJLVD\DU
(OELOJLVD\DUÕ3DOP
Cep telefonu
Sabit telefon
Televizyon
'9'9&''LY;R\QDWÕFÕ
Oyun konsolu (Playstation, vb.)
'LMLWDOIRWR÷UDIPDNLQHVLNDPHUD
<D]ÕFÕ
7DUD\ÕFÕ
Faks
dRNIRQNVL\RQOXFLKD]\D]ÕFÕWDUD\ÕFÕ
13 IDNVYEQLQLNLYH\DGDKDID]ODVÕQÕLoHUHQ
<XNDUÕGDNLOHUGHQKLoELULQHVDKLSROPD\DQ
14 KDQHRUDQÕ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2004 2005 2007 2008 2009
10,0 11,6 24,0 28,1 30,7
0,9
1,1
5,6
9,1 11,2
0,1
0,1
0,4
0,5
0,6
53,6 72,6 87,4 88,1 87,6
na
na 72,7 68,4 61,9
92,2 97,7
na
na
na
na
na 40,6 42,6 42,7
2,9
2,9
3,7
3,9
3,7
na
na 16,9 20,0 20,4
na
na
9.7 12,1 12,4
na
na
3,5
4,5
3,4
na
na
1,2
1,1
1,1
na
na
1,3
1,1
1,6
na
na
na
2,8
3,6
Kaynak: www.tuik.gov.tr YHULWDEDQÕQGDQGHUOHQPLúWLU
1DQRWDYDLODEOHøOJLOLYHULOHULQEXOXQPDGÕ÷ÕQÕEHOLUWPHNWHGLU
40
%LUH\OHULQ ELOJLVD\DU NXOODQÕP RUDQODUÕ LQWHUQHWH HULúLP YH LQWHUQHW NXOODQÕPODUÕ GD
tablo ¶GH J|VWHULOGL÷LJLELKÕ]OÕELUDUWÕúJ|VWHUPLúWLU
Tablo 3.17: BireyleriQ%ø7.XOODQÕPODUÕQDøOLúNLQ*|VWHUJHOHU
<ÕOODU
2007
2008
2009
%LOJLVD\DUNXOODQÕPÕ
33,4
38,0
40,1
,QWHUQHW(ULúLPL
19,7
25,4
30,0
,QWHUQHWNXOODQÕPÕ
30,1
35,9
38,1
Kaynak: www.tuik.gov.tr YHULWDEDQÕQGDQGHUOHQPLúWLU
*16±74 yaú DUDVÕLQWHUQHWHULúLPYHNXOODQÕPRUDQODUÕDOÕQPÕúWÕU
Ocak-MaUW G|QHPLQGH ELUH\OHULQ 61,¶VL KHPHQ KHPHQ KHU Jn bilgisayar
NXOODQPÕúYH59,¶ \LQHKHPHQKHPHQKHUJQLQWHUQHWNXOODQPÕúWÕU7UNL\H¶QLQ
16±74 yaú DUDVÕQIXVXQXQELUoRNONH\HJ|UH\NVHNROPDVÕYH|]HOOLNOH16±24 \Dú
JUXEXQXQ HQ oRN %ø7 NXOODQPDVÕ 7UNL\H
QLQ %ø7 J|VWHUJHOHULQLQ \NVHN
oÕNPDVÕQGDUROR\QDPDNWDGÕU
%LUH\OHULQ ELOJLVD\DU YH LQWHUQHW NXOODQGÕNODUÕ PHNkQODUD EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD VÕUDVÕ\OD
%65,¶LQLQ HYGH ¶VLQLQ Lú\HULQGH YH 21,¶LQLQ LQWHUQHW NDIHGH ELOJLVD\DU
NXOODQGÕ÷Õ; %57,¶VÕQÕQ HYGH ¶QQ Lú\HULQGH YH 24,¶LQLQ LQWHUQHW NDIHGH
internet kullaQGÕ÷ÕJ|UOPúWU
%ø7¶LNXOODQDQODUÕQH÷LWLPVHYL\HOHULLQFHOHQGL÷LQGH\NVHNRNXOIDNOWH\D da st
G]H\GH H÷LWLP DOPÕú NLúLOHULQ %ø7 NXOODQÕP oranlarÕQÕQ \NVHN ROGX÷X WHVSLW
HGLOPLúWLU %LU JHQHOOHPH \DSÕODFDN ROXUVD, EX NLúLOHULQ JHOLUOHULQLQ \NVHN ROGX÷X
GROD\ÕVÕ\OD %ø7 UQOHULQL GDKD ID]OD VDWÕQ DODELOGLNOHUL J|UOPHNWHGLU .RPSlike
RODQ %ø7 UQOHULQL NXOODQPDGD GDKD EHFHUL VDKLEL ROPDODUÕ GD %ø7 NXOODQÕP
RUDQODUÕQÕ\NVHNROPDVÕQÕDoÕNOD\DQELUGL÷HUXQVXUGXU
%LUH\OHULQ QH DPDoOD LQWHUQHW NXOODQGÕNODUÕ NRQXVXQGD \DSÕODQ DUDúWÕUPD\D J|UH
%72,¶ e-posta alma-J|QGHUPH¶LJD]HWHYH\DGHUJLRNXPD57,¶LVRKEHW
RGDODUÕQGD LOHWL DOPD-J|QGHUPH YH 56,¶ LVH R\XQ P]LN ILOP YH\D J|UQW
LQGLUPHN\DGDJ|UQWOHPHNDPDFÕ\ODLQWHUQHWNXOODQGÕ÷ÕJ|UOPúWU
%LUH\OHULQNLúLVHONXOODQÕPDPDFÕ\ODLQWHUQHW]HULQGHQPDOYHKL]PHWDOPDRUDQODUÕ
JLEL GúN VHYL\HOHUGH VH\UHWPHNWHGLU 6DQDO RUWDPGD \DSÕODQ GRODQGÕUÕFÕOÕN
YH VDQDO RUWDPD JYHQVL]OLN JLEL VHEHSOHUOH LQWHUQHW ]HULQGHQ DOÕm-VDWÕP SHN
41
\D\JÕQODúPDPÕúWÕU øQWHUQHW RUWDPÕQGD DOÕQÕS VDWÕODQUQOHULVHGDKD oRNHOHNWURQLN
UQOHUGLU
3.7.2.2.2. *LULúLPOHUHøOLúNLQ%ø7*|VWHUJHOHUL
*LULúLPOHULQE\NONJUXEXQDJ|UHELOJLVD\DUYHLQWHUQHWHULúLPine sahip olma RUDQÕ
tablo ¶GH J|VWHULOPLúWLU 7DEORGDQ GD J|UOHFH÷L JLEL \ÕOÕ LWLEDUL\OH
ILUPDODUÕQ neredeyse %¶ ELOJLVD\DUYHLQWHUQHW HULúLPLQHVDKLSWLU%LOgisayar ve
LQWHUQHW NXOODQÕPÕ LúOHUGH SUDWLNOLN VD÷ODPDNWD YH YHULPOLOL÷L DUWÕUPDNWDGÕU 6DQDO
oUWDPGD LOHWLúLP PDOL\HWOHULQLQ WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ NDQDOÕ\OD LOHWLúLPGHQ GDKD XFX]
ROPDVÕ GD ELOJLVD\DU YH LQWHUQHW NXOODQÕPÕQÕ \D\JÕQODúWÕUPDNWDGÕU )LUPDODU
UDNLSOHULQLQ JHULVLQGH NDOPDPD JHOLúPHOHUL DQOÕN RODUDN WDNLS HWPH YH WHNQRORML\L
\DNÕQGDQ izleme GUWV\OHGHELOJLVD\DUYHLQWHUQHWNXOODQÕPODUÕQÕDUWÕUPDNWDGÕUODU
Tablo 3.18: %\NON*UXEXQD*|UH%LOJLVayar vH,QWHUQHW(ULúLPLQH6DKLS
2ODQ*LULúLPOHULQ2UDQÕ
%\NONJUXEX
Toplam
10±49
50±249
250+
<ÕO
øQWHUQHW
øQWHUQHW
øQWHUQHW
øQWHUQHW
Bilgisayar
Bilgisayar
Bilgisayar
Bilgisayar
HULúLPL
