Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum

Transkript

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
.
Hakemli Makale
(òó7ó0'('(1(7ó06(/'$95$1,ô,1$0$d9(
óô/(9/(5ó1
7KH$LPDQG)XQFWLRQVRI6XSHUYLVRU\%HKDYLRULQ(GXFDWLRQ
$\QXU%LOLU*
Öz
%X PDNDOH HYUHQVHO YH WHPHO LQVDQ KDNODU×QGDQ RODQ HùLWLPLQ ELU NDPX KL]PHWL RODUDN
VXQXOPDV×QGDHùLWLPGHGHQHWLPVHOGDYUDQ×ü×QDPDoYHLüOHYOHULQLWDULKVHOVUHoLoLQGHLUGHOHPHN
YHROPDV×JHUHNHQOHULDQDOL]HGHUHNELUVHQWH]HXODüPDNDPDF×\ODKD]×UODQP×üW×U
8
(ùLWLP JLULüLPL |]QGH ELU NDPX KL]PHWL ROXS WHPHO DPDF× GD ELUH\L |]JUOHüWLUPHNWLU
(ùLWLPLQ EX DPDF×Q× JHUoHNOHüWLUPHVL HùLWLPLQ|ùUHWLPLQ KHU NDGHPHVLQGH X\JXOD\×F×\D
VDùODQDQELUPHVOHNVHOUHKEHUOLNYH\DUG×PLOHRODQDNO×G×U%XQXVDùODPDQ×QDUDF×LVHGHQHWLP
YHGHùHUOHQGLUPHVLVWHPLGLU
'HQHWLP HùLWLP VUHFLQLQ ELUoRN \|QQ HWNLOH\HQ HüJGPOHQPLü ELU WHNQLN YH VRV\DO
VUHoWLU (ùLWLP ND\QDNODU×Q×Q NROHNWLI RODUDN HWNLOL ELU ELoLPGH NXOODQ×OPDV× |ùUHQPH YH
|ùUHWPHHWNLQOLùLQHHWNLHGHQGXUXPYHHWNHQOHULQHOHüWLULFLELU\DNODü×PODDQDOL]HGLOPHVLYH
JHOLüWLULOPHVLQLNDSVDU%XQDJ|UHGHQHWLPLQLüOHYOHULGXUXPVDSWDPDWDQ×ODPDGHùHUOHQGLUPH
YHJHOLüWLUPHGLU
(ùLWLPVLVWHPLQGHPHVOHNL\DUG×PYHLüEDü×QGD\HWLüWLUPHJ|UHYOHULEDN×P×QGDQELUGDQ×üPDQYH
UHKEHUROPDV×EHNOHQHQGHQHWPHQOHULQGHQHWLPKL]PHWOHULQLQ\DQ×V×UDLQFHOHPHYHVRUXüWXUPD
LüOHULQLGH\UWPHOHULRQODU×QPHVOHNL\DUG×PGDEXOXQPDODU×Q×YHLüELUOLùLLoLQJHUHNOLJYHQ
RUWDP×Q×Q ROXüPDV×Q× JoOHüWLUPHNWHGLU gWH \DQGDQ NUHVHO VHUPD\HQLQ HùLWLPL NDUO× ELU
\DW×U×P DODQ× RODUDN J|UPHVL KNPHWOHUL HùLWLPL |]HO VHNW|UQ NXOODQ×P×QD DoPD \|QQGH
\HQL OLEHUDO SROLWLNDODU UHWPH\H ]RUODPDNWDG×U 7UNL\H·GH VRQ \×OODUGD NDPX \|QHWLPLQGH
\DS×ODQ G]HQOHPHOHU LOH HùLWLP VLVWHPLQGH \HQLGHQ \DS×ODQG×UPD NDSVDP×QGD VD\×O×
.DQXQ+NPQGHNL.DUDUQDPHLOH\DS×ODQG]HQOHPHOHUHùLWLPGHGHQHWLPVHOGDYUDQ×ü×QDPDo
YH LüOHYOHULQL NUHVHO VHUPD\HQLQ DPDoODU×QD KL]PHW HWPH \|QQGH \HQLGHQ ELoLPOHQGLUGLùL
V|\OHQHELOLU
* 0XùODhQLYHUVLWHVL(ùLWLP)DNOWHVL(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL7HIWLüL3ODQODPDV×YH(NRQRPLVL$%'Yrd. Doç. Dr.
/ [email protected]
(ùLWLP%LOLP7RSOXP'HUJLVL&LOW11 6D\×44 *]6D\ID
(GXFDWLRQ6FLHQFH6RFLHW\-RXUQDO9ROXPH11 ,VVXH44 $XWXPQ3DJH
Aynur Bilir
$QDKWDU6|]FNOHU(ùLWLPGHQHWLPGHQHWLPVHOGDYUDQ×üDPDoYHLüOHY
$EVWUDFW
7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVSDSHULVLQSURYLGLQJHGXFDWLRQDVRQHRIWKHXQLYHUVDODQGEDVLFKXPDQ
ULJKWVDQGDSXEOLFVHUYLFHWRUHDFKDV\QWKHVLVWKURXJKH[DPLQLQJWKHDLPDQGIXQFWLRQVRI
VXSHUYLVRU\EHKDYLRULQHGXFDWLRQIURPWKHKLVWRULFDOSHUVSHFWLYHDQGWRPDNHDQDQDO\VLVIURP
WKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIZKDWVKRXOGEHGRQH
7KH HGXFDWLRQ LQLWLDWLYH ZLWK LWV QRQSURÀW DVSHFW LV DOVR D SXEOLF VHUYLFH DQG LWV DLP LV WR
PDNHWKHLQGLYLGXDOEHIUHH)RUHGXFDWLRQWRUHDOL]HWKLVDLPLVRQO\SRVVLEOHZLWKYRFDWLRQDO
JXLGDQFHDQGDLGSURYLGHGDWWKHZDQWHGDQGQHHGHGWLPHDQGORFDWLRQDSSOLFDEOHWRDOOOHYHOV
RIHGXFDWLRQ7KHPHDQVRIWKLVLVVXSHUYLVLRQDQGHYDOXDWLRQV\VWHP
6XSHUYLVLRQLVDFRRUGLQDWHGWHFKQLFDODQGVRFLDOSURFHVVDIIHFWLQJPDQ\DVSHFWVRIWKHHGXFDWLRQ
SURFHVV&ROOHFWLYHDQGHIIHFWLYHXVHRIWKHHGXFDWLRQDOUHVRXUFHVLQFOXGHVFULWLFDODQDO\VHVDQG
GHYHORSPHQWRIFDVHVDQGIDFWRUVWKDWDIIHFWOHDUQLQJDQGWHDFKLQJSURFHVV$FFRUGLQJWRWKLV
WKHIXQFWLRQVRIVXSHUYLVLRQLVFDVHDQDO\VLVGLDJQRVLVHYDOXDWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQW
,Q HGXFDWLRQ V\VWHP VXSHUYLVRUV H[SHFWHG WR EH DGYLVRUV DQG PHQWRUV GXULQJ YRFDWLRQDO
DLG DQG RQ WKH MRE WUDLQLQJ EHVLGHV WKHLU VXSHUYLVLRQ VHUYLFH WKHLU VXEPLWWLQJ LQVSHFWLRQ
DQG LQYHVWLJDWLRQ VHUYLFHV PDNHV WKHLU SURYLGLQJ YRFDWLRQDO DLG DQG FUHDWLQJ D WUXVWZRUWK\
FRRSHUDWLRQ HQYLURQPHQW KDUGHU 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH JOREDO FDSLWDO YLHZV HGXFDWLRQ DV D
SURÀWDEOHLQYHVWPHQWDUHDDQGWKLVXUJHVWKHJRYHUQPHQWVWRJHQHUDWHQHZOLEHUDOSROLFLHVLQ
RUGHUWROHWWKHSULYDWHVHFWRUXVHHGXFDWLRQ,QWKHUHFHQW\HDUVLQ7XUNH\ZLWKWKHUHJXODWLRQV
RQWKHSXEOLFVHFWRUDQGZLWKUHJXODWLRQVGRQHDVSDUWRIWKHQHZFRQÀJXUDWLRQRIWKHHGXFDWLRQ
V\VWHPZLWKWKHVHFRQGDU\OHJLVODWLRQQXPEHUHGWKHDLPDQGIXQFWLRQVRIWKHVXSHUYLVRU\
EHKDYLRULQHGXFDWLRQDUHUHVKDSHGLQRUGHUWRVHUYHRQEHKDOIRIWKHDLPVRIJOREDOFDSLWDO
.H\ZRUGV(GXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVLRQVXSHUYLVRU\EHKDYLRUDLPVDQGIXQFWLRQV
*ú5úû
%XPDNDOHHYUHQVHOYHWHPHOLQVDQKDNODU×QGDQRODQHùLWLPLQELUNDPXKL]PHWL
RODUDN VXQXOPDV×QGD HùLWLPGH GHQHWLPVHO GDYUDQ×ü×Q DPDo YH LüOHYOHULQL
WDULKVHOVUHoLoLQGHGQGHQEXJQHLUGHOHPHNYHROPDV×JHUHNHQOHUDo×V×QGDQ
DQDOL]HGHUHNELUVHQWH]HXODüPDNDPDF×\ODKD]×UODQP×üW×U
(ùLWLP JLULüLPL |]QGH NkU DPDF×QD G|QN ROPD\DQ EX \|Q\OH GH ELU
NDPX KL]PHWL ROXS DPDF× GD ELUH\L |]JUOHüWLUPHNWLU (ùLWLPLQ EX DPDF×Q×
JHUoHNOHüWLUPHVLLVWHQLOHQYHJHUHNVLQLPGX\XODQ\HUYH]DPDQGDVDùODQDQ
HùLWLPLQKHUNDGHPHVLQGHX\JXODQDELOHQELUPHVOHNVHOUHKEHUOLNYH\DUG×PLOH
RODQDNO×G×U%XQXVDùODPDQ×QDUDF×LVHGHQHWLPYHGHùHUOHQGLUPHVLVWHPLGLU
'HQHWLPHùLWLPVUHFLQLQELUoRN\|QQHWNLOH\HQHüJGPOHQPLüELUWHNQLN
YHVRV\DOVUHoWLU%XUVDO×RùOX(ùLWLPND\QDNODU×Q×QNROHNWLIRODUDN
HWNLOLELUELoLPGHNXOODQ×OPDV×|ùUHQPHYH|ùUHWPHHWNLQOLùLQLHWNLHGHQGXUXP
9
(ùLWLPGH'HQHWLPVHO'DYUDQ×ü×Q$PDoYHúüOHYOHUL
YHHWNHQOHULQHOHüWLULFLELU\DNODü×PODDQDOL]HGLOPHVLYHJHOLüWLULOPHVLQLNDSVDU
%XQDJ|UHGHQHWLPLQLüOHYOHULGXUXPVDSWDPDWDQ×ODPDGHùHUOHQGLUPHYH
JHOLüWLUPHGLU0$\G×Q7D\PD]
$\G×Q GHQHWLPLQ EX o IRQNVL\RQXQX GHQHWLPLQ |ùHOHUL RODUDN HOH
DOPDNWDYHELUELULQHEDù×PO×RODQYHoHPEHUVHORODUDNLüOH\HQEXo|ùHQLQELU
DUD\DJHOPHVL\OHGHQHWLPLQROXüWXùXQXLIDGHHWPHNWHGLU2QDJ|UHGHQHWLPGH
GXUXPVDSWDPDYDURODQGXUXPX\DQV×]YHREMHNWLIRODUDNRUWD\DNR\PDNW×U
'HùHUOHQGLUPH LVH |OoP VRQXoODU×Q×Q ELU |OoWOH NDUü×ODüW×U×O×S GHùHU
\DUJ×V×QGD EXOXQXOPDV×G×U YH GHùHUOHQGLUPHQLQ \DS×OPDV× LoLQ ELU DUDüW×UPD
VUHFLQHGXUXPVDSWD\×F×YHULWRSODPD\DJHUHNVLQLPYDUG×U%XVUHoVRQXQGD
GHùHUOHQGLULOHFHNRODQYHULOHURUWD\Do×NDU.RQWUROQNDQ×WODPD\D\|QHOLN
ROPDV×QD NDUü×Q GHùHUOHQGLUPH JHOLüWLUPH\H \|QHOLNWLU *HOLüWLUPH |ùHVL
G]HOWPH\L GH NDSVDU YH GHùHUOHQGLUPH VRQXFX RUWD\D o×NDQ VHoHQHNOHUGHQ
NDUDUD G|QüHQOHULQ X\JXODQPDV×Q× LoHULU 'HùHUOHQGLUPH VRQXFXQGD RUWD\D
o×NDQHNVLNOLNOHULQWDPDPODQPDV×\DQO×üODU×QGRùUX\DG|QüWUOPHVLDPDo
YHSODQODUGDQVDSPDODU×QG]HOWLOPHVLGDKDL\LVUHoYHVRQXoODU×Q|QHULYH
X\JXODPDODUDXODü×OPDV×EX|ùHLoLQGHJ|UOU
10
<LUPLQFL \]\×O×Q VRQ oH\UHùLQH JLULOGLùL V×UDGD HùLWLPFLOHULQ SHN oRùXQD
:LOHV %XUNH DQG )HVVOHU %XUQKDP J|UH
GHQHWLPHùLWLPVUHFLQGHQGDKDL\LUQDODELOPHNLoLQEXVUHFLPH\GDQD
JHWLUHQ\HOHUHUHKEHUOLNHWPHNWLU%XDQOD\×üDJ|UHGHQHWLPVHOGDYUDQ×ü×Q
DPDF×|ùUHQFLOHULQHùLWLPVLVWHPLQLQLVWHGLùLG]H\YHQLWHOLNWH\HWLüPHVLQL
VDùODPDNLoLQEXNRQXGDJ|UHYOL\|QHWLFL|ùUHWPHQYHGLùHULOJLOLOHUH\DUG×P
YHUHKEHUOLNHWPHNWLU
'HQHWLPGH LüELUOLùL \DNODü×P×Q× VDYXQDQ %XUNH YH )HVVOHU EX
\DNODü×P×Q RGDN QRNWDV×Q× |ùUHWPHQLQ ROXüWXUGXùXQX EHOLUWPHNWHGLUOHU %X
