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PRAGMATICS
PRAGMATICS What is Pragmatics? the study of speaker’s meaning. the study of contextual meaning. Pragmatics is concerned with our understanding of language in context. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Two Kinds Of Context linguistic context: the discourse that precedes the phrase or sentence to be interpreted situational context: everything nonlinguistic in the environment of the speaker. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Two Kinds Of Context Why linguistic context is important Within a discourse, preceding sentences affect the meaning of sentences that follow them in various ways. For example, the reference or meaning of pronouns often depends on prior discourse. Prior discourse can also disambiguate words like bank in that the discussion may be about rafting on a river or interest rates. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Two Kinds Of Context Why situational context is important Situational context is the nonlinguistic environment in which a sentence or discourse happens. It is the context that allows speakers to seamlessly, even unknowingly, interpret questions like Can you pass the salt? as requests to carry out a certain action and not a simple question. Situational context includes the speaker, hearer, and any third parties present, along with their beliefs and their beliefs about what the others believe. It includes the physical environment, the social milieu, the subject of conversation, the time of day, and so on, ad infinitum. Almost any imaginable extralinguistic factor may, under appropriate circumstances, influence the way language is interpreted. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Deixis In all languages, the reference of certain words and expressions relies entirely on the situational context of the utterance, and can only be understood in light of these circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called deixis. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Deixis In all languages, the reference of certain words and expressions relies entirely on the situational context of the utterance, and can only be understood in light of these circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called deixis. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Deixis Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Deixis Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Deixis Some other expressions that are deictic Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Deixis Some other expressions that are deictic Prepared by: TOLGA KAYADELEN Deixis Prepared by: TOLGA KAYADELEN Deixis A test to identify deictic elements in a sentence. In reported speech, deictic terms occurring in the original utterance (the utterance being reported) may be translated into other, possibly non-deictic, terms in order to preserve the original reference. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN A summary of Deixis Deictic expressions are those which take some element of their meanin directly from the immediate situation of the utterance in which they are used (e.g. from the speaker, the hearer, the time and place of the utterance). Examples of deictic words are I, you, here, now, come. We have three types of deixis: a) Person deixis b) Temporal deixis c) Spatial deixis Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Conversational Implicature Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Conversational Implicature In conversation we sometimes infer or conclude based not only on what was said, but also on assumptions about what the speaker is trying to achieve. Such inferences are known as implicatures. Implicatures are inferences that are not made strictly on the basis of the content expressed in the discourse. Prepared by: TOLGA KAYADELEN Conversational Implicature Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Conversational Implicature Implicature is not a form of inference that can be predicted solely from a knowledge of the system of sense relations between sentences. How does a hearer make reasonable inferences from an utterance when the actual sentence uttered does not in fact entail some of the inferences he makes? The answer is that when a speaker says something, we usually assume that the speaker tries to be cooperative. This is called the Cooperative Principle. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Cooperative Principle The Co-operative Principle can be stated simply as ‘be as helpful to your hearer as you can’. The fact that speakers are assumed to follow this principle is used by hearers in making inferences from the utterances they hear. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Cooperative Principle Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Cooperative Principle Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Cooperative Principle Prepared by: TOLGA KAYADELEN Maxims of Conversation When speaker’s are deducing an implicature, they usually assume that the speaker is not violating any of these maxims. Unless speakers are being deliberately uncooperative, they adhere to these maxims and to other conversational principles, and assume others do too. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Maxims of Conversation Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Maxims of Conversation Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Maxims of Conversation Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Maxims of Conversation Which maxims does Hamlet violate? Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Maxims of Conversation Man: Does your dog bite? Woman: No. (The man reaches down to pet the dog, and the dog bites the man.) Man: Ouch! Hey! You said your dog does not bite! Woman: He doesn’t. But, that is not my dog. What is the maxim that is violated by the woman here? Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts You can use language to do things. You can use language to make promises, lay bets, issue warnings, name boats, place names in nomination, or offer congratulations.. The theory of speech acts describes how this is done. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts You can use language to do things. You can use language to make promises, lay bets, issue warnings, christen boats, place names in nomination, or offer congratulations.. The theory of speech acts describes how this is done. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts You can use language to do things. You can use language to make promises, lay bets, issue warnings, christen boats, place names in nomination, or offer congratulations.. The theory of speech acts describes how this is done. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERFORMATIVES VS. CONSTAIVES Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERFORMATIVES VS. CONSTAIVES Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERFORMATIVES VS. CONSTAIVES Prepared by: TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERFORMATIVES VS. CONSTAIVES Prepared by: TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERFORMATIVES VS. CONSTAIVES Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERFORMATIVES VS. CONSTAIVES Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERFORMATIVES VS. CONSTAIVES Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERLOCUTIONS AND ILLOCUTIONS Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERLOCUTIONS AND ILLOCUTIONS Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERLOCUTIONS AND ILLOCUTIONS These answers show that the speech act approach to meaning promises a unified account of the utterance of sentences of all types, declarative, interrogative, and imperative. All perform acts of some kind or other. And, furthermore, sentences of each type, when uttered, tend to carry out typical linguistic acts. The pattern is summarized in the chart below. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERLOCUTIONS AND ILLOCUTIONS Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERLOCUTIONS AND ILLOCUTIONS Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERLOCUTIONS AND ILLOCUTIONS Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERLOCUTIONS AND ILLOCUTIONS Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERLOCUTIONS AND ILLOCUTIONS Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERLOCUTIONS AND ILLOCUTIONS Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERLOCUTIONS AND ILLOCUTIONS In questions (2)–(5), you were asked to suggest perlocutionary effects for given utterances. Now state the illocution of each of those utterances, selecting from the list given in the above definition, and assuming normal circumstances. Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN Speech Acts PERLOCUTIONS AND ILLOCUTIONS In questions (2)–(5), you were asked to suggest perlocutionary effects for given utterances. Now state the illocution of each of those utterances, selecting from the list given in the above definition, and assuming normal circumstances. Feedback (1) condoling (2) recommending (3) complaining (4) admitting (5) accosting Prepared by:TOLGA KAYADELEN
