Sosyal güvenlik ihtiyacı insanlık tarihi kadar eskidir. Sözkonusu

Transkript

Sosyal güvenlik ihtiyacı insanlık tarihi kadar eskidir. Sözkonusu
 !
"$# %&'(# ) )&) *+,)-. %/
'h1<$'$626<$/*h9(1/ø.7($/7(51$7ø)5()250
$5$<,ù/$5,
+VH\LQ$.<,/',=0 1 2 g=(7
'Q\DGDJHOLúPLúONHOHUGHGDKLVRV\DOJYHQOLNNXUXOXúODUÕILQDQVPDQNUL]L
LoHULVLQGHGLUhONHHNRQRPLOHULQGH\DúDQDQNUL]QIXVXQJLWWLNoH\DúODQPDVÕVD÷OÕN
KL]PHWOHULQLQ IL\DWODUÕQGD \DúDQDQ VUHNOL DUWÕú YH WRSODQDQ IRQODUÕQ HWNLQ
GH÷HUOHQGLULOHPHPHVL JLEL ROJXODU VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ EDúOÕFD
QHGHQOHULQL WHúNLO HWPHNWHGLU $\UÕFD PHYFXW VLVWHPOHU VRV\DO JYHQOLN KL]PHWLQLQ
UHWLPL DoÕVÕQGDQ GD HWNLQOLN SUREOHPL\OH NDUúÕ NDUúÕ\DGÕUODU %X QHGHQOH VRV\DO
JYHQOLNWH DOWHUQDWLI o|]POHU |QHULOPHNWHGLU %X ED÷ODPGD ¶OL \ÕOODUÕQ
RUWDODUÕQGDQ LWLEDUHQ GQ\D NRQMRQNWUQH KDNLP RODQ OLEHUDO GúQFH RUWDPÕ
³ELUH\VHOVRUXPOXOXN´D |QFHOLN YHUHQ UHIRUP DOWHUQDWLIOHULQL |Q SODQD
JHoLUPHNWHGLU$QFDNEXVUHoLOHVRV\DOGHYOHWLQLoGLQDPLNOHULoHOLúPHNWHGLU
*LULú6RV\DO*YHQOLNWH5HIRUP$UD\ÕúODUÕQÕQ1HGHQOHUL
5HIRUP$UD\ÕúODUÕQÕQ'úQVHO%R\XWX
6RV\DOJYHQOLNLKWL\DFÕLQVDQOÕNWDULKLNDGDUHVNLGLU6|]NRQXVXLKWL\Do
WDULKLQ oHúLWOL G|QHPOHULQGH oHúLWOL VL\DVDO VRV\DO YH LNWLVDGL \DSÕODQPDODUD
SDUDOHO RODUDN GH÷LúLN \|QWHPOHU oHUoHYHVLQGH JLGHULOPH\H oDOÕúÕOPÕúWÕU
%DúODQJÕoWDNDELOHLoL\DUGÕPODúPDGDKDVRQUDVÕUDVÕ\ODDLOHLoLGD\DQÕúPDYH
\DUGÕPODúPD GLQLLQDQoYHGL÷HUJGOHUOHELUH\YHGHYOHWoHIDNLUOHUH\DSÕODQ
\DUGÕPODU YH VRQ RODUDN GD RUWD oD÷GD PHVOHN NXUXOXúODUÕ oHUoHYHVLQGH
JHUoHNOHúWLULOHQ\DUGÕPODúPDODUVDQD\LGHYULPL|QFHVLEDúYXUXODQEDúOÕFDVRV\DO
JYHQOLN \|QWHPOHULQL WHúNLO HWPLúWLU $QFDN VDQD\L GHYULPL VRQUDVÕ RUWD\D
oÕNDQLNWLVDGLVRV\DOYHVL\DVDOúDUWODUVRV\DOJYHQOLNDoÕVÕQGDQ\HQLELUGXUXP
RUWD\D oÕNDUPÕú YH VRV\DO JYHQOLN LKWL\DFÕQÕQ JLGHULOPHVLQGH EX JHOHQHNVHO
\|QWHPOHUE\N|OoGH|QHPLQLND\EHWPLúWLU'LOLN,;
(VDVHQ VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ LQVDQOÕ÷ÕQ oRN HVNLGHQ EHUL KLVVHWWL÷L ELU
LKWL\Do ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQJHUHNNDYUDPYHJHUHNVHPRGHUQPDQDGDELUVLVWHP
RODUDN GR÷XúX YH LQVDQOÕ÷ÕQ ELOLQFLQGH WH]DKU HGLúL VDQD\L GHYULPLQLQ RUWD\D
oÕNÕúÕQÕ EHNOHPLúWLU \]\ÕOÕQ RUWDODUÕQGD JHUoHNOHúHQ VÕQDL GHYULP YH EX
GHYULPLQ VL\DVDO DODQGD \RO DoWÕ÷Õ )UDQVÕ] 'HYULPL \HS\HQL ELU G|QHPLQ
GR÷XúXQD \RO DoPÕúWÕU %|\OHFH VL\DVDO VRV\DO YH LNWLVDGL DODQGD EWQ
ER\XWODUÕ\OD RUWD\D oÕNDQ OLEHUDO WRSOXP G]HQL ELU WDUDIWDQ \R÷XQ VHUPD\H
ELULNLPLQH YH GL÷HU WDUDIWDQ GD JHoLP DUDFÕ RODUDN HPHN JFQGHQ EDúND ELU
LPNDQD VDKLS ROPD\DQ VHIDOHW LoHULVLQGH \DúDPODUÕQÕ VUGUHELOPH PFDGHOHVL
YHUHQ E\N ELU LúoL NLWOHVLQLQ GR÷XPXQD QHGHQ ROPXúWXU %X G|QHPGH
WHNQRORMLN G]H\LQ GúN ROPDVÕ X]XQ oDOÕúPD VUHOHULQLQ PHYFXGL\HWL YH
345
<UG'Ro'U6'høø%)
687,
"$ 9:<;"$# =/# >
FUHWOHULQoRNGúNROPDVÕJLELQHGHQOHUOHLúoLOHULQLúND]DODUÕQGD\DúDPODUÕQÕ
\LWLUGLNOHUL \DGD VDNDW NDOGÕNODUÕ IL]\RORMLN YH VRV\RHNRQRPLN QHGHQOHUOH
oDOÕúDPDGÕNODUÕG|QHPOHUGH\DúDPLPNDQODUÕQGDQWP\OH\RNVXQNDOGÕNODUÕYH
VHIDOHW FUHWL QHGHQL\OHDLOHYL\NPOONOHULQLQGDKDGDD÷ÕUODúWÕ÷Õ\R÷XQELU
JYHQVL]OLN RUWDPÕ RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU 6RQXoWD EX JHOLúLP WRSOXPODUGD oDOÕúPD
KDNNÕ PLOOL JHOLUGHQ \HWHUOL ELU SD\ DOPD YH VRV\DO JYHQOLN JLEL oHúLWOL
WDOHSOHULQGR÷XúXQDQHGHQROPXúWXU
2UWD\D oÕNDQ EX VL\DVDO VRV\DO YH HNRQRPLN VUHo PRGHUQ VRV\DO
JYHQOLN DQOD\Õú ELOLQo YH VLVWHPOHULQLQ GR÷XúXQXQ EDúODQJÕo QRNWDVÕQÕ WHúNLO
HWPLúWLU1LWHNLPEXDQODPGDWDULKOHULDUDVÕQGD%LVPDUFNWDUDIÕQGDQ
JHOLúWLULOLS\UUO÷HNRQXODQ$OPDQ6RV\DO6LJRUWDODU0HY]XDWÕLONYH|QHPOL
ELU EDúODQJÕFÕ VLPJHOHPHNWHGLU $\UÕFD %LVPDUFN
ÕQ KD]ÕUODGÕ÷Õ UHIRUPODUGD
GHYOHWLQ PLOOL JHOLUL WP YDWDQGDúODUÕQ |]HOOLNOH \RNVXOODUÕQ \DúDPODUÕQÕ
L\LOHúWLULFL \|QGH \HQLGHQ GD÷ÕWÕPD WDEL WXWPDNOD \NPO NÕOÕQPDVÕ GL÷HU ELU
|QHPOL JHOLúPH\L WHúNLO HWPHNWHGLU *]HO %X ED÷ODPGD EX
JHOLúPHOHU KHP VRV\DO VLJRUWD PHY]XDWÕ YH KHP GH \HQLGHQ JHOLU GD÷ÕWÕPÕ
ER\XWODUÕ\OD VRV\DO GHYOHW PRGHOLQLQ EHOLUPH\H EDúODGÕ÷Õ ELU VUHFL WHPVLO
HWPHNWHGLU
$QFDN KHP VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ YH KHP GH VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ PRGHUQ
PDQDGD EWQ DQODP YH ER\XWODUÕ\OD YFXW EXOPDVÕ GQ\D HNRQRPLN
NUL]LQH WHSNL RODUDN RUWD\D oÕNDQ .H\QHV\HQ GHYULPL EHNOHPLúWLU øNWLVDGL YH
VRV\DO KD\DWD GHYOHW PGDKDOHVLQL |QJ|UHQ .H\QHV\HQ GHYULP LOH ELUOLNWH
VRV\DOGHYOHWKHPELOLPVHOELUJHUHNoH\HYHKHPGHPDNURHNRQRPLNG]H\GH
WDOHS \|QHWLPL YDVÕWDVÕ\OD EWQ HNRQRPLN E\NONOHUL D\DUOD\DFDN LNWLVDW
SROLWLNDODUÕQD NDYXúPXúWXU $\QÕ JHOLúLPH SDUDOHO RODUDN VRV\DO JYHQOLN
DODQÕQGD GD .H\QHVoL ELU LNWLVDWoÕ RODQ :LOOLDP %HYHULGJH PDKL\HWLQGHNL
NRPLV\RQ \HOHUL LOH ELUOLNWH \ÕOÕQGD NHQGL GH\LPL\OH VRV\DO GHYULP
RODUDN QLWHOHGL÷L ELU PRGHO RUWD\D NR\PXúWXU %|\OHFH EX PRGHO .H\QHV
LQ
LNWLVDGLDODQGD\DSWÕ÷ÕGHYULPLQVRV\DOJYHQOLNDODQÕQGDNLELU\DQVÕPDVÕRODUDN
NDUúÕPÕ]D oÕNPDNWDGÕU )ORUD YH +HÕGHQKHÕPHU 3KÕOOÕSV 7D\ORU*RRE\YH'DOH
*HUoHNWHQ GH .H\QHV \]\ÕO HQGVWUL KD\DWÕQGD EDú J|VWHUHQ
\RNVXOOXN SUREOHPLQL OLEHUDO NDSLWDOLVW WRSOXP G]HQLQH ED÷ODPÕú YH GHYOHW
PGDKDOHVLQL JHUHNOL J|UPúWU $\QÕ ED÷ODPGD %HYHULGJH GH LúVL]OLN |OP
\DúOÕOÕN PDOXOON YH KDVWDOÕN JLEL \RNVXOOX÷D \RO DoDQ EWQ VRV\DO ULVNOHUL
PRGHUQ WRSOXPGDNL oDUSÕNOÕNODUD ED÷ODPÕú YH ELUH\OHULQ EX ULVNOHUH NDUúÕ
NRUXQPDVÕQGD GHYOHWL VRUXPOX WXWPXúWXU 'LOQRW %|\OHFH
VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ELUH\GHQ ]L\DGH GHYOHWLQ J|UHYL ROGX÷X ELU GúQFH RUWDPÕ
GR÷PXúWXU
!
"$# %&'(# ) )&) *+,)-. %/
(VDVHQVRV\DOJYHQOL÷LQELULQVDQKDNNÕYHGHYOHWJ|UHYLRODUDNNDPX
VRUXPOXOX÷XGDKLOLQGHDOJÕODQPDVÕVUHFLQLQROXúXPXQGDWHNQHGHQ%HYHULGJH
PRGHOL GH÷LOGLU %X ROXúXPD NDWNÕGD EXOXQDQ ELUHU JHOLúPH RODUDN EXUDGD
$PHULND
GD OLEHUDO GRNWULQLQ |OP IHUPDQÕ RODUDN QLWHOHQGLULOHQ WDULKOL³6RV\DO*YHQOLN<DVDVÕ´QÕYH\ÕOÕQGD\RNVXOOX÷DN|NOELUo|]P
\ROX VXQDQ <HQL =HOODQGD VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPLQL GH XQXWPDPDN JHUHNLU
*]HOYH2NXU*RUGRQ
1HWLFH LWLEDUL\OH OLEHUDO WRSOXP G]HQLQLQ RUWD\D oÕNDUGÕ÷Õ WRSOXPVDO
oDUSÕNOÕNODU NDUúÕVÕQGD WRSOXPGD \NVHOHQ VRV\RHNRQRPLN HúLWOLN YH VRV\DO
JYHQOLNWDOHSOHULJHQHOER\XWX\ODVRV\DOGHYOHWLQYHVSHVLILNER\XWX\ODPRGHUQ
VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ GR÷XúX YH JHOLúLPLQH \RO DoPÕú YH .H\QHV\HQ
GHYULPOHELUOLNWHRUWD\DoÕNDQGúQFHRUWDPÕGDV|]NRQXVXVLVWHPOHULQ\HS\HQL
DQODPYHER\XWODUND]DQGÕ÷ÕELUVUHoROPXúWXU
%|\OHFHVRV\DOJYHQOL÷LQKHPXOXVODUDUDVÕEHOJHOHUGHYHKHPGHONH