HULúLPL
HULúLPL
HULúLPL
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
2005
87,8
80,4
86,0
78,0
96,3
92,3
99,8
99,2
2007
88,7
85,4
87,0
83,3
95,0
93,6
99,3
99,2
2008
90,6
89,2
89,3
87,5
95,3
95,0
98,4
98,1
Kaynak: www.tuik.gov.tr YHULWDEDQÕQGDQGHUOHQPLúWLU
GLULúLPOHU ELOJL YH LOHWLúLP WHNQRORMLOHULQL \DNÕQGDQ WDNLS HWPHNWH YH ELOJL
WRSOXPXQXQ QLPHWOHULQGHQ RODQ VDQDO RUWDPGD WLFDUHW \DSPD RODQDNODUÕQÕ IÕUVDWD
oHYLUPHNWHGLUOHU 'LMLWDO RUWDPGD |]HOOLNOH 79 YH UDG\R NDQDOODUÕQGD UHNODP YH
pazarlama maliyetleUL ROGXNoD \NVHNWLU %X NDQDOOD DGODUÕQÕ GX\XUPD\D oDOÕúDQ
UQOHULQL WDQÕWPD\D oDOÕúDQ ILUPDODU FLGGL PDOL\HWOHUH NDWODQPDN ]RUXQGD
NDOPDNWDGÕUODU%XPDOL\HWOHULELU|OoGHEHUWDUDIHWPHk iste\HQJLULúLPFLOHUILUPDya
|]J ZHE VLWHOHUL WDVDUODWPDNWD YH EX VLWHOHU DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD UQOHUL ve hizmetleri
KDNNÕQGD D\UÕQWÕOÕ ELOJL YHUHELOPHNWHGLUOHU 7NHWLFL\L ELOJLOHQGLUPH DoÕVÕQGDQ oRN
|QHPOLELUDUDoRODQZHEVLWHOHULQLQNXUXOPDVÕYHJQFHOOHQPHVL\|QQGH<HQL7UN
7LFDUHW .DQXQX WDVDUÕVÕ KD]ÕUODQPD DúDPDVÕQGDGÕU +XNXNi temellere oturtulmaya
oDOÕúÕODQ EX X\JXODPD\D KHQ] JHoLOPHGHQ 7UNL\H¶GH ZHE VLWHVLQH VDKLSOLN
%¶ODUÕQ]HULQHoÕNPÕúWÕU
42
Tablo 3.19: %\NON*UXEXQD*|UH:HE6LWHVL\DGD$QD6D\IDVÕ2ODQ
*LULúLPOHULQ2UDQÕ
<ÕO
2005
2007
2008
Toplam
(%)
48,2
63,1
62,4
%\NON*UXEX
10 ± 49
50 ± 249
(%)
(%)
43,3
70,9
60,6
71,0
58,4
74,4
250 +
(%)
90.5
80,0
86,6
Kaynak: www.tuik.gov.tr YHULWDEDQÕQGDQGHUOHQPLúWLU
øQWHUQHW HULúLPL RODQ JLULúLPFLOHULQ, LQWHUQHW NXOODQÕP DPDoODUÕ LQFHOHQGL÷LQGH
|]HOOLNOHEDQNDFÕOÕNYHILQDQVDOKL]PHWOHUL\R÷XQúHNLOGHNXOODQGÕNODUÕJ|UOPHNWHGLU
%ø7¶LQ ILQDQV SL\DVDODUÕQD \DSWÕ÷Õ NDWNÕODUOD ILUPDODU EDQNDGD LúOHP \DSPDN LoLQ
harcanan zamandan tasarUXI HWWLNOHUL JLEL \NVHN PHEOD÷GDNL SDUDODUÕ oRN GD
JYHQOL ROPD\DQ VRNDNODUGD \DQODUÕQGD WDúÕPD ULVNLQGHQ NDoÕQDUDN VDQDO ortamda
HOHNWURQLNIRQWUDQVIHUL\DSPD\Õ tercih etmektedirler.
*LULúLPOHULQNDPXNXUXPYHNXUXOXúODUÕ\ODLOHWLúLPGHinternet kulODQÕPRUDQODUÕ
\ÕOÕnda %66,2, 2\ÕOÕnda %68,RODUDNJHUoHNOHúPLúWLU.DPXVHNW|UEURNUDVL\L
azaltmak, kÕUWDVL\H PDVUDIODUÕQÕ NÕVPDN YH GDKD YHULPOL KL]PHW YHUPHN DGÕQD ED]Õ
NRQXODUGD JLULúLPFLOHUL YH ELUH\OHUL LQWHUQHW NXOODQPD\D WHúYLN HGHUNHQ, ED]Õ
NRQXODUÕQGD LVH NDQXQL \HWNLVLQL NXOODQDUDN JLULúLPOHUL LQWHUQHW NXOODQPD\D
]RUODPDNWDGÕU gUQH÷LQ ED]Õ vergi bildirimlerinin LQWHUQHW RUWDPÕQGDQ \DSÕOPDVÕ
zorunluluk haline getirilPLú, elden evrak tHVOLPL \DVDNODQPÕúWÕU 7ablo ¶GH
JLULúLPFLOHULQLQWHUQHWNXOODQÕPDPDoODUÕ\ÕOODULWLEDUL\OHJ|VWHULOPLúWLU
Tablo 3.20: øQWHUQHW(ULúLPL2ODQ*LULúLPOHULQøQWHUQHW.XOODQÕP$PDoODUÕ
<ÕO
2005
2007
2008
%DQNDFÕOÕNYH
finansal hizmetler
(%)
75,4
77,5
77,6
øQWHUQHWKXOODQÕPAPDFÕ
(÷LWLPPiyasa
g÷UHWLP
izlemesi
(%)
(%)
34,3
67,7
32,6
75,9
33,4
77,0
'LMLWDOUQYH
hizmetlerin temini
(%)
38,0
-
Kaynak: www.tuik.gov.tr YHULWDEDQÕQGDQGHUOHQPLúWLU
*LULúLPOHU YH ELUH\OHU WDUDIÕQGDQ, internet ED÷ODQWÕ WU RODUDN \R÷XQOXNOD $'6/
ED÷ODQWÕVÕWHUFLKHGLOPHNWHGLU
43
&HSWHOHIRQXKDWWÕYHLQWHUQHWNXOODQÕFÕVD\ÕVÕEDNÕPÕQGDQ7UNL\H global piyasayla
SDUDOHO ELU VH\LU L]OHPHNWHGLU \ÕOÕQGDQ VRQUD VDELW WHOHIRQ DERQH VD\ÕVÕ
D]DOÕUNHQFHSWHOHIRQXDERQHVD\ÕVÕKÕ]ODDUWPDNWDGÕUøQWHUQHWDERQHVD\ÕVÕELUH\VHO
YHNXUXPVDOED]GDFLGGLDUWÕúJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
Tablo 3.21: 7UNL\H7HOHIRn ve ønternet Abone SD\ÕODUÕ
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Sabit Telefon
$ERQH6D\ÕVÕ
18.904.486
18.914.857
18.916.721
19.125.163
18.978.223
18.831.616
18.201.006
Cep telefonu
$ERQH6D\ÕVÕ
19.502.897
23.323.118
27.887.535
34.707.549
43.608.965
52 662.709
61.975.807
øQWHUQHW$ERQH6D\ÕVÕ
Bireysel
Kurumsal
1.576.843
42.427
1.274.508
35.262
863.181
43.469
1.264.290
210.300
1.865.930
382.175
2.820.801
359.779
4.489.989
352.809