\DNODü×PGD GHQHWLP ELU NXVXU DUDPD \D GD HNVLNOLNOHUL WDQ×PODPDGDQ |WH
GHQHWPHQLOHELUOLNWHoDO×üPDLüLGLU%LOLU
(ùLWLPVLVWHPLQGHPHVOHNL\DUG×PYHLüEDü×QGD\HWLüWLUPHJ|UHYOHULEDN×P×QGDQ
ELUGDQ×üPDQYHUHKEHUROPDV×EHNOHQHQGHQHWPHQOHULQGHQHWLPKL]PHWOHULQLQ
\DQ× V×UD LQFHOHPH YH VRUXüWXUPD LüOHULQL GH \UWPHOHUL RQODU×Q PHVOHNL
\DUG×PGDEXOXQPDODU×Q×YHLüELUOLùLLoLQJHUHNOLJYHQRUWDP×Q×QROXüPDV×Q×
JoOHüWLUPHNWHGLU'HQHWLPGHLVWHQPH\HQGXUXPRODUDNLIDGHHGLOHELOHFHNEX
GXUXPGDQ NXUWXOPDQ×Q \ROX LVH HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQL \|QHWVHO YH HùLWVHO
ROPDN]HUHJHUHNVLQLPHJ|UHLNLJUXEDD\×UDUDN\HWLüWLULSLVWLKGDPHWPHNWLU
Aynur Bilir
<|QHWVHO LGDUL GHQHWPHQOHU JHQHO RODUDN RNXO \|QHWLFLOHULQLQ YH
|ùUHWPHQOHULQJ|UHYOHULQL\DS×S\DSPDG×NODU×RNXOELQDODU×Q×QYH|ùUHWLPDUDo
YH JHUHoOHULQLQ \HWHUOL ROXS ROPDG×ù× |ùUHQFLOHULQ RNXOD GHYDP GXUXPODU×
JLEL LüOHUL GHQHWOHPHN JHUHNOL GXUXPODUGD LQFHOHPH YH VRUXüWXUPD \DSDUDN
VRQXoODU×LOJLOLOHUHELOGLUPHNOH\NPOROPDO×G×UODU
(ùLWVHO UHKEHU GHQHWPHQOHULQ J|UHYL RNXO \|QHWLFLOHUL YH |ùUHWPHQOHULQ
VDGHFHNXVXUYHHNVLNOLNOHULQLEXOXSLOJLOLOHUHELOGLUPHNROPD\×SEXNXVXUYH
HNVLNOLNOHULG]HOWPHNLoLQELUoDEDLoLQHJLUPHNRQODUD\HQLoDùGDü|ùUHWLP
\|QWHPYHWHNQLNOHULQLWDQ×WPDNYHX\JXODPDODU×QDUHKEHUOLNHWPHNWLU5HKEHU
GHQHWPHQOHURNXOODUDVDGHFHWHQNLWoLYHNXVXUEXOXFXRODUDNGHùLO|]HOOLNOH
G]HOWLFLLüELUOLùLLoLQGHoDO×üPDODU\DSPDNDPDF×\ODJLGHU2oDO×üPDODU×QGDQ
\DUDUODQ×ODFDNELUUHKEHUYH\ROJ|VWHULFLGLUdQNoDùGDüGHQHWLPDQOD\×ü×QGD
GHQHWLP HùLWLP |ùUHWLPL JHOLüWLUPH DPDF×\OD |ùUHWPHQOHULQ |ùUHWLPVHO
GDYUDQ×ü×Q×JHOLüWLUPHVUHFLGLU.DUWDO
(ùLWLP6LVWHPLQGH'HQHWLPLQ7DULKVHO*HOLüLPL
(ùLWLP VLVWHPLQGH GHQHWLP HWNLQOLNOHULQLQ JHOLüLPL GQ\DGD YH 7UNL\H·GH
ROPDN]HUHLNLEDüO×NDOW×QGDHOHDO×QDELOLU
(ùLWLP6LVWHPLQGH'HQHWLPLQ'Q\DGDNL*HOLüLPL
2QGRNX]XQFX\]\×ODNDGDUHùLWLPGHQHWLPLQGH´\|QHWVHO\RNODPDNXUDP×µ
X\JXODQPDNWD\G× gùUHWLPLQ JHOLüWLULOPHVL\OH oRN ID]OD LOJLOHQHQ \RNWX %X
G|QHPGHGHQHWLPJ|UHYLHùLWLPPHVOHùLG×ü×QGDQNLüLYHNXUXOXüODU×QHOLQGH
EXOXQX\RUGX2NXOODU×QGHQHWLPLüLPDKDOOL\DGDE|OJHVHONDPXJ|UHYOLOHULQH
YH ED]× |]HO NRPLWHOHUH EDùODQP×üW× %X HùLWLP PHVOHùLQGHQ ROPD\DQ
NRPLWHQLQ|QHUGLùLVWDQGDUWODUDX\PDLVHRNXOGHQHWLPLQLQEDüDW|]HOOLùL\GL
2QGRNX]XQFX\]\×OGDELOLPVHOJHOLüPHOHUHSDUDOHORODUDNHùLWLPGHGHQHWLP
LüLPHVOHNG×ü×NLüLOHUGHQPHVOHNVDKLELNLüLOHULQHOLQHJHoPLüWLU
'HQHWLP KL]PHWOHUL \LUPLQFL \]\×O×Q EDüODQJ×F×QGD X]PDQ HùLWLPFLOHUFH
\UWOPH\HEDüODQP×üW×U(ùLWLPGHQHWLPLQLQELOLPVHOQLWHOLNND]DQPDV×LVH
·OL·OX\×OODUDUDVWODU%XUVDO×RùOX%XG|QHPGHGHQHWPHQ
PIHWWLü GHQHWLP NRQXVX\OD |]GHüOHüPHNWH YH HùLWLPGH JHOLüPHQLQ OLGHUL
RODUDN J|UOPHNWH %XUQKDP YH GHQHWLPLQ J|UHYL HùLWLPLQ DPDo
YHVUHoOHULQLEXOPDNYHEXQODU×|ùUHWPHQOHUDUDF×O×ù×\ODX\JXODPDNW×U
·O× \×OODUGD /HZLQ·LQ JGOHPH NRQXVXQGDNL oDO×üPDODU× GHQHWLPGH
OLGHUOLN YH LQVDQ LOLüNLOHUL NRQXODU×Q× RUWD\D o×NDUP×üW×U *UXS GLQDPLùL
11
(ùLWLPGH'HQHWLPVHO'DYUDQ×ü×Q$PDoYHúüOHYOHUL
GHQHWPHQLJUXEXQHWNLQELU\HVLRODUDNNDEXOHGHQGHQHWLPDQOD\×ü×Q×Q|QHPOL
ELU DUDF× ROPXüWXU $\G×Q %X G|QHPGH |]HOHüWLUL YH NHQGL NHQGLQL
JHOLüWLUPH \HWHUOLùL PHVOHNVHO \HWHUOLùLQ |OoWOHUL RODUDN J|UOPHNWHGLU
$QFDN X\JXODPDGD |ùUHWPH LüOHPL\OH LOJLOL VWDQGDUWODU×Q VW NDGHPHOHUGH
EHOLUOHQGLùLYHGHQHWPHQOHUWDUDI×QGDQ|ùUHWPHQOHUHDNWDU×OG×ù×J|UOPHNWHGLU
%LOLU
VRQUDV× HùLWLPGH ´LüELUOLùLQH GD\DO× ELUOLNWH GHQHWLPµ \DNODü×P×
X\JXODPD EXOPD\D EDüODP×üW×U $UDüW×UPD oDEDODU× \|QHWLP GHQHWLP YH
SHUVRQHOLQ UROOHULQL DOJ×ODPDODU× NRQXVXQGD \RùXQODüP×üW×U %X G|QHPGH
HùLWLP GHQHWLPLQGH LQVDQ ND\QDNODU×Q×Q JHOLüWLULOPHVLQH |QHP YHULOGLùL
JHQHOGHGH|UJWOHULQLQVDQND\QDù×Q×JHOLüWLUPHYHHWNLOLELoLPGHNXOODQPD\×
DPDoOD\DQELUGHQHWLPDQOD\×ü×Q×QYXUJXODQG×ù×J|UOPHNWHGLU
'HQHWLPVHO GDYUDQ×ü YH X\JXODPDODU G|QHPL LoLQGH YDU RODQ VRV\DO
SROLWLNGLQVHOHNRQRPLNYHHQGVWUL\HOJoOHUWDUDI×QGDQHWNLOHQPLüWLU-HIIHU\
%LUOHüLN 'HYOHWOHUGH NDPX RNXOODU×Q×Q GHQHWLPLQLQ$PHULNDQ HùLWLP
VLVWHPLQLQWHPHONDUDNWHULVWLNOHULYHRQXQEDW×$YUXSD·GDNLN|NOHULWDUDI×QGDQ
HWNLOHQGLùLQLEHOLUWPHNWHGLU
12
<XNDU×GDV|]HGLOHQWDULKVHOVUHoLoLQGHHùLWLPYH|ùUHWLPGHGHùLüLNGHQHWLP
PRGHOOHULJHOLüWLULOLSX\JXODQP×üW×U%LOLPVHOVDQDWVDO|ùUHWLPVHONOLQLNVHO
JHOLüLPVHOYHIDUNO×ODüP×üGHQHWLPEXQODUGDQEHOOLEDüO×ODU×G×U
<LUPLQFL <]\×O×Q EDüODU×QGD )UHGHULFN :LQVORZ 7D\ORU·XQ HQGVWUL\HO
DODQGDJHOLüWLUGLùLELOLPVHO\|QHWLPLONHOHULKHPHùLWLP\|QHWLPLQLKHPGH
HùLWLP GHQHWLPLQL |QHPOL |OoGH HWNLOHPLü ELOLPVHO GHQHWLPLQ GRùXüXQX
KD]×UODP×üW×U3DMDN$NW$\G×Q
6DQDWVDODo×GDQ\DNODüDQODUDJ|UH|ùUHWLPELUVDQDWW×UYHKHU]DPDQ|QFHGHQ
WDVDUODQG×ù×JLELJHUoHNOHüPH]2QODUDJ|UHGHQHWLPGHWHNQLNXVWDO×N\HULQH
VDQDWVDOGX\DUO×NNXOODQ×OPDO×G×U
gùUHQPHYH|ùUHWPHHWNLQOLùLQLHWNLHGHQHWNHQOHULQWPQGHùHUOHQGLUHUHN
GDKD HWNLQ ELU |ùUHQPH YH |ùUHWPH RUWDP×Q× VDùODPD\× DPDoOD\DQ GHQHWLP
\DNODü×P× LVH |ùUHWLPVHO GHQHWLPGLU gùUHWLPVHO GHQHWLP J|]OHP |QFHVL
J|UüPH J|]OHP DQDOL] J|]OHP VRQUDV× J|UüPH YH GHùHUOHQGLUPH ROPDN
]HUHEHüWHPHODüDPDGDQROXüXU6RQXoWDQoRNVUHFLGHùHUOHQGLULU
.OLQLNVHO GHQHWLP PRGHOL |ùUHWPHQLQ V×Q×I LoLQGH JHUoHNWH QH \DSW×ù×Q×
J|UPHVLQLVDùODPDVUHFLGLU%XGHQHWLP\DNODü×P×oRNID]OD]DPDQD\×UPD\×
Aynur Bilir
JHUHNWLULU %LU GHQHWPHQH |ùUHWPHQLQ GüWù GXUXPODUGD
X\JXODQPDüDQV×ROGXNoD]D\×IW×U
8\JXODPDGD NOLQLNVHO GHQHWLP PRGHOLQGH ROGXùX JLEL oRN ID]OD ]DPDQD
JHUHNVLQLPGX\XODQELUGLùHUGHQHWLP\DNODü×P×IDUNO×ODüW×U×OP×üGHQHWLPGLU
%X GHQHWLP DQOD\×ü×QGD |ùUHWPHQH DODFDù× GHQHWLP YH GHùHUOHQGLUPH
KL]PHWL NRQXVXQGD VHoHQHNOHU VXQXOXU g]HOOLNOH VWDM\HU DGD\ |ùUHWPHQOHU
LOHJHOLüPHJHUHNVLQLPLLoLQGHNL|ùUHWPHQOHULQ\HWLüWLULOPHVLQGHEDüYXUXODFDN
ELUPRGHOGLU
*HOLüLPVHO GHQHWLP \DNODü×P×QGD LVH GHQHWPHQ |ùUHWPHQLQ JHOLüLPVHO
G]H\LQL DQDOL] HWPHN YH EX JHOLüLP G]H\LQH X\JXQ ELU GHQHWLP GDYUDQ×ü×
VHUJLOHPHNOHVRUXPOXGXU$\G×Q
(ùLWLP6LVWHPLQGH'HQHWLPLQ7UNL\H·GHNL*HOLüLPL
(ùLWLP VLVWHPLQGH GHQHWLPLQ 7UNL\H·GHNL JHOLüLPL FXPKXUL\HW |QFHVL YH
FXPKXUL\HWVRQUDV×ROPDN]HUHLNLEDüO×NDOW×QGDHOHDO×QDELOLU
2VPDQO× úPSDUDWRUOXùX·QGD V×E\DQ PHNWHSOHUL YH PHGUHVHOHU GLQL NXUXPODU
WDUDI×QGDQ\|QHWLOPHNWH\GL.XUXODQPRGHUQDVNHULRNXOODU×Q|ùUHQFLND\QDù×Q×
ROXüWXUDQ V×E\DQ RNXOODU×Q×Q LVWHQLOHQ QLWHOLNWH |ùUHQFL \HWLüWLUPHGLNOHUL
V×E\DQ RNXOODU×QGDQ JHOHQ |ùUHQFLOHULQ KDUS PKHQGLV YH W×S RNXOODU×Q×Q
SURJUDPODU×QDX\XPJ|VWHUHPHGLNOHULGLNNDWLoHNPLüWLU6X
\×O×QGDNXUXODQ´0HFOLVL8PXUX1DÀDµPHPOHNHWLQHùLWLPVRUXQODU×\OD
LOJLOHQPLüYH\D\×QODG×ù×Ok\LKD·GDHùLWLPNXUXPODU×QGDQV×E\DQRNXOODU×LOH
EXRNXOODU×Q|ùUHWPHQOHULQLQGHQHWOHQHFHùLüXüHNLOGHEHOLUWLOPLüWLU
´«PHYFXW RNXOODU× ELU G]HQH NR\PDN PDKDOOHOHU DUDV×QGD EXOXQDQ
NoN RNXOODUGDNL |ùUHQFLOHULQ |ùUHQPHOHULQH EDNPDN ]HUH |QFH PHYFXW
|ùUHWPHQOHULQKDOOHULQLYHELOJLOHULQLQGHUHFHVLQLPHPXUODUPIHWWLüWD\LQL\OH
WHIWLü HGLS GLUD\HW YH NDELOL\HWOL EXOXQDQODU× oRFXN WHUEL\HVLQH PXNWHGLU
\HWHUOLRODQODU×NXOODQPDN«µ&HYDW.