DQD\DVDODUÕQGDELULQVDQKDNNÕYHGHYOHWJ|UHYLRODUDNWDQÕPODQGÕ÷ÕELUG|QHP
RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU %X QHGHQOH \DNÕQ ]DPDQODUD NDGDU VRV\DO JYHQOLN DODQÕQGD
NDPX VRUXPOXOX÷X KÕ]OD JHQLúOHPLú YH GHYOHW JHQLú \NPOONOHUOH
GRQDWÕOPÕúWÕU
OL \ÕOODUÕQ RUWDODUÕQD NDGDU WDUWÕúPDVÕ] WHN DOWHUQDWLI RODQ
.H\QHV\HQ LNWLVDW SROLWLNDODUÕ oHUoHYHVLQGH VRV\DO JYHQOLN KDUFDPDODUÕ
GHYOHWLQ WDP LVWLKGDPÕ VD÷ODPD YH PLOOL JHOLULDUWÕUPD\|QWHPLRODUDN³WRSODP
WDOHS\|QHWLPL´QLQWHPHOXQVXUODUÕQGDQELULVLQLWHúNLOHWPLúWLUøNWLVDGLYHVRV\DO
DPDoODUÕQoDNÕúWÕ÷ÕV|]NRQXVXEXVUHoWHKHPLNWLVDGLE\PHGHYDPHWPLúYH
KHP GH WRSOXPODU VRV\DO JYHQOLNKDUFDPDODUÕQDGDKDID]ODSD\ D\ÕUPÕúODUGÕU
gUQH÷LQ \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD \ÕOOÕN G|QHPGH ELU oRN 2(&'
ONHVLQGH JD\UL VDIL PLOOL KDVÕOD LoHULVLQGH VRV\DO JYHQOL÷H D\UÕODQ SD\ NDWD NDGDU DUWPÕúWÕU $N\ÕOGÕ] $\UÕFD EX G|QHPGH NDPX
VRUXPOXOX÷XQXQ JHQLúOHPHVLQH SDUDOHO RODUDN WRSODP NDPX JHOLU YH JLGHUOHUL
E\N |OoGH DUWÕú ND\GHWPLúWLU gUQH÷LQ øQJLOWHUH
GH \ÕOÕQGD WRSODP
NDPXJHOLUOHULQLQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVÕODLoHULVLQGHNLSD\ÕLNHQEXRUDQÕQ
WH \D YH \LQH D\QÕ \ÕOODU LWLEDUL\OH WRSODP NDPX KDUFDPDODUÕQÕQ
SD\ÕQÕQGD
GHQ
DWÕUPDQGÕ÷ÕJ|UOPHNWHGLU*RXJK
$QFDN OL \ÕOODUÕQ RUWDODUÕQD JHOLQGL÷LQGH \NVHN LúVL]OLN \NVHN
HQIODV\RQYHLNWLVDGLGDUDOPDQÕQELUOLNWHWH]DKUHWWL÷LoRND÷ÕUELULNWLVDGLNUL]
DQLGHQSDWODNYHUPLúYHV|]NRQXVXNUL]LQDúÕOPDVÕQGD.H\QHV\HQSROLWLNDODUÕQ
SHNVRQXoYHUPHPHVLWHNUDUNODVLNOLEHUDOSROLWLNDODUÕQSRSODULWHND]DQPDVÕQD
QHGHQROPXúWXU
%XJHOLúLPOHELUOLNWHPDNURHNRQRPLSROLWLNDVÕQÕQVDGHFHHQIODV\RQXQ
GúUOPHVL DPDFÕ\OD VÕQÕUODQGÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ WDP LVWLKGDPÕQ YH LNWLVDGL E\PHQLQ
687,
"$ 9:<;"$# =/# >
VD÷ODQPDVÕ DPDFÕQÕQ SL\DVD PHNDQL]PDVÕQD GHYUHGLOGL÷L GÕú WLFDUHWLQ
VHUEHVWOHúWLULOGL÷L NDPX \NPOONOHULQLQ GDUDOWÕOGÕ÷Õ YH ODLVVHV IDLUH
EÕUDNÕQÕ] \DSVÕQODU EÕUDNÕQÕ] JHoVLQOHU SROLWLNDVÕQD JHUL G|QOG÷ ELU VUHo
RUWD\D oÕNPÕúWÕU %X JQN SRSOHU NDYUDP LOH LIDGH HGHFHN ROXUVDN EX VUHo
OLEHUDOOHúPH YH JOREDOOHúPH VUHFLGLU 6|]NRQXVX EX VUHoWH NDPX
VRUXPOXOX÷XQD|QFHOLNYHUHQGúQFHRUWDPÕWHUNHGLOHUHNELUH\VHOVRUXPOXOX÷D
|QFHOLNYHUHQELUGúQFHRUWDPÕQDJHoLOPLúWLUøúWHEXG|QúPPHYFXWVRV\DO
JYHQOLN DQOD\ÕúYHSROLWLNDODUÕQÕQ J|]GHQJHoLULOPHVLYHPHYFXWSUREOHPOHULQ
o|]PQGHDOWHUQDWLIDUD\ÕúODUÕQÕQVRV\RHNRQRPLNER\XWXQXWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU
6RV\DO*YHQOL÷LQ)LQDQVPDQ.UL]L
6RV\DOJYHQOLNWHUHIRUPDUD\ÕúODUÕQÕQWHPHOQHGHQOHULQGHQELULVLVRV\DO
JYHQOL÷LQLoHULVLQGHEXOXQGX÷XILQDQVPDQNUL]LGLU6|]NRQXVXNUL]LQLONRODUDN
$PHULND )UDQVD YH %HOoLND JLEL JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGH RUWD\D oÕNÕS GDKD VRQUD
+ROODQGD 1RUYHo YH øVUDLO JLEL ONHOHUGH \D\JÕQOÕN ND]DQPDVÕ SUREOHPLQ
D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕDoÕVÕQGDQE\NELUDQODPLIDGHHWPHNWHGLU%DWÕUHOYG
6RV\DOJYHQOL÷LQILQDQVPDQNUL]LQH\RODoDQQHGHQOHUPDNURYHPLNUR
ER\XWODULoHULVLQGHNDWDJRUL]HHGLOHELOLU
)LQDQVPDQ.UL]LQLQ0DNUR%R\XWODUÕ
6RV\DOJYHQOL÷LQILQDQVPDQGXUXPXQXoÕNPD]DVRNDQPDNURQHGHQOHU
ONHGHQ ONH\H D] oRN IDUNOÕOÕNODU DU]HWPHVLQH UD÷PHQ D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN EWQ
ONHOHU LoLQ RUWDN KNP LIDGH HGHQ QHGHQOHU G|UW DOW EDúOÕN DOWÕQGD
LQFHOHQHELOLU
øNWLVDGL.UL]
OL \ÕOODUÕQ RUWDODUÕQGD SDWODN YHUHQ LNWLVDGL NUL] KDOHQ EWQ
GQ\DGD HWNLVLQL VUGUPHNWHGLU <NVHN HQIODV\RQ \NVHN LúVL]OLN YH
HNRQRPLGH GXUJXQOXN VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVDO GXUXPXQX QHJDWLI \|QGH
HWNLOH\HQoER\XWXWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU
øúVL]OLNRUDQÕQÕQWÕUPDQÕúJ|VWHUPHVLVRV\DOVLJRUWDNXUXOXúODUÕQÕQSULP
JHOLUOHULQL D]DOWÕUNHQ LúVL]OHUH |GHQHQ LúVL]OLN |GHQHNOHUL YH \DUGÕPODUÕQ
PLNWDUÕQÕ DUWÕUPDNWDGÕU øúVL]OLN G]H\L JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGH OL \ÕOODUÕQ
RUWDODUÕQGDQ LWLEDUHQ WÕUPDQPD\D EDúODPÕú YH \ÕOÕ LWLEDUL\OH -DSRQ\D YH
$YXVWXU\D KDULo GL÷HU ONHOHUGH LOH DUDVÕQGD GH÷LúHQ RUDQODUD
XODúPÕúWÕU 6|]NRQXVX oR÷X ONHGH LúVL]OLN RUDQÕ FLYDUÕQGDGÕU $QÕODQ
RUDQODUÕQ \ÕOÕQGD GD ED]Õ ONHOHUGH YH\D SXDQ GúHUHN YH ED]Õ
ONHOHUGHGHDUWÕúND\GHGHUHNPHYFXWG]H\OHULQLVUGUHFH÷LEHNOHQPHNWHGLU
$N\ÕOGÕ] %X GXUXP LúVL]OL÷LQ VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQÕ ]HULQGHNL
EDVNÕVÕQÕQGHYDPHGHFH÷LQLJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
(? "@!@/A<7&B+9@ ;, DC E&?&*F
<NVHNHQIODV\RQLVWG|QHPOHUGHPHYFXWLúVL]OL÷LQEDVNÕVÕDOWÕQGDFUHW
DUWÕúODUÕQÕQHQIODV\RQRUDQODUÕQÕQDOWÕQGDVH\UHWPHVLNDoÕQÕOPD]GÕU'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD
HQIODV\RQ ELU WDUDIWDQ VRV\DO JYHQOLN KDUFDPDODUÕQÕQ DUWÕúÕQD QHGHQ ROXUNHQ
D\QÕ]DPDQGDUHHOSULPJHOLUOHULQLQGúPHVLVRQXFXQXGR÷XUXUg]HOOLNOHVD÷OÕN
KDUFDPDODUÕ YH D\QL KL]PHW RODUDN \DSÕODQ JLGHUOHULQ V|]NRQXVX ROGX÷X
DODQODUGDEXVUHoE\N|QHPDU]HWPHNWHGLU
$\UÕFD PDOL EWoH DoÕNODUÕ LOH VRV\DO JYHQOLN KDUFDPDODUÕ DUDVÕQGD
SR]LWLI ELU LOLúNLQLQ ROGX÷X LIDGH HGLOHELOLU %X GD EWoH DoÕNODUÕ QHGHQL\OH
HNRQRPLGH \NVHN IDL] EDQNDVÕ \DQL NUL]LQ D÷ÕUODúPDVÕ DQODPÕQD JHOLU
(NRQRPLNNUL]VUHFLQGHLVHVRV\DOJYHQOLNNXUXOXúODUÕQÕQILQDQVPDQDoÕNODUÕ
NDoÕQÕOPD]GÕU$N\ÕOGÕ]
'Q\D HNRQRPLVLQH J|] DWÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD GQ\DGDNL PHYFXW GXUJXQOX÷XQ
GHYDPHGHFH÷LDQODúÕOPDNWDGÕU6RQ\ÕOODUGD$YXVWXU\DYH-DSRQ\DKDULoGL÷HU
JHOLúPLú ONHOHULQ PHYFXW LúVL]OLN RUDQODUÕQÕ H oHNHFHN ELU HNRQRPLN
SHUIRUPDQVVHUJLOH\HFH÷LEHNOHQPHPHNWHGLU$N\ÕOGÕ]'37
%X GXUXPGD \NVHN LúVL]OLN GúN LNWLVDGL E\PH KÕ]Õ YH QLVSHWHQ NRQWURO
DOWÕQDDOÕQPÕúHQIODV\RQLVWELURUWDPGDVRV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWHPOHULQLQILQDQVPDQ
NUL]LQLQGHYDPHGHFH÷LQLLIDGHHGHELOLUL]
1IXVXQ*LWWLNoH<DúODQPDVÕ
7HNQRORMLNLOHUOHPHOHULQVD÷ODGÕ÷ÕUHIDKDUWÕúÕLOHELUOLNWHRUWDODPDLQVDQ
|PU X]DPDNWD EXQD NDUúÕOÕN GR÷XPODU D]DOPDNWD YH VRQXo RODUDN QIXV
JLWWLNoH\DúODQPDNWDGÕU
1IXVXQ \DúODQPDVÕ HPHN DU]ÕQÕ GDUDOWÕFÕ WHVLU LFUD HWPHNWH YH
GROD\ÕVÕ\OD DNWLISDVLI VLJRUWDOÕ GHQJHVLQL QHJDWLI \|QGH HWNLOHPHNWHGLU
g]HOOLNOH JHOLúPLú 2(&' ONHOHUL LoLQ EX GXUXP E\N |QHP DU]HWPHNWHGLU
<DúOÕODUÕQ JHQHO QIXV LoHULVLQGHNL SD\Õ KÕ]OD DUWPDNWDGÕU gUQH÷LQ .DQDGD
GD
\DúÕQ]HULQGHNLQIXVXQ\DúDUDVÕQIXVDRUDQÕ
GHLNHQ
\ÕOÕQGDV|]NRQXVXRUDQÕQ
HXODúDFD÷ÕWDKPLQHGLOPHNWHGLU0HYFXW
EX GHPRJUDILN GH÷LúLP VRQXFX RODUDN .DQDGD
GD PLOOL JHOLU LoHULVLQGH HPHNOL
D\OÕNODUÕQDD\UÕODQSD\
WHLNHQ\ÕOÕQGD
HWÕUPDQDFDNWÕU