.D\QDN7UN7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ.XUXPX
.DONÕQPD3ODQÕQGD2007±2013%ø7VHNW|UQGHLOHUOHPH|QJ|UOPúWU<DSÕODQ
oDOÕúPD\D J|UH \ÕOÕ DOW\DSÕ SDUDPHWUHOHUL WDKPLQOHUL WDEOR ¶GH
J|VWHULOPLúWLU 6DELW WHOHIRQ DERQH \R÷XQOX÷XQXQ \DWD\ VH\UHGHFH÷L EX DODQGD
7UNL\H¶QLQ GR\JXQOX÷D XODúWÕ÷Õ EHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU g]HOOLNOH JHQLú bant abone
\R÷XQOX÷XQGD\ÕOOÕN,JLELoRN\NVHNELUDUWÕú|QJ|UOPúWU
Tablo 3.22: 7UNL\H%LOJLYHøOHWLúLP$OW\DSÕVÕ<]GH
Sabit Telefon $ERQH<R÷XQOX÷X
0RELO7HOHIRQ$ERQH<R÷XQOX÷X
*HQLú%DQW$ERQH<R÷XQOX÷X
øQWHUQHW.XOODQÕFÕ<R÷XQOX÷X
2006
26,00
64,00
3,50
20,00
Kaynak: DPT, 20067DEOR¶GDQDNWDUÕOPÕúWÕU
44
2013
25,00
90,00
20,00
60,00
2007±2013<ÕOOÕNE\PH
-0,60
5,00
28,30
17,00
4.
'h1<$¶'$VE 7h5.ø<(¶'E Bø/*ø VE ø/(7øùø0 6(.7g5h
%h<h./höh
4.1. Global %ø7 6HNW|U
Bilgi toplumunun |QHPOL bir unsuru olan %ø7 VHNW|U, |]HOOLNOH JHOLúPLú ONHler
ekonomilerinde |QHPOL bir yere sahiptir. 2008 \ÕOÕQGD%ø7 VHNW|U KDUFDPDODUÕ 3.786
milyar ABD 'RODUÕGÕU. Global %ø7 VHNW|U KDUFDPDODUÕ LoLQGH |]HOOLNle Amerika,
Japonya, dLQ, Almanya, øQJLOWHUH ve Fransa¶QÕQ KDUFDPDODUÕ|QHPOL yer tutmakWDGÕU.
din JHoLú ekonomisi ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ UHWLPGHPDOL\HWDYDQWDMODUÕQÕ iyi kullanarak,
%ø7 VHNW|UQGH GQ\DGD oQF VÕUD\D \HUOHúPLúWLU. %ø7 UHWLPinin ekonomiye
NDWWÕ÷Õ DYDQWDMODUÕ J|UHn dLQ ve GL÷HU ONHler %ø7 VHNW|UQQ |QHPLQL J|UPú, bu
alanda \DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕ DUWÕUPD H÷LOLPLQH JLUPLúOHUGLU. Gerek |]HO VHNW|U gerek kamu
VHNW|U %ø7 alDQÕQGD \DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕ DUWÕUPDNWDGÕU
Tablo 4.1: 'Q\DdDSÕQGD%ø7 $OW6HNW|UOHUL+DUFDPDODUÕ
(Milyon ABD DRODUÕ
%LOJLVD\DU'RQDQÕPÕ
%LOJLVD\DU<D]ÕOÕPÕ
Bilgisayar
Hizmetleri
7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ
Toplam
2000
440.912
178.086
2001
374.883
187.792
2002
359.311
194.634
2003
396.603
226.734
2004
455.255
262.304
472.814
482.679
489.766
557.614
630.025
1.167.377
2.259.190
1.066.508
2.111.861
1.139.537
2.183.248
1.263.752
2.444.703
1.408.076
2.755.660
Tablo 4.1 ±devam
%LOJLVD\DU'RQDQÕPÕ
%LOJLVD\DU<D]ÕOÕPÕ
Bilgisayar Hizmetleri
7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ
Toplam
2005
405.585
252.827
631.031
1.594.815
2.884.260
Kaynak: OECD YHULOHULQGHQDNWDUÕOPÕúWÕU
45
2006
436.999
275.174
674.445
1.726.050
3.112.669
2007
465.706
295.811
711.678
1.960.201
3.433.397
2008
489.885
311.083
739.251
2.246.159
3.786.380
'Q\D JHQHOLQGH DUWÕú H÷LOLPLQGH olan %ø7 KDUFDPDODUÕQÕQ \ÕOÕQGD ONHler
LWLEDUL\OH KDUFDPD E\PHOHUL úHNLO ¶de J|VWHULOPLúWLU. Harcama DUWÕúODUÕ 2005
\ÕOÕQGD -3 ile %25 DUDVÕQGD GH÷LúPHNWHGLU 7UNL\H 12,52¶OLk DUWÕúOD GQ\D
VÕUDODPDVÕQGD orta VÕUDODUGD yer DOPDNWDGÕU. +Õ]OÕDUWÕúJ|VWHUHQONHOHULQJHOLúPHNWH
RODQ YH D] JHOLúPLú ONHOHU ROGX÷X J|UOPHNWHGLU %X ONHOHUGH VHNW|UQ KHQ]
\HWHULQFH \D\ÕOPDGÕ÷Õ YH WHNQRORML DoÕ÷ÕQÕQ KÕ]OD NDSDWÕOPD\D oDOÕúÕOGÕ÷Õ úHNOLQGH
\RUXPODQDELOLU *HOLúPLú ONHOHULQ KDUFDPD E\PHVL GDKD GúN VH\UHWPHNWHGLU
*HOLúPLú ONHOHUGH ELOJL WRSOXPXQD GDKD |QFH JLULOPLú buna paralel oODUDN %ø7
VHNW|UGDKDLOHULG]H\OHUHXODúPÕúWÕU%LOJLWRSOXPXVUHFLQGHLOHUOHPHQLQLVWLNUDUOÕ
ELUúHNLOGHGHYDPHWWL÷L J|UOPHNWHGLU
ùHNLO 4.1: %ø7 6HNW|U <ÕOOÕN +DUFDPD%\PHVL(2000-2005)
+$5&$0$%h<h0(6ø
30
25
20
15
10
5
-5
7ZE
RUSYA
UKRAYNA
&Z7<
K)hsZhW
'mEz&Z7<
SENEGAL
h>'Z7^dE
&7>7W7E>Z
Z7>z
zhEE7^dE
dmZ<7z
POLONYA
KUVEYT
WKZd<7
TAYLAND
^Z7>E<
W<7^dE
E7DZ<
>d7EDZ7<
KORE
b7>7
HONDURAS
7d>z
&7E>E7z
KANADA
<K>KD7z
7^s7Z
PERU
K>7sz
MALEZYA
MISIR
VENEZUELLA
:D7<
<hzDZ7<
DZ7<
URUGUAY
JAPONYA
0
Kaynak: OECD, 2006)LJXUH¶GHQDNWDUÕOPÕúWÕU
'Q\DGD |QFHOLNOH VDQD\L WRSOXPX VUHFLQL EDúDUÕ\OD WDPDPODPÕú ONHOHU, bilgi
ekonomisinde YDUOÕNODUÕQÕ J|VWHUPLúOHU YH GL÷HU ONHOHU de WDNLSoLleri ROPXúODUGÕU.