\×O×QGD 0DNDWLSL 8PXPL\H 1H]DUHWLQH EDùO× 0HNDWLSL 6×E\DQL\H YH
0HNDWLSL 5üWL\H 0XLQOLùL DG×QGD LNL ELULP NXUXODUDN WHIWLü J|UHYL \DSDQ
PXLQPIHWWLüOHU DWDQP×üW×U %LU \×O VRUD GD ´6×E\DQ 0HNWHEL +RFDODU×
(IHQGLOHULQH úWD 2OXQDFDN 7DOLPDWµ \D\×QODQP×üW×U $\DV 6X
%LOLU 7D\PD] ûXEDW ·GD LODQ HGLOHQ
,VODKDW)HUPDQ×\OD\DEDQF×ODUD|]HORNXODoPDVHUEHVWLVLJHWLULOPLüROXSEX
13
(ùLWLPGH'HQHWLPVHO'DYUDQ×ü×Q$PDoYHúüOHYOHUL
RNXOODU×Q oDO×üPDODU×Q×Q 0DDULI QH]DUHWLQLQ J|]HWLP YH GHQHWLPLQGH ROGXùX
EHOLUWLOPLüWLU8QDW.RoHU
2VPDQO× G|QHPLQGH HùLWLPLQ ELU VLVWHP KDOLQH JHWLULOPHVL ·GD
\UUOùH JLUHQ ´0DDULIL 8PXPL\H 1L]DPQDPHVLµ LOH PPNQ ROPXüWXU
%X QL]DPQDPHQLQ 0DGGHVLQGH ´«LO PHUNH]OHULQGH YH JHUHùLQH J|UH
PHNWHSOHUL WHIWLü HWPHN ]HUH LNL HKLO HùLWLPFL PIHWWLü DG× LOH PLOOL HùLWLP
PGUONOHULQLQHPULQGHEXOXQDFDNW×UµKNP\HUDOPDNWDG×U6X
7D\PD]
14
2VPDQO×LPSDUDWRUOXùXG|QHPLQLQLON|ùUHWLPHLOLüNLQHQ|QHPOLNDQXQXRODQ
´7HGULVDW×úSWLGDL\H.DQXQX0XYDNNDWLµX]XQ\ROODULON|ùUHWLPKL]PHWOHULQH
\|Q YHUPLüWLU %X \DVD LOH LONRNXOODUGD GHQHWLPLQ LON|ùUHWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL
WDUDI×QGDQ \DS×OPDV× |QJ|UOPüWU<DVDQ×Q 0DGGHVLQH J|UH |ùUHWPHQ
RNXOODU×Q×Q EDüDU×O× PGU YH |ùUHWPHQOHUL LON|ùUHWLP PIHWWLüL RODELOLUOHU
YH\DVDQ×Q0DGGHVLQHJ|UHGHQHWLP´+×IV×V×KKD\DQH]DNHWYHWHKDUHWH
WHPL]OLNULD\HWROXSROPDG×ù×Q×7HUEL\HYHWHGULVKXVXVXQGDHG\DQGLQYH
DKODND.DQXQL(VDVL\H·\HX\JXQKDUHNHWHGLOLSHGLOPHGLùLQL $ Q D V × U ×
2VPDQL\H EH\QLQGH QLIDN YH$GHPL úWWLIDN× PXFLS DKYDOH PH\GDQ YHULOLS
YHULOPHGLùLQL WDKNLN HWPHNWLUµ RODUDN WDQ×PODQ×\RU YH D\Q× PDGGH\H J|UH
GHQHWLPHPXKDOHIHWHGHQOHULQEHüDOW×GDQHOOLDOW×QDNDGDUFH]DODQG×U×ODFDNODU×
KNPHEDùODQ×\RU%XGXUXPGHQHWLPH\DVDOJYHQFHGHQHWPHQHGHVRV\DO
VWDWND]DQG×UP×üW×U
\×O×QGD´0DDULIL8PXPL\H1H]DUHWL7HGULVDW×úSWLGDL\H0IHWWLüOHULQLQ
9D]LIHOHULQH 'DLU 7DOLPDWQDPHµ \D\×QODQP×ü YH NHQGLVLQGHQ VRQUDNL \HQL
\|QHWPHOLNG]HQOHPHOHULQHND\QDNO×NHWPLüWLU
&XPKXUL\HW'|QHPL
&XPKXUL\HWLQ LODQ HGLOPHVLQGHQ N×VD ELU VUH VRQUD 0DUW WDULKLQGH
´7HYKLGL7HGULVDW.DQXQXµNDEXOHGLOPLüWLU.DQXQXQ\UUOùHJL\PHVL\OH
ELUOLNWHWPHùLWLP|ùUHWLPNXUXPODU×0DDULI9HNDOHWLQHEDùODQP×üW×U(ùLWLP
|ùUHWLPGHELUOLùLQVDùODQPDV×YHRNXOODüPDQ×Q\D\J×QODüW×U×OPDV×LoLQGHQHWLP
KL]PHWOHULQHEXG|QHPGHE\N|QHPYHULOPLüWLU
\×O×QGD VD\×O× 0DDULI7HüNLODW× .DQXQX LOH 0DDULI (PLQOLNOHUL·QLQ
NXUXOPDVׁ]HULQHPIHWWLüOHULQKDN\HWNLYHJ|UHYOHULQHLOLüNLQ\|QHWPHOLN
KD]×UODQP×üW×U%XQDJ|UH9HNDOHW%DNDQO×N0IHWWLüOHUL
D0HUNH]0IHWWLüOHUL
E0×QW×ND0IHWWLüOHULROPDN]HUHLNLJUXEDD\U×OP×üW×U
Aynur Bilir
0HUNH]0IHWWLüOHULQLQ(ùLWLP²gùUHWLP0IHWWLüOHUL<|QHWLP0IHWWLüOHUL
0]HYH.WSKDQH0IHWWLüOHULRODUDNEUDQüODUDD\U×OG×ù×J|UOPHNWHGLU
\×O×QGD 0DDULI (PLQOLNOHUL·QLQ NDOG×U×OPDV× LOH 0×QW×ND 0IHWWLüOHUL
WHNUDU 0HUNH] 0IHWWLüL RODUDN J|UHYOHQGLULOPLüWLU 9HNDOHW %DNDQO×N
PIHWWLüOHULYH\×OODU×QGDE|OJHOHUHGDù×W×OP×üDQFDN
N×VD VUHQ X\JXODPDODUGDQ VRQUD YD]JHoLOHUHN $QNDUD úVWDQEXO YH ú]PLU
PHUNH]OHULQGHWRSODQP×üW×U0(%
úON|ùUHWLPGH GHQHWLP KL]PHWOHUL LOH EX KL]PHWOHUL \UWHFHN GHQHWPHQOHULQ
\HWLüWLULOPH LüL VLVWHPOL ELU üHNLOGH \×O×QGD EDNDQO×NoD HOH DO×QP×üW×U 2FDN\×O×QGD´úON7HGULVDW0IHWWLüOHUL7DOLPDWQDPHVLµ\D\×QODQP×üW×U
%XG|QHPGHGHQHWPHQOHULQ|ùUHWPHQOHUH\ROJ|VWHUPHQLQUHKEHUOLNHWPHQLQ
YHRQODU×LüEDü×QGD\HWLüWLUPHQLQ\DQ×QGDKDON×D\G×QODWPDELOLQoOHQGLUPH
FXPKXUL\HWLONHOHULQL\D\PD$WDWUNGHYULPOHULQLNRUXPDJLELJ|UHYOHULGH
EXOXQPDNWDG×U%XEDN×PGDQGHQHWPHQOHULQEXDQ×ODQJ|UHYOHUL\DSDELOHFHN
\HWNLQOLNWHROPDODU×QDE\N|QHPYHULOL\RUGX%LOLU'|QHPLQ0LOOL
(ùLWLP%DNDQ×0XVWDID1HFDWL0D\×V\×O×7%00·GHEDNDQO×NEWoHVL
J|UüOUNHQ\DSW×ù×NRQXüPDGDRNXOODU×QGHQHWLPNRQXVXQXGHùLQHUHN
«%DNDQO×N LONRNXOODU×Q GHQHWLP VRUXQXQX GD |QHPOH GLNNDWH DOP×ü YH EX
NRQXGDJHUHNHQ|QOHPOHULDOP×üW×U
úON|ùUHWLP PIHWWLüOHULQLQ LONRNXOODU×Q JHOLüPH YH \HWNLQOHüPHOHUL EDN×P×QGDQ
\HULQHJHWLUGLNOHULKL]PHWoRN|QHPOLGLU0IHWWLü\|QHWPHOLNYHSURJUDPODU×Q
X\JXODQPDV×Q× VWQ N|U ELU EDN×üOD GHQHWOH\HQ ELU J|UHYOL ROPDNWDQ oRN
|ùUHWPHQ YH HùLWPHQOHUL D\G×QODWDQ RQODU×Q LüOHULQGH |GHYOHULQH \DUG×P YH
UHKEHUOLùLLOHNROD\ODüW×UDQ|ùUHWPHQOHUH|ùUHWPHQOLNHGHQGHùHUOLELUHùLWLP
|ùHVLGLU«üLPGL\HGHNLON|ùUHWLPPIHWWLüOHULQL\HWLüWLUHQ|]HOELUNXUXP\RNWX
0IHWWLüOHU JHOLüLJ]HO VHoLOL\RU EXQODU×Q VHoLPLQGH GDKD oRN HVNLOLN N×GHP
GLNNDWHDO×Q×\RUN|NHQYH\HWHUOLOLNoRùXQOXNODVDYVDNODQ×\RUGX2\VDGHQHWLP
|GHYOHULQLL\L\DSDELOPHNLoLQPIHWWLüOHULQ|]HO\HWHQHNYHQLWHOLNOHULEXOXQPDV×
JHUHNWLùLJLEL|ùUHWPHQRNXOX|ùUHQLPLQGHQEDüND|]HOELU|ùUHQLPJ|UPHOHUL
JHUHNLU 0(% GL\HUHN EDNDQO×ù×Q EX NRQXGDNL VL\DVDODU×Q×
Do×NODP×üW×U
2 \×O |ùUHWLPH Do×ODQ *D]L 7HUEL\H (QVWLWV·QQ DPDoODU×QGDQ ELULQLQ
´úON|ùUHWLPHPIHWWLü\HWLüWLUPHNµROGXùXQXEHOLUWHQEDNDQ1HFDWLNRQXüPDV×
ü|\OHVUGUPüWU
15
(ùLWLPGH'HQHWLPVHO'DYUDQ×ü×Q$PDoYHúüOHYOHUL
«EX \×O Do×ODQ YH JHOHFHN \×O G]HOWLOLS JHOLüWLULOHFHN RODQ 2UWD gùUHWPHQ
2NXOX LON|ùUHWLP PIHWWLüOHULQL GH LVWHGLùLPL] ELoLPGH \HWLüWLUHFHN RQODUD
LüOHULQLQJHUHNWLUGLùLELOJLYHPHVOHNHùLWLPLQLVDùOD\DFDNW×U%XQXQODELUOLNWH
ELU \DQGDQ LON|ùUHWLP PIHWWLüOHULQL \HWLüWLULUNHQ GLùHU \DQGDQ GD EXJQN
VLVWHPGH oDO×üPDNWD RODQPIHWWLüOHULQ GH GHùHULQL DoDFDù×P×] PIHWWLüOLN
KL]PHWLoL HùLWLP NXUVODU× LOH \NVHOWPH\H NHQGLOHULQGHQ HQ oRN \DUDU
VDùODPD\D oDO×üDFDù×] .XUV SURJUDP× KD]×UODQP×üW×U %X \×O X\JXODPD\D
JHoHFHùL]« 0(% úQDQ GL\HQ EDNDQ 0XVWDID
1HFDWLPIHWWLü\HWLüWLUPHNRQXVXQGDKL]PHW|QFHVLHùLWLPNDGDUKL]PHW²LoL
HùLWLPLQ JHUHNOLOLùLQL DQODP×ü YH X\JXODPD\D NR\PXüWXU $\Q× \×O $QNDUD YH
6LYDV·WDLON|ùUHWLPPIHWWLüLKL]PHWLoLHùLWLPGHQJHoLULOPLüWLU$\U×FD
\×O×QGD X]PDQO×N HùLWLPL LoLQ LON|ùUHWLP PIHWWLüOHUL \XUW G×ü×QD $YUXSD·\D
J|QGHULOPLüWLU0(%
%XG|QHPGHHùLWLPLVWHPLQLJHOLüWLUPHNYH|QFHOLNOHLON|ùUHWLPL\D\×QODüW×UPDN
LoLQELUWDUDIWDQ|ùUHWPHQYHGHQHWPHQNDGURODU×Q×\HWLüWLUPHN]HUHoDùGDü
HùLWLPNXUXPODU×ROXüWXUXUNHQELUWDUDIWDQGDX]PDQO×NHùLWLPLLoLQ$YUXSD·\D
|ùUHQFLJ|QGHUPHLüOHPLVUGUOPüWU
16
.|\(QVWLWV6LVWHPLQGH'HQHWLP
.|\ HQVWLWOHUL VLVWHPL N|\ WRSOXPXQXQ JHUHNVLQPHOHULQL NDUü×OD\DFDN
QLWHOLNWH HùLWPHQ |ùUHWPHQ VDùO×No× ]LUDDWoL NRRSHUDWLIoL JLEL HODPDQODU×
\HWLüWLUPH\L DPDoOD\DQ ELU EDüND GH\LüOH ONH\L oDùGDü PHGHQL\HWOHU
VHYL\HVLQLQ ]HULQH o×NDUDFDN &XPKXUL\HW LONH YH GHùHUOHULQL EHQLPVHPLü
EX GHùHUOHUL LoVHOOHüWLUPLü DNO× YH YLFGDQ× KU ELOLQoOL \DUDW×F× WRSOXP
VRUXQODU×QD NDUü× GX\DUO× YH UHWNHQ \XUWWDüODU \HWLüWLUPH\L DPDoODP×ü ELU
PRGHOGL
.|\ HQVWLWOHUL \XUW G]H\LQGH KLoELU \HUOHüLP ELULPLQL NHVLP G×ü×QGD