%X GXUXP GL÷HU 2(&' \HVL oR÷X JHOLúPLú ONHOHU LoLQ DúD÷Õ \XNDUÕ D\QHQ
JHoHUOLGLU $N\ÕOGÕ] %X GXUXPGD GHPRJUDILN GH÷LúLPLQ VRV\DO
JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ HQ |QHPOL QHGHQOHULQGHQ ELU GL÷HULQL WHúNLO
HWWL÷LQLLIDGHHGHELOLUL]
6D÷OÕN+L]PHWOHUL0DOL\HWOHULQLQ$UWÕúÕ
7ÕSWD \DúDQDQ WHNQRORMLN JHOLúPHOHU X]PDQODúPDQÕQ ER\XWODUÕQÕQ
JHOLúPHVL \HQL ED]Õ KDVWDOÕNODUÕQ RUWD\D oÕNÕúÕ YH GDKD NDOLWHOL VD÷OÕN KL]PHWL
WDOHELQLQ RUWD\D oÕNÕúÕ EXQD NDUúÕQ VD÷OÕN DODQÕQGD oDOÕúDQODUÕQ FUHWOHULQLQ
687,
"$ 9:<;"$# =/# >
DUWÕúÕVD÷OÕNKL]PHWOHULQLQPDOL\HWLQLDUWÕUDUDNVRV\DOJYHQOL÷LQILQDQVPDQÕQÕ
QHJDWLI\|QGHHWNLOHPHNWHGLU,/2
\ÕOÕQD NDGDU VD÷OÕN KDUFDPDODUÕQÕQ $YXVWUDO\D .DQDGD )UDQVD
-DSRQ\D+ROODQGDøVYHoøQJLOWHUHYH$PHULND
GDVRV\DOKDUFDPDODULoHULVLQGH
VRV\DOJYHQOLND\OÕN|GHPHOHULQGHQVRQUDHQ\NVHNG]H\GHDUWÕúJ|VWHUHFHN
KDUFDPD NDOHPLQL WHúNLO HGHFH÷L WDKPLQ HGLOPHNWHGLU +DJHPDQ YH 1ÕFROHWWÕ
2HFG
6RV\DO*YHQOL÷LQ)LQDQVPDQ.UL]LQLQ'L÷HU1HGHQOHUL
6RV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQÕQÕ QHJDWLI \|QGHQ HWNLOH\HQ GL÷HU
QHGHQOHULúXúHNLOGHVÕUDOD\DELOLUL]
6RV\DOVL\DVDOYHPRUDOVHEHSOHUOHVRV\DOJYHQOLNNDSVDPÕQÕQONH
LPNDQODUÕQÕ DúDFDN GHUHFHGH JHQLúOHPHVL %X GXUXP |]HOOLNOH %HOoLND øVUDLO
øVSDQ\D YH 0HNVLND
GD RUWD\D oÕNDQ NUL]OHULQ VHEHSOHULQGHQ ELULQL WHúNLO
HWPLúWLU%DWÕUHOYG
øQVDQFÕOVHEHSOHU\DQÕQGD|]HOOLNOHSROLWLNoÕNDUVD÷ODPDNDPDFÕ\OD
VRV\DOJHOLUOHUHKDNND]DQPDNRúXOODUÕQÕQV|]NRQXVXVRV\DOJHOLUOHULQYHNDPX
\DUGÕPODUÕQÕQ VUHNOL JHQLúOHPH H÷LOLPL J|VWHUPHVL g]HOOLNOH 2(&'
ONHOHULQGHSDVLIVLJRUWDOÕELUH\EDúÕQDUHHOVRV\DOJHOLUDUWÕúRUDQÕQÕQIHUWEDúÕQD
UHHO PLOOL JHOLU DUWÕú RUDQÕQÕQ ]HULQGH VH\UHWWL÷L J|UOPHNWHGLU $N\ÕOGÕ] %X GXUXP PLOOL JHOLU LoHULVLQGH SDVLI VLJRUWDOÕODUÕQ JHOLUOHULQLQ WRSOXPXQ
GL÷HU NHVLPOHUL DOH\KLQH KÕ]OD JHQLúOHGL÷LQL RUWD\D NR\PDNWDGÕU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD
VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPLQFH VD÷ODQDQ D\OÕN |GHPHOHULQLQ DúÕUÕ úHNLOGH
JHQLúOHPHVL VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ GL÷HU ELU ER\XWXQX
\DQVÕWPDNWDGÕU $\UÕFD KDN ND]DQÕP YH JHOLU RODUDN VUHNOL JHQLúOHPH
H÷LOLPLQLQYDUROGX÷XGL÷HUELUDODQNDPX\DUGÕPODUÕGÕU.DPX\DUGÕPODUÕGDKD
|QFHOHUL VDGHFH \RNVXO ELUH\OHUL NDSVDUNHQ ]DPDQOD EHOLUOL úDUWODUD KDL]
ELUH\OHUH JHOLU YH VHUYHW GXUXPXQD EDNÕOPDNVÕ]ÕQ VD÷ODQÕU ROPXúWXU %X
JHOLúLPH X\JXQ RODUDN JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGH NDPX \DUGÕPODUÕQÕQ JD\UL VDIL PLOOL
KDVÕOD LoHULVLQGHNL SD\ÕQÕQ JHQLúOHPH LVWLGDGÕ J|VWHUGL÷L J|UOPHNWHGLU
$N\ÕOGÕ]
6L\DVDOWRSOXPVDO \DúDP LoHULVLQGH \HQL \DUGÕP WUOHULQLQ RUWD\D
oÕNPDVÕ g]HOOLNOH EDWÕ ONHOHULQGH ERúDQPD QHGHQL\OH WHN HEHYH\QOL DLOHOHULQ
oR÷DOPDVÕ YH EXQD \|QHOLN \DSÕODQ \HQL G]HQOHPHOHU EX JHOLúLPH J]HO ELU
|UQHNWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU,/2
dHúLWOL PODKD]DODUOD |]HOOLNOH SROLWLN KHVDSODUOD HUNHQ HPHNOLOLN
X\JXODPDODUÕQD JLGLOPHVL 'LOLN .HLOHU %X GXUXP VRV\DO
VLJRUWD NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ DNWLISDVLI GHQJHVLQL ER]PDNWD YH ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ
|QHPOLELUQHGHQLQLWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU
(? "@!@/A<7&B+9@ ;, DC E&?&*F
(PHNOLOLN\DúÕQÕQHUNHNOHUHQD]DUDQNDGÕQODUGDGDKDGúNROGX÷X
ONHOHUGH HPHN DU]Õ LoHULVLQGH NDGÕQ oDOÕúDQODUÕQ SD\ÕQÕQ DUWÕúÕ %X GXUXP GD
VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ ILQDQVPDQÕQÕ D] \D GD oRN ]DPDQ LoHULVLQGH
QHJDWLIHWNLOH\HQELUROJXGXU$N\ÕOGÕ]
)LQDQVPDQ.UL]LQLQ0LNUR%R\XWX
6RV\DOJYHQOLNNXUXOXúODUÕIRQODUÕQÕQGúNIDL]OLNUHGLND\QD÷ÕRODUDN
GHYOHWoH NXOODQÕPÕ GQ\DQÕQ KHU WDUDIÕQGD \DúDQDQ ELU YDNÕDGÕU gUQH÷LQ HQ
JHOLúPLú VDQD\L ONHOHULQGHQ ELULVL RODQ $PHULND %LUOHúLN 'HYOHWOHUL
QGH GDKL
NDPX oDOÕúDQODUÕQD DLW IRQODUÕQ oR÷XQXQ H\DOHW YH NHQWOHUGH EWoH DoÕNODUÕQÕQ
NDSDWÕOPDVÕQGD NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU 'UXFNHU $\UÕFD VHNL]
/DWLQ $PHULND ONHVL ]HULQGH \DSÕODQ ELU LQFHOHPHGH GH VDGHFH o HPHNOLOLN
IRQXQXQ UHHO JHWLUL VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ WHVSLW HGLOPLúWLU 6FKXO] %X GXUXP
VRV\DOJYHQOL÷LQILQDQVPDQNUL]LQLQ\LQH|QHPOLELUER\XWXQDÕúÕNWXWPDNWDGÕU
6RV\DO*YHQOL÷LQ(WNLQOLN3UREOHPL
+HUúH\GHQ HYYHO DVJDUL \DúDP JDUDQWLVL DQODPÕQD JHOHQ VRV\DO
JYHQOLN \RNVXOOX÷X RUWDGDQ NDOGÕUPD\Õ HQ oRN NLúLQLQ HQID]ODPXWOXOX÷XQX
VD÷ODPD\Õ YH JHOLU GD÷ÕOÕPÕQGD VRV\DO DGDOHWLQ WHVLV HGLOPHVLQL DPDo HGLQPLú
RODQVRV\DOSROLWLNDQÕQHQ|QHPOLELUDOWGLVLSOLQLQLWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU
%X DQODPGD VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHUL KHP WRSOXPGD \RNVXOOX÷X
RUWDGDQNDOGÕUPDYHKHPGHVRV\DODGDOHWLKD\DWDJHoLUPHLúOHYLQLHWNLQúHNLOGH
\HULQH JHWLUPHOLGLU $QFDN PHYFXW GHQH\LPOHUH EDNÕODFDN ROXUVD VRV\DO
JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ KHU LNL LúOHYGH GH \HWHUVL] NDOGÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU
gUQH÷LQ$PHULND
GD
OL\ÕODUER\XQFDGHYOHWoH\DSÕODQE\NKDUFDPDODUOD
\UWOHQ \DUGÕP SURJUDPÕQD UD÷PHQ \RNVXOOXN VRUXQXQXQ D÷ÕUODúWÕ÷Õ
\ROXQGDEXOJXODUPHYFXWWXU%DUU\1DLVELWWYH$EXUGHQH
6RV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ \RNVXOOXN SUREOHPLQLQ o|]PQGH \HWHUVL] NDOPDVÕ
DúD÷ÕGDEHOLUWLOHQoQHGHQHED÷ODQPDNWDGÕU,/2
6RV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWHPOHULQLQDúÕUÕEURNUDWLNYHNDUPDúÕNROPDVÕ
%D]ÕKDNODUÕQLVWLKGDPHGLOPHúDUWÕQDED÷ODQPDVÕ
6RV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ SDUWWLPH oDOÕúDQODUÕQ WHKOLNHOL LúOHUGH
oDOÕúDQODUÕQ GúN FUHWOLOHULQ NDGÕQODUÕQ VDNDWODUÕQ YH HWQLN D]ÕQOÕNODUÕQ
LKWL\DFÕQDFHYDSYHUPHPHVL
7RSOXPXQ \RNVXO NHVLPOHUL |UJWV] YH JoV] ROGXNODUÕ LoLQ VRV\DO
JYHQOLN DODQÕQD D\UÕODQ WRSOXPVDO ND\QDNWDQ \HWHULQFH SD\ DODPDPDNWDGÕUODU
%XQODUÕQ \HULQH VL\DVDO NLWOHVHO YH QIX]D GD\DOÕ JF RODQ NHVLPOHU VL\DVDO
VUHFL HWNLOH\HUHN GDKD ID]OD SD\ DOPDNWDGÕUODU %DUU\ 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD EX
GXUXPKHP\RNVXOOXNVRUXQXQXQGHYDPHWPHVLYHKHPGH\RNVXONHVLPOHUGHQ
687,
"$ 9:<;"$# =/# >
RUWD NHVLPH JHOLU DNÕPÕQD QHGHQ RODUDN VRV\DO DGDOHWLQ JHUoHNOHúPHPHVL
VRQXFXQXGR÷XUPDNWDGÕU
6RQXo LWLEDUL\OH PHYFXW VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHUL HQ D] LKWL\DFÕ
RODQODUD HQ oRN HQ oRN LKWL\DFÕ RODQODUD HQ D] KL]PHW YHUHQ NXUXPODU EWQ
J|UQPQGHGLU
6RV\DO*YHQOLNWHgQHULOHQ5HIRUP$OWHUQDWLIOHUL
'Q\DONHOHULHNRQRPLOHULQLQLoHULVLQGHEXOXQGX÷XLNWLVDGLGXUJXQOXN
\NVHN LúVL]OLN \NVHN HQIODV\RQ GHPRJUDILN GH÷LúLPGH RUWD\D oÕNDQ QHJDWLI