2007 \ÕOÕ itibariyle Amerika ekonomisi %¶OXN pay ile global piyasada birinci,
-DSRQ\D ¶OXN SL\DVD SD\Õ ile ikinci ve dLQ ¶OLN SD\ LOH oQF VÕUDGD yer
almÕútÕr.
7UNL\H JOREDO piyasada ancak %¶OLN SL\DVD SD\Õ LOH JHOLúPLú ONHOHULQ oRN
gerisinde NDOPÕúWÕU7UNL\H %ø7 VHNW|UQGH NoN bir yere sahip ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ,
|QFHNL \ÕOODUD J|UH ilerleme kaydHWPLúWLU \ÕOÕQGD 7UNL\H %ø7 VHNW|UQQ
46
'Q\D SL\DVDVÕQGDNL SD\Õ binde 7 iken, \ÕOÕQGD SL\DVD SD\Õ \ÕOÕQD J|UH
%71 artarak ¶ye \NVHOWPLútir.
ùHNLO 4.2: 2007 <ÕOÕ 'Q\D%ø7 Pazar 'D÷ÕOÕPÕ
7)ZK
m><>Z7
12%
DZ7<
30%
7)Z
m><>Z
15%
dmZ<7z
1%
KORE
2%
7^WEz
2%
7d>z
KANADA
4%
2%
FRANSA
4%
JAPONYA
9%
7E
7%
ALMANYA
7%
7E'7>dZ
5%
Kaynak: OECD, 2008E%ø7KDUFDPDODUÕQGDQGHUOHQHUHNKD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU
2007 \ÕOÕ itibariyle 6.691 milyona XODúDQ GQ\DQIXVX LoLQGH toplam telefon abonesi
VD\ÕVÕ 4.623 milyona, her 100 NLúL\H GúHQ telefon VD\ÕVÕ LVH¶HXODúPÕúWÕU. 74,8
milyon QIXVX LOH 7UNL\H¶QLQ WHOHIRQ DERQHVL VD\ÕVÕ 80,1 milyondur ve her 100
NLúL\H GúHQ telefon VD\ÕVÕ DGHW LOH GQ\D RUWDODPDVÕQÕQ oRN ]HULQGHGLU5 Bu
GXUXP 7UNL\H¶QLQ JHQo QIXVXQXQ ID]OD ROPDVÕ YH WHOHIRQ RSHUDW|UOHULQLQ IL\Dt
SROLWLNDODUÕQÕQ WHOHIRQ NXOODQÕFÕODUÕQÕ ELUGHQ ID]OD WHOHIRQ RSHUDW|UQH VDKLS ROPD\D
VHYNHWPHVLLOHDoÕNODQDELOLU
Global %ø7 SL\DVDVÕQGD, WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ SL\DVDVÕ %52¶lik pay ile en E\N paya
sahiptir. Onu %¶OLNSD\LOHKizmetler, %¶OXNSD\ile GRQDQÕP ve %¶OLNSD\LOH
\D]ÕOÕP VHNW|Uleri izlemektedir.
5
http://www.itu.int/ITUD/icteye/Reporting/ShowReportFrame.aspx?ReportName=/WTI/BasicIndicatorsPublic&RP_intYear=
2007&RP_intLanguageID=1
47
ùHNLO 4.3: 2008 YÕOÕ 'Q\D%ø7 +DUFDPDODUÕ3L\DVD6HJPHQWDV\RQX
DONANIM
19%
YAZILIM
8%
d><KDmE7<^z
ON
52%
,7Dd>Z
21%
Kaynak: OECD, 2008E%ø7KDUFDPDODUÕQGDQGHUOHQHUHNKD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU
7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ VHNW|UQQ %ø7 VHNW|UQGHki SD\Õ YH GQ\D QIXVXQXQ DUWÕúÕ
WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ VHNW|UQn |QHPLQL GDKD GD DUWÕUPDNWDGÕU 6HNW|UQ EDúODQJÕo
RODUDN \NVHN DOW\DSÕ \DWÕUÕPODUÕ JHUHNWLUPHVL QHGHQL\OH JHQHOOLNOH VHNW|UH \DSÕODQ
LON\DWÕUÕPODUNDPXVHNW|UWDUDIÕQdDQJHUoHNOHúWLULOPHNWHGLU.XUXOXúG|QHPOHULQGH
WHNHONRQXPXQGDRODQVHNW|UQ, \NVHNNDUPDUMODUÕ, |]HOVHNW|ULoLQNDUOÕELUVHNW|U
RODUDN J|UOPú SL\DVDODUÕQ OLEHUDOOHúPHVL ve JOREDOOHúPHVL ile telekomQLNDV\RQ
úLUNHWOHUL
|]HOOHúWLULOPLú
|]HO
VHNW|UQ
SL\DVD\D
JLULúL
VD÷ODQPÕúWÕU
7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ SL\DVDVÕQGD IDDOL\HW J|VWHUHQ R\XQFXODUÕQ DUWPDVÕ UHNDEHWLQ YH
NDOLWHQLQDUWPDVÕQÕIL\DWODUÕQLVHGúPHVLQLVD÷ODPDNWDGÕU$QFDNVHNW|UGHNL\NVHN
NDU PDUMÕ KDOHQ WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ VHNW|UQ FD]LS NÕOPDNWDGÕU 6UHNOL E\\Hn
global telekomQLNDV\RQ SL\DVDVÕ gelirleri de VUHNOL DUWPDNWDGÕU. Global
telekomQLNDV\RQ SL\DVDVÕ gelirleri tablo ¶GH |]HWOHQPLúWLU.