E×UDNPDGDQ|UJWOHQLüLX\JXODG×ù×NDUPDNDW×O×PF×GHPRNUDWLNELOLPVHOYH
LüLoLQGHGHQH\VHO|ùUHQPH\HGD\DO×HùLWLPL\OHN|\oRFXNODU×LoLQI×UVDWHüLWOLùL
VDùODP×ü HùLWLPLQ \NVHN PDOL\HWLQL GüUPü XODü×ODELOLUOLùL VDùODP×üW×U
<NVHN.|\(QVWLWVLOHGHN|\oRFXNODU×QD\NVHN|ùUHQLP\ROXQXDoP×üW×U
%LOLU
.|\HQVWLWOHUL.|\QLoLQGHQDOG×ù×JHQoOHULN|\QJHUHNVLQPHOHULQHX\JXQ
ELOJL EHFHUL YH WXWXPODUOD GRQDWDUDN N|\ HùLWPHQL N|\ |ùUHWPHQL YH N|\
|QGHUL RODUDN N|\H J|QGHUPLüWLU %|\OHFH N|\O\ GLQH YH IHRGDOLWH\H
GD\DO× JHOHQHNVHO o×NDUF× \HUHO Jo RGDNODU×QGDQ NXUWDUP×üW×U VD\×O×
\DVDPDG.|\QHNRQRPLN\DüDP×Q×JHOLüWLUPHNLoLQWDU×PVDQDWWHNQLN
DODQODUGDN|\O\H|UQHNRODELOHFHNLüOHUNRQXVXQGDHùLWPHQYH|ùUHWPHQOHUH
J|UHYOHUYHULOPLüHùLWPHQYH|ùUHWPHQOHULQHOL\DVDODUODGDJoOHQGLUPLüWLU
.(d(9
Aynur Bilir
(QVWLWOHU NXUXOGXNODU× \HUOHUGH KHP NHQGLOHUL KHP GH PH]XQODU× \ROX\OD
N|\OHUGH oHYUHQLQ HNRQRPLN WRSOXPVDO NOWUHO \DüDP×Q× ROXPOX \|QGH
HWNLOH\HQHNRQRPLNJLULüLPOHUH|QGHUOLNHGHQNDON×QPDPHUNH]OHULGXUXPXQD
JLUPLüOHUGLU*HUD\
8OXVDONXUWXOXüVDYDü×Q×QVRQDHUPHVLYHXOXVWHPHOLQHGD\DO×\HQL\|QHWLP
\DS×V×Q×Q NXUXOGXùX G|QHPGH ONH QIXVXQXQ \DNODü×N ·L N|\OHUGH
\DüDPDNWDG×U .|\GH \RNVXOOXN JHOHQHNOHUH EDùO×O×N YH JHOLüPHOHUH NDUü×
LOJLVL]OLN \D\J×QG×U .OWUHO YH HNRQRPLN \|QGHQ LoLQH NDSDQ×NW×U .DVDED
YHNHQWOHUG×üGQ\DLOHRODQXODü×PYHKDEHUOHüPHRODQDNODU×]D\×IV×WPD
YHUHP EDüWD ROPDN ]HUH EXODü×F× KDVWDO×NODU \D\J×Q EHVOHQPH YH EDU×QPD
NRüXOODU×ER]XNEHEHN|OPRUDQODU×\NVHNWLU'LULFDQV.|\OHUGH
\DüD\DQKDON×QoRND]×RNXPD\D]PDELOPHNWHGLU
\×O×QGD ELU WHFUEH RODUDN EDüOD\DQ N|\ HùLWPHQL \HWLüWLUPH LüL
ROXPOX VRQXo YHUPHVL LOH \×O×QGD \DVDO ELU ]HPLQ ]HULQH RWXUWXODUDN
\D\J×QODüW×U×OP×üW×U
VD\×O× .|\ (ùLWPHQOHUL .DQXQX·QXQ PDGGHVL ´1IXVX |ùUHWPHQ
J|QGHULOPHVLQHHOYHULüOLROPD\DQN|\OHULQ|ùUHWLPYHHùLWLPLüOHULQLJ|UPHN
]LUDDWLüOHULQLQIHQQLELUüHNLOGH\DS×OPDV×LoLQN|\OOHUHUHKEHUOLNHWPHN]HUH
N|\HùLWPHQOHULLVWLKGDPHGLOLUµ$\Q×\DVDQ×QPDGGHVLGHEXHùLWPHQOHULQ
0DDULI YH =LUDDW 9HNLOOLNOHUL WDUDI×QGDQ ]LUDDW LüOHUL \DSW×U×OPD\D HOYHULüOL
RNXO YH oLIWOLNOHUGH Do×ODQ NXUVODUOD \HWLüWLULOHFHùL PDGGHGH EX NXUVODUGD
\HWLüWLULFL RODUDN úON|ùUHWLP PIHWWLüOHUL\OH LONRNXO |ùUHWPHQOHULQLQ J|UHY
DODFDù× PDGGHGH LVH ´HùLWPHQ EXOXQXQ N|\OHUGHQ O]XPX NDGDU×
ELUOHüWLULOHUHNELUE|OJHWHüNLOHGLOLU+HUE|OJH\HJH]LFLELUEDü|ùUHWPHQYH\D
|ùUHWPHQWD\LQROXQXUYHEXQODUN|\HùLWPHQL\HWLüWLUPHNXUVODU×QDNDW×OP×ü
LONRNXO |ùUHWPHQOHULQGHQ VHoLOLUµ GHQLOPHNWHGLU .(d(9 <DVD
EWQ\OHLQFHOHQGLùLQGHHùLWPHQDGD\ODU×Q×QQDV×OVHoLOHFHùLDPDFDX\JXQ
RODUDN QHUHGH YH QDV×O \HWLüWLULOHFHùL LVWLKGDP VRQUDV× QDV×O L]OHQLS VUHNOL
UHKEHUOLNHGLOHUHNLüEDü×QGD\HWLüWLULOHFHùLD\U×QW×O×RODUDNEHOLUWLOPLüROGXùX
J|UOPHNWHGLU%|\OHELUoDO×üPDQ×Q\NVHNELUSHGDJRMLNDQOD\×üYHGHQH\LP
UQROGXùXüSKHJ|WUPH]ELUJHUoHNWLU
%LU]LUDDWPHYVLPLHVQDV×QGD\HGLVHNL]D\NXUVYHRQGDQVRQUDGDN|\OHUGH
G|UW D\ VWDM J|UHQ HùLWPHQ DGD\ODU×Q×Q DWDQG×NODU× N|\OHUGH LüOHUL EDü×QGD
\HWLüWLULOPHOHULLoLQ.|\(ùLWPHQOHULWHüNLODW×QGDN|\GHQELUE|OJHWHüNLO
HGLOHUHN KHU E|OJHGH HùLWPHQ \HWLüWLUPH NXUVXQD LüWLUDN HWPLü ELU LONRNXO
|ùUHWPHQLJH]LFLEDü|ùUHWPHQLVWLKGDPHGLOPLüWLUJH]LFLEDü|ùUHWPHQOHULQ
17
(ùLWLPGH'HQHWLPVHO'DYUDQ×ü×Q$PDoYHúüOHYOHUL
EXJ|UHYHJHOPHGHQE|OJHLON|ùUHWLPPIHWWLüLLOHELUOLNWHHùLWPHQ\HWLüWLUPH
NXUVXQGD J|UHY DOP×ü ROPDV× KHP NHQGLQL JHOLüWLUPH EDN×P×QGDQ KHP GH
GDKD VRQUD ELUOLNWH oDO×üDFDù× HùLWPHQOHUL YH E|OJH PIHWWLüOHULQL \DN×QGDQ
WDQ×PD RODQDù× EXOPXüWXU %XUDGD ND]DQG×ù× GHQH\LPOHU RQXQ E|OJHVLQGHNL
HùLWPHQOHUHJHUoHNELUUHKEHUOLN\DSPDV×Q×LüEDü×QGD\HWLüPHOHULNRQXVXQGD
E|OJHLON|ùUHWLPPIHWWLüLQLQGHVWHùLQLDODUDNKHSELUOLNWHELUWDN×PoDO×üPDV×
\DSPDV×Q×Q GRùDO NRüXOODU×Q× KD]×UODP×üW×U %X X\JXODPDQ×Q EXJQ ED]×
JHOLüPLü$%'JLELONHOHUGH|ùUHWPHQLQLüEDü×QGD\HWLüWLULOPHVLQGHNXOODQ×ODQ
´|ùUHWLPLQL\LOHüWLULOPHVLQLNROD\ODüW×UPDNLoLQGHQH\LPOLELUHùLWLPFLQLQ\HQL
\DGDGHQH\LPVL]|ùUHWPHQOHUHLüELUOLùLLoLQGH\DUJ×ODPDGDQV×Q×ILoLQGHNL
|ùUHWLPLQL\LOHüWLULOPHVLLoLQELUOLNWHoDO×üPDµRODQ´PHQWRUONYHPHVOHNWDü
NRoOXùX $\G×Q JLEL X\JXODPDODUGDQ GDKD LOHUL ELU X\JXODPD ROGXùX
V|\OHQHELOLU
18
1LVDQ o×NDU×ODQ VD\×O× .|\ (QVWLWOHUL .DQXQX LOH N|\H
HùLWPHQ YH |ùUHWPHQ \HWLüWLUPH LüL NXUXPVDOODüP×üW×U <DVD\D J|UH ´.|\
|ùUHWPHQL YH N|\H \DUDQ GLùHU PHVOHN HUEDE×Q× \HWLüWLUPHN ]HUH ]LUDDW
LüOHULQH HOYHULüOL DUD]L EXOXQDQ \HUOHUGH 0DDULI 9HNLOOLùLQFH N|\ HQVWLWOHUL
Do×O×Uµ PDG ´(QVWLWOHUH WDP GHYUHOL N|\ LONRNXOODU×Q× ELWLUPLü V×KKDWOL
YHX\JXQN|\OoRFXNODU×VHoLOHUHNDO×Q×UODU«PDG.|\HQVWLWOHULQGHQ
PH]XQ |ùUHWPHQOHU WD\LQ HGLOGLNOHUL N|\OHULQ KHU WUO |ùUHWLP YH HùLWLP
LüOHULQLJ|UUOHU=LUDDWLüOHULQLIHQQLELUüHNLOGH\DS×OPDV×LoLQEL]]DWPH\GDQD
JHWLUHFHNOHUL|UQHNWDUODEDùYHEDKoHDW|O\HJLELWHVLVOHUOHN|\OOHUHUHKEHUOLN
HGHU YH N|\OOHULQ EXQODUGDQ LVWLIDGH HWPHVLQL WHPLQ HGHUOHU« PDG
.|\HQVWLWOHULQGHQPH]XQ|ùUHWPHQOHUHLVWLKVDOHUHWLPH\DUD\×F×DOHWOHU
×VODKHGLOPLüWRKXPoLIWYHLUDGKD\YDQODU×FLQVÀGDQJLELUHWLPYDV×WDODU×
N|\ |ùUHWPHQOHULQLQ WD\LQ HGLOGLNOHUL RNXOODU×Q GHPLU EDüODU×QD JHoLULOPHN
VXUHWL\OHGHYOHWoHSDUDV×]RODUDNYHULOLUPDG.|\|ùUHWPHQOHULQLQLüOHUL
oDO×üPDODU× JH]LFL EDü|ùUHWPHQOHU YH LON WHGULVDW LON|ùUHWLP PIHWWLüOHUL
WDUDI×QGDQWDNLSYHWHIWLüHGLOLU.|\|ùUHWPHQLQLQLüOHULQLQQRUPDOELUüHNLOGH
\UWOPHVLQHGHYOHWWHüNLODW×PHQVXSODU×\DUG×PHGHUOHUPDG.|\OHUGH
oDO×üDQ |ùUHWPHQOHULQ YH DLOHOHULQLQ N|\ RNXOODU×QGDNL WDOHEHQLQ V×KKDW
LüOHULQLPHFFDQHQSDUDV×]EDNPDN]HUH0DDULI9HNLOOLùLQFHV×KKDWPIHWWLüL
KHNLPOHUWD\LQHGLOLUµGHQPHNWHGLU
%X LIDGHOHUGHQ GH DQODü×ODFDù× JLEL N|\ HQVWLWOHUL VLVWHPLQGH GHQHWLP LüL
DVO×QGD HùLWPHQ YH |ùUHWPHQOHUL LüEDü×QGD \HWLüWLUPH RQODUD \DUG×P YH
UHKEHUOLNHWPH]HULQHWHPHOOHQGLULOPLüWLU\×O×QGD\UUOùHJLUHQ
VD\×O×.|\2NXOODU×YH(QVWLWOHUL7HüNLODW.DQXQXQDJ|UH´.|\OHUGHUHVPL
PHFEXULYHSDUDV×]LON|ùUHQLPRNXOODU×YHNXUXPODU×üXQODUG×UPDG
Aynur Bilir
(ùLWPHQOLN|\RNXOODU×
gùUHWPHQOLN|\RNXOODU×
gùUHWPHQOLYHHùLWPHQOLN|\RNXOODU×
3DQVL\RQOXYHSDQVL\RQVX]E|OJHN|\RNXOODU×
$NüDPRNXOODU×
.|\YHE|OJHPHVOHNNXUVODU×
%X RNXOODU YH NXUVODU LGDUH |ùUHWLP HùLWLP ]LUDDW VDQDW VDùO×N NRUXPDV×
oRFXNEDN×P×YHN|\KDON×Q×\HWLüWLUPH\|QQGHQV×UDV×\ODDüDù×GDNLPHUFLOHUH
EDùO×G×UODU
‡ %|OJHJH]LFL|ùUHWPHQOHULQHYHJH]LFLEDü|ùUHWPHQOHULQH
‡ %|OJHLON|ùUHWLPPIHWWLüOLNOHULQH
‡ %|OJHN|\HQVWLWVPGUONOHULQH
‡ .D]DLOoHPDDULIPHPXUOXNODU×QD
‡ 9LOD\HWPDDULIPGUONOHULQH
%XQDJ|UH
(ùLWPHQ YH |ùUHWPHQOHULQ L]OHQPHVLQGH YH LüEDü×QGD KL]PHWLoLQGH
\HWLüWLULOPHVLQGH E|OJH JH]LFL |ùUHWPHQOHUL YH JH]LFL EDü|ùUHWPHQOHUL LOH