H÷LOLP VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ LoHULVLQGH EXOXQGX÷X VUHNOL JHQLúOHPH
GLQDPL]PL YH E\N KDUFDPDODUD UD÷PHQ PHYFXW VLVWHPOHULQ VRV\DO DGDOHWLQ
WHVLVLQGH \HWHULQFH LúOHY LFUD HGHPHPHOHUL EWQ GQ\DGD \HQL DOWHUQDWLI
DUD\ÕúODUÕQÕQWHPHOQHGHQOHULQLWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU
2(&'ONHOHULQGH\DúOÕQIXVXQED÷ÕPOÕOÕNRUDQÕQÕQ\ÕOÕLWLEDUL\OH
RUWDODPD ¶GDQ \ÕOÕ LWLEDUL\OH ¶H oÕNDFD÷Õ EXQD NDUúÕQ D\QÕ
\ÕOODU LWLEDUL\OH HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ PLOOL JHOLU LoHULVLQGHNL SD\ODUÕQÕQ
¶GHQ¶HoÕNDFD÷ÕGLNNDWHDOÕQDFDNROXUVDPHYFXWVRV\DOJYHQOLN
VLVWHPOHULQLQ ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ JLWWLNoH GHULQOHúHFH÷L J|UOPHNWHGLU
$N\ÕOGÕ=
øúWH EX QHGHQOH EDúWD JHOLúPLú EDWÕ ONHOHUL ROPDN ]HUH úLPGLGHQ
oHúLWOL UHIRUP DOWHUQDWLIOHUL ]HULQGH GXUXOPDNWDGÕU %X DOWHUQDWLIOHUL DQD
KDWODUÕ\ODG|UWEDúOÕNDOWÕQGDHOHDODELOLUL]
0HYFXW6LVWHPOHULQ,VODKÕ
0HYFXW VLVWHPOHULQ ÕVODKÕQGD LNL DOW DOWHUQDWLI V|]NRQXVXGXU %LULQFLVL
VLVWHPOHULQDNWDU\DOJHOLUJLGHUGHQJHOHULQLQVD÷ODQPDVÕNRQXVXQXYHLNLQFLVL
LVHILQDQVPDQ\|QWHPLQLLoHUPHNWHGLU
$NWHU\DO'HQJHQLQ6D÷ODQPDVÕ
0HYFXW VLVWHPOHULQ DNWHU\DO GHQJHOHULQLQ VD÷ODQPDVÕ LoLQ JHOLU
ND\QDNODUÕQÕQ DUWÕUÕOPDVÕ YH KDUFDPDODUÕQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕ \|QQGH WHGELUOHU
DOÕQPDNWDGÕU %X GXUXP PHYFXW SULP JHOLUOHULQLQ DUWÕUÕOPDVÕ EXQD NDUúÕQ
VD÷ODQDQ|GHQHNYHD\OÕNODUÕQD]DOWÕOPDVÕDQODPÕQDJHOPHNWHGLU
*HOLúPLú EDWÕ ONHOHULQLQ oR÷XQGD HPHNOLOLN \DúÕ YH SULP |GHPH JQ
VD\ÕVÕQÕQ DUWÕUÕOPDVÕQD \|QHOLN WHGELUOHU GHYUH\H VRNXOPDNWDGÕU %DúWD øVYHo
+ROODQGD øWDO\D )LQODQGL\D $OPDQ\D YH )UDQVD ROPDN ]HUH ELU oRN ONHGH
úLGGHWOLWRSOXPVDOPXKDOHIHWHUD÷PHQEXWUSROLWLNDODUDEDúYXUXOPDNWDGÕU
$OPDQ\D
GD \ÕO SULP|GHPHúDUWÕ\ODHUNHNOHULQYH NDGÕQODUÕQ
\DúÕQGD HPHNOL ROPDODUÕ PPNQ LNHQ \ÕOÕQGD \UUO÷H VRNXODQ
(? "@!@/A<7&B+9@ ;, DC E&?&*F
HPHNOLOLN UHIRUP \DVDVÕ LOH V|]NRQXVX \Dú VÕQÕUODUÕQÕQ \ÕOÕQD NDGDU
WHGULFHQ \DúÕQD \NVHOWLOGL÷L J|UOPHNWHGLU <HQL =HODQGD
GD HPHNOLOLN
\DúÕQÕQ1LVDQWDULKLQGHQLWLEDUHQ\DúÕQGDQ
H\NVHOWLOGL÷LYHGDKD
VRQUD GD PHYFXW \Dú VÕQÕUÕQÕQ KHU D\GD ELU D\ \NVHOWLOHUHN \ÕOÕQGDQ
LWLEDUHQ \Dú X\JXODPDVÕQD JHoLOPHVLQLQ VD÷ODQGÕ÷Õ $YXVWXU\D
GD GD QLVDQÕQGDQ VRQUD oDOÕúDQODUÕQ GDKD JHo HPHNOL ROPDODUÕ KDOLQGH HUNHNOHU LoLQ
\Dú DUDVÕQGD YH NDGÕQODU LoLQ \Dú DUDVÕQGD HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ
JHFLNWLULOHQ KHU ELU \ÕOD NDUúÕOÕN RUDQÕQGD YH HUNHNOHULQ NDGÕQODUÕQ \DúÕQGDQ VRQUD HPHNOL ROPDODUÕ GXUXPXQGD GD KHU \ÕOD NDUúÕOÕN RUDQÕQGD
DUWÕUÕOGÕ÷Õ oHúLWOL G]HQOHPHOHU \ROX\OD JHo HPHNOLOL÷LQ WHúYLN HGLOGL÷L
J|]OHQPHNWHGLU$\UÕFD<XQDQLVWDQ
GDSULP|GHPHJQVD\ÕVÕQÕQ
GHQ
LWLEDUÕ\OD \H YH \ÕOÕ LWLEDUL\OH GH H oÕNDUÕOGÕ÷Õ PúDKDGH
HGLOPHNWHGLU ,66$ %HQ]HU X\JXODPDODUÕQ GL÷HU JHOLúPLú EDWÕ
ONHOHULQGHGH\D\JÕQOÕNND]DQGÕ÷ÕQÕKHPHQYXUJXODPDOÕ\Õ]
6RV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ o|]PQH \|QHOLN WHGELUOHULQ
LNLQFL ER\XWX KDUFDPDODUÕQ NÕVÕOPDVÕ \|QQGHGLU %X DPDoOD \LQH oR÷X EDWÕ
ONHVLQGH VRV\DO JYHQOLN |GHQHN YH D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ NÕVÕWODQPDVÕ \ROXQGD
G]HQOHPHOHUHJLGLOPHNWHGLUgUQH÷LQ$OPDQ\D
GDVRQHPHNOLOLNUHIRUP\DVDVÕ
LOH HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ EUW FUHW DUWÕúODUÕQD SDUDOHO RODUDN DUWÕUÕOPDVÕQD VRQ
YHULOPLú YH V|]NRQXVX DUWÕúD LOLúNLQ RODUDN RUWDODPD YHUJL G]H\L YH VRV\DO
JYHQOLN SULPOHULQL GLNNDWH DODQ ELU QHW NDYUDPÕ GHYUH\H VRNXOPXúWXU <HQL
=HOODQGD
GD \ÕOODUÕ DUDVÕQGD HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQGDNL LQGHNVH ED÷OÕ
DUWÕúODU GXUGXUXOPXúWXU øWDO\D
GD HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ KHVDEÕQGD VRQ \ÕO
GLNNDWHDOÕQÕUNHQGDKDVRQUDEXVUHQLQVRQ\ÕO
D\NVHOWLOGL÷L)UDQVD
GDHQ
\NVHNND]DQoVD÷ODQDQ\ÕOOÕNVUHGLNNDWHDOÕQÕUNHQGDKDVRQUDEXVUHQLQ
\ÕOD oÕNDUÕOGÕ÷Õ D\UÕFD .DQDGD
GD GD PXKWDoODUD VD÷ODQDQ \DúOÕOÕN
D\OÕ÷ÕQÕQ G]H\LQLQ GLUHNW RODUDN WRSODQDQ YHUJL JHOLUOHUL G]H\LQH ED÷ODQGÕ÷Õ
J|UOPHNWHGLU,66$
6RV\DO JYHQOLN KDUFDPDODUÕQÕQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕ oDEDVÕ VDGHFH HPHNOL
D\OÕNODUÕQD\|QHOLNGH÷LOGLU$\QÕoDEDVD÷OÕNKL]PHWOHULDODQÕQGDGDPHYFXWWXU
gUQH÷LQ %OXP UHIRUPX LOH $OPDQ\D
GD KDUFDPDODUÕQ NÕVÕOPDVÕ DPDFÕ\OD
VD÷OÕN VLJRUWDVÕ DODQÕQGD ELU WDVODN SDNHWLQ JHOLúWLULOGL÷L SDNHWWH VLJRUWDOÕODUÕQ
WHGDYLKL]PHWOHULPDOL\HWLQLQ
XQXYHKDVWDQHPDVUDIODUÕQDLOLúNLQRODUDNGD
JQON $OPDQ 0DUNÕQÕ |GHPHOHULQLQ \HU DOGÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU $\UÕFD
V|]NRQXVXWHGELUOHUGHGLúSURWH]OHULQGHVLJRUWDOÕODUD\DSÕODQJHUL|GHPHOHUGHGH
VÕQÕUODPDODUJHWLULOPHNWHGLU,66$
%HQ]HU WHGELUOHU øVYLoUH 1RUYHo $YXVWXUDO\D YH )LQODQGL\D
GD GD
V|]NRQXVXGXU $\UÕFD <HQL =HODQGD
GD VD÷OÕN KL]PHWOHUL GDKD |QFH WDPDPHQ
EHGDYD LNHQ \ÕOÕQÕQ EDúODUÕQGD WHGDYL YH KDVWDQH KL]PHWOHULQGH
PDOL\HWOHULQ XQD YDUDQ E|OPQQ YH LODoODUGD GD OLN NÕVPÕQÕQ
VLJRUWDOÕODUFD |GHQPHVLQL LoHUHQ oHúLWOL WHGELUOHUH EDúYXUXOGX÷XJ|UOPHNWHGLU
,66$
687,
"$ 9:<;"$# =/# >
6RQXo LWLEDUL\OH VLJRUWDOÕODUÕQ SULP \NQQ DUWÕUÕOPDVÕ VD÷OÕN
KL]PHWOHUL PDOL\HWOHULQLQ JLWWLNoH DUWDQ NÕVPÕQÕQ VLJRUWDOÕODUD |GHWWLULOPHVL YH
VD÷ODQDQ KDNODUÕQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕQÕ LoHUHQ WHGELUOHU GQ\DGD \DúDQDQ PHYFXW
ILQDQVPDQ NUL]LQLQ DúÕOPDVÕQGD X\JXODPD\D VRNXODQ \D\JÕQ SROLWLNDODUÕ WHúNLO
HWPHNWHGLU
)LQDQVPDQ<|QWHPLQLQ'H÷LúWLULOPHVL
6RV\DO JYHQOLN NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ ILQDQVPDQÕQGD GD÷ÕWÕP \|QWHPLQGHQ
NDSLWDOL]DV\RQ\|QWHPLQHG|QOPHVL|QHULOPHNWHGLU
'D÷ÕWÕP \|QWHPL JHUoHNWH DoÕN EWoH ILQDQVPDQÕQGDQ EDúND ELU úH\
GH÷LOGLU 'HYOHW HPHNOL ROGXNODUÕQGDJHUL|GHPHN]HUHoDOÕúDQVLJRUWDOÕODUGDQ
ERUoDOPDNWDYHEXQXPHYFXWHPHNOLOHUH|GHPHNWHGLU
'HPRJUDILN GH÷LúLPOH ELUOLNWH PHYFXW SULP RUDQODUÕQÕQ DUWÕUÕOPDPDVÕ
\DGD JHOHFHNWH |GHQHFHN D\OÕNODUÕQ GúUOPHPHVL KDOLQGH VRV\DO JYHQOLN
NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ ILQDQVPDQ NUL]L NDoÕQÕOPD] ROPDNWDGÕU gUQH÷LQ $PHULND
GD
\ÕOÕQGDRODQ\DúOÕQIXVED÷ÕPOÕOÕNRUDQÕQÕQ\ÕOÕQGD
H
WÕUPDQPDVÕ EHNOHQPHNWHGLU %X GXUXPGD PHYFXW HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕ LNDPH
RUDQODUÕQÕQ D\QHQ VUGUOPHVL KDOLQGH SULPOHULQ JHOHFHN \]\ÕOÕQ ELULQFL
oH\UH÷LQGH GHQ ID]OD DUWÕUÕOPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷L LIDGH HGLOPHNWHGLU $NVL KDOGH
SULP RUDQODUÕQÕQ VDELW NDOPDVÕ GXUXPXQGD |GHQHFHN RODQ HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ
E\N RUDQGD GúPHVL V|]NRQXVX RODFDNWÕU %URZQLQJ )HOGPDQ
$\UÕFD LNWLVDGL E\PHQLQ \DYDúODGÕ÷Õ G|QHPOHUGH IRQ JHWLULOHUL
LNWLVDGL E\PHQLQ ]HULQGH VH\UHWPHNWH YH GROD\ÕVÕ\OD GD÷ÕWÕP \|QWHPLQLQ
HPHNOLOHUHRODQDOWHUQDWLIPDOL\HWLGHGDKD\NVHNROPDNWDGÕU)HOGPDQ
+DOEXNL NDSLWDOL]DV\RQ \|QWHPLQH GD\DQDQ ILQDQVPDQ PRGHOLQGH
ELULNHQ IRQODUÕQ JHWLULVL KHP VRV\DO JYHQOLN NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ JHOLU
ND\QDNODUÕQGDQ ELULVLQL WHúNLO HWPHNWH YH KHPGH LNWLVDGL NUL] G|QHPOHULQGH
\NVHN IDL] JHWLULVL QHGHQL\OH GDKD \NVHN D\OÕN G]H\OHULQH LPNDQ
VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU%URZQLQJ
=DWHQ X]XQ YDGHOL VLJRUWD NROODUÕ JHQHOGH ILQDQVPDQ \|QWHPL RODUDN
NDSLWDOL]DV\RQ PRGHOLQL VHoPHOHULQH UD÷PHQ IRQODUÕQ HULWLOPHVL QHGHQL\OH
ILLOHQ YH ]RUXQOX RODUDN GD÷ÕWÕP \|QWHPLQH JHoPLúOHUGLU %X VUHo DVOÕQGD
VRV\DOJYHQOL÷LQILQDQVPDQNUL]LQLQLONDúDPDVÕGÕU
%XQHGHQOHWHNUDUGD÷ÕWÕP\|QWHPLQGHQNDSLWDOL]DV\RQ\|QWHPLQHJHoLú
|QHULOPHNWHGLUgQHUL\HJ|UH|QFHVLJRUWDSULPOHULQLQ\NVHOWLOPHVL\ROX\ODHN
ELU IRQXQ ROXúWXUXOPDVÕ V|]NRQXVX SULP DUWÕúODUÕQÕQ HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQD
\DQVÕWÕOPDPDVÕ YH E|\OHFH \HWHUOL ELUELULNLPVD÷ODQGÕNWDQVRQUDVLJRUWDSULP
RUDQODUÕQÕQ GúUOPHVL GROD\ÕVÕ\OD ELULNHQ IRQODUÕQ JHWLULOHULQLQ LOHULGH
(? "@!@/A<7&B+9@ ;, DC E&?&*F
ED÷ODQDFDN RODQ D\OÕNODUÕQ ILQDQVPDQ ND\QD÷Õ RODUDN NXOODQÕOPDVÕ WHNOLI
HGLOPHNWHGLU 1LWHNLP $PHULND¶GD \ÕOÕQGD VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPLQLQ
ILQDQVPDQÕQGD GD÷ÕWÕP \|QWHPLQGHQ NÕVPHQ IRQ \|QWHPLQH JHoLOGL÷L LIDGH
HGLOPHNWHGLU0ÕWFKHOO
$QFDNE|\OHELUJHoLúVUHFLRUWDYH\DúOÕNHVLPLQ]HULQHHNELUNOIHW
\NOH\HFH÷LLoLQE|\OHELUUHIRUPDOWHUQDWLILQLQKD\DWDJHoLULOPHVLLKWLPDOLSHN
\NVHNGH÷LOGLU
.DPX 6RV\DO *YHQOLN .XUXOXúODUÕQÕQ )RQNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ .ÕVPHQ
0XQ]DP6DQGÕNODUD'HYUL
hONH HNRQRPLOHUL LoHULVLQGH EXOXQGXNODUÕ GúN E\PHVH\UL\NVHN
LúVL]OLN G]H\OHUL YH E\N EWoH DoÕNODUÕ LOH VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ ILQDQVPDQ
DoÕNODUÕQÕQ JLGHULOPHVLQGH \HWHUOL PDOL NDSDVLWH\H VDKLS EXOXQPDPDNWDGÕUODU
<NVHNSULPRUDQODUÕ\DGD\NVHNYHUJLSROLWLNDODUÕ\R÷XQWRSOXPVDOWHSNLOHUH
\RO DoPDNWDGÕU %X QHGHQOH PHYFXW VL\DVDO LNWLGDUODU NDPX VRV\DO JYHQOLN
NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQHPHNOLD\OÕ÷ÕJLGHUOHULQLD]DOWÕSNRQWURODOWÕQDDOPDQÕQ\ROODUÕQÕ
DUDúWÕUPDNWDGÕU%XGXUXPGDNDPXSURJUDPODUÕQDHNRODUDNJHOLUVD÷OD\DQ|]HO
PXQ]DPVDQGÕNODUELUoDUHRODUDNJ|UOPHNWHGLU
%DúWD øQJLOWHUH ROPDN ]HUH ELU oRN EDWÕ ONHVLQGH PXQ]DP VDQGÕNODU
WHúYLN HGLOHUHN NDPX SURJUDPODUÕQÕQ \NQQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕ H÷LOLPL KDNLPGLU
øQJLOWHUH
GH|]HOVHNW|UVDQGÕNODUÕOHKLQHJHQLúG]HQOHPHOHU\DSÕOPDNWDGÕU%X
WUVDQGÕNODUGDLúYHUHQYHLúoLWDUDIÕQGDQ|GHQHQSULPOHUEXSULPOHUGHQROXúDQ
IRQODUÕQIDL]OHUL\HQLGHQNDSLWDOGH÷HUOHPHVLYHV|]NRQXVXVDQGÕNODUFD|GHQHQ
HPHNOL D\OÕNODUÕ YHUJLGHQ PXDI WXWXOPDNWDGÕU 3HVWLHDX :DUG
+HPHQ EHOLUWHOLP NL PXQ]DP VDQGÕNODU LúOHWPH G]H\LQGH YH XOXVDO
G]H\GH X\JXODQDELOPHNWHGLU $PHULND $OPDQ\D YH øQJLOWHUH JLEL ONHOHUGH
LúOHWPH G]H\LQGH YH )UDQVD +ROODQGD YH øWDO\D JLEL ONHGH GH G]H\GH
X\JXODQPDNWDGÕU <LQH EX SURJUDPODU JHQHOOLNOH LúOHWPH G]H\LQGH
X\JXODQDQODUGD LVH PHFEXULGLUOHU øNLQFL NDWHJRUL\H JLUHQ ONHOHUGH PXQ]DP
SURJUDPODUÕQ VRQUDGDQ PHFEXUL KDOH JHWLULOGL÷L J|UOPHNWHGLU gUQH÷LQ
)UDQVD
GD GDKD |QFH WRSOX Lú V|]OHúPHOHUL\OH LVWH÷H ED÷OÕ RODUDN ROXúWXUXODQ
PXQ]DPSURJUDPODU\ÕOÕQGD]RUXQOXKDOHJHWLULOPLúWLU3HVWLHDX
$\UÕFD PXQ]DP SURJUDPODU VDGHFH HPHNOLOLN DODQÕQD PDKVXV GD
GH÷LOGLU gUQH÷LQ $PHULND
GD \DSÕODQ WRSOX V|]OHúPHOHUOH LúVL] NDODQODUD
LúVL]OLN |GHQHNOHULQH HN RODUDN LúVL]OLN |GHQH÷L YH VD÷OÕN \DUGÕPÕ VD÷ODPDN
]HUH GH Lú\HUL G]H\LQGH PXQ]DP SURJUDPODUÕQ ROXúWXUXOGX÷X PúDKHGH
HGLOPHNWHGLU0RQWJRPHU\YH'DYLV
%XJQ JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGH PXQ]DP VDQGÕNODUD D÷ÕUOÕN YHUHUHN NDPX
VRV\DO JYHQOLN SURJUDPODUÕQÕQ \NQ D]DOWPD SROLWLNDODUÕ PHYFXW ILQDQVPDQ
687,
"$ 9:<;"$# =/# >
NUL]LQLQ DúÕOPDVÕQGD DOWHUQDWLI ELU DUDúÕ\ÕúÕ WHPVLO HWPHNWHGLU %X QHGHQOH
|]HOOLNOH $YXVWXU\D
GD \ÕOÕQGD LúOHWPHOHUGH PXQ]DP VDQGÕNODUÕQ
NXUXOPDVÕQÕ WHúYLN HGHQ LNL \DVD oÕNDUÕOPÕúWÕU 'L÷HU JHOLúPLú ONHOHUGH GH
EHQ]HULJHOLúPHOHUV|]NRQXVXGXU0Õ]UDN'XVNÕQ
6RV\DO*YHQOL÷LQg]HOOHúWLULOPHVL
6RV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ |]HOOHúWLULOPHVL HQ UDGLNDOUHIRUP DOWHUQDWLILQLWHúNLO
HWPHNWHGLU %X |QHUL PRGHUQ VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPLQLQ VDGHFH NXOODQÕPGDQ
NDOGÕUÕODUDN VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ WHNUDU ELUH\VHO VRUXPOXOX÷D EÕUDNÕOPDVÕQÕ YH
JHOLUL DVJDUL \DúDP G]H\LQH \HWPH\HQ ELUH\OHUH GHYOHWoH \DUGÕP \DSÕOPDVÕ
HVDVÕQDGD\DQPDNWDGÕU
6RV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ |]HOOHúWLULOPHVL JHOLúPLú HQGVWUL ONHOHULQGH FLGGL
ELU DOWHUQDWLI RODUDN HOH DOÕQPDPDNWDGÕU $QFDN ùLOL 3HUX YH %ROLY\D JLEL
JHOLúPHNWH RODQ /DWLQ $PHULND ONHOHULQGH VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ |]HOOHúWLULOGL÷L
J|UOPHNWHGLU
ùLOL
GH *LOOLRQ YH %RQQLOOD &DVWLOOR 0Õ]UDN ,VVD $N\ÕOGÕ] \ÕOÕQD JHOLQGL÷LQGH DúÕUÕ
WUOHUH D\UÕOPÕú \Õ DúNÕQ GH÷LúLN HPHNOL D\OÕ÷Õ |GHPH úHNOLQH VDKLS FLYDUÕQGDELUELULQGHQYHELUELUL\OHX\XPVX]OXNLoHULVLQGHEXOXQDQNDUPDNDUÕúÕN
ELU RUJDQL]DV\RQ V|]NRQXVXGXU \ÕOÕQGD RODQ DNWLISDVLI RUDQÕ LVH
GH H GúPúWU 7DPDPHQ \DSÕVDO ILQDQVDO YH LGDUL SUREOHPOHULQ
LoHULVLQGHRODQPHYFXWVLVWHP\ÕOÕQGD|]HOOHúWLULOPLúWLU
<HQL VLVWHP WHPHOGH ELUH\VHO IRQ \|QWHPL YH PHFEXULOLN LONHVLQH
GD\DQPDNWDGÕU <DúOÕOÕN VLJRUWDVÕ |]HO HPHNOLOLN IRQ NXUXOXúODUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ
\UWOPHNWHGLU g]HO PDOOON YH |OP VLJRUWDODUÕ VHNW|UHO G]H\GH
ROXúWXUXOPXú ROXS ILQDQVPDQ PRGHOL D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ RODUDN GD÷ÕWÕP \|QWHPLQH
GD\DQPDNWDGÕUøúND]DVÕYHPHVOHNKDVWDOÕ÷ÕVLJRUWDVÕ|]HOVLJRUWDúLUNHWOHULQFH
JUXSVLJRUWDVÕúHNOLQGH\DSÕOPDNWDGÕU6UHNOLLúJ|UHPH]OLN|GHQHNOHULNDQXQOD
YHJHoLFLLúJ|UHPH]OLN|GHQHNOHULGHWRSOXV|]OHúPHOHUGHEHOLUOHQPHNWHGLU
+DVWDOÕN YH DQDOÕN VLJRUWD KL]PHWL NDPX oDOÕúDQODUÕQD NDPX |]HO
NHVLPGH oDOÕúDQODUD GD |]HO NXUXOXúODU WDUDIÕQGDQ VD÷ODQPDNWDGÕU g]HO VD÷OÕN
VLJRUWDODUÕQFD VD÷ODQDQ |GHQHNOHU VLJRUWD V|]OHúPHOHULQH J|UH GH÷LúLU DQFDN
NDPX VLVWHPLQFH VD÷ODQDQ G]H\GHQ GDKD GúN RODPD] $\UÕFD JHOLUL \NVHN
RODQoDOÕúDQODULVWHUOHUVHPHYFXWNDPXVLVWHPLLoHULVLQGH\HUDODQJHQHOVD÷OÕN