Tablo 4.2: *OREDO7HOHNRP3L\DVDVÕ*HOLUOHUL
7HOHNRP3L\DVDVÕ*HOLUOHUL&DUL)L\DWODU0LO\DU $%''RODUÕ
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Hizmetler
712
767
854
920
968 1039 1126 1329
'RQDQÕP
234
248
269
290
264
275
300
na
Toplam
946 1015 1123 1210 1232 1314 1426
na
Kaynak: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/at_glance/KeyTelecom99.html
48
2005
1419
Na
Na
*OREDO SL\DVDGD ELOJL HNRQRPLVLQLQ KHU JHoHQ JQ E\PHVL YH WP GQ\D\D
\D\ÕOPDVÕ%ø7SL\DVDVÕQÕJHQLúOHWHQ HQ|QHPOLIDNW|UGUg]HOOLNle WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ
KDUFDPDODUÕ b\NO÷YHDUWÕúKÕ]Õ; GRQDQÕP, \D]ÕOÕP ve hizmetler alt SL\DVDODUÕQGDQ
daha KÕ]OÕ DUWÕú J|VWHUPHNWHGLU 2000 \ÕOÕQGD PLO\RQ $%' GRODUÕ olan
WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ KDUFDPDODUÕ 8 \ÕOÕQGD \DNODúÕN LNL\H NDWOD\DUDN milyon ABD dRODUÕQD oÕNPÕúWÕU. *OREDO%ø7KDUFDPDODUÕ\ÕOODULWLEDUL\OHúHNLO ¶GH
J|VWHULOPLúWLU
ùHNLO 4.4: Global %ø7 HDUFDPDODUÕ0LO\RQ $%''RODUÕ)
2,500,000.00
2,000,000.00
1,500,000.00
1,000,000.00
500,000.00
2000
2001
2002
DONANIM
+ø=0(7/(5
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
YAZILIM
7(/(.20h1ø.$6<21
Kaynak: OECD, 2008E%ø7KDUFDPDODUÕQGDQGHUOHQHUHNKD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU
7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ VHNW|Une \DSÕODQ \DWÕUÕPODUÕQ JHWLULVL ROGXNoD \NVHNWLU <ÕOODU
LWLEDUL\OH 2(&' ONHOHULQGH WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ VHNW|Une \DSÕODQ \DWÕUÕPODU YH
VHNW|Uden elde edilen gelirler úHNLO ¶GH J|VWHULOPLúWLU. <DSÕODQ \DWÕUÕPODUD J|UH
JHOLUOHUGDKDID]ODDUWÕúJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU<DSÕODQDOW\DSÕ\DWÕUÕPODUGDQD\QÕDQGD oRN
ID]OD NXOODQÕFÕQÕQ \DUDUODQDELOPHVL PDUMLQDO PDOL\HWL GúUPHNWH YH LODYH KHU
NXOODQÕFÕQÕQWHOHNRPQLNDV\RQúLUNHWOHULQHNDWNÕVÕ\NVHNROPDNWDGÕU
49
ùHNLO 4.5: 2(&'hONHOHULQGHNL7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ6HNW|U<DWÕUÕPODUÕYH
Gelirleri (Milyar ABD 'RODUÕ)
1200
1000
800
600
*(/ø5
YATIRIM
400
200
199
5
199
6
199
7
199
8
199
9
200
0
200
1
200
2
200
3
200
4
200
5
0
Kaynak: OECD YHULOHULQGHQGHUOHQHUHNKD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU
7UNL\HBilgi ve øOHWLúLP 6HNW|U
7UNL\H sanayi devrimini KHQ] tamamlamadan bilgi toplumuna JHoLú yapan
ONHlerdendir.
Bilgi toplumunda KkNLP VHNW|U olan hizmetler VHNW|UQQ SD\Õ
7UNL\H ekonomisinde %¶ODUD \DNODúPÕúWÕU. Tablo ¶GH 7UNL\H¶QLQ VHNW|Uel
GD÷ÕOÕPÕ \ÕOODU itibariyle J|VWHULOPLúWLU.
Tablo 7UNL\H¶QLQ6HNW|UHO'D÷ÕOÕP7DEORVX
YIL
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
6$1$<ø (%)
27,8
28,5
28,8
29,3
29,2
28,9
29,3
TARIM (%)
13,1
13,6
13,6
12,5
11,6
11,4
11,1
Kaynak: www.tuik.gov.tr
50
+ø=0(7/(5 (%)
59,0
57,8
57,6
58,2
59,2
59,7
59,6
4.2.1. 7UNL\H¶GH %ø7 3L\DVDVÕ %\NO÷
%ø7¶LQ KÕ]OD \D\ÕOPDVÕ ve hemen hemen WP VHNW|Ulerde \D\JÕQ NXOODQÕPÕ global
piyasalarla paralel olarak 7UNL\H %ø7 SL\DVDVÕQÕQ da E\PHVLQL VD÷ODPÕúWÕU. 2001
\ÕOÕnda 9 milyar ABD dolarÕ olan %ø7 SL\DVDVÕ, 2008 \ÕOÕnda 31 milyar ABD dolarÕ
E\NO÷H XODúPÕúWÕU. *HoHQ 7 \ÕOOÕN zaman diliminde VHNW|U E\NO÷ \DNODúÕN 2,5
kat DUWPÕúWÕU. <ÕOODU itibariyle %ø7 SL\DVDVÕ E\NO÷ tablo ¶GH alt VHNW|Uler de
belirtilerek J|VWHULOPLúWLU. Devlet Planlama 7HúNLODWÕ .DONÕQPD 3ODQÕ <ÕOÕ
3URJUDPÕQGD, 2008 \ÕOÕ %ø7 3D]DU E\NO÷QQ PLO\DU ABD dolarÕ RODFD÷ÕQÕ
|QJ|UPúWU 7DEOR ¶GH J|UOG÷ JLEL JHUoHNOHúPH EHNOHQWLOHULQ ]HULQGH milyar dolar ROPXúWXU (DPT, 2008, 139).
Tablo 4.4: 7UNL\H %ø7 3L\DVDVÕ %\NO÷
7UNL\H %ø7 3L\DVDVÕ (Bin ABD 'RODUÕ)
2001
2002
2003
1.054.352
1.400.058
1.540.000
292,533
335.861
393.000
822.675
775.303
847.000
74.353
121.942
90.000
2.243.913
2.633.164
2.870.000
BT 'RQDQÕPÕ
<D]ÕOÕP
Hizmetler
7NHWLP
Toplam BT 3L\DVDVÕ
7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ
'RQDQÕPÕ
7DúÕ\ÕFÕ Hizmetler
Top. 7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ
3L\DVDVÕ
Toplam %ø7 3L\DVDVÕ
2004
1.930.000
460.000
960.000
105.000
3.455.000
1.453.063
5.394.267
1.148.006
6.368.872
1.263.000
7.329.000
1.360.000
8.346.000
6.847.330
9.091.243
7.516.878
10.150.042
8.592.000
11.62.000
9.706.000
13.161.000
Tablo 4.4 ± devam
7UNL\H %ø7 3L\DVDVÕ (Bin ABD 'RODUÕ)
2005
2006
2007
BT 'RQDQÕPÕ
2.227,000
2.857.000
3.457.000
<D]ÕOÕP
618.000
880.000
1.260.000
Hizmetler
1.412.000
1.619.000
1.768.000
7NHWLP
141.000
169.000
211.000
Toplam BT 3L\DVDVÕ
4.398.000
5.525.000
6.696.000
7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ
'RQDQÕPÕ
2.108.000
2.430.000
2.887.000
7DúÕ\ÕFÕ Hizmetler
12.272.000 12.995.000
16.209.000
7RS7HOHNRPQLNDV\RQ
3L\DVDVÕ
Toplam %ø7 3L\DVDVÕ
14.380.000
18.777.000
15.425.000
20.951.000
Kaynak: DPT, 2006 ve 7UNR÷OX¶GDQDNWDUÕOPÕúWÕU
51
19.096.000
25.792.000
2008
4.100.000
1.620.000
1.950.000
245.000
7.915.000
3.400.000
19.700.000
23.100.000
31.015.000
7UNL\H %ø7 SL\DVDVÕ GQ\D piyasaVÕ RUWDODPDVÕQD J|UH daha KÕ]OÕ E\PHNWHGLU.