E|OJHLON|ùUHWLPPIHWWLüOLNOHULYHE|OJHN|\HQVWLWVPGUONOHUL|QFHOLNOH
J|UHYOLYHVRUXPOXRODQNXUXPYHELULPOHUGLU
*H]LFL %Dü|ùUHWPHQOHU <|QHWPHOLùLQH J|UH ´úOoHOHUH EDùO× |ùUHWPHQOL
YH HùLWPHQOL N|\ RNXOODU×QGDQ O]XPX N|\ NDGDU× ELUOHüWLULOPHN
VXUHWL\OH ELUHU JH]LFL EDü|ùUHWPHQOLN E|OJHVL NXUXOXUµ *%<PDG *H]LFL
EDü|ùUHWPHQOLNN|\LON|ùUHWLPLQLQLONGHQHWOHPHEDVDPDù×G×U*%<PDG
*H]LFL|ùUHWPHQYHJH]LFLEDü|ùUHWPHQOHUND]DPHUNH]OHULQGHJ|UOHFHNLüOHU
EDN×P×QGDQND]DPDDULIPHPXUOXNODU×QD
(ùLWPHQOL|ùUHWPHQOLYHN|\KDON×Q×\HWLüWLUPHNOHLOJLOLLüOHU\|QQGHQE|OJH
LON|ùUHWLPPIHWWLüOHULQHEDùO×G×UODU«6.PDG
%|OJHLON|ùUHWLPPIHWWLüOHULHQD]oHQID]ODJH]LFL|ùUHWPHQOLNYH\D
JH]LFL EDü|ùUHWPHQOLN E|OJHVL ELUOHüWLULOHUHN ROXüWXUXODQ WHIWLü E|OJHVLQGHNL
19
(ùLWLPGH'HQHWLPVHO'DYUDQ×ü×Q$PDoYHúüOHYOHUL
RNXOHùLWPHQ |ùUHWPHQ JH]LFL |ùUHWPHQ YH JH]LFL EDü |ùUHWPHQOHULQ KHU
WUOLüOHULQLWHIWLüPXUDNDEHYHLGDUHHGHUOHU
0IHWWLüOLN PHUNH]L WHIWLü E|OJHVL LoLQGHNL ND]D YH QDKL\HOHUGHQ ELULQLQ
PHUNH]LGLU
%|OJH LON|ùUHWLP PIHWWLüOHUL E|OJHOHULQGHNL RNXOODU× LOJLOHQGLUHQ LGDUL LüOHU
EDN×P×QGDQPDDULIPGUONOHULQHEDùO×G×UODU%|OJHOHULQGHoDO×üDQHùLWPHQ
|ùUHWPHQ JH]LFL |ùUHWPHQ YH JH]LFL EDü|ùUHWPHQOHULQ N|\ HQVWLWOHULQL
LOJLOHQGLUHQ LüOHUL \|QQGHQ R NHVLPGHNL N|\ HQVWLWV PGUONOHUL\OH
LüELUOLùL\DSDU6.PDG
20
<DVD´.|\HQVWLWVPGUOHULQLNHVLPOHULQHJLUHQN|\OHUGHoDO×üDQHùLWPHQ
|ùUHWPHQ JH]LFL |ùUHWPHQ YH JH]LFL EDü|ùUHWPHQ YH E|OJH LON|ùUHWLP
PIHWWLüOHULQH HOOHULQGHNL EWQ YDV×WDODUOD JHUHNHQ \DUG×PODU× ]DPDQ×QGD
\DSDUODUYHRQODU×QLüOHULQLWDNLSHGHUOHUµ0DG´(ùLWPHQYH|ùUHWPHQOHU
LoLQ N|\ HQVWLWOHUL LGDUHOHULQFH LFDE×QGD NXUVODU Do×O×U (ùLWPHQ YH
|ùUHWPHQOHULQEXNXUVODUDJHOLSJLWPH]DUXUL\ROSDUDODU×YHNXUVWDEXOXQGXNODU×
PGGHWoH \L\HFHN PDVUDÁDU× HQVWLW WDKVLVDW×QGDQ |GHQLUµPDG GL\HUHN
|ùUHWPHQOHULQ KL]PHW LoLQGH YH Lü EDü×QGD \HWLüPHOHULQGH |QHPOL J|UHY YH
VRUXPOXOXNODU\NOHPLüWLU%XQDJ|UHHQVWLWOHULQ\HWLüWLUPHJ|UHYLVUHNOLOLN
ND]DQPDNWD YH HQVWLWOHU GH PH]XQ HWWLùL HùLWPHQ YH |ùUHWPHQOHU LoLQ
\DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHPHUNH]OHULGXUXPXQDJHOPLüWLU
(QVWLWOHULQ HùLWPHQ YH |ùUHWPHQOHU LoLQ G]HQOHGLùL KL]PHWLoL \HWLüWLUPH
VHPLQHUOHULQLQNRQXVXQXYHLoHULùLQLJH]LFLEDü|ùUHWPHQYHE|OJHLON|ùUHWLP
PIHWWLüOHULQLQJH]LYHJ|]OHPQRWODU×QDGD\DO×|QHULOHULROXüWXUPDNWD\G×%X
GD HùLWPHQ YH |ùUHWPHQOHULQ JHUoHN |ùUHQPH JHUHNVLQPHOHULQH KLWDS HWWLùL
LoLQ RQODU×Q |ùUHQPH HWNLQOLNOHULQH J|QOO LVWHNOL YH HWNLQ NDW×O×PODU×Q×
VDùO×\RUGXgUQHNGHUVX\JXODPDODU×\OD|ùUHQLOHQOHUSHNLüWLULOL\RUGX
.|\HQVWLWOHULVLVWHPLQGHRNXOODUYHEXQODU×QGHQHWLPLQGHQVRUXPOXGHQHWLP
ELULPOHUL ELUELUOHUL LOH LüELUOLùL LoLQGH DKHQNOL ELU oDO×üPD \UW\RUODUG×
*HOLüPLü RODQ NXUXPODU YH ELULPOHU VDKLS ROGXNODU× HùLWVHO RODQDNODU×Q×
JHOLüPHNWHRODQNXUXPYHELULPOHULQJHOLüLPLLoLQNXOODQ×PDDo×NWXWX\RUODUG×
'HQHWLPELULPOHULE|OJHOHULQGHNL|ùUHWPHQYHHùLWPHQOHULQPHVOHNLYHJHQHO
NOWUQJHOLüWLUPHNDPDF×\ODE|OJHPHUNH]LQGHPPNQROGXùXWDNGLUGH
V×UDLOHE|OJH\HJLUHQN|\OHUGHX\JXQ]DPDQODUGDPHVOHNLWRSODQW×ODU\DSDU
%X WRSODQW×ODUGD |UQHN GHUVOHU YHULOLU PHVOHNL WHNQLNOHU WDQ×W×O×UG× *%<
PDG%XG|QHPGHHùLWLPLQ\D\J×QODüW×U×OPDV×YHQLWHOLùLQLQDUW×U×OPDV×QGD
Aynur Bilir
HOGH HGLOHQ EDüDU×ODU KLo NXüNXVX] VLVWHPL JHOLüWLUPH\H G|QN JoO ELU
GHQHWLP DOW VLVWHPLQLQ NXUXOPXü ROPDV×QD YH HùLWLPL ELU NDPX KL]PHWL
RODUDN J|UHQ LüELUOLùL GD\DO× JoO LOHWLüLP EHFHULOHUL RODQ ELUOLNWH oDO×üPD
DQOD\×ü×\ODKDUHNHWHGHQGHQHWPHQOHULQ|]YHULOLoDO×üPDODU×QDEDùO×G×U
dRN3DUWLOL'|QHP
dRN SDUWLOL G|QHPH JHoLOGLNWHQ VRUD |QFH .|\ (QVWLWOHULQLQ SURJUDPODU×
GHùLüWLULOGL ·GH<NVHN .|\ (QVWLWV NDSDW×OG× \×O×QGD GD .|\
(QVWLWOHULúON|ùUHWPHQ2NXOODU×QDG|QüWUOG%|\OHFH|ùUHWPHQ\HWLüWLUHQ
NXUXPODUGDKD|QFHN|\HQVWLWOHULQGHYH\NVHNN|\HQVWLWVQGHYDURODQ
PH]XQODU×Q×L]OHPHYHLüEDü×QGD\HWLüWLUPHIRQNVL\RQXQXND\EHWWL
2FDN·GH\UUOùHJLUHQVD\×O×úON|ùUHWLPYH(ùLWLP.DQXQX·QXQ
PDGGHVLLON|ùUHWLPPIHWWLüLRODFDNODUGDDUDQDFDNNRüXOODUODPIHWWLüOHULQ
J|UHY YH VRUXPOXOXNODU×Q× Do×NODP×üW×U $\Q× PDGGHQLQ E I×NUDV× LVH
JHUHNVLQPHGX\XODQKDOOHUGHLONRNXO|ùUHWPHQOHULQGHQNXUV\ROX\ODLON|ùUHWLP
PIHWWLüL\HWLüWLULOHELOHFHùLQHLOLüNLQGLU%XI×NUDKNPOHULGD\DQDNDO×QDUDN
0LOOL (ùLWLP %DNDQO×ù× ]DPDQ ]DPDQ NXUVOD LON|ùUHWLP PIHWWLüL \HWLüWLUPH
\ROXQDJLWPLüWLU
|ùUHWLP\×O×QGDúON|ùUHWPHQRNXOODU×QDPHVOHNGHUVOHUL|ùUHWPHQL
YHLON|ùUHWLPPIHWWLüL\HWLüWLUHQúVWDQEXOdDSD$WDWUN(ùLWLP(QVWLWVQQ
(ùLWLP %|OPQH |ùUHQFL DO×QPD\DUDN E|OP NDSDW×OP×üW×U $QNDUD *D]L
<NVHN gùUHWPHQ 2NXOX (ùLWLP %|OPQH |ùUHQFL DO×P× LVH VRQUDV×
|]HO ELU \DS×\D NDYXüWXUXODUDN PHUNH]L VLVWHP G×ü×QGDQ LOOHUGHQ VHoLOHQ
|ùUHWPHQOHU DUDV×QGDQ V×QDYOD |ùUHWPHQ|ùUHQFL DO×QDUDN PDDüO× L]LQOL
RNXPDODU×VDùODQP×üW×U$QFDNEXX\JXODPD\DGDVHUEHVWSL\DVDHNRQRPLVLQL
VDYXQDQ,g]DOKNPHWLWDUDI×QGDQ|ùUHWLP\×O×QGDVRQYHULOPLüWLU
%|\OHFH*D]L7HUEL\H(QVWLWV·QQNXUXOXüDPDoODU×DUDV×QGDEXOXQDQHùLWLP
VLVWHPLQHLON|ùUHWLPPIHWWLüL\HWLüWLUPHLüLVRQEXOPXüWXU
7UNL\H·GH HùLWLP GHQHWLPL $QD\DVDV×Q×Q PDGGHVL ´«HùLWLP
|ùUHWLP $WDWUN LONH YH GHYULPOHUL GRùUXOWXVXQGD oDùGDü ELOLP YH HùLWLP
HVDVODU×QDJ|UHGHYOHWLQJ|]HWLPYHGHQHWLPLDOW×QGD\DS×O×UµGL\HUHNHùLWLP
GHQHWLPLQLQ\HULYHJ|UHYLQLEHOLUWPLüWLUgWH\DQGDQVD\×O×0LOOL(ùLWLP
7HPHO .DQXQX·QXQ YH 0DGGHOHUL EX GHQHWLP YH J|]HWLPLQ 0LOOL
(ùLWLP%DNDQO×ù×Q×QVRUXPOXOXùXQGDROGXùXQXKNPHEDùODP×üW×U
0LOOL (ùLWLP %DNDQO×ù× EX GHQHWLP YH J|]HWLP J|UHYLQL (\OO WDULKYHVD\×O×5HVPL*D]HWHGH\D\×QODQDQ0LOOL(ùLWLP%DNDQO×ù×Q×Q
7HüNLODWYH*|UHYOHUL+DNN×QGDVD\×O×.DQXQ+NPQGH.DUDUQDPHQLQ
X\JXODPD\D NRQXOPDV×QD NDGDU RUWD|ùUHWLP NXUXPODU×Q×Q GHQHWLPLQL 0LOOL
21
(ùLWLPGH'HQHWLPVHO'DYUDQ×ü×Q$PDoYHúüOHYOHUL
(ùLWLP %DNDQO×ù×7HIWLü .XUXOXQGD J|UHYOL EDNDQO×N PIHWWLüOHUL LON|ùUHWLP
NXUXPODU×Q×QGHQHWLPLQLGHúO0LOOL(ùULP0GUONOHULQH|UJWOHQPLüRODQ
úON|ùUHWLP 0IHWWLüOHUL .XUXO %DüNDQO×NODU×QGDNL úON|ùUHWLP 0IHWWLüOHUL
DUDF×O×ù×\OD \HULQH JHWLUL\RUGX $Q×ODQ NDUDUQDPHQLQ \UUOùH JLUPHVL LOH
0LOOL(ùLWLP%DNDQO×ù×HùLWLPGHNLGHQHWLPYHJ|]HWLPJ|UHYLQL0LOOL(ùLWLP
%DNDQO×ù× 5HKEHUOLN YH 'HQHWLP %DüNDQO×ù× LOH úO (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOHUL
%DüNDQO×ù×·QGDNL J|UHYOL GHQHWPHQ YH GHQHWPHQ \DUG×PF×ODU×\OD \HULQH
JHWLUPH\HoDO×üPDNWDG×U$QFDN\HQLG]HQOHPHGHROGXNoD|QHPOLIDUNO×O×NODU
EXOXQPDNWDG×U
22
%X IDUNODUGDQ ELULQFLVL %DNDQO×N 0IHWWLüOLùL·QLQ DG× 0LOOL (ùLWLP GHQHWoL
YH GHQHWoL \DUG×PF×O×ù× RODUDN GHùLüWLULOPLüWLU úNLQFLVL úON YH RUWD|ùUHWLP
NXUXPODU×Q×Q GHQHWLPL úO HùLWLP GHQHWPHQ YH GHQHWPHQ \DUG×PF×ODU×QD