VLJRUWDVÕQGDQ oÕNDUDN |]HO VD÷OÕN VLJRUWDODUÕQD JHoHELOLUOHU $LOH |GHQHNOHUL
VLJRUWD IRQNVL\RQX NDU DPDFÕ JWPH\HQ |]HUN NXUXOXúODUFD LFUD HGLOLU %X
NXUXOXúODU LúoL YH LúYHUHQOHUFH ELUOLNWH \|QHWLOLUOHU $\UÕFD 5HIDK øGDUHVL
.XUXPXWDUDIÕQGDQ\|QHWLOHQDLOH|GHQHNOHULVLJRUWDVÕGDPHYFXWWXU
<HQLVLVWHPGHLúYHUHQFH|GHQHQLúND]DVÕYHPHVOHNKDVWDOÕNODUÕSULPL
YH VLJRUWDOÕ YH GHYOHWoH ILQDQVH HGLOHQ DLOH |GHQHNOHUL SULPOHUL KDULo GL÷HU
(? "@!@/A<7&B+9@ ;, DC E&?&*F
EWQVLJRUWDSULPOHULVDGHFHVLJRUWDOÕODUWDUDIÕQGDQ|GHQLU$\UÕFDKLoELUJHOLUH
VDKLSROPD\DQPXKWDoNLPVHOHUHGHYOHWoH\DUGÕPD\OÕ÷ÕYHULOPHNWHGLU
ùLOLVLVWHPLoHúLWOLER\XWODUÕ\ODHOHúWLULOPHNWHGLU6LVWHPLQGHYOHWEWoHVL
]HULQGHNL EDVNÕVÕ DUWPÕúWÕU (PHNOL D\OÕNODUÕQÕQ G]H\L EHOLUOL RUDQGD SULP
|GHPHJQVD\ÕVÕIRQ\DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕQJHWLULVLUHHOFUHWOHULQVH\ULYHVLJRUWDOÕQÕQ
\DúDP VUHVLQH ED÷OÕGÕU hONHQLQ LoHULVLQGH EXOXQGX÷X HNRQRPLN úDUWODU
GDKLOLQGH VLVWHPLQ \HWHUOL G]H\GH HPHNOL D\OÕ÷Õ VD÷OD\DFD÷ÕQGDQ úSKH
GX\XOPDNWDGÕU
$\UÕFD GHYOHW VEYDQVL\RQODUÕQÕQ GDKD ID]OD DUWPDVÕQGDQ HQGLúH
GX\XOPDNWDROXSVLVWHPOHELUOLNWHROLJRSRORVWLNELUVHNW|UQRUWD\DoÕNWÕ÷ÕLOHUL
VUOPHNWHGLU
6LVWHP 8OXVODUDUDVÕ dDOÕúPD gUJWQQ ,/2 YH QR
OX V|]OHúPHOHUL LOH GH X\XúPDPDNWDGROD\ÕVÕ\OD EX ER\XWODUÕ\OD GD
HOHúWLULOPHNWHGLU
.DUPD0RGHOgQHULOHUL
.DPX YH |]HO PRGHOOHULQ NDUÕúÕPÕ \HQL PRGHOOHU GH |QHULOPHNWHGLU
øVYHo
WH|QHULOHQPRGHOEXWUDUD\ÕúODULoLQJ]HOELU|UQHNWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU
øVYHo
WH øVYHo YH ùLOL PRGHOOHULQLQ L\L QLWHOLNOHULQLQ ELUDUD\D JHWLULOGL÷L
\HQLELUPRGHO|QHULOPHNWHGLU9LWWDV6|]NRQXVXEXPRGHOo
E|OPGHQ ROXúPDNWDGÕU %LULQFL E|OP øVYHo VLVWHPLQGH ROGX÷X JLEL WHN G]H
DVJDUL D\OÕNLOHND]DQoODLOLúNLOHQGLULOPLúD\OÕ÷ÕNDSVDPDNWDGÕU7HNG]HD\OÕN
RUWDODPD ND]DQFÕQ L YH\D VL NDGDU RODFDNWÕU .D]DQoOD
LOLúNLOHQGLULOPLúD\OÕ÷ÕQWXWDUÕVLJRUWDOÕQÕQoDOÕúPDKD\DWÕER\XQFDHOGHHWWL÷LQHW
ND]DQFÕ ]HULQGHQ KHVDSODQDFDN YH RUWDODPD QHW JHOLULQ L \DGD VL
NDGDURODFDNWÕU
6LVWHPLQ LNLQFL E|OP WDPDPHQ ùLOL PRGHOL LoHULVLQGH
G]HQOHQPHNWHGLU %X E|OP LoHULVLQGH GH VLJRUWDOÕQÕQ KD\DW ER\X HOGH HWWL÷L
RUWDODPD QHW ND]DQFÕQ YH\D ÕQD HúLW ELU D\OÕN ED÷ODQPDVÕ
|QJ|UOPHNWHGLU 6|]NRQXVX E|OP LWLEDUÕ\OD KHU VLJRUWDOÕ NHQGL ELUH\VHO IRQ
KHVDEÕQD VDKLS RODFDN LVWHGL÷L IRQ NXUXOXúXQX VHoHFHN YH V|]NRQXVX IRQODU
|]HO VHNW|U LGDUHVLQGH RODFDNWÕU $\UÕFD VLVWHPLQ oQF E|OPQ LVH HN
J|QOOSURJUDPODULVWH÷HED÷OÕPXQ]DPVDQGÕNODUROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU
øVYHo¶H EHQ]HU ELoLPGH $PHUND
GD GD \DúOÕOÕN VLJRUWDVÕQD |GHQHQ RUDQÕQGDNL SULPLQ ¶ VLQLQ ELUH\VHO HPHNOLOLN KHVDEÕQD EHQ]HU úHNLOGH
|]HO VHNW|UGH \DWÕUÕP RODUDN GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL 6FKQHSSHU D\UÕFD
ONHPL]GH ]RUXQOXOXN HVDVÕ YH VRV\DO VLJRUWD NXUXOXúODUÕ LOH ELUH\VHO WDVDUUXI
IRQODUÕQD GD\DQDQ LNL D\DNOÕ ELU VLVWHP |QHULOPHNWHGLU 7h6ø$' 687,
"$ 9:<;"$# =/# >
6RV\DO *YHQOLNWH 5HIRUP $OWHUQDWLIOHULQLQ 7RSOXPVDO 7DOHSOHU
$oÕVÕQGDQ.RQXPX
WDULKOL%LUOHúPLú0LOOHWOHUøQVDQ+DNODUÕ(YUHQVHO%H\DQQDPHVLYH
WDULKOL$YUXSD6RV\DOùDUWÕEDúWDROPDN]HUHXOXVODUDUDVÕNDEXOHGLOPLú
GL÷HU EHOJHOHUOH VRV\DO JYHQOLN KDNNÕ <]\ÕO LQVDQOÕ÷ÕQÕQ RUWDN GH÷HUL
KDOLQH JHOPLúWLU 'LOLN YH .RFDR÷OX %X ED÷ODPGD
NROOHNWLIVRUXPOXOXNDQOD\ÕúÕQDGD\DOÕELUVRV\DOJYHQOLNVLVWHPLQLQNXUXOPDVÕ
ELUH\OHULoLQELUKDNYHGHYOHWOHULoLQGHELUJ|UHYWHúNLOHWPHNWHGLU.RFDR÷OX
(VDVHQ VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ VD÷ODQPDVÕ JQP]Q oD÷GDú GHYOHW
DQOD\ÕúÕ RODQ VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ HQ WHPHO IRQNVL\RQODUÕQGDQ ELULVLQL
ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU)ORUDYH+HLGHQKHLPHU:LOHQVN\
6RV\DOGHYOHWLVHVRV\RHNRQRPLNHúLWVL]OLNOHULQD]DOWÕOPDVÕED÷ODPÕQGD
VL\DVDO VRV\DO KDNODUÕQ NXUXPODúPÕú ROGX÷X ELU GHYOHW PRGHOLGLU )ORUD YH
+HLGHQKHLPHU
%X PRGHO LoHULVLQGH VL\DVDO YH LNWLVDGL LNWLGDUÕ E\N |OoGH VL\DVDO
SDUWLOHUEDVNÕJUXSODUÕYHGL÷HUVLYLOWRSOXP|UJWOHULDUDVÕQGDSD\ODúÕOPDNWDGÕU
%X ED÷ODPGD EDúWD VHQGLNDO |UJWOHU ROPDN ]HUH oHúLWOL EDVNÕ YH oÕNDU
JXUXSODUÕ VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ IRQNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ UHWLOPHVLQGH WHPHO VRV\DO
GLQDPLNOHUL ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU *|]H dR÷XOFX YH
NDWÕOÕPFÕ GHPRNUDWLN VUHo LoHULVLQGH VHoLOHELOPH ND\JÕVÕ LoHULVLQGHNL
SROLWLNDFÕODU LOH WRSOXPGD VHVLQL \NVHOWHELOHQ EDVNÕ JXUXSODUÕQÕQ HWNLOHúLPL
GDLPD WRSOXPVDO WDOHSOHUL DUWÕUPD \|QQGH ELU H÷LOLPH VDKLSWLU <D\OD <D\OD
%XQDNDUúÕQEXWDOHSOHULQPDOLNOIHWLQLNDUúÕODPDN]HUHYHUJLYHSULP
RUDQODUÕ DUWÕUPD\D YH HNRQRPLGHNL GXUJXQOX÷X DúPDN LoLQ GL÷HU LVWLNUDU
WHGELUOHULQL DOPD\D \|QHOHQ KNPHWOHU LVH EDúWD VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ WHPHO
GLQDPLNOHUL RODQ EDVNÕ JUXSODUÕ ROPDN ]HUH WRSOXP WDUDIÕQGDQ VHUJLOHQHQ
GLUHQoOHNDUúÕNDUúÕ\DJHOPHNWHGLU%URZQLQJ,/2øúWHEX
ED÷ODPGD VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ ILQDQVPDQ DoÕNODUÕQÕQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕ YH
VRV\DOJYHQOLNKL]PHWLQLQGDKDHWNLQVXQXPXQD\|QHOLNRODUDN|QHULOHQUHIRUP
DOWHUQDWLIOHUL LOH EX DOWHUQDWLIOHULQ HQ D]ÕQGDQ NÕVD G|QHPGH EHUDEHULQGH
JHWLUGL÷L NOIHWL \NOHQPHN LVWHPH\HQ VRV\DO GLQDPLNOHU ELU ELUL\OH
oHOLúPHNWHGLU
6RQXo
øoHULVLQGH EXOXQGX÷XPX] <]\ÕOÕQ VRQ oH\UH÷LQGH GQ\DPÕ]
LNWLVDGL VRV\DO YH VL\DVDO DODQGD PWKLú ELU G|QúP JHoLUPHNWHGLU
*OREDOOHúPH VUHFL LoHULVLQGH ILQDQV NDSLWDOLQ |Q SODQD JHoWL÷L \HQL ELU
HNRQRPLN\DSÕODQPDVUHFLKHUDODQGDOLEHUDOL]DV\RQH÷LOLPLQLEWQGQ\DGD
KDNLPNÕOPÕúJ|]NPHNWHGLU
(? "@!@/A<7&B+9@ ;, DC E&?&*F
.H\QHV\HQ GúQFH\H GX\XODQ LQDQFÕQ VDUVÕOPDVÕ VRQXoWD VRV\DO
GHYOHWLQ VRUJXODQPDVÕ YH \HQLGHQ \DSÕODQGÕUÕOPDVÕ ILNULQLGH EHUDEHULQGH
JHWLUPLúWLU*OREDO|OoHNWH\DúDQDQNUL]VDGHFHHNRQRPLGHGH÷LOD\QÕ]DPDQGD
VRV\DOYHVL\DVDODODQODUGDGD\HQL\|QHOLPOHUH\RODoPÕúWÕU
%XED÷ODPGDKHPHNRQRPLGHYHKHPGHVRV\DOJYHQOLNWHRUWD\DoÕNDQ
PDOL NUL] VRV\DO JYHQOLN DODQÕQGD |]HO LQVL\DWLIH GDKD ID]OD D÷ÕUOÕN WDQÕ\DQ
\HQLUHIRUP|QHULOHULQLQRUWD\DoÕNÕúÕQDQHGHQROPXúWXU
%|\OHVL ELU JHOLúPH SHN KDNVÕ]GD GH÷LOGLU dQN VRV\DO JYHQOLN
NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQILQDQVPDQNUL]LLOHLNWLVDGLNUL]DUDVÕQGDELUELUOHULQLEHVOH\LFLELU
LoED÷ODQWÕV|]NRQXVXGXU
'Q\D ONHOHULQGH ED÷ÕPOÕ QIXVXQ JHQHO QIXV LoHULVLQGHNL SD\ÕQÕQ
VUHNOL DUWÕúÕ V|]NRQXVX ONHOHUGH VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ ILQDQVPDQ
NUL]LQLQ|QHPOLELUND\QD÷ÕROPD\DGHYDPHGPHNWHGLU
6D÷OÕN KL]PHWOHULQLQ PDOL\HWLQGHNL VUHNOL DUWÕú YH LQVDQODUÕQ VD÷OÕN