2008 \ÕOÕnda 2007 \ÕOÕna J|UH %20 E\\HQ %ø7 VHNW|U *60+¶Qin \DNODúÕN
%¶ne XODúPÕúWÕU. 7UNL\H %ø7 VHNW|UQGH JOREDO SL\DVDODUGD ROGX÷X JLEL
WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ VHNW|U en E\N paya sahiptir. 2001±2008 \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD
WHOHNRPQLNDV\RQ VHNW|UQQ %ø7 VHNW|U LoLQGHNL SD\Õ ortalama %50 olan global
SL\DVDODUÕQGD]HULQGH\DNODúÕN %75 FLYDUÕQGD seyretmektedir.
ùHNLO 4.6: 7UNL\H %ø7 6HNW|U %|OPOHQPHVL
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
2001
2002
2003
2005
2004
7>'7d<EK>K:7^7
2006
2007
2008
d><KDmE7<^zKE
Kaynak: DPT, 2006 ve 7UNR÷OX¶GDQDNWDUÕOPÕúWÕU
7UNL\H %ø7 VHNW|U KDUFDPDODUÕ KÕ]OÕ bir DUWÕú H÷LOLPLQGHGLU. 7UNL\H %ø7
KDUFDPDODUÕ 2000±2008 \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD \DNODúÕN 3 NDWÕQD oÕNDUNHQ, Amerika, OECD
ve GQ\D %ø7 KDUFDPDODUÕ 2 kata dahi oÕNPDPÕúWÕU. 7UNL\H, OECD ve GQ\D
ortalamaODUÕQD J|UH oRN KÕ]OÕ bir ilerleme kaydetmektedir. %ø7 KDUFDPDODUÕQÕQ 2000±
2008 \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD 7UNL\H, Amerika, OECD ve global GH÷HUOHUL NDUúÕODúWÕUPDOÕ
olarak WDEOR¶GH YHULOPLúWLU.
Tablo 4.5: %ø7 +DUFDPDODUÕ (Milyon ABD 'RODUÕ)
<ÕOODU
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
7UNL\H
15.808,00
10.731,00
13.723,00
17.032,00
21.266,00
25.849,00
29.354,00
36.067,41
43.907,00
Amerika
932.166,00
876.561,00
892.125,00
829.042,00
884.063,00
936.894,00
988.859,00
1.030.754,04
1.061.394,00
Kaynak: OECD YHULOHULQGHQGHUOHQPLúWLU
52
OECD
2.017.442,00
1.863.062,00
1.907.222,00
2.024.899,00
2.234.895,00
2.360.681,00
2.494.562,00
2.680.803,60
2.873.150,00
'Q\D
2.259.190,00
2.111.861,00
2.183.248,00
2.383.312,00
2.677.348,00
2.884.260,00
3.112.670,00
3.433.397,25
3.786.380,00
7UNL\H¶GH%ø7 DÕú Ticareti
7UNL\H %ø7 KDUFDPDODUÕ ¶OL \ÕOODUGD FLGGL DUWÕú J|VWHUPLú ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ
global %ø7 SL\DVDVÕQGD |QHPOL bir yere sahip GH÷LOdir. DÕú WLFDUHWKDFPL\ÕOÕQGD
2,373 milyon ABD dolarÕ LNHQ\ÕOÕQGD.183 milyon ABD dolarÕQa XODúPÕúWÕU.
¶OL \ÕOODUGD GL÷HU ONHlerde ROGX÷X JLEL 7UNL\H¶GH GH %ø7 UHWLP ve WNHWLPL
DUWPÕú ve %ø7 VHNW|U ekonomide |QHPOL bir yere sahip ROPXúWXU.
7UNL\H %ø7 UHWLPL ROGXNoD GúN YH GDKD oRN ELUOHúWLUPH úHNOLQGH UHWLP V|]
NRQXVX ROGX÷XQGDQ %ø7 UQOHUL LKWL\DFÕ JHQHO RODUDN LWKDO HGLOPHN VXUHWL\OH
giderilmektedir.
ùHNLO4.7: 7UNL\H%ø7'Õú7LFDUHWLDOLAR )
12,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
8,000,000,000
6,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
2,000,000,000
0
ø7+$/$7
ø+5$&$7
.D\QDN7hø. µGHQWHPLQHGLOHQYHULOHUGHQKD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU
ùHNLO 4,7¶GH J|UOG÷ JLEL 7UNL\H¶QLQ LWKDODWÕ YH LKUDFDWÕ artÕú H÷LOLPL
J|VWHUPektedir. 6RQ\ÕOODUGDGRODUÕQGH÷HUND\EHWPHVLYH%ø7GÕúWLFDUHWLQLQD÷ÕUOÕNOD
GRODU]HULQGHQ\DSÕOPDVÕ, GÕúWLFDUHWUDNDPODUÕQÕGúNJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU$\UÕFD%ø7
UQOHULQLQIL\DWGúúOHULGH%ø7UQOHULQLQGÕúWLFDUHWLQLQPLNWDURODUDNDUWPDVÕQD
UD÷PHQUDNDPODUÕQÕQGúNoÕNPDVÕQDQHGHQROPDNWDGÕU
7HNQRORMLN UQOHULQ \D\JÕQ úHNLOGH NXOODQÕOPDVÕ YH 7UNL\H¶QLQ %ø7 UHWLPLQLQ
GúN ROPDVÕ %ø7 UQOHULQLQ LKUDFDWÕQÕQ DUWWÕ÷ÕQÕQ ELU J|VWHUJHVLGLU 'Õú WLFDUHW
E\PH RUDQODUÕ LQFHOHQGL÷LQGH %ø7 WLFDUHWLQLQ HNRQRPLN NUL]OHUGHQ HWNLOHQGL÷L YH
NUL]G|QHPOHULQGHLWKDODW-LKUDFDWPDNDVÕQÕQDoÕOGÕ÷ÕJ|UOPHNWHGLr. 1994 Nisan krizi,
53
$V\D NUL]L YH .DVÕP YH ùXEDW NUL]OHULQGH Bø7 LWKDODWÕnda sert
GúúOHU J|]OHQPLúWLU (NRQRPLGH \DúDQDQ NUL] LOH ELUOLNWH %ø7 UQOHUL WDOHEL
GúPHNWHYHLKUDFDWGDD]DOÕúJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
ùHNLO8: 7UNL\H%ø7'Õú7LFDUHW%\PHVL'2/$5
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.4
-0.6
ø7+$/$7%h<h0(6ø
.D\QDN7hø. µGHQWHPLQHGLOHQYHULOHUGHQKD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU
54
ø+5$&$7%h<h0(6ø
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
-0.2
1991
0
5. %ø7 6(.7g5h1h1 7h5.ø<(¶1ø1 (.2120ø. %h<h0(6ø1(