E×UDN×OP×üW×U %XJQ LoLQ úO (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOHUL .XUXO %DüNDQO×ù×
NDGURODU×QGD\HWHUOLVD\×YHQLWHOLNWHEUDQüGHQHWPHQLYHGHQHWPHQ\DUG×PF×V×
EXOXQPDPDNWDG×U%XOXQDQODU×QGDLOYHE|OJHOHUHJ|UHGDù×O×P×GHQJHOLELU
üHNLOGH \DS×OPDP×üW×U hoQF ELU IDUNO×O×N GD 0LOOL (ùLWLP 'HQHWoLVL YH
GHQHWoL\DUG×PF×O×ù×LOHX]PDQYHX]PDQ\DUG×PF×O×ù×QDDWDPDGD“meslekte
HVDV RODQ |ùUHWPHQOLNWLUµ LONHVLQGHQ YD]JHoLOHUHN |ùUHWPHQOLN HùLWLP
G×ü×QGDQ IHQHGHEL\DW KXNXN VL\DVDO ELOJLOHU LNWLVDGv YH LGDUv ELOLPOHU
LNWLVDW LüOHWPH IDNOWHOHUL LOH KL]PHW ELULPOHULQLQ J|UHY DODQ×QD JLUHQ YH
\|QHWPHOLNOHEHOLUOHQHQ\NVHN|ùUHWLPNXUXPODU×QGDQYH\DEXQODUDGHQNOLùL
<NVHN|ùUHWLP.XUXOXWDUDI×QGDQNDEXOHGLOHQ\XUWLoLQGHNLYH\D\XUWG×ü×QGDNL
\NVHN|ùUHWLPNXUXPODU×QGDQPH]XQROPDNYH<DS×ODFDN\DU×üPDV×QDY×QGD
EDüDU×O×ROPDN\HWHUOLVD\×OPDNWDG×U
(ùLWLP ELOLPOHULQGHNL JHOLüPHOHU GRùDO RODUDN HùLWLP \|QHWLPL YH HùLWLP
GHQHWLPLQGH GH GHùLüPHOHUH QHGHQ ROPXüWXU %X GHùLüPHOHU GHYOHW DG×QD
GHQHWLPYHJ|]HWLP\DSDQGHQHWLPHOHPDQODU×Q×QJ|UHYOHULYHEXJ|UHYOHUH
LOLüNLQ R\QDPDODU× EHNOHQHQ UROOHUL GH GHùLüWLUPLüWLU %X GHùLüPHOHUOH EDüD
o×NPD QH NDQXQ KNPQGH NDUDUQDPHOHUOH \DS×ODQ G]HQOHPHOHUOH QH GH
HùLWLP G×ü×QGDQ DWDQDQ OLVDQV PH]XQX GHQHWoL YH X]PDQ \DUG×PF×ODU×\OD
VDùODQDELOLU6LVWHPLQJHOLüPHVLQHNDWN×VDùOD\DFDN\DS×VDOGHùLüPHOHUX]XQ
VROXNOX DUDüW×UPDJHOLüWLUPH oDO×üPDODU×Q×Q YHULOHUL GHùHUOHQGLULOHUHN HOGH
HGLOHQ VRQXoODUD J|UH \DS×ODFDN SLORW X\JXODPDODU×Q VRQXoODU×QD YH VRUXQ
WHPHOOLGHQH\LPOLX]PDQHùLWLPFLOHULQLüHNRüXOPDV×\ODJHUoHNOHüWLULOHELOLU
0LOOL(ùLWLP%DNDQO×ù×\×O×QGDWHVWYHPODNDWV×QDY×LOHVHoWLùLEUDQü
|ùUHWPHQOHULQL hQLYHUVLWHOHULQ (ùLWLP %|OPOHULQLQ (ùLWLP <|QHWLPL
7HIWLüL 3ODQODPDV× YH (NRQRPLVL $QDELOLP GDOODU×QGD OLVDQV WDPDPODPD
HùLWLPL YHUGLUHUHN EDüDU×O× RODQODU×Q DWDPDODU×Q× JHUoHNOHüWLUPLüWLU %|\OHFH
Aynur Bilir
LON|ùUHWLPGH 7HPHO (ùLWLP EUDQü PIHWWLüOHUL X\JXODPDV× EDüODP×ü ROGX
$QFDN0LOOL(ùLWLP%DNDQO×ù×EXJQKHQ]LVWHQLOHQQLWHOLNYHVD\×GDEUDQü
GHQHWPHQLQHVDKLSGHùLOGLU
0LOOL(ùLWLP%DNDQO×ù×úQVDQ.D\QDNODU×*HQHO0GUOù·QQ0D\×V
D\×VRQXYHULOHULQHJ|UHúO(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHUL·QLQEUDQüODUDJ|UHGDù×O×P×
oL]HOJH·GHYHULOPLüWLU
dL]HOJHúO(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHUL·QLQ%UDQüODUD*|UH'Dù×O×P×
0D\×VYHULOHUL
úO(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHUL·QLQ%UDQü×
6D\×
7RSODPLoLQGHNL<]GHVL
7UN'LOLYH(GHEL\DW×
7UNoH
84
7DULK
&RùUDI\D
)L]LN
.LP\D
4
%L\RORML
)HQYH7HNQRORML
6RV\DO%LOJLOHU
<DEDQF×GLOúQJ
<DEDQF×GLO)UV
6×Q×I|ùUHWPHQOLùL
gùUHWPHQOLN0HVOHN'HUVOHUL
5HKEHUgùUHWPHQ
Matematik
úON|ùUHWLP0DWHPDWLNgùUHWPHQL
'LQ.OWUYH$KODN%LOJLVL
5HVLP*|UVHO6DQDWODU
11
0]LN
%HGHQ(ùLWLPL
*|UPH(QJHOOL6×Q×IgùUHWPHQL
4
=LKLQ(QJHOOL6×Q×IgùUHWPHQL
8
úüLWPH(QJHOOL6×Q×IgùUHWPHQL
2NXO|QFHVLgùUHWPHQOLùL
0XKDVHEHYH)LQDQVPDQ
1
0HWDO7HNQRORMLVL
1
7DULKYH9DWDQGDüO×N
1
7HNQRORMLYH7DVDU×P
3VLNRORML
*×GD7HNQRORMLVL
1
(QGVWUL\HO%R\DYH'HNRUDV\RQ
1
úPDP+DWLS0HVOHN'HUVOHUL
8
0HEVLV9HULOHULQH*|UH%UDQü×%LOLQPH\HQ
7RSODP
2836
.D\QDN 0LOOL (ùLWLP %DNDQO×ù× úQVDQ .D\QDNODU× *HQHO 0GUOù 0D\×V $\× VRQX
YHULOHUL
23
(ùLWLPGH'HQHWLPVHO'DYUDQ×ü×Q$PDoYHúüOHYOHUL
dL]HOJHLQFHOHQGLùLQGH·WHQJQP]HNDGDUGHQHWLPGHEUDQüODüPDQ×Q
ELUJHOLüPHJ|VWHUGLùLDQFDNEXJHOLüPHQLQV×Q×I|ùUHWPHQOLùLEUDQü×G×ü×QGDNL
DODQODUGDoRNGDLVWHQLOHQG]H\GHROPDG×ù×J|UOPHNWHGLU
%XJQVHNVHQELULOGHJ|UHY\DSDQWRSODPLOHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHUL·QLQ
LON|ùUHWLPPIHWWLüLGXUXPXdL]HOJH·GHYHULOPLüWLU
dL]HOJHúO(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHUL·QLQ(ùLWLP'XUXPX
(ùLWLP'XUXPX
24
6D\×I
'RNWRUD
<NVHN/LVDQV
/LVDQV/LVDQVVW
/LVDQV
<×OO×N(ùLWLP(QVWLWV
úNL<×OO×N(ùLWLP(QVWLWV
7RSODP
2836
<]GH
.D\QDN0LOOL(ùLWLP%DNDQO×ù×úQVDQ.D\QDNODU×*HQHO0GUOù
0D\×V$\×VRQXYHULOHUL
'HQHWLPLQ WHPHO LüOHYOHULQGHQ ELUL YH HQ EDüWD JHOHQL VLVWHPGHNL
oDO×üDQODUD\DUG×PYHUHKEHUOLNHGHUHNVLVWHPLQJHOLüPHVLQLVDùODPDNW×U%LU
GHQHWPHQLQNHQGLEUDQü×QGDNLPHVOHNWDü×QD\DUG×PYHUHKEHUOLNHGHELOPHVL
PHVOHNWDü×QGDQ GDKD VW PDVW×U YH GRNWRUD G]H\GH ELU HùLWLP DOPDV×QD
YH GDKD ID]OD GHQH\LP VDKLEL ROPDV×QD EDùO×G×U dL]HOJH úQFHOHQGLùLQGH
WRSODPLOHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLQGHQ·QLQOLVDQVG]H\LQGHELUHùLWLPH
VDKLSLNHQ·LLVHOLVDQVG]H\LQLQDOW×QGDoYHLNL\×OO×NELUHùLWLPHVDKLS
ROGXùX J|UOPHNWHGLU <NVHN OLVDQV YH GRNWRUDO× GHQHWPHQ VD\×V× ·WLU
7PGHQHWPHQOHULQ\NVHNOLVDQVYHGRNWRUDO×ROPDV×JHUHNWLùLJHUoHùLJ|]
|QQHDO×QG×ù×QGDVLVWHPGHNLoDO×üDQODUD\DUG×PYHUHKEHUOLNHGHUHNVLVWHPLQ
JHOLüPHVLQHNDWN×VDùODPDV×JHUHNHQGHQHWPHQOHULQGXUXPXWDUW×üPD\DDo×NW×U
0LOOL(ùLWLP'HQHWoLYH'HQHWoL<DUG×PF×ODU×QGDGDGXUXPoRNIDUNO×GHùLOGLU
dL]HOJH ·WH 0LOOL (ùLWLP 'HQHWoL YH 'HQHWoL <DUG×PF×ODU×Q×Q GXUXPODU×
YHULOPHNWHGLU
Aynur Bilir
dL]HOJH0LOOL(ùLWLP'HQHWoLYH'HQHWoL<DUG×PF×ODU×Q×Q'XUXPX
0LOOL(ùLWLP'HQHWoLOHUL
%DNDQO×N0IHWWLüOHUL
%Rü
.DGUR
'ROX
.DGUR
1
%DüGHQHWoL
81
'HQHWoL
'HQHWoL\DUG×PF×V×
84
41
.DG×Q
Erkek
7RSODP
7RSODP
322
322
%DüNDQ
&LQVL\HW
.D\QDN0LOOL(ùLWLP%DNDQO×ù×úQVDQ.D\QDNODU×*HQHO0GUOù0D\×V$\×VRQX
YHULOHUL
dL]HOJHLQFHOHQGLùLQGHLNL|QHPOLGXUXPJ|]HoDSPDNWDG×U%LULQFLVLWRSODP
GROXNDGURLoLQGHHUNHNGHQHWoLYH\DGHQHWoL\DUG×PF×V×QDNDUü×QVDGHFH
NDG×Q0LOOL(ùLWLP'HQHWoLYH\DGHQHWoL\DUG×PF×V×EXOXQPDNWDG×ULNLQFLVL
GH WRSODP DGHW ERü 0LOOL (ùLWLP 'HQHWoLVL NDGURVXQXQ EXOXQPDV×G×U
(ùLWLP VLVWHPLQL EHVOH\LS JHOLüWLUHFHN RODQ GHQHWLP DOW VLVWHPLQGH EX NDGDU
oRNERüNDGURQXQEXOXQPDV×YHDWDPD\DS×OPDPDV×GüQGUFGU
6D\×O×.DQXQ+NPQGH.DUDUQDPHYH'HQHWLPGH<HQL']HQOHPHOHU
$YUXSD %LUOLùL DGD\O×N VUHFLQGH RODQ 7UNL\H X\XP VUHFL NDSVDP×QGD
NDPX\|QHWLPLQGHSHNoRN\DVDOG]HQOHPHOHUGHEXOXQGX%XG]HQOHPHOHU
LQFHOHQGLùLQGHGQ\DGDJHOLüHQ\HQLOLEHUDOHNRQRPLNSROLWLNDODUOD|UWüWù
YHGQNDPXKL]PHWLRODQHùLWLPVDùO×NYHJYHQOLNJLELVWUDWHMLNROPDV×JHUHNHQ
DODQODU×Q |]HO VHNW|UH Do×OPDNWD ROGXùX J|UOPHNWHGLU gUQHùLQ (\OO
·GDNDEXOHGLOHQYH(NLPWDULKYHVD\×O×5HVPL*D]HWH·GH
\D\×QODQDQ VD\×O× 0HVOHNL<HWHUOLN .XUXPX .DQXQX LOH X]PDQ X]PDQ\DUG×PF×V×YH\DEDQF×X\UXNOXX]PDQNDGURVXLKGDVHGLOPLüWLU%X
G]HQOHPHLOH(\OOWDULKYHVD\×O×5HVPL*D]HWHGH\D\×QODQDQ
0LOOL(ùLWLP%DNDQO×ù×Q×Q7HüNLODWYH*|UHYOHUL+DNN×QGDVD\×O×.DQXQ
+NPQGH.DUDUQDPHQLQG]HQOHQPLüWLUVD\×O×.+.ELUEDN×PD
VD\×O× 0HVOHNL <HWHUOLN .XUXPX .DQXQXQD X\XP QLWHOLùLQGHGLU dQN
0HVOHNL<HWHUOLN.XUXPX.DQXQXLOHJHWLULOHQ´<DEDQF×8]PDQúVWLKGDP×µ
VD\×O× .+.·QLQ 0DGGHVL LOH 0LOOL (ùLWLP %DNDQO×ù× NDGURODU×QGD