KL]PHWOHULQH RODQ WDOHELQGHNL VUHNOL JHQLúOHPH EXQD NDUúÕQ VRV\DO JYHQOLN
VLVWHPOHULQLQ ILQDQVPDQ ND\QDNODUÕQÕQ EX JHOLúPH\H D\DN X\GXUDPDPDVÕ
PHYFXWILQDQVPDQDoÕNODUÕQÕD÷ÕUODúWÕUPDNWDGÕU
$\UÕFD PHYFXW VRV\DO JYHQOLN VLVWHPOHULQLQ DúÕUÕ EURNUDWLN YH
NDUPDúÕNROPDVÕYHED]ÕNHVLPOHULQVRV\DOJYHQOLNLKWL\DFÕQDFHYDSYHUPHPHVL
JLELQHGHQOHUOHHWNLOLVRUXQXLoHULVLQGHROGX÷XJ|UOPHNWHGLU
%X QHGHQOHUOH PHYFXW VLVWHPOHULQ ÕVODKÕQGDQ VRV\DO JYHQOL÷LQ
|]HOOHúWLULOPHVLQHNDGDUoHúLWOLUHIRUPDOWHUQDWLIOHULVXQXOPDNWDGÕU
$QFDN EWQ EX UHIRUPODUÕQ WHPHO QHGHQOHULQLQ EDúÕQGD ILQDQVPDQ
NUL]LQLQ ROPDVÕ VRQXoWD ELU EHGHOLQ |GHQPHVLQL \D GD VRV\DO JYHQOLN
KDNODUÕQÕQGDUDOWÕOPDVÕQÕJHUHNWLUPHNWHGLU
+DOEXNL VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ Lo GLQDPLNOHUL VRV\DO JYHQOLN KDNODUÕQÕQ
JHQLúOHWLOPHVL EXQD NDUúÕQ WRSOXPXQ \NOHQGL÷L NOIHWLQ D]DOWÕOPDVÕ \|QQGH
ELUSDUDGRNVXEHUDEHULQGHJHWLUPHNWHGLU
%X VUHo GDKD Xo ELU DOWHUQDWLI RODQ |]HOOHúWLUPH\L EDúWDQ LPNDQVÕ]
NRQXPD VRNPDNWDGÕU %XQD NDUúÕQ PHYFXW VLVWHPOHULQ ÕVODKÕ YH NDPX VRV\DO
JYHQOLN NXUXOXúODUÕQÕQ IRQNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ NÕVPHQ PXQ]DP VDQGÕNODUD GHYUL
PXKWHPHODOWHUQDWLIRODUDNDOJÕODQDELOLU
$QFDN EXUDGD GD \XNDUÕGDNL VUHo J|]GHQ ÕUDN WXWXOPDPDOÕGÕU
+HUúH\GHQ HYYHO VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ Lo GLQDPLNOHUL YH VRV\DO GHYOHWLQ ND\QD÷ÕQÕ
ROXúWXUDQ DQD\DVDO KNPOHU DVJDUL VRV\DO JYHQOLN LKWL\DFÕQÕQ \LQH NDPX
NXUXPODUÕQFD UHWLOPHVL \|QQGH VRQXo GR÷XUDFDNWÕU %X QHGHQOH VRV\DO
687,
"$ 9:<;"$# =/# >
JYHQOLNWH EX oHUoHYH\H X\JXQ UHIRUP DOWHUQDWLIOHULQLQ JHUoHNOHúPH úDQVÕQD
VDKLSRODELOHFH÷LLIDGHHGLOHELOLU
$%675$&7
6RFLDOVHFXULW\RUJDQL]DWLRQVKDYHVWLOOEHHQLQILQDQFLDOFULVLVDOORYHU
WKH ZRUOG 7KH PDLQ FDXVHV RI WKH ILQDQFLDO FULVLV KDYH EHHQ PDWXUDWLRQ RI
SRSXODWLRQ SHUPDQHQW ULVH RI KHDOWK VHUYLFH SULFHV HFRQRPLF FULVLV WKH IDFW
WKDW WKH IXQGV RI VRFLDO VHFXULW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV FDQ EH LQYHVWHG LQ SURGXFWLYH
ILHOGV DQG OLNH WKHVH $OVR H[LVWLQJ V\VWHPV KDYH EHHQ LQ WURXEOH RI
SURGXFWLYLW\ IURP WKH SRLQW RI YLHZ RI VXSSO\LQJ VRFLDO VHFXULW\ VHUYLFH 6R
VRPH DOWHUQDWLYH VROXWLRQV KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG +RZHYHU WKH OLEHUDOLVP
JHWWLQJ SRSXODU IURP WKH PLGV RI ¶V PDNHV WKH PRVW DFFHSWDEOH WKH
DOWHUQDWLYHV ZKLFK SUHIHU LQGLYLGXDO UHVSRQVLELOW\ %XW WKLV IDFW GLVSXWHV WKH
LQWHUQDOG\QDPLFVRIVRFLDOVWDWH
.$<1$.d$
$.<,/',= +VH\LQ 6RV\DO *YHQOL÷LQ g]HOOHúWLULOPHVL
<D\ÕQODQPDPÕú'RNWRUD7H]L$QNDUD
%$55<1RUPDQdHY&HYGHW$<.$1<HQL6D÷$QNDUD
%$7,5(/g)DUXN1$'$52ö/8+DOLOYH6(9øö9H\VL6RV\DO
*YHQOL÷LQ)LQDQVPDQÕ6RV\DO*YHQOLNg]HOLKWLVDV.RPLV\RQX
5DSRUX72%%<D\ÕQÕ$QNDUD
%52:1ø1*(GNDU.³7KH3ROLWLFV2I6RFLDO6HFXULW\5HIRUP´
)LQDQFLQJ6RFLDO6HFXULW\(GLWHG%\&ROLQ'&RPEHOO
:DVKLQJWRQ'&
&$67,//2 5DXO %XVWRV $QDO\VLV RI D 1DWLRQDO 3ULYDWH 3HQVLRQ
6FKHPH7KHFDVHRIWKH&KLOH&RPPHQWV,/59RO1R
'ø/ø.6DLW³(UNHQ(PHNOLOLNJHOHFHNøoLQJYHQ9HUPL\RU´
øúYHUHQ'HUJLVL;;;$UDOÕN
'ø/ø.6DLW6RV\DO*YHQOLN$QNDUD
',/127 $QGUHZ 6RFLDO 6HFXULW\ 3ROLF\ 'HILQLQJWKH%RUGHUVRI
WKH VWDWH 7KH (FRQRPLF %RUGHUV RI WKH 6WDWH 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVV1HZ<RUN
'378OXVODUDUDVÕ(NRQRPLN*|VWHUJHOHU
'58&.(53HWHU)dHY%HONÕVd25$.d,.DSLWDOLVWgWHVL
7RSOXPøQNÕODS.LWDEHYLøVWDQEXO
'86.,1 (OL]DEHW &KDQJLQJ WKH 0L[ RI 3XEOLF DQG 3ULYDWH
3HQVLRQVWKH,VVXHV3ULYDWH3HQVLRQVDQG3XEOLF3ROLF\2(&'
1R
(? "@!@/A<7&B+9@ ;, DC E&?&*F
*,//,21&ROLQYH%211,//$$OHMDQGUR$QDO\VLVRID1DWLRQDO
3ULYDWH3HQVLRQ6HFKHPHWKH&DVHRI&KLOH,/59RO1R
*25'$1 0DUJDUHW 6 6RFLDO 6HFXULW\ 3ROLFLHV LQ ,QGXVWULDO
&RXQWULHV $ &RPSDUDWLYH $QO\VLV &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV
1HZ<RUN
*28*+,DQ7KH3ROLWLFDO(FRQRP\RI:HOIDUH6WDWH0DFPLOOLDQ
3UHVV/PW
V3UHVV+RQJ.RQJ
*g=($\IHUL/LEHUDO0DU[LVW)DúLVWYH6RV\DO'HYOHW6LVWHPOHUL
øVWDQEXO
*h=(/ $OL 6RV\DO *YHQOLN .DYUDPÕ 'R÷XúX YH 7DULKVHO
*HOLúLPL 6RV\DO *YHQOLN g]HO øKWLVDV 5DSRUX $QNDUD 72%%
<D\ÕQÕ
*h=(/$OLYH2.85$OL5Õ]D6RV\DO*YHQOLN+XNXNXøVWDQEXO
)(/'0$1 OLQGD ³/LQNLQJ 6RFLDO 6HFXULW\ 7R 6WRFNV $ *RRG
,GHD"&KULWLDQ6LHQFH0RQLWRU9RO,VVXH6HSWHPEHU
)/25$ 3HWHU YH +(,'(1+(,0(5 $UQROG - 7KH +LVWRULFDO &RUH DQG
&KDQJLQJ%RXQGDULHVRI:DOIHUH6WDWH
+$*(0$15REHUW3YH1,&2/(77,*LXVHSS$JHLQ3RSXODWLRQV
(FRQRPLF(IIHFWV$QG,PSOLFDWLRQV)RUUXEOLF)LQDQFH2(&'
3UHVV
,/2,QWRWKH7ZHQW\)LUVW&HQWXU\7KH'HYHORSPHQWVRI6RFLDO6HFXULW\
,/23UHVV&HQHYD
,66$³'HYHORSPHQWV$QG7UHQGV,Q6RFLDO6HFXULW\´
,QWHUQDWLRQDO6RFLDO6HFXULW\5HYLHZQRO
.(,/(5)UDQN0&DQ:H$IIRUG(DUO\5HWLUHPHQW7KH-RKQV
+RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV/RQGRQ
.2&$2ö/80HKPHW6RV\DO3ROLWLND$QNDUD
0,7&+(//'RQQ³$JDLQVW3ULYDWL]DWLRQWKH*HQLXV2I6RFLDO
6HFXULW\´&KULVWLDQ&HQWXU\9RO,VVXHVHSWHPEHU
0,=5$. 1LKDO 6RV\DO *YHQOLN $ODQÕQGD *HOLúPHOHU YH %LU
g]HOOHúWLUPH gUQH÷LùLOL g]HO (PHNOLOLN 6LVWHPL 0ONL\HOLOHU
'HUJLVL&6
02172*20(5< (GZDUG YH '$9,6 2WWR $ 3ULYDWH ,QFRPH
6HFXULW\6FKHPHVLQ7LPHVRI&ULVLV$&DVH6WXG\RI866WHHO
/DERXU$QG6RFLHN\9DO1R
1$,6%,77-RKQYH$%85'(1(3DWULFLDdHY(UGDO*YHQ0HJDWVHGV
øVWDQEXO
687,
"$ 9:<;"$# =/# >
2(&'7KH5HIRUP2I+HDOWK&DUH$&RPSDUDWLYH$QDO\VLV2I
6HYHQ2(&'&RXQWULHV+HDOWK3ROLF\6WXGLHV1R3DULV
3(67,($8 3LHUUH 7KH 'LVWULEXWLRQ RI 3ULYDWH 3HQVLRQ %HQHIÕWV
+RZ )DLU LV ,W" 3ULYDWH 3HQVLLRQV DQG 3XEOLF 3ROLF\ 2(&'
3UHVV
3+,//,36$: 7KH8QHPSOR\PHQW DQG5DWHRI0RQH\:DJHV
5DWHVLQWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP(GLWHGE\5-%$//YH
3'2</(3HQJXLQ%RRNV0LGGOHVH[
6&+8/=-DPHV+³(FRQRPLF6XSSRUW,Q2OG$JH7KH5ROH2I
6RFLDO,QVXUDQFH,QGHYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHV´7KH,PSOLFDWLRQVIRU
6RFLDO6HFXULW\2I6WUXFWXUDO$GMXVWPHQW3ROLFLHV,66$
*HQHYD
6&+1(33(5-())$³&DQ<RX$YRLG*HWWLQJ5LSSHG2II%\7KH6RFLDO
6HFXULW\6\VWHP"´86$7RGD\0DJD]LQH9RO,VVXH
7$</25*22%< 3HWHU YH '$/( -HQQLIHU 6RFLDO 7KHRU\ DQG
6RFLDO:HOIDUH*UHDW%ULWDLQ
7h6ø$'7UN6RV\DO*YHQOLN6LVWHPLQGH<HQLGHQ<DSÕODQPD
øVWDQEXO
9,77$6 'LPLWUL 6ZLVV &KLODQSRUH 7KH :D\ )RUZDUG IRU
3HQVLRQ 5HIRUP" 7KH ,PSOLFDWLRQV IRU VRFLDO 6HFXULW\ RI
6WUXFWXUDO$GMXVWPHQW3ROLFLHV,66$3UHVV*HQHYD
<$</$$WLOOD/LEHUDOL]P$QNDUD
<$</$$WLOODg]JUON<ROX+D\HN¶LQ6RV\DO7HRULVL$QNDUD
:$5' -RVHSK + /HJDO 6WDWXV 2UJDQL]DWLRQ RI )XQFWLRQLQJ RI
2FFXSDWLRQDO 3HQVLRQ 6HFKHPH2FFXSDWLRQDO3HQVLRQ6FKHPHV
*HQHYD
:,/(16.<+DUROG/7KH:HOIDUH6WDWH$QG(TXROLW\6WUXFWXUDO
$QG ,GHRORJLFDO URRWV 2I 3XEOLF ([SHQGLWXUH8QLYHUVLW\ 2I
&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV/RQGRQ