.$7.,6,1,1=$0$16(5ø/(5ø<g17(0øø/($1$/ø=ø
*HUHN LúOHWPHOHUGH UHWLP VUHFLQGH YH LOHWLúLPGH JHUHNVH KDQH KDONÕQÕQ JQON
KD\DWODUÕQGD\NVHNWHNQRORMLOLUQOHUL\D\JÕQúHNLOGHNXOODQPDODUÕ%ø7VHNW|UQQ
JHQLúOHPHVLQH YH HNRQRPLGHNL \HULQL DUWÕUPDVÕQD \RO DoPÕúWÕU 6HNW|UQ
E\PHVL\OH VHNW|UQ HNRQRPLN E\PH\H \DSWÕ÷Õ NDWNÕODU GD DUWPÕú YH NDWNÕODU
DoÕNoD |OoOHELOLU VHYL\HOHUH JHOPLúWLU %ø7 VHNW|UQQ HNRQRPLN E\PH\H
NDWNÕODUÕQÕ |OoPH\H oDOÕúDQ DUDúWÕUPDFÕODU NDWNÕQÕQ ONHOHULQ HNRQRPLN \DSÕODUÕQD
JHOLúPLúOLN G]H\OHULQH YH \DWÕUÕPODUÕQ \DSÕOGÕ÷Õ G|QHPOHUH J|UH IDUNOÕOÕN
J|VWHUGL÷LQLRUWD\DNR\PXúODUGÕU
7UNL\H HNRQRPLVL JHOLúPHNWH RODQ ELU HNRQRPL ROXS *D\UL 6DIL 0LOOL +kVÕOD
*60+ \ÕOÕ LWLEDUL\OH PLO\DU 7UN /LUDVÕGÕU *60+ YH VDWÕQ DOPD
JFQQGúNROPDVÕQDUD÷PHQJHQo YHGLQDPLNGHPRJUDILN\DSÕVÕLOHPLO\RQ
QIXVOX ELU ONH ROPDVÕ %ø7 UQOHULQH DGDSWDV\RQX KÕ]ODQGÕUPÕú YH VHNW|UGH
PH\GDQDJHOHQROXPOXJHOLúPHOHUGHQID\GDODQPDVÕQÕVD÷ODPÕúWÕU
dDOÕúPDPÕ]ÕQ EXE|OPQGH %ø7 \DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕQ 7UNL\H¶QLQ HNRQRPLNE\Pesine
NDWNÕODUÕDQDOL]HGLOHFHNWLU
5.1. Veriler
(NRQRPHWULN DQDOL]GH NXOODQÕODQ YHULOHU 7hø.¶ WHQ WHPLQ HGLOPLúWLU $UDúWÕUPDGD
1990± \ÕOODUÕ YHULOHUL NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU 7UNL\H¶GH JHUL\H G|QN \HWHUL NDGDU YHUL
\D\ÕQODQPDPÕúROPDVÕoDOÕúPDGDNÕVÕWOÕVD\ÕGDYHULNXOODQÕOPDVÕQÕ]RUXQOXNÕOPÕúWÕU
YH \ÕOODUÕQGD 7hø. YHUL WRSODPDGÕ÷ÕQGDQ %ø7 YHULOHUL EXOXQPDPDNWD
ROXS LOJLOL \ÕOODUD LOLúNLQ ± \ÕOODUÕ YHULOHUL ile HQWHUSRODV\RQ \|QWHPL
NXOODQÕODUDNWDKPLQHGLOPLúYHoDOÕúPDWDPDPODQPÕúWÕU
55
%ø7 YHULOHUL LoLQGH HNRQRPLN IDDOL\HWOHULQ LVWDWLVWLNv VÕQÕIODPD VLVWHPLQH J|UH
1$&( NRGOX EUR PXKDVHEH YH ELOJL LúOHPH PDNLQHOHUL NRGOX HOHNWULNOL
PDNLQHOHUNRGOXUDG\RWHOHYL]\RQYHWHOHNRPQLNDV\RQHNLSPDQODUÕYHNRGOX
mediNDO YH |OoPH UQOHUL \DWÕUÕPODUÕ YHULOHUL \HU DOPDNWDGÕU 'L÷HU sermaye
\DWÕUÕPODUÕ LVH VDELW VHUPD\H \DWÕUÕPODUÕQGDQ %ø7 \DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕQ oÕNDUÕOPDVÕ LOH elde
HGLOPLúWLU 2NXOODúPD RUDQÕ RODUDN RUWD |÷UHWLP G]H\LQGH WRSODP RNXOODúPD YHULVL
DOÕQPÕúWÕU 2NXOODúPD RUDQÕ EHúHUL VHUPD\H\L WHPVLOHQ YH GR÷UXGDQ \DEDQFÕ
\DWÕUÕPODULVHWHNQRORMLN GH÷LúLPLWHPVLOHQPRGHOHNDWÕOPÕúWÕU dDOÕúPDGDNXOODQÕODQ
YHULOHU *60+ GHIODW|U NXOODQÕODUDN \ÕOÕ IL\DWODUÕ\OD LIDGH HGLOPLúWLU 7UHQG
LoHUHQ EX YHUL VHWOHULQLQ IDUNODUÕ DOÕQDUDN ORJ-OLQHHU IRUPD oHYULOPLúWLU 'DKD VRQUD
ELULP N|N WHVWL \DSÕOPÕú YH GXUD÷DQ ROGXNODUÕ J|UOHQ YHULOHU LOH UHJUHV\RQ
NXUXOPXúWXU
5.2. Metodoloji
6RORZ WHNQRORMLN GH÷LúLPL J|VWHUPHN ]HUH UHWLP IRQNVL\RQXQD WHNQRORMLN
GH÷LúLPL$LODYHHWPLúYHUHWLPIRQNVL\RQXDúD÷ÕGDNLIRUPGDG]HQOHPLúWLU
Q = A(t) . f(K,L)
%XHúLWOL÷LQ]DPDQDJ|UHWUHYLDOÕQGÕNWDQve Q¶\DE|OQGNWHQVRQUDHúLWOLN
DúD÷ÕGDNLJLELROPXúWXU
Burada;
ve
RODUDNWDQÕPODQPÕúWÕU
wk ve wl VHUPD\HYHHPHNSD\ODUÕQÕWHPVLOHWPHNWHGLU%XUDGDQHúLWOLNDúD÷ÕGDNLJLEL
WHNUDU\D]ÕOPÕúWÕU
56
7RSODP UHWLP IRQNVL\RQX LOH - \ÕOODUÕ $PHULNDQ YHULOHULQL LQFHOH\HQ
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57
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60
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Standart
Sapma
Varyans
dDUSÕNOÕN
%DVÕNOÕN
GORJ*6<ø+ 0,0389
0,0531
0,0423
-1,2528
3,0383
GORJ%ø7
0,1139
0,2603
1,0163
1,9678
7,7192
GORJ.'ø*
0,0218
0,1699
0,4329
-0,2396
2,6853
dlog(K)
0,0388
0,1339
0,2693
-0,6603
2,6799
dlog(DYY)
0,1908
0,6092
5,5675
-0,0811
4,3580
dlog(OO)
0,0255
0,0766
0,0881
-2,6131
9,6800
Ortalama
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|]HWOHQPLúWLU øON VWXQGD GH÷LúNHQOHUH LOLúNLQ RUWDODPDODU LNLQFL VWXQGD VWDQGDUW
VDSPDODU\HUDOPDNWDGÕUhoQFVWXQGDYDU\DQVODUG|UGQFVWXQGDoDUSÕNOÕNYH
son sWXQGDEDVÕNOÕNNDWVD\ÕODUÕ\HUDOPDNWDGÕU
9HULOHUH LOLúNLQ LVWDWLVWLNv ELOJLOHU YHULOGLNWHQ VRQUD tablo ¶GH regresyonlarda
NXOODQÕODQ YHULOHU DUDVÕQGDNL NRUHODV\RQ LOLúNLVL J|VWHULOPHNWHGLU 9HUL VD\ÕVÕ VÕQÕUOÕ
ROGX÷XQGDQEXYHULOHUWDP RODUDNJYHQLOLURODPDPDNODELUOLNWHJ|VWHUJH RODUDNHOH