\DEDQF×X]PDQLVWLKGDP×Q×KHPUHVPLOHüWLUPHNWHKHPGHNROD\ODüW×UPDNWDG×U
$G×0LOOLRODQHùLWLPEDNDQO×ù×DUW×NEXG]HQOHPHGHQVRQUDPLOOLROPD\DQ
XQVXUODUWDUDI×QGDQ\|QHWLOHELOHFHNWLU
VD\×O×.+.·QLQ0DGGHVL´EDNDQO×NPHUNH]WHüNLODW×QGD0LOOv(ùLWLP
8]PDQODU× YH 8]PDQ <DUG×PF×ODU× LOH 0LOOv (ùLWLP 'HQHWoLOHUL YH 'HQHWoL
<DUG×PF×ODU× LVWLKGDP HGLOLUµ GHPHNWHGLU $\Q× PDGGHQLQ D YH E EHQGOHUL
25
(ùLWLPGH'HQHWLPVHO'DYUDQ×ü×Q$PDoYHúüOHYOHUL
EX NDGURODUD EDü YXUDFDN DGD\ODU×Q HQ D] G|UW \×OO×N OLVDQV HùLWLPL YHUHQ
HùLWLP IHQHGHEL\DW KXNXN VL\DVDO ELOJLOHU LNWLVDGv YH LGDUv ELOLPOHU
LNWLVDW LüOHWPH IDNOWHOHUL LOH KL]PHW ELULPOHULQLQ J|UHY DODQ×QD JLUHQ YH
\|QHWPHOLNOHEHOLUOHQHQ\NVHN|ùUHWLPNXUXPODU×QGDQYH\DEXQODUDGHQNOLùL
<NVHN|ùUHWLP.XUXOXWDUDI×QGDQNDEXOHGLOHQ\XUWLoLQGHNLYH\D\XUWG×ü×QGDNL
\NVHN|ùUHWLPNXUXPODU×QGDQPH]XQROPDNYH<DS×ODFDN\DU×üPDV×QDY×QGD
EDüDU×O×ROPDN\HWHUOLVD\×OPDNWDG×U2\VD0LOOL(ùLWLP8]PDQO×ù×GD0LOOL
(ùLWLP 'HQHWoLOLùL GH X]XQ \×OODU DODQ ELU HùLWLP YH GHQH\LP JHUHNWLULU %X
NDGURODULoLQLOJLOLDODQODUGDOLVDQVGHUHFHVL\DQ×V×UD(ùLWLPOLGHUOLùLQGH(ùLWLP
\|QHWLPLQGH\NVHNOLVDQVYHGRNWRUDGHUHFHVLDOP×üROPDNJHUHNPHNWHGLU
'HQHWPHQLQROXPOXELUGHQHWLPVHOGDYUDQ×üJ|VWHUHELOPHVLLoLQJoOOLGHUOLN
EHFHULOHULQH YH X]PDQODüPD\× JHUHNWLUHQ L\L LOHWLüLP EHFHULOHULQH VDKLS
ROPDODU×JHUHNPHNWHGLU
VD\×O× .+. LOH 0LOOv (ùLWLP %DNDQO×ù×Q×Q J|UHYOHUL 0DGGHGH ü|\OH
Do×NODQPDNWDG×U
26
D ´2NXO |QFHVL LON YH RUWD |ùUHWLP oDù×QGDNL |ùUHQFLOHUL EHGHQv ]LKQv
DKODNvPDQHYvVRV\DOYHNOWUHOQLWHOLNOHU\|QQGHQJHOLüWLUHQYHLQVDQ
KDNODU×QDGD\DO×WRSOXP\DS×V×Q×QYHNUHVHOG]H\GHUHNDEHWJFQH
VDKLS HNRQRPLN VLVWHPLQ JHUHNWLUGLùL ELOJL YH EHFHULOHUOH GRQDWDUDN
JHOHFHùH KD]×UOD\DQ HùLWLP YH |ùUHWLP SURJUDPODU×Q× WDVDUODPDN
X\JXODPDNJQFHOOHPHN|ùUHWPHQYH|ùUHQFLOHULQHùLWLPYH|ùUHWLP
KL]PHWOHULQLEXoHUoHYHGH\UWPHNYHGHQHWOHPHN
E (ùLWLP YH |ùUHWLPLQ KHU NDGHPHVL LoLQ XOXVDO SROLWLND YH VWUDWHMLOHUL
EHOLUOHPHNX\JXODPDNX\JXODQPDV×Q×L]OHPHNYHGHQHWOHPHNRUWD\D
o×NDQ\HQLKL]PHWPRGHOOHULQHJ|UHJQFHOOH\HUHNJHOLüWLUPHNµRODUDN
EHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU
gWH \DQGDQ EDNDQO×ù×Q EX J|UHYOHULQL \HULQH JHWLUPHGH PHUNH] YH WDüUD
|UJWOHQPHVL LOH EDNDQO×ùD EHVOHPH YH GHVWHN KL]PHWL VXPDV× EHNOHQHQ
5HKEHUOLNYH'HQHWLP%DüNDQO×ù×·Q×QJ|UHYOHULGHLOJLOLNDUDUQDPHQLQ
YHPDGGHOHULQGHDüDù×GDDo×NODQP×üW×U
5HKEHUOLNYH'HQHWLP%DüNDQO×ù×
0$''(²5HKEHUOLNYH'HQHWLP%DüNDQO×ù×Q×QJ|UHYOHULüXQODUG×U
D%DNDQO×ù×QJ|UHYDODQ×QDJLUHQNRQXODUGDEDNDQO×NSHUVRQHOLQHEDNDQO×N
RNXO YH NXUXPODU×QD |]HO |ùUHWLP NXUXPODU×QD YH JHUoHN YH W]HO
NLüLOHUHUHKEHUOLNHWPHN
Aynur Bilir
E %DNDQO×ù×Q J|UHY DODQ×QD JLUHQ NRQXODUGD IDDOL\HW J|VWHUHQ NDPX
NXUXP YH NXUXOXüODU× JHUoHN YH W]HO NLüLOHU LOH J|QOO NXUXOXüODUD
IDDOL\HWOHULQGH \RO J|VWHUHFHN SODQ YH SURJUDPODU ROXüWXUPDN YH
UHKEHUOLNHWPHN
F%DNDQO×NWDUDI×QGDQYH\D%DNDQO×ù×QGHQHWLPLQGHVXQXODQKL]PHWOHULQ
NRQWURO YH GHQHWLPLQL LOJLOL ELULPOHUOH LüELUOLùL LoLQGH \DSPDN VUHo
YH VRQXoODU×Q× PHY]XDWD |QFHGHQ EHOLUOHQPLü DPDo YH KHGHÁHUH
SHUIRUPDQV |OoWOHULQH YH NDOLWH VWDQGDUWODU×QD J|UH DQDOL] HWPHN
NDUü×ODüW×UPDN YH |OoPHN NDQ×WODUD GD\DO× RODUDN GHùHUOHQGLUPHN
HOGHHGLOHQVRQXoODU×UDSRUKkOLQHJHWLUHUHNLOJLOLELULPOHUHYHNLüLOHUH
LOHWPHN
o%DNDQO×NWHüNLODW×LOH%DNDQO×ù×QGHQHWLPLDOW×QGDNLKHUWUONXUXOXüXQ
IDDOL\HWYHLüOHPOHULQHLOLüNLQRODUDNXVXOV]ONOHUL|QOH\LFLHùLWLFLYH
UHKEHUOLN\DNODü×P×Q×|QSODQDo×NDUDQELUDQOD\×üOD%DNDQO×ù×QJ|UHY
YH\HWNLOHULoHUoHYHVLQGHGHQHWLPLQFHOHPHYHVRUXüWXUPDODU\DSPDN
G %DNDQO×N WHüNLODW× LOH SHUVRQHOLQLQ LGDUv PDOv YH KXNXNv LüOHPOHUL
KDNN×QGDGHQHWLPLQFHOHPHYHVRUXüWXUPD\DSPDN
H%DNDQWDUDI×QGDQYHULOHQEHQ]HULJ|UHYOHUL\DSPDN
úO(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHUL
.+.·QLQ PDGGHVL LOH ´úO PLOOv HùLWLP PGUONOHUL EQ\HVLQGH
(ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOHUL %DüNDQO×ù× ROXüWXUXODFDù× YH EX EDüNDQO×NODUGD
úO (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOHUL YH úO (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQ <DUG×PF×ODU× LVWLKGDP
HGLOLUµGHQLOPHNWHGLU%XQDJ|UH
úO HùLWLP GHQHWPHQ \DUG×PF×ODU× HQ D] G|UW \×OO×N \NVHN
|ùUHQLPLYH|ùUHWPHQOLNWHVHNL]\×OYHGDKDID]ODKL]PHWLEXOXQDQ
|ùUHWPHQOHUDUDV×QGDQ\DU×üPDV×QDY×LOHPHVOHùHDO×Q×UODU%X
J|UHYGH o \×OO×N \HWLüPH G|QHPLQL WDNLEHQ \DS×ODFDN \HWHUOLN
V×QDY×QGD EDüDU×O× RODQODU LO HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL NDGURODU×QD
DWDQ×U
úO HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL YH GHQHWPHQ \DUG×PF×ODU×Q×Q DODQODU×QGD
X]PDQODüPDODU×LoLQJHUHNOLWHGELUOHUDO×Q×UúOHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQ
KHU KL]PHW E|OJHVLQGH LNL \×OGDQ D] ROPDPDN ]HUH EDNDQO×NoD
EHOLUOHQHFHNVUHOHUNDGDUoDO×üPDODU×HVDVW×U
úOHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULYHGHQHWPHQ\DUG×PF×ODU×LOGHNLKHUGHUHFH
YH WUGHNL |UJQ YH \D\J×Q HùLWLP NXUXPODU× LOH LO YH LOoH PLOOv
HùLWLP PGUONOHULQLQ UHKEHUOLN LüEDü×QGD \HWLüWLUPH GHQHWLP
27
(ùLWLPGH'HQHWLPVHO'DYUDQ×ü×Q$PDoYHúüOHYOHUL
GHùHUOHQGLUPH LQFHOHPH DUDüW×UPD YH VRUXüWXUPD KL]PHWOHULQL
\UWU
+L]PHW E|OJHOHULQLQ ROXüWXUXOPDV× YH EX E|OJHOHUGHNL oDO×üPD
VUHOHUL (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOHUL %DüNDQO×ù×Q×Q J|UHY \HWNL YH
VRUXPOXOXNODU×LOHoDO×üPDODU×LOHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULYHGHQHWPHQ
\DUG×PF×ODU×Q×Q QLWHOLNOHUL V×QDY YH \HWLüPH üHNLOOHUL DWDQPDODU×
J|UHY \HWNL YH VRUXPOXOXNODU× LOH oDO×üPD YH \HU GHùLüWLUPHOHULQH
LOLüNLQXV€OYHHVDVODU\|QHWPHOLNOHG]HQOHQLU
.+.·QLQ UHKEHUOLN YH GHQHWLPOH LOJLOL PDGGHOHUL LQFHOHQGLùLQGH PDNDOHQLQ
|QFHNLE|OPOHULQGHGHV|]HGLOGLùLJLELHYUHQVHOYHWHPHOLQVDQKDNODU×QGDQ
RODQ HùLWLPLQ ELU NDPX KL]PHWL RODUDN VXQXOPDV× NRQXVX LOH oHOLüWLùL DODQ
G×ü×QGDQYHKL]PHWLQJHUHNWLUGLùLQLWHOLNOHUGHQX]DNNLüLOHUOH\DEDQF×X]PDQ
LVWLKGDP×Q× RODQDNO× N×ODQ G]HQOHPHOHULQ EXOXQGXùX J|UOPHNWHGLU VD\×O×.+.LOH\DS×ODQG]HQOHPHOHUDVO×QGDNDPXVDOHùLWLPL]D\×ÁDWPD\DYH
NUHVHOVHUPD\HQLQEHNOHQWLOHULQHKL]PHWHWPH\HG|QNWU
28
6RQXo
7DULKVHOVUHoLoHULVLQGHGQ\DGDNLJHOLüPHOHUHùLWLPELOLPOHULQGHGHJHOLüPH
YHGHùLüPHOHUHQHGHQROPXüWXU(ùLWLPELOLPOHULQGHNLJHOLüPHOHULVHHùLWLP
GHQHWLPLQLQ DPDo YH IRQNVL\RQODU×QGD GHùLüPHOHUH QHGHQ ROPXüWXU %X
GHùLüPHOHUNDPX\DUDU×QDGHQHWLPYHJ|]HWLP\DSDQGHQHWLPHOHPDQODU×Q×Q
J|UHYOHULYHEXJ|UHYOHUHLOLüNLQUROOHULQLGHHWNLOHPLüWLU%XGHùLüPHOHUOHEDüD
o×NPDQHNDQXQKNPQGHNDUDUQDPHOHUOH\DS×ODQG]HQOHPHOHUOHQHGHHùLWLP