Benzer belgeler

Siber Saldırı Hedefleri ve TürNiye`de Siber GüvenliN Stratejisi

Siber Saldırı Hedefleri ve TürNiye`de Siber GüvenliN Stratejisi VÕUDVÕQGD NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU %LOJLOHULQ WXWXOGX÷X oHUH]OHU VÕIÕUJQ DoÕ÷Õ NXOODQÕODUDN WDQÕPODQDQ |]HO ELU JYHQOLN E|OJHVLQH \|QOHQGLULOLUNHQ NXOODQÕFÕ\D GD ³(ULúLP (QJHOOHQGL´ PHV...

Detaylı

AYDIN ingilizce kapak.indd

AYDIN ingilizce kapak.indd 3ULQFLSDOLW\  DQGWKH$\G×QRùXOODU× 3ULQFLSDOLW\  UHVSHFWLYHO\,W ZDVLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKHWHUULWRULHVRI WKH2WWRPDQ(PSLUHE\<×OG×U×P%D\H]LG LQ+DYLQJEHHQRFFXSLHGG...

Detaylı

Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems Regarding Private

Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems Regarding Private the Versicherungsombudsmann e.V.E\XQLODWHUDOGHFODUDWLRQRIDFFHVVLRQ %\ EHFRPLQJ D PHPEHU RI WKH DVVRFLDWLRQ WKH LQVXUDQFH XQGHUWDNLQJV DFFHSWWREHERXQGWRWKHUXOHVRISURFHGXUH...

Detaylı

endodont ik immünoloj ii

endodont ik immünoloj ii Çok büyüN PROHNOOHUGH \ÕNÕOPD VRQXFX DoÕ÷D oÕNDFDN RODQ SRWDQVL\HO GHWHUPLQDQWODUÕQ ID]ODVD\ÕGDROPDVÕEHNOHQLU%XGHWHUPLQDQWODUGDKDoRNPROHNOQVHUW]LQFLUOHULQKLGURILO VXVHYHQ...

Detaylı