DOÕQDELOLUOHU
61
Tablo 5.2: Korelasyon Matrisi (R1 Regresyonu)
GORJ*6<ø+ GORJ%ø7
GORJ*6<ø+ 1,0000
GORJ%ø7
0,4568
1,0000
GORJ.'ø*
0,7240
0,0901
dlog(DYY)
-0,3451
-0,0758
dlog(OO)
0,3023
0,2308
GORJ.'ø* dlog(DYY)
dlog(OO)
1,0000
-0,0365
0,0306
1,0000
1,0000
0,0271
5UHJUHV\RQXQGDNXOODQÕODQYHULOHUDUDVÕQGDkorelasyon EXOXQPDGÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU
7DKPLQ6RQXoODUÕ
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EHú UHJUHV\RQ HOGH HWWLN %D÷ÕPOÕ GH÷LúNHQ RODUDN WP UHJUHV\RQODUGD *6<ø+¶\i
VHoWLN.XUXODQ UHJUHV\RQODUGD%ø7 \DWÕUÕPODUÕGL÷HU sermaye \DWÕUÕPODUÕGR÷UXGDQ
\DEDQFÕ\DWÕUÕPODUYHRNXOODúPDRUDQODUÕNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU
Tablo 5.3¶GH kurulan regresyonlara LOLúNLQ |]HWOHU YHULOPHNWHGLU 5HJUHV\RQ
VRQXoODUÕQD J|UH %ø7 \DWÕUÕPODUÕ LVWDWLVWLNv RODUDN DQODPOÕ ROXS %ø7 \DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕQ
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JHFLNPHQLQ HNRQRPLN E\PH\H NDWNÕ VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ DQFDN LVWDWLVWLNv RODUDN DQODPVÕ]
ROGX÷X LNL G|QHP JHFLNPHOHULQ LVWDWLVWLNv RODUDN DQODPOÕ ROPDODUÕQD UD÷PHQ
HNRQRPLN E\PH\H QHJDWLI NDWNÕ VD÷ODGÕNODUÕ J|UOPHNWHGLU %ø7 \DWÕUÕPODUÕ
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\ÕOGD JHUoHNOHúHPHGL÷L GROD\ÕVÕ\OD DQODPOÕ ELU NDWNÕ LoLQ GDKD X]XQ VUH JHUHNWL÷L
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QHJDWLINDWNÕQÕQQHGHQL \HWHUVL]YHULEXOXQPDVÕLOHDoÕNODQDELOLU
62
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E\PH\H SR]LWLI NDWNÕ VD÷ODPDPÕúWÕU '<<¶QLQ ONH\H JHWLULOPHVLQGHQ VRQUD \HQL
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YDUGÕU gQFHOLNOH LQFHOHPH G|QHPLQGH L]OHQHQ NDPEL\R SROLWLNDODUÕ LQFHOHQGL÷LQGH
1990± \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD ELUoRN NH] DoÕN \D GD JL]OL GHYDODV\RQ \DSÕOGÕ÷Õ YH
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\DUDWPÕúWÕU .XUODUÕQ ELUoRN NH] GHYDODV\RQODUOD GH÷HULQLQ GH÷LúWLULOPHVL
\DWÕUÕPODUÕQ PDOL\HWLQL DUWÕUGÕ÷Õ JLEL ONH\H JYHQL VDUVPÕú YH \HQL \DWÕUÕPODUÕQ
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0RGHOLPL]GH EHúHUL VHUPD\H\L WHPVLO HGHQ RNXOODúPD RUDQÕ LVWDWLVWLNL RODUDN
DQODPVÕ] ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ EHNOHQWLOHU GR÷UXOWXVXQGD HNRQRPLN E\PH\H SR]LWLI
NDWNÕVD÷ODPÕúWÕU2NXOODúPDRUDQÕJHFLNPHOHULLVWDWLVWLNLRODUDNDQODPOÕGÕU(÷LWLPLQ
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Tablo 5.35HJUHV\RQ6RQXoODUÕ,
'(öøù.(1/(5
'ORJ%ø7
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Dlog(DYY)
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Dlog(OO)
R1
*6<ø+
0,0659**
(0,0279)
R2
*6<ø+
0,0880**
(0,0228)
0,0311
(0,0233)
0,0510***
(0,0145)
0,2118*** 0,2613*** 0,2480***
(0,0415)
(0,0341) (0,0238)
-0,1450** 0,1723***
(0,0369) (0,0261)
-0,0263**
(0,0115)
0,0205*
(0,0105)
-0,0255**
(0,0075)
0,1491
(0,0944)
Dlog(OO(-3))
6$%ø7
R3
R4
R5
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*6<ø+
*6<ø+
0,0858*** 0,0880*** 0,1211***
(0,0143) (0,0158) (0,0282)
0,0279*** 0,0190**
(0,0080)
(0,0074)
-0,0512**
(0,0154)
0,2494***
(0,0253)
0,1818***
(0,0335)
-0,1511***
(0,0286)
-0,0267** -0,0244**
(0,0083) (0,0070)
-0,0335
(0,0662)
0,1441*
(0,1011)
0,0326*** 0,0330*** 0,0236**
(0,0045) (0,0048) (0,0076)
*|]OHP6D\ÕVÕ
16
14
13
13
0,8072
0,9141
0,9650
0,9665
R2
Log Likelihood
37,9446
38,1358
41,0193
41,2906
Durbin Watson Stat
2,1550
2,1915
1,3164
1,3196
Akaike Info Criterion
-4,1180
-4,5908
-5,3876
-5,2755
Schwarz Criterion
-3,8766
-4,3169
-5,1268
-4,9713
F-Statistic
11,5154
17,0247
38,6356
28,8158
Prob(F-statistic)
0,00063
0,00044
0,00006
0,00035
3DUDQWH]LoLQGHYHULOHQYHULOHUVWDQGDUWKDWDODUGÕU
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(0,0148)
0,2310***
(0,0252)
13
0,9739
42,9140
1,6518
-5,5252
-5,2210
37,2751
0,00017
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