G×ü×QGDQDWDQDQOLVDQVPH]XQXGHQHWoLYHX]PDQ\DUG×PF×ODU×\ODQHGH\DEDQF×
X]PDQ LVWLKGDP×\OD VDùODQDELOLU 6LVWHPLQ JHOLüPHVLQH NDWN× VDùOD\DFDN
\DS×VDOGHùLüPHOHUX]XQVROXNOXDUDüW×UPDJHOLüWLUPHoDO×üPDODU×Q×QYHULOHUL
GHùHUOHQGLULOHUHN HOGH HGLOHQ VRQXoODUD J|UH \DS×ODFDN SLORW X\JXODPDODU×Q
VRQXoODU×QDYHVRUXQWHPHOOLGHQH\LPOLX]PDQHùLWLPFLOHULQLüHNRüXOPDV×\OD
LüELUOLùLQHGD\DO×ELUOLNWHoDO×üPDDQOD\×ü×LOHJHUoHNOHüWLULOHELOLU
(\OO·GDNDEXOHGLOHQYH(NLPWDULKYHVD\×O×5HVPL
*D]HWHGH \D\×QODQDQ VD\×O× 0HVOHNL<HWHUOLN .XUXPX .DQXQX YH VD\×O× .+. JLEL G]HQOHPHOHU DVO×QGD NDPXVDO HùLWLPL ]D\×ÁDWPD\D YH
NUHVHOVHUPD\HQLQEHNOHQWLOHULQHKL]PHWHWPH\HG|QNWU
gUQHùLQ VD\×O× .+. LOH JHWLULOHQ 0LOOL (ùLWLP 'HQHWoLVL YH 'HQHWoL
<DUG×PF×O×ù× LOH 8]PDQ YH 8]PDQ <DUG×PF×O×ù×QD DWDPDGD “meslekte esas
RODQ|ùUHWPHQOLNWLUµLONHVLQGHQYD]JHoLOHUHN|ùUHWPHQOLNHùLWLPG×ü×QGDQ
IHQHGHEL\DW KXNXN VL\DVDO ELOJLOHU LNWLVDGv YH LGDUv ELOLPOHU LNWLVDW
LüOHWPHIDNOWHOHULLOHKL]PHWELULPOHULQLQJ|UHYDODQ×QDJLUHQYH\|QHWPHOLNOH
Aynur Bilir
EHOLUOHQHQ\NVHN|ùUHWLPNXUXPODU×QGDQYH\DEXQODUDGHQNOLùL<NVHN|ùUHWLP
.XUXOXWDUDI×QGDQNDEXOHGLOHQ\XUWLoLQGHNLYH\D\XUWG×ü×QGDNL\NVHN|ùUHWLP
NXUXPODU×QGDQPH]XQROPDNYH<DS×ODFDN\DU×üPDV×QDY×QGDEDüDU×O×ROPDN
NRüXOX (ùLWLP VLVWHPLQL JHOLüWLUPHN LoLQ JHUHNOL RODQ PHVOHNL \DUG×P YH
LüEDü×QGD \HWLüWLUPH LONHVL\OH oHOLüPHNWHGLU dQN UHKEHUOLN YH X]PDQO×N
KL]PHWLQGHEXOXQDFDNELULQLQPHVOHùLQGHEHOOLELUELULNLPHGHQH\LPHVDKLS
ROPDV×DODQ×QGD\HWNLQOHüPHVLYHHùLWLP\|QHWLPLHùLWLPGHQHWLPLLOHWLüLP
EHFHULOHULYHOLGHUOLNDODQODU×QGDHQD]OLVDQVVWYH\DGRNWRUDHùLWLPLDOP×ü
ROPDV× JHUHNPHNWHGLU 0LOOL (ùLWLP 'HQHWoLVL YH 'HQHWoL <DUG×PF×O×ù× LOH
8]PDQ YH 8]PDQ<DUG×PF×O×ù×QD DWDPDGD ROPDV× JHUHNHQ DQ×ODQ |]HOOLNOHU
DUDQPDG×ù×QD J|UH \DN×Q JHOHFHNWH HùLWLP \|QHWLFLOLNOHULQH SURIHV\RQHO
LüOHWPHFL\|QHWLFLOHURODUDNDODQG×ü×QGDQVLVWHPHJLUPLüEXNLüLOHULQDWDQPDV×
RODV×O×ù×\NVHNWLU*HOLüPHOHUEXQXGüQGUPHNWHGLU
2\VDHùLWLPVUHFLDo×V×QGDQGHQHWLPVLVWHPLHWNLOH\HQHWNHQOHULQWPQQ
GHùHUOHQGLULOHUHN GDKD HWNLQ ELU HùLWLP|ùUHWLP VDùODPD LüLGLU %|\OH ELU
GHQHWLPLQQLKDLDPDF×HùLWLPVUHFLQLQJHOLüWLULOHUHNGDKDHWNLOLN×O×QPDV×G×U
gùUHWLPLGDKDHWNLOLN×OPD\×DPDoOD\DQELUGHQHWLPLQ
‡
‡
‡
‡
úQVDQF×ELUGRùD\D
*oOELUNDYUDPVDOWHPHOH
=LKLQVHOELUDOoDNJ|QOOOùH
*HUoHùHXODüPDGDNDUDUO×O×ù×YHEXQODU×JHOLüWLULFLQLWHOLNWHELUGDYUDQ×üD
VDKLSROPDV×EHNOHQLU
%XQXQ LoLQ HùLWLPGH JoO ELU GHQHWLP DOW VLVWHPLQH YH EX VLVWHPGH J|UHY
DODFDN GHQHWPHQOHULQ HùLWLP VLVWHPLQGH oDO×üDQODUD UHKEHUOLN HGHFHN YH
PHVOHNL\DUG×PGDEXOXQDFDNQLWHOLNWHDODQ×QGDHQD]OLVDQVVWYH\DGRNWRUD
\DSP×üROPDODU×JHUHNPHNWHGLU
'ú3127
%X PDNDOH$QNDUD hQLYHUVLWHVL (ùLWLP %LOLPOHUL )DNOWHVL <DüDPER\X
gùUHQPH YH <HWLüNLQ (ùLWLPL %|OP WDUDI×QGDQ 0D\×V WDULKOHULQGH $QNDUD·GD G]HQOHQHQ ´,,,8OXVODUDUDV× (OHüWLUHO (ùLWLP
.RQIHUDQV×µ DGO× XOXVODUDUDV× ELOLPVHO WRSODQW×GD VXQXODQ ELOGLUL J|]GHQ
JHoLULOHUHN\D\×QDKD]×UODQP×üW×U
29
(ùLWLPGH'HQHWLPVHO'DYUDQ×ü×Q$PDoYHúüOHYOHUL
.$<1$.d$
$\DV 1 7UNL\H &XPKXUL\HWL 0LOOL (ùLWLPL $QNDUD 0LOOL (ùLWLP
%DV×PHYL
$\G×QúgùUHWLPGH'HQHWLP'XUXP6DSWDPD'HùHUOHQGLUPHYH
*HOLüWLUPH$QNDUD3HJHP$<D\×QF×O×N
$\G×Q 0 dDùGDü (ùLWLP 'HQHWLPL $QNDUDú0 $UDüW×UPD <D\×Q
'DQ×üPDQO×N$û
$\G×Q0(ùLWLPGH'HQHWLPVHO'DYUDQ×ü$QNDUD=HUDNV%DVN×
$\GRùDQ 0 7RQJXo·D 0HNWXSODUOD .|\ (QVWLWV <×OODU×$QNDUD
.|\(QVWLWVYHdDùGDü(ùLWLP9DNI×<D\×QODU×
%DOF×$´.OLQLN7HIWLüµ$QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL(ùLWLP%LOLPOHUL)DNOWHVL
'HUJLVL$QNDUD&LOW6D\×
%XUNH3-DQG)HVVOHU5´$&ROODERUDWLYH$SSURDFKWR6XSHUYLVLRQµ
&OHDULQJ+RXVH1RYHPEHU
30
%XUQKDP50 ´,QVWUXFWLRQDO 6XSHUYLVLRQ 3DVW 3UHVHQW DQG )XWXUH
3HUVSHFWLYHVµ7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH
%XUVDO×RùOX= 2NXO <|QHWLPLQGH <HQL <DS× YH 'DYUDQ×ü 2QoQF
%DV×P$QNDUD3HJHP$<D\×QF×O×N
%LOLU $ ´.|\ (QVWLWOHUL 6LVWHPLQGH 'HQHWLP <DS×V× YH úüEDü×QGD
<HWLüWLUPH 6UHFLµ DEHFH HùLWLP YH HNLQ GHUJLVL 1LVDQ 6D\× $QNDUD(ùLW'HU<D\×Q×
%LOLU0´(ùLWLP'HQHWLPLQLQ<DS×YHúüOH\LüLQGHNL*HOLüPHOHUµ(ùLWLP
ve Bilim$QNDUD&LOW6D\×VV
%LOLU07UN(ùLWLP6LVWHPLQGH7HIWLü$OW6LVWHPLQLQ<DS×YHúüOH\LüL,
$QNDUD<D\×QODQPDP×ü'RNWRUD7H]L$QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU
(QVWLWV
&HYDG 0 0DDULIL 8PXPL\H 1H]DUHW 7DULKoH 7HüNLODW YH úFUDDW×
úVWDQEXO0DWEDDL$PLUH
'LULFDQ05DKPLµ.|\(QVWLWOHUL.DQDO×\OD7RSOXP.DON×QPDV×YH
.|\GH6DùO×Nµ
.|\(QVWLWOHUL$PDoODUúONHOHU8\JXODPDODU$QNDUD.|\(QVWLWOHULYH
dDùGDü(ùLWLP9DNI×<D\×QODU×
Aynur Bilir
+DUULV %0 6XSHUYLVRU\ %HKDYLRU LQ (GXFDWLRQ UGHG (QJOHZRRG
&OLIIV1-3UHQWLFH+DOO
-HIIUH\ * +LVWRU\ RI (GXFDWLRQDO 6XSHUYLVLRQ 3URSRVDOV DQG
3URVSHFWV&KLFDJR,OOLQRLV
.DUWDO 6 ´7UN (ùLWLP 6LVWHPLQGH 7HIWLü 6UHFLQLQ <HQLGHQ
<DS×ODQG×U×OPDV× YH %LU 0RGHO gQHULVLµ ,9 8OXVODUDUDV× .DW×O×PO× (ùLWLP
'HQHWLPL.RQJUHVL0D\×V+D]LUDQ0XùOD
.RoHU + $ 7UNL\H·GH 0RGHUQ (ùLWLPLQ 'RùXüX YH *HOLüPHVL
$QNDUD8]PDQ<D\×QODU×
úQDQ 0 5 0XVWDID 1HFDWL +D\DW× YH .LüLOLùL$QNDUD 7UNL\H úü
%DQNDV×<D\×QODU×
.(d(9.|\(QVWLWOHULúOHúOJLOL<DVDODU&LOW,$QNDUD.|\(QVWLWOHUL
YHdDùGDü(ùLWLP9DNI×<D\×QODU×
0DUORZ(´7KH6XSHUYLVRURIWKH6FKRRO´$FDGHPLFMRXUQDODUWLFOH
IURP(GXFDWLRQ6SULQJ9RO1R
0(%*H]LFL%Dü|ùUHWPHQOHU<|QHWPHOLùL7HEOLùOHUDHUJLVL(\OO
6D\×
0(%&XPKXUEDüNDQODU×%DüEDNDQODU0LOOL(ùLWLP%DNDQODU×6|\OHY
ve Demeçler.$QNDUD&LOW,
6X.7UN(ùLWLP6LVWHPLQGH7HIWLüLQ<HULYHgQHPLúVWDQEXO0LOOL
(ùLWLP%DV×PHYL
7D\PD]$+(ùLWLP6LVWHPLQGH7HIWLü.DYUDPODUúONHOHU<|QWHPOHU
*HOLüWLULOPLü '|UGQF %DVN×$QNDUD 7$.$9 7DSX YH .DGRVWUR 9DNI×
0DWEDV×
8QDW 5 ) 7UNL\H (ùLWLP 6LVWHPLQLQ *HOLüLPLQH 7DULKL %LU %DN×ü
$QNDUD0LOOL(ùLWLP%DV×PHYL
:LOHV.6XSHUYLVLRQIRU%HWWHU6FKRROVWK(G3UHQWLFH+DOOúQF
(QJOHZRRG&OLIIV1-
:RRG&DQG5D\OH$'´$0RGHORI6FKRRO&RXQVHOLQJ6XSHUYLVLRQ
7KH *RDOV )XQFWLRQV 5ROHV DQG 6\VWHPV 0RGHOµ &RXQVHORU (GXFDWLRQ
DQG6XSHUYLVLRQ-XQH9ROXPH
31

Benzer belgeler

Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems Regarding Private

Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems Regarding Private FRQWULEXWLRQEDVHGRQWKH¿QDQFLDOQHHGVRIWKHDVVRFLDWLRQ VHFDUWLFOHV RIDVVRFLDWLRQ 7KHLQGLYLGXDOFRQWULEXWLRQRIHDFKXQGHUWDNLQJLVEDVHGRQ LWVJURVVSUHPLXPLQFRPHLQFRPSDULVRQW...

Detaylı

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum

Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum o×NPDNWDG×U $QFDN EXUDGD GLNNDW oHNLFL RODQ ER\XW V|]FùH \NOHQHQ DQODP×Q PHYFXW WDULKVHO JHOLüLP LoLQGH HJHPHQ SDUDGLJPDODUOD YH RQODU×Q GHùLüLPLLOHEDùODQW×O×RODUDNJHOLüL...

Detaylı